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when is the last time england won the workd cup
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List of finals matches , their venues and locations , the finalists , and final scores Year Winners Final score Runners - up Venue Location Attendance References 1930 Uruguay 4 -- 2 Argentina Estadio Centenario Montevideo , Uruguay 80,000 1934 Italy 2 -- 1 Czechoslovakia Stadio Nazionale PNF Rome , Italy 50,000 1938 Italy 4 -- 2 Hungary Stade Olympique de Colombes Paris , France 45,000 1950 Uruguay 2 -- 1 Brazil Estádio do Maracanã Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 199,854 1954 West Germany 3 -- 2 Hungary Wankdorf Stadium Bern , Switzerland 60,000 1958 Brazil 5 -- 2 Sweden Råsunda Stadium Solna , Sweden 51,800 1962 Brazil 3 -- 1 Czechoslovakia Estadio Nacional Santiago , Chile 69,000 1966 England 4 -- 2 West Germany Wembley Stadium London , England 93,000 1970 Brazil 4 -- 1 Italy Estadio Azteca Mexico City , Mexico 107,412 West Germany 2 -- 1 Netherlands Olympiastadion Munich , West Germany 75,200 1978 Argentina 3 -- 1 Netherlands Estadio Monumental Buenos Aires , Argentina 71,483 1982 Italy 3 -- 1 West Germany Santiago Bernabéu Madrid , Spain 90,000 1986 Argentina 3 -- 2 West Germany Estadio Azteca Mexico City , Mexico 114,600 1990 West Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina Stadio Olimpico Rome , Italy 73,603 1994 Brazil 0 -- 0 Italy Rose Bowl Pasadena , United States 94,194 1998 France 3 -- 0 Brazil Stade de France Saint - Denis , France 80,000 2002 Brazil 2 -- 0 Germany International Stadium Yokohama , Japan 69,029 2006 Italy 1 -- 1 France Olympiastadion Berlin , Germany 69,000 Spain 1 -- 0 Netherlands Soccer City Johannesburg , South Africa 84,490 2014 Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina Estádio do Maracanã Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 74,738 2018 France 4 -- 2 Croatia Luzhniki Stadium Moscow , Russia 78,011 Upcoming finals Year Team 1 Team 2 Venue Location Attendance References 2022 Lusail Iconic Stadium Lusail , Qatar 2026 TBD United States
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England
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List of FIFA World Cup finals
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list of fifa world cup finals
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List of FIFA World Cup finals France celebrating after their win against Croatia in the 2018 FIFA World Cup Final Founded 1930 Region International ( FIFA ) Number of teams 204 ( qualifiers ) 32 ( finals ) Current champions France ( 2nd title ) Most successful team ( s ) Brazil ( 5 titles ) The FIFA World Cup is an international association football competition established in 1930 . It is contested by the men 's national teams of the members of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) , the sport 's global governing body . The tournament has taken place every four years , except in 1942 and 1946 , when the competition was cancelled due to World War II . The most recent World Cup , hosted by Russia in 2018 , was won by France , who beat Croatia 4 -- 2 in regulation time . The World Cup final match is the last of the competition , and the result determines which country is declared world champions . If after 90 minutes of regular play the score is a draw , an additional 30 - minute period of play , called extra time , is added . If such a game is still tied after extra time , it is then decided by a penalty shoot - out . The team winning the penalty shoot - out are then declared champions . The tournament has been decided by a one - off match on every occasion except 1950 , when the tournament winner was decided by a final round - robin group contested by four teams ( Uruguay , Brazil , Sweden , and Spain ) . Uruguay 's 2 -- 1 victory over Brazil was the decisive match ( and one of the last two matches of the tournament ) which put them ahead on points and ensured that they finished top of the group as world champions . Therefore , this match is regarded by FIFA as the de facto final of the 1950 World Cup . In the 21 tournaments held , 79 nations have appeared at least once . Of these , 13 have made it to the final match , and eight have won . With five titles , Brazil is the most successful World Cup team and also the only nation to have participated in every World Cup finals tournament . Italy and Germany have four titles . Current champion France , along with past champions Uruguay and Argentina , have two titles each , while England and Spain have one each . The team that wins the finals receive the FIFA World Cup Trophy , and their name is engraved on the bottom side of the trophy . The 1970 and 1994 , along with the 1986 , 1990 and 2014 games are to date the only matches competed by the same teams ( Brazil -- Italy and Argentina -- Germany respectively ) . As of 2018 , the 1934 final remains the latest final to have been between two teams playing their first final . The final match of the most recent tournament in Russia took place at the country 's biggest sports complex , the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow . The 1930 and the 1966 games are the only ones that did not take place on a Sunday . The former did on a Wednesday and the latter on a Saturday . As of 2018 , only nations from Europe and South America have competed in a World Cup final . Six nations have won the final as host : Uruguay , Italy , England , Germany , Argentina and France . Two nations have lost the final as host : Brazil and Sweden . Contents 1 List of finals 2 Results 3 Footnotes 4 See also 5 References 6 External links List of finals ( edit ) 1930 1978 1950 , 2014 1962 1966 1938 , 1998 2006 1934 , 1990 2002 1970 , 1986 1982 1958 1954 1994 2018 2022 Locations of FIFA World Cup finals Key to the list of finals Match was won during extra time Match was won on a penalty shoot - out The `` Year '' column refers to the year the World Cup was held , and wikilinks to the article about that tournament . The wikilinks in the `` Final score '' column point to the article about that tournament 's final game . Links in the `` Winners '' and `` Runners - up '' columns point to the articles for the national football teams of the countries , not the articles for the countries . List of finals matches , their venues and locations , the finalists , and final scores Year Winners Final score Runners - up Venue Location Attendance References 1930 Uruguay 4 -- 2 Argentina Estadio Centenario Montevideo , Uruguay 80,000 1934 Italy 2 -- 1 Czechoslovakia Stadio Nazionale PNF Rome , Italy 50,000 1938 Italy 4 -- 2 Hungary Stade Olympique de Colombes Paris , France 45,000 1950 Uruguay 2 -- 1 Brazil Estádio do Maracanã Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 199,854 1954 West Germany 3 -- 2 Hungary Wankdorf Stadium Bern , Switzerland 60,000 1958 Brazil 5 -- 2 Sweden Råsunda Stadium Solna , Sweden 51,800 1962 Brazil 3 -- 1 Czechoslovakia Estadio Nacional Santiago , Chile 69,000 1966 England 4 -- 2 West Germany Wembley Stadium London , England 93,000 1970 Brazil 4 -- 1 Italy Estadio Azteca Mexico City , Mexico 107,412 West Germany 2 -- 1 Netherlands Olympiastadion Munich , West Germany 75,200 1978 Argentina 3 -- 1 Netherlands Estadio Monumental Buenos Aires , Argentina 71,483 1982 Italy 3 -- 1 West Germany Santiago Bernabéu Madrid , Spain 90,000 1986 Argentina 3 -- 2 West Germany Estadio Azteca Mexico City , Mexico 114,600 1990 West Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina Stadio Olimpico Rome , Italy 73,603 1994 Brazil 0 -- 0 Italy Rose Bowl Pasadena , United States 94,194 1998 France 3 -- 0 Brazil Stade de France Saint - Denis , France 80,000 2002 Brazil 2 -- 0 Germany International Stadium Yokohama , Japan 69,029 2006 Italy 1 -- 1 France Olympiastadion Berlin , Germany 69,000 Spain 1 -- 0 Netherlands Soccer City Johannesburg , South Africa 84,490 2014 Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina Estádio do Maracanã Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 74,738 2018 France 4 -- 2 Croatia Luzhniki Stadium Moscow , Russia 78,011 Upcoming finals Year Team 1 Team 2 Venue Location Attendance References 2022 Lusail Iconic Stadium Lusail , Qatar 2026 TBD United States Results ( edit ) Map of winning countries Results by nation National team Wins Runners - up Total finals Years won Years runners - up Brazil 5 7 1958 , 1962 , 1970 , 1994 , 2002 1950 , 1998 Germany 8 1954 , 1974 , 1990 , 2014 1966 , 1982 , 1986 , 2002 Italy 6 1934 , 1938 , 1982 , 2006 1970 , 1994 Argentina 5 1978 , 1986 1930 , 1990 , 2014 France 1998 , 2018 2006 Uruguay 0 1930 , 1950 -- England 0 1966 -- Spain 0 -- Netherlands 0 -- 1974 , 1978 , 2010 Czechoslovakia 0 -- 1934 , 1962 Hungary 0 -- 1938 , 1954 Sweden 0 -- 1958 Croatia 0 -- 2018 Results by confederation Confederation Appearances Winners Runners - up UEFA 28 12 16 CONMEBOL 14 9 5 Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This follows FIFA 's consideration that the national teams of West Germany / Germany , Czechoslovakia / Czech Republic , Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro / Serbia , and USSR / Russia are combined respectively for record - keeping . Jump up ^ Technically the 1958 final was also between two first timers , but Brazil 's 1950 group game defeat is generally counted as a previous `` final '' appearance for the team . Jump up ^ Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ The 1950 FIFA World Cup did not have a final , rather , the tournament was decided by a 4 - team round robin phase . Jump up ^ Not the final but the decisive match of the final group stage . Jump up ^ Score was 2 -- 2 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ Score was 0 -- 0 after 120 minutes . Brazil won 3 -- 2 on penalties . Jump up ^ Score was 1 -- 1 after 120 minutes . Italy won 5 -- 3 on penalties . Jump up ^ Score was 0 -- 0 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ Score was 0 -- 0 after 90 minutes . See also ( edit ) List of FIFA World Cup opening matches FIFA World Cup referees References ( edit ) Book : FIFA World Cup General `` World Cup 1930 -- 2014 '' . Rec . Sport . Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . 17 July 2014 . Retrieved 24 July 2014 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Laws of the Game '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 9 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cup Finals since 1930 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 3 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` All - time FIFA World Cup Ranking 1930 - 2010 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup Spotlight on Brazil '' . CNN . Retrieved 29 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Taça da Copa do Mundo chega ao Brasil ( World Cup trophy arrives in Brazil ) '' . Globo TV . 21 April 2014 . Retrieved 22 April 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/11174070/Russias-Luzhniki-Stadium-ahead-of-schedule-for-2018-World-Cup-Final.html Jump up ^ `` 1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 20 October 2007 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Uruguay 1930 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1934 FIFA World Cup Italy '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 23 March 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- Italy 1934 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1938 FIFA World Cup France '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 21 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- France 1938 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Janela , Mike ( June 12 , 2018 ) . `` World Cup Rewind : Largest attendance at a match in the 1950 Brazil final '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 FIFA World Cup Brazil '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Brazil 1950 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1954 FIFA World Cup Switzerland '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 20 July 2012 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Switzerland 1954 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1958 FIFA World Cup Sweden '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 17 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Sweden 1958 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 FIFA World Cup Chile '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 17 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Chile 1962 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1966 FIFA World Cup England '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 25 March 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- England 1966 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1970 FIFA World Cup Mexico '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 25 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Mexico 1970 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 FIFA World Cup Germany '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 26 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- West Germany 1974 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1978 FIFA World Cup Argentina '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 12 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- Argentina 1978 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 FIFA World Cup Spain '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 30 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Spain 1982 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 FIFA World Cup Mexico '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 29 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Mexico 1986 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 15 November 2013 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Italy 1990 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1994 FIFA World Cup USA '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 2 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- USA 1994 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 FIFA World Cup France '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- France 1998 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea / Japan '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 30 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Japan & South Korea 2002 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zidane off as Italy win World Cup '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 12 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netherlands 0 -- 1 Spain ( aet ) '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 12 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Estadio Do Maracana , Rio de Janeiro '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . 18 January 2012 . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McNulty , Phil ( 13 July 2014 ) . `` Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website FIFA World Cup champions 1930 : Uruguay 1934 : Italy 1938 : Italy 1950 : Uruguay 1954 : West Germany 1958 : Brazil 1962 : Brazil 1966 : England 1970 : Brazil 1974 : West Germany 1978 : Argentina 1982 : Italy 1986 : Argentina 1990 : West Germany 1994 : Brazil 1998 : France 2002 : Brazil 2006 : Italy 2010 : Spain 2014 : Germany 2018 : France FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . FIFA World Cup Final venues Estadio Centenario ( 1930 ) Stadio Nazionale PNF ( 1934 ) Stade Olympique Yves - du - Manoir ( 1938 ) Maracanã Stadium ( 1950 ) Wankdorf Stadium ( 1954 ) Råsunda Stadium ( 1958 ) Estadio Nacional Julio Martínez Prádanos ( 1962 ) Wembley Stadium ( 1966 ) Estadio Azteca ( 1970 ) Olympiastadion ( 1974 ) Estadio Monumental Antonio Vespucio Liberti ( 1978 ) Santiago Bernabéu Stadium ( 1982 ) Estadio Azteca ( 1986 ) Stadio Olimpico ( 1990 ) Rose Bowl ( 1994 ) Stade de France ( 1998 ) International Stadium Yokohama ( 2002 ) Olympiastadion ( 2006 ) FNB Stadium ( 2010 ) Maracanã Stadium ( 2014 ) Luzhniki Stadium ( 2018 ) Lusail Iconic Stadium ( 2022 ) TBA ( 2026 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_FIFA_World_Cup_finals&oldid=854075621 '' Categories : FIFA World Cup finals FIFA World Cup - related lists FIFA World Cup - winning countries Lists of FIFA World Cup matches Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2012 Pages using deprecated image syntax Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Беларуская Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Tagalog Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 20 : 08 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20FIFA%20World%20Cup%20finals
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what were the two sides of the american revolution
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The American Revolution was a colonial revolt that took place between 1765 and 1783 . The American Patriots in the Thirteen Colonies won independence from Great Britain , becoming the United States of America . They defeated the British in the American Revolutionary War in alliance with France and others .
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Great Britain|American Patriots in the Thirteen Colonies
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American Revolution
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american revolution
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John Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence , showing the Committee of Five presenting its plan for independence to Congress on June 28 , 1776 Part of a series on Revolution Types ( show ) Colour Communist Democratic Nonviolent Permanent Political Proletarian Social Wave Methods ( show ) Boycott Civil disobedience Civil war Class conflict Coup d'état Demonstration Guerrilla warfare Insurgency Nonviolent resistance Protest Rebellion Revolutionary terror Samizdat Strike action Tax resistance Terrorism Causes ( show ) Authoritarianism Autocracy Capitalism Collaborationism Colonialism Cronyism Despotism Dictatorship Discrimination Economic depression Economic inequality Electoral fraud Famine Fascism Feudalism Imperialism Military occupation Monarchy Natural disaster Nepotism Persecution Political corruption Political repression Poverty Totalitarianism Unemployment Examples ( show ) Commercial Revolution Industrial Revolution English Revolution Atlantic Revolutions American Revolution French Revolution Haitian Revolution Serbian Revolution Greek Revolution Revolutions of 1820 Revolutions of 1830 Belgian Revolution Texas Revolution Revolutions of 1848 Hungarian Revolution of 1848 Philippine Revolution Persian Constitutional Revolution Young Turk Revolution Mexican Revolution Xinhai Revolution Revolutions of 1917 -- 23 Russian Revolution German Revolution of 1918 -- 19 Spanish Revolution of 1936 Guatemalan Revolution Chinese Communist Revolution Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Cuban Revolution Rwandan Revolution Cultural Revolution Nicaraguan Revolution Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution People Power Revolution Carnation Revolution Revolutions of 1989 Velvet Revolution Romanian Revolution Singing Revolution Bolivarian Revolution Bulldozer Revolution Rose Revolution Orange Revolution Tulip Revolution Kyrgyz Revolution of 2010 Arab Spring Tunisian Revolution Yemeni Revolution Euromaidan Politics portal The American Revolution was a colonial revolt that took place between 1765 and 1783 . The American Patriots in the Thirteen Colonies won independence from Great Britain , becoming the United States of America . They defeated the British in the American Revolutionary War in alliance with France and others . Members of American colonial society argued the position of `` no taxation without representation '' , starting with the Stamp Act Congress in 1765 . They rejected the authority of the British Parliament to tax them because they lacked members in that governing body . Protests steadily escalated to the Boston Massacre in 1770 and the burning of the Gaspee in Rhode Island in 1772 , followed by the Boston Tea Party in December 1773 , during which Patriots destroyed a consignment of taxed tea . The British responded by closing Boston Harbor , then followed with a series of legislative acts which effectively rescinded Massachusetts Bay Colony 's rights of self - government and caused the other colonies to rally behind Massachusetts . In late 1774 , the Patriots set up their own alternative government to better coordinate their resistance efforts against Great Britain ; other colonists preferred to remain aligned to the Crown and were known as Loyalists or Tories . Tensions erupted into battle between Patriot militia and British regulars when the king 's army attempted to capture and destroy Colonial military supplies at Lexington and Concord on April 19 , 1775 . The conflict then developed into a global war , during which the Patriots ( and later their French , Spanish , and Dutch allies ) fought the British and Loyalists in what became known as the American Revolutionary War ( 1775 -- 83 ) . Each of the thirteen colonies formed a Provincial Congress that assumed power from the old colonial governments and suppressed Loyalism , and from there they built a Continental Army under the leadership of General George Washington . The Continental Congress determined King George 's rule to be tyrannical and infringing the colonists ' rights as Englishmen , and they declared the colonies free and independent states on July 2 , 1776 . The Patriot leadership professed the political philosophies of liberalism and republicanism to reject monarchy and aristocracy , and they proclaimed that all men are created equal . The Continental Army forced the redcoats out of Boston in March 1776 , but that summer the British captured and held New York City and its strategic harbor for the duration of the war . The Royal Navy blockaded ports and captured other cities for brief periods , but they failed to defeat Washington 's forces . The Patriots unsuccessfully attempted to invade Canada during the winter of 1775 -- 76 , but successfully captured a British army at the Battle of Saratoga in October 1777 . France now entered the war as an ally of the United States with a large army and navy that threatened Britain itself . The war turned to the American South where the British under the leadership of Charles Cornwallis captured an army at Charleston , South Carolina in early 1780 but failed to enlist enough volunteers from Loyalist civilians to take effective control of the territory . A combined American -- French force captured a second British army at Yorktown in the fall of 1781 , effectively ending the war . The Treaty of Paris was signed September 3 , 1783 , formally ending the conflict and confirming the new nation 's complete separation from the British Empire . The United States took possession of nearly all the territory east of the Mississippi River and south of the Great Lakes , with the British retaining control of Canada and Spain taking Florida . Among the significant results of the revolution was the creation of the United States Constitution , establishing a relatively strong federal national government that included an executive , a national judiciary , and a bicameral Congress that represented states in the Senate and the population in the House of Representatives . The Revolution also resulted in the migration of around 60,000 Loyalists to other British territories , especially British North America ( Canada ) . Contents 1 Origin 1.1 1651 -- 1748 : Early seeds 1.2 1764 -- 1766 : Taxes imposed and withdrawn 1.3 1767 -- 1773 : Townshend Acts and the Tea Act 1.4 1774 -- 1775 : Intolerable Acts and the Quebec Act 2 Military hostilities begin 3 Creating new state constitutions 4 Independence and Union 5 Defending the Revolution 5.1 British return : 1776 -- 1777 5.2 Prisoners 5.3 American alliances after 1778 5.4 The British move South , 1778 -- 1783 5.4. 1 Surrender at Yorktown ( 1781 ) 5.5 The end of the war 6 Paris peace treaty 6.1 Impact on Britain 7 Finance 8 Concluding the Revolution 8.1 Creating a `` more perfect union '' and guaranteeing rights 8.2 National debt 9 Ideology and factions 9.1 Ideology behind the Revolution 9.1. 1 Liberalism 9.1. 2 Republicanism 9.1. 2.1 Fusing republicanism and liberalism 9.1. 3 Impact of Great Awakening 9.2 Class and psychology of the factions 9.3 King George III 9.4 Patriots 9.5 Loyalists 9.6 Neutrals 9.7 Role of women 10 Other participants 10.1 France 10.2 Spain 10.3 American Indians 10.4 Black Americans 11 Effects of the Revolution 11.1 Loyalist expatriation 11.2 Interpretations 11.3 Inspiring all colonies 11.4 Status of American women 11.5 Status of African Americans 11.6 Commemorations 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 Bibliography 15.1 Reference works 15.2 Surveys of the era 15.3 Specialized studies 15.4 Historiography 15.5 Primary sources 15.6 Contemporaneous sources : Annual Register 16 External links Origin See also : Thirteen Colonies Eastern North America in 1775 . The British Province of Quebec , the Thirteen Colonies on the Atlantic coast , and the Indian Reserve as defined by the Royal Proclamation of 1763 . The border between the red and pink areas represents the 1763 `` Proclamation line '' , while the orange area represents the Spanish claim . Historians typically begin their histories of the American Revolution with the British coalition victory in the Seven Years ' War in 1763 . The North American theater of the Seven Years ' War is commonly known as the French and Indian War in the United States ; it removed France as a major player in North American affairs and led to the territory of New France being ceded to Great Britain . Lawrence Henry Gipson writes : It may be said as truly that the American Revolution was an aftermath of the Anglo - French conflict in the New World carried on between 1754 and 1763 . The Royal Proclamation of 1763 may also have played a role in the separation of the Thirteen Colonies from England , as colonists wanted to continue migrating west to lands awarded by the Crown for their wartime service . The Proclamation , however , cut them off . The lands west of Quebec and west of a line running along the crest of the Allegheny Mountains became Indian territory , barred to settlement for two years . The colonists protested , and the boundary line was adjusted in a series of treaties with the Indians . In 1768 , Indians agreed to the Treaty of Fort Stanwix and the Treaty of Hard Labour , followed in 1770 by the Treaty of Lochaber . The treaties opened most of Kentucky and West Virginia to colonial settlement . The new map was drawn up at the Treaty of Fort Stanwix in 1768 which moved the line much farther to the west , from the green line to the red line on the map at right . 1651 -- 1748 : early seeds Main articles : Navigation Acts , Dominion of New England , King Philip 's War , and War of the Austrian Succession As early as 1651 , the English government had sought to regulate trade in the American colonies . On October 9 , the Navigation Acts were passed pursuant to a mercantilist policy intended to ensure that trade enriched only Great Britain , and barring trade with foreign nations . Some argue that the economic impact was minimal on the colonists , but the political friction which the acts triggered was more serious , as the merchants most directly affected were most politically active . King Philip 's War ended in 1678 , and much of it was fought without significant assistance from England . This contributed to the development of a unique identity , separate from that of the British people . In the 1680s , King Charles II determined to bring the New England colonies under a more centralized administration in order to regulate trade more effectively . His efforts were fiercely opposed by the colonists , resulting in the abrogation of their colonial charter by the Crown . Charles ' successor James II finalized these efforts in 1686 , establishing the Dominion of New England . Dominion rule triggered bitter resentment throughout New England ; the enforcement of the unpopular Navigation Acts and the curtailing of local democracy angered the colonists . New Englanders were encouraged , however , by a change of government in England that saw James II effectively abdicate , and a populist uprising overthrew Dominion rule on April 18 , 1689 . Colonial governments reasserted their control in the wake of the revolt , and successive governments made no more attempts to restore the Dominion . Subsequent English governments continued in their efforts to tax certain goods , passing acts regulating the trade of wool , hats , and molasses . The Molasses Act of 1733 in particular was egregious to the colonists , as a significant part of colonial trade relied on the product . The taxes severely damaged the New England economy , and the taxes were rarely paid , resulting in a surge of smuggling , bribery , and intimidation of customs officials . Colonial wars fought in America were often the source of considerable tension . The British captured the fortress of Louisbourg during the War of the Austrian Succession , but then ceded it back to France in 1748 . New England colonists resented their losses of lives , as well as the effort and expenditure involved in subduing the fortress , only to have it returned to their erstwhile enemy . 1764 -- 1766 : taxes imposed and withdrawn Main articles : Sugar Act , Currency Act , Quartering Acts , Stamp Act 1765 , and Declaratory Act Further information : No taxation without representation and Virtual representation Notice of Stamp Act of 1765 in newspaper In 1764 , Parliament passed the Currency Act to restrain the use of paper money , fearing that otherwise the colonists might evade debt payments . Parliament also passed the Sugar Act , imposing customs duties on a number of articles . That same year , Prime Minister George Grenville proposed direct taxes on the colonies to raise revenue , but he delayed action to see whether the colonies would propose some way to raise the revenue themselves . Parliament finally passed the Stamp Act in March 1765 which imposed direct taxes on the colonies for the first time . All official documents , newspapers , almanacs , and pamphlets were required to have the stamps -- even decks of playing cards . The colonists did not object that the taxes were high ; they were actually low . They objected to the fact that they had no representation in the Parliament , and thus no voice concerning legislation that affected them . Benjamin Franklin testified in Parliament in 1766 that Americans already contributed heavily to the defense of the Empire . He said that local governments had raised , outfitted , and paid 25,000 soldiers to fight France -- as many as Britain itself sent -- and spent many millions from American treasuries doing so in the French and Indian War alone . London had to deal with 1,500 politically well - connected British Army soldiers . The decision was to keep them on active duty with full pay , but they had to be stationed somewhere . Stationing a standing army in Great Britain during peacetime was politically unacceptable , so the decision was made to station them in America and have the Americans pay them . The soldiers had no military mission ; they were not there to defend the colonies because there was no threat to the colonies . The Sons of Liberty were formed in 1765 . They used public demonstrations , boycott , violence , and threats of violence to ensure that the British tax laws were unenforceable . In Boston , the Sons of Liberty burned the records of the vice admiralty court and looted the home of chief justice Thomas Hutchinson . Several legislatures called for united action , and nine colonies sent delegates to the Stamp Act Congress in New York City in October 1765 . Moderates led by John Dickinson drew up a `` Declaration of Rights and Grievances '' stating that taxes passed without representation violated their rights as Englishmen . Colonists emphasized their determination by boycotting imports of British merchandise . The Parliament at Westminster saw itself as the supreme lawmaking authority throughout all British possessions and thus entitled to levy any tax without colonial approval . They argued that the colonies were legally British corporations that were completely subordinate to the British parliament and pointed to numerous instances where Parliament had made laws binding on the colonies in the past . They did not see anything in the unwritten British constitution that made taxes special and noted that they had taxed American trade for decades . Parliament insisted that the colonies effectively enjoyed a `` virtual representation '' as most British people did , as only a small minority of the British population elected representatives to Parliament . Americans such as James Otis maintained that the Americans were not in fact virtually represented . In London , the Rockingham government came to power ( July 1765 ) and Parliament debated whether to repeal the stamp tax or to send an army to enforce it . Benjamin Franklin made the case for repeal , explaining that the colonies had spent heavily in manpower , money , and blood in defense of the empire in a series of wars against the French and Indians , and that further taxes to pay for those wars were unjust and might bring about a rebellion . Parliament agreed and repealed the tax ( February 21 , 1766 ) , but insisted in the Declaratory Act of March 1766 that they retained full power to make laws for the colonies `` in all cases whatsoever '' . The repeal nonetheless caused widespread celebrations in the colonies . 1767 -- 1773 : Townshend Acts and the tea Act Main articles : Townshend Acts and Tea Act Further information : Massachusetts Circular Letter , Boston Massacre , and Boston Tea Party Burning of the Gaspee In 1767 , the Parliament passed the Townshend Acts which placed duties on a number of essential goods , including paper , glass , and tea , and established a Board of Customs in Boston to more rigorously execute trade regulations . The new taxes were enacted on the belief that Americans only objected to internal taxes and not to external taxes such as custom duties . The Americans , however , argued against the constitutionality of the act because its purpose was to raise revenue and not regulate trade . Colonists responded by organizing new boycotts of British goods . These boycotts were less effective , however , as the Townshend goods were widely used . In February 1768 , the Assembly of Massachusetts Bay issued a circular letter to the other colonies urging them to coordinate resistance . The governor dissolved the assembly when it refused to rescind the letter . Meanwhile , a riot broke out in Boston in June 1768 over the seizure of the sloop Liberty , owned by John Hancock , for alleged smuggling . Customs officials were forced to flee , prompting the British to deploy troops to Boston . A Boston town meeting declared that no obedience was due to parliamentary laws and called for the convening of a convention . A convention assembled but only issued a mild protest before dissolving itself . In January 1769 , Parliament responded to the unrest by reactivating the Treason Act 1543 which called for subjects outside the realm to face trials for treason in England . The governor of Massachusetts was instructed to collect evidence of said treason , and the threat caused widespread outrage , though it was not carried out . On March 5 , 1770 , a large crowd gathered around a group of British soldiers . The crowd grew threatening , throwing snowballs , rocks , and debris at them . One soldier was clubbed and fell . There was no order to fire , but the soldiers fired into the crowd anyway . They hit 11 people ; three civilians died at the scene of the shooting , and two died after the incident . The event quickly came to be called the Boston Massacre . The soldiers were tried and acquitted ( defended by John Adams ) , but the widespread descriptions soon began to turn colonial sentiment against the British . This , in turn , began a downward spiral in the relationship between Britain and the Province of Massachusetts . A new ministry under Lord North came to power in 1770 , and Parliament withdrew all taxes except the tax on tea , giving up its efforts to raise revenue while maintaining the right to tax . This temporarily resolved the crisis , and the boycott of British goods largely ceased , with only the more radical patriots such as Samuel Adams continuing to agitate . This 1846 lithograph by Nathaniel Currier was entitled `` The Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor '' ; the phrase `` Boston Tea Party '' had not yet become standard . In June 1772 , American patriots , including John Brown , burned a British warship that had been vigorously enforcing unpopular trade regulations in what became known as the Gaspee Affair . The affair was investigated for possible treason , but no action was taken . In 1772 , it became known that the Crown intended to pay fixed salaries to the governors and judges in Massachusetts . Samuel Adams in Boston set about creating new Committees of Correspondence , which linked Patriots in all 13 colonies and eventually provided the framework for a rebel government . Virginia , the largest colony , set up its Committee of Correspondence in early 1773 , on which Patrick Henry and Thomas Jefferson served . A total of about 7000 to 8000 Patriots served on `` Committees of Correspondence '' at the colonial and local levels , comprising most of the leadership in their communities . Loyalists were excluded . The committees became the leaders of the American resistance to British actions , and largely determined the war effort at the state and local level . When the First Continental Congress decided to boycott British products , the colonial and local Committees took charge , examining merchant records and publishing the names of merchants who attempted to defy the boycott by importing British goods . In 1773 , private letters were published in which Massachusetts Governor Thomas Hutchinson claimed that the colonists could not enjoy all English liberties , and Lieutenant Governor Andrew Oliver called for the direct payment of colonial officials . The letters ' contents were used as evidence of a systematic plot against American rights , and discredited Hutchinson in the eyes of the people ; the Assembly petitioned for his recall . Benjamin Franklin , postmaster general for the colonies , acknowledged that he leaked the letters , which led to him being berated by British officials and fired from his job . Meanwhile , Parliament passed the Tea Act to lower the price of taxed tea exported to the colonies in order to help the East India Company undersell smuggled Dutch tea . Special consignees were appointed to sell the tea in order to bypass colonial merchants . The act was opposed by those who resisted the taxes and also by smugglers who stood to lose business . In most instances , the consignees were forced to resign and the tea was turned back , but Massachusetts governor Hutchinson refused to allow Boston merchants to give in to pressure . A town meeting in Boston determined that the tea would not be landed , and ignored a demand from the governor to disperse . On December 16 , 1773 , a group of men , led by Samuel Adams and dressed to evoke the appearance of American Indians , boarded the ships of the British East India Company and dumped £ 10,000 worth of tea from their holds ( approximately £ 636,000 in 2008 ) into Boston Harbor . Decades later , this event became known as the Boston Tea Party and remains a significant part of American patriotic lore . 1774 -- 1775 : Intolerable Acts and the Quebec Act A 1774 etching from The London Magazine , copied by Paul Revere of Boston . Prime Minister Lord North , author of the Boston Port Act , forces the Intolerable Acts down the throat of America , whose arms are restrained by Lord Chief Justice Mansfield , while Lord Sandwich pins down her feet and peers up her robes . Behind them , Mother Britannia weeps helplessly . Main articles : Quebec Act and Intolerable Acts The British government responded by passing several Acts which came to be known as the Intolerable Acts , which further darkened colonial opinion towards the British . They consisted of four laws enacted by the British parliament . The first was the Massachusetts Government Act which altered the Massachusetts charter and restricted town meetings . The second act was the Administration of Justice Act which ordered that all British soldiers to be tried were to be arraigned in Britain , not in the colonies . The third Act was the Boston Port Act , which closed the port of Boston until the British had been compensated for the tea lost in the Boston Tea Party . The fourth Act was the Quartering Act of 1774 , which allowed royal governors to house British troops in the homes of citizens without requiring permission of the owner . In response , Massachusetts patriots issued the Suffolk Resolves and formed an alternative shadow government known as the `` Provincial Congress '' which began training militia outside British - occupied Boston . In September 1774 , the First Continental Congress convened , consisting of representatives from each of the colonies , to serve as a vehicle for deliberation and collective action . During secret debates , conservative Joseph Galloway proposed the creation of a colonial Parliament that would be able to approve or disapprove of acts of the British Parliament , but his idea was not accepted . The Congress instead endorsed the proposal of John Adams that Americans would obey Parliament voluntarily but would resist all taxes in disguise . Congress called for a boycott beginning on 1 December 1774 of all British goods ; it was enforced by new committees authorized by the Congress . Military hostilities begin Join , or Die by Benjamin Franklin was recycled to encourage the former colonies to unite against British rule . Further information : Shot heard ' round the world , Boston campaign , Invasion of Canada ( 1775 ) , and American Revolutionary War Massachusetts was declared in a state of rebellion in February 1775 and the British garrison received orders to disarm the rebels and arrest their leaders , leading to the Battles of Lexington and Concord on 19 April 1775 . The Patriots laid siege to Boston , expelled royal officials from all the colonies , and took control through the establishment of Provincial Congresses . The Battle of Bunker Hill followed on June 17 , 1775 . It was a British victory -- but at a great cost : about 1,000 British casualties from a garrison of about 6,000 , as compared to 500 American casualties from a much larger force . The Second Continental Congress was divided on the best course of action , but eventually produced the Olive Branch Petition , in which they attempted to come to an accord with King George . The king , however , issued a Proclamation of Rebellion which stated that the states were `` in rebellion '' and the members of Congress were traitors . In the winter of 1775 , the Americans invaded Canada under generals Benedict Arnold and Richard Montgomery . The attack was a complete failure ; many Americans who were n't killed were either captured or died of smallpox . In March 1776 , the Continental Army forced the British to evacuate Boston , with George Washington as the commander of the new army . The revolutionaries were now in full control of all 13 colonies and were ready to declare independence . There still were many Loyalists , but they were no longer in control anywhere by July 1776 , and all of the Royal officials had fled . Creating New state constitutions Following the Battle of Bunker Hill in June 1775 , the Patriots had control of Massachusetts outside the Boston city limits , and the Loyalists suddenly found themselves on the defensive with no protection from the British army . In all 13 colonies , Patriots had overthrown their existing governments , closing courts and driving away British officials . They had elected conventions and `` legislatures '' that existed outside any legal framework ; new constitutions were drawn up in each state to supersede royal charters . They declared that they were states now , not colonies . On January 5 , 1776 , New Hampshire ratified the first state constitution . In May 1776 , Congress voted to suppress all forms of crown authority , to be replaced by locally created authority . Virginia , South Carolina , and New Jersey created their constitutions before July 4 . Rhode Island and Connecticut simply took their existing royal charters and deleted all references to the crown . The new states were all committed to republicanism , with no inherited offices . They decided what form of government to create , and also how to select those who would craft the constitutions and how the resulting document would be ratified . On 26 May 1776 , John Adams wrote James Sullivan from Philadelphia : `` Depend upon it , sir , it is dangerous to open so fruitful a source of controversy and altercation , as would be opened by attempting to alter the qualifications of voters . There will be no end of it . New claims will arise . Women will demand a vote . Lads from twelve to twenty one will think their rights not enough attended to , and every man , who has not a farthing , will demand an equal voice with any other in all acts of state . It tends to confound and destroy all distinctions , and prostrate all ranks , to one common level '' . The resulting constitutions in states such as Maryland , Virginia , Delaware , New York , and Massachusetts featured : Property qualifications for voting and even more substantial requirements for elected positions ( though New York and Maryland lowered property qualifications ) Bicameral legislatures , with the upper house as a check on the lower Strong governors with veto power over the legislature and substantial appointment authority Few or no restraints on individuals holding multiple positions in government The continuation of state - established religion In Pennsylvania , New Jersey , and New Hampshire , the resulting constitutions embodied : universal manhood suffrage , or minimal property requirements for voting or holding office ( New Jersey enfranchised some property - owning widows , a step that it retracted 25 years later ) strong , unicameral legislatures relatively weak governors without veto powers , and with little appointing authority prohibition against individuals holding multiple government posts The radical provisions of Pennsylvania 's constitution lasted only 14 years . In 1790 , conservatives gained power in the state legislature , called a new constitutional convention , and rewrote the constitution . The new constitution substantially reduced universal male suffrage , gave the governor veto power and patronage appointment authority , and added an upper house with substantial wealth qualifications to the unicameral legislature . Thomas Paine called it a constitution unworthy of America . Independence and union Johannes Adam Simon Oertel . Pulling Down the Statue of King George III , N.Y.C. , ca . 1859 . The painting is a romanticized version of the Sons of Liberty destroying the symbol of monarchy following the reading of the United States Declaration of Independence to the Continental Army and residents on the New York City commons by order of George Washington during his occupation , July 9th , 1776 . Further information : Lee Resolution , Articles of Confederation , Committee of Five , and United States Declaration of Independence In April 1776 , the North Carolina Provincial Congress issued the Halifax Resolves explicitly authorizing its delegates to vote for independence . In May , Congress called on all the states to write constitutions and eliminate the last remnants of royal rule . By June , nine colonies were ready for independence ; one by one , the last four fell into line : Pennsylvania , Delaware , Maryland , and New York . Richard Henry Lee was instructed by the Virginia legislature to propose independence , and he did so on June 7 , 1776 . On June 11 , a committee was created to draft a document explaining the justifications for separation from Britain . After securing enough votes for passage , independence was voted for on July 2 . The Declaration of Independence was drafted largely by Thomas Jefferson and presented by the committee ; it was unanimously adopted by the entire Congress on July 4 , and each of the colonies became independent and sovereign . The next step was to form a union to facilitate international relations and alliances . The Second Continental Congress approved the `` Articles of Confederation '' for ratification by the states on November 15 , 1777 ; the Congress immediately began operating under the Articles ' terms , providing a structure of shared sovereignty during prosecution of the war and facilitating international relations and alliances with France and Spain . The articles were ratified on March 1 , 1781 . At that point , the Continental Congress was dissolved and a new government of the United States in Congress Assembled took its place on the following day , with Samuel Huntington as presiding officer . Defending the Revolution Main article : American Revolutionary War British return : 1776 -- 1777 Further information : New York and New Jersey campaign , Staten Island Peace Conference , Saratoga campaign , and Philadelphia campaign According to British historian Jeremy Black , the British had significant advantages , including a highly trained army , the world 's largest navy , and a highly efficient system of public finance that could easily fund the war . However , the British were seriously handicapped by their misunderstanding of the depth of support for the Patriot position . Ignoring the advice of General Gage , they misinterpreted the situation as merely a large - scale riot . London decided that they could overawe the Americans by sending a large military and naval force , forcing them to be loyal again : Convinced that the Revolution was the work of a full few miscreants who had rallied an armed rabble to their cause , they expected that the revolutionaries would be intimidated ... . Then the vast majority of Americans , who were loyal but cowed by the terroristic tactics ... would rise up , kick out the rebels , and restore loyal government in each colony . Washington forced the British out of Boston in the spring of 1776 , and neither the British nor the Loyalists controlled any significant areas . The British , however , were massing forces at their naval base at Halifax , Nova Scotia . They returned in force in July 1776 , landing in New York and defeating Washington 's Continental Army in August at the Battle of Brooklyn . Following that victory , the British requested a meeting with representatives from Congress to negotiate an end to hostilities . A delegation including John Adams and Benjamin Franklin met Howe on Staten Island in New York Harbor on September 11 , in what became known as the Staten Island Peace Conference . Howe demanded a retraction of the Declaration of Independence , which was refused , and negotiations ended . The British then quickly seized New York City and nearly captured Washington 's army . They made New York their main political and military base of operations in North America , holding it until November 1783 . The city became the destination for Loyalist refugees and a focal point of Washington 's intelligence network . The British also took New Jersey , pushing the Continental Army into Pennsylvania . Washington crossed the Delaware River back into New Jersey in a surprise attack in late December 1776 and defeated Hessian and British armies at Trenton and Princeton , thereby regaining control of most of New Jersey . The victories gave an important boost to Patriots at a time when morale was flagging , and have become iconic events of the war . In 1777 , the British sent Burgoyne 's invasion force from Canada south to New York to seal off New England . Their aim was to neutralize the Yankees , whom the British perceived as the primary source of agitators . The British army in New York City went to Philadelphia in a major case of mis - coordination , capturing it from Washington . The invasion army under Burgoyne was much too slow and became trapped in northern New York state . It surrendered after the Battles of Saratoga in October 1777 . From early October 1777 until November 15 , a siege distracted British troops at Fort Mifflin , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania and allowed Washington time to preserve the Continental Army by safely leading his troops to harsh winter quarters at Valley Forge . Prisoners Main article : Prisoners of war in the American Revolutionary War In August 1775 , George III declared Americans in arms against royal authority to be traitors to the Crown . Following their surrender at the Battles of Saratoga in October 1777 , there were thousands of British and Hessian soldiers in American hands . Although Lord Germain took a hard line , the British generals on the scene never held treason trials ; they treated captured enemy soldiers as prisoners of war . The dilemma was that tens of thousands of Loyalists were under American control and American retaliation would have been easy . The British built much of their strategy around using these Loyalists , and therefore , no Americans were put on trial for treason . The British maltreated the prisoners whom they held , resulting in more deaths to American sailors and soldiers than from combat operations . At the end of the war , both sides released their surviving prisoners . American alliances after 1778 Further information : France in the American Revolutionary War and Spain in the American Revolutionary War The capture of a British army at Saratoga encouraged the French to formally enter the war in support of Congress . Benjamin Franklin negotiated a permanent military alliance in early 1778 , significantly becoming the first country to officially recognize the Declaration of Independence . On February 6 , 1778 , a Treaty of Amity and Commerce and a Treaty of Alliance were signed between the United States and France . William Pitt spoke out in parliament urging Britain to make peace in America and to unite with America against France , while other British politicians who had previously sympathized with colonial grievances now turned against the Americans for allying with Britain 's international rival and enemy . Later , Spain ( in 1779 ) and the Dutch ( 1780 ) became allies of the French , leaving the British Empire to fight a global war alone without major allies , and requiring it to slip through a combined blockade of the Atlantic . The American theater thus became only one front in Britain 's war . The British were forced to withdraw troops from continental America to reinforce the valuable sugar - producing Caribbean colonies , which were more lucrative to British investors . British commander Sir Henry Clinton evacuated Philadelphia and returned to New York City . General Washington intercepted Clinton in the Battle of Monmouth Court House , the last major battle fought in the north . After an inconclusive engagement , the British successfully retreated to New York City . The northern war subsequently became a stalemate , as the focus of attention shifted to the smaller southern theater . Hessian troops hired out to the British by their German sovereigns The British move South , 1778 -- 1783 Further information : Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War and Naval operations in the American Revolutionary War The British strategy in America now concentrated on a campaign in the southern states . With fewer regular troops at their disposal , the British commanders saw the `` southern strategy '' as a more viable plan , as the south was perceived as being more strongly Loyalist , with a large population of recent immigrants as well as large numbers of slaves who might be captured or run away to join the British . Beginning in late December 1778 , the British captured Savannah and controlled the Georgia coastline . In 1780 , they launched a fresh invasion and took Charleston , as well . A significant victory at the Battle of Camden meant that royal forces soon controlled most of Georgia and South Carolina . The British set up a network of forts inland , hoping that the Loyalists would rally to the flag . Not enough Loyalists turned out , however , and the British had to fight their way north into North Carolina and Virginia , with a severely weakened army . Behind them , much of the territory that they had already captured dissolved into a chaotic guerrilla war , fought predominantly between bands of Loyalist and American militia , which negated many of the gains that the British had previously made . Surrender at Yorktown ( 1781 ) Main article : Siege of Yorktown The siege of Yorktown ended with the surrender of a second British army , marking effective British defeat . The British army under Cornwallis marched to Yorktown , Virginia where they expected to be rescued by a British fleet . The fleet showed up , but so did a larger French fleet , so the British fleet returned to New York for reinforcements after the Battle of the Chesapeake , leaving Cornwallis trapped . In October 1781 , the British surrendered their second invading army of the war , under a siege by the combined French and Continental armies commanded by Washington . The end of the war Historians continue to debate whether the odds for American victory were long or short . John E. Ferling says that the odds were so long that the American victory was `` almost a miracle '' . On the other hand , Joseph Ellis says that the odds favored the Americans , and asks whether there ever was any realistic chance for the British to win . He argues that this opportunity came only once , in the summer of 1776 , and the British failed that test . Admiral Howe and his brother General Howe `` missed several opportunities to destroy the Continental Army ... Chance , luck , and even the vagaries of the weather played crucial roles . '' Ellis 's point is that the strategic and tactical decisions of the Howes were fatally flawed because they underestimated the challenges posed by the Patriots . Ellis concludes that , once the Howe brothers failed , the opportunity for a British victory `` would never come again . '' Support for the conflict had never been strong in Britain , where many sympathized with the Americans , but now it reached a new low . King George III personally wanted to fight on , but his supporters lost control of Parliament and no further major land offensives were launched in the American Theater . It would be three decades until war resumed again with the War of 1812 , which firmly established the permanence of the United States . Washington could not know that the British would not reopen hostilities after Yorktown . They still had 26,000 troops occupying New York City , Charleston , and Savannah , together with a powerful fleet . The French army and navy departed , so the Americans were on their own in 1782 -- 83 . The treasury was empty , and the unpaid soldiers were growing restive , almost to the point of mutiny or possible coup d'état . The unrest among officers of the Newburgh Conspiracy was personally dispelled by Washington in 1783 , and Congress subsequently created the promise of a five years bonus for all officers . Paris peace Treaty Main article : Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) During negotiations in Paris , the American delegation discovered that France would support independence , but no territorial gains . The new nation would be confined to the area east of the Appalachian Mountains . The American delegation opened direct secret negotiations with London , cutting the French out . British Prime Minister Lord Shelburne was in full charge of the British negotiations . He now saw a chance to make the United States a valuable economic partner . The US obtained all the land east of the Mississippi River , south of Canada , and north of Florida . It gained fishing rights off Canadian coasts , and agreed to allow British merchants and Loyalists to try to recover their property . It was a highly favorable treaty for the United States , and deliberately so from the British point of view . Prime Minister Shelburne foresaw highly profitable two - way trade between Britain and the rapidly growing United States , as indeed came to pass . Since the blockade was lifted and the old imperial restrictions were gone , American merchants were free to trade with any nation anywhere in the world , and their businesses flourished . The British largely abandoned the Indian allies living in the new nation . They were not a party to this treaty and did not recognize it until they were defeated militarily by the United States . However , the British did promise to support the Indians . They sold them munitions and maintained forts in American territory until the Jay Treaty of 1795 . Impact on Britain Losing the war and the 13 colonies was a shock to Britain . The war revealed the limitations of Britain 's fiscal - military state when they discovered that they suddenly faced powerful enemies with no allies , and they were dependent on extended and vulnerable transatlantic lines of communication . The defeat heightened dissension and escalated political antagonism to the King 's ministers . Inside parliament , the primary concern changed from fears of an over-mighty monarch to the issues of representation , parliamentary reform , and government retrenchment . Reformers sought to destroy what they saw as widespread institutional corruption . The result was a powerful crisis from 1776 to 1783 . The peace in 1783 left France financially prostrate , while the British economy boomed thanks to the return of American business . The crisis ended after 1784 thanks to the King 's shrewdness in outwitting Charles James Fox ( the leader of the Fox - North Coalition ) , and renewed confidence in the system engendered by the leadership of the new Prime Minister William Pitt . Historians conclude that loss of the American colonies enabled Britain to deal with the French Revolution with more unity and better organization than would otherwise have been the case . Britain turned towards Asia , the Pacific and later Africa with subsequent exploration leading to the rise of the Second British Empire . Finance Britain 's war against the Americans , French , and Spanish cost about £ 100 million . The Treasury borrowed 40 % of the money that it needed . Heavy spending brought France to the verge of bankruptcy and revolution , while the British had relatively little difficulty financing their war , keeping their suppliers and soldiers paid , and hiring tens of thousands of German soldiers . Britain had a sophisticated financial system based on the wealth of thousands of landowners , who supported the government , together with banks and financiers in London . The British tax system collected about 12 percent of the GDP in taxes during the 1770s . In sharp contrast , Congress and the American states had no end of difficulty financing the war . In 1775 , there was at most 12 million dollars in gold in the colonies , not nearly enough to cover current transactions , let alone finance a major war . The British made the situation much worse by imposing a tight blockade on every American port , which cut off almost all imports and exports . One partial solution was to rely on volunteer support from militiamen and donations from patriotic citizens . Another was to delay actual payments , pay soldiers and suppliers in depreciated currency , and promise that it would be made good after the war . Indeed , the soldiers and officers were given land grants in 1783 to cover the wages that they had earned but had not been paid during the war . Not until 1781 did the national government have a strong leader in financial matters , when Robert Morris was named Superintendent of Finance of the United States . Morris used a French loan in 1782 to set up the private Bank of North America to finance the war . Seeking greater efficiency , Morris reduced the civil list , saved money by using competitive bidding for contracts , tightened accounting procedures , and demanded the national government 's full share of money and supplies from the confederated states . Congress used four main methods to cover the cost of the war , which cost about 66 million dollars in specie ( gold and silver ) . Congress made two issues of paper money -- in 1775 -- 1780 and in 1780 -- 81 . The first issue amounted to 242 million dollars . This paper money would supposedly be redeemed for state taxes , but the holders were eventually paid off in 1791 at the rate of one cent on the dollar . By 1780 , the paper money was `` not worth a Continental '' , as people said . The skyrocketing inflation was a hardship on the few people who had fixed incomes -- but 90 percent of the people were farmers , and were not directly affected by that inflation . Debtors benefited by paying off their debts with depreciated paper . The greatest burden was borne by the soldiers of the Continental Army , whose wages were usually in arrears and declined in value every month , weakening their morale and adding to the hardships of their families . Beginning in 1777 , Congress repeatedly asked the states to provide money . But the states had no system of taxation either , and were little help . By 1780 , Congress was making requisitions for specific supplies of corn , beef , pork , and other necessities -- an inefficient system that kept the army barely alive . Starting in 1776 , the Congress sought to raise money by loans from wealthy individuals , promising to redeem the bonds after the war . The bonds were in fact redeemed in 1791 at face value , but the scheme raised little money because Americans had little specie , and many of the rich merchants were supporters of the Crown . Starting in 1776 , the French secretly supplied the Americans with money , gunpowder , and munitions in order to weaken its arch enemy Great Britain . When France officially entered the war in 1778 , the subsidies continued , and the French government , as well as bankers in Paris and Amsterdam , lent large sums to the American war effort . These loans were repaid in full in the 1790s . Concluding the Revolution Main articles : Philadelphia Convention and United States Bill of Rights See also : Annapolis Convention ( 1786 ) and The Federalist Papers Creating a `` more perfect union '' and guaranteeing rights See also : Federalist Party , Annapolis Convention ( 1786 ) , and United States Bill of Rights The war finally ended in 1783 and was followed by a period of prosperity . The national government was still operating under the Articles of Confederation and was able to settle the issue of the western territories , which were ceded by the states to Congress . American settlers moved rapidly into those areas , with Vermont , Kentucky , and Tennessee becoming states in the 1790s . However , the national government had no money to pay either the war debts owed to European nations and the private banks , or to pay Americans who had been given millions of dollars of promissory notes for supplies during the war . Nationalists led by Washington , Alexander Hamilton , and other veterans feared that the new nation was too fragile to withstand an international war , or even internal revolts such as the Shays ' Rebellion of 1786 in Massachusetts . Calling themselves `` Federalists , '' the nationalists convinced Congress to call the Philadelphia Convention in 1787 . It adopted a new Constitution that provided for a much stronger federal government , including an effective executive in a check - and - balance system with the judiciary and legislature . The Constitution was ratified in 1788 , after a fierce debate in the states over the nature of the proposed new government . The new government under President George Washington took office in New York in March 1789 . Amendments to the Constitution were spearheaded in Congress by James Madison as assurances to those who were cautious about federal power , guaranteeing many of the inalienable rights that formed a foundation for the revolution . The amendments were ratified by the states in 1791 . National debt Further information : United States public debt and Alexander Hamilton The national debt fell into three categories after the American Revolution . The first was the $12 million owed to foreigners , mostly money borrowed from France . There was general agreement to pay the foreign debts at full value . The national government owed $40 million and state governments owed $25 million to Americans who had sold food , horses , and supplies to the revolutionary forces . There were also other debts that consisted of promissory notes issued during the Revolutionary War to soldiers , merchants , and farmers who accepted these payments on the premise that the new Constitution would create a government that would pay these debts eventually . The war expenses of the individual states added up to $114 million compared to $37 million by the central government . In 1790 , Congress combined the remaining state debts with the foreign and domestic debts into one national debt totaling $80 million at the recommendation of first Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton . Everyone received face value for wartime certificates , so that the national honor would be sustained and the national credit established . Ideology and factions The population of the 13 Colonies was not homogeneous in their political views and attitudes . Loyalties and allegiances varied widely within regions and communities and even within families , and sometimes shifted during the course of the Revolution . Ideology behind the Revolution Main articles : Age of Enlightenment , American Enlightenment , Liberalism in the United States , and Republicanism in the United States The American Enlightenment was a critical precursor of the American Revolution . Chief among the ideas of the American Enlightenment were the concepts of Natural Law , Natural Rights , Consent of the Governed , Individualism , Property Rights , Self - Ownership , Self - Determination , liberalism , republicanism and fear of corruption . Collectively , the acceptance of these concepts by a growing number of American colonists began to foster an intellectual environment which would lead to a new sense of political and social identity . 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Tawney Johan Rudolph Thorbecke Henry David Thoreau Alexis de Tocqueville Antoine Destutt de Tracy Anne Robert Jacques Turgot Voltaire Lester Frank Ward Max Weber Mary Wollstonecraft Tao Xingzhi Gu Zhun Organizations ( show ) Liberal parties Africa Liberal Network ( ALN ) Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( ALDE ) Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party ( ALDEP ) Arab Liberal Federation ( ALF ) Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats ( CALD ) European Democratic Party ( EDP ) European Liberal Youth ( LYMEC ) European Party for Individual Liberty ( EPIL ) International Alliance of Libertarian Parties ( IALP ) International Federation of Liberal Youth ( IFLRY ) Liberal International Liberal Network for Latin America ( RELIAL ) Liberal South East European Network ( LIBSEEN ) Regional variants ( show ) Europe Latin America Albania Armenia Australia Austria Belgium Bolivia Brazil Bulgaria Canada China Chile Colombia Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech lands Denmark Ecuador Egypt Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Iran Israel Italy Japan Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Mexico Moldova Montenegro Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Nigeria Norway Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia Senegal Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain South Africa South Korea Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Thailand Tunisia Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States Uruguay Venezuela Zimbabwe Related topics ( show ) Democratic capitalism Democratic education Liberal bias in academia Regressive left Liberalism portal Politics portal In this c. 1772 portrait by John Singleton Copley , Samuel Adams points at the Massachusetts Charter , which he viewed as a constitution that protected the people 's rights . John Locke 's ( 1632 -- 1704 ) ideas on liberty influenced the political thinking behind the revolution , especially through his indirect influence on English writers such as John Trenchard , Thomas Gordon , and Benjamin Hoadly , whose political ideas in turn had a strong influence on the American revolutionaries . Locke is often referred to as `` the philosopher of the American Revolution '' due to his work in the Social Contract and Natural Rights theories that underpinned the Revolution 's political ideology . Locke 's Two Treatises of Government published in 1689 were especially influential . He argued that all humans were created equally free , and governments therefore needed the `` consent of the governed . '' In late eighteenth - century America , belief was still widespread in `` equality by creation '' and `` rights by creation '' . The theory of the `` social contract '' influenced the belief among many of the Founders that among the `` natural rights '' of man was the right of the people to overthrow their leaders , should those leaders betray the historic rights of Englishmen . In terms of writing state and national constitutions , the Americans heavily used Montesquieu 's analysis of the wisdom of the `` balanced '' British Constitution ( mixed government ) . Republicanism Main article : Republicanism in the United States Part of the Politics series on Republicanism Central concepts ( show ) Anti-monarchism Liberty as non-domination Popular sovereignty Republic Res publica Social contract Schools ( show ) Classical republicanism Neo-republicanism Important thinkers ( show ) Hannah Arendt Cicero James Harrington Thomas Jefferson John Locke James Madison Montesquieu Philip Pettit Polybius Jean Jacques Rousseau Michael J. Sandel Algernon Sidney Quentin Skinner Cass Sunstein Mary Wollstonecraft History ( show ) Roman Republic Gaṇa sangha Classical Athens Republic of Venice Republic of Genoa Republic of Florence Dutch Republic American Revolution French Revolution Spanish American wars of independence Trienio Liberal French Revolution of 1848 5 October 1910 revolution Xinhai Revolution Russian Revolution German Revolution of 1918 -- 19 Turkish War of Independence Mongolian Revolution of 1921 11 September 1922 Revolution 1935 Greek coup d'état attempt Spanish Civil War Birth of the Italian Republic Egyptian Revolution of 1952 14 July Revolution North Yemen Civil War Zanzibar Revolution 1969 Libyan coup d'état Cambodian coup of 1970 Third Hellenic Republic Iranian Revolution 1987 Fijian coups d'état Nepalese Civil War By country ( show ) Australia Barbados Canada Ireland Jamaica Morocco Netherlands New Zealand Spain Sweden Turkey United Kingdom United States Related topics ( show ) Communitarianism Liberalism Monarchism Politics portal A central motivating force behind the overthrow of monarchy and aristocracy was the American embrace of a political ideology called `` republicanism '' , which was dominant in the colonies by 1775 but of minor importance back in Great Britain . The republicanism was inspired by the `` country party '' in Great Britain , whose critique of British government emphasized that corruption was a terrible reality in Great Britain . Americans feared that the corruption was crossing the Atlantic ; the commitment of most Americans to republican values and to their rights energized the revolution , as Britain was increasingly seen as hopelessly corrupt and hostile to American interests . Britain seemed to threaten the established liberties that Americans enjoyed . The greatest threat to liberty was depicted as corruption -- not just in London but at home , as well . The colonists associated it with luxury , and especially with inherited aristocracy , which they condemned . The Founding Fathers were strong advocates of republican values , particularly Samuel Adams , Patrick Henry , John Adams , Benjamin Franklin , Thomas Jefferson , Thomas Paine , George Washington , James Madison , and Alexander Hamilton , which required men to put civic duty ahead of their personal desires . Men had a civic duty to be prepared and willing to fight for the rights and liberties of their countrymen . John Adams wrote to Mercy Otis Warren in 1776 , agreeing with some classical Greek and Roman thinkers in that `` Public Virtue can not exist without private , and public Virtue is the only Foundation of Republics . '' He continued : There must be a positive Passion for the public good , the public Interest , Honour , Power , and Glory , established in the Minds of the People , or there can be no Republican Government , nor any real Liberty . And this public Passion must be Superior to all private Passions . Men must be ready , they must pride themselves , and be happy to sacrifice their private Pleasures , Passions , and Interests , nay their private Friendships and dearest connections , when they Stand in Competition with the Rights of society . For women , `` republican motherhood '' became the ideal , exemplified by Abigail Adams and Mercy Otis Warren ; the first duty of the republican woman was to instill republican values in her children and to avoid luxury and ostentation . Fusing republicanism and liberalism Thomas Paine 's pamphlet Common Sense , published in 1776 Some republics had emerged throughout history , such as the Roman Republic of the ancient world , but none ever existed that was based on liberal principles . Thomas Paine 's pamphlet Common Sense appeared in January 1776 , after the Revolution had started . It was widely distributed and loaned , and often read aloud in taverns , contributing significantly to spreading the ideas of republicanism and liberalism together , bolstering enthusiasm for separation from Great Britain , and encouraging recruitment for the Continental Army . Paine provided a new and widely accepted argument for independence by advocating a complete break with history . Common Sense is oriented to the future in a way that compels the reader to make an immediate choice . It offered a solution for Americans disgusted and alarmed at the threat of tyranny . Impact of Great Awakening Main article : First Great Awakening Dissenting churches of the day ( Protestant , non-Church of England ) were , in the words of Patricia Bonomi , the `` school of democracy . '' President John Witherspoon of the College of New Jersey ( now Princeton University ) wrote widely circulated sermons linking the American Revolution to the teachings of the Bible . Throughout the colonies , dissenting Protestant ministers ( Congregationalist , Baptist , and Presbyterian ) preached Revolutionary themes in their sermons , while most Church of England clergymen preached loyalty to the king , the titular head of the English state church . Religious motivation for fighting tyranny transcended socioeconomic lines to encompass rich and poor , men and women , frontiersmen and townsmen , farmers and merchants . The Declaration also referred to the `` Laws of Nature and of Nature 's God '' as justification for the Americans ' separation from the British monarchy . Most eighteenth - century Americans believed that nature , the entire universe , was God 's creation and he was `` Nature 's God '' . Everything , including man , was part of the `` universal order of things '' , which began with God and was directed by his providence . Accordingly , the signers of the Declaration professed their `` firm reliance on the Protection of divine Providence '' , and they appealed to `` the Supreme Judge for the rectitude of ( their ) intentions . '' Like most of his countrymen , George Washington was firmly convinced that he was an instrument of providence , to the benefit of the American people and of all humanity . Historian Bernard Bailyn argues that the evangelicalism of the era challenged traditional notions of natural hierarchy by preaching that the Bible teaches that all men are equal , so that the true value of a man lies in his moral behavior , not in his class . Kidd argues that religious disestablishment , belief in God as the source of human rights , and shared convictions about sin , virtue , and divine providence worked together to unite rationalists and evangelicals and thus encouraged American defiance of the Empire . Bailyn , on the other hand , denies that religion played such a critical role . Alan Heimert argues that New Light anti-authoritarianism was essential to furthering democracy in colonial American society and set the stage for a confrontation with British monarchical and aristocratic rule . See also : List of clergy in the American Revolution Class and Psychology of the factions Looking back , John Adams concluded in 1818 : The Revolution was effected before the war commenced . The Revolution was in the minds and hearts of the people ... This radical change in the principles , opinions , sentiments , and affections of the people was the real American Revolution . In terms of class , Loyalists tended to have longstanding social and economic connections to British merchants and government ; for instance , prominent merchants in major port cities such as New York , Boston and Charleston tended to be Loyalists , as did men involved with the fur trade along the northern frontier . In addition , officials of colonial government and their staffs , those who had established positions and status to maintain , favored maintaining relations with Great Britain . They often were linked to British families in England by marriage as well . By contrast , Patriots by number tended to be yeomen farmers , especially in the frontier areas of New York and the backcountry of Pennsylvania , Virginia and down the Appalachian mountains . They were craftsmen and small merchants . Leaders of both the Patriots and the Loyalists were men of educated , propertied classes . The Patriots included many prominent men of the planter class from Virginia and South Carolina , for instance , who became leaders during the Revolution , and formed the new government at the national and state levels . To understand the opposing groups , historians have assessed evidence of their hearts and minds . In the mid-20th century , historian Leonard Woods Labaree identified eight characteristics of the Loyalists that made them essentially conservative ; opposite traits to those characteristic of the Patriots . Older and better established men , Loyalists tended to resist innovation . They thought resistance to the Crown -- which they insisted was the only legitimate government -- was morally wrong , while the Patriots thought morality was on their side . Loyalists were alienated when the Patriots resorted to violence , such as burning houses and tarring and feathering . Loyalists wanted to take a centrist position and resisted the Patriots ' demand to declare their opposition to the Crown . Many Loyalists , especially merchants in the port cities , had maintained strong and long - standing relations with Britain ( often with business and family links to other parts of the British Empire ) . Many Loyalists realized that independence was bound to come eventually , but they were fearful that revolution might lead to anarchy , tyranny or mob rule . In contrast , the prevailing attitude among Patriots , who made systematic efforts to use mob violence in a controlled manner , was a desire to seize the initiative . Labaree also wrote that Loyalists were pessimists who lacked the confidence in the future displayed by the Patriots . Historians in the early 20th century , such as J. Franklin Jameson , examined the class composition of the Patriot cause , looking for evidence of a class war inside the revolution . In the last 50 years , historians have largely abandoned that interpretation , emphasizing instead the high level of ideological unity . Just as there were rich and poor Loyalists , the Patriots were a ' mixed lot ' , with the richer and better educated more likely to become officers in the Army . Ideological demands always came first : the Patriots viewed independence as a means to gain freedom from British oppression and taxation and , above all , to reassert what they considered to be their rights as English subjects . Most yeomen farmers , craftsmen , and small merchants joined the Patriot cause to demand more political equality . They were especially successful in Pennsylvania but less so in New England , where John Adams attacked Thomas Paine 's Common Sense for the `` absurd democratical notions '' it proposed . King George III Main article : George III of Great Britain The war became a personal issue for the king , fueled by his growing belief that British leniency would be taken as weakness by the Americans . The king also sincerely believed he was defending Britain 's constitution against usurpers , rather than opposing patriots fighting for their natural rights . Patriots Main article : Patriot ( American Revolution ) Further information : Sons of Liberty At the time , revolutionaries were called `` Patriots '' , `` Whigs '' , `` Congress - men '' , or `` Americans '' . They included a full range of social and economic classes , but were unanimous regarding the need to defend the rights of Americans and uphold the principles of republicanism in terms of rejecting monarchy and aristocracy , while emphasizing civic virtue on the part of the citizens . Newspapers were strongholds of patriotism ( although there were a few Loyalist papers ) , and printed many pamphlets , announcements , patriotic letters and pronouncements . According to historian Robert Calhoon , the consensus of historians is that 40 -- 45 % of the white population in the Thirteen Colonies supported the Patriots ' cause , 15 -- 20 % supported the Loyalists , and the remainder were neutral or kept a low profile . Mark Lender explores why ordinary folk became insurgents against the British even though they were unfamiliar with the ideological rationales being offered . They held very strongly a sense of `` rights '' that they felt the British were violating -- rights that stressed local autonomy , fair dealing , and government by consent . They were highly sensitive to the issue of tyranny , which they saw manifested in the British response to the Boston Tea Party . The arrival in Boston of the British Army heightened their sense of violated rights , leading to rage and demands for revenge . They had faith that God was on their side . Loyalists Main article : Loyalist ( American Revolution ) Mobbing of a Loyalist by American Patriots in 1775 -- 76 The consensus of scholars is that about 15 -- 20 % of the white population remained loyal to the British Crown . Those who actively supported the king were known at the time as `` Loyalists '' , `` Tories '' , or `` King 's men '' . The Loyalists never controlled territory unless the British Army occupied it . Loyalists were typically older , less willing to break with old loyalties , often connected to the Church of England , and included many established merchants with strong business connections across the Empire , as well as royal officials such as Thomas Hutchinson of Boston . There were 500 to 1000 black loyalists who were held as slaves by patriots , escaped to British lines and joined the British army . Most died of disease but Britain took the survivors to Canada as free men . The revolution could divide families . The most dramatic example was when William Franklin , son of Benjamin Franklin and royal governor of the Province of New Jersey , remained loyal to the Crown throughout the war ; they never spoke again . Recent immigrants who had not been fully Americanized were also inclined to support the King , such as recent Scottish settlers in the back country ; among the more striking examples of this , see Flora MacDonald . After the war , the great majority of the 450,000 -- 500,000 Loyalists remained in America and resumed normal lives . Some , such as Samuel Seabury , became prominent American leaders . Estimates vary , but about 62,000 Loyalists relocated to Canada , and others to Britain ( 7,000 ) or to Florida or the West Indies ( 9,000 ) . The exiles represented approximately 2 % of the total population of the colonies . Nearly all black loyalists left for Nova Scotia , Florida , or England , where they could remain free . When Loyalists left the South in 1783 , they took thousands of their slaves with them to be slaves in the British West Indies . Neutrals A minority of uncertain size tried to stay neutral in the war . Most kept a low profile , but the Quakers , especially in Pennsylvania , were the most important group to speak out for neutrality . As Patriots declared independence , the Quakers , who continued to do business with the British , were attacked as supporters of British rule , `` contrivers and authors of seditious publications '' critical of the revolutionary cause . Though the majority of Quakers attempted to remain neutral , a sizable number of Quakers in the American Revolution nevertheless participated to some degree . Role of women Abigail Adams Main article : Women in the American Revolution Women contributed to the American Revolution in many ways , and were involved on both sides . While formal Revolutionary politics did not include women , ordinary domestic behaviors became charged with political significance as Patriot women confronted a war that permeated all aspects of political , civil , and domestic life . They participated by boycotting British goods , spying on the British , following armies as they marched , washing , cooking , and tending for soldiers , delivering secret messages , and in a few cases like Deborah Samson , fighting disguised as men . Also , Mercy Otis Warren held meetings in her house and cleverly attacked Loyalists with her creative plays and histories . Above all , they continued the agricultural work at home to feed their families and the armies . They maintained their families during their husbands ' absences and sometimes after their deaths . American women were integral to the success of the boycott of British goods , as the boycotted items were largely household items such as tea and cloth . Women had to return to knitting goods , and to spinning and weaving their own cloth -- skills that had fallen into disuse . In 1769 , the women of Boston produced 40,000 skeins of yarn , and 180 women in Middletown , Massachusetts wove 20,522 yards ( 18,765 m ) of cloth . A crisis of political loyalties could disrupt the fabric of colonial America women 's social worlds : whether a man did or did not renounce his allegiance to the King could dissolve ties of class , family , and friendship , isolating women from former connections . A woman 's loyalty to her husband , once a private commitment , could become a political act , especially for women in America committed to men who remained loyal to the King . Legal divorce , usually rare , was granted to Patriot women whose husbands supported the King . Other participants Further information : Diplomacy in the American Revolutionary War France Main article : France in the American Revolutionary War In early 1776 , France set up a major program of aid to the Americans , and the Spanish secretly added funds . Each country spent one million `` livres tournaises '' to buy munitions . A dummy corporation run by Pierre Beaumarchais concealed their activities . American rebels obtained some munitions through the Dutch Republic as well as French and Spanish ports in the West Indies . Spain Main article : Spain in the American Revolutionary War Spain did not officially recognize the U.S. but became an informal ally when it declared war on Britain on June 21 , 1779 . Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid , general of the Spanish forces in New Spain , also served as governor of Louisiana . He led an expedition of colonial troops to force the British out of Florida and keep open a vital conduit for supplies . American Indians Main article : Native Americans in the United States Further information : Western theater of the American Revolutionary War Most American Indians rejected pleas that they remain neutral and supported the British Crown , both because of trading relationships and Britain 's effort to establish an Indian reserve and prohibit Colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains . The great majority of the 200,000 Indians east of the Mississippi distrusted the Colonists and supported the British cause , hoping to forestall continued colonial encroachment on their territories . Those tribes that were more closely involved in Colonial trade tended to side with the Colonists , although political factors were important , as well . Most Indians did not participate directly in the war , except for warriors and bands associated with four of the Iroquois nations in New York and Pennsylvania which allied with the British . The British did have other allies , especially in the upper Midwest . They provided Indians with funding and weapons to attack American outposts . Some Indians tried to remain neutral , seeing little value in joining what they perceived to be a European conflict , and fearing reprisals from whichever side they opposed . The Oneida and Tuscarora among the Iroquois of central and western New York supported the American cause . The British provided arms to Indians who were led by Loyalists in war parties to raid frontier settlements from the Carolinas to New York . They killed many settlers on the frontier , especially in Pennsylvania and New York 's Mohawk Valley . In 1776 , Cherokee war parties attacked American Colonists all along the southern frontier of the uplands throughout the Washington District , North Carolina ( now Tennessee ) and the Kentucky wilderness area . They would launch raids with roughly 200 warriors , as seen in the Cherokee -- American wars ; they could not mobilize enough forces to invade Colonial areas without the help of allies , most often the Creek . The Chickamauga Cherokee under Dragging Canoe allied themselves closely with the British , and fought on for an additional decade after the signing of the Treaty of Paris . Joseph Brant of the powerful Mohawk nation , part of the Iroquois Confederacy based in New York , was the most prominent Indian leader against the Colonial forces . In 1778 and 1780 , he led 300 Iroquois warriors and 100 white Loyalists in multiple attacks on small frontier settlements in New York and Pennsylvania , killing many settlers and destroying villages , crops , and stores . The Seneca , Onondaga , and Cayuga of the Iroquois Confederacy also allied with the British against the Americans . In 1779 , the Colonists retaliated with an American army under John Sullivan which raided and destroyed 40 empty Iroquois villages in central and western New York . Sullivan 's forces systematically burned the villages and destroyed about 160,000 bushels of corn that composed the winter food supply . Facing starvation and homeless for the winter , the Iroquois fled to the Niagara Falls area and to Canada , mostly to what became Ontario . The British resettled them there after the war , providing land grants as compensation for some of their losses . At the peace conference following the war , the British ceded lands which they did not really control , and did not consult their Indian allies . They transferred control to the United States of all the land east of the Mississippi and north of Florida . Calloway concludes : Burned villages and crops , murdered chiefs , divided councils and civil wars , migrations , towns and forts choked with refugees , economic disruption , breaking of ancient traditions , losses in battle and to disease and hunger , betrayal to their enemies , all made the American Revolution one of the darkest periods in American Indian history . The British did not give up their forts in the West until 1796 in what is now the eastern Midwest , stretching from Ohio to Wisconsin ; they kept alive the dream of forming a satellite Indian nation there , which they called a Neutral Indian Zone . That goal was one of the causes of the War of 1812 . Black Americans Main article : African Americans in the Revolutionary War Free blacks in the North and South fought on both sides of the Revolution , but most fought for the Patriots . Gary Nash reports that there were about 9,000 black Patriots , counting the Continental Army and Navy , state militia units , privateers , wagoneers in the Army , servants to officers , and spies . Ray Raphael notes that thousands did join the Loyalist cause , but `` a far larger number , free as well as slave , tried to further their interests by siding with the patriots . '' Crispus Attucks was shot dead by British soldiers in the Boston Massacre in 1770 and is an iconic martyr to Patriots . Both sides offered freedom and re-settlement to slaves who were willing to fight for them , recruiting slaves whose owners supported the opposing cause . Many black slaves sided with the Loyalists . Tens of thousands in the South used the turmoil of war to escape , and the southern plantation economies of South Carolina and Georgia especially were disrupted . During the Revolution , the British tried to turn slavery against the Americans . Historian David Brion Davis explains the difficulties with a policy of wholesale arming of the slaves : But England greatly feared the effects of any such move on its own West Indies , where Americans had already aroused alarm over a possible threat to incite slave insurrections . The British elites also understood that an all - out attack on one form of property could easily lead to an assault on all boundaries of privilege and social order , as envisioned by radical religious sects in Britain 's seventeenth - century civil wars . Davis underscored the British dilemma : `` Britain , when confronted by the rebellious American colonists , hoped to exploit their fear of slave revolts while also reassuring the large number of slave - holding Loyalists and wealthy Caribbean planters and merchants that their slave property would be secure '' . The Colonists , however , accused the British of encouraging slave revolts . American advocates of independence were commonly lampooned in Britain for what was termed their hypocritical calls for freedom , at the same time that many of their leaders were planters who held hundreds of slaves . Samuel Johnson snapped , `` how is it we hear the loudest yelps for liberty among the ( slave ) drivers of the Negroes ? '' Benjamin Franklin countered by criticizing the British self - congratulation about `` the freeing of one Negro '' ( Somersett ) while they continued to permit the Slave Trade . Phyllis Wheatley was a black poet who popularized the image of Columbia to represent America . She came to public attention when her Poems on Various Subjects , Religious and Moral appeared in 1773 . During the war , slaves escaped from New England and the mid-Atlantic area to British - occupied cities such as New York . The effects of the war were more dramatic in the South . In Virginia , royal governor Lord Dunmore recruited black men into the British forces with the promise of freedom , protection for their families , and land grants . Tens of thousands of slaves escaped to British lines throughout the South , causing dramatic losses to slaveholders and disrupting cultivation and harvesting of crops . For instance , South Carolina was estimated to have lost about 25,000 slaves to flight , migration , or death -- amounting to one third of its slave population . From 1770 to 1790 , the black proportion of the population ( mostly slaves ) in South Carolina dropped from 60.5 percent to 43.8 percent , and from 45.2 percent to 36.1 percent in Georgia . British forces gave transportation to 10,000 slaves when they evacuated Savannah and Charleston , carrying through on their promise . They evacuated and resettled more than 3,000 Black Loyalists from New York to Nova Scotia , Upper Canada , and Lower Canada . Others sailed with the British to England or were resettled as freedmen in the West Indies of the Caribbean . But slaves who were carried to the Caribbean under control of Loyalist masters generally remained slaves until British abolition in its colonies in 1834 . More than 1,200 of the Black Loyalists of Nova Scotia later resettled in the British colony of Sierra Leone , where they became leaders of the Krio ethnic group of Freetown and the later national government . Many of their descendants still live in Sierra Leone , as well as other African countries . Effects of the Revolution Loyalist expatriation Tens of thousands of Loyalists left the United States -- the current high estimate is 70,000 by Maya Jasanoff . Some migrated to Britain . The great majority , known as United Empire Loyalists , received land and subsidies for resettlement in British colonies in North America , especially Quebec ( concentrating in the Eastern Townships ) , Prince Edward Island , and Nova Scotia . The new colonies of Upper Canada ( now Ontario ) and New Brunswick were expressly created by Britain for their benefit , where the Crown awarded land to Loyalists as compensation for losses in the United States . Britain wanted to develop the frontier of Upper Canada on a British colonial model . But about 80 % of the Loyalists stayed in the United States and became full , loyal citizens ; some of the exiles later returned to the U.S. Interpretations Interpretations vary concerning the effect of the Revolution . Veterans who fought in the war referred to it as `` the revolution '' , although the war is sometimes known as the `` American War of Independence '' outside the United States , particularly in the United Kingdom . Historians such as Bernard Bailyn , Gordon Wood , and Edmund Morgan view the American Revolution as a unique and radical event that produced deep changes and had a profound effect on world affairs , such as an increasing belief in the principles of the Enlightenment . These were demonstrated by a leadership and government that espoused protection of natural rights , and a system of laws chosen by the people . John Murrin , by contrast , argues that the definition of `` the people '' at that time was mostly restricted to free men who were able to pass a property - qualification . This view argues that any significant gain of the revolution was irrelevant in the short term to women , black Americans and slaves , poor white men , youth , and American Indians . Morgan has argued that , in terms of long - term impact on American society and values : The Revolution did revolutionize social relations . It did displace the deference , the patronage , the social divisions that had determined the way people viewed one another for centuries and still view one another in much of the world . It did give to ordinary people a pride and power , not to say an arrogance , that have continued to shock visitors from less favored lands . It may have left standing a host of inequalities that have troubled us ever since . But it generated the egalitarian view of human society that makes them troubling and makes our world so different from the one in which the revolutionists had grown up . Inspiring all colonies Further information : Atlantic Revolutions After the Revolution , genuinely democratic politics became possible in the former colonies . The rights of the people were incorporated into state constitutions . Concepts of liberty , individual rights , equality among men and hostility toward corruption became incorporated as core values of liberal republicanism . The greatest challenge to the old order in Europe was the challenge to inherited political power and the democratic idea that government rests on the consent of the governed . The example of the first successful revolution against a European empire , and the first successful establishment of a republican form of democratically elected government , provided a model for many other colonial peoples who realized that they too could break away and become self - governing nations with directly elected representative government . The Dutch Republic , also at war with Britain , was the next country to sign a treaty with the United States , on October 8 , 1782 . On April 3 , 1783 , Ambassador Extraordinary Gustaf Philip Creutz , representing King Gustav III of Sweden , and Benjamin Franklin , signed a Treaty of Amity and Commerce with the U.S. The American Revolution was the first wave of the Atlantic Revolutions : the French Revolution , the Haitian Revolution , and the Latin American wars of independence . Aftershocks reached Ireland in the Irish Rebellion of 1798 , in the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth , and in the Netherlands . The Revolution had a strong , immediate influence in Great Britain , Ireland , the Netherlands , and France . Many British and Irish Whigs spoke in favor of the American cause . In Ireland , there was a profound impact ; the Protestants who controlled Ireland were demanding more and more self - rule . Under the leadership of Henry Grattan , the so - called `` Patriots '' forced the reversal of mercantilist prohibitions against trade with other British colonies . The King and his cabinet in London could not risk another rebellion on the American model , and made a series of concessions to the Patriot faction in Dublin . Armed Protestant volunteer units were set up to protect against an invasion from France . As in America , so too in Ireland the King no longer had a monopoly of lethal force . The Revolution , along with the Dutch Revolt ( end of the 16th century ) and the 17th century English Civil War , was among the examples of overthrowing an old regime for many Europeans who later were active during the era of the French Revolution , such as Marquis de Lafayette . The American Declaration of Independence influenced the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen of 1789 . The spirit of the Declaration of Independence led to laws ending slavery in all the Northern states and the Northwest Territory , with New Jersey the last in 1804 . States such as New Jersey and New York adopted gradual emancipation , which kept some people as slaves for more than two decades longer . Status of American women The democratic ideals of the Revolution inspired changes in the roles of women . The concept of republican motherhood was inspired by this period and reflects the importance of Republicanism as the dominant American ideology . It assumed that a successful republic rested upon the virtue of its citizens . Women were considered to have the essential role of instilling their children with values conducive to a healthy republic . During this period , the wife 's relationship with her husband also became more liberal , as love and affection instead of obedience and subservience began to characterize the ideal marital relationship . In addition , many women contributed to the war effort through fundraising and running family businesses in the absence of husbands . The traditional constraints gave way to more liberal conditions for women . Patriarchy faded as an ideal ; young people had more freedom to choose their spouses and more often used birth control to regulate the size of their families . Society emphasized the role of mothers in child rearing , especially the patriotic goal of raising republican children rather than those locked into aristocratic value systems . There was more permissiveness in child - rearing . Patriot women married to Loyalists who left the state could get a divorce and obtain control of the ex-husband's property . Whatever gains they had made , however , women still found themselves subordinated , legally and socially , to their husbands , disfranchised and usually with only the role of mother open to them . But , some women earned livelihoods as midwives and in other roles in the community , which were not originally recognized as significant by men . Abigail Adams expressed to her husband , the president , the desire of women to have a place in the new republic : I desire you would remember the Ladies , and be more generous and favourable to them than your ancestors . Do not put such unlimited power into the hands of the Husbands . The Revolution sparked a discussion on the rights of woman and an environment favorable to women 's participation in politics . Briefly the possibilities for women 's rights were highly favorable , but a backlash led to a greater rigidity that excluded women from politics . For more than thirty years , however , the 1776 New Jersey State Constitution gave the vote to `` all inhabitants '' who had a certain level of wealth , including unmarried women and blacks ( not married women because they could not own property separately from their husbands ) , until in 1807 , when that state legislature passed a bill interpreting the constitution to mean universal white male suffrage , excluding paupers . Status of African Americans In the first two decades after the American Revolution , state legislatures and individuals took actions to free numerous slaves , in part based on revolutionary ideals . Northern states passed new constitutions that contained language about equal rights or specifically abolished slavery ; some states , such as New York and New Jersey , where slavery was more widespread , passed laws by the end of the 18th century to abolish slavery by a gradual method ; in New York , the last slaves were freed in 1827 . While no southern state abolished slavery , for a period individual owners could free their slaves by personal decision , often providing for manumission in wills but sometimes filing deeds or court papers to free individuals . Numerous slaveholders who freed their slaves cited revolutionary ideals in their documents ; others freed slaves as a reward for service . Records also suggest that some slaveholders were freeing their own mixed - race children , born into slavery to slave mothers . Commemorations Main articles : Commemoration of the American Revolution and United States Bicentennial United States Bicentennial , 1976 Governor 's Palace , Colonial Williamsburg , a restored colonial city in Williamburg , Virginia The American Revolution has a central place in the American memory as the story of the nation 's founding . It is covered in the schools , memorialized by a national holiday , and commemorated in innumerable monuments . George Washington 's estate at Mount Vernon was one of the first national pilgrimages for tourists and attracted 10,000 visitors a year by the 1850s . The Revolution became a matter of contention in the 1850s in the debates leading to the American Civil War ( 1861 -- 65 ) , as spokesmen of both the Northern United States and the Southern United States claimed that their region was the true custodian of the legacy of 1776 . The United States Bicentennial in 1976 came a year after the American withdrawal from the Vietnam War , and speakers stressed the themes of renewal and rebirth based on a restoration of traditional values . Today , more than 100 battlefields and historic sites of the American Revolution are protected and maintained by the government . The National Park Service alone owns and maintains more than 50 battlefield parks and sites related to the Revolution . The American Battlefield Trust preserves almost 700 acres of battlefield land in six states . See also Bibliography of the American Revolutionary War Timeline of the American Revolution Diplomacy in the American Revolutionary War Founding Fathers of the United States List of plays and films about the American Revolution Notes ^ Jump up to : Wood , The Radicalism of the American Revolution ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ Greene and Pole ( 1994 ) chapter 70 Jump up ^ Lawrence Henry Gipson , `` The American revolution as an aftermath of the Great War for the Empire , 1754 -- 1763 . '' Political Science Quarterly ( 1950 ) : 86 -- 104.in JSTOR Jump up ^ William J Campbell ( 29 April 2015 ) . Speculators in Empire : Iroquoia and the 1768 Treaty of Fort Stanwix . University of Oklahoma Press . pp. 118 -- 20 . ISBN 978 - 0806147109 . Jump up ^ Pestana , Carla Gardina ( 2004 ) . The English Atlantic in an Age of Revolution : 1640 -- 1661 . Cambridge , Massachusetts and London , England : Harvard University Press . p. 120 . Jump up ^ Purvis , Thomas L. ( 23 April 1997 ) . A dictionary of American history . Wiley - Blackwell . p. 278 . ISBN 978 - 1577180999 . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Whaples , Robert ( March 1995 ) . `` Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians ? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions '' . The Journal of Economic History . Cambridge University Press . 55 ( 1 ) : 140 . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.482. 4975 . doi : 10.1017 / S0022050700040602 . JSTOR 2123771 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Robert P. ( 1964 ) . `` A Quantitative Approach to the Study of the Effects of British Imperial Policy of Colonial Welfare : Some Preliminary Findings '' . Journal of Economic History . 25 ( 4 ) : 615 -- 38 . JSTOR 2116133 . Jump up ^ Walton , Gary M. ( 1971 ) . `` The New Economic History and the Burdens of the Navigation Acts '' . Economic History Review . 24 ( 4 ) : 533 -- 42 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0289.1971. tb00192. x . Jump up ^ Lepore ( 1998 ) , The Name of War ( 1999 ) pp. 5 -- 7 Jump up ^ Curtis P. Nettels , The Roots of American Civilization : A History of American Colonial Life ( 1938 ) p. 297 . Jump up ^ Lovejoy , David ( 1987 ) . The Glorious Revolution in America . Middletown , CT : Wesleyan University Press . ISBN 978 - 0819561770 . OCLC 14212813 . , pp. 148 -- 56 , 155 -- 57 , 169 -- 70 Jump up ^ Barnes , Viola Florence ( 1960 ) ( 1923 ) . The Dominion of New England : A Study in British Colonial Policy . New York : Frederick Ungar . ISBN 978 - 0804410656 . OCLC 395292 . , pp. 169 -- 70 Jump up ^ Webb , Stephen Saunders ( 1998 ) . Lord Churchill 's Coup : The Anglo - American Empire and the Glorious Revolution Reconsidered . Syracuse , NY : Syracuse University Press . ISBN 978 - 0815605584 . OCLC 39756272 . , pp. 190 -- 91 Jump up ^ Lustig , Mary Lou ( 2002 ) . The Imperial Executive in America : Sir Edmund Andros , 1637 -- 1714 . Madison , WI : Fairleigh Dickinson University Press . ISBN 978 - 0838639368 . OCLC 470360764 . , p. 201 Jump up ^ Palfrey , John ( 1864 ) . History of New England : History of New England During the Stuart Dynasty . Boston : Little , Brown . OCLC 1658888 . , p. 596 Jump up ^ Evans , James Truslow ( 1922 ) . The Founding of New England . Boston : The Atlantic Monthly Press . OCLC 1068441 . , p. 430 Jump up ^ John A. Garraty ; Mark C. Carnes ( 2000 ) . `` Chapter Three : America in the British Empire '' . A Short History of the American Nation ( 8th ed . ) . Longman . ISBN 0321070984 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ Max Savelle , Empires to Nations : Expansion in America , 1713 -- 1824 , p. 93 ( 1974 ) Jump up ^ Draper pg. 100 . The quote provided by Draper came from Leo Francis Stock 's Proceedings and Debates of the British Parliaments respecting North America ( 1937 ) vol. 4 . p. 182 Jump up ^ Miller , John C. ( 1943 ) . Origins of the American Revolution . Boston : Little , Brown and company . , pp. 95 -- 99 Jump up ^ Guizot , M. A popular history of France , from the earliest times . Vol IV , University of Michigan , 2005 , ISBN 978 - 1425557249 , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Allen , Larry ( 2009 ) . The Encyclopedia of Money . Santa Barbara , Calif. : ABC - CLIO . pp. 96 -- 97 . ISBN 978 - 1598842517 . Jump up ^ Englishmen paid an average 25 shillings annually in taxes , whereas Americans paid only sixpence . Miller , Origins of the American Revolution ( 1943 ) p. 89 Jump up ^ James A. Henretta , ed. ( 2011 ) . Documents for America 's History , Volume 1 : To 1877 . Bedford / St. Martin 's . p. 110 . ISBN 978 - 0312648626 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Walter Isaacson ( 2004 ) . Benjamin Franklin : An American Life . Simon and Schuster . pp. 229 -- 30 . ISBN 978 - 0743258074 . Jump up ^ Shy , Toward Lexington 73 -- 78 Jump up ^ T.H. Breen , American Insurgents , American Patriots : The Revolution of the People ( 2010 ) pp. 81 -- 82 Jump up ^ Middlekauff p. 62 Jump up ^ Lecky , William Edward Hartpole , A History of England in the Eighteenth Century ( 1882 ) pp. 297 -- 98 Jump up ^ Lecky , William Edward Hartpole , A History of England in the Eighteenth Century ( 1882 ) pp. 315 -- 16 Jump up ^ Lecky , William Edward Hartpole , A History of England in the Eighteenth Century ( 1882 ) p. 173 Jump up ^ Bryan - Paul Frost and Jeffrey Sikkenga ( 2003 ) . History of American Political Thought . Lexington Books . pp. 55 -- 56 . ISBN 978 - 0739106242 . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1943 ) . Origins of the American Revolution . pp. 181 -- . ISBN 978 - 0804705936 . Jump up ^ Melvin I. Urofsky and Paul Finkelman , A March of Liberty : A Constitutional History of the United States ( Oxford UP , 2002 ) v. 1 p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : Hiller B. Zobel , The Boston Massacre ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Alfred F. Young , The Shoemaker and the Tea Party : Memory and the American Revolution ( Boston : Beacon Press , 1999 ; ISBN 0807054054 , 978 - 0807054055 ) , 183 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Greene and Pole ( 1994 ) chapters 22 -- 24 Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton et al. , A People and a Nation ( 6th ed. 2001 ) vol 1 pp. 144 -- 45 Jump up ^ Benjamin L. Carp , Defiance of the Patriots : The Boston Tea Party and the Making of America ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Miller ( 1943 ) pp. 353 -- 76 Jump up ^ Carp , Defiance of the Patriots : The Boston Tea Party and the Making of America ( 2010 ) ch 9 Jump up ^ John K. Alexander ( 2011 ) . Samuel Adams : The Life of an American Revolutionary . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 187 -- 94 . ISBN 978 - 0742570351 . Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton ; et al. ( 2010 ) . A People and a Nation : A History of the United States . Cengage Learning . p. 143 . ISBN 0495915254 . Jump up ^ Harvey . `` A few bloody noses '' ( 2002 ) pp. 208 -- 210 Jump up ^ Urban p. 74 Jump up ^ Miller ( 1948 ) p. 87 ^ Jump up to : Nevins ( 1927 ) ; Greene and Pole ( 1994 ) chapter 29 Jump up ^ Nevins ( 1927 ) Jump up ^ Founding the Republic : A Documentary History ; edited by John J. Patrick Jump up ^ Reason , Religion , and Democracy : Dennis C. Muelle . p. 206 Jump up ^ Massachusetts ' constitution is still in force in the 21st century , continuously since its ratification on June 15 , 1780 Jump up ^ Jensen , The Founding of a Nation ( 1968 ) pp. 678 -- 79 Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture ( 1997 ) pp. 41 -- 46 Jump up ^ Armitage , David . The Declaration of Independence : A Global History . Harvard University Press , London . 2007 . `` The Articles of Confederation safeguarded it for each of the thirteen states in Article II ( `` Each State retains its sovereignty , freedom and independence '' ) , but confined its international expression to Congress alone . '' Jump up ^ Tesesis , Alexander . Self - Government and the Declaration of Independence . Cornell Law Review , Volume 97 Issue 4 . May 2012 . ( applying the Declaration in the context of state sovereignty while dealing with personal liberty laws , noting that `` after the declaration of independence in 1776 , each state , at least before the confederation , was a sovereign , independent body '' ) . Jump up ^ Greene and Pole ( 1994 ) chapter 30 Jump up ^ Klos , President Who ? Forgotten Founders ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Jeremy Black , Crisis of Empire : Britain and America in the Eighteenth Century ( 2008 ) p. 140 ^ Jump up to : Schecter , Barnet . The Battle for New York : The City at the Heart of the American Revolution . ( 2002 ) ^ Jump up to : McCullough , 1776 ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Alan Valentine , Lord George Germain ( 1962 ) pp. 309 -- 10 ^ Jump up to : Larry G. Bowman , Captive Americans : Prisoners During the American Revolution ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ John C. Miller , Triumph of Freedom , 1775 -- 1783 ( 1948 ) p. 166 . ^ Jump up to : Hamilton , The Papers of Alexander Hamilton ( 1974 ) p. 28 Jump up ^ Stanley Weintraub , Iron Tears : America 's Battle for Freedom , Britain 's Quagmire , 1775 -- 1783 ( 2005 ) p. 151 Jump up ^ Mackesy , The War for America ( 1993 ) p. 568 ^ Jump up to : Higginbotham , The War of American Independence ( 1983 ) p. 83 Jump up ^ Crow and Tise , The Southern Experience in the American Revolution ( 1978 ) p. 157 -- 9 ^ Jump up to : Henry Lumpkin , From Savannah to Yorktown : The American Revolution in the South ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Brendan Morrissey , Yorktown 1781 : The World Turned Upside Down ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Harvey pp. 493 -- 515 Jump up ^ John Ferling , Almost A Miracle : The American Victory in the War of Independence ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Joseph J. Ellis ( 2013 ) . Revolutionary Summer : The Birth of American Independence . Random House . p. 11 . Jump up ^ Harvey p. 528 Jump up ^ A final naval battle was fought on March 10 , 1783 by Captain John Barry and the crew of the USS Alliance , who defeated three British warships led by HMS Sybille . Martin I.J. Griffin , The Story of Commodore John Barry ( 2010 ) pp. 218 -- 23 Jump up ^ Langguth , A.J. ( 2006 ) . Union 1812 : the Americans who fought the Second War of Independence . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0743226189 . Jump up ^ Jonathan R. Dull , The French Navy and American Independence ( 1975 ) p. 248 Jump up ^ Richard H. Kohn , Eagle and Sword : The Federalists and the Creation of the Military Establishment in America , 1783 -- 1802 ( 1975 ) pp. 17 -- 39 Jump up ^ Charles R. Ritcheson , `` The Earl of Shelbourne and Peace with America , 1782 -- 1783 : Vision and Reality . '' International History Review 5 # 3 ( 1983 ) : 322 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Jonathan R. Dull ( 1987 ) . A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution . Yale up . pp. 144 -- 51 . Jump up ^ William Deverell , ed. ( 2008 ) . A Companion to the American West . p. 17 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : William Hague , William Pitt the Younger ( 2004 ) ^ Jump up to : Jeremy Black , George III : America 's Last King ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Canny , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Paul Kennedy , The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers ( 1987 ) pp. 81 , 119 ^ Jump up to : John Brewer , The sinews of power : war , money , and the English state , 1688 -- 1783 ( 1990 ) p. 91 Jump up ^ Curtis P. Nettels , The Emergence of a National Economy , 1775 -- 1815 ( 1962 ) pp. 23 -- 44 ^ Jump up to : Charles Rappleye , Robert Morris : Financier of the American Revolution ( 2010 ) pp. 225 -- 52 Jump up ^ Edwin J. Perkins , American public finance and financial services , 1700 -- 1815 ( 1994 ) pp. 85 -- 106 . Complete text line free Jump up ^ Oliver Harry Chitwood , A History of Colonial America ( 1961 ) pp. 586 -- 89 Jump up ^ Terry M. Mays ( 2005 ) . Historical Dictionary of Revolutionary America . Scarecrow Press . pp. 73 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Ralph Volney Harlow , `` Aspects of Revolutionary Finance , 1775 -- 1783 , '' American Historical Review ( 1929 ) 35 # 1 pp. 46 -- 68 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Erna Risch , Supplying Washington 's Army ( 1982 ) Jump up ^ E. Wayne Carp , To Starve the Army at Pleasure : Continental Army Administration and American Political Culture , 1775 -- 1783 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ E. James Ferguson , The power of the purse : A history of American public finance , 1776 -- 1790 ( 1961 ) Jump up ^ Greene and Pole , eds . Companion to the American Revolution , pp. 557 -- 624 Jump up ^ Richard B. Morris , The Forging of the Union : 1781 -- 1789 ( 1987 ) pp. 245 -- 66 Jump up ^ Morris , The Forging of the Union : 1781 -- 1789 pp. 300 -- 13 Jump up ^ Morris , The Forging of the Union , 1781 -- 1789 pp. 300 -- 22 Jump up ^ Jensen , The New Nation ( 1950 ) p. 379 Jump up ^ Joseph J. Ellis , His Excellency : George Washington ( 2004 ) p. 204 Jump up ^ Robert A. Ferguson , The American Enlightenment , 1750 -- 1820 ( 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Alexander , Revolutionary Politician , 103 , 136 ; Maier , Old Revolutionaries , 41 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Middlekauff ( 2005 ) , pp. 136 -- 38 Jump up ^ Jeffrey D. Schultz ; et al. ( 1999 ) . Encyclopedia of Religion in American Politics . Greenwood . p. 148 . Jump up ^ Waldron ( 2002 ) , p. 136 Jump up ^ Thomas S. Kidd ( 2010 ) : God of Liberty : A Religious History of the American Revolution , New York , pp. 6 -- 7 Jump up ^ Charles W. Toth , Liberte , Egalite , Fraternite : The American Revolution and the European Response. ( 1989 ) p. 26 . Jump up ^ Philosophical Tales , by Martin Cohen , ( Blackwell 2008 ) , p. 101 Jump up ^ Stanley Weintraub , Iron Tears : America 's Battle for Freedom , Britain 's Quagmire , 1775 -- 1783 ( 2005 ) chapter 1 Jump up ^ Bailyn , The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution ( 1992 ) pp. 125 -- 37 Jump up ^ Wood , The Radicalism of the American Revolution ( 1992 ) pp. 35 , 174 -- 75 Jump up ^ Shalhope , Toward a Republican Synthesis ( 1972 ) pp. 49 -- 80 Jump up ^ Adams quoted in Paul A. Rahe , Republics Ancient and Modern : Classical Republicanism and the American Revolution . Volume : 2 ( 1994 ) p. 23 . Jump up ^ Linda K. Kerber , Women of the Republic : Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America ( 1997 ) . ^ Jump up to : Ferguson , The Commonalities of Common Sense ( 2000 ) pp. 465 -- 504 ^ Jump up to : Bonomi , p. 186 , Chapter 7 `` Religion and the American Revolution Jump up ^ William H. Nelson , The American Tory ( 1961 ) p. 186 Jump up ^ Middlekauff ( 2005 ) , pp. 3 -- 6 Jump up ^ Middlekauff ( 2005 ) , pp. 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ Kidd ( 2010 ) , p. 141 Jump up ^ Middlekauff ( 2005 ) , p. 302 Jump up ^ Bailyn , The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution ( 1992 ) p. 303 Jump up ^ Thomas S. Kidd , God of Liberty : A Religious History of the American Revolution ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Alan Heimert , Religion and the American Mind : From the Great Awakening to the Revolution . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1967 . Jump up ^ John Ferling , Setting the World Ablaze : Washington , Adams , Jefferson , and the American Revolution ( 2002 ) p. 281 ^ Jump up to : Labaree , Conservatism in Early American History ( 1948 ) pp. 164 -- 65 ^ Jump up to : Hull et al. , Choosing Sides ( 1978 ) pp. 344 -- 66 ^ Jump up to : Burrows and Wallace , The American Revolution ( 1972 ) pp. 167 -- 305 Jump up ^ J. Franklin Jameson , The American Revolution Considered as a Social Movement ( 1926 ) ; other historians pursuing the same line of thought included Charles A. Beard , Carl Becker and Arthur Schlesinger , Sr ... Jump up ^ Wood , Rhetoric and Reality in the American Revolution ( 1966 ) pp. 3 -- 32 ^ Jump up to : Nash ( 2005 ) ^ Jump up to : Resch ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Andrew Jackson O'Shaughnessy , `` ' If Others Will Not Be Active , I must Drive ' : George III and the American Revolution . '' Early American Studies 2004 2 ( 1 ) : pp. 1 -- 46 . P.D.G. Thomas , `` George III and the American Revolution . '' History 1985 70 ( 228 ) : 16 -- 31 , says the king played a minor role before 1775 . Jump up ^ Carol Sue Humphrey , The American Revolution and the Press : The Promise of Independence ( Northwestern University Press ; 2013 ) Jump up ^ Robert M. Calhoon , `` Loyalism and neutrality '' in Jack P. Greene ; J.R. Pole ( 2008 ) . A Companion to the American Revolution . John Wiley & Sons . p. 235 . Jump up ^ Mark Edward Lender , review of American Insurgents , American Patriots : The Revolution of the People ( 2010 ) by T.H. Breen , in The Journal of Military History ( 2012 ) 76 # 1 p. 233 -- 34 Jump up ^ Calhoon , `` Loyalism and neutrality '' in Greene and Pole , eds . A Companion to the American Revolution ( 1980 ) at p. 235 Jump up ^ Calhoon , `` Loyalism and neutrality '' in Greene and Pole , eds . A Companion to the American Revolution ( 1980 ) pp. 235 -- 47 , Jump up ^ Sheila L. Skemp , Benjamin and William Franklin : Father and Son , Patriot and Loyalist ( 1994 ) Jump up ^ Joan Magee ( 1984 ) . Loyalist Mosaic : A Multi-Ethnic Heritage . Dundurn . pp. 137ff . ^ Jump up to : Greene and Pole ( 1994 ) chapters 20 -- 22 Jump up ^ `` Chaos in New York '' . Black Loyalists : Our People , Our History . Canada 's Digital Collections . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Gottlieb ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Eileen K. Cheng ( 2008 ) . The Plain and Noble Garb of Truth : Nationalism & Impartiality in American Historical Writing , 1784 -- 1860 . University of Georgia Press . p. 210 . ^ Jump up to : Berkin , Revolutionary Mothers ( 2006 ) pp. 59 -- 60 Jump up ^ Greene and Pole ( 1994 ) chapter 41 Jump up ^ Kerber , Women of the Republic ( 1997 ) chapters 4 and 6 Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton , Liberty 's Daughters : The Revolutionary Experience of American Women ( 1980 ) Jump up ^ Jonathan Dull , A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution ( 1985 ) pp. 57 -- 65 Jump up ^ Thompson , Buchanan Parker , Spain : Forgotten Ally of the American Revolution North Quincy , Mass. : Christopher Publishing House , 1976 . Jump up ^ Greene and Pole ( 2004 ) chapters 19 , 46 and 51 ; Colin G. Calloway , The American Revolution in Indian Country : Crisis and Diversity in Native American Communities ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Joseph T. Glatthaar and James Kirby Martin , Forgotten Allies : The Oneida Indians and the American Revolution ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Tom Hatley , The Dividing Paths : Cherokees and South Carolinians through the Era of Revolution ( 1993 ) ; James H. O'Donnell , III , Southern Indians in the American Revolution ( 1973 ) Jump up ^ see Barbara Graymont , `` Thayendanegea '' , Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online ^ Jump up to : Colin G. Calloway , The American Revolution in Indian Country : Crisis and Diversity in Native American Communities ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Joseph R. Fischer , A Well - Executed Failure : The Sullivan Campaign against the Iroquois , July -- September 1779 ( 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Calloway ( 1995 ) p. 290 Jump up ^ Smith , Dwight L. ( 1989 ) . `` A North American Neutral Indian Zone : Persistence of a British Idea '' . Northwest Ohio Quarterly . 61 ( 2 -- 4 ) : 46 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Francis M. Carroll , A Good and Wise Measure : The Search for the Canadian - American Boundary , 1783 -- 1842 ( 2001 ) p. 23 Jump up ^ Gary B. Nash , `` The African Americans Revolution , '' in Oxford Handbook of the American Revolution ( 2012 ) edited by Edward G Gray and Jane Kamensky pp. 250 -- 70 , at p. 254 Jump up ^ Ray Raphael , A People 's History of the American Revolution ( 2001 ) p. 281 Jump up ^ Revolutionary War : The Home Front , Library of Congress Jump up ^ Davis p. 148 Jump up ^ Davis p. 149 Jump up ^ Schama pp. 28 -- 30 , 78 -- 90 Jump up ^ Stanley Weintraub , Iron Tears : America 's Battle for Freedom , Britain 's Quagmire , 1775 -- 1783 ( 2005 ) p. 7 Jump up ^ Schama , p. 75 Jump up ^ Hochschild pp. 50 -- 51 Jump up ^ Peter Kolchin , American Slavery : 1619 -- 1877 , New York : Hill and Wang , 1993 , p. 73 Jump up ^ Kolchin , American Slavery , p. 73 Jump up ^ Hill ( 2007 ) , see also blackloyalist.com Jump up ^ Maya Jasanoff , Liberty 's Exiles : American Loyalists in the Revolutionary World ( 2011 ) . However Philip Ranlet estimates that only 20,000 adult white Loyalists went to Canada . `` How Many American Loyalists Left the United States ? . '' Historian 76.2 ( 2014 ) : 278 -- 307 . Jump up ^ W. Stewart Wallace , The United Empire Loyalists : A Chronicle of the Great Migration ( Toronto , 1914 ) online edition Archived 2012 - 03 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Van Tine , American Loyalists ( 1902 ) p. 307 Jump up ^ David McCullough , John Adams ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ One modern writer argues that the events were not revolutionary because , according to his opinion , the relationships and property rights of colonial society were not significantly transformed . He posits that a distant government was simply replaced with a local one . ( Greene , The American Revolution ( 2000 ) pp. 93 -- 102 ) Jump up ^ Wood , The American Revolution : A History ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Murrin , John M. ; Johnson , Paul E. ; McPherson , James M. ; Fahs , Alice ; Gerstle , Gary ( 2012 ) . Liberty , Equality , Power : A History of the American People ( 6th ed . ) . Wadsworth , Cengage Learning . p. 296 . ISBN 978 - 0495904991 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Voting Rights '' . Retrieved 2 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Crews , Ed . `` Voting in Early America '' . Retrieved 2 July 2013 . Jump up ^ McCool , Daniel , Susan M. Olson , and Jennifer L. Robinson . Native Vote , Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press , 2007 . Jump up ^ Edmund S. Morgan ( 2005 ) . The Genuine Article : A Historian Looks at Early America . W.W. Norton . p. 246 . ISBN 978 - 0393347845 . Jump up ^ Gordon Wood , The Radicalism of the American Revolution ( 1992 ) pp. 278 -- 79 Jump up ^ Palmer , ( 1959 ) Jump up ^ Greene and Pole ( 1994 ) ch. 53 -- 55 Jump up ^ Wim Klooster , Revolutions in the Atlantic World : A Comparative History ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ R.B. McDowell , Ireland in the Age of Imperialism and Revolution , 1760 -- 1801 ( 1979 ) Jump up ^ Palmer , ( 1959 ) ; Greene and Pole ( 1994 ) chapters 49 -- 52 Jump up ^ Center for History and New Media , Liberty , equality , fraternity ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Greene and Pole pp. 409 , 453 -- 54 Jump up ^ Linda K. Kerber , et al. `` Beyond Roles , Beyond Spheres : Thinking about Gender in the Early Republic , '' William and Mary Quarterly , ( 1989 ) , 46 # 3 565 -- 85 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton , Liberty 's Daughters : The Revolutionary Experience of American Women , 1750 -- 1800 ( 3rd ed. 1996 ) Jump up ^ Woody Holton ( 2010 ) . Abigail Adams . Simon and Schuster . p. 172 . ISBN 978 - 1451607369 . Jump up ^ Rosemarie Zagarri , Revolutionary Backlash : Women and Politics in the Early American Republic ( 2007 ) , p. 8 Jump up ^ Klinghoffer and Elkis ( `` The Petticoat Electors : W omen 's Suffrage in New Jersey , 1776 -- 1807 '' , Journal of the Early Republic 12 , no . 2 ( 1992 ) : 159 -- 93 . ) Jump up ^ Michael Kammen , A Season of Youth : The American Revolution and the Historical Imagination ( 1978 ) ; Kammen , Mystic Chords of Memory : The Transformation of Tradition in American Culture ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Jean B. Lee , `` Historical Memory , Sectional Strife , and the American Mecca : Mount Vernon , 1783 -- 1853 , '' Virginia Magazine of History and Biography ( 2001 ) 109 # 3 pp. 255 -- 300 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Jonathan B. Crider , `` De Bow 's Revolution : The Memory of the American Revolution in the Politics of the Sectional Crisis , 1850 -- 1861 , '' American Nineteenth Century History ( 2009 ) 10 # 3 pp. 317 -- 32 Jump up ^ David Ryan , `` Re-enacting Independence through Nostalgia -- The 1976 US Bicentennial after the Vietnam War , '' Forum for Inter-American Research ( 2012 ) 5 # 3 pp. 26 -- 48 . Jump up ^ National Park Service Revolutionary War Sites . Accessed Jan. 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) American Battlefield Trust `` Saved Land '' webpage . Accessed May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Princeton , N.J. Town Topics , Nov. 12 , 2014 , `` Princeton Battlefield Focus of National Campaign . '' Accessed May 30 , 2018 . References Bailyn , Bernard ( 1992 ) . The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0674443020 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Becker , Carl ( 1922 ) . The Declaration of Independence : a Study in the History of Political Ideas . New York : Harcourt , Brace and Company . Berkin , Carol ( 2006 ) . Revolutionary Mothers : Women in the Struggle for America 's Independence . New York : Vintage Books . ISBN 978 - 1400075324 . Boorstin , Daniel J. ( 1953 ) . The Genius of American Politics . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0226064913 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 03 . Brinkley , Douglas ( 2010 ) . `` The Sparck of Rebellion '' . American Heritage Magazine . 59 ( 4 ) . ISSN 0002 - 8738 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Burrows , Edwin G. ; Wallace , Michael ( 1972 ) . `` The American Revolution : The Ideology and Psychology of National Liberation '' . Perspectives in American History . 6 : 167 -- 305 . Calhoon , Robert M. ( 1992 ) . `` Loyalism and Neutrality '' . In Greene , Jack P. ; Pole , J.R. The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution . Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley and Sons , Limited . ISBN 978 - 1557862440 . OCLC 94003190 . Canny , Nicholas ( 1998 ) . The Origins of Empire , The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume I. Oxford University Press . ISBN 0199246769 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Center for History and New Media ( 2010 ) . `` Liberty , equality , fraternity : exploring the French Revolution . Chapter 3 : Enlightenment and human rights '' . Fairfax , Virginia : George Mason University . Archived from the original on 15 November 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 11 . Chisick , Harvey ( 2005 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Enlightenment . pp. 313 -- 14 . ISBN 978 - 0810850972 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Crow , Jeffrey J. ; Tise , Larry E. , eds. ( 1978 ) . The Southern Experience in the American Revolution . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : The University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0807813133 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Ferguson , Robert A. ( 2000 ) . `` The Commonalities of Common Sense '' . The William and Mary Quarterly . 57 ( 3 ) : 465 -- 504 . doi : 10.2307 / 2674263 . ISSN 0043 - 5597 . JSTOR 2674263 . Fifth Virginia Convention ( 1776 ) . `` Preamble and Resolution of the Virginia Convention , May 15 , 1776 '' . New Haven , CT : Lillian Goldman Law Library . Archived from the original on 6 September 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Greene , Jack P. ; Pole , J.R. , eds. ( 1992 ) . The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution . Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley and Sons , Limited . ISBN 978 - 1557862440 . Greene , Jack P. ; Pole , J.R. , eds. ( 2003 ) . A Companion to the American Revolution . Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley and Sons , Limited . ISBN 978 - 1405116749 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Greene , Jack P. ( 2000 ) . `` The American Revolution '' . The American Historical Review . 105 ( 1 ) : 93 -- 102 . doi : 10.2307 / 2652437 . ISSN 1937 - 5239 . JSTOR 2652437 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Griffin , Martin Ignatius Joseph ( 1903 ) . Commodore John Barry : `` the father of the American navy '' . Philadelphia : self - published . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 04 . Hamilton , Alexander ( 1974 ) . Syrett , Harold C. , ed . The Papers of Alexander Hamilton . XX . New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 0231089198 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 04 . Higginbotham , Don ( 1983 ) . The War of American Independence : Military Attitudes , Policies , and Practice , 1763 -- 1789 . Boston : Northeastern University Press . ISBN 978 - 0025514607 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Hull , N.E.H. ; Hoffer , Peter C. ; Allen , Steven L. ( 1978 ) . `` Choosing Sides : A Quantitative Study of the Personality Determinants of Loyalist and Revolutionary Political Affiliation in New York '' . Journal of American History . 65 ( 2 ) : 344 -- 66 . doi : 10.2307 / 1894084 . ISSN 0021 - 8723 . JSTOR 1894084 . Jensen , Merrill ( 2004 ) . The Founding of a Nation : a History of the American Revolution , 1763 -- 1776 . Indianapolis , Indiana : Hackett Publishing Company . ISBN 0872207064 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Jensen , Merrill ( 1950 ) . The New Nation : a History of the United States during the Confederation , 1781 -- 1789 . New York : Random House Inc . ISBN 978 - 0394705279 . Kerber , Linda K. ( 1997 ) . Women of the Republic : Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : The University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0807846322 . Klos , Stanley L. ( 2004 ) . President Who ? Forgotten Founders . Pittsburgh : Evisum , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0975262757 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Labaree , Leonard Woods ( 1948 ) . Conservatism in Early American History ( Anson G. Phelps lectureship on early American history ) . Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Lee , Richard Henry ( 1776 ) . `` Lee 's Resolutions '' . New Haven , CT : Lillian Goldman Law Library . Archived from the original on 6 September 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Mackesy , Piers ( 1993 ) . The War for America : 1775 -- 1783 . Lincoln , Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0803281929 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Maier , Pauline ( 1997 ) . American Scripture : Making the Declaration of Independence . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0679454922 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Maier , Pauline ( 1991 ) . From Resistance to Revolution : Colonial Radicals and the Development of American Opposition to Britain , 1765 -- 1776 . New York : W.W. Norton and Company , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0393308259 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Shalhope , Robert E. ( 1972 ) . `` Toward a Republican Synthesis '' ( PDF ) . The William and Mary Quarterly . 29 ( 1 ) : 49 -- 80 . doi : 10.2307 / 1921327 . ISSN 0043 - 5597 . JSTOR 1921327 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Shy , John ( 2008 ) . Toward Lexington : The Role of the British Army in the Coming of the American Revolution . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 1597404143 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Stephens , Otis H. ; Glenn , Richard A. ( 2006 ) . Unreasonable Searches and Seizures : Rights and Liberties under the Law . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1851095032 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 07 . Warren , Charles ( 1945 ) . `` Fourth of July Myths '' . The William and Mary Quarterly . 2 ( 3 ) : 237 -- 72 . doi : 10.2307 / 1921451 . ISSN 0043 - 5597 . JSTOR 1921451 . Wood , Gordon S. ( 1966 ) . `` Rhetoric and Reality in the American Revolution '' . The William and Mary Quarterly . 23 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 32 . doi : 10.2307 / 2936154 . ISSN 0043 - 5597 . JSTOR 2936154 . Wood , Gordon S. ( 1993 ) . The Radicalism of the American Revolution . New York : Vintage Books . ISBN 978 - 0679736882 . Wood , Gordon S. ( 2003 ) . The American Revolution : A History . New York : Modern Library . ISBN 978 - 0812970418 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Wraight , Christopher D. ( 2008 ) . Rousseau 's The Social Contract : A Reader 's Guide . London : Continuum Books . ISBN 978 - 0826498601 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 04 . Bibliography Further information : Bibliography of the American Revolutionary War and Bibliography of George Washington Reference works Barnes , Ian , and Charles Royster . The Historical Atlas of the American Revolution ( 2000 ) , maps and commentary excerpt and text search Blanco , Richard L. ; Sanborn , Paul J. ( 1993 ) . The American Revolution , 1775 -- 1783 : An Encyclopedia . New York : Garland Publishing Inc . ISBN 978 - 0824056230 . Boatner , Mark Mayo III ( 1974 ) . Encyclopedia of the American Revolution ( 2 ed . ) . New York : Charles Scribners and Sons . ISBN 978 - 0684315133 . Cappon , Lester J. Atlas of Early American History : The Revolutionary Era , 1760 -- 1790 ( 1976 ) Fremont - Barnes , Gregory , and Richard A. Ryerson , eds . The Encyclopedia of the American Revolutionary War : A Political , Social , and Military History ( 5 vol. 2006 ) 1000 entries by 150 experts , covering all topics Gray , Edward G. , and Jane Kamensky , eds . The Oxford Handbook of the American Revolution ( 2013 ) 672 pp ; 33 essays by scholars Greene , Jack P. and J.R. Pole , eds . A Companion to the American Revolution ( 2004 ) , 777 pp an expanded edition of Greene and Pole , eds . The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution ( 1994 ) ; comprehensive coverage of political and social themes and international dimension ; thin on military Herrera , Ricardo A. `` American War of Independence '' Oxford Bibliographies ( 2017 ) annotated guide to major scholarly books and articles online Kennedy , Frances H. The American Revolution : A Historical Guidebook ( 2014 ) A guide to 150 famous historical sites . Purcell , L. Edward . Who Was Who in the American Revolution ( 1993 ) ; 1500 short biographies Resch , John P. , ed . Americans at War : Society , Culture and the Homefront vol 1 ( 2005 ) , articles by scholars Symonds , Craig L. and William J. Clipson . A Battlefield Atlas of the American Revolution ( 1986 ) new diagrams of each battle Surveys of the era Allison , Robert . The American Revolution : A Concise History ( 2011 ) 128 pp excerpt and text search Axelrod , Alan . The Real History of the American Revolution : A New Look at the Past ( 2009 ) , well - illustrated popular history Bancroft , George . History of the United States of America , from the discovery of the American continent . ( 1854 -- 78 ) , vol 4 -- 10 online edition , classic 19th century narrative ; highly detailed Black , Jeremy . War for America : The Fight for Independence 1775 -- 1783 ( 2001 ) 266pp ; by leading British scholar Brown , Richard D. , and Thomas Paterson , eds . Major Problems in the Era of the American Revolution , 1760 -- 1791 : Documents and Essays ( 2nd ed. 1999 ) Christie , Ian R. and Benjamin W. Labaree . Empire or Independence : 1760 - 1776 ( 1976 ) Cogliano , Francis D. Revolutionary America , 1763 -- 1815 ; A Political History ( 2nd ed. 2008 ) , British textbook Ellis , Joseph J. American Creation : Triumphs and Tragedies in the Founding of the Republic ( 2008 ) excerpt and text search Higginbotham , Don . The War of American Independence : Military Attitudes , Policies , and Practice , 1763 -- 1789 ( 1983 ) Online in ACLS Humanities E-book Project ; comprehensive coverage of military and domestic aspects of the war . Jensen , Merrill . The Founding of a Nation : A History of the American Revolution 1763 -- 1776 . ( 2004 ) Knollenberg , Bernhard . Growth of the American Revolution : 1766 -- 1775 ( 2003 ) Lecky , William Edward Hartpole . The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1783 ( 1898 ) , older British perspective online edition Mackesy , Piers . The War for America : 1775 -- 1783 ( 1992 ) , British military study online edition Middlekauff , Robert . The Glorious Cause : The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1789 ( Oxford History of the United States , 2005 ) . online edition Miller , John C. Triumph of Freedom , 1775 -- 1783 ( 1948 ) online edition Miller , John C. Origins of the American Revolution ( 1943 ) online edition , to 1775 Rakove , Jack N. Revolutionaries : A New History of the Invention of America ( 2010 ) interpretation by leading scholar excerpt and text search Taylor , Alan . American Revolutions : A Continental History , 1750 - 1804 ( 2016 ) 704 pp ; recent survey by leading scholar Weintraub , Stanley . Iron Tears : Rebellion in America 1775 -- 83 ( 2005 ) excerpt and text search , popular Wood , Gordon S. Revolutionary Characters : What Made the Founders Different ( 2007 ) Wrong , George M. Washington and His Comrades in Arms : A Chronicle of the War of Independence ( 1921 ) online short survey by Canadian scholar online Specialized Studies Bailyn , Bernard . The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution . ( Harvard University Press , 1967 ) . ISBN 0674443012 Bangs , Jeremy D . `` The Travels of Elkanah Watson '' . ( McFarland & Company , 2015 ) . Becker , Carl . The Declaration of Independence : A Study on the History of Political Ideas ( 1922 ) Becker , Frank : The American Revolution as a European Media Event , European History Online , Mainz : Institute of European History , 2011 , retrieved : October 25 , 2011 . Bonomi , Patricia U. , Under the Cope of Heaven : Religion , Society , and Politics in Colonial America ( 2003 ) Breen , T.H. The Marketplace of Revolution : How Consumer Politics Shaped American Independence ( 2005 ) Breen , T.H. American Insurgents , American Patriots : The Revolution of the People ( 2010 ) 337 pages ; examines rebellions in 1774 -- 76 including loosely organized militants took control before elected safety committees emerged . Brunsman , Denver , and David J Silverman , eds . The American Revolution Reader ( Routledge Readers in History , 2013 ) 472pp ; essays by leading scholars Chernow , Ron . Washington : A Life ( 2010 ) detailed biography ; Pulitzer Prize Crow , Jeffrey J. and Larry E. Tise , eds . The Southern Experience in the American Revolution ( 1978 ) Fischer , David Hackett . Paul Revere 's Ride ( 1995 ) , Minutemen in 1775 Fischer , David Hackett . Washington 's Crossing ( 2004 ) . 1776 campaigns ; Pulitzer prize . ISBN 0195170342 Freeman , Douglas Southall . Washington ( 1968 ) Pulitzer Prize ; abridged version of 7 vol biography Horne , Gerald . The Counter-Revolution of 1776 : Slave Resistance and the Origins of the United States of America . ( New York University Press , 2014 ) . ISBN 1479893404 Kerber , Linda K. Women of the Republic : Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America ( 1979 ) Kidd , Thomas S. God of Liberty : A Religious History of the American Revolution ( 2010 ) McCullough , David . 1776 ( 2005 ) . ISBN 0743226712 ; popular narrative of the year 1776 Maier , Pauline . American Scripture : Making the Declaration of Independence ( 1998 ) excerpt and text search Nash , Gary B . The Unknown American Revolution : The Unruly Birth of Democracy and the Struggle to Create America . ( 2005 ) . ISBN 0670034207 Nevins , Allan ; The American States during and after the Revolution , 1775 -- 1789 1927 . online edition Norton , Mary Beth . Liberty 's Daughters : The Revolutionary Experience of American Women , 1750 -- 1800 ( 1980 ) O'Shaughnessy Andrew Jackson . The Men Who Lost America : British Leadership , the American Revolution , and the Fate of the Empire ( Yale University Press ; 2013 ) 466 pages ; on top British leaders Palmer , Robert R . The Age of the Democratic Revolution : A Political History of Europe and America , 1760 -- 1800 . vol 1 ( 1959 ) online edition Resch , John Phillips and Walter Sargent , eds . War and Society in the American Revolution : Mobilization and Home Fronts ( 2006 ) Rothbard , Murray , Conceived in Liberty ( 2000 ) , Volume III : Advance to Revolution , 1760 -- 1775 and Volume IV : The Revolutionary War , 1775 -- 1784 . ISBN 0945466269 , libertarian perspective Van Tyne , Claude Halstead . American Loyalists : The Loyalists in the American Revolution ( 1902 ) online edition Volo , James M. and Dorothy Denneen Volo . Daily Life during the American Revolution ( 2003 ) Wahlke , John C. ed . The Causes of the American Revolution ( 1967 ) readings Wood , Gordon S. American Revolution ( 2005 ) ( excerpt and text search ) 208 pp excerpt and text search Wood , Gordon S . The Radicalism of the American Revolution : How a Revolution Transformed a Monarchical Society into a Democratic One Unlike Any That Had Ever Existed. ( 1992 ) , by a leading scholar Historiography Breen , Timothy H. `` Ideology and nationalism on the eve of the American Revolution : Revisions once more in need of revising . '' Journal of American History ( 1997 ) : 13 -- 39 . in JSTOR Schocket , Andrew M. Fighting over the Founders : How We Remember the American Revolution ( 2014 ) , how politicians , screenwriters , activists , biographers , museum professionals , and reenactors portray the American Revolution . excerpt Sehat , David . The Jefferson Rule : How the Founding Fathers Became Infallible and Our Politics Inflexibl ( 2015 ) excerpt Shalhope , Robert E. `` Toward a republican synthesis : the emergence of an understanding of republicanism in American historiography . '' William and Mary Quarterly ( 1972 ) : 49 - 80 . in JSTOR Waldstreicher , David . `` The Revolutions of Revolution Historiography : Cold War Contradance , Neo-Imperial Waltz , or Jazz Standard ? . '' Reviews in American History 42.1 ( 2014 ) : 23 - 35 . online Wood , Gordon S. `` Rhetoric and Reality in the American Revolution . '' William and Mary Quarterly ( 1966 ) : 4 -- 32 . in JSTOR Primary sources The American Revolution : Writings from the War of Independence ( 2001 ) , Library of America , 880 pp Commager , Henry Steele and Morris , Richard B. , eds . The Spirit of ' Seventy - Six : The Story of the American Revolution As Told by Participants ( 1975 ) ( ISBN 0060108347 ) short excerpts from hundreds of official and unofficial primary sources Dann , John C. , ed . The Revolution Remembered : Eyewitness Accounts of the War for Independence ( 1999 ) excerpt and text search , recollections by ordinary soldiers Gerlach , Larry ( editor ) ( 2002 ) . `` New Jersey in the American Revolution , 1763 -- 1783 : A Documentary History '' ( PDF ) . New Jersey Historical Commission . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Humphrey , Carol Sue ed . The Revolutionary Era : Primary Documents on Events from 1776 to 1800 ( 2003 ) , 384 pp ; newspaper accounts excerpt and text search Jensen , Merill , ed . Tracts of the American Revolution , 1763 -- 1776 ( 1967 ) . American pamphlets Jensen , Merill , ed . English Historical Documents : American Colonial Documents to 1776 : Volume 9 ( 1955 ) , 890pp ; major collection of important documents Morison , Samuel E. ed . Sources and Documents Illustrating the American Revolution , 1764 -- 1788 , and the Formation of the Federal Constitution ( 1923 ) . 370 pp online version Tansill , Charles C. ed. ; Documents Illustrative of the Formation of the Union of the American States . Government Printing Office . ( 1927 ) . 1124 pp online version Martin Kallich and Andrew MacLeish , eds . The American Revolution through British eyes ( 1962 ) primary documents Contemporaneous sources : Annual Register Murdoch , David H. ed . Rebellion in America : A Contemporary British Viewpoint , 1769 -- 1783 ( 1979 ) , 900 + pp of annotated excerpts from Annual Register Annual Register 1773 , British compendium of speeches and reports 1774 1775 1776 1777 1778 1779 1780 1781 1782 1783 External links Library of Congress Guide to the American Revolution 132 historic photographs dealing with the personalities , monuments , weapons and locations of the American Revolution ; these are pre-1923 and out of copyright . Pictures of the Revolutionary War : Select Audiovisual Records , National Archives and Records Administration selection of images , including a number of non-military events and portraits Revolution ! The Atlantic World Reborn , Revolution ! explores the enormous transformations in the world 's politics that took place from 1763 -- 1815 , with particular attention to three globally influential revolutions in America , France , and Haiti . Linking the attack on monarchism and aristocracy to the struggle against slavery , Revolution ! shows how freedom , equality , and the sovereignty of the people became universal goals. New - York Historical Society PBS Television Series Chickasaws Conflicted by the American Revolution -- Chickasaw.TV Smithsonian study unit on Revolutionary Money The American Revolution : Lighting Freedom 's Flame , US National Park Service website Honored Places : The National Park Service Teacher 's Guide to the American Revolution Haldimand Collection Letters regarding the war to important generals . Fully indexed `` Military History of Revolution '' with links to documents , maps , URLs American Independence Museum Black Loyalist Heritage Society Spanish and Latin American contribution to the American Revolution American Archives : Documents of the American Revolution at Northern Illinois University Libraries American Revolution study guide and teacher resources AmericanRevolution.Org Resource for pre collegiate historical educational institutions The American Revolution , the History Channel ( US cable television ) website Gayle Olson - Ramer , `` Half a Revolution '' , 16 - page teaching guide for high school students , Zinn Education Project / Rethinking Schools `` Counter-Revolution of 1776 '' : Was U.S. Independence War a Conservative Revolt in Favor of Slavery ? Democracy Now ! June 27 , 2014 . Origins of the American Revolution : writings American resolves , declarations , petitions , essays and pamphlets prior to the Declaration of Independence ( July 1776 ) Following the Stamp Act ( 1765 ) Virginia Resolves ( May 1765 ) Braintree Instructions ( September 1765 ) Declaration of Rights and Grievances ( October 1765 ) An Inquiry into the Rights of the British Colonies ( 1766 ) Following the Townshend Acts ( 1767 ) Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania ( 1767 , 1768 ) Massachusetts Circular Letter ( February 1768 ) Journal of Occurrences ( 1768 , 1769 ) Virginia Association ( May 1769 ) Boston Pamphlet ( 1772 ) Sheffield Declaration ( January 1773 ) Following the Coercive Acts ( 1774 ) Maryland Chestertown Resolves ( May 1774 ) Bush River Resolution ( March 1775 ) Massachusetts Suffolk Resolves ( September 1774 ) New York Orangetown Resolutions ( July 1774 ) A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress ( December 1774 ) The Farmer Refuted ( February 1775 ) North Carolina Rowan Resolves ( August 1774 ) Mecklenburg Resolves or Declaration ( May 1775 ) Liberty Point Resolves ( June 1775 ) Tryon Resolves ( August 1775 ) Halifax Resolves ( April 1776 ) Virginia Fairfax Resolves ( July 1774 ) Fincastle Resolutions ( January 1775 ) Virginia Declaration of Rights ( June 1776 ) 1st Continental Congress Declaration and Resolves ( October 1774 ) Continental Association ( October 1774 ) Petition to the King ( October 1774 ) 2nd Continental Congress Olive Branch Petition ( July 1775 ) Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms ( July 1775 ) May 15 preamble ( May 1776 ) Lee Resolution ( July 1776 ) Essays and pamphlets `` Letters to the inhabitants of Canada '' ( 1774 , 1775 , 1776 ) A Summary View of the Rights of British America ( 1774 ) Novanglus ( 1775 ) Common Sense ( January 1776 ) Thoughts on Government ( Spring , 1776 ) British law and the American Revolution Royal Proclamations , Acts of Parliament , and other legal issues relating to the American Revolution Before 1763 Navigation Acts Wool Act ( 1699 ) Hat Act ( 1732 ) Molasses Act ( 1733 ) Iron Act ( 1750 ) Grenville ministry ( 1763 -- 1765 ) Royal Proclamation of 1763 Sugar Act ( 1764 ) Currency Act ( 1764 ) Quartering Act ( 1765 ) Stamp Act ( 1765 ) Rockingham ministry ( 1765 -- 1766 ) Repeal Act ( March 1766 ) Declaratory Act ( March 1766 ) Revenue Act ( June 1766 ) Chatham and Grafton ministries ( 1766 -- 1770 ) Townshend Acts ( 1767 ) North ministry ( 1770 -- 1782 ) Repeal Act ( 1770 ) Tea Act ( 1773 ) Coercive Acts ( 1774 ) Conciliatory Resolution ( February 1775 ) Restraining Acts ( March & April 1775 ) Proclamation of Rebellion ( August 1775 ) Prohibitory Act ( December 1775 ) Taxation of Colonies Act ( 1778 ) Other legal issues Rights of Englishmen Writ of assistance Admiralty courts Parson 's Cause ( 1763 ) Taxation without representation Historical documents of the United States Constitution Preamble and Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin ( State Domestic Institutions ) Child Labor Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights See also List of Constitutional Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Conventions to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - 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John Dickinson Richard Bassett Jacob Broom Maryland James McHenry Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer Daniel Carroll Virginia John Blair James Madison North Carolina William Blount Richard Dobbs Spaight Hugh Williamson South Carolina John Rutledge Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Charles Pinckney Pierce Butler Georgia William Few Abraham Baldwin Convention Secretary William Jackson Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence Declaration of Independence Primary author Thomas Jefferson Signatories President of Congress John Hancock ( Massachusetts ) New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett William Whipple Matthew Thornton Massachusetts Samuel Adams John Adams Robert Treat Paine Elbridge Gerry Rhode Island Stephen Hopkins William Ellery Connecticut Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington William Williams Oliver Wolcott New York William Floyd Philip Livingston Francis Lewis Lewis Morris New Jersey Richard Stockton John Witherspoon Francis Hopkinson John Hart Abraham Clark Pennsylvania Robert Morris Benjamin Rush Benjamin Franklin John Morton George Clymer James Smith George Taylor James Wilson George Ross Delaware George Read Caesar Rodney Thomas McKean Maryland Samuel Chase William Paca Thomas Stone Charles Carroll of Carrollton Virginia George Wythe Richard Henry Lee Thomas Jefferson Benjamin Harrison Thomas Nelson Jr . 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protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Variants View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Languages Afrikaans تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Interlingua עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kurdî Latina Lietuvių Ligure Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois Português Română Rumantsch Русский Scots سنڌي کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 47 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 July 2018 , at 14 : 36 ( UTC ) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Revolution
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who played sax on baker street by gerry rafferty
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In January 1978 , Scottish singer - musician Gerry Rafferty released his first solo material since 1972 and first material of any kind since the demise of Stealers Wheel in 1975 . A then unheralded session musician , Raphael Ravenscroft was asked to play the saxophone on the album City to City ( 1978 ) . Ravenscroft 's contribution included the sax riff on the best - known song from the album and of Rafferty 's career , `` Baker Street '' . The song was an international hit , charting at number 3 in the UK and number 2 in the US . `` Baker Street '' was reported in 2010 as having received 5 million air plays worldwide to date . City to City reached number 1 in the US album charts and went platinum . In the UK the album reached number 6 and went gold .
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Raphael Ravenscroft
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Raphael Ravenscroft
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raphael ravenscroft
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Raphael Ravenscroft ( 4 June 1954 -- 19 October 2014 ) was a British musician , composer and author .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Gerry Rafferty & `` Baker Street '' 2.2 Other work 3 Personal life and death 4 References 5 External links Early life ( edit ) While his place of birth is disputed , the England and Wales Birth Index places it at Stoke - on - Trent . He spent much of his young life in Dumfries , where his father lived . Career ( edit ) Gerry Rafferty & `` Baker Street '' ( edit ) In January 1978 , Scottish singer - musician Gerry Rafferty released his first solo material since 1972 and first material of any kind since the demise of Stealers Wheel in 1975 . A then unheralded session musician , Raphael Ravenscroft was asked to play the saxophone on the album City to City ( 1978 ) . Ravenscroft 's contribution included the sax riff on the best - known song from the album and of Rafferty 's career , `` Baker Street '' . The song was an international hit , charting at number 3 in the UK and number 2 in the US . `` Baker Street '' was reported in 2010 as having received 5 million air plays worldwide to date . City to City reached number 1 in the US album charts and went platinum . In the UK the album reached number 6 and went gold . Ravenscroft told the BBC 's The One Show in 2010 that he was only paid £ 27.50 for the `` Baker Street '' session , which was the Musicians ' Union rate at the time . It has been ( falsely ) reported that the cheque bounced and that it was kept on the wall of Ravenscroft 's solicitors ; by contrast the song is said to have earned Rafferty £ 80,000 a year in royalties . In a radio interview in 2011 , Ravenscroft said the song annoyed him . `` I 'm irritated because it 's out of tune , '' he said . `` Yeah , it 's flat . By enough of a degree that it irritates me at best . '' Ravenscroft mostly refused to play `` Baker Street '' during interviews . The last time Ravenscroft played `` Baker Street '' was in the summer of 2014 when he organised a charity gala concert in Exeter for Nicole Hartup , the 12 - year - old city schoolgirl who died in a fall . The saxophone break on `` Baker Street '' has been described as `` the most famous saxophone solo of all time '' , `` the most recognizable sax riff in pop music history '' , and `` one of the most recognisable saxophone solos of all time '' . Ravenscroft worked with Rafferty from 1977 to 1982 . As well as the songs he worked on for City to City he contributed to Rafferty 's next two albums , Night Owl ( 1979 ) and Snakes and Ladders ( 1980 ) . In 2011 , he recorded a tribute to commemorate the funeral of Gerry Rafferty called `` Forgiveness '' , which combined his saxophone playing with the voices of Grammy - nominated choir Tenebrae . Other work ( edit ) From his breakthrough with `` Baker Street '' he went on to perform with Pink Floyd ( The Final Cut , 1983 ) , ABBA and Marvin Gaye . Other Ravenscroft performing credits include work with America , Maxine Nightingale , Daft Punk , Kim Carnes , Mike Oldfield , Chris Rea , Robert Plant , Brand X , Hazel O'Connor and Bonnie Tyler . In 1979 , he released the solo album Her Father Did n't Like Me , Anyway ( CBS Portrait JR 35683 ) . In 1983 , Ravenscroft released the track `` Maxine '' which gained airplay , but performed poorly on the charts . In 1987 , he was credited , along with Max Early and Johnny Patrick for the new theme to the Central Television soap opera Crossroads . His track `` A Whole Lot of Something Going On '' was sampled by producer Heavy D on the track `` Feel It in the Air '' , by Beanie Sigel . In 2010 , Ravenscroft played on albums and on sessions with Duffy , Mary Hopkin and Jamie Hartman . In 2011 - 12 , Ravenscroft contributed to the album Propeller by Grice . Ravenscroft wrote several books on saxophone technique including the instruction book , The Complete Saxophone Player ( 1990 ) . In 2012 , Ravenscroft created the music for a series of films featuring photographer Don McCullin and , during 2011 - 2012 , composed for several major advertising campaigns around the world . In summer 2012 he took a break due to ill health and moved back to Devon . In 2014 , Ravenscroft went to Belgium to set up a saxophone project with the company Adolphe Sax & Cie . Personal life and death ( edit ) He married and divorced twice and separated from his third wife in 2009 . His daughter is the artist Scarlett Raven . Ravenscroft died on 19 October 2014 at the Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital , aged 60 , of a suspected heart attack . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Place of birth disputed , heraldscotland.com ; accessed 22 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Notice of death of Ravenscroft , scotsman.com ; accessed 22 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Raphael Ravenscroft , Baker Street saxophonist , dies aged 60 '' . The Guardian . 21 October 2014 . Retrieved 21 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GRO : SEP 1954 9b 746 STOKE , Raphael G. Ravenscroft , mmn = Johnson '' . ONS GRO Birth Index of England and Wales . Retrieved 10 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Raphael Ravenscroft obituary , itv.com , 20 October 2014 ; accessed 22 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Raphael Ravenscroft BBC THE Ofty SHOW 2010 '' . Youtube . BBC . 2010 . 3 : 08 minutes in . Retrieved 23 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Simon Mayo Drivetime ( 9 February 2012 ) '' . BBC Radio 2 . Retrieved 21 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Chilton , Martin ( 21 October 2014 ) . `` ' I was paid £ 27 for Baker Street sax solo ' '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 21 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 21 October 2014 ) . `` Baker Street saxophone player Raphael Ravenscroft dies '' . BBC News . Retrieved 21 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Mike ( 2014 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Top musician organises fundraising concert for funeral of Exeter 's tragic Nicole '' . Exeter Express and Echo . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Notice of death of Raphael Ravenscroft , independent.co.uk ; accessed 22 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Notice of death of Raphael Ravenscroft , billboard.com ; accessed 22 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Notice of death of Raphael Ravenscroft , huffingtonpost.co.uk , 21 October 2014 ; accessed 22 October 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.linkedin.com/pub/raphael-ravenscroft/22/718/544?csrfToken=ajax%3A2768005940144401735&domainCountryName=United+Kingdom&domainCountryCode=gb Jump up ^ Notice of death of Raphael Ravenscroft , westernmorningnews.co.uk ; accessed 22 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Maconie , Stuart ( 2004 ) . Cider With Roadies ( 1st ed . ) . London , UK : Random House . p. 256 . ISBN 0 - 09 - 189115 - 9 . Jump up ^ Profile allmusic.com ; accessed 20 October 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.adolphesax.co.uk/raphael-ravenscroft/ Jump up ^ `` Testimonies '' . Scarlettraven.com . Retrieved 22 October 2014 . External links ( edit ) Raphael Ravenscroft on IMDb Raphael Ravenscroft on Myspace LinkedIn profile VIAF : 220169901 LCCN : no90013683 GND : 135167760 BIBSYS : 3089363 MusicBrainz : 9448f73f - 1594 - 44a2 - b33b - f73eda297b23 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Ravenscroft&oldid=777343460 '' Categories : 1954 births 2014 deaths English rock saxophonists English male writers People from Stoke - on - Trent People from Dumfries Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano ქართული Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Русский Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2017 , at 16 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael%20Ravenscroft
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what are the fundamental duties of indian constitution
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To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions , the National Flag and the National Anthem ; To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom ; To uphold and protect the sovereignty , unity and integrity of India ; To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so ; To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious , linguistic and regional or sectional diversities ; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women ; To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture ; To protect and improve the natural environment including forests , lakes , rivers , wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures ; To develop the scientific temper , humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform ; To safeguard public property and to abjure violence ; To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity , so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement ; Who is a parent or guardian , to provide opportunities for education to his child , or as the case may be , ward between the age of six to fourteen years .
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Fundamental Rights , Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India
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fundamental rights, directive principles and fundamental duties of india
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The Fundamental Rights , Directive Principles of State Policy and Fundamental Duties are sections of the Constitution of India that prescribe the fundamental obligations of the State to its citizens and the duties of the citizens to the State . These sections comprise a constitutional bill of rights for government policy - making and the behaviour and conduct of citizens . These sections are considered vital elements of the constitution , which was developed between 1947 and 1949 by the Constituent Assembly of India .
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The Fundamental Rights is defined as the basic human rights of all citizens . These rights , defined in Part III of the Constitution , apply irrespective of race , place of birth , religion , caste , creed , or gender . They are enforceable by the courts , subject to specific restrictions . The Directive Principles of State Policy are guidelines for the framing of laws by the government . These provisions , set out in Part IV of the Constitution , are not enforceable by the courts , but the principles on which they are based are fundamental guidelines for governance that the State is expected to apply in framing and passing law 's . The Fundamental Duties are defined as the moral obligations of all citizens to help promote a spirit of patriotism and to uphold the unity of India . These duties , set out in Part IV -- A of the Constitution , concern individuals and the nation . Like the Directive Principles , they are not enforceable by the law . Part of a series on Constitution of India Preamble Parts ( show ) Fundamental Rights PART I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ IVA ∙ V ∙ VI ∙ VII VIII ∙ IX ∙ IXA ∙ IXB ∙ X ∙ XI ∙ XII ∙ XIII ∙ XIV XV ∙ XVI ∙ XVIA ∙ XVII ∙ XVIII ∙ XIX ∙ XX ∙ XXI XXII Schedules ( show ) First ∙ Second ∙ Third ∙ Fourth ∙ Fifth Sixth ∙ Seventh ∙ Eighth ∙ Ninth Tenth ∙ Eleventh ∙ Twelfth Appendices ( show ) I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ V Amendments ( show ) List ∙ 1 ∙ 2 ∙ 3 ∙ 4 ∙ 5 ∙ 6 ∙ 7 ∙ 8 ∙ 9 ∙ 10 ∙ 11 ∙ 12 ∙ 13 ∙ 14 ∙ 15 ∙ 16 ∙ 17 ∙ 18 ∙ 19 ∙ 20 ∙ 21 ∙ 22 ∙ 23 ∙ 24 ∙ 25 ∙ 26 ∙ 27 ∙ 28 ∙ 29 ∙ 30 ∙ 31 ∙ 32 ∙ 33 ∙ 34 ∙ 35 ∙ 36 ∙ 37 ∙ 38 ∙ 39 ∙ 40 ∙ 41 ∙ 42 ∙ 43 ∙ 44 ∙ 45 ∙ 46 ∙ 47 ∙ 48 ∙ 49 ∙ 50 ∙ 51 ∙ 52 ∙ 53 ∙ 54 ∙ 55 ∙ 56 ∙ 57 ∙ 58 ∙ 59 ∙ 60 ∙ 61 ∙ 62 ∙ 63 ∙ 64 ∙ 65 ∙ 66 ∙ 67 ∙ 68 ∙ 69 ∙ 70 ∙ 71 ∙ 72 ∙ 73 ∙ 74 ∙ 75 ∙ 76 ∙ 77 ∙ 78 ∙ 79 ∙ 80 ∙ 81 ∙ 82 ∙ 83 ∙ 84 ∙ 85 ∙ 86 ∙ 87 ∙ 88 ∙ 89 ∙ 90 ∙ 91 ∙ 92 ∙ 93 ∙ 94 ∙ 95 ∙ 96 ∙ 97 ∙ 98 ∙ 99 ∙ 100 ∙ 101 Related topics ( show ) Union List State List Concurrent List Basic structure doctrine Uniform civil code Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Fundamental Rights 2.1 Right to Equality 2.2 Right to Freedom 2.3 Right against Exploitation 2.4 Right to Freedom of Religion 2.5 Cultural and Educational Rights 2.6 Right to Constitutional Remedies 3 Directive Principles of State Policy 4 Fundamental Duties 5 Criticism and analysis 6 Relationship between the Fundamental Rights , Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 9.1 Footnotes 9.2 Bibliography 9.3 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) See also : Indian independence movement , Constituent Assembly of India , Constitution of India , and India The Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles had their origins in the Indian independence movement , which strove to achieve the values of liberty and social welfare as the goals of an independent Indian state . The development of constitutional rights in India was inspired by historical documents such as England 's Bill of Rights , the United States Bill of Rights and France 's Declaration of the Rights of Man . The demand for civil liberties formed an important part of the Indian independence movement , with one of the objectives of the Indian National Congress ( INC ) being to end discrimination between the British rulers and their Indian subjects . This demand was explicitly mentioned in resolutions adopted by the INC between 1917 and 1919 . The demands articulated in these resolutions included granting to Indians the rights to equality before law , free speech , trial by juries composed at least half of Indian members , political power , and equal terms for bearing arms as British citizens . The experiences of the First World War , the unsatisfactory Montague - Chelmsford reforms of 1919 , and the rise to prominence of M.K. Gandhi in the Indian independence movement marked a change in the attitude of its leaders towards articulating demands for civil rights . The focus shifted from demanding equality of status between Indians and the British to assuring liberty for all Indians . The Commonwealth of India Bill , drafted by Annie Beasant in 1925 , specifically included demands for seven fundamental rights -- individual liberty , freedom of conscience , free expression of opinion , freedom of assembly , non-discrimination on the ground of sex , free elementary education and free use of public spaces . In 1927 , the INC resolved to set up a committee to draft a `` Swaraj Constitution '' for India based on a declaration of rights that would provide safeguards against oppression . The 11 - member committee , led by Motilal Nehru , was constituted in 1928 . Its report made a number of recommendations , including proposing guaranteed fundamental rights to all Indians . These rights resembled those of the American Constitution and those adopted by post-war European countries , and several of them were adopted from the 1925 Bill . Several of these provisions were later replicated in various parts of the Indian Constitution , including the Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles . In 1931 , the Indian National Congress , at its Karachi session , adopted a resolution committing itself to the defence of civil rights and economic freedom , with the stated objectives of putting an end to exploitation , providing social security and implementing land reforms . Other new rights proposed by the resolution were the prohibition of State titles , universal adult franchise , abolition of capital punishment and freedom of movement . Drafted by Jawaharlal Nehru , the resolution , which later formed the basis for some of the Directive Principles , placed the primary responsibility of carrying out social reform on the State , and marked the increasing influence of socialism and Gandhian philosophy on the independence movement . The final phase of the Independence movement saw a reiteration of the socialist principles of the 1930s , along with an increased focus on minority rights -- which had become an issue of major political concern by then -- which were published in the Sapru Report in 1945 . The report , apart from stressing on protecting the rights of minorities , also sought to prescribe a `` standard of conduct for the legislatures , government and the courts '' . During the final stages of the British raj , the 1946 Cabinet Mission to India proposed a Constituent Assembly to draft a Constitution for India as part of the process of transfer of power . The Constituent Assembly of India , composed of indirectly elected representatives from the British provinces and Princely states , commenced its proceedings in December 1946 , and completed drafting the Constitution of India by November 1949 . According to the Cabinet Mission plan , the Assembly was to have an Advisory Committee to advise it on the nature and extent of fundamental rights , protection of minorities and administration of tribal areas . Accordingly , the Advisory Committee was constituted in January 1947 with 64 members , and from among these a twelve - member sub-committee on Fundamental Rights was appointed under the chairmanship of J.B. Kripalani in February 1947 . The sub-committee drafted the Fundamental Rights and submitted its report to the Committee by April 1947 , and later that month the Committee placed it before the Assembly , which debated and discussed the rights over the course of the following year , adopting the drafts of most of them by , December 1948 . The drafting of the Fundamental Rights was influenced by the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by the U.N. General Assembly and the activities of the United Nations Human Rights Commission , as well as decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court in interpreting the Bill of Rights in the American Constitution . The Directive Principles , which were also drafted by the sub-committee on Fundamental Rights , expounded the socialist precepts of the Indian independence movement , and were inspired by similar principles contained in the Irish Constitution . The Fundamental Duties were later added to the Constitution by the 42nd Amendment in 1976 . Fundamental Rights ( edit ) Main article : Fundamental Rights in India The Fundamental Rights , embodied in Part III of the Constitution , guarantee civil rights to all Indians , and prevent the State from encroaching on individual liberty while simultaneously placing upon it an obligation to protect the citizens ' rights from encroachment by society . Seven fundamental rights were originally provided by the Constitution -- right to equality , right to freedom , right against exploitation , right to freedom of religion , cultural and educational rights , right to property and right to constitutional remedies . However , the right to property was removed from Part III of the Constitution by the 44th Amendment in 1978 . The purpose of the Fundamental Rights is to preserve individual liberty and democratic principles based on equality of all members of society . Dr Ambedkar said that the responsibility of the legislature is not just to provide fundamental rights but also and rather more importantly , to safeguard them . They act as limitations on the powers of the legislature and executive , under Article 13 , and in case of any violation of these rights the Supreme Court of India and the High Courts of the states have the power to declare such legislative or executive action as unconstitutional and void . These rights are largely enforceable against the State , which as per the wide definition provided in Article 12 , includes not only the legislative and executive wings of the federal and state governments , but also local administrative authorities and other agencies and institutions which discharge public functions or are of a governmental character . However , there are certain rights -- such as those in Articles 15 , 17 , 18 , 23 , 24 -- that are also available against private individuals . Further , certain Fundamental Rights -- including those under Articles 14 , 20 , 21 , 25 -- apply to persons of any nationality upon Indian soil , while others -- such as those under Articles 15 , 16 , 19 , 30 -- are applicable only to citizens of India . Rights Theoretical distinctions Claim rights and liberty rights Individual and group rights Natural and legal rights Negative and positive rights Human rights Civil and political Economic , social and cultural Three generations Rights by beneficiary Animals Authors Children Consumers Creditors Elders Fathers Fetuses Gun owners Humans Natives Intersex Kings LGBT Men Minorities Mothers Patients Plants Prisoners Students Victims Women Workers Youth Disabled persons Other groups of rights Civil liberties Digital Linguistic Property Reproductive Self - determination of people Water and sanitation The Fundamental Rights are not absolute and are subject to reasonable restrictions as necessary for the protection of public interest . In the Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala case in 1973 , the Supreme Court , overruling a previous decision of 1967 , held that the Fundamental Rights could be amended , subject to judicial review in case such an amendment violated the basic structure of the Constitution . The Fundamental Rights can be enhanced , removed or otherwise altered through a constitutional amendment , passed by a two - thirds majority of each House of Parliament . The imposition of a state of emergency may lead to a temporary suspension any of the Fundamental Rights , excluding Articles 20 and 21 , by order of the President . The President may , by order , suspend the right to constitutional remedies as well , thereby barring citizens from approaching the Supreme Court for the enforcement of any of the Fundamental Rights , except Articles 20 and 21 , during the period of the emergency . Parliament may also restrict the application of the Fundamental Rights to members of the Indian Armed Forces and the police , in order to ensure proper discharge of their duties and the maintenance of discipline , by a law made under Article 33 . Right to equality ( edit ) The Right to Equality is one of the chief guarantees of the Constitution . It is embodied in Articles 14 -- 16 , which collectively encompass the general principles of equality before law and non-discrimination , and Articles 17 -- 18 which collectively encompass further the philosophy of social equality . Article 14 guarantees equality before law as well as equal protection of the law to all persons within the territory of India . This includes the equal subjection of all persons to the authority of law , as well as equal treatment of persons in similar circumstances . The latter permits the State to classify persons for legitimate purposes , provided there is a reasonable basis for the same , meaning that the classification is required to be non-arbitrary , based on a method of intelligible differentiation among those sought to be classified , as well as have a rational relation to the object sought to be achieved by the classification . Article 15 prohibits discrimination on the grounds only of religion , race , caste , sex , place of birth , or any of them . This right can be enforced against the State as well as private individuals , with regard to free access to places of public entertainment or places of public resort maintained partly or wholly out of State funds . However , the State is not precluded from making special provisions for women and children or any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens , including the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes . This exception has been provided since the classes of people mentioned therein are considered deprived and in need of special protection . Article 16 guarantees equality of opportunity in matters of public employment and prevents the State from discriminating against anyone in matters of employment on the grounds only of religion , race , caste , sex , descent , place of birth , place of residence or any of them . It creates exceptions for the implementation of measures of affirmative action for the benefit of any backward class of citizens in order to ensure adequate representation in public service , as well as reservation of an office of any religious institution for a person professing that particular religion . The practice of untouchability has been declared an offence punishable by law under Article 17 , and the Protection of Civil Rights Act , 1955 has been enacted by the Parliament to further this objective . Article 18 prohibits the State from conferring any titles other than military or academic distinctions , and the citizens of India can not accept titles from a foreign state . Thus , Indian aristocratic titles and title of nobility conferred by the British have been abolished . However , awards such as the Bharat Ratna have been held to be valid by the Supreme Court on the ground that they are merely decorations and can not be used by the recipient as a title . Right to freedom ( edit ) The Right to Freedom is covered in Articles 19 - 22 , with the view of guaranteeing individual rights that were considered vital by the framers of the Constitution , and these Articles also include certain restrictions that may be imposed by the State on individual liberty under specified conditions . Article 19 guarantees six freedoms in the nature of civil rights , which are available only to citizens of India . These include the freedom of speech and expression , freedom of assembly without arms , freedom of association , freedom of movement throughout the territory of our country , freedom to reside and settle in any part of the country of India and the freedom to practice any profession . All these freedoms are subject to reasonable restrictions that may imposed on them by the State , listed under Article 19 itself . The grounds for imposing these restrictions vary according to the freedom sought to be restricted , and include national security , public order , decency and morality , contempt of court , incitement to offences , and defamation . The State is also empowered , in the interests of the general public to nationalise any trade , industry or service to the exclusion of the citizens . The freedoms guaranteed by Article 19 are further sought to be protected by Articles 20 -- 22 . The scope of these articles , particularly with respect to the doctrine of due process , was heavily debated by the Constituent Assembly . It was argued , especially by Benegal Narsing Rau , that the incorporation of such a clause would hamper social legislation and cause procedural difficulties in maintaining order , and therefore it ought to be excluded from the Constitution altogether . The Constituent Assembly in 1948 eventually omitted the phrase `` due process '' in favour of `` procedure established by law '' . As a result , Article 21 , which prevents the encroachment of life or personal liberty by the State except in accordance with the procedure established by law , was , until 1978 , construed narrowly as being restricted to executive action . However , in 1978 , the Supreme Court in the case of Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India extended the protection of Article 21 to legislative action , holding that any law laying down a procedure must be just , fair and reasonable , and effectively reading due process into Article 21 . In the same case , the Supreme Court also ruled that `` life '' under Article 21 meant more than a mere `` animal existence '' ; it would include the right to live with human dignity and all other aspects which made life `` meaningful , complete and worth living '' . Subsequent judicial interpretation has broadened the scope of Article 21 to include within it a number of rights including those to livelihood , good health , clean environment , water , speedy trial and humanitarian treatment while imprisoned . The right to education at elementary level has been made one of the Fundamental Rights under Article 21A by the 86th Constitutional amendment of 2002 . Article 20 provides protection from conviction for offences in certain respects , including the rights against ex post facto laws , double jeopardy and freedom from self - incrimination . Article 22 provides specific rights to arrested and detained persons , in particular the rights to be informed of the grounds of arrest , consult a lawyer of one 's own choice , be produced before a magistrate within 24 hours of the arrest , and the freedom not to be detained beyond that period without an order of the magistrate . The Constitution also authorizes the State to make laws providing for preventive detention , subject to certain other safeguards present in Article 22 . The provisions pertaining to preventive detention were discussed with skepticism and misgivings by the Constituent Assembly , and were reluctantly approved after a few amendments in 1949 . Article 22 provides that when a person is detained under any law of preventive detention , the State can detain such person without trial for only three months , and any detention for a longer period must be authorised by an Advisory Board . The person being detained also has the right to be informed about the grounds of detention , and be permitted to make a representation against it , at the earliest opportunity . Right against exploitation ( edit ) Child labour and Beggar is prohibited under the Right against Exploitation . The Right against Exploitation , contained in Articles 23 -- 24 , lays down certain provisions to prevent exploitation of the weaker sections of the society by individuals or the State . Article 23 prohibits human trafficking , making it an offence punishable by law , and also prohibits forced labour or any act of compelling a person to work without wages where he was legally entitled not to work or to receive remuneration for it . However , it permits the State to impose compulsory service for public purposes , including conscription and community service . The Bonded Labour system ( Abolition ) Act , 1976 , has been enacted by Parliament to give effect to this Article . Article 24 prohibits the employment of children below the age of 14 years in factories , mines and other hazardous jobs . Parliament has enacted the Child Labour ( Prohibition and Regulation ) Act , 1986 , providing regulations for the abolition of , and penalties for employing , child labour , as well as provisions for rehabilitation of former child labourers . Right to freedom of religion ( edit ) The Right to Freedom of Religion , covered in Articles 25 -- 28 , provides religious freedom to all citizens and ensures a secular state in India . According to the Constitution , there is no official State religion , and the State is required to treat all religions impartially and neutrally . Article 25 guarantees all persons the freedom of conscience and the right to preach , practice and propagate any religion of their choice . This right is , however , subject to public order , morality and health , and the power of the State to take measures for social welfare and reform . The right to propagate , however , does not include the right to convert another individual , since it would amount to an infringement of the other 's right to freedom of conscience . Article 26 guarantees all religious denominations and sects , subject to public order , morality and health , to manage their own affairs in matters of religion , set up institutions of their own for charitable or religious purposes , and own , acquire and manage property in accordance with law . These provisions do not derogate from the State 's power to acquire property belonging to a religious denomination . The State is also empowered to regulate any economic , political or other secular activity associated with religious practice . Article 27 guarantees that no person can be compelled to pay taxes for the promotion of any particular religion or religious institution . Article 28 prohibits religious instruction in a wholly State - funded educational institution , and educational institutions receiving aid from the State can not compel any of their members to receive religious instruction or attend religious worship without their ( or their guardian 's ) consent . Cultural and educational Rights ( edit ) See also : Eighty - sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India and Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act The Cultural and Educational rights , given in Articles 29 and 30 , are measures to protect the rights of cultural , linguistic and religious minorities , by enabling them to conserve their heritage and protecting them against discrimination . Article 29 grants any section of citizens having a distinct language , script culture of its own , the right to conserve and develop the same , and thus safeguards the rights of minorities by preventing the State from imposing any external culture on them . It also prohibits discrimination against any citizen for admission into any educational institutions maintained or aided by the State , on the grounds only of religion , race , caste , language or any of them . However , this is subject to reservation of a reasonable number of seats by the State for socially and educationally backward classes , as well as reservation of up to 50 percent of seats in any educational institution run by a minority community for citizens belonging to that community . Article 30 confers upon all religious and linguistic minorities the right to set up and administer educational institutions of their choice in order to preserve and develop their own culture , and prohibits the State , while granting aid , from discriminating against any institution on the basis of the fact that it is administered by a religious or cultural minority . The term `` minority '' , while not defined in the Constitution , has been interpreted by the Supreme Court to mean any community which numerically forms less than 50 % of the population of the state in which it seeks to avail the right under Article 30 . In order to claim the right , it is essential that the educational institution must have been established as well as administered by a religious or linguistic minority . Further , the right under Article 30 can be availed of even if the educational institution established does not confine itself to the teaching of the religion or language of the minority concerned , or a majority of students in that institution do not belong to such minority . This right is subject to the power of the State to impose reasonable regulations regarding educational standards , conditions of service of employees , fee structure , and the utilisation of any aid granted by it . Right to Constitutional remedies ( edit ) The Right to Constitutional Remedies empowers citizens to approach the Supreme Court of India to seek enforcement , or protection against infringement , of their Fundamental Rights . Article 32 provides a guaranteed remedy , in the form of a Fundamental Right itself , for enforcement of all the other Fundamental Rights , and the Supreme Court is designated as the protector of these rights by the Constitution . The Supreme Court has been empowered to issue writs , namely habeas corpus , mandamus , prohibition , certiorari and quo warranto , for the enforcement of the Fundamental Rights , while the High Courts have been empowered under Article 226 -- which is not a Fundamental Right in itself -- to issue these prerogative writs even in cases not involving the violation of Fundamental Rights . The Supreme Court has the jurisdiction to enforce the Fundamental Rights even against private bodies , and in case of any violation , award compensation as well to the affected individual . Exercise of jurisdiction by the Supreme Court can also be suo motu or on the basis of a public interest litigation . This right can not be suspended , except under the provisions of Article 359 when a state of emergency is declared . The Supreme Court recently held that Right to Privacy is another fundamental right Directive Principles of State Policy ( edit ) Main article : Directive Principles in India The Directive Principles of State Policy , embodied in Part IV of the Constitution , are directions given to the state to guide the establishment of an economic and social democracy , as proposed by the Preamble . They set forth the humanitarian and socialist instructions that were the aim of social revolution envisaged in India by the Constituent Assembly . The state is expected to keep these principles in mind while framing laws and policies , even though they are non-justiciable in nature . The Directive Principles may be classified under the following categories : ideals that the state ought to strive towards achieving ; directions for the exercise of legislative and executive power ; and rights of the citizens which the State must aim towards securing . Despite being non-justiciable , the Directive Principles act as a check on the state ; theorised as a yardstick in the hands of the electorate and the opposition to measure the performance of a government at the time of an election . Article 37 , while stating that the Directive Principles are not enforceable in any court of law , declares them to be `` fundamental to the governance of the country '' and imposes an obligation on the State to apply them in matters of legislation . Thus , they serve to emphasise the welfare state model of the Constitution and emphasise the positive duty of the state to promote the welfare of the people by affirming social , economic and political justice , as well as to fight income inequality and ensure individual dignity , as mandated by Article 38 . Article 39 lays down certain principles of policy to be followed by the State , including providing an adequate means of livelihood for all citizens , equal pay for equal work for men and women , proper working conditions , reduction of the concentration of wealth and means of production from the hands of a few , and distribution of community resources to `` subserve the common good '' . These clauses highlight the Constitutional objectives of building an egalitarian social order and establishing a welfare state , by bringing about a social revolution assisted by the State , and have been used to support the nationalisation of mineral resources as well as public utilities . Further , several legislation pertaining to agrarian reform and land tenure have been enacted by the federal and state governments , in order to ensure equitable distribution of land resources . Articles 41 -- 43 mandate the State to endeavour to secure to all citizens the right to work , a living wage , social security , maternity relief , and a decent standard of living . These provisions aim at establishing a socialist state as envisaged in the Preamble . Article 43 also places upon the State the responsibility of promoting cottage industries , and the federal government has , in furtherance of this , established several Boards for the promotion of khadi , handlooms etc. , in coordination with the state governments . Article 39A requires the State to provide free legal aid to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are available to all citizens irrespective of economic or other disabilities . Article 43A mandates the State to work towards securing the participation of workers in the management of industries . The State , under Article 46 , is also mandated to promote the interests of and work for the economic uplift of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and protect them from discrimination and exploitation . Several enactments , including two Constitutional amendments , have been passed to give effect to this provision . Article 44 encourages the State to secure a uniform civil code for all citizens , by eliminating discrepancies between various personal laws currently in force in the country . However , this has remained a `` dead letter '' despite numerous reminders from the Supreme Court to implement the provision . Article 45 originally mandated the State to provide free and compulsory education to children between the ages of six and fourteen years , but after the 86th Amendment in 2002 , this has been converted into a Fundamental Right and replaced by an obligation upon the State to secure childhood care to all children below the age of six . Article 47 commits the State to raise the standard of living and improve public health , and prohibit the consumption of intoxicating drinks and drugs injurious to health . As a consequence , partial or total prohibition has been introduced in several states , but financial constraints have prevented its full - fledged application . The State is also mandated by Article 48 to organise agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines by improving breeds and prohibiting slaughter of cattle . Article 48A mandates the State to protect the environment and safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country , while Article 49 places an obligation upon the State to ensure the preservation of monuments and objects of national importance . Article 50 requires the State to ensure the separation of judiciary from executive in public services , in order to ensure judicial independence , and federal legislation has been enacted to achieve this objective . The State , according to Article 51 , must also strive for the promotion of international peace and security , and Parliament has been empowered under Article 253 to make laws giving effect to international treaties . Fundamental Duties ( edit ) Any act of disrespect towards the Indian National Flag is illegal . The Fundamental Duties of citizens were added to the Constitution by the 42nd Amendment in 1976 , upon the recommendations of the Swaran Singh Committee that was constituted by the government earlier that year . Originally ten in number , the Fundamental Duties were increased to eleven by the 86th Amendment in 2002 , which added a duty on every parent or guardian to ensure that their child or ward was provided opportunities for education between the ages of six and fourteen years . The other Fundamental Duties obligate all citizens to respect the national symbols of India , including the Constitution , to cherish its heritage , preserve its composite culture and assist in its defense . They also obligate all Indians to promote the spirit of common brotherhood , protect the environment and public property , develop scientific temper , abjure violence , and strive towards excellence in all spheres of life . However , many of these are non-justifiable , without any legal sanction in case of their violation or non-compliance . There is reference to such duties in international instruments such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights , and Article 51A brings the Indian Constitution into conformity with these treaties . The Fundamental Duties noted in the constitution are as follows : It shall be the duty of every citizen of India -- To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions , the National Flag and the National Anthem ; To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom ; To uphold and protect the sovereignty , unity and integrity of India ; To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so ; To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious , linguistic and regional or sectional diversities ; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women ; To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture ; To protect and improve the natural environment including forests , lakes , rivers , wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures ; To develop the scientific temper , humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform ; To safeguard public property and to abjure violence ; To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity , so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement ; Who is a parent or guardian , to provide opportunities for education to his child , or as the case may be , ward between the age of six to fourteen years . ( This fundamental duty has been added to the Constitution of India by the 86th constitutional amendment in 2002 ) Criticism and analysis ( edit ) Main article : Directive Principles Fewer children are now employed in hazardous environments , but their employment in non-hazardous jobs , prevalently as domestic help , violates the spirit of the constitution in the eyes of many critics and human rights advocates . More than 16.5 million children are in employment . India was ranked 88 out of 159 countries in 2005 , according to the degree to which corruption is perceived to exist among public officials and politicians . The year 1990 -- 1991 was declared as the `` Year of Social Justice '' in the memory of B.R. Ambedkar . The government provides free textbooks to students belonging to scheduled castes and tribes pursuing medicine and engineering courses . During 2002 -- 2003 , a sum of Rs. 4.77 crore ( 47.7 million ) was released for this purpose . In order to protect scheduled castes and tribes from discrimination , the government enacted the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe ( Prevention of Atrocities ) Act , 1989 , prescribing severe punishments for such actions . The Minimum Wages Act of 1948 empowers government to fix minimum wages for people working across the economic spectrum . The Consumer Protection Act of 1986 provides for the better protection of consumers . The Equal Remuneration Act of 1976 provides for equal pay for equal work for both men and women . The Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana ( Universal Rural Employment Program ) was launched in 2001 to attain the objective of providing gainful employment for the rural poor . The program was implemented through the Panchayati Raj institutions . A system of elected village councils , known as Panchayati Raj covers almost all states and territories of India . One - third of the total number of seats have been reserved for women in Panchayats at every level ; and in the case of Bihar , half the seats have been reserved for women . The judiciary has been separated from the executive `` in all the states and territories except Jammu and Kashmir and Nagaland . '' India 's foreign policy has been influenced by the Directive Principles . India supported the United Nations in peace - keeping activities , with the Indian Army having participated in 37 UN peace - keeping operations . The implementation of a uniform civil code for all citizens has not been achieved owing to widespread opposition from various religious groups and political parties . The Shah Bano case ( 1985 -- 86 ) provoked a political firestorm in India when the Supreme Court ruled that Shah Bano , a Muslim woman who had been divorced by her husband in 1978 was entitled to receive alimony from her former husband under Indian law applicable for all Indian women . This decision evoked outrage in the Muslim community , which sought the application of the Muslim personal law and in response the Parliament passed the Muslim Women ( Protection of Rights on Divorce ) Act , 1986 overturning the Supreme Court 's verdict . This act provoked further outrage , as jurists , critics and politicians alleged that the fundamental right of equality for all citizens irrespective of religion or gender was being jettisoned to preserve the interests of distinct religious communities . The verdict and the legislation remain a source of heated debate , with many citing the issue as a prime example of the poor implementation of Fundamental Rights . Per Article 38 ( 1 ) , prompt rendering of the justice by courts is part of animating judiciary . Rendering prompt justice is the foremost purpose of the constitution as enshrined in the Preamble to the constitution also . However the judiciary is failing dismally in this respect by causing inordinate delay considering time of rendering justice in a case arbitrarily is its constitutional liberty . Relationship between the Fundamental Rights , Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties ( edit ) The Directive Principles have been used to uphold the Constitutional validity of legislations in case of a conflict with the Fundamental Rights . Article 31C , added by the 25th Amendment in 1971 , provided that any law made to give effect to the Directive Principles in Article 39 ( b ) -- ( c ) would not be invalid on the grounds that they derogated from the Fundamental Rights conferred by Articles 14 , 19 and 31 . The application of this article was sought to be extended to all the Directive Principles by the 42nd Amendment in 1970 , but the Supreme Court struck down the extension as void on the ground that it violated the basic structure of the Constitution . The Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles have also been used together in forming the basis of legislation for social welfare . The Supreme Court , after the judgement in the Kesavananda Bharati case , has adopted the view of the Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles being complementary to each other , each supplementing the other 's role in aiming at the same goal of establishing a welfare state by means of social revolution . Similarly , the Supreme Court has used the Fundamental Duties to uphold the Constitutional validity of statutes which seeks to promote the objects laid out in the Fundamental Duties . These Duties have also been held to be obligatory for all citizens , subject to the State enforcing the same by means of a valid law . The Supreme Court has also issued directions to the State in this regard , with a view towards making the provisions effective and enabling a citizens to properly perform their duties . See also ( edit ) Fundamental Rights in India Writs in Indian law Human rights in India Constitutional economics Rule according to higher law Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ According to Articles 12 and 36 , the term State , for the purposes of the chapters on Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles , includes all authorities within the territory of India . It includes the Government of India , the Parliament of India , the Government and legislature of the states of India . It also includes all local or other authorities such as Municipal Corporations , Municipal Boards , District Boards , Panchayats etc . To avoid confusion with the term states , the administrative divisions , State ( encompassing all the authorities in India ) has been capitalized and the term state is in lowercase . Jump up ^ The right to property is still a Constitutionally recognised right , but is now contained outside the Part on Fundamental Rights , in Article 300A which states : No person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law . Jump up ^ According to Article 13 , The State shall not make any law which takes away or abridges the rights conferred by this Part and any law made in contravention of this clause shall , to the extent of the contravention , be void . The term law has been defined to include not only legislation made by Parliament and the legislatures of the states , but also ordinances , rules , regulations , bye laws , notifications , or customs having the force of law . Jump up ^ His Holiness Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala , AIR 1973 SC 1461 . This was popularly known as the Fundamental Rights Case . Jump up ^ Article 14 states : The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India . Jump up ^ Article 21 states : No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law . References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Austin 1999 , p. 50 Jump up ^ Tayal , B.B. & Jacob , A. ( 2005 ) , Indian History , World Developments and Civics , p . A-23 Jump up ^ Austin 1999 , pp. 52 -- 53 Jump up ^ Austin 1999 , p. 53 Jump up ^ Austin 1999 , pp. 53 -- 54 Jump up ^ Austin 1999 , p. 54 Jump up ^ Austin 1999 , pp. 54 -- 55 Jump up ^ Austin 1999 , p. 56 Jump up ^ Austin 1999 , pp. 56 -- 57 Jump up ^ Austin 1999 , p. 57 Jump up ^ Basu 1993 , p. 15 Jump up ^ Basu 1993 , p. 19 Jump up ^ Austin 1999 , pp. 61 -- 62 Jump up ^ Austin 1999 , pp. 62 -- 63 Jump up ^ Austin 1999 , p. 59 Jump up ^ Austin 1999 , p. 73 Jump up ^ Austin 1999 , pp. 73 -- 74 ^ Jump up to : Basu 1993 , p. 131 Jump up ^ Austin 1999 , pp. 50 -- 51 Jump up ^ Austin 1999 , p. 51 Jump up ^ Basu 1993 , p. 79 Jump up ^ Austin 1999 , p. 114 Jump up ^ `` Constituent Assembly debate on Fundamental Rights '' . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Basu 1993 , pp. 78 -- 79 ^ Jump up to : Basu 2003 , p. 35 Jump up ^ Basu 1993 , pp. 86 -- 87 Jump up ^ Tayal , B.B. & Jacob , A. ( 2005 ) , Indian History , World Developments and Civics , p . A-25 Jump up ^ Basu 1993 , p. 85 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , pp. 1647 -- 1649 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , p. 1645 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , pp. 1615 -- 1616 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , pp. 1617 -- 1618 Jump up ^ Basu 1993 , pp. 129 -- 130 Jump up ^ Basu 1993 , p. 90 ^ Jump up to : Basu 1993 , pp. 93 -- 94 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , pp. 56 -- 57 Jump up ^ Basu 1993 , p. 88 Jump up ^ Basu 1993 , pp. 90 -- 91 Jump up ^ Basu 1993 , p. 91 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , pp. 133 -- 134 Jump up ^ Basu 1993 , pp. 94 -- 95 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , pp. 164 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , pp. 167 -- 168 Jump up ^ `` Right To Freedom '' . GKBASIC . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Basu 1993 , pp. 96 -- 97 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , p. 167 Jump up ^ Austin 1999 , pp. 101 -- 102 Jump up ^ Austin 1999 , pp. 104 -- 105 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , p. 258 Jump up ^ Basu 1993 , pp. 105 -- 106 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , p. 259 Jump up ^ Khosla , Madhav ( 2011 ) . `` Making social rights conditional : Lessons from India '' ( PDF ) . I con ( 2010 ) . 8 ( 4 ) : 761 . doi : 10.1093 / icon / mor005 . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Narain , Vrinda . `` Water as a Fundamental Right : A Perspective from India '' ( PDF ) . Vermont Law Review . 34 : 917 : 920 . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Gaur , K.D. ( 2002 ) . Article - Law and the Poor : Some Recent Developments in India ( Book - Criminal Law and Criminology ) . New Delhi : Deep & Deep . p. 564 . ISBN 81 - 7629 - 410 - 1 . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Dam , Shubhankar . `` Criminal Rights and Constitutional Wrongs : A View from India ( page 718 ) '' ( PDF ) . Singapore Academy of Law Journal . ( 2013 ) 25 SAcLJ : 714 -- 735 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 December 2014 . Retrieved 8 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , pp. 260 -- 261 ^ Jump up to : 86th Amendment Act , 2002 . Jump up ^ Basu 1993 , p. 102 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , pp. 282 -- 284 Jump up ^ Basu 1993 , p. 106 Jump up ^ Austin 1999 , pp. 110 -- 112 Jump up ^ Basu 1993 , p. 107 Jump up ^ Basu 1993 , p. 110 Jump up ^ Basu 1993 , pp. 110 -- 111 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , p. 325 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , p. 326 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , p. 327 ^ Jump up to : Basu 1993 , p. 111 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , pp. 327 -- 328 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , p. 330 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , pp. 336 -- 337 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , p. 343 ^ Jump up to : Basu 2003 , p. 345 ^ Jump up to : Basu 1993 , p. 115 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , pp. 346 -- 347 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , pp. 348 -- 349 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , pp. 354 -- 355 ^ Jump up to : Basu 2003 , p. 391 ^ Jump up to : Basu 1993 , p. 122 Jump up ^ Basu 1993 , p. 123 ^ Jump up to : Basu 1993 , p. 137 Jump up ^ Austin 1999 , p. 75 Jump up ^ Basu 1993 , pp. 140 -- 142 Jump up ^ Basu 1993 , p. 140 Jump up ^ Basu 1993 , p. 141 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , p. 448 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , pp. 448 -- 449 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , pp. 449 -- 450 Jump up ^ Basu 1993 , p. 143 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , pp. 454 -- 456 ^ Jump up to : Basu 2003 , p. 456 Jump up ^ Basu 1993 , p. 144 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , p. 453 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , pp. 457 -- 458 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , pp. 456 -- 457 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , p. 457 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , p. 459 Jump up ^ Basu 1993 , pp. 144 -- 145 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , pp. 459 -- 460 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , p. 460 Jump up ^ Basu 1993 , p. 145 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , p. 461 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , pp. 461 -- 462 ^ Jump up to : Basu 2003 , p. 465 ^ Jump up to : Basu 1993 , p. 131 Jump up ^ Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act , 1971 Jump up ^ Tayal , B.B. & Jacob , A. ( 2005 ) , Indian History , World Developments and Civics , p . A-35 Jump up ^ PART IV A Fundamental Duties , The Constitution of India Jump up ^ `` Child labour in India '' . India Together . Archived from the original on 12 July 2014 . Retrieved 27 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Index of perception of corruption , published by Transparency International . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar '' . Dr. Ambedkar Foundation . Archived from the original on 5 May 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Tayal , B.B. & Jacob , A. ( 2005 ) , Indian History , World Developments and Civics , p . A-45 Jump up ^ `` Prevention of Atrocities Act , 1995 '' . Human Rights Watch . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wages Act , 1948 '' . Helplinelaw.com . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Equal Remuneration Act , 1976 '' . IndianLawInfo.com . Archived from the original on 22 March 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana , 2001 '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Rural Development , India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 July 2007 . Retrieved 29 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Panchayati Raj in India '' . Poorest Areas Civil Society . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ 73rd Amendment Act , 1992 Jump up ^ `` Seat Reservation for Women in Local Panchayats '' ( PDF ) . p. 2 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 February 2007 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` India and United Nations '' . Permanent Mission of India to the United Nations . Archived from the original on 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shah Bano legacy '' . p. 1 . Archived from the original on 1 September 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Rule of law index , 2016 '' . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What causes judicial delay ? Judgements diluting time frames in Code of Civil Procedure worsen the problem of adjournments '' . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Basu 1993 , p. 142 Jump up ^ Austin 1999 , pp. 114 -- 115 Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , p. 444 ^ Jump up to : Basu 2003 , p. 466 Bibliography ( edit ) Austin , Granville ( 1999 ) . The Indian Constitution : Cornerstone of a Nation . New Delhi : Oxford University Press . p. 390 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 564959 - 1 . Basu , Durga Das ( 1993 ) . Introduction to the Constitution of India ( 15th ed . ) . New Delhi : Prentice Hall of India . p. 475 . ISBN 81 - 203 - 0839 - 5 . Basu , Durga Das ( 2003 ) . Shorter Constitution of India ( 13th ed . ) . Nagpur : Wadhwa & Co. p. 1972 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8038 - 206 - 2 . Further reading ( edit ) `` Bodhisattwa Gautam vs. Subhra Chakraborty ; 1995 ICHRL 69 '' . World Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 25 . Date of ruling 15 December 1995 Laski , Harold Joseph ( 1930 ) . Liberty in the Modern State . New York and London : Harpers and Brothers . Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India ; AIR 1978 S.C. 597 , ( 1978 ) . Pylee , M.V. ( 1999 ) . India 's constitution . New Delhi : S. Chand and Company . ISBN 81 - 219 - 1907 - X . O'Flaharty , W.D. ; J.D.M. , Derrett ( 1981 ) . The Concept of Duty in Asia ; African Charter on Human and People 's Right of 1981 . Article 29 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights and International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental%20Rights%2C%20Directive%20Principles%20and%20Fundamental%20Duties%20of%20India
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where does the term 6 feet under come from
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Foot ( unit )
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foot ( unit )
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The foot ( pl . feet ; abbreviation : ft ; symbol : ′ , the prime symbol ) is a unit of length in the imperial and US customary systems of measurement . Since 1959 , both units have been defined by international agreement as equivalent to 0.3048 meters exactly . In both systems , the foot comprises 12 inches and three feet compose a yard .
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Historically the `` foot '' was a part of many local systems of units , including the Greek , Roman , Chinese , French , and English systems . It varied in length from country to country , from city to city , and sometimes from trade to trade . Its length was usually between 250 mm and 335 mm and was generally , but not always , subdivided into 12 inches or 16 digits . The United States is the only industrialized nation that uses the international foot and the survey foot ( a customary unit of length ) in preference to the meter in its commercial , engineering , and standards activities . The foot is legally recognized in the United Kingdom ; road signs must use imperial units ( however distances on road signs are always marked in miles or yards , not feet ) , while its usage is widespread among the British public as a measurement of height . The foot is recognized as an alternative expression of length in Canada officially defined as a unit derived from the meter although both the U.K. and Canada have partially metricated their units of measurement . The measurement of altitude in international aviation is one of the few areas where the foot is used outside the English - speaking world . The length of the international foot corresponds to a human foot with shoe size of 13 ( UK ) , 14 ( US male ) , 15.5 ( US female ) or 46 ( EU sizing ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical origin 1.1 England 2 Definition 2.1 International foot 2.2 Pre-1959 2.3 Survey foot 2.3. 1 US survey foot 2.3. 2 Indian survey foot 3 Historical use 3.1 Metric foot 3.1. 1 France 3.1. 2 Germany 3.2 Other obsolete feet 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References Historical origin ( edit ) See also : pous Determination of the rod , using the length of the left foot of 16 randomly chosen people coming from church service . Woodcut published in the book Geometrei by Jakob Köbel ( Frankfurt , c. 1536 ) . Historically the human body has been used to provide the basis for units of length . The foot of a white male is typically about 15.3 % of his height , giving a person of 160 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) a foot of 245 mm ( 9.6 in ) and one of 180 cm ( 5 ft 11 in ) a foot of 275 mm ( 10.8 in ) . These figures are less than the foot used in most cities over time , suggesting that the `` foot '' was actually a synonym for a `` shoe '' . Archeologists believe that the Egyptians , Ancient Indians and Mesopotamians preferred the cubit while the Romans and the Greeks preferred the foot . Under the Harappan linear measures , Indus cities during the Bronze Age used a foot of 13.2 inches ( 333.5 mm ) and a cubit of 20.8 inches ( 528.3 mm ) . The Egyptian equivalent of the foot -- a measure of four palms or 16 digits -- was known as the djeser and has been reconstructed as about 30 cm ( 12 in ) . The Greek foot ( πούς , pous ) had a length of ⁄ of a stadion , one stadion being about 181.2 m , therefore a foot being at the time about 302 mm . Its exact size varied from city to city and could range as much as between 270 mm and 350 mm , but lengths used for temple construction appear to have been about 295 mm to 325 mm , the former being close to the size of the Roman foot . The standard Roman foot ( pes ) was normally about 295.7 mm ( 97 % of today 's measurement ) , but in the provinces , the pes Drusianus ( foot of Nero Claudius Drusus ) was used , with a length of about 334 mm . ( In reality , this foot predated Drusus . ) Originally both the Greeks and the Romans subdivided the foot into 16 digits , but in later years , the Romans also subdivided the foot into 12 unciae ( from which both the English words `` inch '' and `` ounce '' are derived ) . After the fall of the Roman Empire , some Roman traditions were continued but others fell into disuse . In AD 790 Charlemagne attempted to reform the units of measure in his domains . His units of length were based on the toise and in particular the toise de l'Écritoire , the distance between the fingertips of the outstretched arms of a man . The toise has 6 pieds ( feet ) each of 326.6 mm ( 12.86 in ) . He was unsuccessful in introducing a standard unit of length throughout his realm : an analysis of the measurements of Charlieu Abbey shows that during the 9th century the Roman foot of 296.1 mm was used ; when it was rebuilt in the 10th century , a foot of about 320 mm was used . At the same time , monastic buildings used the Carolingian foot of 340 mm . The procedure for verification of the foot as described in the 16th century by Jacob Koebel in his book Geometrei . Von künstlichem Feldmessen und absehen is : Stand at the door of a church on a Sunday and bid 16 men to stop , tall ones and small ones , as they happen to pass out when the service is finished ; then make them put their left feet one behind the other , and the length thus obtained shall be a right and lawful rood to measure and survey the land with , and the 16th part of it shall be the right and lawful foot . England ( edit ) The unofficial public imperial measurement standards erected at the Royal Observatory in Greenwich in the 19th century See also : yard The measures of Iron Age Britain are uncertain and proposed reconstructions such as the Megalithic Yard are controversial . Later Welsh legend credited Dyfnwal Moelmud with the establishment of their units , including a foot of 9 inches . The Belgic or North German foot of 335 mm ( 13.2 inches ) was introduced to England either by the Belgic Celts during their invasions prior to the Romans or by the Anglo - Saxons in the 5th & 6th century . Roman units were introduced following their invasion in AD 43 . The Roman foot had been previously standardized by Agrippa at around 296 mm or 11.65 inches . Following the Roman withdrawal and Saxon invasions , the Roman foot continued to be used in the construction crafts while the Belgic foot was used for land measurement . Both the Welsh and Belgic feet seem to have been based on multiples of the barleycorn , but by as early as 950 the English kings seem to have ( ineffectually ) ordered measures to be based upon an iron yardstick at Winchester and then London . Henry I was said to have ordered a new standard to be based upon his own arm and , by the c. 1300 Act concerning the Composition of Yards and Perches traditionally credited to Edward I or II , the statute foot was a different measure exactly ⁄ of the old foot . The barleycorn , inch , ell , and yard were likewise shrunk , while rods and furlongs remained the same . The ambiguity over the state of the mile was resolved by the 1593 Act against Converting of Great Houses into Several Tenements and for Restraint of Inmates and Inclosures in and near about the City of London and Westminster , which codified the statute mile as comprising 5,280 feet . The differences among the various physical standard yards around the world , revealed by increasingly powerful microscopes , eventually led to the 1959 adoption of the international foot defined in terms of the meter . Definition ( edit ) International foot ( edit ) The international yard and pound agreement of July 1959 defined the length of the international yard in the United States and countries of the Commonwealth of Nations as exactly 0.9144 meters . Consequently , the international foot is defined to be equal to exactly 0.3048 meters . This was 2 ppm shorter than the previous U.S. definition and 1.7 ppm longer than the previous British definition . The international standard symbol for a foot is `` ft '' ( see ISO 31 - 1 , Annex A ) . In some cases , the foot is denoted by a prime , which is often marked by an apostrophe , and the inch by a double prime ; for example , 2 feet 4 inches is sometimes denoted as 2 ′ − 4 '' , 2 ′ 4 '' or 2 ′ 4 '' . ( See ' minute ' for another case where prime and double prime symbols are used to denote first and second cuts in refining measurement . ) Pre-1959 ( edit ) In the United States , the foot was defined as 12 inches , with the inch being defined by the Mendenhall Order of 1893 by 39.37 inches = 1 m . In Imperial units , the foot was defined as ⁄ yard , with the yard being realized as a physical standard ( separate from the standard meter ) . The yard standards of the different Commonwealth countries were periodically compared with one another . The value of the United Kingdom primary standard of the yard was determined in terms of the meter by the National Physical Laboratory in 1964 as 6999914396900000000 ♠ 0.914 3969 m , implying a pre-1959 foot in the UK of approximately 6999304798966667000 ♠ 0.304 798 966 667 m . Survey foot ( edit ) When the international foot was defined in 1959 , a great deal of survey data was already available based on the former definitions , especially in the United States and in India . The small difference between the survey and the international foot would not be detectable on a survey of a small parcel , but becomes significant for mapping , or when the state plane coordinate system ( SPCS ) is used in the US , because the origin of the system may be hundreds of thousands of feet ( hundreds of miles ) from the point of interest . Hence the previous definitions continued to be used for surveying in the United States and India for many years , and are denoted survey feet to distinguish them from the international foot . The United Kingdom was unaffected by this problem , as the retriangulation of Great Britain ( 1936 -- 62 ) had been done in meters . US survey foot ( edit ) The United States survey foot is defined as exactly ⁄ meters , approximately 6999304800609601000 ♠ 0.304 800 609 601 m . Out of the 50 states , 24 have legislated that surveying measures should be based on the U.S. survey foot , eight have legislated that they be made on the basis of the international foot , and 18 have not specified the conversion factor from metric units . In 1986 the National Geodetic Survey ( NGS ) released the North American Datum of 1983 , which underlies the state plane coordinate systems and is entirely defined in meters . An NGS policy from 1991 has this to say about the units used with the new datum to define the SPCS 83 : In preparation for the adjustment of the North American Datum of 1983 , 31 states enacted legislation for the State Plane Coordinate System of 1983 ( SPCS 83 ) . All states defined SPCS 83 with metric parameters . Within the legislation , the U.S. Survey Foot was specified in 11 states and the International Foot was specified in 6 states . In all other states the meter is the only referenced unit of measure in the SPCS 83 legislation . The remaining 19 states do not yet have any legislation concerning SPCS 83 . Since then , 42 states have abandoned the non-metric versions of SPCS 83 : seven states continue to keep location data in survey feet as well as in meters , while one state keeps data in international feet as well as in meters . State legislation is also important for determining the conversion factor to be used for everyday land surveying and real estate transactions , although the difference ( 2 ppm ) is of no practical significance given the precision of normal surveying measurements over short distances ( usually much less than a mile ) . Indian survey foot ( edit ) The Indian survey foot is defined as exactly 6999304799600000000 ♠ 0.304 7996 m , presumably derived from a measurement of the previous Indian standard of the yard . The current National Topographic Database of the Survey of India is based on the metric WGS - 84 datum , which is also used by the Global Positioning System . Historical use ( edit ) Page from Austrian Lehrbuch des gesammten Rechnens für die vierte Classe der Hauptschulen in den k.k. Staaten -- 1848 Metric foot ( edit ) An ISO 2848 measure of 3 basic modules ( 30 cm ) is called a `` metric foot '' , but there were earlier distinct definitions of a metric foot during metrication in France and Germany . France ( edit ) In 1799 the meter became the official unit of length in France . This was not fully enforced , and in 1812 Napoleon introduced the system of mesures usuelles which restored the traditional French measurements in the retail trade , but redefined them in terms of metric units . The foot , or pied métrique , was defined as one third of a meter . This unit continued in use until 1837 . Germany ( edit ) In southwestern Germany in 1806 , the Confederation of the Rhine was founded and three different reformed feet were defined , all of which were based on the metric system : In Hesse , the Fuß ( foot ) was redefined as 25 cm . In Baden , the Fuß was redefined as 30 cm . In the Palatinate , the Fuß was redefined as being 33 ⁄ cm ( as in France ) . Other obsolete feet ( edit ) Prior to the introduction of the metric system , many European cities and countries used the foot , but it varied considerably in length : the voet in Ieper , Belgium , was 273.8 millimetres ( 10.78 in ) while the piede in Venice was 347.73 millimetres ( 13.690 in ) . Lists of conversion factors between the various units of measure were given in many European reference works including : Traité , Paris -- 1769 Palaiseau -- Bordeaux : 1816 de Gelder , Amsterdam and The Hague -- 1824 Horace , Brussels -- 1840 Noback & Noback ( 2 volumes ) , Leipzig -- 1851 Bruhns , Leipzig -- 1881 Many of these standards were peculiar to a particular city , especially in Germany ( which , before German Unification in 1871 , consisted of many kingdoms , principalities , free cities and so on ) . In many cases the length of the unit was not uniquely fixed : for example , the English foot was stated as 11 pouces 2.6 lignes ( French inches and lines ) by Picard , 11 pouces 3.11 lignes by Maskelyne and 11 pouces 3 lignes by D'Alembert . Most of the various feet in this list ceased to be used when the countries adopted the metric system . The Netherlands and modern Belgium adopted the metric system in 1817 , having used the mesures usuelles under Napoleon and the newly formed German Empire adopted the metric system in 1871 . The palm ( typically 200 mm to 280 mm ) was used in many Mediterranean cities instead of the foot . Horace Doursther , whose reference was published in Belgium which had the smallest foot measurements , grouped both units together , while J.F.G. Palaiseau devoted three chapters to units of length : one for linear measures ( palms and feet ) , one for cloth measures ( ells ) and one for distances traveled ( miles and leagues ) . In the table below , arbitrary cut - off points of 270 mm and 350 mm have been chosen . Location Modern Country Local name Metric equivalent ( mm ) Comments Vienna Austria Wiener Fuß 316.102 Tyrol Austria Fuß 334.12 Ieper / Ypres Belgium voet 273.8 Bruges / Brugge Belgium voet 274.3 Brussels Belgium voet 275.75 Hainaut Belgium pied 293.39 Liège Belgium pied 294.70 Kortrijk Belgium voet 297.6 Aalst Belgium voet 277.2 Mechelen Belgium voet 278.0 Leuven Belgium voet 285.5 Tournai Belgium pied 297.77 Antwerp Belgium voet 286.8 China China tradesman 's foot 338.3 China China mathematician 's foot 333.2 China China builder 's foot 322.8 China China surveyor 's foot 319.5 Moravia Czech Republic stopa 295.95 Prague Czech Republic stopa 296.4 ( 1851 ) Bohemian foot or shoe 301.7 ( 1759 ) Quoted as `` 11 pouces 1 ⁄ lignes '' Denmark Denmark Fod 313.85 Until 1835 , thereafter the Prussian foot 330.5 ( 1759 ) Quoted as `` 2 ⁄ lignes larger than the pied ( of Paris ) '' France France pied du roi 324.84 Angoulême France pied d'Angoulême 347.008 Bordeaux ( urban ) France pied de ville de Bordeaux 343.606 Bordeaux ( rural ) France pied de terre de Bordeaux 357.214 Strasbourg France pied de Strasbourg 294.95 Württemberg Germany Fuß 286.49 Hanover Germany Fuß 292.10 Augsburg Germany Römischer Fuß 296.17 Nuremberg Germany Fuß 303.75 Meiningen - Hildburghausen Germany Fuß 303.95 Oldenburg Germany Römischer Fuß 296.41 Weimar Germany Fuß 281.98 Lübeck Germany Fuß 287.62 Aschaffenburg Germany Fuß 287.5 Darmstadt Germany Fuß 287.6 Until 1818 , thereafter the Hessen `` metric foot '' Bremen Germany Fuß 289.35 Rhineland Germany Fuß 313.7 Berlin Germany Fuß 309.6 Hamburg Germany Fuß 286.8 Bavaria Germany Fuß 291.86 Aachen Germany Fuß 282.1 Leipzig Germany Fuß 282.67 Dresden Germany Fuß 283.11 Saxony Germany Fuß 283.19 Prussia Germany , Poland , Russia etc . Rheinfuß 313.85 Frankfurt am Main Germany Fuß 284.61 Venice & Lombardy Italy 347.73 Turin Italy 323.1 Rome Italy piede romano 297.896 Malta Malta 283.7 Utrecht Netherlands voet 272.8 Amsterdam Netherlands voet 283.133 Divided into 11 duimen ( inches ) Honsbossche en Rijpse Netherlands voet 285.0 ' s Hertogenbosch Netherlands voet 287.0 Gelderland Netherlands voet 292.0 Bloois ( Zeeland ) Netherlands voet 301.0 Schouw Netherlands voet 311.0 Rotterdam Netherlands voet 312.43 Rijnland Netherlands voet 314.858 Norway Norway fot 313.75 ( 1824 -- 1835 ) Thereafter as for Sweden Warsaw Poland stopa 297.8 until 1819 288.0 ( From 1819 ) Polish stopa Lisbon Portugal Pé 330.0 ( From 1835 ) Riga Latvia pēda 274.1 South Africa South Africa Cape foot 314.858 Originally equal to the Rijnland foot ; redefined as 1.033 English feet in 1859 . Burgos and Castile Spain Pie de Burgos / Castellano 278.6 ( 1759 ) Quoted as `` 122.43 lignes '' Toledo Spain Pie 279.0 ( 1759 ) Quoted as `` 10 pouces 3.7 lignes '' Sweden Sweden fot 296.9 = 12 tum ( inches ) . The Swedish fot was also used in Finland ( `` jalka '' ) . Zürich Switzerland 300.0 Galicia Ukraine , Poland stopa galicyjska 296.96 Part of Austria before World War I Scotland United Kingdom fuit , fit , troigh 305.287 ( In Belgium , the words pied ( French ) and voet ( Dutch ) would have been used interchangeably . ) Notes ^ Jump up to : The source document used pre-metric French units ( pied , pouce and lignes ) Jump up ^ The original meter was computed using pre-metric French Units Jump up ^ The Norwegian fot was defined in 1824 as the length of a ( theoretical ) pendulum that would have a period of ⁄ seconds at 45 ° from the equator Jump up ^ Prior to 1835 , the pé or foot was not used in Portugal -- instead a palm was used . In 1835 the size of the palm was increased from 217.37 mm ( according to Palaiseau ) to 220 mm Jump up ^ The Scots foot ceased to be legal after the Act of Union in 1707 See also ( edit ) Anthropic units English units Mermin 's foot Metric foot History of measurement Imperial units International System of Units Pous Systems of measurement United States customary units Units of measurement Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The original reference was given in a round number of centimeters References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Appendix G -- Weights and Measures '' . The World Factbook . Washington : Central Intelligence Agency . January 17 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2011 . Retrieved February 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Jon ( December 21 , 2011 ) . `` Will British people ever think in metric ? '' . BBC . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Alder , Ken ( 2002 ) . The Measure of all Things -- The Seven - Year - Odyssey that Transformed the World . London : Abacus . Jump up ^ Weights and Measures Act Archived December 28 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , accessed January 2012 , Act current to 2012 - 01 - 18 . Basis for units of measurement 4. ( 1 ) All units of measurement used in Canada shall be determined on the basis of the International System of Units established by the General Conference of Weights and Measures . ( ... ) Canadian units ( 5 ) The Canadian units of measurement are as set out and defined in Schedule II , and the symbols and abbreviations therefore are as added pursuant to subparagraph 6 ( 1 ) ( b ) ( ii ) . Jump up ^ Weights and Measures Act Archived October 16 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Oswald Ashton Wentworth Dilke ( May 22 , 1987 ) . Mathematics and measurement . University of California Press . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 06072 - 2 . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fessler , Daniel M ; Haley , Kevin J ; Lal , Roshni D ( January -- February 2005 ) . `` Sexual dimorphism in foot length proportionate to stature '' ( PDF ) . Annals of Human Biology . 32 ( 1 ) : 44 -- 59 . doi : 10.1080 / 03014460400027581 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on June 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kenoyer JM ( 2010 ) `` Measuring the Harappan world , '' in Morley I & Renfrew C ( edd ) The Archaeology of Measurement , 117 ; `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 26 , 2015 . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Herodotus ; Rawlinson , George ( May 14 , 1861 ) . `` History of Herodotus : a new English version '' . New York D. Appleton -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ `` Epidauros , Stadium ( Building ) '' . www.perseus.tufts.edu . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Oswald Ashton Wentworth Dilke ( May 22 , 1987 ) . Mathematics and measurement . University of California Press . p. 26 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 06072 - 2 . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Russ Rowlett . `` How Many ? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement '' . Center for Mathematics and Science Education , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2013 . Retrieved February 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sutherland , Elizabeth R ( May 1957 ) . `` Feet and dates at Charlieu '' . Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 16 ( 2 ) . JSTOR 987740 . Jump up ^ Jacob Koebel ( 16th century ) . Geometrei . Von künstlichem Feldmessen und absehen ( in German ) . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2011 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Great Britain ( 1762 ) . The statutes at large : from the Magna Charta , to the end of the eleventh Parliament of Great Britain , anno 1761 ( continued to 1807 ) . The statutes at large . 1 . Printed by J. Bentham . p. 400 . Retrieved November 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Zupko , Ronald Edward ( 1977 ) . British Weights and Measures : A History from Antiquity to the Seventeenth Century . University of Wisconsin Press . pp. 6 , 10 , 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 07340 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` On what basis is one inch exactly equal to 25.4 mm ? Has the imperial inch been adjusted to give this exact fit and if so when ? '' . National Physical Laboratory . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2012 . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ See , for example , Report on the Comparisons of the Parliamentary Copies of the Imperial Standards with the Imperial Standard Yard and the Imperial Standard Pound and with each other during the Years 1947 to 1948 ( H.M.S.O. , London , 1950 ) . Report on the Comparisons of the Parliamentary Copies of the Imperial Standards with each other during the Year 1957 ( H.M.S.O. , London , 1958 ) . Jump up ^ Bigg , P.H. ; Anderton , Pamela ( March 1964 ) , `` The United Kingdom standards of the yard in terms of the meter '' , British Journal of Applied Physics , 15 ( 3 ) : 291 -- 300 , Bibcode : 1964BJAP ... 15 ... 291B , doi : 10.1088 / 0508 - 3443 / 15 / 3 / 308 CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ A.V. Astin & H. Arnold Karo , ( 1959 ) , Refinement of values for the yard and the pound Archived August 21 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine. , Washington DC : National Bureau of Standards , republished on National Geodetic Survey web site and the Federal Register ( Doc . 59 - 5442 , Filed , June 30 , 1959 , 8 : 45 am ) ^ Jump up to : National Geodetic Survey ( n.d. ) , `` What are the `` official '' conversions that are used by NGS to convert 1 ) meters to inches , and 2 ) meters to feet ? `` , Frequently Asked Questions about the National Geodetic Survey , archived from the original on October 19 , 2011 , retrieved May 16 , 2009 Jump up ^ National Geodetic Survey ( January 1991 ) , Policy of the National Geodetic Survey Concerning Units of Measure for the State Plane Coordinate System of 1983 Archived December 3 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Schedule to the Standards of Weights and Measures Act , 1976 . Jump up ^ Survey of India , `` National Map Policy -- 2005 '' Archived March 31 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Dr. Franz Mozhnik : Lehrbuch des gesammten Rechnens für die vierte Classe der Hauptschulen in den k.k. Staaten . Im Verlage der k.k. Schulbücher Verschleiß - Administration bey St. Anna in der Johannisgasse -- Wien 1848 Jump up ^ Denis Février . `` Un historique du mètre '' ( in French ) . Ministère de l'Économie , des Finances et de l'Industrie . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2011 . Retrieved March 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amtliche Maßeinheiten in Europa 1842 '' ( Official measures in Europe 1842 ) ( in German ) . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2013 . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : d'Anville , Jean Baptiste Bourguignon ( 1769 ) . Traité des mesures itinéraires anciennes et modernes ( Treatise of ancient and modern measures of distance ) ( in French ) . Paris : de l'Imprimerie Royale . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Palaiseau , JFG ( October 1816 ) . Métrologie universelle , ancienne et moderne : ou rapport des poids et mesures des empires , royaumes , duchés et principautés des quatre parties du monde . Bordeaux . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Jacob de Gelder ( 1824 ) . Allereerste Gronden der Cijferkunst ( Introduction to Numeracy ) ( in Dutch ) . ' s - Gravenhage ( The Hague ) and Amsterdam : de Gebroeders van Cleef . pp. 163 -- 176 . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Doursther , Horace ( 1840 ) . Dictionnaire universel des poids et mesures anciens et modernes . Brussels : M. Hayez . pp. 402 -- 418 . Retrieved October 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Noback , Christian ; Noback , Friedrich Eduard ( 1851 ) . Vollständiges tasehenbuch der Münz - , Maass - und Gewichts - Verhältnisse etc . aller Länder und Handelsplätze ( Comprehensive pocketbook of money , weights and measures for all counties and trading centres ) ( in German ) . I. Leipzig : F. А . Brockhaus . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Noback , Christian ; Noback , Friedrich Eduard ( 1851 ) . Vollständiges tasehenbuch der Münz - , Maass - und Gewichts - Verhältnisse etc . aller Länder und Handelsplätze ( Comprehensive pocketbook of money , weights and measures for all counties and trading centres ) ( in German ) . II . Leipzig : F. А . Brockhaus . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bruhns , Carl ( 1881 ) . new manual of logarithms to seven places of decimals . Leipzig : Bernhard Tauchnitz . p. 610 . Retrieved October 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Thomas Jefferson ( July 13 , 1790 ) . `` Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage , Weights , and Measures of the United States '' . United States House of Representatives . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2011 . Retrieved November 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jacob de Gelder ( 1824 ) . Allereerste Gronden der Cijferkunst ( Introduction to Numeracy ) ( in Dutch ) . The Hague and Amsterdam : de Gebroeders van Cleef . pp. 155 -- 157 . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreas Dreizler ; et al. ( April 20 , 2009 ) . `` Metrologie '' ( PDF ) ( in German ) . Technische Universität Darmstadt . Retrieved March 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ File ^ Jump up to : `` Maten en gewichten '' ( Weights and measures ) ( in Dutch ) . Vlaamse Vereniging voor Familiekunde ( Flemish Association for Family History ) . 2011 . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2012 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Rose , Joshua ( 1900 ) . Pattern Makers Assistant ( 9th ed . ) . New York : D. van Nostrand Co. p. 264 . Jump up ^ `` Les anciennes unités et leurs équivalences '' ( Old units and their equivalences ) ( in French ) . Le Cybergroupe Généalogique de Charente Poitevine. 2011 . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2011 . Retrieved February 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Guilhiermoz , P ( 1913 ) . `` De l'équivalence des anciennes mesures . A propos d'une publication récente '' ( Values of ancient measures quoted in recent publications ) . Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes ( in French ) . 74 : 267 -- 328 . doi : 10.3406 / bec. 1913.448498 . Jump up ^ halbo , leif ( July 21 , 2005 ) . `` Mål , vekt og norsk selvstendighet '' ( Dimensions , weight and Norwegian independence ) . Aftenposten . Jump up ^ -- Information copied from pl : Stopa polska Jump up ^ Tomasz Zakiewicz ( April 2005 ) . `` The Cape Geodetic Standards and Their Impact on Africa '' ( PDF ) . FIG , Cairo . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on January 20 , 2012 . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Scottish Weights and Measures : Distance and Area '' . Scottish Archive Network . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2009 . Retrieved January 28 , 2010 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foot_(unit)&oldid=841170437 '' Categories : Customary units of measurement in the United States Human - based units of measurement Imperial units Units of length Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 errors : dates CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Articles with dead external links from February 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 Use mdy dates from April 2012 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from March 2012 Articles containing Greek - language text Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing French - language text Articles containing German - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Aymar aru বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lingála Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پښتو Patois Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro Walon Winaray 粵語 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 85 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 12 : 48 . 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the story of the east v west coast beef
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East Coast -- West Coast hip hop rivalry
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east coast - - west coast hip hop rivalry
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The East Coast -- West Coast hip hop rivalry was a feud between artists and fans of the East Coast hip hop and West Coast hip hop scenes in the United States , especially from the mid to late 1990s . Focal points of the feud were West Coast - based rapper Tupac Shakur ( and his Los Angeles - based label , Death Row Records ) , and East Coast - based rapper The Notorious B.I.G. ( and his New York - based label , Bad Boy Records ) , who were both fatally shot following drive - by shootings by unknown assailants in 1996 and 1997 , respectively .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins of Hip - Hop 1.1 Emergence of the West Coast 1.2 Revival of the East 2 Rivalry 2.1 Tim Dog 2.2 Bad Boy vs. Death Row 2.3 2Pac vs. The Notorious B.I.G. 3 Hip - Hop Peace Summits 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Origins of hip - hop ( edit ) Hip hop emerged in the 1970s on the streets of South Bronx . Powered by DJs such as Kool Herc , Grandmaster Flash , and Afrika Bambaataa , the new genre became popular throughout the city 's neighborhoods . The New York City area remained the forefront for rap music throughout the mid - ' 80s , becoming home to numerous stars like Run - DMC , A Tribe Called Quest , LL Cool J , KRS - One , Doug E. Fresh , Rakim , Big Daddy Kane , Biz Markie , Slick Rick , The Beastie Boys , Salt - n - Pepa , and others . In the early 1990s hip hop functioned to give the black community a voice in the public sphere . Hip hop gained appeal among African - Americans because of the `` authentic '' nature of the lyrical content to which they could relate . Over time , hip hop and gangsta rap became tools for competing record labels and their sometimes - associated gangs , as a way to build up reputations and increase commercial sales . Emergence of the West Coast ( edit ) In 1986 , Crenshaw - based Ice - T released the song `` 6 in the Mornin ' . '' It is considered by many critics as the very first gangsta rap song . The LA gangsta rap scene exploded afterward . With the help of friend Jerry Heller , Eazy - E founded Ruthless Records on March 3 , 1986 . Shortly afterwards , his group N.W.A released the Panic Zone EP . It contained the title track ( Arabian Prince ) , `` 8 Ball '' ( Eazy - E ) , and the well - known `` Dope Man '' ( Ice Cube ) . Despite its popularity , `` Dope Man '' was never released as a proper single . In a way , the song set the bar for later hits with its profanity - driven lyrics . The group 's debut album was released later in the year . It featured the Fila Fresh Crew and a young The D.O.C. The most popular song on the release was the famous track `` Boyz - n - the - Hood '' . Although the track was written by Ice Cube , Eazy - E handled the vocals . A disagreement over money saw Arabian Prince leave N.W.A just before the release of their ground - breaking Straight Outta Compton . Eazy - E 's friend MC Ren filled his place . Backed by hit singles such as the title track , `` Fuck tha Police '' , and `` Gangsta Gangsta '' , the album redefined hip hop genre and cemented the West Coast 's presence in the nation 's rap scene . Financial issues led to the break up of the group . Eazy - E remained the wealthy owner / manager of his Ruthless label . Ice Cube released a string of successful albums that included AmeriKKKa 's Most Wanted and Death Certificate . Dr. Dre would go on to co-own Death Row Records with Suge Knight . At Death Row , Dr. Dre released one of the most influential hip hop albums of all time in The Chronic . It revolutionized the G - Funk movement . Other successful stars on the label included Snoop Doggy Dogg , Tupac Shakur , Warren G , The Lady of Rage , Nate Dogg , Daz Dillinger and Kurupt of Tha Dogg Pound . By the mid 1990s the West Coast had separated itself as the dominant region in hip hop . Revival of the East ( edit ) On November 9 , 1993 , New York group Wu - Tang Clan released their debut album Enter the Wu - Tang ( 36 Chambers ) , which not only put East coast back on the radar , but was revolutionary . The album was not like the older New York rap as it was dark , rugged and technical in lyricism . Later in April 1994 , 20 - year - old , Queens - based MC Nas released Illmatic . Five of the album 's ten tracks reached single status , in addition to receiving a coveted five - mic rating from The Source magazine . It also featured simple , menacing beats and dark street narratives marking a new sound to east coast hip hop . The release of these two albums was vital in flipping the spotlight back to the east coast , facilitating the so - called East Coast Renaissance . A few months later , the then 22 - year - old Notorious B.I.G. released Ready to Die , considered by many to be a hip - hop classic . The album was certified gold within two months of release and helped put Bad Boy Records on the map . On June 25 , 1996 , Brooklyn native Jay - Z debuted with Reasonable Doubt and continued the legacy of the East Coast Hip - Hop scene . Rivalry ( edit ) Tim Dog ( edit ) In 1991 , angry at record companies ' rejections of East Coast artists and the growing popularity of West Coast hip hop , Bronx rapper Tim Dog decided to voice his anger on the notorious diss track `` Fuck Compton '' . It contained shots at the entire LA rap scene , particularly the members of NWA . The music video featured violent threats aimed at Eazy - E , Dr. Dre and Michel'le look - a-likes , as well as DJ Quik and Ice Cube . There were several responses from numerous West Coast artists . One of the most notable was the hit `` Fuck wit Dre Day ( And Everybody 's Celebratin ' ) '' which featured Snoop Doggy Dogg dissing Tim Dog ( as well as Eazy E and others ) , and a separate skit called the `` $20 Sack Pyramid '' , both featured on Dr. Dre 's The Chronic album . Bad Boy vs Death Row ( edit ) `` Puff Daddy '' Sean Combs In 1993 , fledgling A&R executive and record producer `` Puff Daddy '' Sean Combs founded the New York - centered hip - hop label , Bad Boy Records . The next year , the label 's debut releases by Brooklyn - based rapper `` The Notorious B.I.G. '' ( also known as Biggie Smalls ; born Christopher Wallace ) and Long Island - based rapper Craig Mack became immediate critical and commercial successes , and seemed to revitalize the East Coast hip - hop scene by 1995 . New York born and California - based rapper Tupac Shakur publicly accused The Notorious B.I.G , Andre Harrell , and Sean Combs of involvement in his shooting ( and robbery ) in the lobby of Quad Recording Studios in Manhattan on November 30 , 1994 . Shortly after 2Pac 's shooting , `` Who Shot Ya ? , '' a B - side track from BIG 's `` Big Poppa '' single was released . Although Combs and Wallace denied having anything to do with the shooting and stated that `` Who Shot Ya ? '' had been recorded before the shooting , 2Pac and the majority of the hip hop community interpreted it as B.I.G. 's way of taunting him . In August 1995 , Death Row CEO Suge Knight took a dig at Bad Boy and Combs at that year 's Source Awards ; announcing to the assembly of artists and industry figures : `` Any artist out there that want to be an artist and stay a star , and do n't have to worry about the executive producer trying to be all in the videos ... All on the records ... dancing , come to Death Row ! '' It was a direct reference to Combs ' tendency of ad - libbing on his artists ' songs and dancing in their videos . With the ceremony being held in New York , to the audience , Knight 's comments seemed a slight to the entire East Coast hip - hop scene , and resulted in boos from the crowd . Problems continued when Knight later attended a party for producer Jermaine Dupri in Atlanta . During the bash , a close friend of Knight 's ( Jake Robles ) was fatally shot . Knight accused Combs ( also in attendance ) of having something to do with the shooting . The same year , Knight posted the $1.4 million bail of the then - incarcerated 2Pac , in exchange for his signing with Death Row Records . Shortly after the rapper 's release for five counts of sex abuse in October 1995 , he proceeded to join Knight in furthering Death Row 's feud with Bad Boy Records . Tha Dogg Pound 's single `` New York , New York '' , supported by a music video featuring a gigantic Snoop Dogg destroying various NYC buildings , interpreted as a direct insult towards New York and the East Coast . Tha Dogg Pound were allegedly even shot at while making the video in New York City . In response to the song , East Coast hip hop duo Capone - N - Noreaga , released the single `` L.A L.A '' . 2Pac vs the Notorious B.I.G. ( edit ) `` Who Shot Ya ? '' `` C'mere c'mere ... open your fucking mouth ... Did n't I tell you not to fuck with me ? ... Ca n't talk with a gun in your mouth huh ? ... Bitch - ass nigga , what ? '' - The Notorious B.I.G. `` Hit ' Em Up '' Who shot me ? But ya punks did n't finish now you ' bout to feel the wrath of a menace nigga , I hit ' em up ! - 2Pac After the release of `` Who Shot Ya ? '' , which Shakur interpreted as a diss song mocking about his robbery / shooting , 2Pac appeared on numerous tracks aiming threatening and / or antagonistic insults at Biggie , Bad Boy as a label , and anyone affiliated with them from late 1995 to 1996 . Examples include the songs `` Against All Odds '' , `` Bomb First ( My Second Reply ) '' and `` Hit ' Em Up '' . During this time the media became heavily involved and dubbed the rivalry a coastal rap war , reporting on it continually . This caused fans from both scenes to take sides . Although an official retaliation record was never released by the Brooklyn MC in response to Shakur 's slurs , a certain number of Biggie 's lyrics were interpreted by listeners as subliminal shots aimed at Shakur , in particular the track `` Long Kiss Goodnight '' , which Lil ' Cease claimed was about 2Pac in an XXL interview . Puffy , however , steadfastly denied this theory , affirming that if Biggie were to diss 2Pac , he would have called him out by name . On September 7 , 1996 , Tupac Shakur was fatally shot in a drive - by shooting at the intersection of Flamingo Road and Koval Lane in Las Vegas , Nevada . He was taken to the University Medical Center of Southern Nevada , where he died six days later . In 2002 , Chuck Phillips wrote the article `` Who Killed Tupac Shakur ? '' reporting that , `` the shooting was carried out by a Compton gang called the Southside Crips to avenge the beating of one of its members by Shakur a few hours earlier ... Orlando Anderson , the Crip whom Shakur had attacked , fired the fatal shots . Las Vegas police discounted Anderson as a suspect and interviewed him only once , briefly . He was later killed in an unrelated gang shooting '' nearly 2 years later on May 29 , 1998 . The Phillips article and its follow - up , `` How Vegas Police Probe Floundered in Tupac Shakur Case '' also implicated East Coast rappers including Biggie Smalls . Six months after Tupac 's death , on March 9 , 1997 , The Notorious B.I.G. was killed in a drive - by shooting by an unknown assailant in Los Angeles , California . Hip - hop peace summits ( edit ) On September 22 , 1996 , a peace summit was convened at Mosque Maryam by Louis Farrakhan in the wake of the murder of Tupac Shakur , and another after the shooting of Biggie Smalls . Minister Farrakhan continues these summits , which have been held since the 1980s , where he calls for peace . See also ( edit ) It Was Written , a 1996 album by East Coast rapper , Nas , that was produced by West Coast producer Dr. Dre during the period of the rivalry . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Iton , Richard ( 2008 ) . In Search of the Black Fantastic . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Mark Pitts '' . HitQuarters. April 26 , 2006 . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Alumni Bulletin - Alumni - Harvard Business School '' . Alumni.hbs.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Slain rapper Notorious B.I.G. was ' ready to die ' '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . March 10 , 1997 . ^ Jump up to : `` Why the West is Winning : Milwaukee players talk about the rap wars between the coasts '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . May 10 , 1995 . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Hollywood or bust - up '' . The Observer . July 7 , 1996 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Homeboy as Mogul , And the Mogul as Rapper '' . NY Times . July 20 , 1997 . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` A History of Modern Music : Part three : Hip - hop and R&B : 35 . The death of Tupac Shakur and Biggie Smalls , 1996 -- 1997 '' . The Guardian . June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-LAPD detective : ' Suge Knight and P Diddy were behind hits on Biggie and Tupac ' '' . NME . October 4 , 2011 . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Big Life : The rise and fall of Biggie Smalls '' . The Guardian . January 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gangsta rap : East Coast vs West Coast '' . New Straits Times . May 21 , 1997 . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Requiem for a Gangsta '' . Newsweek . March 24 , 1997 . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Source Of Trouble Shots , suits & shaky circulation threaten to rip apart hip - hop mag '' . New York Daily News . August 3 , 2005 . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Turbulent Life and Times Of a Rap Mogul '' . The Washington Post . June 17 , 2007 . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Rap Column : Notorious Wins B.I.G. , Minor Regional Fracas Among Highlights Of Awards '' . Billboard . August 26 , 1995 . Retrieved 17 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Gamble , Ronnie ( August 25 , 2010 ) . `` Dangerous Crew 's Shorty B Preps Book About His Life In The Music Biz '' . Baller Status . Retrieved 5 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MTV party shooting revives rap wars '' . The Times . August 29 , 2005 . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Police probe Puff Daddy on Atlanta killing '' . The Sunday Times . January 28 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Tupac Shakur out on $ 1.4 - million bail '' . St. Petersburg Times . October 14 , 1995 . ^ Jump up to : `` Notorious B.I.G. Lyrics - `` Who Shot Ya '' `` . AZ Lyrics . Jump up ^ `` L.a. times links diddy to 1994 shooting of tupac '' . The Boom Box . March 17 , 2008 . Retrieved December 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Man Says He Shot Tupac at Quad Studio '' . The Root . June 16 , 2011 . Retrieved December 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Biggie Smalls was murdered 12 years ago . Now Jamal Woolard 's portrayal of the rapper in Notorious is bringing pain among the plaudits , such is his uncanny likeness to him '' . The Scotsman . January 13 , 2009 . Retrieved December 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` THE RAP WARS / EAST COAST VS . WEST COAST '' . Newsday . September 23 , 1996 . Jump up ^ `` Gangsta Life And Death ; For Tupac Shakur , Violence Was Part of the Act '' . The Washington Post . September 16 , 1996 . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 8 Subliminal Diss Records That No One Claims '' . XXL . November 5 , 2010 . Retrieved December 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Planas , Antonio Planas ( 2011 - 04 - 07 ) . `` FBI outlines parallels in Notorious B.I.G. , Tupac slayings '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ PHILIPS , CHUCK ( 2002 - 09 - 06 ) . `` Who Killed Tupac Shakur ? '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` How Vegas police probe floundered in Tupac Shakur case '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Coleman , Chrisena ( 1996 - 09 - 18 ) . `` Rappers In Peace Summit '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Loose , Cindy ( 1970 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Farrakhan To Sponsor Anti-Violence Rap Concert In D.C. '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Muwakkil , Salim ( 2003 - 12 - 15 ) . `` Farrakhan and the Beefs of Rap '' . In These Times . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Farrakhan to Speak to 900 Gang Leaders to ' Stop the Killing ' - latimes '' . Articles.latimes.com. 2010 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ Muhammad , Jehron ( 2015 - 09 - 17 ) . `` Jehron Muhammad : Islam 's influence on hip - hop '' . Philly.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Farrakhan Preaches Responsibility At Hip - Hop Summit '' . Billboard. 2002 - 02 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . External links ( edit ) `` All about West Coast Rap '' . by Shmuga . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_Coast -- West_Coast_hip_hop_rivalry&oldid = 801616435 '' Categories : American hip hop East Coast hip hop West Coast hip hop History of hip hop Hip hop feuds Civil wars involving the states and peoples of North America 1990s in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2016 Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Deutsch Español Français Italiano Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 19 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when did the last earthquake occur in india
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Date Location Mag . Deaths Injuries Total damage / notes 2017 - 01 - 03 India , Bangladesh 5.7 M V 8 2016 - 01 - 04 India , Myanmar , Bangladesh 6.7 M VII 11 200 2015 - 10 - 26 Afghanistan , India , Pakistan 7.7 M VII 399 2,536 2015 - 05 - 12 Nepal , India 7.3 M VIII 218 3,500 + 2015 - 04 - 25 Nepal , India 7.8 M IX 8,964 21,952 $10 billion 2013 - 05 - 01 Kashmir 5.7 M 90 $19.5 million NGDC 2011 - 09 - 18 Gangtok , Sikkim 6.9 M VII > 111 2009 - 08 - 10 Andaman Islands 7.5 M VIII Tsunami warning issued 2008 - 02 - 06 West Bengal 4.3 M 50 Buildings damaged NGDC 2007 - 11 - 06 Gujarat 5.1 M V Buildings damaged 2006 - 03 - 07 Gujarat 5.5 M VI 7 Buildings damaged 2006 - 02 - 14 Sikkim 5.3 M V Landslide 2005 - 12 - 14 Uttarakhand 5.1 M VI Building destroyed 2005 - 10 - 08 Kashmir 7.6 M VIII 86,000 -- 87,351 69,000 -- 75,266 2.8 million displaced 2005 - 03 - 15 Maharashtra 4.9 M VII 45 Buildings damaged 2004 - 12 - 26 off northern Sumatra 9.1 -- 9.3 M IX 230,000 -- 280,000 Destructive tsunami 2002 - 09 - 13 Andaman Islands 6.5 M Destructive tsunami NGDC 2001 - 01 - 26 Gujarat 7.7 M X 13,805 -- 20,023 ~ 166,800 Republic Day ( India ) 1999 - 03 - 29 Chamoli district - Uttarakhand 6.8 M VIII ~ 103 1997 - 11 - 21 Bangladesh , India 6.1 M 23 200 1997 - 05 - 22 Jabalpur , Madhya Pradesh 5.8 M VIII 38 -- 56 1,000 -- 1,500 $37 -- 143 million 1993 - 09 - 30 Latur , Maharashtra 6.2 M VIII 9,748 30,000 1991 - 10 - 20 Uttarkashi , Uttarakhand 6.8 M IX 768 -- 2,000 1,383 -- 1,800 1988 - 08 - 21 Udayapur , Nepal 6.9 M VIII 709 -- 1,450 1988 - 08 - 06 Myannmar , India 7.3 M VII 12 1988 - 02 - 06 Bangladesh , India 5.9 M 100 1986 - 04 - 26 India , Pakistan 5.3 M 6 30 Severe damage NGDC 1984 - 12 - 30 Cachar district 5.6 M 20 100 Severe damage NGDC 1982 - 01 - 20 Little Nicobar 6.3 M Some Moderate damage NGDC 1980 - 08 - 23 Kashmir 4.8 M Few Limited damage / doublet NGDC 1980 - 08 - 23 Kashmir 4.9 M 15 40 Moderate damage / doublet NGDC 1980 - 07 - 29 Nepal , Pithoragarh district 6.5 M 200 Many $245 million NGDC 1975 - 01 - 19 Himachal Pradesh 6.8 M IX 47 1970 - 03 - 23 Bharuch district 5.4 M 26 200 Moderate damage NGDC 1967 - 12 - 11 Maharashtra 6.6 M VIII 177 -- 180 2,272 $400,000 1966 - 08 - 15 North India 5.6 15 Limited damage NGDC 1966 - 06 - 27 Nepal , India 5.3 M VIII 80 100 $1 million NGDC 1963 - 09 - 02 Kashmir 5.3 80 Moderate damage NGDC 1960 - 08 - 27 North India Moderate damage NGDC 1956 - 07 - 21 Gujarat 6.1 M IX 115 254 1954 - 03 - 21 India , Myannmar 7.4 M Moderate damage NGDC 1950 - 08 - 15 Assam , Tibet 8.6 M XI 1,500 -- 3,300 1947 - 07 - 29 India , China 7.3 M 1941 - 06 - 26 Andaman Islands 7.7 -- 8.1 M 8,000 Destructive tsunami 1935 - 05 - 31 Quetta , Baluchistan 7.7 M X 30,000 -- 60,000 1934 - 01 - 15 Nepal 8.0 M XI 6,000 -- 10,700 1932 - 08 - 14 Assam , Myannmar 7.0 M Moderate damage NGDC 1905 - 04 - 04 Kangra 7.8 M IX > 20,000 1897 - 06 - 12 Shillong , India 8.0 M X 1,542 1885 - 06 - 06 Kashmir Severe damage NGDC 1885 - 05 - 30 Srinagar 3,000 Extreme damage NGDC 1881 - 12 - 31 Andaman Islands 7.9 M VII Significant in seismology 1869 - 01 - 10 Assam , Cachar 7.4 M VII Severe damage 1845 - 06 - 19 Rann of Kutch 6.3 M VIII Few Limited damage / tsunami NGDC 1843 - 04 - 01 Deccan Plateau Moderate damage NGDC 1833 - 08 - 26 Bihar , Kathmandu 8.0 M Severe damage NGDC 1828 - 06 - 06 Kashmir 1,000 Severe damage NGDC 1819 - 06 - 16 Gujarat 7.7 -- 8.2 M XI > 1,543 Formed the Allah Bund 1618 - 05 - 26 Bombay IX 2,000 Severe damage NGDC 1505 - 06 - 06 Saldang , Karnali zone 8.2 -- 8.8 6,000 Note : The inclusion criteria for adding events are based on WikiProject Earthquakes ' notability guideline that was developed for stand alone articles . The principles described also apply to lists . In summary , only damaging , injurious , or deadly events should be recorded .
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2017 - 01 - 03
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List of earthquakes in India
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list of earthquakes in india
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The Indian subcontinent has a history of earthquakes . The reason for the intensity and high frequency of earthquakes is the Indian plate driving into Asia at a rate of approximately 47 mm / year . The following is a list of major earthquakes which have occurred in India .
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Date Location Mag . Deaths Injuries Total damage / notes 2017 - 01 - 03 India , Bangladesh 5.7 M V 8 2016 - 01 - 04 India , Myanmar , Bangladesh 6.7 M VII 11 200 2015 - 10 - 26 Afghanistan , India , Pakistan 7.7 M VII 399 2,536 2015 - 05 - 12 Nepal , India 7.3 M VIII 218 3,500 + 2015 - 04 - 25 Nepal , India 7.8 M IX 8,964 21,952 $10 billion 2013 - 05 - 01 Kashmir 5.7 M 90 $19.5 million NGDC 2011 - 09 - 18 Gangtok , Sikkim 6.9 M VII > 111 2009 - 08 - 10 Andaman Islands 7.5 M VIII Tsunami warning issued 2008 - 02 - 06 West Bengal 4.3 M 50 Buildings damaged NGDC 2007 - 11 - 06 Gujarat 5.1 M V Buildings damaged 2006 - 03 - 07 Gujarat 5.5 M VI 7 Buildings damaged 2006 - 02 - 14 Sikkim 5.3 M V Landslide 2005 - 12 - 14 Uttarakhand 5.1 M VI Building destroyed 2005 - 10 - 08 Kashmir 7.6 M VIII 86,000 -- 87,351 69,000 -- 75,266 2.8 million displaced 2005 - 03 - 15 Maharashtra 4.9 M VII 45 Buildings damaged 2004 - 12 - 26 off northern Sumatra 9.1 -- 9.3 M IX 230,000 -- 280,000 Destructive tsunami 2002 - 09 - 13 Andaman Islands 6.5 M Destructive tsunami NGDC 2001 - 01 - 26 Gujarat 7.7 M X 13,805 -- 20,023 ~ 166,800 Republic Day ( India ) 1999 - 03 - 29 Chamoli district - Uttarakhand 6.8 M VIII ~ 103 1997 - 11 - 21 Bangladesh , India 6.1 M 23 200 1997 - 05 - 22 Jabalpur , Madhya Pradesh 5.8 M VIII 38 -- 56 1,000 -- 1,500 $37 -- 143 million 1993 - 09 - 30 Latur , Maharashtra 6.2 M VIII 9,748 30,000 1991 - 10 - 20 Uttarkashi , Uttarakhand 6.8 M IX 768 -- 2,000 1,383 -- 1,800 1988 - 08 - 21 Udayapur , Nepal 6.9 M VIII 709 -- 1,450 1988 - 08 - 06 Myannmar , India 7.3 M VII 12 1988 - 02 - 06 Bangladesh , India 5.9 M 100 1986 - 04 - 26 India , Pakistan 5.3 M 6 30 Severe damage NGDC 1984 - 12 - 30 Cachar district 5.6 M 20 100 Severe damage NGDC 1982 - 01 - 20 Little Nicobar 6.3 M Some Moderate damage NGDC 1980 - 08 - 23 Kashmir 4.8 M Few Limited damage / doublet NGDC 1980 - 08 - 23 Kashmir 4.9 M 15 40 Moderate damage / doublet NGDC 1980 - 07 - 29 Nepal , Pithoragarh district 6.5 M 200 Many $245 million NGDC 1975 - 01 - 19 Himachal Pradesh 6.8 M IX 47 1970 - 03 - 23 Bharuch district 5.4 M 26 200 Moderate damage NGDC 1967 - 12 - 11 Maharashtra 6.6 M VIII 177 -- 180 2,272 $400,000 1966 - 08 - 15 North India 5.6 15 Limited damage NGDC 1966 - 06 - 27 Nepal , India 5.3 M VIII 80 100 $1 million NGDC 1963 - 09 - 02 Kashmir 5.3 80 Moderate damage NGDC 1960 - 08 - 27 North India Moderate damage NGDC 1956 - 07 - 21 Gujarat 6.1 M IX 115 254 1954 - 03 - 21 India , Myannmar 7.4 M Moderate damage NGDC 1950 - 08 - 15 Assam , Tibet 8.6 M XI 1,500 -- 3,300 1947 - 07 - 29 India , China 7.3 M 1941 - 06 - 26 Andaman Islands 7.7 -- 8.1 M 8,000 Destructive tsunami 1935 - 05 - 31 Quetta , Baluchistan 7.7 M X 30,000 -- 60,000 1934 - 01 - 15 Nepal 8.0 M XI 6,000 -- 10,700 1932 - 08 - 14 Assam , Myannmar 7.0 M Moderate damage NGDC 1905 - 04 - 04 Kangra 7.8 M IX > 20,000 1897 - 06 - 12 Shillong , India 8.0 M X 1,542 1885 - 06 - 06 Kashmir Severe damage NGDC 1885 - 05 - 30 Srinagar 3,000 Extreme damage NGDC 1881 - 12 - 31 Andaman Islands 7.9 M VII Significant in seismology 1869 - 01 - 10 Assam , Cachar 7.4 M VII Severe damage 1845 - 06 - 19 Rann of Kutch 6.3 M VIII Few Limited damage / tsunami NGDC 1843 - 04 - 01 Deccan Plateau Moderate damage NGDC 1833 - 08 - 26 Bihar , Kathmandu 8.0 M Severe damage NGDC 1828 - 06 - 06 Kashmir 1,000 Severe damage NGDC 1819 - 06 - 16 Gujarat 7.7 -- 8.2 M XI > 1,543 Formed the Allah Bund 1618 - 05 - 26 Bombay IX 2,000 Severe damage NGDC 1505 - 06 - 06 Saldang , Karnali zone 8.2 -- 8.8 6,000 Note : The inclusion criteria for adding events are based on WikiProject Earthquakes ' notability guideline that was developed for stand alone articles . The principles described also apply to lists . In summary , only damaging , injurious , or deadly events should be recorded . See also ( edit ) Earthquake zones of India Geology of India List of aftershocks of April 2015 Nepal earthquake References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bendick , R. ; Bilham , R. ; Blume , F. ; Kier , G. ; Molnar , P. ; Sheehan , A. ; Wallace , K. ( 2002 ) , Earthquake Hazards and the Collision between India and Asia , NOAA Science Review , 2002 , Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science Jump up ^ USGS . `` M 5.1 - Gujarat , India '' . United States Geological Survey . Jump up ^ USGS . `` M 5.5 - Gujarat , India '' . United States Geological Survey . Jump up ^ USGS . `` M 5.3 - Sikkim , India '' . United States Geological Survey . Jump up ^ USGS . `` M 5.1 - Uttaranchal , India '' . United States Geological Survey . Jump up ^ USGS . `` M 4.9 - Maharashtra , India '' . United States Geological Survey . Jump up ^ USGS . `` M 7.3 - Myanmar '' . United States Geological Survey . Jump up ^ USGS . `` M 5.9 - India - Bangladesh border region '' . United States Geological Survey . Sources NGDC , Significant Earthquake Database , National Geophysical Data Center , NOAA , doi : 10.7289 / V5TD9V7K Earthquakes in India Historical 1505 Lo Mustang 1819 Rann of Kutch 1869 Cachar 1881 Nicobar Islands 1897 Assam 20th century 1905 Kangra 1930 Dhubri 1934 Nepal -- Bihar 1935 Quetta 1941 Andaman Islands 1947 Assam 1950 Assam -- Tibet 1956 Anjar 1967 Koynanagar 1975 Kinnaur 1988 Nepal 1991 Uttarkashi 1993 Latur 1997 Jabalpur 1997 Chittagong 1999 Chamoli 21st century 2001 Gujarat 2004 Indian Ocean 2005 Kashmir 2009 Andaman Islands 2011 Sikkim April 2015 Nepal May 2015 October 2015 Hindu Kush 2016 Imphal 2017 Tripura 2017 Uttarakhand Related topics Earthquake zones of India Geology of the Himalaya List of earthquakes in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau External links ( edit ) Earthquake Reports , India Meteorological Department ( on line ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_earthquakes_in_India&oldid=834059004 '' Categories : Earthquakes in India India geography - related lists Lists of earthquakes by country Lists of disasters in India Tsunamis in India Hidden categories : M mag Talk About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca فارسی Français हिन्दी Русский Svenska தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 18 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20earthquakes%20in%20India
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list of product based companies in india wiki
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List of Indian FMCG companies
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list of indian fmcg companies
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Fast - moving consumer goods ( FMCG ) companies , including subsidiaries of multinational FMCG firms that are listed in India .
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ABR iPro Limited Adani wilmar Asian Paints Ltd Nivea Parag Milk Foods Ltd. Mumbai parag milk foods ltd ITC FMCG Mcnroe Consumer Products Pvt. Ltd . Amul Chevon Agrotech Pvt. Ltd Godrej Consumer Products Limited Dabur India Ltd . Emami Eastern Condiments Zydus Wellness Britannia Pidilite Industries Wipro Consumer Care & Lighting Ltd . Marico Future Consumer Enterprises Ltd . Parle Agro Jyothy Laboratories Haldiram 's Nirma Himalaya Healthcare Ltd . Bikanervala Manpasand Beverages Limited Hindustan Unilever Patanjali Ayurved Balaji Wafers Nestle PepsiCo Coca - Cola India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Confederation of Indian Industry - SWOT analysis on FMCG '' ( Web ) . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Indiainfoline NSE index sectoral listing '' ( Web ) . Indiainfoline . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Moneycontrol BSE FMCG sectoral listing '' ( Web ) . Money control . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` FMCG cos Hindustan Unilever , Dabur , ITC groom women - care brands for men '' . Financial Express . 10 June 2014 . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` More pain likely for FMCG sector stocks '' . Business Standard . 12 June 2014 . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` FMCG stocks decline as IMD predicts below normal monsoon '' . Business Standard . 10 June 2014 . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` McNroe eyes Rs 1,200 cr sales by 2022 , to expand more '' . The Economic Times . 2018 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Emami enters men 's deo market with ' HE ' '' . Business Standard . 9 June 2014 . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Eastern Condiments revenues up 28 % '' . BusinessLine Standard . 8 Jan 2016 . Retrieved 8 Jan 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Zydus Wellness moves to ensure all is well , again '' . The Economic Times . 28 May 2012 . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FMCG companies like Asian Paints , Pidilite , Emami take legal route for trademark infringement '' . The Economic Times . 5 Sep 2013 . Retrieved 30 Sep 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FMCG & lighting drive growth for Wipro Consumer in Q4 '' . Business Standard . 20 April 2013 . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Future Consumer Enterprise acquires Future Agrovet '' . Reuters. 18 November 2013 . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Eat , pray , love innovations '' . Business Today . 12 June 2011 . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jyothy Laboratories : margins not bright enough '' . Livemint. 9 June 2014 . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bikaner 's bhujia empire : How Agarwal family runs Rs 5,000 cr business covering 500 products '' . The Economic Times . 19 Sep 2013 . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Nirma Story - Marketing Case Studies '' . IBS Centre for Management Research . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How CEO Philipe Haydon is turning ' Himalaya ' into FMCG major '' . The Economic Times . 14 June 2013 . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bikanervala experiments , rolls out fresh expansion plans '' . Business Standard . 12 August 2014 . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bikanervala to invest Rs 250 cr by FY'16 on expansion '' . Economic Times . 17 September 2013 . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Manpasand Beverages debt - free after repaying Rs101 crore : Dhirendra Singh '' . saroj agro industries KARNATAKA state Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Indian_FMCG_companies&oldid=855721149 '' Categories : Lists of companies of India by industry Food and drink companies of India Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 August 2018 , at 11 : 11 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Indian%20FMCG%20companies
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bob dylan love is just a four letter word
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Love is Just a Four - Letter Word
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love is just a four - letter word
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`` Love is Just a Four - Letter Word '' is a song written by Bob Dylan , and long associated with Joan Baez , who has recorded it numerous times , and performed it throughout her career . Baez immediately took to the song , which was written by Dylan sometime around 1965 , and began performing it , even before it was finished . ( In the film Dont Look Back , a documentary of Dylan 's 1965 tour of the UK , Baez is shown in one scene singing a fragment of the then apparently still unfinished song in a hotel room late at night . She then tells Dylan , `` If you finish it , I 'll sing it on a record . '' ) Baez first included the song on Any Day Now , her 1968 album of Dylan covers ; she has since recorded it three additional times . Her 1968 recording was also released as a single .
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Dylan himself appears to have never recorded the song . ( show ) Joan Baez Studio albums Joan Baez ( 1960 ) Joan Baez , Vol. 2 ( 1961 ) Joan Baez / 5 ( 1964 ) Farewell , Angelina ( 1965 ) Noël ( 1966 ) Joan ( 1967 ) Baptism : A Journey Through Our Time ( 1968 ) Any Day Now ( 1968 ) David 's Album ( 1969 ) I Live One Day at a Time ( 1970 ) Carry It On ( 1971 ) Blessed Are ... ( 1971 ) Come from the Shadows ( 1972 ) Where Are You Now , My Son ? ( 1973 ) Gracias a la Vida : Joan Baez canta en español ( 1974 ) Diamonds & Rust ( 1975 ) Gulf Winds ( 1976 ) Blowin ' Away ( 1977 ) Honest Lullaby ( 1979 ) Recently ( 1987 ) Speaking of Dreams ( 1989 ) Play Me Backwards ( 1992 ) Gone From Danger ( 1997 ) Dark Chords on a Big Guitar ( 2003 ) Day after Tomorrow ( 2008 ) Live albums Joan Baez in Concert ( 1962 ) Joan Baez in Concert , Part 2 ( 1963 ) From Every Stage ( 1976 ) Live Europe 83 ( 1983 ) Diamonds & Rust in the Bullring ( 1988 ) Ring Them Bells ( 1995 ) Live at Newport ( 1996 ; recorded 1963 - 65 ) Bowery Songs ( 2005 ) Compilations Folksingers ' Round Harvard Square ( 1959 ) Portrait of Joan Baez ( 1967 ) The First 10 Years ( 1970 ) The Joan Baez Ballad Book ( 1972 ) Hits : Greatest and Others ( 1973 ) The Contemporary Ballad Book ( 1974 ) The Joan Baez Lovesong Album ( 1976 ) Best of Joan C. Baez ( 1977 ) The Joan Baez Country Music Album ( 1979 ) Very Early Joan ( 1982 ) Joan Baez : Classics ( 1986 ) Brothers in Arms ( 1991 ) Rare , Live & Classic ( 1993 ) Best of Joan Baez : The Millennium Collection ( 2000 ) The Complete A&M Recordings ( 2003 ) Notable songs `` The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down '' `` Babe , I 'm Gonna Leave You '' `` Diamonds & Rust '' `` Farewell , Angelina '' `` Forever Young '' `` Here 's to You '' `` Honest Lullaby '' `` House of the Rising Sun '' `` It 's All Over Now , Baby Blue '' `` Joe Hill '' `` Lily of the West '' `` Love Is Just a Four - Letter Word '' `` Love Song to a Stranger '' `` Mary Hamilton '' `` The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down '' `` Reunion Hill '' `` Scarlet Tide '' `` Silver Dagger '' `` Speaking of Dreams '' `` Stones in the Road '' `` Sweet Sir Galahad '' `` There but for Fortune '' `` We Shall Overcome '' `` What Have They Done to the Rain '' `` Time Rag '' Concert tours List of Joan Baez concerts Related Albert Baez ( father ) Mimi Fariña ( sister ) David Harris ( husband ) Richard Fariña ( brother - in - law ) Bob Dylan Opposition to the Vietnam War Anti-war songs March on Washington Selma to Montgomery march Woodstock Vanguard Records Commons Wikiquote ( show ) Bob Dylan ( discography ) Studio albums Bob Dylan The Freewheelin ' Bob Dylan The Times They Are a-Changin ' Another Side of Bob Dylan Bringing It All Back Home Highway 61 Revisited Blonde on Blonde John Wesley Harding Nashville Skyline Self Portrait New Morning Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid Dylan Planet Waves Blood on the Tracks The Basement Tapes Desire Street - Legal Slow Train Coming Saved Shot of Love Infidels Empire Burlesque Knocked Out Loaded Down in the Groove Oh Mercy Under the Red Sky Good as I Been to You World Gone Wrong Time Out of Mind Love and Theft Modern Times Together Through Life Christmas in the Heart Tempest Shadows in the Night Fallen Angels Triplicate Live albums Before the Flood Hard Rain Bob Dylan at Budokan Real Live Dylan & the Dead The 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration MTV Unplugged Live 1961 -- 2000 : Thirty - Nine Years of Great Concert Performances Live at The Gaslight 1962 Live at Carnegie Hall 1963 In Concert -- Brandeis University 1963 Compilations Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits Vol. II Masterpieces Biograph Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits Volume 3 The Best of Bob Dylan ( 1997 ) The Best of Bob Dylan , Vol. 2 The Essential Bob Dylan Bob Dylan : The Collection The Best of Bob Dylan ( 2005 ) Blues Dylan The Original Mono Recordings The 50th Anniversary Collection Bob Dylan : The Complete Album Collection Vol . One The 50th Anniversary Collection 1963 The 50th Anniversary Collection 1964 Bootlegs Great White Wonder List of Basement Tapes songs ( 1967 , 1975 ) The Bootleg Series Volumes 1 -- 3 ( Rare & Unreleased ) 1961 -- 1991 Volume 4 : The Royal Albert Hall concert Vol. 5 : Bob Dylan Live 1975 , The Rolling Thunder Revue Vol. 6 : Bob Dylan Live 1964 , Concert at Philharmonic Hall Vol. 7 : No Direction Home : The Soundtrack Vol. 8 : Tell Tale Signs : Rare and Unreleased 1989 -- 2006 Vol. 9 : The Witmark Demos : 1962 -- 1964 Vol. 10 : Another Self Portrait ( 1969 -- 1971 ) Vol. 11 : The Basement Tapes Complete Vol. 12 : The Cutting Edge 1965 -- 1966 Concert tours England Tour ( 1965 ) World Tour ( 1966 ) Tour with The Band ( 1974 ) Rolling Thunder Revue ( 1975 -- 1976 ) World Tour ( 1978 ) Gospel Tour ( 1979 -- 1980 ) World Tour ( 1981 ) European Tour ( 1984 ) True Confessions Tour ( 1986 ) Tour with the Grateful Dead ( 1987 ) Temples in Flames Tour ( 1987 ) Never Ending Tour 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Films Madhouse on Castle Street Dont Look Back Eat the Document Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid Renaldo and Clara Hearts of Fire Masked and Anonymous No Direction Home I 'm Not There 65 Revisited The Other Side of the Mirror : Bob Dylan Live at the Newport Folk Festival 1963 -- 1965 Inside Llewyn Davis Writings Tarantula Writings and Drawings Chronicles : Volume One Books about Dylan The Bob Dylan Encyclopedia Bob Dylan , Performing Artist Invisible Republic The Cambridge Companion to Bob Dylan Related Sara Dylan ( first wife ) Carolyn Dennis ( second wife ) Jesse Dylan ( son ) Jakob Dylan ( son ) Awards Bibliography Songs written by Dylan The Band Electric Dylan controversy Theme Time Radio Hour Traveling Wilburys Artists who have covered Dylan songs Chimes of Freedom ( album ) The Lost Notebooks of Hank Williams Lost on the River : The New Basement Tapes Related topics Songs recorded by Dylan Suze Rotolo American folk music revival The Telegraph magazine Book Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_Is_Just_a_Four-Letter_Word&oldid=768186171 '' Categories : 1965 songs Songs written by Bob Dylan Bob Dylan songs Joan Baez songs Vanguard Records singles 1968 singles Hidden categories : Wikipedia introduction cleanup from December 2016 All pages needing cleanup Pages missing lead section Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from December 2016 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles needing sections from December 2016 All articles needing sections Articles lacking sources from December 2009 All articles lacking sources Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 March 2017 , at 09 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love%20Is%20Just%20a%20Four-Letter%20Word
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where is a river runs through it filmed
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Although both the book and movie are set in Missoula and on the Blackfoot River , it was filmed in late June , early July 1991 in south central Montana in Livingston and Bozeman , and on the nearby upper Yellowstone , Gallatin , and Boulder Rivers . The waterfall shown is Granite Falls in Wyoming . Filming was completed in early September 1991 .
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south central Montana in Livingston and Bozeman|Yellowstone , Gallatin , and Boulder Rivers|Granite Falls in Wyoming
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A River Runs Through It ( film )
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a river runs through it ( film )
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A River Runs Through It is a 1992 American period coming - of - age drama film directed by Robert Redford and starring Craig Sheffer , Brad Pitt , Tom Skerritt , Brenda Blethyn , and Emily Lloyd . It is a based on the 1976 semi-autobiographical novel A River Runs Through It by Norman Maclean , adapted for the screen by Richard Friedenberg . Set in and around Missoula , Montana , the story follows two sons of a Presbyterian minister , one studious and the other rebellious , as they grow up and come of age in the Rocky Mountain region during a span of time from roughly World War I to the early days of the Great Depression , including part of the Prohibition era .
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The film won an Academy Award for Best Cinematography in 1993 and was nominated for two other Oscars , for Best Music , Original Score and Best Adapted Screenplay . The film grossed $43 million in US domestic returns . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 3.2 Music 4 Release 4.1 Critical reception 4.2 Awards and honors 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) The film follows the true story of the Maclean brothers , Norman and Paul , growing up in Missoula , Montana with their father , Presbyterian minister John . A common theme in the film is the men 's love of fly fishing for trout in the Blackfoot River and how it impacted their lives . The film is told from Norman 's point of view , with director Robert Redford as narrator . The film opens with a scene of Norman Maclean in his old age tying a fly onto his line . This establishes that Norman is telling this story in the past - tense as he is fishing . The story begins with the brothers learning to fish from their father , a preacher who treats fishing as a sacred act . They learn to cast using a ticking metronome . The boys become accomplished fishermen as a result . Norman and Paul are home taught and must adhere to the strict moral and educational code of their father . However , whenever they get a chance they enjoy practicing the art of fly fishing . As they grow older , it becomes clear that Norman is the more disciplined and studious brother , while Paul is the fun loving , wild one and the more talented fly fisherman . Norman attends a July 4th dance with his friends after returning home from six years away at Dartmouth , where he meets his future wife , Jessie Burns . Paul has become a reporter at a newspaper in Helena , the state capital . He has angered many of the locals by falling behind in a big poker game at Lolo , a hamlet near Missoula with a popular bar that is also a front for gambling and prostitution , and by dating a beautiful Blackfoot Indian woman , Mabel , who is deemed to be of an inferior race by the community . Paul gets arrested after fighting a man who has insulted her , and Norman is awakened in the middle of the night by a phone call from the police to come and bail Paul out of jail . After Norman and Jessie go on several dates , she insists that Norman make an effort to get along with her brother Neal , who is back in Montana , visiting from California . Norman and Paul do not like the self - centered Neal , who tells tall tales of socializing with film stars in Hollywood , but at Jessie 's insistence they invite him to go fishing . Neal shows up drunk with a woman ( a part - time prostitute ) he met at a bar the evening before . Norman and Paul decide to fish anyway and return to their car hours later to find Neal and his ladyfriend `` Rawhide '' have drunk all their beer and passed out naked in the sun . Norman returns a painfully sunburned Neal home , where Jessie is waiting for them . She is angry that the brothers did not fish with Neal . When Norman asks Jessie to drive him home , he tells her that he is falling for her . She drives away angry but a week later asks Norman to come to the train station to see Neal off back to California . After the train departs , Norman shows Jessie a letter from the University of Chicago that is a job offer for an English Literature teaching position . Norman asks Jessie to marry him . When Norman tells Paul about the job offer and marriage proposal , he also urges Paul to come with him and Jessie to Chicago . Paul tells Norman that he will never leave Montana . Just before leaving for Chicago , Norman , Paul and their father go fly fishing one last time as a family . Paul catches a huge fish that carries him down the river . John proudly tells his son Paul what a wonderful fisherman he has become , and how he is an artist in the craft , much to Paul 's delight . They pose for pictures with the huge fish for their mother . Soon after the fishing excursion , Norman is again contacted by the police . They tell him that Paul has been found beaten to death in an alley , and that all the bones in his right hand have also been broken . Norman goes home and tells his parents the sad news . The story then jumps ahead a few years to a sermon being given by John with Mrs. Maclean , Norman , Jessie and their two children in attendance . The narrator mentions that John dies soon after this sermon . The last scene is of Norman as an old man , back in the Montana river where he used to fish with his family many years ago . He mentions that nearly everyone from his youth is dead , and that he is haunted by waters . Cast ( edit ) Craig Sheffer as Norman Maclean Brad Pitt as Paul Maclean Tom Skerritt as Reverend John Maclean Brenda Blethyn as Clara Maclean Emily Lloyd as Jessie Burns Stephen Shellen as Neal Burns Edie McClurg as Mrs. Burns Joseph Gordon - Levitt as Young Norman Maclean Vann Gravage as Young Paul Maclean Nicole Burdette as Mabel Susan Traylor as `` Rawhide '' Michael Cudlitz as Chub Rob Cox as Conroy Buck Simmonds as Humph Production ( edit ) Filming ( edit ) The Redeemer Lutheran Church in Livingston , Montana , used for the Presbyterian church scenes . Although both the book and movie are set in Missoula and on the Blackfoot River , it was filmed in late June , early July 1991 in south central Montana in Livingston and Bozeman , and on the nearby upper Yellowstone , Gallatin , and Boulder Rivers . The waterfall shown is Granite Falls in Wyoming . Filming was completed in early September 1991 . An article published in the Helena Independent Record in July 2000 and based on recollections of people who knew both brothers noted a number of specifics about the Macleans -- notably various chronological and educational details about Paul Maclean 's adult life -- that differ somewhat from their portrayal in the film and novella . Music ( edit ) Mark Isham , who would go on to compose the scores to most Robert Redford - directed films , composed the musical score for the film . Originally , Elmer Bernstein was hired to score the film . However , after Redford and Bernstein disagreed over the tone of the music , Bernstein was replaced by Isham . Rushed for time , Isham completed the score within four weeks at Schnee Studio of Signet Sound Studios in Hollywood , CA . Upon release , the music was met with positive reviews earning the film both nominations for Grammy and Academy awards . The A River Runs Through It ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) was released on October 27 , 1992 . In some home video releases of the film , Elmer Bernstein is credited as the film 's composer despite his score being rejected during post-production . Release ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Released on October 9 , 1992 , the film grossed $43,440,294 in US domestic returns . The film holds an 83 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on polled critical reviews . The site 's consensus reads : `` Tasteful to a fault , this period drama combines a talented cast ( including a young Brad Pitt ) with some stately , beautifully filmed work from director Robert Redford . '' Much of the praise focused on Pitt 's portrayal of Paul , which has been cited as his career making performance . Awards and honors ( edit ) The film was nominated for three Academy Awards in 1993 , including Best Cinematography ( Philippe Rousselot ) ; Best Music , Original Score ( Mark Isham ) ; and Best Writing , Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium ( Richard Friedenberg ) . Rousselot won for Best Cinematography . At the Golden Globes , Robert Redford was nominated for Best Director - Motion Picture , but did not win . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` A River Runs Through It ( 1992 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Toby ( October 11 , 1992 ) . `` A River Runs Through It '' . Washington Post . Retrieved April 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Writers , professors read `` A River Runs Through It '' `` . Bozeman Daily Chronicle . June 20 , 2003 . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.movie-locations.com/filmarchive/r/riverruns.html Archived October 26 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Paul MacLean in Helena '' . Helenair.com . July 9 , 2000 . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Filmtracks : A River Runs Through It ( Mark Isham ) '' . Filmtracks.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mark Morton . `` A River Runs Through It ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A River Runs Through It '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth . `` Reverence Runs Deep in ' River ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 30 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : A River Runs Through It A River Runs Through It on IMDb A River Runs Through It at the TCM Movie Database A River Runs Through It at AllMovie A River Runs Through It at the American Film Institute Catalog ( hide ) Robert Redford Films directed Ordinary People ( 1980 ) The Milagro Beanfield War ( 1988 ) A River Runs Through It ( 1992 ) Quiz Show ( 1994 ) The Horse Whisperer ( 1998 ) The Legend of Bagger Vance ( 2000 ) Lions for Lambs ( 2007 ) The Conspirator ( 2010 ) The Company You Keep ( 2012 ) Related articles Robert Redford filmography Awards Sundance Film Festival Sundance TV Sundance Institute VIAF : 207948395 GND : 4697279 - 1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_River_Runs_Through_It_(film)&oldid=812322361 '' Categories : 1992 films English - language films American biographical films American films American coming - of - age films 1990s drama films American independent films Films about fishing Films about brothers Films set in Montana Films shot in Montana Films based on short fiction Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography Academy Award Films directed by Robert Redford Films scored by Mark Isham Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano ქართული 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 06 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20River%20Runs%20Through%20It%20%28film%29
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where is cilia found in the human body
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Cilium
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cilium
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A cilium ( Latin for eyelash ; the plural is cilia ) is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells . Cilia are slender protuberances that project from the much larger cell body . Cilium can measure up to 20 μm and have a diameter around 0.25 μm .
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There are two types of cilia : motile cilia and nonmotile , or primary , cilia , which typically serve as sensory organelles . In eukaryotes , motile cilia and flagella together make up a group of organelles known as undulipodia . Eukaryotic cilia are structurally identical to eukaryotic flagella , although distinctions are sometimes made according to function and / or length . Biologists have various ideas about how the various flagella may have evolved . Contents ( hide ) 1 Types and distribution 1.1 Primary / Immotile cilia 1.2 Motile cilia 2 Structure , assembly , maintenance , and function 2.1 Ciliary rootlet 2.2 Sensing the extracellular environment 3 Cilium - related disease 3.1 Ciliopathy as an origin for many multi-symptom genetic diseases 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Types and distribution ( edit ) Cilia can be divided into primary and motile forms . Primary / immotile cilia ( edit ) In animals , primary cilia are found on nearly every cell . In comparison to motile cilia , non-motile ( or primary ) cilia usually occur one per cell ; nearly all mammalian cells have a single non-motile primary cilium . In addition , examples of specialized primary cilia can be found in human sensory organs such as the eye and the nose : The outer segment of the rod photoreceptor cell in the human eye is connected to its cell body with a specialized non-motile cilium . The dendritic knob of the olfactory neuron , where the odorant receptors are located , also contains non-motile cilia ( about 10 cilia per dendritic knob ) . Although the primary cilium was discovered in 1898 , it was largely ignored for a century . Only recently has great progress been made in understanding the function of the primary cilium . Until the 1990s , the prevailing view of the primary cilium was that it was merely a vestigial organelle without important function . Recent findings regarding its physiological roles in chemical sensation , signal transduction , and control of cell growth , have led scientists to acknowledge its importance in cell function , with the discovery of its role in diseases not previously recognized to involve the dysgenesis and dysfunction of cilia , such as polycystic kidney disease , congenital heart disease , and an emerging group of genetic ciliopathies . The primary cilium is now known to play an important role in the function of many human organs . The current scientific understanding of primary cilia views them as `` sensory cellular antennae that coordinate a large number of cellular signaling pathways , sometimes coupling the signaling to ciliary motility or alternatively to cell division and differentiation . '' . Illustration depicting motile cilia . Motile cilia ( edit ) Larger eukaryotes , such as mammals , have motile cilia as well . Motile cilia are usually present on a cell 's surface in large numbers and beat in coordinated waves . In humans , for example , motile cilia are found in the lining of the trachea ( windpipe ) , where they sweep mucus and dirt out of the lungs . In female mammals , the beating of cilia in the Fallopian tubes moves the ovum from the ovary to the uterus . The functioning of motile cilia is strongly dependent on the maintenance of optimal levels of fluid bathing the cilia . Epithelial sodium channels ENaC that are specifically expressed along the entire length of cilia apparently serve as sensors that regulate fluid level surrounding the cilia . Ciliates are microscopic organisms that possess motile cilia exclusively and use them for either locomotion or to simply move liquid over their surface . Structure , assembly , maintenance , and function ( edit ) Eukaryotic motile cilium Inside cilia and flagella is a microtubule - based cytoskeleton called the axoneme . The axoneme of primary cilia typically has a ring of nine outer microtubule doublets ( called a 9 + 0 axoneme ) , and the axoneme of a motile cilium has two central microtubule singlets in addition to the nine outer doublets ( called a 9 + 2 axoneme ) . The axonemal cytoskeleton acts as a scaffolding for various protein complexes and provides binding sites for molecular motor proteins such as kinesin II , that help carry proteins up and down the microtubules . On the outside of cilia is a membrane like the plasma membrane , but compositionally distinct due to a blocking ring ( `` necklace '' ) around the base , and distinct also in its population of receptors and other integral proteins . The dynein in the axoneme forms bridges between neighbouring microtubule doublets . When ATP activates the motor domain of dynein , it attempts to walk along the adjoining microtubule doublet . This would force the adjacent doublets to slide over one another if not for the presence of Nexin between the microtubule doublets . And thus the force generated by dyenin is instead converted into a bending motion . Cilia are formed through the process of ciliogenesis . The building blocks of the cilia such as tubulins and other partially assembled axonemal proteins are added to the ciliary tips which point away from the cell body . In most species bi-directional motility called intraflagellar transport ( IFT ) plays an essential role in moving these building materials from the cell body to the assembly site . IFT also carries the disassembled material to be recycled from the ciliary tip back to the cell body . By regulating the equilibrium between these two IFT processes , the length of cilia can be maintained dynamically . Disassembly of cilia requires the action of the Aurora A kinase . Exceptions where IFT is not present include Plasmodium falciparum , which is one of the species of Plasmodium that cause malaria in humans . In this parasite , cilia assemble in the cytoplasm . At the base of the cilium where it attaches to the cell body is the microtubule organizing center , the basal body . Some basal body proteins as CEP164 , ODF2 and CEP170 , regulate the formation and the stability of the cilium . A transition zone between the basal body and the axoneme `` serves as a docking station for intraflagellar transport and motor proteins . '' In effect , the cilium is a nanomachine composed of perhaps over 600 proteins in molecular complexes , many of which also function independently as nanomachines . Ciliary rootlet ( edit ) The ciliary rootlet is a cytoskeleton - like structure that originates from the basal body at the proximal end of a cilium . It extends proximally toward the cell nucleus . Rootlets are typically 80 - 100 nm in diameter and contain cross striae distributed at regular intervals of approximately 55 - 70 nm . According to the Gene Ontology , the following proteins localize to the ciliary rootlet : amyloid precursor protein , rootletin , kinesins ( KIF5B , KIF5C , KLC2 , KLC3 ) , and presenilins ( PSEN1 , PSEN2 ) . Sensing the extracellular environment ( edit ) Some primary cilia on epithelial cells in eukaryotes act as cellular antennae , providing chemosensation , thermosensation and mechanosensation of the extracellular environment . These cilia then play a role in mediating specific signalling cues , including soluble factors in the external cell environment , a secretory role in which a soluble protein is released to have an effect downstream of the fluid flow , and mediation of fluid flow if the cilia are motile . Some epithelial cells are ciliated , and they commonly exist as a sheet of polarized cells forming a tube or tubule with cilia projecting into the lumen . This sensory and signalling role puts cilia in a central role for maintaining the local cellular environment and may be why ciliary defects cause such a wide range of human diseases . Cilium - related disease ( edit ) Main article : Ciliopathy Ciliary defects can lead to a number of human diseases . Genetic mutations compromising the proper functioning of cilia , ciliopathies , can cause chronic disorders such as primary ciliary dyskinesia ( PCD ) , nephronophthisis or Senior - Loken syndrome . In addition , a defect of the primary cilium in the renal tube cells can lead to polycystic kidney disease ( PKD ) . In another genetic disorder called Bardet - Biedl syndrome ( BBS ) , the mutant gene products are the components in the basal body and cilia . Lack of functional cilia in female Fallopian tubes can cause ectopic pregnancy . A fertilized ovum may not reach the uterus if the cilia are unable to move it there . In such a case , the ovum will implant in the Fallopian tubes , causing a tubal pregnancy , the most common form of ectopic pregnancy . As noted above , epithelial sodium channels ENaC that are expressed along the length of cilia regulate fluid level surrounding the cilia . Mutations that decrease the activity of ENaC result in multisystem pseudohypoaldosteronism , that is associated with fertility problems . In cystic fibrosis that results from mutations in the chloride channel CFTR , ENaC activity is enhanced leading to a severe reduction of the fluid level that causes complications and infections in the respiratory airways . Since the flagellum of human sperm is actually a modified cilium , ciliary dysfunction can also be responsible for male infertility . Of interest , there is an association of primary ciliary dyskinesia with left - right anatomic abnormalities such as situs inversus ( a combination of findings known as Kartagener 's syndrome ) and other heterotaxic defects . These left - right anatomic abnormalities can also result in congenital heart disease . It has been shown that proper cilial function is responsible for the normal left - right asymmetry in mammals . Ciliopathy as an origin for many multi-symptom genetic diseases ( edit ) Recent findings in genetic research have suggested that a large number of genetic disorders , both genetic syndromes and genetic diseases , that were not previously related in the medical literature , may be , in fact , highly related in the root cause of the widely varying set of medical symptoms that are clinically visible in the disorder . These have been grouped as an emerging class of diseases called ciliopathies . The underlying cause may be a dysfunctional molecular mechanism in the primary / immotile cilia , organelles which are present in many diverse cellular types throughout the human body . Cilia defects adversely affect numerous critical developmental signaling pathways essential to cellular development and thus offer a plausible hypothesis for the often multi-symptom nature of a large set of syndromes and diseases . Known ciliopathies include primary ciliary dyskinesia , Bardet - Biedl syndrome , polycystic kidney and liver disease , nephronophthisis , Alstrom syndrome , Meckel - Gruber syndrome , Sensenbrenner syndrome and some forms of retinal degeneration . See also ( edit ) Biological machines Flagellum Kinocilium Mucociliary clearance Protein domain dynamics Protein flexibility Stereocilia Undulipodia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mosby 's Medical , Nursing and Allied Health Dictionary , Fourth Edition , Mosby - Year Book Inc. , 1994 , p. 336 ^ Jump up to : Gardiner , Mary Beth ( September 2005 ) . `` The Importance of Being Cilia '' ( PDF ) . HHMI Bulletin . Howard Hughes Medical Institute . 18 ( 2 ) . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Cilium '' . biologydictionary.net . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ A Dictionary of Biology , 2004 , accessed 2010 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Haimo LT , Rosenbaum JL ( December 1981 ) . `` Cilia , flagella , and microtubules '' . J. Cell Biol. 91 ( 3 Pt 2 ) : 125s -- 130s . doi : 10.1083 / jcb. 91.3. 125s . PMC 2112827 . PMID 6459327 . Jump up ^ Karen Field Murray ( 1 June 2009 ) . Fibrocystic Diseases of the Liver . Springer . pp. 47 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60327 - 523 - 1 . Retrieved 25 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Wolfrum , U. , & Schmitt , A. ( 2000 ) . Rhodopsin transport in the membrane of the connecting cilium of mammalian photoreceptor cells . Cell motility and the cytoskeleton , 46 ( 2 ) , 95 - 107 . Jump up ^ Wagner CA ( 2008 ) . `` News from the cyst : insights into polycystic kidney disease '' . Journal of Nephrology. 21 ( 1 ) : 14 -- 6 . PMID 18264930 . Jump up ^ Brueckner M ( June 2007 ) . `` Heterotaxia , congenital heart disease , and primary ciliary dyskinesia '' . Circulation. 115 ( 22 ) : 2793 -- 5 . doi : 10.1161 / CIRCULATIONAHA. 107.699256 . PMID 17548739 . ^ Jump up to : Badano JL , Mitsuma N , Beales PL , Katsanis N ( 2006 ) . `` The ciliopathies : an emerging class of human genetic disorders '' . Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics . 7 : 125 -- 48 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. genom. 7.080505. 115610 . PMID 16722803 . ^ Jump up to : Satir , Peter ; Christensen , Søren T. ( 2008 ) . `` Structure and function of mammalian cilia '' . Histochemistry and Cell Biology . 129 ( 6 ) : 687 -- 93 . doi : 10.1007 / s00418 - 008 - 0416 - 9 . PMC 2386530 . PMID 18365235 . Jump up ^ Benjamin Lewin ( 2007 ) . Cells . Jones & Bartlett Learning . p. 359 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7637 - 3905 - 8 . Retrieved 25 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Enuka Y , Hanukoglu I , Edelheit O , Vaknine H , Hanukoglu A ( Mar 2012 ) . `` Epithelial sodium channels ( ENaC ) are uniformly distributed on motile cilia in the oviduct and the respiratory airways '' . Histochemistry and Cell Biology . 137 ( 3 ) : 339 -- 53 . doi : 10.1007 / s00418 - 011 - 0904 - 1 . PMID 22207244 . Jump up ^ `` Cilia in nature '' ( PDF ) . hitech-projects.com. 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Hanukoglu I , Hanukoglu A ( Jan 2016 ) . `` Epithelial sodium channel ( ENaC ) family : Phylogeny , structure - function , tissue distribution , and associated inherited diseases '' . Gene . 579 ( 2 ) : 95 -- 132 . doi : 10.1016 / j. gene. 2015.12. 061 . PMC 4756657 . PMID 26772908 . Jump up ^ rosenbaum , JL ; Witman G ( November 2002 ) . `` Intraflagellar transport '' . Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology . 3 ( 11 ) : 813 -- 25 . doi : 10.1038 / nrm952 . PMID 12415299 . Jump up ^ Scholey , JM ( 2008 ) . `` Intraflagellar transport motors in cilia : Moving along the cell 's antenna '' . Journal of Cell Biology . 180 ( 1 ) : 23 -- 29 . doi : 10.1083 / jcb. 200709133 . PMC 2213603 . PMID 18180368 . Jump up ^ Rohatgi , Rajat ; Snell , William ( 2010 ) . `` The Ciliary Membrane '' . nlm.nih.gov . doi : 10.1016 / j. ceb. 2010.03. 010 . Jump up ^ Alberts , Bruce . `` Molecular Biology of the Cell '' . Jump up ^ Johnson , KA ; Rosenbaum , JL ( 1992 ) . `` Polarity of flagellar assembly in Chlamydomonas '' . Journal of Cell Biology . 119 ( 6 ) : 1605 -- 1611 . doi : 10.1083 / jcb. 119.6. 1605 . PMC 2289744 . PMID 1281816 . Jump up ^ Hao , L ; Thein M ; Brust - Mascher I ; Civelekoglu - Scholey G ; Lu Y ; Acar S ; Prevo B ; Shaham S ; Scholey JM ( 2011 ) . `` Intraflagellar transport delivers tubulin isotypes to sensory cilium middle and distal segments '' . Nature Cell Biology . 13 ( 7 ) : 790 -- 798 . doi : 10.1038 / ncb2268 . PMC 3129367 . PMID 21642982 . Jump up ^ Pugacheva EN , Jablonski SA , Hartman TR , Henske EP , Golemis EA ( June 2007 ) . `` HEF1 - dependent Aurora A activation induces disassembly of the primary cilium '' . Cell. 129 ( 7 ) : 1351 -- 63 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cell. 2007.04. 035 . PMC 2504417 . PMID 17604723 . Jump up ^ Of cilia and silliness ( more on Behe ) - The Panda 's Thumb Archived 17 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ishikawa H , Kubo A , Tsukita S , Tsukita S ( May 2005 ) . `` Odf2 - deficient mother centrioles lack distal / subdistal appendages and the ability to generate primary cilia '' . Nature Cell Biology . 7 ( 5 ) : 517 -- 24 . doi : 10.1038 / ncb1251 . PMID 15852003 . Jump up ^ `` Functional characterisation of the centrosomal protein Cep170 '' . Jump up ^ `` Ciliary Rootlet '' . Gene Ontology . Retrieved 13 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Adams , M. ; Smith , U.M. ; Logan , C.V. ; Johnson , C.A. ( 2008 ) . `` Recent advances in the molecular pathology , cell biology and genetics of ciliopathies '' . Journal of Medical Genetics . 45 ( 5 ) : 257 -- 267 . doi : 10.1136 / jmg. 2007.054999 . PMID 18178628 . Jump up ^ Singla , Veena ; Reiter , Jeremy F. ( August 2006 ) . `` The primary cilium as the cell 's antenna : signaling at a sensory organelle '' . Science . 313 ( 5787 ) : 629 -- 633 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1124534 . PMID 16888132 . Jump up ^ Horne , Andrew W. ; Critchley , Hilary O.D. ( 2012 - 03 - 02 ) . `` Mechanisms of disease : the endocrinology of ectopic pregnancy '' . Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine . 14 : e7 . doi : 10.1017 / erm. 2011.2 . ISSN 1462 - 3994 . PMID 22380790 . Jump up ^ Ichioka K , Kohei N , Okubo K , Nishiyama H , Terai A ( July 2006 ) . `` Obstructive azoospermia associated with chronic sinopulmonary infection and situs inversus totalis '' . Urology. 68 ( 1 ) : 204. e5 -- 7 . doi : 10.1016 / j. urology. 2006.01. 072 . PMID 16850538 . Jump up ^ Kennedy MP , Omran H , Leigh MW , et al. ( June 2007 ) . `` Congenital heart disease and other heterotaxic defects in a large cohort of patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia '' . Circulation. 115 ( 22 ) : 2814 -- 21 . doi : 10.1161 / CIRCULATIONAHA. 106.649038 . PMID 17515466 . Jump up ^ McGrath J , Brueckner M ( August 2003 ) . `` Cilia are at the heart of vertebrate left - right asymmetry '' . Current Opinion in Genetics & Development . 13 ( 4 ) : 385 -- 92 . doi : 10.1016 / S0959 - 437X ( 03 ) 00091 - 1 . PMID 12888012 . External links ( edit ) Brief summary of importance of cilia to many organs in human physiology The Ciliary Proteome Web Page at Johns Hopkins Structures of the cell / organelles ( TH H1. 00.01. 2 - 3 ) Endomembrane system Cell membrane Nucleus Nucleolus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Parenthesome Autophagosome Vesicles Exosome Lysosome Endosome Phagosome Vacuole Acrosome Cytoplasmic granules Melanosome Microbody Glyoxysome Peroxisome Weibel -- Palade body Cytoskeleton Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules Prokaryotic cytoskeleton MTOCs Centrosome Centriole Basal body Spindle pole body Myofibril Endosymbionts Mitochondrion Plastids Chloroplast Chromoplast Gerontoplast Leucoplast Amyloplast Elaioplast Proteinoplast Tannosome Other internal RNA Ribosome Spliceosome Vault Cytoplasm Proteasome External Undulipodium Cilium Flagellum Axoneme Radial spoke Extracellular matrix Cell wall Histology : Epithelial proteins ( TH H1. 00.01. 1 ) Lateral / cell - cell Cell adhesion molecules : Adherens junction Cadherin Desmosome Desmoglein Ion channels : Gap junction / Connexon Connexin Cytoskeleton : Desmosome Desmoplakin Plakoglobin Tonofibril other membrane proteins : Tight junction Claudin Occludin MARVELD2 Basal / cell - matrix Basal lamina Hemidesmosome / Tonofibril Focal adhesion Costamere Apical Cilia / Kinocilium Microvilli / Stereocilia ( STRC ) Microbiology : Protistology : Protists Former classifications Protozoa Mastigophora / Flagellates Sarcodina / Amoeboids Testate Heliozoa Infusoria / Ciliates Sporozoa Algae Cryptogams Thallophytes Fungus - like organisms Slime molds Ambiregnal protists Morphology Archaeplastida Chloroplastida `` green algae '' : Phycoplast Phragmoplast Flagellar apparatus Glaucophytes : Cyanelles Phycobilisomes Red algae : Pit connection Phycobilisomes Hacrobia Cryptophyta : Mastigonemes Periplast Haptophyte : Coccolith Haptonema Stramenopiles General : Mastigonemes Diatoms : Frustule Brown algae : Lamina Pneumatocyst Alveolata General : Alveoli Trichocyst Dinoflagellates : Dinokaryon Dinocyst Theca Ciliates : Cilium Cirrus Macronucleus Micronucleus Apicomplexans : Rhoptry Apicoplast Microneme Rhizaria Phytomyxea Cruciform division Excavate Kinetoplastids : Kinetoplast Glycosome Euglenoidea : Periplast / pellicle Amoebozoa Dictyostelids : Macrocyst Sorocarp Opisthokonta Choanoflagellates : Collar of microvilli General Levels of organization Unicellular Monadoid Amoeboid Coccoid Colonial s.s. Colonial flagellated Tetrasporal / capsal / palmelloid Sarcinoid Coenobial Filamentous / trichal / hyphal Parenchymatous Pseudoparenchymatous / plektenchymatic Membranous / thalloid / foliaceous Multinucleated Syncytial Coenocytic Siphonous Siphonocladous Multicellular s.s. / tissular / histonal Cell surface structures Simple cell membrane Mucilage Scale Frustule Cell wall Lorica Skeleton Test Theca Periplast / pellicle Locomotion Flagellum Cilium Pseudopodia Gliding motility Mitochondria Hydrogenosome Mitosome Nucleus Nucleomorph Multinucleate cells Plasmodium Dikaryon Heterokaryon Mitosis in protists Open Closed Orthomitosis Pleuromitosis Meiosis in protists Gametic Zygotic Sporic Other Cyst Cytostome Fimbriae Extrusome Contractile vacuole Eyespot apparatus Pyrenoid Axostyle Mastigont system Ecology and physiology Microbial ecology Microbial biogeography Baas - Becking hypothesis Development / Reproduction Life cycles Fertilization Nutrition : Autotrophy Phototrophy Heterotrophy Phagotrophy Osmotrophy Saprotrophy Parasitism Biotrophy Necrotrophy Mixotrophy Auxotrophy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cilium&oldid=810309840 '' Categories : Cell movement Organelles Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from June 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano Basa Jawa Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Latviešu Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 November 2017 , at 13 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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brad paisley when i get to where i'm going
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When I Get Where I 'm Going
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when i get where i'm going
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`` When I Get Where I 'm Going ' '' is a song written by George Teren and Rivers Rutherford , and recorded by American country music artist Brad Paisley . It was released in October 2005 as second single from his album Time Well Wasted and is his 14th career single ( not counting album cuts ) . The song features harmony vocals from Dolly Parton . The song was Parton 's 24th Billboard Number One ( and her first since 1991 's `` Rockin ' Years '' ) , and Paisley 's fifth .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Music video 2 Reception 3 Awards 4 Cover versions 5 Chart performance 5.1 Brad Paisley and Dolly Parton version 5.1. 1 Year - end charts 5.2 Geoff Moore version 6 Certifications 7 References 8 External links Music video ( edit ) The video of this song was directed by Jim Shea , and features footage of Paisley singing in a forest , as well as home movies of himself with his grandfather , Warren L. Jarvis . He also holds up photos of himself with Jarvis and his aunt Rita Takach . The video was filmed in Northern California . The extended version of the video ends with Jarvis in a home movie saying `` Come on in and rock a while ! '' and Paisley smiling when he looks up from his guitar playing and sees this . It also features many different people holding photographs of loved ones who have presumably died . Two notable people featured in this video are Michael Reagan , who is shown holding a photograph of his father Ronald Reagan , and Teresa Earnhardt , who is shown sitting in front of a painted portrait of her husband , NASCAR driver Dale Earnhardt . Although she does vocals on the song , Dolly Parton is not shown singing in the video . However , she is shown holding a picture of her grandfather , Rev. Jake Owens , who 'd died a few years earlier . She kisses her hand then touches the photograph in this scene . Figure Skater Scott Hamilton is shown holding a picture of his mother . John Carter Cash is featured holding a photo of his parents , Johnny Cash and June Carter Cash . Also in the video is Pixar director John Lasseter holding up a picture of co-director and fellow CalArts alumnus Joe Ranft who suddenly died in 2005 in a car accident . Various unknown people hold up photos of relatives who have passed on throughout as well . In 2007 , after the Virginia Tech massacre , the last slide was dedicated to those lost with the VT emblem shining brightly . On tour in 2008 , Paisley also added a picture of late actor Heath Ledger . Reception ( edit ) Kevin John Coyne , reviewing the song for Country Universe , gave it a negative rating . He says that Dolly Parton helped `` get this song across the finish line '' and states that Paisley is `` essentially Bob Saget in a cowboy hat . '' Dan MacIntosh of Country Standard Time was more positive , calling the song a `` certified inspirational winner '' . Awards ( edit ) The song was nominated for a Dove Award for Country Recorded Song of the Year at the 37th GMA Dove Awards . It won 2 Academy of Country Music Awards for Video of the Year , Vocal Event of the Year and was nominated for Song of the Year . The song also won a Country Music Association Award for Vocal Event of the Year and was nominated for Single and Video of the Year . Cover versions ( edit ) This song was covered by contemporary Christian music artist Geoff Moore in 2007 on his album Speak to Me . Moore 's version was a Top 15 hit on the Hot Christian Songs and Hot Christian Adult Contemporary charts . In 2007 , Christian contemporary trio 33Miles covered `` When I Get Where I 'm Going '' on their self titled debut album . This song was also covered by Susie McEntire on her latest album Passages in 2010 . In 2015 , Chris Crump and Krista Hughes make a song choice selected covered the battle song in The Voice ( U.S. season 9 ) . Chart performance ( edit ) Brad Paisley and Dolly Parton version ( edit ) The song debuted at number 50 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week ending October 8 , 2005 . It has sold 1,021,000 digital copies in the US as of October 2015 . Chart ( 2005 -- 06 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 39 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 ) Position US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 22 Geoff Moore version ( edit ) Chart ( 2007 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot Christian Songs 14 U.S. Billboard Hot Christian Adult Contemporary 13 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Coyne , Kevin John ( 2005 - 10 - 16 ) . `` Brad Paisley & Dolly Parton - `` When I Get Where I 'm Going '' `` . Country Universe . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ http://www.countrystandardtime.com/d/cdreview.asp?xid=276 Jump up ^ 37th Annual GMA Dove Awards Nominations & Winners on About.com ; Jones , Kim Jump up ^ Matt Bjorke ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Singles : October 19 , 2015 '' . Jump up ^ `` Brad Paisley -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Brad Paisley . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Brad Paisley -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Brad Paisley . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2006 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2006 . Retrieved July 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Brad Paisley -- When I Get Where I 'm Going '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) `` When I Get Where I 'm Going '' lyrics at Dolly Parton On - Line Reuters Music Article Preceded by `` Jesus , Take the Wheel '' by Carrie Underwood Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one single March 4 , 2006 Succeeded by `` Your Man '' by Josh Turner Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Brad Paisley singles Who Needs Pictures `` Who Needs Pictures '' `` He Did n't Have to Be '' `` Me Neither '' `` We Danced '' Part II `` Two People Fell in Love '' `` Wrapped Around '' `` I 'm Gonna Miss Her ( The Fishin ' Song ) '' `` I Wish You 'd Stay '' Mud on the Tires `` Celebrity '' `` Little Moments '' `` Whiskey Lullaby '' ( with Alison Krauss ) `` Mud on the Tires '' Time Well Wasted `` Alcohol '' `` When I Get Where I 'm Going '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` The World '' `` She 's Everything '' 5th Gear `` Ticks '' `` Online '' `` Letter to Me '' `` I 'm Still a Guy '' `` Waitin ' on a Woman '' Play `` Start a Band '' ( with Keith Urban ) American Saturday Night `` Then '' `` Welcome to the Future '' `` American Saturday Night '' `` Water '' Hits Alive `` Anything Like Me '' This Is Country Music `` This Is Country Music '' `` Old Alabama '' ( with Alabama ) `` Remind Me '' ( with Carrie Underwood ) `` Camouflage '' Wheelhouse `` Southern Comfort Zone '' `` Beat This Summer '' `` I Ca n't Change the World '' `` The Mona Lisa '' Moonshine in the Trunk `` River Bank '' `` Perfect Storm '' `` Crushin ' It '' `` Country Nation '' Love and War `` Today '' `` Last Time for Everything '' Other songs `` Is It Raining at Your House '' `` Santa Looked a Lot Like Daddy '' `` Everything and All '' ( with Randy Travis ) `` Accidental Racist '' ( with LL Cool J ) `` Without a Fight '' ( with Demi Lovato ) Dolly Parton Albums Singles Studio albums Hello , I 'm Dolly ( 1967 ) Just Because I 'm a Woman ( 1968 ) In the Good Old Days ( When Times Were Bad ) ( 1969 ) My Blue Ridge Mountain Boy ( 1969 ) The Fairest of Them All ( 1970 ) The Golden Streets of Glory ( 1971 ) Joshua ( 1971 ) Coat of Many Colors ( 1971 ) Touch Your Woman ( 1972 ) My Favorite Songwriter , Porter Wagoner ( 1972 ) My Tennessee Mountain Home ( 1973 ) Bubbling Over ( 1973 ) Jolene ( 1974 ) Love Is Like a Butterfly ( 1974 ) The Bargain Store ( 1975 ) Dolly ( 1975 ) All I Can Do ( 1976 ) New Harvest ... First Gathering ( 1977 ) Here You Come Again ( 1977 ) Heartbreaker ( 1978 ) Great Balls of Fire ( 1979 ) Dolly , Dolly , Dolly ( 1980 ) 9 to 5 and Odd Jobs ( 1980 ) Heartbreak Express ( 1982 ) Burlap & Satin ( 1983 ) The Great Pretender ( 1984 ) Real Love ( 1985 ) Rainbow ( 1987 ) White Limozeen ( 1989 ) Eagle When She Flies ( 1991 ) Slow Dancing with the Moon ( 1993 ) Something Special ( 1995 ) Treasures ( 1996 ) Hungry Again ( 1998 ) The Grass Is Blue ( 1999 ) Little Sparrow ( 2001 ) Halos & Horns ( 2002 ) For God and Country ( 2003 ) Those Were The Days ( 2005 ) Backwoods Barbie ( 2008 ) Better Day ( 2011 ) Blue Smoke ( 2014 ) Pure & Simple ( 2016 ) Compilations As Long as I Love ( 1970 ) The Best of Dolly Parton ( 1970 ) Just the Way I Am ( 1972 ) Mine ( 1973 ) Best of Dolly Parton ( 1975 ) Dolly Parton 's Greatest Hits ( 1982 ) Collector 's Series ( 1985 ) Think About Love ( 1986 ) The Best There Is ( 1987 ) Best of Dolly Parton , Vol. 3 ( 1987 ) I Will Always Love You and Other Greatest Hits ( 1996 ) Ultimate Dolly Parton ( 2003 ) Singer , Songwriter & Legendary Performer ( 2006 ) The Very Best of Dolly Parton ( 2007 ) 16 Biggest Hits ( 2007 ) Playlist : The Very Best of Dolly Parton ( 2008 ) Dolly ( 2009 ) Exclusives Precious Memories ( 1999 ) Sha - Kon - O - Hey ! Land of Blue Smoke ( 2009 ) Collaborations Just Between You And Me Just the Two of Us Always , Always Porter Wayne and Dolly Rebecca Once More Two of a Kind The Right Combination Burning the Midnight Oil Together Always We Found It Love & Music Porter ' n ' Dolly Say Forever You 'll Be Mine Porter & Dolly The Winning Hand Trio Honky Tonk Angels Trio II Songs `` Dumb Blonde '' `` Mule Skinner Blues '' `` Joshua '' `` Coat of Many Colors '' `` Touch Your Woman '' `` My Tennessee Mountain Home '' `` Jolene '' `` I Will Always Love You '' `` Love is Like a Butterfly `` The Bargain Store '' `` The Seeker '' `` We Used To '' `` All I Can Do '' `` Light of a Clear Blue Morning '' `` Here You Come Again '' `` Two Doors Down '' / `` It 's All Wrong , But It 's All Right '' `` Heartbreaker '' `` Baby I 'm Burning '' `` You 're The Only One '' `` Sweet Summer Lovin ' '' `` Starting Over Again '' `` Old Flames Ca n't Hold a Candle to You '' `` 9 to 5 '' `` But You Know I Love You '' `` The House of the Rising Sun '' `` Single Women '' `` Heartbreak Express '' `` Hard Candy Christmas '' `` Potential New Boyfriend '' `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' `` Tennessee Homesick Blues '' `` Do n't Call It Love '' `` Real Love '' ( w / Kenny Rogers ) `` Think About Love '' `` Tie Our Love ( In a Double Knot ) '' `` We Had It All '' `` The River Unbroken '' `` Why 'd You Come in Here Lookin ' Like That '' `` Yellow Roses '' `` White Limozeen '' `` Rockin ' Years '' `` Silver and Gold '' `` Eagle When She Flies '' `` Romeo '' `` Little Sparrow '' `` Better Get to Livin ' '' `` Together You and I '' Collaboration singles `` The Last Thing on My Mind '' `` Please Do n't Stop Loving Me '' `` Say Forever You 'll Be Mine '' `` To Know Him Is to Love Him '' `` Telling Me Lies '' `` Those Memories of You '' `` Wildflowers '' Guest singles `` Islands in the Stream '' ( w / Kenny Rogers ) `` Love Is Strange '' ( w / Kenny Rogers ) `` When I Get Where I 'm Going '' ( w / Brad Paisley ) Soundtracks The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas Rhinestone Straight Talk Live albums A Real Live Dolly Heartsongs : Live from Home Live and Well Live from London An Evening With ... Dolly Live ! Christmas albums Once Upon a Christmas ( w / Kenny Rogers ) Home for Christmas Children 's albums I Believe in You Films Hollywood to Dollywood The Book Lady For the Love of Dolly Dolly Parton 's Coat of Many Colors Dolly Parton 's Christmas of Many Colors : Circle of Love Tours Halos & Horns Tour Hello , I 'm Dolly Tour The Vintage Tour An Evening with Dolly Parton Backwoods Barbie Tour Better Day World Tour Blue Smoke World Tour Pure & Simple Tour Theme parks and attractions Dollywood Dollywood 's Splash Country Dolly Parton 's Dixie Stampede Related articles Awards and nominations Stella Parton Rachel Dennison Dollywood Foundation Porter Wagoner and Dolly Parton discography Just Because I 'm a Woman : Songs of Dolly Parton Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=When_I_Get_Where_I%27m_Going&oldid=753292667 '' Categories : 2005 singles Brad Paisley songs Dolly Parton songs Geoff Moore songs Vocal duets Songs written by George Teren Songs written by Rivers Rutherford Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Song recordings produced by Frank Rogers ( record producer ) Arista Nashville singles 2005 songs Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 December 2016 , at 08 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When%20I%20Get%20Where%20I%2527m%20Going
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who plays jason west in gavin and stacey
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Actor / Actress Character First Appearance Last Appearance Duration Total Mathew Horne Gavin Shipman 13 May 2007 1 January 2010 2007 -- 2010 20 Joanna Page Stacey Shipman 13 May 2007 1 January 2010 2007 -- 2010 20 James Corden Neil `` Smithy '' Smith 13 May 2007 1 January 2010 2007 -- 2010 20 Ruth Jones Nessa Jenkins 13 May 2007 1 January 2010 2007 -- 2010 20 Rob Brydon Bryn West 13 May 2007 1 January 2010 2007 -- 2010 20 Larry Lamb Mick Shipman 13 May 2007 1 January 2010 2007 -- 2010 20 Alison Steadman Pam Shipman 13 May 2007 1 January 2010 2007 -- 2010 20 Melanie Walters Gwen West 13 May 2007 1 January 2010 2007 -- 2010 20 Steffan Rhodri Dave Coaches 13 May 2007 1 January 2010 2007 -- 2010 11 Margaret John Doris O'Neill 13 May 2007 1 January 2010 2007 -- 2010 8 Adrian Scarborough Pete Sutcliffe 13 May 2007 17 December 2009 2007 -- 2009 7 Julia Davis Dawn Sutcliffe 13 May 2007 17 December 2009 2007 -- 2009 7 Sheridan Smith Ruth `` Rudi '' Smith 16 March 2008 1 January 2010 2008 -- 2010 7 Robert Wilfort Jason West 3 June 2007 1 January 2010 2007 -- 2010 6 Mathew Baynton Deano 11 November 2008 10 December 2009 2008 -- 2009 Russell Tovey Budgie 3 June 2007 10 December 2009 2007 -- 2009 Andrew Knott Dirtbox 3 June 2007 10 December 2009 2007 -- 2009 Samuel Anderson Fingers 3 June 2007 10 December 2009 2007 -- 2009 Ifan Huw Dafydd Neil Jenkins 26 November 2009 1 January 2010 2009 -- 2010 Pam Ferris Cath Smith 26 November 2009 17 December 2009 2009
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Robert Wilfort
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List of Gavin & Stacey characters
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list of gavin & stacey characters
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Gavin & Stacey is an award winning British television comedy series , following the lives of the title characters Gavin ( Mathew Horne ) and Stacey ( Joanna Page ) , who , before marrying , live on opposite sides of the country , Gavin in Billericay , Essex , and Stacey in Barry , Vale of Glamorgan . During the first two series Gavin lives with his parents Mick ( Larry Lamb ) and Pam ( Alison Steadman ) but in the third series he has moved , with Stacey , to Barry and lives with Stacey 's mum . He has a best friend Neil `` Smithy '' Smith ( James Corden ) . For most of the episodes Stacey lives in Barry with her mum Gwen ( Melanie Walters ) , with an extended family of Uncle Bryn ( Rob Brydon ) across the street , and best friend Vanessa Shanessa `` Nessa '' Jenkins ( Ruth Jones ) , but for a short while during series two she lived with Gavin , Pam and Mick in Essex .
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Contents 1 Characters 1.1 Main characters 1.2 Other characters 1.2. 1 Gavin and Smithy 's Friends 1.3 Minor and unseen characters 2 References 3 External links Characters ( edit ) Actor / Actress Character First Appearance Last Appearance Duration Total Mathew Horne Gavin Shipman 13 May 2007 1 January 2010 2007 -- 2010 20 Joanna Page Stacey Shipman 13 May 2007 1 January 2010 2007 -- 2010 20 James Corden Neil `` Smithy '' Smith 13 May 2007 1 January 2010 2007 -- 2010 20 Ruth Jones Nessa Jenkins 13 May 2007 1 January 2010 2007 -- 2010 20 Rob Brydon Bryn West 13 May 2007 1 January 2010 2007 -- 2010 20 Larry Lamb Mick Shipman 13 May 2007 1 January 2010 2007 -- 2010 20 Alison Steadman Pam Shipman 13 May 2007 1 January 2010 2007 -- 2010 20 Melanie Walters Gwen West 13 May 2007 1 January 2010 2007 -- 2010 20 Steffan Rhodri Dave Coaches 13 May 2007 1 January 2010 2007 -- 2010 11 Margaret John Doris O'Neill 13 May 2007 1 January 2010 2007 -- 2010 8 Adrian Scarborough Pete Sutcliffe 13 May 2007 17 December 2009 2007 -- 2009 7 Julia Davis Dawn Sutcliffe 13 May 2007 17 December 2009 2007 -- 2009 7 Sheridan Smith Ruth `` Rudi '' Smith 16 March 2008 1 January 2010 2008 -- 2010 7 Robert Wilfort Jason West 3 June 2007 1 January 2010 2007 -- 2010 6 Mathew Baynton Deano 11 November 2008 10 December 2009 2008 -- 2009 Russell Tovey Budgie 3 June 2007 10 December 2009 2007 -- 2009 Andrew Knott Dirtbox 3 June 2007 10 December 2009 2007 -- 2009 Samuel Anderson Fingers 3 June 2007 10 December 2009 2007 -- 2009 Ifan Huw Dafydd Neil Jenkins 26 November 2009 1 January 2010 2009 -- 2010 Pam Ferris Cath Smith 26 November 2009 17 December 2009 2009 Main characters ( edit ) Gavin Shipman ( Mathew Horne ) - Gavin is 28 when the series starts . He is an only child , and when the series starts he still lives with his loving mother and father in Billericay , Essex . He works for a company called ICB and spends his spare time with his best friend Smithy ( James Corden ) along with his other friends Gary & Simon , Dirtbox , Fingers , Budgie , Swede , Chinese Alan and Jesus . He is a big fan of Tottenham Hotspur ( as is Mathew Horne ) and is often seen wearing his Spurs shirt . In the course of his job , he had to deal with a company called Bedmores , based in Barry . The Bedmores representative he had to correspond with was a woman called Stacey West ( Joanna Page ) . The pair found they got on very well and after months of talking and flirting , they decided to meet in London . They agreed that Gavin would bring his best friend Smithy , and Stacey would bring her best friend Nessa ( Ruth Jones ) . They met up , went clubbing and had sex . When Stacey and Nessa boarded the coach back to Wales , Gavin took a taxi home , jumped in his car and drove all the way to Barry , and met Stacey when her coach arrived in Barry . The two quickly told each other they were in love , and within 9 weeks , they had got engaged and married . Gavin , and his father Mick ( Larry Lamb ) , often play the `` straight men '' in the series , baffled and frustated by the antics of their family and friends . Gavin 's main personality flaw is that he is slightly spoiled , possibly due to being an only child , and gets irritated when he does not get his way . He is not always very sensitive ; when Stacey , who is very attached to her hometown , gets depressed and homesick upon moving to Billericay , Gavin is more confused than concerned . Gavin is also less willing to discuss his private life than his wife . He finds it odd that Stacey is so eager and ready to spill intimate details to Nessa , Bryn , her mother and her brother . Despite these differences , Gavin loves Stacey enormously , demonstrating this by finding a job in Wales so he can move to Barry , despite previously expressing a dislike for it . In Series 3 , he agrees with Stacey to try to have a baby , only to discover she had not been on the pill for a year . Although he is very angry about Stacey not telling him the truth , he becomes much more depressed when he learns that he has fertility problems . Eventually he comes round , and has a serious discussion with Stacey , deciding they will carry on trying to conceive for a few months , and they should start looking at alternatives afterwards . However , in the final episode , Stacey discovers she is pregnant , and Gavin is just as thrilled as she is . Stacey Shipman ( née West ) ( Joanna Page ) - Stacey is 26 and is from Barry , near Cardiff . Her father , Trevor , died three years ago , and she lived at home with her mother in Barry until her marriage . Her gay brother , Jason ( Robert Wilfort ) , lives in Spain . She had been engaged five times before meeting Gavin Shipman ( Mathew Horne ) , something she preferred to forget and kept from him . She is very bubbly , excitable and full of conversation but also slightly fragile and prone to overreacting . An example is her misreading Gavin 's sudden businesslike tone during a call from work when his boss appears over him , immediately thinking he is trying to break up . Gavin then has to drive all the way to Barry to patch things up . She confides frequently in her best friend , Nessa ( Ruth Jones ) . Stacey has never been away from Barry Island before she visits Gavin , and becomes very homesick when she marries him and moves to Essex . After a few months of finding no work , she tells Gavin she can no longer live in Essex and will be moving back home . During the course of their separation , Stacey decides their selfishness about where they live means they are nit meant to be together and is on the verge of giving her wedding ring back when Nessa goes into labour . After Nessa gives birth , they make up and resolve to find a way for both of them to be happy . A few months later , Gavin decides to get a job in Cardiff so he can move to Barry Island to keep Stacey happy . Stacey discovers she is pregnant in the final episode of Series 3 , after desperately taking a large number of pregnancy tests . Neil `` Smithy '' Smith ( James Corden ) - Smithy is 28 and Gavin 's ( Mathew Horne ) best friend , and they 've known each other since primary school . He is a self - employed builder and decorator . He is very protective of Gavin - he is disappointed when Gavin gets engaged to Stacey ( Joanna Page ) and when Gavin and Stacey go on a honeymoon , he calls Gavin every day for the 3 weeks they are there , and gets angry at Gavin for leaving his phone off . He loves Gavin 's parents more than his own , and has an unseen girlfriend called Lucy , who , according to Smithy , is seventeen years and three quarters old . He loves unusual beer , paintball and West Ham United . When Nessa ( Ruth Jones ) gives birth to their son , they name him Neil after himself and Nessa 's father . In the series finale , Smithy stops Nessa 's wedding declaring his feelings for her , thus causing Nessa and Dave ( Steffan Rhodri ) not to get married . He is shown to have obvious similarities to Nessa , such as : refusing to share food , being very upfront , protective of their best friends , and they like most of the same food and drink , such as KFC , corn on the cob , and Irn - Bru . Smithy wears his heart on his sleeve and is given to intense public displays of emotion , and will cry or sulk with little provocation . Smithy eats , drinks and smokes to excess and is overweight . Vanessa Shanessa `` Nessa '' Jenkins ( Ruth Jones ) - Nessa is Stacey 's ( Joanna Page ) best friend , also from Barry . She discovers she is pregnant in the fourth episode of Series 1 and it is later revealed that Smithy ( James Corden ) became the father the second time they were intimate at Pam ( Alison Steadman ) and Mick 's ( Larry Lamb ) house . She speaks fluent Italian and Welsh , has several tattoos , most notably a large red dragon on her right upper arm . She is a chain smoker ( except during her pregnancy ) and was one of the original members of All Saints ( but did n't get along with Shaznay ) . She works at the Barry Island Amusement Arcades or `` The Slots '' . Nessa regularly recalls strange and often lewd experiences with celebrities . She gives birth to baby Neil in the series finale of Series 2 and becomes engaged to Dave Coaches ( Steffan Rhodri ) in the 2008 Christmas special . In the series finale , Smithy declares his feelings for Nessa at her wedding , and Dave accepts that the feelings he and Nessa share are not as strong as hers and Smithy 's . Nessa 's age is unknown throughout the show even to Stacey . To date she has slept with Gavin 's ( Mathew Horne ) best friend Smithy four times . Her catchphrases include `` Ohhhh '' , `` Tidy '' , `` Genuine '' , `` Truth be told '' , `` Immense '' , `` I 'm not going to lie to you '' and `` What 's occurring ? '' . In the third series , it was discovered that she is an Aston Villa fan . She has a jet black bob - style hair and wears Gothic style make up . She is serious , ongoing and surprisingly intelligent at times . She has had a number of interesting occupations including being a BBC radio producer , a roadie for a major band , and driving trucks for Eddie Stobart ( who gave her two trucks to keep when she left , ) and a running feature of the programme is her wide range of impressive occupations , abilities ( apart from speaking fluent Italian she is an excellent ten pin bowler ) and acquaintance or relationships with various famous people . The reaction of those around her to mention of these invariably suggests that they are factual rather than a fantasy , despite the rather incongruous fact that she now works as a cashier at an amusement arcade in Barry . Michael `` Mick '' Shipman ( Larry Lamb ) - Mick is Gavin 's ( Mathew Horne ) father . He is often mistaken to be 53 and is a down - to - earth bloke , like his son . He 's happy with his life -- running his own company , playing golf and going to the pub quiz every Tuesday . He is something of a calming influence on his wife , Pam ( Alison Steadman ) . Pamela Andrea `` Pam '' Shipman ( née Griggell - Eschefska ) ( Alison Steadman ) -- Pam is Gavin 's ( Mathew Horne ) proud and doting mother . She is in her fifties , though her exact age is unknown as , according to her husband , she has claimed to be 51 on her past five birthdays . She is a stereotypical Essex wife and is very house - proud . She is also very caring of Smithy ( James Corden ) , Gavin 's best friend , and treats him as if he were her own son . Pam adores Camilla , Duchess of Cornwall ( referring to Princess Diana as a `` hussy '' ) and acts out sexual fantasies of Charles and Camilla with her husband , Mick ( Larry Lamb ) . She dotes on Gavin , who she calls her `` Little Prince '' . She is very welcoming of Stacey ( Joanna Page ) into the family - the first time Stacey meets her , she helps her with a pimple on her face , in a motherly fashion , which allows the two to bond . Although she is initially angry at Stacey when Gavin announces they 're moving back to Barry , accusing Stacey of ' stealing ' her son , she apologises the next morning for overreacting . Pam is prone to malapropisms , such as saying `` ours is not to question while '' ( instead of `` why '' ) or `` Barry 's Island '' instead of `` Barry Island '' . She is often nervous and excitable and this leads her into awkward social situations , such as forcing Mick to go food shopping in response to an attack of paranoia about her guests ' dietary requirements , and then falsely claiming to be newly vegetarian ( a pretence she is forced to maintain , much to her frustration because she craves meat ) in order to explain why he has arrived with several bags of vegetarian food . Her catchphrases include `` Oh My Christ '' , `` I panicked ( name ) '' and `` Mick ! Michael ! '' Brynfor `` Bryn '' West ( Rob Brydon ) - Bryn is Stacey ( Joanna Page ) and Jason 's ( Robert Wilfort ) uncle . He is the brother of Stacey 's deceased father , Trevor and is a single man in his late forties . He lives across the road from Stacey and his sister - in - law , Gwen ( Melanie Walters ) and is very protective of them . In Series 1 and 2 , he had a strained relationship with his nephew Jason due to an unspecified but clearly disturbing incident on a fishing trip . He leads a very simple life and often gets excited about trivial things such as his Sat Nav or the Internet . He also enjoys typically female - oriented TV shows such as Desperate Housewives and Sex and the City . He is a keen singer and sings with Stacey 's best friend , Nessa ( Ruth Jones ) . In Series 2 , he puts a home gym in his house that is `` the talk of the street '' . Bryn also displays latent homosexual tendencies but is seemingly too innocent and childlike to address them . For instance , Bryn converted one of the bedrooms in his home into a gym and invites Smithy ( James Corden ) over where they strip shirtless and have a close workout followed by a `` warm down '' that involves rubbing each other . Smithy does not see this as a sexual thing at all , even though it makes Gavin ( Mathew Horne ) uncomfortable . It has been implied a number of times that Bryn was abused by his brother Trevor as a child , such as Trevor leaving him terrified on a ghost train or hanging him by his ankles and swinging him against rocks , resulting in two broken arms . He claims he `` rather enjoyed the experience '' as it was only `` tomfoolery '' but it shocks everyone and horrifies Pam ( Alison Steadman ) . Gwen West ( Melanie Walters ) - Gwen is Stacey ( Joanna Page ) and Jason 's ( Robert Wilfort ) mother . She is a widow in her late forties and has two children , Jason and Stacey . She is a housewife and regularly offers to cook omelettes . She 's a caring , kind woman who lets herself be taken advantage of by Stacey 's best friend , Nessa ( Ruth Jones ) . She 's very close to Stacey as they spent many years living together . In Series 3 , she lives with Stacey and her husband Gavin ( Mathew Horne ) . On the day of Nessa 's wedding , Nessa told Gwen that she was like a mother to her before kissing her on the lips , which gobsmacks Gwen but does not affect Nessa . Other characters ( edit ) David `` Dave Coaches '' Lloyd Gooch ( Steffan Rhodri ) - Coach driver in Barry and Nessa 's ( Ruth Jones ) fiancé , after they got engaged in the Christmas special . Aspersions are cast regarding his sexual health in Series 1 , although it is revealed in Series 2 that he has been to `` the clinic '' . He is the only person , other than Bryn ( Rob Brydon ) and Jason ( Robert Wilfort ) , who knows what happened on the fishing trip , after Bryn told him to get the matter off his chest . His relationship with Nessa results in both Bryn and Jason being incredibly nervous about him telling their friends what happened , although he makes it very clear to Bryn he would n't tell anyone about it . He also has his own company named Dave Coaches . He often shows jealousy towards Smithy ( James Corden ) for being the father of Nessa 's child . Smithy gets jealous of him for always spending time with his son and treating him like his own , and in the final episode leaves Nessa at the altar as he does n't believe she loves him . Nessa 's father mentions him having `` blood on his hands '' , but says he was joking , knowing that `` nothing was proven '' . Dave often has a strained relationship with the other characters , and has publicly had angry exchanges with Bryn , Smithy and Pete ( Adrian Scarborough ) , who punched him in the face after he made an uncharitable remark about his wife , Dawn ( Julia Davis ) . Jason West ( Robert Wilfort ) - Stacey 's ( Joanna Page ) elder brother , son of Gwen ( Melanie Walters ) and her late husband , Trevor . Lives in Spain with his boyfriend , José . He and Bryn ( Rob Brydon ) share a rather awkward relationship due to some mysterious goings - on on the fateful fishing trip . Although the events of the fishing trip are never explicitly revealed , it is strongly implied that there was a close and intimate encounter between Jason and Bryn . When they attempt to explain to Dave the reason for what they did that night , Bryn says `` It was freezing cold ... and when you 're that cold you - '' before being cut off by Gavin entering the room . He is disappointed in the first series when Gavin ( Mathew Horne ) and Stacey get married and he is not chosen to take Stacey down the aisle . He and Bryn eventually become friends again , something they are both glad about . Peter `` Pete '' Sutcliffe ( Adrian Scarborough ) and Dawn Sutcliffe ( Julia Davis ) - Friends of Pam ( Alison Steadman ) and Mick 's ( Larry Lamb ) . They have a very strained marriage and regularly insult each other in public . Also part of the ongoing joke that characters share their surnames with serial killers -- in this case Peter Sutcliffe , the Yorkshire Ripper . He punches Dave in the Christmas special . He also attempts a threesome in the beginning of Series 2 with his wife Dawn and a man named Seth . It did n't work out as Seth said the photo was not representative of them as a couple . The couple renewed their vows in Series 3 . They have two children , Fiona and Alex . In the series finale of Series 1 , their surname is revealed to be Whitely , but in the 2008 Christmas Special , it is revealed to be Sutcliffe . Catherina `` Cath '' Smith ( Pam Ferris ) - Smithy ( James Corden ) and Rudi 's ( Sheridan Smith ) mother who first appears in the first episode of Series 3 . She is rumoured to have had a lesbian relationship with the headteacher of Gavin ( Mathew Horne ) and Smithy 's primary school . She claims to suffer from narcolepsy , though Pam ( Alison Steadman ) attributes this to her excessive drinking . She attends single mother support groups and has been known to perform lewd acts on webcam , having once accidentally exposed herself to Nessa ( Ruth Jones ) thinking she was a man named John . Doris `` Dor '' O'Neill ( Margaret John ) - Gwen 's ( Melanie Walters ) elderly next door neighbour . She looks like a stereotypical `` little old lady '' , in sharp contrast to her behaviour and blunt , profanity - littered conversational style . Doris regularly dates younger men , even offering herself up to Gavin ( Mathew Horne ) for `` discreet '' extramarital relations , and is described by Bryn ( Rob Brydon ) as `` a player '' . She has a daughter named Moira , whom she loathes and would like to `` smother '' if she saw her again . Gwen even goes so far as to say `` she was a nasty piece of work '' . It is Doris who spots the unfortunate coincidence of Gavin and Stacey ( Joanna Page ) sharing the West and Shipman surnames with serial murderers Fred and Rose West and Harold Shipman . Ruth `` Rudi '' Smith ( Sheridan Smith ) - Smithy 's ( James Corden ) sister , also likes to be called `` Smithy '' in an attempt to imitate her brother , with whom she often fights . Neil Noel Edmund Smith aka Neil , the Baby - The son of Smithy ( James Corden ) and Nessa ( Ruth Jones ) , named after both Smithy and Nessa 's father . His middle names come from Smithy 's uncle Edmund and Nessa 's friend Noel from Hear'Say . Neil Jenkins ( Ifan Huw Dafydd ) - Nessa 's ( Ruth Jones ) father ; appears at the Christening but is obviously uncomfortable at being back in Barry due to unknown previous events . He is a part - time actor who has appeared as an extra in Lark Rise to Candleford and as a man in a coma in Holby City . Dick Powell ( Gwynfor Roberts ) The only exclusively Welsh - speaking inhabitant of Barry . Sells items on the black market such as satellite navigation systems and meat that his brother steals from the slaughterhouse where he works . He enjoys chicken and Glamorgan sausage sandwiches . Deano ( Mathew Baynton ) is a friend of Gavin ( Mathew Horne ) and Smithy 's ( James Corden ) . He works with Smithy and is known for being gormless and somewhat naïve . He learnt Welsh prior to coming over to Wales with the `` Essex Lads '' . He was n't at Gavin 's stag , but got a T - shirt made afterwards when they went to the foam party . Among his idiosyncrasies is a fondness for drinking a mixture of equal parts tea and coffee , which he calls a `` toffee '' or a `` cea '' ( pronounced `` key '' ) . Owain Hughes ( Steven Meo ) - one of Gavin 's ( Mathew Horne ) co-workers at his new job in Cardiff in Series 3 . Constantly the subject of an unclear joke - `` My name is Owain Hughes and before you ask , no I do n't ! '' . Gavin and Smithy 's friends ( edit ) Budgie ( Russell Tovey ) - A friend of Gavin ( Mathew Horne ) and Smithy 's ( James Corden ) . He is nicknamed as such because he has big ears . He has a brother called Magpie , who works as a DJ . Chinese Alan ( Dominic Gaskell ) - A friend of Gavin ( Mathew Horne ) and Smithy 's ( James Corden ) . His catchphrase is `` Did someone order a Chinese ? '' Fingers ( Samuel Anderson ) - A friend of Gavin ( Mathew Horne ) and Smithy 's ( James Corden ) . He is so named because of his womanizing attitude . He has an on - off relationship with Stacey 's ( Joanna Page ) friend , Louise . Dirtbox ( Andrew Knott ) - A friend of Gavin ( Mathew Horne ) and Smithy 's ( James Corden ) . He seems to be somewhat short tempered and snappy . Jesus ( Daniel Curtis ) - A friend of Gavin ( Mathew Horne ) and Smithy 's ( James Corden ) . He only appears in the stag episode ; most likely owing to the fact that no one in the group really seems to like him . Swede - ( John Grisley ) A friend of Gavin ( Mathew Horne ) and Smithy 's ( James Corden ) . He rarely says anything . Gary ( Jason Gregg ) - A friend of Gavin ( Mathew Horne ) and Smithy 's ( James Corden ) . He has been friends with them since primary school . He is never seen without his best friend Simon ; except for in Series 3 , where it appears they have had an argument . ' N ' Simon - A friend of Gavin ( Mathew Horne ) and Smithy 's ( James Corden ) . He has been friends with them since primary school . He is never seen without his best friend Gary ( Jason Gregg ) ; but he does not appear in Series 3 , as it appears he has had an argument with Gary . Luggy - A friend of Gavin ( Mathew Horne ) and Smithy 's ( James Corden ) . He has glasses and is quite tall . He is relatively quiet when compared to the rest of Gavin 's friends as he is often seen in the background of the conversation and has no dialogue . He is not seen in Series 3 for unknown reasons . Minor and unseen characters ( edit ) Japanese Margaret - A friend of Pam ( Alison Steadman ) and Dawn 's ( Julia Davis ) whose name came up during the protest over the telephone mast . No Man Jan - A friend of Pam 's ( Alison Steadman ) who told her about the rumour of Cath 's ( Pam Ferris ) lesbian relationship with Smithy ( James Corden ) and Gavin 's ( Mathew Horne ) headmistress . Mick ( Larry Lamb ) claims she ca n't be trusted - `` that 's why she 's been divorced three times '' . Big Fat Sue - Pam 's ( Alison Steadman ) overweight friend . Pam calls her `` Susan '' to her face ; however , other characters such as Dawn ( Julia Davis ) directly address her as `` Big Fat Sue '' . Fat No More Pat - Pam 's ( Alison Steadman ) friend from her Fencing class . She was mentioned when Pam asked Stacey ( Joanna Page ) if she would like to come along in Pat 's absence . Seth - Swinger who responded to Dawn ( Julia Davis ) and Pete 's ( Adrian Scarborough ) request for a threesome partner , he denied because the picture of Dawn and Pete was 15 years old . Nigel Havers - Actor , Nessa 's ( Ruth Jones ) ex-boyfriend Tom Jones - Singer , Nessa 's ( Ruth Jones ) ex-boyfriend John Prescott - Politician , Nessa 's ( Ruth Jones ) ex-boyfriend Noel Sullivan - Singer , Nessa 's ( Ruth Jones ) close friend . Nessa 's son , Neil 's middle name is after him . Griff ( Alan David ) - Bryn ( Rob Brydon ) and Doris ' ( Margaret John ) friend . He attended Gavin ( Mathew Horne ) and Stacey 's ( Joanna Page ) wedding with Doris in Series 1 . Father Chris ( William Thomas ) - A vicar in Barry . José - Jason 's ( Robert Wilfort ) boyfriend , who attends Gavin ( Mathew Horne ) and Stacey 's ( Joanna Page ) wedding . Edna Sutcliffe ( Edna Doré ) - Pete 's ( Adrian Scarborough ) mother , only seen once in the Christmas Special , where Pete forgot her and she stayed behind the bar over night Betty ( Hazel Douglas ) - A neighbour of Pam ( Alison Steadman ) and Mick 's ( Larry Lamb ) . She is only seen talking to Pam about Mick 's short stint on a news broadcast . Scott - One of Doris ' ( Margaret John ) much younger boyfriends , whom she casually describes as `` a bit of a pothead '' . Natalie Lewis - Sales assistant whose brother and father once had a fight with Nessa ( Ruth Jones ) Lucy - Smithy 's ( James Corden ) much younger girlfriend , who is still in secondary school . She is never seen on - screen , and dumps Smithy in Series 2 when he discovers that she has been seeing somebody else . In a running joke meant to illustrate the age gap between her and Smithy , she is often mentioned to be doing activities that would normally be associated with younger people ( such as Brownies or trampolining ) . Jean - A character who Bryn ( Rob Brydon ) invites to Gwen 's birthday party , due to guests he 'd already invited saying they ca n't attend . Jean is hated to Gwen however for reasons that were n't really mentioned . Doris ( Margaret John ) warns Bryn not to invite her and does not like her . Jean is not seen on screen , however Gwen sees her and it is unknown what happened next . Glenda - In series 3 episode 5 , Glenda gets in contact with Bryn ( Rob Brydon ) , Doris ( Margaret John ) and Gwen ( Melanie Walters ) almost immediately after Pam ( Alison Steadman ) and Mick ( Larry Lamb ) arrive outside Gwen 's house all via different forms of contact . It is not mentioned where Glenda lives , though she is within hearing range as she heard that Pam and Mick were going to the beach , nor is she ever mentioned again . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ifan Huw Dafydd 's details from the equity wales web site '' . Equity Oriel . Archived from the original on 5 December 2008 . Retrieved 6 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ifan Huw Dafydd '' . Digiguide Library . Retrieved 6 January 2010 . External links ( edit ) Full Gavin & Stacey Cast List Wikiquote has quotations related to : Gavin & Stacey Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Gavin_%26_Stacey_characters&oldid=853705524 '' Categories : Lists of British sitcom television characters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 13 : 36 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Gavin%20%2526%20Stacey%20characters
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what breed of dog is scotty sires dog
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Scottish Terrier
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scottish terrier
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The Scottish Terrier ( also known as the Aberdeen Terrier ) , popularly called the Scottie , is a breed of dog . Initially one of the highland breeds of terrier that were grouped under the name of Skye Terrier , it is one of five breeds of terrier that originated in Scotland , the other four being the modern Skye , Cairn , Dandie Dinmont , and West Highland White Terriers . They are an independent and rugged breed with a wiry outer coat and a soft dense undercoat . The First Earl of Dumbarton nicknamed the breed `` the diehard '' . The modern breed is said to be able to trace its lineage back to a single female , named Splinter II .
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They are a small breed of terrier with a distinctive shape and have had many roles in popular culture . They have been owned by a variety of celebrities , including the 32nd President of the United States , Franklin Delano Roosevelt , whose Scottie Fala is included with FDR in a statue in Washington , D.C. , as well as by the 43rd President , George W. Bush . They are also well known for being a playing piece in the board game Monopoly . Described as territorial , feisty dogs , they can make a good watchdog and tend to be very loyal to their family . Healthwise , Scottish Terriers can be more prone to bleeding disorders , joint disorders , autoimmune diseases , allergies , and cancer than some other breeds of dog and there is a condition named after the breed called Scotty cramp . They are also one of the more successful dog breeds at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show with a recent best in show in 2010 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 1.1 Appearance 1.2 Coat 1.3 Temperament 2 Health 2.1 Cancer in Scottish Terriers 2.2 Scottie cramp 2.3 Craniomandibular osteopathy 2.4 von Willebrand 's disease 3 History 4 Famous Scotties and popular culture 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Description ( edit ) Appearance ( edit ) A black and a wheaten Scottish Terrier A brindle Scottish Terrier Scottish Terriers in three colours Scottish Terrier The Scottish Terrier is a small , compact , short - legged , sturdily - built terrier of good bone and substance . They have a hard , wiry , weather - resistant coat and a thick - set , cobby body which is hung between short , heavy legs . These characteristics , joined with his very special keen , piercing , `` varminty '' expression , and his erect ears and tail are salient features of the breed . The Scottish Terrier 's bold , confident , dignified aspect exemplifies power in a small package . The eyes should be small , bright and piercing , and almond - shaped not round . The color should be dark brown or nearly black , the darker the better . The ears should be small , prick , set well up on the skull and pointed , but never cut . They should be covered with short velvety hair . Height at withers for both genders should be roughly 25 cm ( 9.8 in ) , and the length of back from withers to tail is roughly 28 cm ( 11 in ) . Generally a well - balanced Scottie dog should weigh from 8.5 to 10 kg ( 19 to 22 lb ) and a female from 8 to 9.5 kg ( 18 to 21 lb ) . It is about 10 to 11 inches ( 25 to 28 cm ) in height . Coat ( edit ) The Scottish Terrier typically has a hard , wiry outer coat with a soft , dense undercoat . The coat should be trimmed and blended into the furnishings to give a distinct Scottish Terrier outline . The longer coat on the beard , legs and lower body may be slightly softer than the body coat but should not be or appear fluffy . The coat colours range from dark gray to jet black and brindle , a mix of black and brown . Scotties with wheaten ( straw to nearly white ) coats sometimes occur , and are similar in appearance to the Soft - Coated Wheaten Terrier or West Highland White Terrier . Temperament ( edit ) Scotties are territorial , alert , quick moving and feisty , perhaps even more so than other terrier breeds . The breed is known to be independent and self - assured , playful , intelligent and has been nicknamed the ' Diehard ' because of its rugged nature and endless determination . The `` Diehard '' nickname was originally given to it in the 19th century by George , the fourth Earl of Dumbarton . The Earl had a famous pack of Scottish Terriers , so brave that they were named `` Diehards '' . They were supposed to have inspired the name of his Regiment , The Royal Scots , `` Dumbarton 's Diehards '' . Scotties , while being described as very loving , have also been described as stubborn . They are sometimes described as an aloof breed , although it has been noted that they tend to be very loyal to their family and are known to attach themselves to one or two people . It has been suggested that the Scottish Terrier can make a good watchdog due to its tendency to bark only when necessary and because it is typically reserved with strangers , although this is not always the case . They have been described as a fearless breed that may be aggressive around other dogs unless introduced at an early age . Scottish Terriers were originally bred to hunt and fight badgers . Therefore , the Scottie is prone to dig as well as chase small vermin , such as squirrels , rats , and mice . Health ( edit ) Although black is the most traditional colour for a Scottie , Wheaten Scotties can also be found , as shown in this picture of a Scottie puppy . Two genetic health concerns seen in the breed are von Willebrand disease ( vWD ) and craniomandibular osteopathy ( CMO ) ; Scottie cramp , patellar luxation and cerebellar abiotrophy are also sometimes seen in this breed . Common eye conditions seen in a variety of breeds such as cataracts and glaucoma can appear in Scotties as they age . There are no specific conditions relating the skin that affect the breed , but they can be affected by common dog related conditions such as parasites and mange . Scotties typically live from 11 to 13 years . Cancer in Scottish Terriers ( edit ) Scottish Terriers have a greater chance of developing some cancers than other purebreds . According to research by the Veterinary Medical Data Program ( 1986 ) , six cancers that Scotties appeared to be more at risk for ( when compared to other breeds ) are : ( in descending order ) bladder cancer and other transitional cell carcinomas of the lower urinary tract ; malignant melanoma ; gastric carcinoma ; squamous cell carcinoma of the skin ; lymphosarcoma and nasal carcinoma . Other cancers that are known to commonly affect Scotties include mast cell sarcoma and hemangiosarcoma . Research has suggested that Scottish Terriers are 20 times more likely to get bladder cancer than other breeds and the most common kind of bladder cancer is transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder ( TCC ) . Dr. Deborah Knapp of Purdue University School of Veterinary Medicine has commented `` TCC usually occurs in older dogs ( average age 11 years ) and is more common in females ( 2 : 1 ratio of females to males ) . '' Symptoms of TCC are blood in the urine , straining to urinate , and frequent urination -- although owners noticing any of these symptoms should also be aware that the same symptoms may also be indicative of a urinary tract infection . The most common and effective form of treatment for TCC is Piroxicam , a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that `` allows the cancer cells to kill themselves . '' In order to help prevent cancer in a dog , an owner should ensure that their dog has minimal exposure to herbicides , pesticides , solvents and cigarette smoke ; use caution when treating dogs with some flea medications ; provide a healthy , vitamin - rich diet ( low in carbohydrates , high in vegetables ) and plenty of exercise . Scottie cramp ( edit ) Scottie cramp is an autosomal recessive hereditary disorder which inhibits the dog 's ability to walk . It is caused by a defect in the pathways in the brain that control muscle contraction due to a low level of serotonin in the body . Typically symptoms only show when the particular dog is under some degree of stress . The front legs are pushed out to the side , the back arches and the rear legs overflex , causing the dog to fall should they be moving at speed . The condition is not seizure related , and the dog remains conscious throughout the event , with symptoms abating once the cause of the stress has been removed . Vitamin E , Diazepam and Prozac have all been shown to be effective treatments should it be required . Scotty cramp is found in other breeds of terrier , including the Cesky Terrier . `` Episodic Falling '' , a condition found in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels is considered to be similar to this disorder . Craniomandibular osteopathy ( edit ) Also known as `` Lion Jaw '' , `` Westy Jaw '' or `` Scotty Jaw '' , this condition of craniomandibular osteopathy is caused by excessive bone growth in the bottom jaw , usually occurring between four and seven months of age . Like Scottie Cramp , it is an autosomal recessive hereditary disorder , and can cause discomfort to the dog when it attempts to chew . The progression of the condition usually slows down between eleven and thirteen months of age , and is sometimes followed by a slow partial or complete regression . This condition has also been seen in other breeds of dog , such as the West Highland White Terrier , Cairn Terrier , Boston Terrier , as well as some larger breeds such as Bullmastiffs . Von Willebrand 's disease ( edit ) Von Willebrand 's disease is a hereditary bleeding disorder found in both dogs and humans . It is caused by a lack of von Willebrand factor which plays a role in the clotting process of blood . This can cause abnormal platelet function and prolonged bleeding times . Affected dogs can be prone to nose bleeds , and increased bleeding following trauma or surgery . There are three types of this condition with Type I being the most common , while Type II and III being rarer , but more severe . Type I von Willebrand 's disease is relatively common in the Scottish Terrier . Type I is more widespread in Doberman Pinscher , but is as common in the Shetland Sheepdog as the Scottish Terrier . The condition appears in most breeds to some extent , but other breeds with an increased risk include the Golden Retriever , German Shepherd Dog , Basset Hound and Manchester Terrier . History ( edit ) A Scotch Terrier , published in 1859 Initial grouping of several of the highland terriers ( including the Scottie ) under the generic name Skye Terriers caused some confusion in the breed 's lineage . There is disagreement over whether the Skye Terriers mentioned in early 16th century records actually descended from forerunners of the Scottie or vice versa . It is certain , however , that Scotties and West Highland White Terriers are closely related -- both their forefathers originated from the Blackmount region of Perthshire and the Moor of Rannoch . Scotties were originally bred to hunt and kill vermin on farms and to hunt badgers and foxes in the Highlands of Scotland . The actual origin of a breed as old as the Scottish Terrier is obscure and undocumented . The first written records about a dog of similar description to the Scottish Terrier dates from 1436 , when Don Leslie described them in his book The History of Scotland 1436 -- 1561 . Two hundred years later , Sir Joshua Reynolds painted a portrait of a young girl caressing a dog similar in appearance to the modern - day Scottie . King James VI of Scotland was an important historical figure featuring in the Scottish Terrier 's history . In the 17th century , when King James VI became James I of England , he sent six terriers -- thought to be forerunners of the Scottish terrier -- to a French monarch as a gift . His love and adoration for the breed increased their popularity throughout the world . Many dog writers after the early 19th century seem to agree that there were two varieties of terrier existing in Britain at the time -- a rough - haired so - called Scotch Terrier and a smooth - haired English Terrier . Thomas Brown , in his Biological Sketches and Authentic Anecdotes of Dogs ( 1829 ) , states that `` the Scotch terrier is certainly the purest in point of breed and the ( smooth ) English seems to have been produced by a cross from him '' . Brown went on to describe the Scotch Terrier as `` low in stature , with a strong muscular body , short stout legs , a head large in proportion to the body '' and was `` generally of a sandy colour or black '' with a `` long , matted and hard '' coat . Although the Scotch Terrier described here is more generic than specific to a breed , it asserts the existence of a small , hard , rough - coated terrier developed for hunting small game in the Scottish Highlands in the early 19th century ; a description that shares characteristics with what was once known as the Aberdeen Terrier and is today known as the Scottish Terrier . In addition , the paintings of Sir Edwin Landseer and an 1835 lithograph entitled `` Scottish Terriers at Work on a Cairn in the West Highlands '' both depict Scottie type terriers very similar to those described in the first Scottish Terrier Standard . Ch . Bapton Norman , a popular sire from 1914 . In the 19th century , the Highlands of Scotland , including the Isle of Skye , were abundant with terriers originally known by the generic term `` short - haired terriers '' or `` little Skye Terriers . '' Towards the end of the 19th century , it was decided to separate these Scottish terriers and develop pure bloodlines and specific breeds . Originally , the breeds were separated into two categories : Dandie Dinmont Terriers and Skye Terriers ( not the Skye Terrier known today , but a generic name for a large group of terriers with differing traits all said to originate from the Isle of Skye ) . The Birmingham England dog show of 1860 was the first to offer classes for these groups of terriers . They continued to be exhibited in generic groups for several years and these groups included the ancestors of today 's Scottish Terrier . Recorded history and the initial development of the breed started in the late 1870s with the development of dog shows . The exhibition and judging of dogs required comparison to a breed standard and thus the appearance and temperament of the Scottie was written down for the first time . Eventually , the Skye Terriers were further divided into what are known today as the Scottish Terrier , Skye Terrier , West Highland White Terrier and Cairn Terrier . While fanciers sought to identify and standardize the breed and its description through the late 19th century , the Scottish Terrier was known by many different names : the Highland , the Cairn , Diehard , and most often , the Aberdeen Terrier -- named because of the abundant number of the dogs in the area and because a J.A. Adamson of Aberdeen successfully exhibited his dogs during the 1870s . Roger Rough , a dog owned by Adamson , Tartan , a dog owned by Mr Paynton Piggott , Bon Accord , owned by Messrs Ludlow and Bromfield , and Splinter II owned by Mr Ludlow , were early winners of dog exhibitions and are the four dogs from which all Scottish Terrier pedigrees ultimately began . It is often said that all present day Scotties stem from a single bitch , Splinter II , and two sires . In her book , The New Scottish Terrier , Cindy Cooke refers to Splinter II as the `` foundation matron of the modern Scottish Terrier . '' Cooke goes on to say `` For whatever reason , early breeders line bred on this bitch to the virtual exclusion of all others . Mated to Tartan , she produced Worry , the dam of four champions . Rambler , her son by Bonaccord , sired the two founding sires of the breed , Ch . Dundee ( out of Worry ) and Ch . Alistair ( out of a Dundee daughter ) '' Show champions on both sides of the Atlantic descend from Splinter and her sires . Captain Gordon Murray and S.E. Shirley were responsible for setting the type in 1879 . Shortly afterwards , in 1879 , Scotties were for the first time exhibited at Alexander Palace in England , while the following year they began to be classified in much the same way as is done today . The first written standard of the breed was drafted by J.B. Morrison and D.J. Thomson Gray and appeared in Vero Shaw 's Illustrated Book of The Dog , published in 1880 ; it was extremely influential in setting both breed type and name . The standard described the breed 's colouring as `` Grey , Grizzle or Brindle '' , as the typically Black colouring of Scotties did not become fashionable or favoured until the 20th century . Scottish Terrier circa 1915 In 1881 the `` Scottish Terrier Club of England '' was founded , being the first club dedicated to the breed . The club secretary , H.J. Ludlow , is responsible for greatly popularising the breed in the southern parts of Great Britain . The `` Scottish Terrier Club of Scotland '' was not founded until 1888 , seven years after the English club . Following the formation of the English and Scottish clubs there followed several years of disagreement regarding the breed 's official standard . The issue was finally settled by a revised standard in 1930 , which was based on four prepotent dogs . The dogs were Robert and James Chapman 's Heather Necessity , Albourne Barty , bred by AG Cowley , Albourne Annie Laurie , bred by Miss Wijk and Miss Wijk 's Marksman of Docken ( the litter brother of Annie Laurie ) . These four dogs and their offspring modified the look of the Scottie , particularly the length of the head , closeness to the ground and the squareness of body . Their subsequent success in the show ring led to them becoming highly sought after by the British public and breeders . As such , the modified standard completely revolutionized the breed . This new standard was subsequently recognised by the Kennel Club UK circa 1930 . Scotties were introduced to America in the early 1890s , but it was not until the years between World War I and World War II that the breed became popular . The Scottish Terrier Club of America ( STCA ) was formed in 1900 and a standard written in 1925 . The Scottish Terrier was recognized by the United Kennel Club in 1934 . By 1936 , Scotties were the third most popular breed in the United States . Although they did not permanently stay in fashion , they continue to enjoy a steady popularity with a large segment of the dog - owning public across the world . The STCA founded its Health Trust Fund ( HTF ) in 1995 which supports research on health issues in the breed . Scottish Terriers have won best in show at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show more than any other breed except for the Wire Fox Terrier , a total of nine times . These victories began in 1911 with a win by Ch . Tickle Em Jock and include recent victories such as in 1995 when Ch . Gaelforce Post Script ( Peggy Sue ) won , and in 2010 with a victory by Ch . Roundtown Mercedes Of Maryscot . Famous Scotties and popular culture ( edit ) Come Over Here ! ( 1915 ) by Lilian Cheviot , showing the approximate differences in sizes between the Scottish Terrier , the Welsh Terrier and the Bulldog . The Scottie and the German Shepherd are the only breeds of dog that have lived in the White House more than three times . President Franklin D. Roosevelt was renowned for owning a Scottie named Fala , a gift from his distant cousin , Margaret Suckley . The President loved Fala so much that he rarely went anywhere without him . Roosevelt had several Scotties before Fala , including one named Duffy and another named Mr. Duffy . Eleanor Roosevelt had a Scottish Terrier named Meggie when the family entered the White House in 1933 . More recently , President George W. Bush has owned two black Scottish Terriers , Barney and Miss Beazley . Barney starred in nine films produced by the White House . Fala at the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial ( bottom left ) , the only Presidential dog so honoured . Other famous people who are known to have owned Scotties include : Queen Victoria , Eva Braun , Dwight D. Eisenhower , Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis , Ed Whitfield , Rudyard Kipling and President of Poland , Lech Kaczyński . Actress Tatum O'Neal owned a Scottish Terrier . She was said to be so saddened by her dog 's death to cancer and old age that she relapsed into drugs . The Scottie is also renowned for being featured in the popular board game , Monopoly , as a player token . When the game was first created in the 1930s , Scotties were one of the most popular pets in the United States , and it is also one of the most popular Monopoly game tokens , according to Matt Collins , vice president of marketing for Hasbro . In Disney 's 1955 film Lady and the Tramp , a Scottish terrier named Jock is the friend of Lady , the American Cocker Spaniel . A Scottish Terrier named Dulcinea is a scene - stealer in the 1998 Latin American novel Yo - Yo Boing ! by Giannina Braschi . In May 2007 , Carnegie Mellon University named the Scottish Terrier its official mascot . The Scottie had been a long - running unofficial mascot of the university , whose founder 's Scottish heritage is also honored by the official athletic nickname of `` Tartans '' . Agnes Scott College in Decatur , Georgia also uses the Scottie as their mascot . The dog 's image is a symbol for the Radley brand of bags . The amateur athletics organisation Jogscotland has an anthropomorphic Scottish Terrier as its mascot . See also ( edit ) List of domesticated Scottish breeds Scotty dog sign ( radiological term ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` STCA_Breed_Standard '' . Retrieved 19 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Cunliffe , Juliette ( 2002 ) . The Encyclopedia of Dog Breeds . Parragon . p. 248 . ISBN 0 - 7525 - 8018 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scottish Terrier '' . Dog-Breed-Facts.com . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of the Scottish Terrier '' . MacTavish Scotties . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Terrier Dog Breeds '' . Buzzle.com . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Scottish Terrier '' . Dog Owner 's Guide . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Jewel R. `` Profile of the Scottish Terrier '' . BarkBytes . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Overview of serious health conditions in Scottish terrier breed '' . Scottish Terrier Dog.com . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Coile , Caroline ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of Dog Breeds . Barron 's Educational Series . p. 198 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7641 - 5700 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Fry Owen , Carole . `` CANCER : The Scottish Terrier 's War On Terror '' . Tartanscottie.com . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Wallace B. ( 1998 ) . Cancer in Dogs and Cats ( 1st ed . ) . Williams and Wilkins . ISBN 0 - 683 - 06105 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Protecting your dog from cancer '' . scottiecancer.com . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Bladder Cancer in the Scottish Terrier '' . North of England Scottish Terrier Club . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` 10 steps to protect your pet from cancer '' . scottiecancer.com . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` What is Scotty Cramp ? '' . Canine Inherited Disorders Database. 2001 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scottie Cramp '' . Cesky Terrier.co.uk . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Slatter , Douglas H. Textbook of Small Animal Surgery ( 3rd ed . ) . W.B. Saunders Company . p. 1094 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7216 - 8607 - 3 . Jump up ^ Vanderlip , Sharon Lynne ( 2001 - 08 - 31 ) . Scottish Terriers . Barron 's Educational Series . p. 81 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7641 - 1639 - 1 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Craniomandibular Osteopathy ( CMO ) : Page 3 '' . PetPlace.com . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Ettinger , Stephen J. ; Feldman , Edward C. ( 1995 ) . Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine ( 4th ed . ) . W.B. Saunders Company . ISBN 0 - 7216 - 6795 - 3 . Jump up ^ Huchkowsky S ( 2002 ) . `` Craniomandibular osteopathy in a bullmastiff '' . Can Vet J. 43 ( 11 ) : 883 -- 5 . PMC 339767 . PMID 12497967 . ^ Jump up to : `` What is von Willebrand 's disease ? '' . Canine Inherited Disorders Database. 2001 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Ruben , Dawn . `` Choosing a Scottish Terrier '' . Pet Place . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scottish Terrier '' . Pet Planet . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Scottish Terrier '' . Pedigree.com.au . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Stamm , Miriam ; Beauchamp , Rick ( 1998 ) . An Owner 's Guide to Scottish Terriers . TFH Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7938 - 2786 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Choosing a Cairn Terrier '' . Pet Place . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Harvil , Joseph . `` Deconstructing the Diehard '' ( PDF ) . Great Scots Magazine . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Graham , Claribel . `` The Origin of the Scottish Terrier '' . Scottish Terrier Club of America . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scottish Terrier : About Breed '' . PasOddy.com . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Barrie , Carswell . `` History '' . Scottish Terrier Club of America . Retrieved 8 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Scottish Terrier '' . United Kennel Club . Archived from the original on 16 April 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to the Scottish Terrier Club of America Collection ( 1902 - 2005 ) '' . Retrieved 19 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Best In Show Awards By Breed ( 1907 - 2009 ) '' . The Westminster Kennel Club . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Scottie is Best Dog in U.S. '' Life . 26 February 1945 . p. 65 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Best in Show Winners '' . The Westminster Kennel Club . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Scottish Terrier : History '' . PasOddy.com . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` FDR 's Fala , World 's Most Famous Dog '' . Bushy Barney . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Barney 's Home Page '' . The White House . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Huber , Vandra L. `` Famous People Owned by Scottish Terriers '' ( PDF ) . Mcvan Scotties . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Tatum O'Neal says her dog 's death triggered her drugs arrest '' . Welt Online . 2008 - 06 - 04 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Ward , Julie ( 2006 - 09 - 18 ) . `` Move over , Rover : Hybrid labradoodle replaces Scottish terrier token '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Braschi , Giannina ( 1998 ) . Yo - Yo Boing ! . Seattle : AmazonCrossing . pp. 50 , 52 , 53 , 79 , 118 , 190 . ISBN 161109089X . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Carnegie Mellon Family Will Get a Dog '' . Carnegie Mellon . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Schackner , Bill ( 2007 - 01 - 29 ) . `` CMU dogs it on picking a mascot '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Photos from Alumnae Weekend 2008 '' . Agnes Scott College . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Craven , Neil ( 8 February 2009 ) . `` London pride at Radley '' . The Mail on Sunday . via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved 14 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jogscotland : Meet the Jog Crew '' . Jogscotland . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Scottish Terrier - Dog Breed '' . Mypetzilla . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 12 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Scottish Terrier . Scottish Terrier at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Terriers Working breeds Long legged Airedale Terrier Bedlington Terrier Border Terrier Brazilian Terrier Enkarterriko Billanuko Fox Terrier ( Smooth ) Gos Rater Valencià Irish Terrier Jagdterrier Kaikadi Kerry Blue Terrier Lakeland Terrier Majorca Ratter Manchester Terrier Old English Terrier Parson Russell Terrier Patterdale Terrier Plummer Terrier Ratonero Bodeguero Andaluz Ratonero Murciano de Huerta Soft - coated Wheaten Terrier Welsh Terrier Wire Fox Terrier Short legged Australian Terrier Cairn Terrier Cesky Terrier Dandie Dinmont Terrier Dutch Smoushond Glen of Imaal Terrier Jack Russell Terrier Japanese Terrier Miniature Fox Terrier Norfolk Terrier Norwich Terrier Rat Terrier Scottish Terrier Sealyham Terrier Skye Terrier Sporting Lucas Terrier Teddy Roosevelt Terrier Tenterfield Terrier West Highland White Terrier Bull type breeds American Pit Bull Terrier American Staffordshire Terrier Boston Terrier Bull Terrier Bull Terrier ( Miniature ) Irish Bull Terrier Staffordshire Bull Terrier Toy breeds Australian Silky Terrier English Toy Terrier Russkiy Toy Toy Fox Terrier Toy Manchester Terrier Yorkshire Terrier Miscellaneous American Hairless Terrier Dogs originating in Britain Hounds Beagle Bloodhound Dumfriesshire Hound English Foxhound Greyhound Harrier Otterhound Scottish Deerhound Welsh Hound Whippet Gun dogs Clumber Spaniel Curly Coated Retriever Cocker Spaniel English Setter English Springer Spaniel Field Spaniel Flat - Coated Retriever Golden Retriever Gordon Setter Labrador Retriever Pointer Sussex Spaniel Welsh Springer Spaniel Terriers Working breeds Airedale Terrier Bedlington Terrier Black and Tan Terrier Border Terrier Cairn Terrier Dandie Dinmont Terrier Fox Terrier ( Smooth & Wire ) Jack Russell Terrier Lakeland Terrier Manchester Terrier Norfolk Terrier Norwich Terrier Parson Russell Terrier Patterdale Terrier Plummer Terrier Russell Terrier Scottish Terrier Sealyham Terrier Skye Terrier Sporting Lucas Terrier Welsh Terrier West Highland White Terrier Toy breeds English Toy Terrier Toy Manchester Terrier Yorkshire Terrier Bull types Bull Terrier Bull Terrier ( Miniature ) Staffordshire Bull Terrier Herding dogs Bearded Collie Border Collie Cardigan Welsh Corgi English Shepherd Lancashire Heeler Old English Sheepdog Pembroke Welsh Corgi Rough Collie Shetland Sheepdog Smooth Collie Welsh Sheepdog Other Bulldog Bullmastiff Cavalier King Charles Spaniel English Mastiff French Bulldog King Charles Spaniel Northern Inuit Dog Types Fell Terrier Longdog Lurcher Extinct Blue Paul Terrier English Water Spaniel English White Terrier Norfolk Spaniel North Country Beagle Old English Bulldog Old Welsh Grey Sheepdog Paisley Terrier Southern Hound Talbot Toy Bulldog Toy Trawler Spaniel Turnspit dog Tweed Water Spaniel Welsh hillman Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scottish_Terrier&oldid=825533620 '' Categories : Dog breeds originating in Scotland Terriers Hidden categories : Use British English from October 2011 Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles with Curlie links Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 13 February 2018 , at 23 : 06 . 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why did the guess who wrote american woman
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American Woman
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american woman
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`` American Woman '' Cover of the 1970 German single Single by the Guess Who from the album American Woman B - side `` No Sugar Tonight '' Released November 1969 ( 1969 - 11 ) Format 7 - inch single Recorded April 13 , 1969 Genre Blues rock hard rock psychedelic rock Length 3 : 51 ( single version ) 5 : 10 ( album version ) Label RCA Victor Songwriter ( s ) Burton Cummings Garry Peterson Jim Kale Randy Bachman Producer ( s ) Jack Richardson the Guess Who singles chronology `` No Time '' ( 1969 ) `` American Woman '' ( 1969 ) `` Hand Me Down World '' ( 1970 ) `` American Woman '' is a song released by the Canadian rock band the Guess Who in November 1969 , from their sixth studio album of the same name . It was later released in March 1970 as a single backed with `` No Sugar Tonight '' , which reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 . Billboard magazine placed the single at number three on the Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1970 list . On May 22 , 1970 , the single was certified as gold by the RIAA . Produced by Jack Richardson , the single was recorded on August 13 , 1969 at RCA 's Mid-America Recording Center in Chicago . Contents 1 Background 2 Personnel 3 Interpretations of the lyrics 4 Chart performance 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 5 Cover versions 5.1 Lenny Kravitz version 5.1. 1 Track listing 5.1. 2 Awards 5.1. 3 Chart performance 6 Use in film 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) The song 's origins took the form of a live jam that emerged during a curling rink concert in Southern Ontario ( various recollections include Kitchener and Mississauga , while Burton Cummings , the lead singer , recalls the curling rink was `` The Broom and Stone '' -- a popular Scarborough location for concerts at the time ) . When Bachman broke a string he unknowingly played the riff to American Woman when tuning the replacement string . He played it louder and Cummings improvised the lyrics to fit what Bachman was playing . They liked what they had played and noticed a kid with a cassette recorder making a bootleg recording and asked him for the tape . The subsequent studio recording features the original almost completely unchanged ; only a few lines were added . In an interview with Randy Bachman in Songfacts he elaborated further , calling this `` an anti-war protest song , '' explaining that when they came up with it on stage , the band and the audience had a problem with the Vietnam War . Said Bachman : `` We had been touring the States . This was the late ' 60s , one time at the US / Canada border in North Dakota they tried to draft us and send us to Vietnam . We were back in Canada , playing in the safety of Canada where the dance is full of draft dodgers who 've all left the States '' . Cummings ( the song 's lyricist ) insists it has nothing to do with American pride . `` What was on my mind was that girls in the States seemed to get older quicker than our girls and that made them , well , dangerous . '' Cummings told the Toronto Star in 2014 . `` When I said ' American woman , stay away from me , ' I really meant ' Canadian woman , I prefer you . ' It was all a happy accident . '' Shortly after its release , the Guess Who were invited to play at the White House . Because of its perceived anti-American lyrics , Pat Nixon asked that they not play `` American Woman '' . Personnel ( edit ) Burton Cummings -- vocals , rhythm guitar , acoustic guitar ( intro on full album version ) Randy Bachman -- lead guitar Jim Kale -- bass Garry Peterson -- drums While most of the band 's charting songs during this period were written by Bachman or Cummings or Bachman / Cummings , this song is credited to all four members of the band , in keeping with the ad - lib style in which it was created live on stage that fateful night . This full - band writing credit would only happen one other time in the band 's history , with their 1973 top 20 Canadian hit `` Follow Your Daughter Home '' , albeit with a different line up by that date . Interpretations of the lyrics ( edit ) The song 's lyrics have been the matter of some debate , often interpreted as an attack on U.S. politics ( especially the draft ) . Jim Kale , the group 's bassist and the song 's co-author , explained his take on the lyrics : The popular misconception was that it was a chauvinistic tune , which was anything but the case . The fact was , we came from a very strait - laced , conservative , laid - back country , and all of a sudden , there we were in Chicago , Detroit , New York -- all these horrendously large places with their big city problems . After that one particularly grinding tour , it was just a real treat to go home and see the girls we had grown up with . Also , the war was going on , and that was terribly unpopular . We did n't have a draft system in Canada , and we were grateful for that . A lot of people called it anti-American , but it was n't really . We were n't anti-anything . John Lennon once said that the meanings of all songs come after they are recorded . Someone else has to interpret them . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1970 ) Peak position Australia 43 UK ( The Official Charts Company ) 19 Canadian RPM Singles Chart Switzerland ( Hit Parade Top 75 Singles ) Austria ( Top 40 ) 7 Netherlands ( Dutch Charts ) New Zealand ( Listener ) 16 US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box Top Singles Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1970 ) Rank Australia 105 Canada 5 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 76 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Cash Box 7 Cover versions ( edit ) `` American Woman '' has been covered by a number of artists . In 1982 , Swiss hard rock band Krokus included a cover on their album One Vice at a Time . Butthole Surfers created a drum - heavy experimental version for their 1986 album Rembrandt Pussyhorse . , In 2018 the band The Rock Alchemist released a heavy - rock version as an album - single . Lenny Kravitz version ( edit ) `` American Woman '' Single by Lenny Kravitz from the album 5 Released June 29 , 1999 ( 1999 - 06 - 29 ) Format CD Recorded 1997 -- 98 Genre Funk rock Length 3 : 50 Label Virgin Songwriter ( s ) Burton Cummings Garry Peterson Jim Kale Randy Bachman Producer ( s ) Lenny Kravitz Lenny Kravitz singles chronology `` Fly Away '' ( 1998 ) `` American Woman '' ( 1999 ) `` Black Velveteen '' ( 1999 ) `` Fly Away '' ( 1998 ) `` American Woman '' ( 1999 ) `` Black Velveteen '' ( 1999 ) Alternate cover Cover of the limited edition single The most notable cover of `` American Woman '' is Lenny Kravitz 's 1999 version . Kravitz recorded the song for the soundtrack of Austin Powers : The Spy Who Shagged Me . It was released as a single and was later included in the 1999 reissue of Kravitz 's album 5 . Kravitz 's version is slower and softer than the original , without the signature guitar solo ; he later said to Randy Bachman that the reason why he skipped the lead guitar part was `` I could n't get the sound . I could n't get the tone . '' The music video ( directed by Paul Hunter ) featured actress Heather Graham ( who starred in The Spy Who Shagged Me ) ; the original political themes of the song were largely replaced by sex appeal . In 1999 , Kravitz and his band were joined by the Guess Who for a live performance of `` American Woman '' at the MuchMusic Video Awards . Track listing ( edit ) `` American Woman '' ( Single version ) -- 3 : 50 `` Straight Cold Player '' ( Live performance ) -- 3 : 42 `` Thinking of You '' ( Hexum Dancehall Remix ) -- 5 : 58 `` Fields of Joy '' ( Live performance ) -- 4 : 20 Awards ( edit ) Grammy Awards 2000 Best Male Rock Performance : Won Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 14 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 26 Canada Rock Report ( RPM ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 16 France ( SNEP ) 88 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 78 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 59 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 12 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 19 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 59 US Billboard Hot 100 49 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 23 US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 7 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 17 US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) Use in film ( edit ) It was also featured in Sam Mendes 's movie American Beauty . Sam the Eagle performed a karaoke version of this song in a Muppets viral video . It is being used in the HBO trailer for the movie Game Change . A version sung by an older man was used in the film The Cable Guy ( 1996 ) . It was heard during the ending credits of the Witchblade TV movie ( 2000 ) , starring Yancy Butler and based on the Top Cow comic book series . American Woman was featured in the Austin Powers movie `` The Spy Who Shagged Me '' with Heather Graham dancing provocatively whilst it played . The song was featured in an episode of `` Due South '' s first season . Kelly Clarkson recorded a cover version of the song as a theme song from the Paramount Network TV series , American Woman . See also ( edit ) List of anti-war songs References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Joan Nicks ; Jeannette Sloniowski ( 21 October 2009 ) . Slippery Pastimes : Reading the Popular in Canadian Culture . Wilfrid Laurier Univ . Press . p. 221 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55458 - 761 - 2 . Jump up ^ James E. Perone ( 2001 ) . Songs of the Vietnam Conflict . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 62 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31528 - 2 . Jump up ^ Jacqueline Edmondson Ph. D. ( 3 October 2013 ) . Music in American Life : An Encyclopedia of the Songs , Styles , Stars , and Stories that Shaped our Culture ( 4 volumes ) : An Encyclopedia of the Songs , Styles , Stars , and Stories That Shaped Our Culture . ABC - CLIO . p. 53 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 39348 - 8 . Jump up ^ Martin Charles Strong ( 2002 ) . The Great Rock Discography . Canongate . p. 912 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84195 - 312 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : The Guess Who - Awards at AllMusic Jump up ^ Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1970 Jump up ^ `` Type `` The Guess Who '' under Artist `` . RIAA . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2007 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Greatest Hits RCA Victor BG2 67774 liner notes ^ Jump up to : `` '' American Woman '' - The Guess Who `` . Superseventies.com. 1970 - 05 - 09 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Cummings , Burton ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` The Guess Who legend reveals true origin of `` American Woman '' `` . Used View ( Interview ) . Interviewed by Ray Shasho . Clarity Digital Group . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . It was jammed onstage one night in Mississauga , Ontario , we were playing at a club called the Broom & Stone which was actually a curling rink and doing two shows that night . Between the two shows , I was outside bartering with this kid , he had some old Gene Vincent records that I wanted to get for my collection and tried to strike up a deal with this guy . The next thing I know , it 's time to start the second show and the other three guys have gone back on stage and I hear them start this riff ... I said to this guy , Oh my God ; I 'm supposed to be on stage man , I 've got to run , I 'll see you later about these Gene Vincent records . I run inside and run up onto the stage and just grab a microphone and singing whatever came into my head ; it was all stream of consciousness at the moment stuff ... all that stuff about war machines and ghetto scenes , colored lights can hypnotize ... it was all just spur - of - the - moment . And nobody would have ever heard it again but there happened to be a kid bootlegging the show that night . This was way back in the 60 's and he had a cassette machine , and those machines were a relatively new invention at that time . But this was 1968 , forty - five years ago . We noticed this onstage as the night went on and he still kept recording . So we motioned to our road manager , go get that tape , go get that tape ! He got the cassette tape and we listened to it later and heard this jam about American Woman stay away from me . So we actually kind of learned it from that tape , otherwise nobody would have ever heard it again . So talk about a Cinderella story . And that was a monstrous hit record for us ; it was number one on Billboard for three weeks . So it was all an accident , I guess the music gods were smiling on us . The music gods probably sent that kid with the cassette machine . Jump up ^ `` Memories of Scarborough : A Bicentennial Celebration '' . Scarborough Public Library Board . 1997 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Prato , Greg ( 23 December 2014 ) . `` Randy Bachman : Songwriter Interviews '' . Songfacts . Jump up ^ Ouzounian , Richard ( 30 August 2013 ) . `` Burton Cummings does n't live in the past , but he loves it '' . The Toronto Star . Jump up ^ Steve Huey . `` The Guess Who Biography & History '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` David Kent 's `` Australian Chart Book 1970 - 1992 '' `` . Austchartbook.com.au . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Guess Who - American Woman / No Sugar Tonight '' . Chart Stats . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles - Volume 13 , No. 12 , May 9 , 1970 '' . RPM . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` The Guess Who - American Woman '' . hitparade.ch . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` The Guess Who - American Woman '' . austriancharts.at . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` The Guess Who - American Woman '' . dutchcharts.nl . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Search listener '' . Flavour of New Zealand . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top Singles - 1970 '' . Cashboxmagazine.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 18 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . collectionscanada.gc.ca . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 1970 '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1970 / Top 100 Songs of 1970 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1970 '' . 50.6. 195.142 . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Alex . `` Krokus One Vice at a Time review '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Leland , John & Robbins , Ira . `` Butthole Surfers biography '' . Trouser Press . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pat Pemberton ( 2010 - 08 - 06 ) . `` Randy Bachman Learns to Enjoy Lenny Kravitz 's ' American Woman ' Cover - Spinner Canada '' . www.spinner.ca . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Lenny Kravitz -- American Woman '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada '' . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada '' . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lenny Kravitz : American Woman '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Lenny Kravitz -- American Woman '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Lenny Kravitz -- American Woman '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Lenny Kravitz -- American Woman '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Lenny Kravitz -- American Woman '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Lenny Kravitz -- American Woman '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Lenny Kravitz -- American Woman '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lenny Kravitz Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lenny Kravitz Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lenny Kravitz Chart History ( Alternative Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lenny Kravitz Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lenny Kravitz Chart History ( Mainstream Rock ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ American Beauty Soundtrack IMDb.com , Retrieved March 7 , 2015 External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics `` American Woman '' at Super Seventies The Guess Who Rudy Sarzo Laurie MacKenzie Garry Peterson Derek Sharp Leonard Shaw Chad Allan Randy Bachman Burton Cummings Carl Dixon Terry Hatty Greg Leskiw Donnie McDougall Domenic Troiano Bill Wallace Kurt Winter Jim Kale Studio albums Shakin ' All Over Hey Ho ( What You Do to Me ! ) It 's Time Wheatfield Soul Canned Wheat American Woman Share the Land So Long , Bannatyne Rockin ' Artificial Paradise # 10 Road Food Flavours Power in the Music Guess Who 's Back All This for a Song Now and Not Then Lonely One The Future IS What It Used To Be Live albums Live at the Paramount Together Again The Best of the Guess Who Live The Spirit Lives On Down the Road Running Back Thru Canada The Best of Running Back Thru Canada Extended Versions : The Encore Collection Compilations The Best of The Guess Who The Best of The Guess Who , Vol. II The Greatest of The Guess Who Track Record Wild One The Guess Who : Anthology Singles `` Shakin ' All Over '' `` Tossin ' and Turnin ' '' `` Hey Ho , What You Do to Me '' `` Hurting Each Other '' `` Believe Me '' `` Clock on the Wall '' `` His Girl '' `` These Eyes '' `` Laughing '' `` Undun '' `` No Time '' `` American Woman '' `` No Sugar Tonight / New Mother Nature '' `` Hand Me Down World '' `` Share the Land '' `` Hang On to Your Life '' `` Albert Flasher '' `` Rain Dance '' `` Sour Suite '' `` Heartbroken Bopper '' `` Guns , Guns , Guns '' `` Runnin ' Back to Saskatoon '' `` Follow Your Daughter Home '' `` Glamour Boy '' `` Star Baby '' `` Clap for the Wolfman '' `` Dancin ' Fool '' Related articles Discography Jack Richardson Book Lenny Kravitz singles Let Love Rule `` Let Love Rule '' ( 1989 ) `` I Build This Garden for Us '' ( 1990 ) `` Mr. Cab Driver '' ( 1990 ) Mama Said `` Always on the Run '' ( featuring Slash ) ( 1991 ) `` It Ai n't Over ' til It 's Over '' ( 1991 ) `` Fields of Joy '' ( 1991 ) Are You Gonna Go My Way `` Are You Gonna Go My Way '' ( 1993 ) `` Heaven Help '' ( 1993 ) `` Heaven Help '' / `` Spinning Around Over You '' ( 1994 ) Circus `` Rock and Roll Is Dead '' ( 1995 ) 5 `` If You Ca n't Say No '' ( 1998 ) `` Thinking of You '' ( 1998 ) `` I Belong to You '' ( 1998 ) `` Fly Away '' ( 1998 ) `` American Woman '' ( 1999 ) `` Black Velveteen '' ( 1999 ) Greatest Hits `` Black Velveteen '' ( 1999 ) `` Again '' ( 2000 ) Lenny `` Dig In '' ( 2001 ) `` Stillness of Heart '' ( 2002 ) `` Believe in Me '' ( 2002 ) `` If I Could Fall in Love '' ( 2002 ) Baptism `` Where Are We Runnin ' ? '' ( 2004 ) `` California '' ( 2004 ) `` Calling All Angels '' ( 2004 ) `` Lady '' ( 2005 ) It Is Time for a Love Revolution `` I 'll Be Waiting '' ( 2008 ) `` Love Love Love '' ( 2008 ) `` Dancin ' Til Dawn '' ( 2008 ) Black and White America `` Stand '' ( 2011 ) Strut `` The Chamber '' ( 2014 ) Raise Vibration `` It 's Enough ! '' ( 2018 ) `` Low '' ( 2018 ) Soundtracks `` American Woman '' ( 1999 ) Other singles `` Deuce '' ( featuring Stevie Wonder ) ( 1994 ) `` ( I Ca n't Make It ) Another Day '' ( featuring Michael Jackson ) ( 2010 ) `` Superlove '' ( vs. Avicii ) ( 2012 ) Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Woman&oldid=853923115 '' Categories : 1969 singles 1970 singles 1999 singles Songs written by Randy Bachman Songs written by Burton Cummings The Guess Who songs Lenny Kravitz songs Song recordings produced by Jack Richardson ( record producer ) Song recordings produced by Lenny Kravitz Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Grammy Award for Best Male Rock Vocal Performance Music videos directed by Paul Hunter ( director ) RCA Victor singles Virgin Records singles RCA Records singles Protest songs 1969 songs Songs written by Jim Kale Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Use mdy dates from August 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Español Italiano Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 20 : 48 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Woman
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where is the musee d'orsay located in paris
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The Musée d'Orsay ( French pronunciation : ( myze dɔʁsɛ ) ) is a museum in Paris , France , on the Left Bank of the Seine . It is housed in the former Gare d'Orsay , a Beaux - Arts railway station built between 1898 and 1900 . The museum holds mainly French art dating from 1848 to 1914 , including paintings , sculptures , furniture , and photography . It houses the largest collection of impressionist and post-Impressionist masterpieces in the world , by painters including Monet , Manet , Degas , Renoir , Cézanne , Seurat , Sisley , Gauguin , and Van Gogh . Many of these works were held at the Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume prior to the museum 's opening in 1986 . It is one of the largest art museums in Europe .
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on the Left Bank of the Seine
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Musée d'Orsay
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musee d'orsay
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3.0 million ( 2009 )
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Ranked 3rd nationally Ranked 10th globally Director Serge Lemoine Public transit access Solférino Musée d'Orsay Website www.musee-orsay.fr The Musée d'Orsay ( French pronunciation : ( myze dɔʁsɛ ) ) is a museum in Paris , France , on the Left Bank of the Seine . It is housed in the former Gare d'Orsay , a Beaux - Arts railway station built between 1898 and 1900 . The museum holds mainly French art dating from 1848 to 1914 , including paintings , sculptures , furniture , and photography . It houses the largest collection of impressionist and post-Impressionist masterpieces in the world , by painters including Monet , Manet , Degas , Renoir , Cézanne , Seurat , Sisley , Gauguin , and Van Gogh . Many of these works were held at the Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume prior to the museum 's opening in 1986 . It is one of the largest art museums in Europe . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Collection 2.1 Paintings : major painters and works represented 2.2 Sculptures 2.3 Other works 3 Selected collection highlights 4 Management 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) The Musée d'Orsay as seen from the Passerelle Léopold - Sédar - Senghor Musée d'Orsay Clock , Victor Laloux , Main Hall The interior of the museum . The museum building was originally a railway station , Gare d'Orsay , constructed for the Chemin de Fer de Paris à Orléans and finished in time for the 1900 Exposition Universelle to the design of three architects : Lucien Magne , Émile Bénard and Victor Laloux . It was the terminus for the railways of southwestern France until 1939 . By 1939 the station 's short platforms had become unsuitable for the longer trains that had come to be used for mainline services . After 1939 it was used for suburban services and part of it became a mailing centre during World War II . It was then used as a set for several films , such as Kafka 's The Trial adapted by Orson Welles , and as a haven for the Renaud -- Barrault Theatre Company and for auctioneers , while the Hôtel Drouot was being rebuilt . In 1970 , permission was granted to demolish the station but Jacques Duhamel , Minister for Cultural Affairs , ruled against plans to build a new hotel in its stead . The station was put on the supplementary list of Historic Monuments and finally listed in 1978 . The suggestion to turn the station into a museum came from the Directorate of the Museums of France . The idea was to build a museum that would bridge the gap between the Louvre and the National Museum of Modern Art at the Georges Pompidou Centre . The plan was accepted by Georges Pompidou and a study was commissioned in 1974 . In 1978 , a competition was organized to design the new museum . ACT Architecture , a team of three young architects ( Pierre Colboc , Renaud Bardon and Jean - Paul Philippon ) , were awarded the contract which involved creating 20,000 square metres ( 220,000 sq ft ) of new floorspace on four floors . The construction work was carried out by Bouygues . In 1981 , the Italian architect Gae Aulenti was chosen to design the interior including the internal arrangement , decoration , furniture and fittings of the museum . Finally in July 1986 , the museum was ready to receive its exhibits . It took 6 months to install the 2000 or so paintings , 600 sculptures and other works . The museum officially opened in December 1986 by then - president François Mitterrand . Orsay Museum , seen from the right bank of the Seine river The square next to the museum displays six bronze allegorical sculptural groups in a row , originally produced for the Exposition Universelle : South America by Aimé Millet Asia by Alexandre Falguière Oceania by Mathurin Moreau Europe by Alexandre Schoenewerk North America by Ernest - Eugène Hiolle Africa by Eugène Delaplanche Collection ( edit ) Vincent van Gogh : Starry Night Over the Rhone Arles , September 1888 Pierre - Auguste Renoir : Bal du moulin de la Galette , 1876 Édouard Manet The Luncheon on the Grass 1862 - 3 Gustave Courbet : The Artist 's Studio 1855 Paul Cézanne : The Card Players 1894 -- 1895 Paul Cézanne : Apples and Oranges circa 1899 Paintings : major painters and works represented ( edit ) Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres -- 4 paintings ( the main collection of his paintings is in the Louvre ) Eugène Delacroix -- 5 paintings ( the main collection of his paintings is in the Louvre ) Eugène Carrière -- 86 paintings including The painting family , The sick child , Intimacy Théodore Chassériau -- 5 paintings ( the main collection of his paintings is in the Louvre ) Gustave Courbet -- 48 paintings including The Artist 's Studio , A Burial at Ornans , Young Man Sitting , L'Origine du monde Jean - François Millet -- 27 paintings including Spring , The Gleaners Jean - Baptiste - Camille Corot -- 32 paintings ( the main collection of his paintings is in the Louvre ) including A Morning . The Dance of the Nymphs Johan Barthold Jongkind -- 9 paintings Alexandre Cabanel -- The Birth of Venus , The Death of Francesca da Rimini and Paolo Malatesta Jean - Léon Gérôme -- Portrait of the baroness Nathaniel de Rothschild , Reception of Condé in Versailles , La Comtesse de Keller Pierre Puvis de Chavannes -- Young Girls by the Seaside , The Young Mother also known as Charity , View on the Château de Versailles and the Orangerie Gustave Moreau -- 8 paintings Honoré Daumier -- 8 paintings Eugène Boudin -- 33 paintings including Trouville Beach Camille Pissarro -- 46 paintings including White Frost Édouard Manet -- 34 paintings including Olympia , The Balcony , Berthe Morisot With a Bouquet of Violets , The Luncheon on the Grass Berthe Morisot -- 9 paintings Edgar Degas -- 43 paintings including The Parade , also known as Race Horses in front of the Tribunes , The Bellelli Family , The Tub , Portrait of Édouard Manet , Portraits , At the Stock Exchange , L'Absinthe Paul Cézanne -- 56 paintings including Apples and Oranges Claude Monet -- 86 paintings ( another main collection of his paintings is in the Musée Marmottan Monet ) including The Saint - Lazare Station , The Rue Montorgueil in Paris . Celebration of 30 June 1878 , Wind Effect , Series of The Poplars , Rouen Cathedral . Harmony in Blue , Blue Water Lilies Alfred Sisley -- 46 paintings including Inondation at Port - Marly Armand Guillaumin -- 44 paintings Frédéric Bazille -- 6 paintings Mary Cassatt -- 1 painting Odilon Redon -- 106 paintings including Caliban Pierre - Auguste Renoir -- 81 paintings including Bal au moulin de la Galette , Montmartre Ferdinand Hodler -- Der Holzfäller ( The Woodcutter ) Gustave Caillebotte -- 7 paintings including The Floor Scrapers Édouard Detaille -- The Dream Vincent van Gogh -- 24 paintings including Self Portrait , portrait of his friend Eugène Boch , The Siesta , The Church at Auvers , View from the Chevet , The Italian Woman , Starry Night Over the Rhone , Portrait of Dr. Gachet , Bedroom in Arles Paul Gauguin -- 24 paintings including Tahitian Women on the Beach Henri de Toulouse - Lautrec -- 18 paintings Eugène Jansson -- Proletarian Lodgings Henri - Edmond Cross -- 10 paintings including The Cypresses in Cagnes Paul Signac -- 16 paintings including Women at the Well Théo van Rysselberghe -- 6 paintings Félix Vallotton -- Misia at Her Dressing Table Georges Seurat -- 19 paintings including The Circus Édouard Vuillard -- 70 paintings Henri Rousseau -- 3 paintings Pierre Bonnard -- 60 paintings including The Chequered Blouse Paul Sérusier -- The Talisman , the Aven River at the Bois d'Amour Maurice Denis -- Portrait of the Artist Aged Eighteen , Princess Maleine 's Minuet or Marthe Playing the Piano , The Green Trees or Beech Trees in Kerduel , October Night ( panel for the decoration of a girl 's room ) André Derain -- Charing Cross Bridge , also known as Westminster Bridge Edvard Munch -- 1 painting Gustav Klimt -- 1 painting Piet Mondrian -- 2 paintings James McNeill Whistler -- 3 paintings including Arrangement in Grey and Black : The Artist 's Mother , also known as Whistler 's Mother William - Adolphe Bouguereau -- 12 paintings including The Birth of Venus Cecilia Beaux -- Sita and Sarita ( Jeune Fille au Chat ) Sculptures ( edit ) Major sculptors represented in the collection include Alfred Barye , François Rude , Jules Cavelier , Jean - Baptiste Carpeaux , Émile - Coriolan Guillemin , Auguste Rodin , Paul Gauguin , Camille Claudel , Sarah Bernhardt , and Honoré Daumier . Other works ( edit ) It also holds collections of : architecture and decorative arts photography Selected collection highlights ( edit ) Eugène Delacroix , The Lion Hunt , c. 1854 Gustave Courbet , The Artist 's Studio ( L'Atelier du peintre ) : A Real Allegory of a Seven Year Phase in my Artistic and Moral Life , 1855 Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres , The Source , 1856 Jean - François Millet , The Gleaners , 1857 Édouard Manet , Olympia , 1863 Claude Monet , Le déjeuner sur l'herbe , ( right section ) , with Gustave Courbet , 1865 - 1866 Paul Cézanne , Portrait of Achille Emperaire , 1868 Eugène Boudin , Bathers on the Beach at Trouville , 1869 James McNeill Whistler , Whistler 's Mother , 1871 Gustave Caillebotte , Les raboteurs de parquet ( The Floor Scrapers ) , 1875 Edgar Degas , L'Absinthe , 1876 Pierre - Auguste Renoir , Dance in the Country ( Aline Charigot and Paul Lhote ) , 1883 Paul Sérusier , The Talisman / Le Talisman , 1888 Self - portrait ( 1889 ) by Vincent van Gogh Vincent van Gogh , The Church at Auvers , 1890 Paul Gauguin , Tahitian Women on the Beach , 1891 Georges Seurat , The Circus , 1891 Paul Gauguin , Oviri ( Sauvage ) , 1894 Georges Lacombe , L'Existence , 1894 - 96 Albert Lebourg , Paris , l'écluse de la Monnaie . Soleil d'hiver József Rippl - Rónai , Female with Flower , 1891 Management ( edit ) The Directors have been : Françoise Cachin : 1986 -- 1994 Henri Loyrette : 1994 -- 2001 Serge Lemoine : 2001 -- 2008 Guy Cogeval : March 2008 -- present See also ( edit ) Paris portal List of museums in Paris Gare d'Orsay The former railway station Musée d'Orsay ( Paris RER ) The RER station now serving the museum . `` Vincent and the Doctor '' A 2010 episode of Doctor Who featuring three visits to the museum , and Vincent seeing his own paintings . The works of Paul Dubois - French sculptor References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Musée d'Orsay : About '' . ARTINFO. 2008 . Retrieved 30 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Exhibition and museum attendance figures 2009 '' ( PDF ) . London : The Art Newspaper. April 2010 . Retrieved 20 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bouygues website : Musée d'Orsay '' . Bouygues.com . Archived from the original on 5 December 2008 . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Musée d'Orsay . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%25C3%25A9e%20d%2527Orsay
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the princess and the marine where are they now
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Meriam Al Khalifa
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meriam al khalifa
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Meriam bint Abdullah Al - Khalifa ( born 1980 ) is a member of the Bahraini Royal House of Al - Khalifa . She is best known for fleeing her family and native Bahrain to the United States to elope with US Marine Lance Corporal Jason Johnson , who was , at the time , stationed in Bahrain as part of a counter-terrorism unit providing security for expatriate Americans . After she was smuggled into the United States with help from Lance Corporal Johnson and being threatened with deportation by United States Customs , she was permitted to stay and apply for asylum , claiming that she feared honor violence by her family in retaliation for fleeing her country and entertaining a romantic relationship with a non-Muslim . Her story was featured heavily in the American press , including The Oprah Winfrey Show , and was turned into a television movie .
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Contents 1 Background 1.1 Application for asylum 1.2 Media depictions 1.3 Return to visit Bahrain 1.4 Divorce 2 Notes 3 External links Background ( edit ) House of Al Khalifa Parent house ` Anizzah → Bani Utbah Country Bahrain Founded 1766 Founder Khalifa bin Mohammed Current head Sheikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa Titles King of Bahrain Estate ( s ) Bahrain Al Khalifa is one of five daughters of Shaikh Abdullah bin Ibrahim Al Khalifa a distant cousin of Bahrain 's current king Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa . Meriam is properly titled as `` Shaikha '' , not `` emira '' or `` princess '' , as even the sons of the Bahraini king are not styled that way . In January 1999 , she met Lance Corporal Jason Johnson , a United States Marine and a Mormon , at an `` Americanized '' shopping mall in Bahrain . They exchanged whispered phone calls and clandestine meetings until being spotted by a member of the Bahrain Royal Guard , who informed her mother of the illicit relationship . After being forced to end the relationship and forbidden to see Johnson , they continued their relationship by secretly exchanging letters through a jewelry store employee at the mall for eleven months , until Johnson 's tour of duty was scheduled to end . She and Johnson flew to the United States in November 1999 with Al Khalifa disguised as a female U.S. Marine and using fake military transfer documents , forged by Lance Corporal Johnson himself , and were married in a Las Vegas chapel on November 16 , 1999 , after which she settled into life as a military housewife , living in base housing at Camp Pendleton . Application for asylum ( edit ) For his role in helping Al Khalifa flee Bahrain , Johnson was court - martialed for `` forging military papers , '' but because of all the media attention the case was getting , Johnson 's punishment only consisted of him being stripped of his `` Lance Corporal '' rank , being demoted to `` Private , '' the lowest rank in the United States Marine Corps . He was honorably discharged two months later . Facing deportation from the United States , Al Khalifa applied for political asylum , citing that she faced harm , which , she claimed , could have included death , for her relationship and subsequent marriage to a non-Muslim , one who was not only a foreigner , but also an American , as well as for fleeing her native country illegally , without permission from her father or her government . In an interview with CBS News , Johnson and Al Khalifa said that if she returned to Bahrain , she would be `` lashed , executed , stoned , killed , shot '' . Johnson also told the press that there was constant tension with her family , and the FBI told him that they had intercepted a Syrian national who claimed he had been paid $500,000 to assassinate her . Based on these fears , Al Khalifa was granted asylum in May 2001 . Media depictions ( edit ) In 2001 , a made - for - TV movie based on her relationship with Jason Johnson , their flight from Bahrain to the U.S. , and their elopement , The Princess and the Marine , aired on NBC . It starred Mark - Paul Gosselaar as Johnson and Marisol Nichols as Meriam . The movie reportedly `` caused one of the biggest bidding wars for packaged rights in the history of television movies , '' estimated at more than $500,000 . Return to visit Bahrain ( edit ) In May 2001 , the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service granted Al Khalifa Permanent Residency status , popularly known as a Green Card . She also resumed communication with her family in Bahrain . Despite her earlier claims that she feared violence or death in her home country -- an assertion that she had repeated in subsequent interviews -- Al Khalifa returned to Bahrain in late 2001 to visit her family . She stated that she and her family were concerned about `` violence aimed at people of Middle Eastern descent '' after the September 11 , 2001 terrorist attacks . She returned to Las Vegas at the end of year . Divorce ( edit ) The couple filed for divorce on November 17 , 2004 ( one day after their fifth wedding anniversary ) in Las Vegas , Nevada , citing `` incompatibility in marriage . '' According to Johnson , Al Khalifa had plunged heavily into the Las Vegas nightlife , subsequently leading to an estrangement . The couple had been considering divorce since 2001 . In 2005 , Johnson appeared on an episode of Divorce Court , sans Meriam , to plead his case . The episode , numbered 1224 , aired on January 31 , 2005 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The year the family conquered Zubarah town Jump up ^ History of the Ruling Family of Bahrain Jump up ^ `` Bahraini princess , former Marine divorce '' . NBC News . Associated Press . 30 November 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Made - for - TV marriage of Bahraini princess and former Marine ends in Las Vegas '' . North County Times . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Princess and ex-marine to divorce , 1 December 2004 , BBC News Jump up ^ Princess - Marine marriage irrevocably over after 5 years , Dec. 1 , 2004 , Deseret News Jump up ^ Love Crosses Borders , October 18 , 2000 , CBS News Jump up ^ Bahraini princess and US marine end 5 - year bond , 2004 - 12 - 02 , China Daily Jump up ^ Runaway princess told she can live in America , by Simon Davis in Los Angeles , 26 May 2001 , The Telegraph Jump up ^ The Princess & the Marine ( TV 2001 ) -- IMDb Jump up ^ The Princess and the Marine , IMDB plot summary . Jump up ^ Hispanic Online article , March 2001 ; by Katharine A. Diaz . Jump up ^ National Briefing -- West -- Nevada -- Bahraini Royal Gains Green Card , By Todd S. Purdum ( NYT ) , Published : May 26 , 2001 , NYTimes.com Jump up ^ Runaway Princess Bride 's Family Relents ABC News , July 25 , 2000 . ^ Jump up to : Marriage on rocks , Bahraini princess who fled to wed Marine goes home , Los Angeles Times , by Tony Perry and Phil Willon , Seattle Times reprint of LA Times story , September 30 , 2001 Jump up ^ Princess and the Marine Marriage Crumbles , By Stephen M. Silverman , December 01 , 2004 , People Jump up ^ Divorce Court 's Royal Split , January 7 , 2005 , Craig Tomashoff Jump up ^ http://tv.msn.com/tv/episode/divorce-court/untitled.1111/ Divorce Court Episode Guide on MSN.com External links ( edit ) Biography portal Middle East portal United States portal The Great Escape -- People , July 31 , 2000 , Vol 54. , No. 5 Love Crosses Borders Bahraini Princess Who Wed Marine Goes Home -- Yahoo News , 29 September 2001 Unhappy Ending To Modern Fairytale , CBS News , 30 November 2004 The Princess & the Marine on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meriam_Al_Khalifa&oldid=848197138 '' Categories : 1980 births House of Khalifa Living people Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Edit links This page was last edited on 30 June 2018 , at 10 : 56 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meriam%20Al%20Khalifa
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how many amino acids are common to all living system
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Last universal common ancestor
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last universal common ancestor
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The last universal common ancestor ( LUCA ) , also called the last universal ancestor ( LUA ) , cenancestor , or ( incorrectly ) progenote , is the most recent population of organisms from which all organisms now living on Earth have a common descent . LUCA is the most recent common ancestor of all current life on Earth . LUCA should not be assumed to be the first living organism on Earth . The LUCA is estimated to have lived some 3.5 to 3.8 billion years ago ( sometime in the Paleoarchean era ) . The composition of the LUCA is not directly accessible as a fossil , but can be studied by comparing the genomes of its descendants , organisms living today . By this means , a 2016 study identified a set of 355 genes inferred to have been present in the LUCA . This would imply it was already a complex life form with many co-adapted features including transcription and translation mechanisms to convert information between DNA , RNA , and proteins . Some of those genes , however , could have been acquired later by horizontal gene transfer between archaea and bacteria .
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The earliest evidence of life on Earth is biogenic graphite found in 3.7 billion - year - old metamorphized sedimentary rocks discovered in Western Greenland and microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion - year - old sandstone discovered in Western Australia . A 2015 study found potentially biogenic carbon from 4.1 billion years ago in ancient rocks in Western Australia , but such findings would indicate the existence of different conditions on Earth during that period from those generally assumed today , and point to an earlier origin of life . In 2017 , there was a published description of putative fossilized microorganisms that are at least 3.77 billion , and possibly 4.28 billion years old , in ferruginous sedimentary rocks in Quebec , Canada . Charles Darwin proposed the theory of universal common descent through an evolutionary process in his book On the Origin of Species in 1859 , saying , `` Therefore I should infer from analogy that probably all the organic beings which have ever lived on this earth have descended from some one primordial form , into which life was first breathed . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Features 2 Hypotheses 3 Location of the root 4 See also 5 Remark 6 References 7 External links Features ( edit ) Further information : Phylogenetic bracketing By analysis of the presumed LUCA 's offspring groups , the LUCA appears to have been a small , single - celled organism . It likely had a ring - shaped coil of DNA floating freely within the cell , like modern bacteria . Morphologically , it would likely not have been exceptionally distinctive among a collection of generalized , small - size , modern - day bacteria . However , Carl Woese et al. , who first proposed the currently - used three domain system based on an analysis of ribosomal RNA ( rRNA ) sequences of bacteria , archaea , and eukaryotes , stated that the LUCA would have been a `` ... simpler , more rudimentary entity than the individual ancestors that spawned the three ( domains ) ( and their descendants ) '' regarding its genetic machinery . While the gross anatomy of the LUCA can only be reconstructed with much uncertainty , its internal mechanisms can be described in some detail , based on the properties currently shared by all independently living organisms on Earth . The genetic code was most likely based on DNA . Some studies suggest that the LUCA may have lacked DNA and been defined wholly through RNA . If DNA was present , it was composed of four nucleotides ( deoxyadenosine , deoxycytidine , deoxythymidine , and deoxyguanosine ) , to the exclusion of other possible deoxynucleotides . The DNA was kept double - stranded by a template - dependent enzyme , DNA polymerase . The integrity of the DNA was maintained by a group of maintenance enzymes , including DNA topoisomerase , DNA ligase and other DNA repair enzymes . The DNA was also protected by DNA - binding proteins such as histones . The genetic code was composed of three - nucleotide codons , thus producing 64 different codons . Since only 20 amino acids were used , multiple codons code for the same amino acids . If the code was DNA - based , it operated as follows . The genetic code was expressed via RNA intermediates , which were single - stranded . The RNA was produced by a DNA - dependent RNA polymerase using nucleotides similar to those of DNA , with the exception that the nucleotide thymidine in DNA was replaced by uridine in RNA . The genetic code was expressed into proteins . These were assembled from free amino acids by translation of a messenger RNA by a mechanism composed of ribosomes , transfer RNAs , and a group of related proteins . The ribosomes were composed of two subunits , one big 50S and one small 30S . Each ribosomal subunit was composed of a core of ribosomal RNA surrounded by ribosomal proteins . Both types of RNA molecules ( ribosomal and transfer RNAs ) played an important role in the catalytic activity of the ribosomes . Only 20 amino acids were used , to the exclusion of countless other amino acids . Only the L - isomers of the amino acids were used . ATP was used as an energy intermediate . Several hundred enzymes made of protein catalyzed chemical reactions that extract energy from fats , sugars , and amino acids , and that synthesize fats , sugars , amino acids , and nucleic acid bases using arbitrary chemical pathways . The cell contained a water - based cytoplasm that was surrounded and effectively enclosed by a lipid bilayer membrane . Inside the cell , the concentration of sodium was lower , and potassium was higher , than outside . This gradient was maintained by specific ion transporters ( also referred to as ion pumps ) . The cell multiplied by duplicating all its contents followed by cellular division . The cell used chemiosmosis to produce energy . It also reduced CO and oxidized H ( methanogenesis or acetogenesis ) via acetyl - thioesters . The cell probably lived in conditions found in deep sea vents caused by ocean water interacting with magma beneath the ocean floor . Hypotheses ( edit ) A 1990 cladogram linking all major groups of living organisms to the LUCA ( the black trunk at the bottom ) , based on ribosomal RNA sequence data . In 1859 , Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species in which he twice stated the hypothesis that there was only one progenitor for all life forms . In the summation he states , `` Therefore I should infer from analogy that probably all the organic beings which have ever lived on this earth have descended from some one primordial form , into which life was first breathed . '' The very last sentence begins with a restatement of the hypothesis : `` There is grandeur in this view of life , with its several powers , having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one ... '' When the LUCA was hypothesized , cladograms based on genetic distance between living cells indicated that Archaea split early from the rest of life . This was inferred from the fact that the archaeans known at that time were highly resistant to environmental extremes such as high salinity , temperature or acidity , leading some scientists to suggest that the LUCA evolved in areas like the deep ocean vents , where such extremes prevail today . Archaea , however , were later discovered in less hostile environments , and are now believed to be more closely related to the Eukaryota than to the Bacteria , although many details are still unknown . 2005 tree of life showing horizontal gene transfers between branches , giving rise to an interconnected network rather than a plain hierarchy In 2010 , based on `` the vast array of molecular sequences now available from all domains of life , '' a formal test of universal common ancestry was published . The formal test favored the existence of a universal common ancestor over a wide class of alternative hypotheses that included horizontal gene transfer . While the formal test overwhelmingly favored the existence of a single LUCA , this does not imply that the LUCA was ever alone . Instead , it was one of several early microbes . However , given that many other nucleotides are possible besides those that are actually used in DNA and RNA today , it is almost certain that all organisms do have a single common ancestor . This is because it is extremely unlikely that organisms which descended from separate incidents where organic molecules initially came together to form cell - like structures would be able to complete a horizontal gene transfer without garbling each other 's genes , converting them into noncoding segments . Further , many more amino acids are chemically possible than the twenty found in modern protein molecules . These lines of chemical evidence , taken into account for the formal statistical test by Theobald ( 2010 ) , point to a single cell having been the LUCA in that , although other early microbes probably existed , only the LUCA 's descendents survived beyond the Paleoarchean Era . With a common framework in the AT / GC rule and the standard twenty amino acids , horizontal gene transfer would have been feasible and could have been very common later on among the progeny of that single cell . In 1998 , Carl Woese proposed ( 1 ) that no individual organism can be considered a LUCA , and ( 2 ) that the genetic heritage of all modern organisms derived through horizontal gene transfer among an ancient community of organisms . While the results described by the later papers Theobald ( 2010 ) and Saey ( 2010 ) demonstrate the existence of a single LUCA , the argument in Woese ( 1998 ) can still be applied to Ur - organisms . At the beginnings of life , ancestry was not as linear as it is today because the genetic code took time to evolve . Before high fidelity replication , organisms could not be easily mapped on a phylogenetic tree . Not to be confused with the Ur - organism , however , the LUCA lived after the genetic code and at least some rudimentary early form of molecular proofreading had already evolved . It was not the very first cell , but rather , the one whose descendants survived beyond the very early stages of microbial evolution . Location of the root ( edit ) The LUCA used the Wood -- Ljungdahl or reductive acetyl -- CoA pathway to fix carbon . For branching of Bacteria phyla , see Bacterial phyla . The most commonly accepted location of the root of the tree of life is between a monophyletic domain Bacteria and a clade formed by Archaea and Eukaryota of what is referred to as the `` traditional tree of life '' based on several molecular studies . A very small minority of studies have concluded differently , namely that the root is in the domain Bacteria , either in the phylum Firmicutes or that the phylum Chloroflexi is basal to a clade with Archaea and Eukaryotes and the rest of Bacteria as proposed by Thomas Cavalier - Smith . Research published in 2016 , by William F. Martin , by genetically analyzing 6.1 million protein coding genes from sequenced prokaryotic genomes of various phylogenetic trees , identified 355 protein clusters from amongst 286,514 protein clusters that were probably common to the LUCA . The results `` depict LUCA as anaerobic , CO-fixing , H - dependent with a Wood -- Ljungdahl pathway ( the reductive acetyl - coenzyme A pathway ) , N - fixing and thermophilic . LUCA 's biochemistry was replete with FeS clusters and radical reaction mechanisms . '' The cofactors also reveal `` dependence upon transition metals , flavins , S - adenosyl methionine , coenzyme A , ferredoxin , molybdopterin , corrins and selenium . Its genetic code required nucleoside modifications and S - adenosylmethionine - dependent methylations . '' Taken as a whole , the results of the study are `` quite specific '' . They show that methanogenic clostria was a basal clade in the 355 lineages examined , and that the LUCA may therefore have inhabited an anaerobic hydrothermal vent setting in a geochemically active environment rich in H , CO , and iron . However it is not completely clear how to interpret the commonality found in this research . These findings could mean that life on Earth originated in such hydrothermal vents , but could also be interpreted as showing that life was restricted to such locations at some later time in its early history ( especially if the Late Heavy Bombardment hypothesis is correct ) . The identification of these genes as being present in LUCA has also been criticized , as they may simply represent subsequent horizontal gene transfers between the Archaea and the Bacteria , rather than proteins present in LUCA . See also ( edit ) Abiogenesis Bacterial phyla Common descent Origin of the first cell Protocell Panspermia Timeline of evolution Remark ( edit ) Jump up ^ There is a common misconception that definitions of LUCA and progenote are the same ; however , progenote is defined as an organism `` still in the process of evolving the relationship between genotype and phenotype '' , and it is only hypothesed that LUCA is a progenote . Gogarten , Johann Peter ; Deamer , David ( 25 November 2016 ) . `` Is LUCA a thermophilic progenote ? '' . Nature Microbiology. 1 : 16229 . doi : 10.1038 / nmicrobiol. 2016.229 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Theobald DL ( May 2010 ) . `` A formal test of the theory of universal common ancestry '' . Nature . 465 ( 7295 ) : 219 -- 22 . Bibcode : 2010Natur. 465 ... 219T . doi : 10.1038 / nature09014 . PMID 20463738 . Jump up ^ Doolittle WF ( February 2000 ) . `` Uprooting the tree of life '' . Scientific American . 282 ( 2 ) : 90 -- 95 . doi : 10.1038 / scientificamerican0200 - 90 . PMID 10710791 . Jump up ^ Glansdorff N , Xu Y , Labedan B ( 2008 ) . `` The last universal common ancestor : emergence , constitution and genetic legacy of an elusive forerunner '' . Biology Direct . 3 : 29 . doi : 10.1186 / 1745 - 6150 - 3 - 29 . PMC 2478661 . PMID 18613974 . ^ Jump up to : `` The physiology and habitat of the last universal common ancestor '' by Madeline C. Weiss , FilipaL. Sousa , Natalia Mrnjavac , Sinje Neukirchen , Mayo Roettger , Shijulal Nelson - Sathi and William F. Martin ( July 25 , 2016 ) ( Nature Microbiology 16116 doi : 10.1038 / NMICROBIOL. 2016.116 Jump up ^ Wade , Nicholas ( 25 July 2016 ) . `` Meet Luca , the Ancestor of All Living Things '' . New York Times . Retrieved 25 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gogarten , Johann Peter ; Deamer , David ( 2016 ) . `` Is LUCA a thermophilic progenote ? '' . Nature Microbiology. 1 : 16229 . doi : 10.1038 / nmicrobiol. 2016.229 . Jump up ^ Ohtomo , Yoko ; Kakegawa , Takeshi ; Ishida , Akizumi ; Nagase , Toshiro ; Rosing , Minik T. ( 2013 ) . `` Evidence for biogenic graphite in early Archaean Isua metasedimentary rocks '' . Nature Geoscience. 7 : 25 -- 28 . Bibcode : 2014NatGe ... 7 ... 25O . doi : 10.1038 / ngeo2025 . Jump up ^ Hassenkam , T. ; Andersson , M.P. ; Dalby , K.N. ; Mackenzie , D.M.A. ; Rosing , M.T. `` Elements of Eoarchean life trapped in mineral inclusions '' . Nature . 548 ( 7665 ) : 78 -- 81 . doi : 10.1038 / nature23261 . Jump up ^ Borenstein , Seth ( 13 November 2013 ) . `` Oldest fossil found : Meet your microbial mom '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 15 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Noffke , N. ; Christian , D. ; Wacey , D. ; Hazen , R.M. ( December 2013 ) . `` Microbially induced sedimentary structures recording an ancient ecosystem in the ca . 3.48 billion - year - old Dresser Formation , Pilbara , Western Australia '' . Astrobiology. 13 ( 12 ) : 1103 -- 24 . doi : 10.1089 / ast. 2013.1030 . PMC 3870916 . PMID 24205812 . Jump up ^ `` Excite News - Hints of life on what was thought to be desolate early Earth '' . apnews.excite.com . Retrieved 18 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Bell , Elizabeth A. ; Boehnke , Patrick ; Harrison , T. Mark ; Mao , Wendy L. ( 24 November 2015 ) . `` Potentially biogenic carbon preserved in a 4.1 billion - year - old zircon '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 112 ( 47 ) : 14518 -- 21 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1517557112 . ISSN 1091 - 6490 . PMC 4664351 . PMID 26483481 . Jump up ^ Dodd , Matthew S. ; Papineau , Dominic ; Grenne , Tor ; slack , John F. ; Rittner , Martin ; Pirajno , Franco ; O'Neil , Jonathan ; Little , Crispin T.S. ( 2 March 2017 ) . `` Evidence for early life in Earth 's oldest hydrothermal vent precipitates '' . Nature . 543 . doi : 10.1038 / nature21377 . Archived from the original on 10 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Darwin , C. ( 1859 ) , The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection , John Murray , p. 490 Jump up ^ Woese , C.R. ; Kandler , O. ; Wheelis , M.L. ( 1990 ) . `` Towards a natural system of organisms : proposal for the domains Archaea , Bacteria , and Eucarya '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 87 ( 12 ) : 4576 -- 79 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 87.12. 4576 . ISSN 0027 - 8424 . PMC 54159 . PMID 2112744 . ^ Jump up to : Wächtershäuser , Günter ( 1998 ) . `` Towards a Reconstruction of Ancestral Genomes by Gene Cluster Alignment '' . Systematic and Applied Microbiology. 21 ( 4 ) : 473 -- 74 , IN1 , 475 -- 77 . doi : 10.1016 / S0723 - 2020 ( 98 ) 80058 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Gregory , Michael . `` What is Life ? '' . Clinton College . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Pace NR ( January 2001 ) . `` The universal nature of biochemistry '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 98 ( 3 ) : 805 -- 08 . Bibcode : 2001PNAS ... 98 ... 805P . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 98.3. 805 . PMC 33372 . PMID 11158550 . ^ Jump up to : Wächtershäuser , G. ( January 2003 ) . `` From pre-cells to Eukarya -- a tale of two lipids '' . Molecular Microbiology. 47 ( 1 ) : 13 -- 22 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2958.2003. 03267. x . PMID 12492850 . Jump up ^ Garwood , Russell J. ( 2012 ) . `` Patterns In Palaeontology : The first 3 billion years of evolution '' . Palaeontology Online . 2 ( 11 ) : 1 -- 14 . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Michael . `` Life began with a planetary mega-organism '' . New Scientist . Jump up ^ Martin , W. ; Russell , M.J. ( October 2007 ) . `` On the origin of biochemistry at an alkaline hydrothermal vent '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London . Series B , Biological Sciences . 362 ( 1486 ) : 1887 -- 925 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 2006.1881 . PMC 2442388 . PMID 17255002 . Jump up ^ Lane , N. ; Allen , J.F. ; Martin , W. ( April 2010 ) . `` How did LUCA make a living ? Chemiosmosis in the origin of life '' . BioEssays. 32 ( 4 ) : 271 -- 80 . doi : 10.1002 / bies. 200900131 . PMID 20108228 . Jump up ^ Wade , Nicholas ( 2016 - 07 - 25 ) . `` Meet Luca , the Ancestor of All Living Things '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Woese , C.R. ; Kandler , O. ; Wheelis , M.L. ( June 1990 ) . `` Towards a natural system of organisms : proposal for the domains Archaea , Bacteria , and Eucarya '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 87 ( 12 ) : 4576 -- 79 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 87.12. 4576 . PMC 54159 . PMID 2112744 . ^ Jump up to : Darwin , Charles . On the Origin of Species . London : John Murray , Albermarle Street . 1859 . pp. 484 , 490 . Jump up ^ Xie , Q. ; Wang , Y. ; Lin , J. ; Qin , Y. ; Wang , Y. ; Bu , W. ( 2012 ) . `` Potential key bases of ribosomal RNA to kingdom - specific spectra of antibiotic susceptibility and the possible archaeal origin of eukaryotes '' . PLoS ONE . 7 ( 1 ) : e29468 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0029468 . PMC 3256160 . PMID 22247777 . Jump up ^ Yutin , N. ; Makarova K.S. ; Mekhedov S.L. ; Wolf , Y.I. ; Koonin , E.V. ( August 2008 ) . `` The deep archaeal roots of eukaryotes '' . Molecular Biology and Evolution. 25 ( 8 ) : 1619 -- 30 . doi : 10.1093 / molbev / msn108 . PMC 2464739 . PMID 18463089 . Jump up ^ Steel , M. ; Penny , D. ( May 2010 ) . `` Origins of life : Common ancestry put to the test '' . Nature . 465 ( 7295 ) : 168 -- 69 . Bibcode : 2010Natur. 465 ... 168S . doi : 10.1038 / 465168a . PMID 20463725 . Jump up ^ Egel , Richard ( March 2012 ) . `` Primal Eukaryogenesis : On the Communal Nature of Precellular States , Ancestral to Modern Life '' . Life . 2 ( 1 ) : 170 -- 212 . doi : 10.3390 / life2010170 . Jump up ^ Woese C ( June 1998 ) . `` The universal ancestor '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 95 ( 12 ) : 6854 -- 59 . Bibcode : 1998PNAS ... 95.6854 W . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 95.12. 6854 . PMC 22660 . PMID 9618502 . Jump up ^ Maynard Smith , John ; Szathmáry , Eörs ( 1995 ) . The Major Transitions in Evolution . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 850294 - X . Jump up ^ Brown , J.R. , and W.F. Doolittle. 1995 . `` Root of the Universal Tree of Life Based on Ancient Aminoacyl - tRNA Synthetase Gene Duplications . '' Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92 ( 7 ) : 2441 -- 45 . PMID 7708661 Jump up ^ Gogarten , J.P. , H. Kibak , P. Dittrich , L. Taiz , E.J. Bowman , B.J. Bowman , M.F. Manolson , et al. 1989 . `` Evolution of the Vacuolar H+ - ATPase : Implications for the Origin of Eukaryotes . '' Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86 ( 17 ) : 6661 -- 65 . PMID 2528146 Jump up ^ Gogarten , J.P. , and L. Taiz. 1992 . `` Evolution of Proton Pumping ATPases : Rooting the Tree of Life . '' Photosynthesis Research 33 : 137 -- 46 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00039176 Jump up ^ Gribaldo , S , and P Cammarano. 1998 . `` The Root of the Universal Tree of Life Inferred from Anciently Duplicated Genes Encoding Components of the Protein - Targeting Machinery . '' Journal of Molecular Evolution 47 ( 5 ) : 508 -- 16 . PMID : 9797401 Jump up ^ Iwabe , Naoyuki , Kei - Ichi Kuma , Masami Hasegawa , Syozo Osawa , Takashi Miyata Source , Masami Hasegawat , Syozo Osawat , and Takashi Miyata. 1989 . `` Evolutionary Relationship of Archaebacteria , Eubacteria , and Eukaryotes Inferred from Phylogenetic Trees of Duplicated Genes . '' Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86 ( 86 ) : 9355 -- 59 . PMID 2531898 Jump up ^ Boone , David R. ; Castenholz , Richard W. ; Garrity , George M. ( eds . ) . The Archaea and the Deeply Branching and Phototrophic Bacteria . Bergey 's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 0 - 387 - 21609 - 6 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 21609 - 6 . Jump up ^ Valas , R.E. ; Bourne , P.E. ( 2011 ) . `` The origin of a derived superkingdom : how a gram - positive bacterium crossed the desert to become an archaeon '' . Biology Direct . 6 : 16 . doi : 10.1186 / 1745 - 6150 - 6 - 16 . PMC 3056875 . PMID 21356104 . Jump up ^ Cavalier - Smith T ( 2006 ) . `` Rooting the tree of life by transition analyses '' . Biology Direct . 1 : 19 . doi : 10.1186 / 1745 - 6150 - 1 - 19 . PMC 1586193 . PMID 16834776 . Jump up ^ Nick Lane : The Vital Question -- Energy , Evolution , and the Origins of Complex Life , WW Norton , 2015 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 08881 - 6 Jump up ^ Joseph F. Sutherland : on The Origin Of Tha Bacteria And The Archaea , auf B.C vom 16 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last%20universal%20common%20ancestor
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who played the butler in hart to hart
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Lionel Stander
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lionel stander
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Lionel Jay Stander ( January 11 , 1908 -- November 30 , 1994 ) was an American actor in films , radio , theater and television .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early film roles 2.2 Radio roles 2.3 Activism 2.4 Stander and HUAC 2.5 Blacklisting 2.6 Career in independent films in Europe 2.7 Hart to Hart and other roles 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 5 Radio appearances 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Lionel Stander was born in The Bronx , New York City , New York , to Russian - Jewish immigrants , the first of three children . According to newspaper interviews with Stander , as a teenager he appeared in the silent film Men of Steel ( 1926 ) , perhaps as an extra , since he is not listed in the credits . During his one year at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , he appeared in the student productions The Muse of the Unpublished Writer , and The Muse and the Movies : A Comedy of Greenwich Village . Career ( edit ) Stander 's acting career began in 1928 , as Cop and First Fairy in Him by E.E. Cummings , at the Provincetown Playhouse . He claimed that he got the roles because one of them required shooting craps , which he did well , and a friend in the company volunteered him . He appeared in a series of short - lived plays through the early 1930s , including The House Beautiful , which Dorothy Parker famously derided as `` the play lousy '' . Early film roles ( edit ) In 1932 , Stander landed his first credited film role in the Warner - Vitaphone short feature In the Dough ( 1932 ) , with Fatty Arbuckle and Shemp Howard . He made several other shorts , the last being The Old Grey Mayor ( 1935 ) with Bob Hope in 1935 . That same year , he was cast in a feature , Ben Hecht 's The Scoundrel ( 1935 ) , with Noël Coward . He moved to Hollywood and signed a contract with Columbia Pictures . Stander was in a string of films over the next three years , appearing most notably in Frank Capra 's Mr. Deeds Goes to Town ( 1936 ) with Gary Cooper , Meet Nero Wolfe ( 1936 ) playing Archie Goodwin , The League of Frightened Men ( 1937 ) , and A Star Is Born ( 1937 ) with Janet Gaynor and Fredric March . Radio roles ( edit ) Stander 's distinctive rumbling voice , tough - guy demeanor , and talent with accents made him a popular radio actor . In the 1930s and 1940s , he was on The Eddie Cantor Show , Bing Crosby 's KMH show , the Lux Radio Theater production of A Star Is Born , The Fred Allen Show , the Mayor of the Town series with Lionel Barrymore and Agnes Moorehead , Kraft Music Hall on NBC , Stage Door Canteen on CBS , the Lincoln Highway Radio Show on NBC , and The Jack Paar Show , among others . In 1941 , he starred in a short - lived radio show called The Life of Riley on CBS , no relation to the radio , film , and television character later made famous by William Bendix . Stander played the role of Spider Schultz in both Harold Lloyd 's film The Milky Way ( 1936 ) and its remake ten years later , The Kid from Brooklyn ( 1946 ) , starring Danny Kaye . He was a regular on Danny Kaye 's zany comedy - variety radio show on CBS ( 1946 -- 1947 ) , playing himself as `` just the elevator operator '' amidst the antics of Kaye , future Our Miss Brooks star Eve Arden , and bandleader Harry James . Also during the 1940s , he played several characters on The Woody Woodpecker and Andy Panda animated theatrical shorts , produced by Walter Lantz . For Woody Woodpecker , he provided the voice of Buzz Buzzard , but was backlisted from the Lantz studio in 1951 and was replaced by Dal McKennon . Activism ( edit ) Strongly liberal and pro-labor , Stander espoused a variety of social and political causes , and was a founding member of the Screen Actors Guild . At a SAG meeting held during a 1937 studio technicians ' strike , he told the assemblage of 2000 members : `` With the eyes of the whole world on this meeting , will it not give the Guild a black eye if its members continue to cross picket lines ? '' ( The NYT reported : `` Cheers mingled with boos greeted the question . '' ) Stander also supported the Conference of Studio Unions in its fight against the Mob - influenced International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees ( IATSE ) . Also in 1937 , Ivan F. Cox , a deposed officer of the San Francisco longshoremen 's union , sued Stander and a host of others , including union leader Harry Bridges , actors Fredric March , Franchot Tone , Mary Astor , James Cagney , Jean Muir , and director William Dieterle . The charge , according to Time magazine , was `` conspiring to propagate Communism on the Pacific Coast , causing Mr. Cox to lose his job '' . In 1938 , Columbia Pictures head Harry Cohn allegedly called Stander `` a Red son of a bitch '' and threatened a US $100,000 fine against any studio that renewed his contract . Despite critical acclaim for his performances , Stander 's film work dropped off drastically . After appearing in 15 films in 1935 and 1936 , he was in only six in 1937 and 1938 . This was followed by just six films from 1939 through 1943 , none made by major studios , the most notable being Guadalcanal Diary ( 1943 ) . Stander and HUAC ( edit ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Stander was among the first group of Hollywood actors to be subpoenaed before the House Un-American Activities Committee ( HUAC ) in 1940 for supposed Communist activities . At a grand jury hearing in Los Angeles in August 1940 -- the transcript of which was shortly released to the press -- John R. Leech , the self - described former `` chief functionary '' of the Communist Party in Los Angeles , named Stander as a CP member , along with more than 15 other Hollywood notables , including Franchot Tone , Humphrey Bogart , James Cagney , Clifford Odets and Budd Schulberg . Stander subsequently forced himself into the grand jury hearing , and the district attorney cleared him of the allegations . Stander appeared in no films between 1944 and 1945 . Then , with HUAC 's attentions focused elsewhere due to World War II , he played in a number of mostly second - rate pictures from independent studios through the late 1940s . These include Ben Hecht 's Specter of the Rose ( 1946 ) ; the Preston Sturges comedy The Sin of Harold Diddlebock ( 1947 ) with Harold Lloyd ; and Trouble Makers ( 1948 ) with The Bowery Boys . One classic emerged from this period of his career , the Preston Sturges comedy Unfaithfully Yours ( 1948 ) with Rex Harrison . In 1947 , HUAC turned its attention once again to Hollywood . That October , Howard Rushmore , who had belonged to the CPUSA in the 1930s and written film reviews for the Daily Worker , testified that writer John Howard Lawson , whom he named as a Communist , had `` referred to Lionel Stander as a perfect example of how a Communist should not act in Hollywood . '' Stander was again blacklisted from films , though he played on TV , radio , and in the theater . In March 1951 , actor Larry Parks , after pleading with HUAC investigators not to force him to `` crawl through the mud '' as an informer , named several people as Communists in a `` closed - door session '' , which made the newspapers two days later . He testified that he knew Stander , but did n't recall attending any CP meetings with him . At a HUAC hearing in April 1951 , actor Marc Lawrence named Stander as a member of his Hollywood Communist `` cell '' , along with screenwriter Lester Cole and screenwriter Gordon Kahn . Lawrence testified that Stander `` was the guy who introduced me to the party line '' , and that Stander said that by joining the CP , he 'd `` get to know the dames more '' -- which Lawrence , who did n't enjoy film - star looks , thought a good idea . Upon hearing of this , Stander shot off a telegram to HUAC chair John S. Wood , calling Lawrence 's testimony that he was a Communist `` ridiculous '' and asking to appear before the Committee , so he could swear to that under oath . The telegram concluded : `` I respectfully request an opportunity to appear before you at your earliest possible convenience . Be assured of my cooperation . '' Two days later , Stander sued Lawrence for $500,000 for slander . Lawrence left the country ( `` fled '' , according to Stander ) for Europe . After that , Stander was blacklisted from TV and radio . He continued to act in the theater roles , and played Ludlow Lowell in the 1952 - 53 revival of Pal Joey on Broadway and on tour . Blacklisting ( edit ) Two years passed before Stander was issued the requested subpoena . Finally , in May 1953 , he testified at a HUAC hearing in New York , where he made front - page headlines nationwide by being uproariously uncooperative , memorialized in the Eric Bentley play , Are You Now or Have You Ever Been . The New York Times headline was `` Stander Lectures House Red Inquiry . '' In a dig at bandleader Artie Shaw , who had tearfully claimed in a Committee hearing that he had been `` duped '' by the Communist Party , Stander testified , `` I am not a dupe , or a dope , or a moe , or a schmoe ... I was absolutely conscious of what I was doing , and I am not ashamed of anything I said in public or private . '' An excerpt from that statement was engraved in stone for `` The First Amendment Blacklist Memorial '' by Jenny Holzer at the University of Southern California . Other notable statements during Stander 's 1953 HUAC testimony : `` ( Testifying before HUAC ) is like the Spanish Inquisition . You may not be burned , but you ca n't help coming away a little singed . '' `` I do n't know about the overthrow of the government . This committee has been investigating 15 years so far , and has n't found one act of violence . '' `` I know of a group of fanatics who are desperately trying to undermine the Constitution of the United States by depriving artists and others of life , liberty , and the Pursuit of Happiness without due process of law ... I can tell names and cite instances and I am one of the first victims of it . And if you are interested in that and also a group of ex-fascists and America - Firsters and anti-Semites , people who hate everybody including Negroes , minority groups and most likely themselves ... and these people are engaged in a conspiracy outside all the legal processes to undermine the very fundamental American concepts upon which our entire system of democracy exists . '' `` ... I do n't want to be responsible for a whole stable of informers , stool pigeons , and psychopaths and ex-political heretics , who come in here beating their breast and say , ' I am awfully sorry ; I did n't know what I was doing . Please -- I want absolution ; get me back into pictures . ' '' `` My estimation of this committee is that this committee arrogates judicial and punitive powers which it does not possess . '' Stander was blacklisted from the late 1940s until 1965 ; perhaps the longest period . Career in independent films in Europe ( edit ) After that , Stander 's acting career went into a free fall . He worked as a stockbroker on Wall Street , a journeyman stage actor , a corporate spokesman -- even a New Orleans Mardi Gras king . He did n't return to Broadway until 1961 ( and then only briefly in a flop ) and to film in 1963 , in the low - budget The Moving Finger ( although he did provide , uncredited , the voice - over narration for the 1961 noir thriller Blast of Silence . ) Life improved for Stander when he moved to London in 1964 to act in Bertolt Brecht 's Saint Joan of the Stockyards , directed by Tony Richardson , for whom he 'd acted on Broadway , along with Christopher Plummer , in a 1963 production of Brecht 's The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui . In 1965 , he was featured in the film Promise Her Anything . That same year Richardson cast him in the black comedy about the funeral industry , The Loved One , based on the novel by Evelyn Waugh , with an all - star cast including Jonathan Winters , Robert Morse , Liberace , Rod Steiger , Paul Williams and many others . In 1966 , Roman Polanski cast Stander in his only starring role , as the thug Dickie in Cul - de-sac , opposite Françoise Dorléac and Donald Pleasence . Stander stayed in Europe and eventually settled in Rome , where he appeared in many spaghetti Westerns , most notably playing a bartender named Max in Sergio Leone 's Once Upon a Time in the West . In Rome he connected with Robert Wagner , who cast him in an episode of It Takes a Thief that was shot there . Stander 's few English - language films in the 1970s include The Gang That Could n't Shoot Straight with Robert De Niro and Jerry Orbach , Steven Spielberg 's 1941 , and Martin Scorsese 's New York , New York , which also starred De Niro and Liza Minnelli . Stander played a supporting role in the TV film Revenge Is My Destiny with Chris Robinson . He played a lounge comic modeled after the real - life Las Vegas comic Joe E. Lewis , who used to begin his act by announcing `` Post Time '' as he sipped his ever - present drink . Hart to Hart and other roles ( edit ) After 15 years abroad , Stander moved back to the U.S. for the role he is now most famous for : Max , the loyal butler , cook , and chauffeur to the wealthy , amateur detectives played by Robert Wagner and Stefanie Powers on the 1979 -- 1984 television series Hart to Hart ( and a subsequent series of Hart to Hart made - for - television films ) . In 1983 , Stander won a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film . In 1986 , he became the voice of Kup in The Transformers : The Movie . In 1991 he was a guest star in the television series Dream On , playing Uncle Pat in the episode `` Toby or Not Toby '' . His final theatrical film role was as a dying hospital patient in The Last Good Time ( 1994 ) , with Armin Mueller - Stahl and Olivia d'Abo , directed by Bob Balaban . Personal life ( edit ) Stander 's personal life was as tumultuous as his professional one . He was married six times , the first time in 1932 and the last in 1972 . All but the last marriage ended in divorce . He fathered six daughters ( one wife had no children , one had twins ) . Stander died of lung cancer in Los Angeles , California , in 1994 at age 86 . He was buried in Glendale 's Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery . Filmography ( edit ) In the Dough ( 1933 , Short ) as Toots ( uncredited ) The Scoundrel ( 1935 ) as Rothenstien Hooray for Love ( 1935 ) as Chowsky We 're in the Money ( 1935 ) as Leonidus Giovanni ' Butch ' Gonzola Page Miss Glory ( 1935 ) as Nick Papadopolis The Gay Deception ( 1935 ) as Gettel I Live My Life ( 1935 ) as Yaffitz , Bridge Player If You Could Only Cook ( 1935 ) as Flash Soak the Rich ( 1936 ) as Muglia ( kidnapper ) The Milky Way ( 1936 ) as Spider Schultz The Music Goes ' Round ( 1936 ) as O'Casey Mr. Deeds Goes to Town ( 1936 ) as Cornelius Cobb Meet Nero Wolfe ( 1936 ) as Archie Goodwin They Met in a Taxi ( 1936 ) as Fingers Garrison More Than a Secretary ( 1936 ) as Ernest I Loved a Soldier ( 1936 , unfinished ) A Star Is Born ( 1937 ) as Matt Libby The League of Frightened Men ( 1937 ) as Archie Goodwin The Last Gangster ( 1937 ) as ' Curly ' No Time to Marry ( 1938 ) as Al Vogel Professor Beware ( 1938 ) as Jerry The Crowd Roars ( 1938 ) as ' Happy ' Lane The Ice Follies of 1939 ( 1939 ) as Mort Hodges What a Life ( 1939 ) as Ferguson The Bride Wore Crutches ( 1940 ) as ' Flannel - Mouth ' Moroni Hit Parade of 1941 ( 1940 ) ( uncredited ) Hangmen Also Die ! ( 1943 ) as Banya Tahiti Honey ( 1943 ) as Pinkie Guadalcanal Diary ( 1943 ) as Sgt . Butch Fish Fry ( 1944 , Short ) as Cat ( voice , uncredited ) The Big Show - Off ( 1945 ) as Joe Bagley The Loose Nut ( 1945 , Short ) as Construction Worker ( voice , uncredited ) The Kid from Brooklyn ( 1946 ) as Spider Schultz In Old Sacramento ( 1946 ) as Eddie Dodge Who 's Cookin ' Who ? ( 1946 , Short ) as Wolfie Wolf ( voice , uncredited ) A Boy , a Girl and a Dog ( 1946 ) as Jim Specter of the Rose ( 1946 ) as Lionel Gans Gentleman Joe Palooka ( 1946 ) as Harry Mitchell The Sin of Harold Diddlebock ( 1947 ) as Max Call Northside 777 ( 1948 ) as Corrigan - Wiecek 's Cellmate ( uncredited ) Texas , Brooklyn and Heaven ( 1948 ) as Bellhop Wet Blanket Policy ( 1948 , Short ) as Buzz Buzzard ( voice , uncredited ) Unfaithfully Yours ( 1948 ) as Hugo Standoff Trouble Makers ( 1948 ) as ' Hatchet ' Moran Wild and Woody ! ( 1948 , Short ) as Buzz Buzzard ( voice , uncredited ) Drooler 's Delight ( 1949 , Short ) as Buzz Buzzard ( voice , uncredited ) Puny Express ( 1951 ) as Buzz Buzzard 's vocal effects ( archive sound ) ( uncredited ) Two Gals and a Guy ( 1951 ) as Mr. Seymour St. Benny the Dip ( 1951 ) as Monk Williams Blast of Silence ( 1961 ) as Narrator ( voice , uncredited ) The Moving Finger ( 1963 ) as Anatole The Loved One ( 1965 ) as The Guru Brahmin Promise Her Anything ( 1966 ) as Sam Cul - de-sac ( 1966 ) as Richard Seven Times Seven ( 1968 ) as Sam A Dandy in Aspic ( 1968 ) as Sobakevich Beyond the Law ( Al di là della legge ) ( 1968 ) as Preacher Gates to Paradise ( 1968 ) as The Monk Once Upon a Time in the West ( 1968 ) as Barman H2S ( 1969 ) as Luigi Pavese Giacomo Casanova : Childhood and Adolescence ( 1969 ) as Don Tosello Zenabel ( 1969 ) as Pancrazio Boot Hill ( 1969 ) as Mamy The Naughty Cheerleader ( 1970 ) as The Admiral Crepa padrone , crepa tranquillo ( 1970 ) Between Miracles ( 1971 ) as Oreste Micheli The Gang That Could n't Shoot Straight ( 1971 ) as Baccala We Are All in Temporary Liberty ( 1971 ) as Lawyer Bartoli Stanza 17 - 17 palazzo delle tasse , ufficio imposte ( 1971 ) as Katanga Caliber 9 ( 1972 ) as Americano The Eroticist ( 1972 ) as Cardinal Maravidi Pulp ( 1972 ) as Ben Dinuccio Tutti fratelli nel West ... per parte di padre ( 1972 ) Don Camillo ei giovani d'oggi ( 1972 ) as Peppone Treasure Island ( 1972 ) as Billy Bones Sting of the West ( 1972 ) as Stinky Manure The Adventures of Pinocchio ( 1972 ) as Mangiafoco Halleluja to Vera Cruz ( 1973 ) as Sam ' Tonaca `` ' Thompson Pete , Pearl & the Pole ( 1973 ) as Sparks Dirty Weekend ( 1973 ) as General The Black Hand ( The Birth of the Mafia ) ( 1973 ) as Lieutenant Giuseppe Petrosino My Pleasure Is Your Pleasure ( 1973 ) as Il marchese Cavalcanti / Il cardinale di Ragusa Crescete e moltiplicatevi ( 1973 ) Viaggia , ragazza , viaggia , hai la musica nelle vene ( 1973 ) The Sensual Man ( 1973 ) as Baron Castorini Innocence and Desire ( 1974 ) as Salvatore Niscemi Di mamma non ce n'è una sola ( 1974 ) as Elia La via dei babbuini ( 1974 ) Cormack of the Mounties ( 1975 ) as Doctor Higgins Mark of Zorro ( 1975 ) as Padre Donato La novizia ( 1975 ) as Don Nini The Black Bird ( 1975 ) as Gordon Immerman San Pasquale Baylonne protettore delle donne ( 1976 ) as Don Gervasio The Cassandra Crossing ( 1976 ) as Max , the Train Conductor New York , New York ( 1977 ) as Tony Harwell Matilda ( 1978 ) as Pinky Schwab Cyclone ( 1978 ) as Taylor The Rip - Off ( 1978 ) as Sam 1941 ( 1979 ) as Angelo Scioli The Transformers : The Movie ( 1986 ) as Kup ( voice ) Bellifreschi ( 1987 ) as Frank Santamaria Wicked Stepmother ( 1989 ) as Sam Cookie ( 1989 ) as Enzo Della Testa Joey Takes a Cab ( 1991 ) as Joey The Last Good Time ( 1994 ) as Howard Singer Hart to Hart : Secrets ( 1995 , TV Movie ) as Max ( final film role ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Radio appearances ( edit ) Year Program Episode / source 1937 Lux Radio Theatre Mr. Deeds Goes to Town References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McPherson , Garland ( February 10 , 1927 ) . `` Playmakers to Present Three Original Plays '' . North Carolina , Chapel Hill . The Daily Tar Heel . p. 2 . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Fred Allen 's Radio Comedy ^ Jump up to : Belton , John . A Theory of Justice . 4th Edition . McGraw - Hill , 2013 , p. 309f . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Stander ( 1908 - 1994 ) - Find A Grave Memorial '' . www.findagrave.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Those Were The Days '' . Nostalgia Digest . 40 ( 1 ) : 32 -- 39 . Winter 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lionel Stander . Lionel Stander on IMDb 68804 Lionel Stander at the Internet Broadway Database Lionel Stander at Find a Grave Lionel Stander : A Hollywood Story LIONEL STANDER : He Was n't Afraid of John Wayne ... Or Anyone Else Lionel Stander portrait as a young man NY Public Library Billy Rose collection ( hide ) Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film James Brolin ( 1970 ) Edward Asner ( 1971 ) James Brolin ( 1972 ) McLean Stevenson ( 1973 ) Harvey Korman ( 1974 ) Edward Asner / Tim Conway ( 1975 ) Edward Asner ( 1976 ) Norman Fell ( 1978 ) Danny DeVito / Vic Tayback ( 1979 ) Pat Harrington Jr. / Vic Tayback ( 1980 ) John Hillerman ( 1981 ) Lionel Stander ( 1982 ) Richard Kiley ( 1983 ) Paul Le Mat ( 1984 ) Edward James Olmos ( 1985 ) Jan Niklas ( 1986 ) Rutger Hauer ( 1987 ) Barry Bostwick / John Gielgud ( 1988 ) Dean Stockwell ( 1989 ) Charles Durning ( 1990 ) Louis Gossett , Jr. ( 1991 ) Maximilian Schell ( 1992 ) Beau Bridges ( 1993 ) Edward James Olmos ( 1994 ) Donald Sutherland ( 1995 ) Ian McKellen ( 1996 ) George C. Scott ( 1997 ) Don Cheadle / Gregory Peck ( 1998 ) Peter Fonda ( 1999 ) Robert Downey Jr. ( 2000 ) Stanley Tucci ( 2001 ) Donald Sutherland ( 2002 ) Jeffrey Wright ( 2003 ) William Shatner ( 2004 ) Paul Newman ( 2005 ) Jeremy Irons ( 2006 ) Jeremy Piven ( 2007 ) Tom Wilkinson ( 2008 ) John Lithgow ( 2009 ) Chris Colfer ( 2010 ) Peter Dinklage ( 2011 ) Ed Harris ( 2012 ) Jon Voight ( 2013 ) Matt Bomer ( 2014 ) Christian Slater ( 2015 ) Hugh Laurie ( 2016 ) Alexander Skarsgård ( 2017 ) BIBSYS : 4084465 BNE : XX1492502 BNF : cb140441583 ( data ) GND : 172678323 ISNI : 0000 0001 1055 2907 LCCN : n80014637 SNAC : w6dv3n5d SUDOC : 05865917X VIAF : 37117926 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lionel_Stander&oldid=841500540 '' Categories : 1908 births 1994 deaths American expatriates in Italy American male film actors American male radio actors American male television actors American male stage actors Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe ( television ) winners Jewish American male actors Deaths from lung cancer Hollywood blacklist People from the Bronx Male Spaghetti Western actors Deaths from cancer in California Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park ( Glendale ) 20th - century American male actors Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Articles that may contain original research from October 2017 All articles that may contain original research Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Incomplete lists from July 2012 Articles with IBDb links Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Magyar 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Svenska Türkçe 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018 , at 07 : 02 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel%20Stander
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who did charlie puth write see you again for
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Puth became emotionally attached while writing the track , recalling Vail Cerullo , a friend of Puth 's time at Berklee College of Music , who perished in a motorcycle accident in 2012 . He was at first reluctant that the film 's soundtrack label , Atlantic Records , would choose his vocal for the song . In an interview with the Los Angeles Times , Puth recalled , `` It just seemed to occur from out of nowhere . And basically 10 minutes later Justin and I wrote it , we sent it off , and I thought we 'd never hear about it again '' . Puth and DJ Frank E 's output from the session was well received by Furious 7 filmmakers , Universal Pictures , and Atlantic . As a result , the track was further commissioned to include rapped verses by Khalifa based on the subject of family , combined with Puth 's vocals and a piano melody . The song then went through an extensive note - giving and production process . Puth opined that his vocal was chosen by Atlantic because of his emotional attachment to the subject matter .
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Vail Cerullo , a friend of Puth 's time at Berklee College of Music , who perished in a motorcycle accident in 2012
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See You Again
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see you again
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`` See You Again '' is a song recorded by American rapper Wiz Khalifa , featuring American singer Charlie Puth . The track was commissioned for the soundtrack of the 2015 action film Furious 7 as a tribute to the late actor Paul Walker , who died in a single - vehicle accident on November 30 , 2013 in Valencia , California . Later on , the song was included as a bonus track on the international release of Puth 's debut album , Nine Track Mind . The artists co-wrote the song with its co-producers , DJ Frank E and Andrew Cedar , with additional production from Puth and mixing provided by Manny Marroquin . `` See You Again '' was released on March 10 , 2015 , as the soundtrack 's lead single in the United States .
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`` See You Again '' became both Khalifa 's and Puth 's biggest single to date . It spent 12 non-consecutive weeks atop the US Billboard Hot 100 , tying Eminem 's `` Lose Yourself '' for the longest - running rap number - one single in the country , and topped the UK Singles Chart for two consecutive weeks . It also reached number one in several other countries including Australia , Austria , Canada , Germany , Ireland , New Zealand and Switzerland . The song holds the record for the most - streamed track in a single day on Spotify in the United States . It set the record for most streams in a single week worldwide , and in the United Kingdom also in a single week . The music video was the most viewed video on YouTube from July 10 to August 4 , 2017 . `` See You Again '' received three nominations at the 58th Annual Grammy Awards : Song of the Year , Best Pop Duo / Group Performance and Best Song Written for Visual Media . It was also shortlisted for the Song of the Year for the BBC Music Awards and was nominated for Best Original Song at the 73rd Golden Globe Awards . `` See You Again '' was the best selling - song of 2015 worldwide , with combined sales and track - equivalent streams of 20.9 million units according to IFPI . Contents ( hide ) 1 Writing and development 2 Composition 3 Commercial performance 3.1 North America 3.2 Europe and Oceania 4 Music video 4.1 Background 4.2 Synopsis 4.3 Reception 5 Live performances 6 Awards and nominations 7 Track listing 8 Credits and personnel 9 Charts 9.1 Weekly charts 9.2 Year - end charts 10 Certifications 11 Release history 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Writing and development ( edit ) `` See You Again '' was written by DJ Frank E , Charlie Puth , Wiz Khalifa , and Andrew Cedar . It was produced by DJ Frank E , Charlie Puth , and Andrew Cedar . Frank E and Puth were approached by their publishing company , Artist Publishing Group , to develop a melody that could pay tribute to the late Paul Walker for the film Furious 7 ( 2015 ) . His publishing company 's president Ben Maddahi then set up a first - time studio session for Puth with DJ Frank E at a studio in Los Angeles . Puth became emotionally attached while writing the track , recalling Vail Cerullo , a friend of Puth 's time at Berklee College of Music , who perished in a motorcycle accident in 2012 . He was at first reluctant that the film 's soundtrack label , Atlantic Records , would choose his vocal for the song . In an interview with the Los Angeles Times , Puth recalled , `` It just seemed to occur from out of nowhere . And basically 10 minutes later Justin and I wrote it , we sent it off , and I thought we 'd never hear about it again '' . Puth and DJ Frank E 's output from the session was well received by Furious 7 filmmakers , Universal Pictures , and Atlantic . As a result , the track was further commissioned to include rapped verses by Khalifa based on the subject of family , combined with Puth 's vocals and a piano melody . The song then went through an extensive note - giving and production process . Puth opined that his vocal was chosen by Atlantic because of his emotional attachment to the subject matter . The song was chosen to be played at the end of the film . Following O'Conner's retirement send - off to be with his wife and family , the characters Brian O'Conner and Dominic Toretto drove on a mountain road and parted ways upon reaching a fork . Puth revealed on The Talk that Universal originally wanted to get a more established singer to sing Puth 's part . Puth refused to give them the song unless he sung the hook . Composition ( edit ) `` See You Again '' is a hip hop and pop - rap ballad . It was written in the key of B ♭ major with a time signature of 4 4 and has a tempo of 80 beats per minute ( Andante / Andantino ) . Commercial Performance ( edit ) North america ( edit ) In the United States , `` See You Again '' debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 and Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs charts dated March 19 , 2015 , at number 100 and number 29 respectively , with first - week sales of 25,000 copies . On the chart issued for April 18 , 2015 , the song climbed from number 84 to number ten on the Billboard Hot 100 , selling 168,000 copies as the chart 's `` Digital Gainer '' that week . Its climb into the top ten was the chart 's biggest since Katy Perry 's `` Roar '' ( 2013 ) . In its fifth week , `` See You Again '' sold 464,000 copies and rose from number ten to number one on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song marked Khalifa 's second number one on the chart , following `` Black and Yellow '' ( 2011 ) , and Puth 's first . It topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart for twelve non-consecutive weeks . After its twelfth week it was finally knocked off the top spot by OMI 's hit , `` Cheerleader '' . It is one of 33 songs to reach number one for at least 10 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song also topped the Mainstream Top 40 and Rhythmic charts for four weeks and three weeks respectively . The song also topped Hot Rap Songs and Hot R&B Hip Hip songs for 14 weeks each . As of July 7 , 2016 , `` See You Again '' has sold a total of 4,122,938 copies in the United States . The song fell out of the top ten on the chart dated August 29 , 2015 , spending a total of 19 weeks in the top ten . The song holds the record for the most - streamed track in a single day on Spotify in the United States . It set the record for most streams in a single week worldwide during April 6 to April 12 ( streamed 21.9 million times ) , and in the United Kingdom in a single week ( streamed 3.72 million times from April 20 to April 26 , 2015 ) , which was broken by Justin Bieber 's `` What Do You Mean ? '' ( streamed 3.87 million times from September 17 to September 23 , 2015 ) . Europe and oceania ( edit ) `` See You Again '' debuted at number 20 on the UK Singles Chart issued for April 12 , 2015 on streaming alone . It registered 1.8 million streams in the United Kingdom that week . Following its digital release , the song climbed to number one on the chart dated April 19 , 2015 . It sold 193,000 units that week , becoming the fastest - selling single in the United Kingdom of 2015 . The song also broke the streaming record in the United Kingdom that week with a total of 3.68 million streams that week . It marked Khalifa 's second number one on the chart -- following his feature on Maroon 5 's `` Payphone '' ( 2012 ) -- and Puth 's first . `` See You Again '' sold 142,000 units during its first week at number one , and broke its own streaming record with 3.72 million streams that week . Omi 's `` Cheerleader '' replaced `` See You Again '' at number one the following week , selling approximately 1,000 units more than `` See You Again '' at number two . In New Zealand , `` See You Again '' debuted at number 34 on the New Zealand Singles Chart dated March 30 , 2015 . It topped the chart in its third week , becoming Khalifa and Puth 's first number one single in the country . In Australia , `` See You Again '' rose from number 59 to number one on the Australian Singles Chart issued for April 11 , 2015 , marking Khalifa and Puth 's first number one hit on the chart . The song 's climb to number one was the largest in Australian Singles Chart history . Music video ( edit ) See You Again Directed by Marc Klasfeld Produced by Charlie Puth and Wiz Khalifa Starring Wiz Khalifa Charlie Puth Vin Diesel Paul Walker Cody Walker Release date April 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 06 ) Running time 3 : 57 Language English The music video for `` See You Again '' was directed by Marc Klasfeld . It was uploaded to YouTube on April 6 , 2015 . Background ( edit ) The video , recorded by American rapper Wiz Khalifa and American singer Charlie Puth , was the most viewed video on YouTube from July 10 to August 4 , 2017 and the most liked video on the site from August 28 , 2016 to July 25 , 2017 . As of October 31 , 2017 , it has received over 3.1 billion views and 17.5 million likes , making it the site 's second most viewed and liked video . It is one of 85 videos to exceed one billion views , 17 videos to exceed two billion views , and two videos to exceed three billion views . It was the second video ever to record two billion and three billion views . Synopsis ( edit ) The video begins with a shot of a cliff top at sunset , followed by Khalifa walking down a highway road . Puth is then shown singing the chorus whilst sitting at , and playing , a piano located between two cars . Khalifa 's rap verses and Puth singing the second chorus and bridge are interspersed with footage from Furious 7 . After the bridge , we see the final scene from the film : Dominic Toretto ( Vin Diesel ) and Brian O'Conner ( Cody Walker , filling in for his brother , Paul ) , driving together , pull over in their cars and smile at each other one last time before driving away on separate roads into the sunset . After the camera pans up into the sky , the screen turns white , the words `` For Paul '' appear on screen and the video ends . Reception ( edit ) The video was the most viewed video on YouTube from July 10 , 2017 , when it surpassed `` Gangnam Style '' by Psy , to August 4 of that year , when it was surpassed by `` Despacito '' by Luis Fonsi featuring Daddy Yankee . It reached 2 billion views on September 3 , 2016 and is the fourth fastest video to accomplish the feat , doing so in 515 days . It reached 3 billion views on August 6 , 2017 and is the second fastest video to accomplish the feat , doing so in 853 days . As of October 31 , 2017 , the video has received over 3.1 billion views on YouTube making it the second most viewed video on the website . It has received over 17.5 million likes and over 575,000 dislikes as of October 31 , 2017 . The video is also the second to reach 10 million likes ; the other four videos to exceed 10 million likes are the music videos for `` Gangnam Style '' , `` Hello '' , `` Despacito '' and `` Shape of You '' . The video was nominated for Best Hip - Hop Video and Best Collaboration at the 2015 MTV Video Music Awards , but lost both . On August 27 , 2016 , the music video surpassed `` Gangnam Style '' as YouTube 's most liked video of all time , after `` Gangnam Style '' held the record for almost 4 years . Also , on February 19 , 2017 , the music video succeeded `` Gangnam Style '' as the most rated YouTube video of all time with over 13.8 million total ratings . It has since been surpassed by Luis Fonsi 's `` Despacito '' as the most viewed , liked and rated video on YouTube . Live performances ( edit ) Khalifa and Puth performed `` See You Again '' live on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon in March 2015 and on an episode of Saturday Night Live in May 2015 . Diesel also performed the song live as a tribute to Walker during the 2015 MTV Movie Awards . Khalifa and Puth reprised the song in a performance on The Ellen DeGeneres Show in April 2015 . Khalifa has performed the song , without Puth , as part of the Boys of Zummer Tour , in which Khalifa co-headlined with Fall Out Boy . Puth performed the song at the Capital Jingle Bell Ball in 2015 . Khalifa also performed the song on season 8 of The Voice , with season 7 finalist Chris Jamison performing Puth 's vocals . Wiz Khalifa also performed the song at the Mnet Asian Music Awards 2016 . The intentions were for the song to be performed as a collaboration between Wiz Khalifa and Taeyeon , member of girl group Girls ' Generation but the stage was later cancelled for reasons unknown . Khalifa & Puth also performed the song at the 2016 Kids ' Choice Awards . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Category Result 2015 American Music Awards Song of the Year Nominated Collaboration of the Year Hollywood Music in Media Awards Song -- Feature Film Won MTV Video Music Awards Best Hip - Hop Video Nominated Best Collaboration Teen Choice Awards Choice R&B / Hip - Hop Song Won Choice Collaboration Nominated Choice Song from a Movie or TV Show Won Hollywood Film Awards Hollywood Song Award BBC Music Awards Song of the Year Nominated 2016 Grammy Awards Song of the Year Best Pop Duo / Group Performance Best Song Written for Visual Media Critics Choice Awards Best Song Won Golden Globe Awards Best Original Song Nominated Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Collaboration Won Black Reel Awards Best Original or Adapted Song Won iHeartRadio Music Awards Best Lyrics Nominated Best Collaboration Best Song from a Movie ASCAP Pop Music Awards Most Performed Songs Won Track listing ( edit ) Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` See You Again ( Extended ) '' ( featuring Charlie Puth ) 5 : 48 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Andrew Cedar -- songwriter , producer DJ Frank E ( Justin Franks ) -- songwriter , producer Charlie Puth -- songwriter , vocals , producer Brian Tyler -- string arranger , conductor Wiz Khalifa ( Cameron Thomaz ) -- songwriter , vocals Annie & Chloe -- edited version , vocals , producers Credits adapted from Soundtrack.Net and AllMusic Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Brazil ( Billboard Hot 100 ) 38 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) 5 Colombia ( National - Report Top Anglo ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( Euro Digital Songs ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Greece Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 7 Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) Luxembourg Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Mexico Top 20 Inglés ( Monitor Latino ) Mexico Ingles Airplay ( Billboard ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Portugal Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Russia Airplay ( Tophit ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 5 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) South Africa ( EMA ) South Korea ( Gaon Music Chart ) 32 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 13 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) Australia Urban ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 9 Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 20 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 9 Israel ( Media Forest ) 11 Italy ( FIMI ) 8 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 19 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 36 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 16 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 5 US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs Chart ( 2016 ) Position Australia Urban ( ARIA ) 22 Brazil ( Brasil Hot 100 ) 11 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 83 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 59 US Billboard Hot 100 99 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 5 × Platinum 350,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Platinum 30,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Platinum 30,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 5 × Platinum 400,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 2 × Platinum 120,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 400,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 5 × Platinum 250,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) Platinum 250,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 3 × Platinum 45,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) 5 × Platinum 50,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Platinum 40,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 3 × Platinum 120,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 733,000 United States ( RIAA ) 9 × Platinum 9,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Ref . United States March 16 , 2015 Digital download Atlantic Worldwide April 3 , 2015 United States April 7 , 2015 Contemporary hit radio United Kingdom April 12 , 2015 Digital download See also ( edit ) List of best - selling singles List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 2015 List of number - one digital songs of 2015 ( U.S. ) List of number - one On - Demand Songs of 2015 List of number - one R&B / hip - hop songs of 2015 ( U.S. ) List of Billboard Mainstream Top 40 number - one songs of 2015 List of Billboard Rhythmic number - one songs of the 2010s List of Hot 100 Airplay number - one singles of the 2010s List of number - one singles of 2015 ( Australia ) List of number - one digital tracks of 2015 ( Australia ) List of number - one streaming tracks of 2015 ( Australia ) List of number - one urban singles of 2015 ( Australia ) List of number - one hits of 2015 ( Austria ) List of Ultratop 50 Flanders number - one singles of 2015 List of Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles of 2015 List of number - one digital songs of 2015 ( Canada ) List of number - one hits of 2015 ( Denmark ) List of number - one singles of 2015 ( Finland ) List of number - one hits of 2015 ( Germany ) List of number - one singles of 2015 ( Ireland ) List of number - one hits of 2015 ( Italy ) List of Mexico Airplay number - one singles from the 2010s List of Mexico Ingles Airplay singles of the 2010s List of number - one singles from the 2010s ( New Zealand ) List of number - one songs in Norway List of Romandie Charts number - one singles of 2015 Lists of Scottish number - one singles of 2015 List of number - one singles of 2015 ( South Africa ) List of number - one singles of the 2010s ( Sweden ) List of number - one hits of 2015 ( Switzerland ) List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 2010s List of UK R&B Singles Chart number ones of 2015 List of most - liked YouTube videos List of most - viewed YouTube videos List of most - streamed songs on Spotify List of most streamed songs in the United Kingdom References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa 's ' See You Again ' Leads Hot 100 for 10th Week '' . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Merry , Stephanie ; Yahr , Emily ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` Golden Globes nominations 2016 : Complete list '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Global Music Report '' ( PDF ) . IFPI. April 12 , 2016 . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Furious 7 : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack '' . Qobuz . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Highfill , Samantha ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Charlie Puth talks writing ' See You Again ' for Paul Walker 's goodbye '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Hill School - > Vail Cerullo ' 09 Remembered in Number 1 Billboard Hit & Fast and Furious Theme Song '' . www.thehill.org . Jump up ^ `` Local Man Inspires Hit `` Furious 7 '' Song `` . ^ Jump up to : Zeitchik , Steven ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Furious 7 ' : ' See You Again ' songwriter inspired by a different loss '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Finally , the No. 1 Pop Song in the Country Is the Best Pop Song in the Country '' . Spin . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa 's ' See You Again ' Has Become an AC Hit ... Without Wiz Khalifa '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wiz Khalifa `` See You Again '' Sheet Music in Bb Major musicnottes.com Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( April 17 , 2015 ) . `` Started From the Bottom : Wiz Khalifa 's ' See You Again ' & Other No. 1s That Debuted at No. 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mendizabal , Amaya ( March 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Empire ' Is First TV Series Soundtrack to Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Uptown Funk ' ties for second - longest No. 1 in Billboard history '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa 's ' See You Again ' Knocks ' Uptown Funk ' Off No. 1 on Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( May 28 , 2015 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's ' Bad Blood ' Blasts to No. 1 on Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( June 3 , 2015 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa 's ' See You Again ' Replaces Taylor Swift at No. 1 on Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa 's ' See You Again ' Leads Hot 100 for 10th Week '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` Chart Highlights : Taylor Swift Ties Record as ' Bad Blood ' Hits Pop Songs Top '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` Chart Highlights : Shawn Mendes Sews Up First Pop Songs Airplay Hit With ' Stitches ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mansell , Henry ( August 22 , 2015 ) . `` Hip Hop Single Sales : The Weeknd , Fetty Wap & Silentó '' . HipHopDX . Cheri Media Group . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mokoena , Tshepo ( April 16 , 2015 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa breaks record for most Spotify streams in 24 hours '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Staff , THR ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa 's ' Furious 7 ' Single Gets 4.2 Million Spotify Plays in One Day , Most Ever '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Moss , Liv ( April 26 , 2015 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa claims second week at Number 1 , breaks streaming record '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( April 12 , 2015 ) . `` Jess Glynne holds off Nick Jonas to claim third week at Number 1 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( April 19 , 2015 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa claims fastest - selling single of 2015 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( May 3 , 2015 ) . `` OMI 's Cheerleader makes last minute grab for number one '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart -- 30 March 2015 '' . Official New Zealand Music Chart . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart -- 13 April 2015 '' . Official New Zealand Music Chart . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( April 11 , 2015 ) . `` ARIA Singles : Wiz Khalifa See You Again Is No 1 '' . Noise11.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andres Tardo ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa Opens Up About Writing Emotional Paul Walker Tribute ' See You Again ' '' . MTV . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dresdale , Andrea . `` ' See You Again ' Breaks Record for Most - Viewed YouTube Video of All Time '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on 12 July 2017 . Retrieved 30 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McIntyre , Hugh . `` ' Despacito ' Has Just Become the Most Popular Video of All Time on YouTube '' . Forbes . Retrieved 4 August 2017 . Jump up ^ MyTop100Videos ( August 28 , 2016 ) . `` # SeeYouAgain is now the most liked video on YouTube , after # GagnamStyle held the title for 1,444 days '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2017 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ MyTop100Videos ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Despacito is now the most liked YouTube video of all time '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa -- See You Again '' . YouTube . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : MyTop100Videos ( October 18 , 2012 ) . `` Top 500 Most Viewed Videos of All Time '' . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ MyTop100Videos ( March 20 , 2013 ) . `` Most Liked YouTube Videos '' . YouTube . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2016 . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Derek ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa and Charlie Puth 's ' See You Again ' Video Hits 2 Billion YouTube Views '' . EW.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa -- See You Again '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dresdale , Andrea . `` ' See You Again ' Breaks Record for Most - Viewed YouTube Video of All Time '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on 12 July 2017 . Retrieved 30 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa -- See You Again ft . Charlie Puth ( Official Video ) Furious 7 Soundtrack '' . YouTube . April 6 , 2015 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stutz , Colin ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` 2015 MTV Video Music Awards Nominees Revealed : Taylor Swift , Kendrick Lamar , Ed Sheeran & More '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Christ , Shawn ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa Performs ' Furious 7 ' Song ' See You Again ' on ' The Tonight Show , ' Fumbles Taylor Swift Catchphrase Question '' . Music Times . Retrieved April 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bell , Amanda ( April 12 , 2015 ) . `` Vin Diesel Sings ' See You Again ' For Paul Walker And We Have So Many Emotions '' . MTV News . Retrieved April 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleischer , Adam ( April 16 , 2015 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa 's ' See You Again ' Performance On ' Ellen ' Is As Touching As The Video '' . MTV News . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa Comments On The Absence Of His Collaboration Stage With Taeyeon At The 2016 MAMA '' . December 3 , 2016 . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Honorees '' . Hollywood Film Awards . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Absent Adele dominates BBC Music Awards '' . BBC . December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 ASCAP Pop Music Awards '' . ASCAP. April 28 , 2016 . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Furious 7 '' . Soundtrack.Net . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` See You Again -- Wiz Khalifa '' . AllMusic . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Wiz Khalifa feat . Charlie Puth -- See You Again '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Wiz Khalifa feat . Charlie Puth -- See You Again '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved April 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Wiz Khalifa feat . Charlie Puth -- See You Again '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Wiz Khalifa feat . Charlie Puth -- See You Again '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Billboard Brasil -- weekly '' . Billboard Brasil . July 6 , 2015 . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa -- Chart history '' Canadian Hot 100 for Wiz Khalifa . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa -- Chart history '' Billboard Canada CHR / Top 40 for Wiz Khalifa . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa -- Chart history '' Billboard Canada Hot AC for Wiz Khalifa . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Anglo '' ( in Spanish ) . National - Report . 27 April 2015 . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201525 into search . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201517 into search . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Wiz Khalifa feat . Charlie Puth -- See You Again '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Euro Digital Songs '' . Billboard . May 16 , 2015 . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa : See You Again ( Feat . Charlie Puth ) '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Wiz Khalifa feat . Charlie Puth -- See You Again '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Wiz Khalifa feat . Charlie Puth -- See You Again '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved April 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Greece Digital Songs -- May 16 , 2015 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 25 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 16 , 2015 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa feat . Charlie Puth -- See You Again Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Wiz Khalifa feat . Charlie Puth -- See You Again '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa -- Chart history '' Japan Hot 100 for Wiz Khalifa . Retrieved May 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Puth Lebanese Chart Top 20 History '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . May 24 , 2015 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa -- Chart history '' Billboard Luxembourg Digital Songs for Wiz Khalifa . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 México Inglés . Semana del 11 al 17 de Mayo , 2015 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . Retrieved May 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico Ingles Airplay '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Wiz Khalifa search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved April 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Wiz Khalifa feat . Charlie Puth -- See You Again '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved April 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Wiz Khalifa feat . Charlie Puth -- See You Again '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Wiz Khalifa feat . Charlie Puth -- See You Again '' . VG - lista . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved June 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa -- Chart history '' Billboard Portugal Digital Songs for Wiz Khalifa . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa feat . Charlie Puth -- See You Again '' ( in Russian ) . Tophit . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 19 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201526 into search . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201518 into search . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EMA Top 10 Airplay : Week Ending 2015 - 05 - 26 '' . Entertainment Monitoring Africa . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` South Korean Singles Chart : Week 18 , 2015 '' ( in Korean ) . Gaon Digital Chart . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Wiz Khalifa feat . Charlie Puth -- See You Again '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Wiz Khalifa feat . Charlie Puth -- See You Again '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Wiz Khalifa feat . Charlie Puth -- See You Again '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Wiz Khalifa . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Wiz Khalifa . Retrieved July 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Pop Songs for Wiz Khalifa . Retrieved July 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa -- Chart history '' Billboard Dance / Mix Show Airplay for Wiz Khalifa . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs for Wiz Khalifa . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa -- Chart history '' Billboard Pop Songs for Wiz Khalifa . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa -- Chart history '' Billboard Rhythmic Songs for Wiz Khalifa . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2015 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Urban Singles 2015 '' . ARIA . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jahreshitparade 2015 '' ( in German ) . Austrian Charts Portal . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2015 '' . Ultratop . Ultratop & Hung Medien . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports Annuels 2015 '' . Ultratop . Utratop & Hung Medien . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tracklisten Top 2015 '' . Hitlisten.nu . IFPI . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Israel Airplay Year End 2015 '' . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CLASSIFICHE `` TOP OF THE MUSIC '' 2015 FIMI - GfK : LA MUSICA ITALIANA IN VETTA NEGLI ALBUM E NEI SINGOLI DIGITALI '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Hot 100 Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2015 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official year end singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP 100 Canciones Anual 2015 '' . promusicae.es . December 27 , 2015 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2015 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Swedish Recording Industry Association . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2015 '' . Hitparade . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Songs of 2015 revealed '' . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . billboard.com . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hot R&B / Hip Hop Songs : Year - End 2015 '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 50 Urban Singles 2016 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` As 100 Mais Tocadas nas Rádios Jovens em 2016 '' . Billboard Brasil ( in Portuguese ) . January 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 Year End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Hot 100 : Year End 2016 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs - Year - End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2015 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Wiz Khalifa -- See You Again '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Enter Wiz Khalifa in the field Interpret . Enter See You Again in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2015 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Wiz Khalifa -- See You Again '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Nielsen Mid-Year Music Canada Report '' ( PDF ) . Nielsen . p. 4 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Certifications '' ( in Danish ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Wiz Khalifa feat . Charlie Puth ; ' See You Again ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Wiz Khalifa -- See you Again '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese single certifications -- Wiz Khalifa feat . Charlie Puth -- See You Again '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Select 2015 年 11 月 on the drop - down menu Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Wiz Khalifa feat . Charlie Puth -- See You Again '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian single certifications -- Charlie Puth -- See You Again '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa -- See You Again '' . Novedades y Listas Oficiales de Ventas de Música en España . Jump up ^ `` Sverigetopplistan '' . Sverigetopplistan. 16 April 2015 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Wiz Khalifa feat . Charlie Puth ; ' See You Again ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Wiz Khalifa feat . Charlie Puth -- See You Again '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter See You Again in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` Psy 's Gangnam Style is no longer the most watched video on YouTube '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Wiz Khalifa feat . Charlie Puth -- See You Again '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Middleton , Ryan . `` ' Furious 7 ' Soundtrack : Wiz Khalifa and Charlie Puth Share ' See You Again ' '' . Music Times . Retrieved 4 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / M Future Releases '' . All Access Music Group . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) `` See You Again '' on YouTube Wiz Khalifa singles Discography Rolling Papers `` Black and Yellow '' `` Roll Up '' `` On My Level '' `` No Sleep '' Mac & Devin Go to High School `` Young , Wild & Free '' O.N.I.F.C. `` Work Hard , Play Hard '' `` Remember You '' Blacc Hollywood `` We Dem Boyz '' `` You and Your Friends '' Khalifa `` Bake Sale '' TGOD Mafia Presents : Rude Awakening `` All Night '' Other singles `` Say Yeah '' `` We Own It ( Fast & Furious ) '' `` Shell Shocked '' `` See You Again '' video `` Burn Slow '' `` King of Everything '' `` Pull Up '' `` Sucker for Pain '' `` Gang Up '' Featured singles `` Best Night of My Life '' `` Till I 'm Gone '' `` Oh My '' `` 5 O'Clock '' `` I 'm On '' `` Payphone '' `` Till I Die '' `` Celebration '' `` Do n't Make Em Like You '' `` Hate Bein ' Sober '' `` NBA '' `` Molly '' `` Beat It '' `` 23 '' `` Feelin ' Myself '' `` Or Nah '' `` Party Girls '' `` She Said '' `` Bigroom Blitz '' `` For Everybody '' `` Kush Ups '' `` Fuck Apologies '' Promotional singles `` Double Vision '' ( Remix ) `` The Race '' `` Bright Lights Bigger City '' ( Remix ) `` Sleazy Remix 2.0 : Get Sleazier '' `` KK '' `` Stayin Out All Night '' `` Promises '' `` So High '' `` Go Hard or Go Home '' `` No Social Media '' Other songs `` Taylor Gang '' Charlie Puth Discography Studio albums Nine Track Mind Extended plays Some Type of Love Singles `` Marvin Gaye '' `` One Call Away '' `` We Do n't Talk Anymore '' `` Attention '' `` How Long '' Featured singles `` See You Again '' video Other songs `` Nothing but Trouble '' `` Dangerously '' Related articles Meghan Trainor Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Song 1998 -- 2000 `` When You Believe '' Music & Lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1998 ) `` Music of My Heart '' Music & Lyrics : Diane Warren ( 1999 ) `` My Funny Friend and Me '' Music & Lyrics : David Hartley , Sting ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2010 `` May It Be '' Music & Lyrics : Enya , Nicky Ryan , Roma Ryan ( 2001 ) `` Lose Yourself '' Music & Lyrics : Jeff Bass , Eminem , Luis Resto , ( 2002 ) `` A Mighty Wind '' Music & Lyrics : Christopher Guest , Eugene Levy , Michael McKean ( 2003 ) `` Old Habits Die Hard '' Music & Lyrics : Mick Jagger , David Stewart ( 2004 ) `` Hustle & Flow '' Music & Lyrics : Terrence Howard ( 2005 ) `` Listen '' Music & Lyrics : Scott Cutler , Henry Krieger , Anne Preven ( 2006 ) `` Falling Slowly '' Music & Lyrics : Glen Hansard , Markéta Irglová ( 2007 ) `` The Wrestler '' Music & Lyrics : Bruce Springsteen ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music & Lyrics : Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) `` If I Rise '' Music & Lyrics : Rollo Armstrong , Dido , A.R. Rahman ( 2010 ) 2011 -- 2020 `` Life 's a Happy Song '' Music & Lyrics : Bret McKenzie ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' Music & Lyrics : Adele , Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Let It Go '' Music & Lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez , Robert Lopez ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' Music & Lyrics : Common , John Legend ( 2014 ) `` See You Again '' Music & Lyrics : Andrew Cedar , DJ Frank E , Wiz Khalifa , Charlie Puth ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' Music & Lyrics : Justin Hurwitz , Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) The Fast and the Furious Films The Fast and the Furious album 2nd album 2 Fast 2 Furious album The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift Fast & Furious album score Fast Five album score Fast & Furious 6 album Furious 7 album score The Fate of the Furious album score Characters Dominic Toretto Brian O'Conner Han Lue Gisele Yashar Short films The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious Los Bandoleros Video games The Fast and the Furious ( arcade ) The Fast and the Furious ( PS2 / PSP ) Fast & Furious : Showdown Forza Horizon 2 Presents Fast & Furious Attractions Fast & Furious : Supercharged Related `` Act a Fool '' `` See You Again '' video `` Gang Up '' Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=See_You_Again&oldid=808016348 '' Categories : 2015 films English - language films 2010s ballads 2015 singles Wiz Khalifa songs Charlie Puth songs 2015 songs Songs written by DJ Frank E Songs in memory of deceased persons Songs written for films Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Austria Number - one singles in Denmark Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in Italy Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Sweden Number - one singles in Switzerland Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Billboard Rap Songs number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles UK R&B Singles Chart number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Music videos directed by Marc Klasfeld Songs written by Charlie Puth South African Airplay Chart number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles The Fast and the Furious music Songs written by Wiz Khalifa Songs written by Dann Hume Pop ballads Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/See%20You%20Again
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what should mother's do when they discover that they have the zika virus
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2015 -- 16 Zika virus epidemic
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2015 - - 16 zika virus epidemic
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In early 2015 , a widespread epidemic of Zika fever , caused by the Zika virus in Brazil , spread to other parts of South and North America . It also affected several islands in the Pacific , and Southeast Asia . In January 2016 , the World Health Organization ( WHO ) said the virus was likely to spread throughout most of the Americas by the end of the year . In November 2016 WHO announced the end of the Zika epidemic .
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In February 2016 , WHO declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern as evidence grew that Zika can cause birth defects as well as neurological problems . The virus can be transmitted from an infected pregnant woman to her fetus , then can cause microcephaly and other severe brain anomalies in the infant . Zika infections in adults can result in Guillain -- Barré syndrome . Prior to this outbreak , Zika was considered a mild infection , as most Zika virus infections are asymptomatic , making it difficult to determine precise estimates of the number of cases . In approximately one in five cases , Zika virus infections result in Zika fever , a minor illness that causes symptoms such as fever and a rash . The virus is spread mainly by the Aedes aegypti mosquito , which is commonly found throughout the tropical and subtropical Americas . It can also be spread by the Aedes albopictus ( `` Asian tiger '' ) mosquito , which is distributed as far north as the Great Lakes region in North America . Men infected with Zika can transmit the virus to their sexual partners . A number of countries have issued travel warnings , and the outbreak is expected to reduce tourism significantly . Several countries have taken the unusual step of advising their citizens to delay pregnancy until more is known about the virus and its impact on fetal development . Furthermore , the outbreak raised concerns regarding the safety of athletes and spectators at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro . In Brazil , the Zika virus epidemic revealed structural problems of the health system , in particular in public health services and basic sanitation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Epidemiology 2 Transmission 3 Diagnosis 4 Containment and control 4.1 The Americas 4.2 Asia 4.3 International 4.4 Responses 5 Prevention and treatment 6 Challenges to US response 7 Controversies 8 Scientific Communication and Concerns during the 2015 - 16 Zika virus epidemic 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Epidemiology ( edit ) Number of Zika cases , 2015 -- 16 ( show ) Country Autochthonous cases Imported cases Deaths Confirmed Suspected Africa Angola Cape Verde 7,457 Guinea - Bissau 10 Madagascar Réunion South Africa Americas Confirmed Suspected Imported Deaths Anguilla 7 44 Antigua and Barbuda 14 393 Argentina 26 1,821 27 Aruba 28 614 7 Bahamas 21 Barbados 37 653 Belize 49 537 Bermuda 5 Bolivia 129 718 Bonaire 60 Brazil 109,596 200,465 6 Canada 374 Cayman Islands 29 201 10 Chile 29 Colombia 8,826 96,546 Costa Rica 1,453 2,618 32 Cuba 30 Curaçao 820 Dominica 79 1,150 Dominican Republic 327 4,893 Ecuador 812 2,722 15 El Salvador 51 11,353 French Guiana 483 9,700 10 Grenada 108 314 Guadeloupe 379 30,845 Guatemala 466 2,785 Guyana 6 Haiti 5 2,955 Honduras 298 31,863 Jamaica 186 7,052 Martinique 12 36,680 Mexico 6,642 15 Nicaragua 2,044 Panama 517 2,089 42 Paraguay 12 583 Peru 145 18 Puerto Rico 34,070 121 5 Saba 9 Saint Barthélemy 61 900 Saint Kitts and Nevis 26 532 Saint Lucia 50 822 Saint Martin 200 2,825 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 38 156 Sint Eustatius 16 Sint Maarten 62 168 Suriname 723 2,755 Trinidad and Tobago 643 Turks and Caicos Islands 12 115 United States 236 5,590 Uruguay Venezuela 2,380 59,147 British Virgin Islands 38 51 U.S. Virgin Islands 603 803 Asia Confirmed Suspected Imported Deaths China 23 Hong Kong Israel 9 Japan 7 Malaysia 8 Maldives Myanmar Philippines 39 6 Singapore 435 South Korea 14 Taiwan 13 Thailand 680 Vietnam 141 Europe Confirmed Suspected Imported Deaths Austria Canary Islands Czech Republic Denmark Finland France 1,071 Germany 56 Ireland 15 Italy 63 Madeira Malta Netherlands 95 Norway 30 Poland Portugal 17 Romania Russia 9 Slovakia Slovenia Spain 297 Sweden Switzerland 28 United Kingdom 244 Oceania Confirmed Suspected Imported Deaths American Samoa 54 706 7 Australia 76 Fiji 17 Kosrae ( FSM ) 12 82 Marshall Islands 34 Nauru New Caledonia 73 New Zealand 97 Papua New Guinea 6 Samoa 10 Solomon Islands 302 Tonga 36 2,010 Vanuatu Jump up ^ Numbers shown do not include infant deaths or stillbirths . Jump up ^ In 2015 , Brazil estimated a minimum of 497,593 and a maximum of 1,482,701 cases . `` Protocolo de vigilância e resposta à ocorrência de microcefalia '' ( Protocol for surveillance and response to the occurrence of microcephaly ) ( PDF ) . Emergência de Saúde Pública de Importância Nacional ( in Portuguese ) . Ministério da Saúde , Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde . January 22 , 2016 . p. 17 . As early as August 2014 , physicians in Natal in northeastern Brazil began to investigate an outbreak of illness characterized by a flat pinkish rash , bloodshot eyes , fever , joint pain and headaches . While the symptoms resembled dengue fever , testing ruled out this and several other potential causes . By March 2015 , the illness had spread to Salvador , Bahia and had appeared in three different states . Then , in May 2015 , researchers from the Federal University of Bahia and the Evandro Chagas Institute determined , using the RT - PCR technique , that the illness was an outbreak of Zika virus . The Zika virus was first isolated in 1947 , in a rhesus monkey in a forest near Entebbe , Uganda . Although serologic evidence indicated additional human exposure during subsequent decades in parts of Africa and Asia , before the 2007 Yap Islands Zika virus outbreak , only 14 cases of human Zika virus disease had been documented . Researchers generally believe the virus was brought to Brazil by an infected traveler who had been exposed to the virus in French Polynesia , who was then bitten by a mosquito that then infected others . Phylogenetic analysis of the first Brazilian infections have strongly indicated that the circulating virus is the Asian , rather than African , strain of the virus , and was genetically similar to the virus found in the outbreak in French Polynesia . It appears Zika 's route -- from Africa and Asia to Oceania and then the Americas -- may mirror that of chikungunya and dengue , both of which are now endemic in a large portion of the Americas . The specific event that brought the virus to Brazil was uncertain until March 2016 . Brazilian researchers had suggested that the Zika virus arrived during the 2014 FIFA World Cup tournament . French researchers speculated the virus arrived shortly afterwards , in August 2014 , when canoeing teams from French Polynesia , New Caledonia , Easter Island , and the Cook Islands , which had been or were experiencing Zika outbreaks , attended the Va'a World Sprint Championships in Rio de Janeiro . However , the outbreak in French Polynesia is known to have peaked and declined precipitously by February 2014 , lending doubt to the suggestion the virus arrived later that year in Brazil with spectators and competitors . In March 2016 , a study published in Science , which developed a `` molecular clock '' based on the count of virus mutations in a relatively small sample , suggested Zika virus arrived in the Americas ( most likely in Brazil ) from French Polynesia between May and December 2013 , well before the World Cup and Va'a Championships . In the Science article , Faria and colleagues managed to trace the origins of the virus strain that is circulating in Brazil and found that this strain has little genetic variability when compared to the strain of French Polynesia ; after relating the number of travellers arriving in Brazil from French Polynesia with the cases reported and the events happening in that year , the team was able to deduce that the virus arrived in Brazil in 2013 during the Confederation Cup , when Tahiti 's team played against other teams in a few Brazilian cities , which attracted many tourists from both places . Zika virus usually has very mild , or no symptoms , so it took almost a year for Brazil to confirm the first case of the disease . By then the outbreak was already widespread . Factors associated with the rapid spread of Zika virus in Brazil include the non-immune population , high population density , tropical climate and inadequate control of Aedes mosquitoes in the country . The above average warm temperatures of 2015 - 2016 caused by a strong El Nino and ongoing anthropogenic climate change created an environment conducive to the spread of the Zika Virus in Brazil ( 2010 ) . The 2015 - 16 El Nino increased ocean and ground surface temperatures to above average ( 2010 ) . January 2016 brought about nine consecutive months with temperatures 1.04 ° C above the global average . It is important to note , however , that while South America had areas experiencing 2.0 ° C above average temperatures ( for 1981 - 2010 ) , areas including Argentina , Southern Brazil and Uruguay experienced temperatures 0.5 ° C below average . Precipitation is another crucial factor to consider as Eastern Brazil and other areas in southern South America experienced high amounts of precipitation in early 2016 . The environmental conditions of increased rainfall and higher average temperatures in the South American region , lead to both a longer mosquito season and a higher mosquito density which created an environment in which the Zika carrying Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes can thrive . Looking forward , climate models suggest that regions favorable to the Aedes mosquitoes will grow , widening the range of Zika and other mosquito - carried diseases . The potential for epidemics will spread inland and into other regions of the world , not just in tropical environments . Confirmed cases have been reported in 40 countries or territories in South America , North America , and the Caribbean , as well as 16 in the western Pacific and one in Africa since the beginning of 2015 ( see table ) . Many countries with no cases of mosquito transmission have reported travel - related Zika cases : people who moved or came home from a Zika - affected region before they showed symptoms ( see table ) . Transmission ( edit ) See also : Zika virus § Transmission Adult Aedes aegypti mosquito , a vector or carrier of the Zika virus Zika is a mosquito - borne disease . The resurgence of Aedes aegypti 's worldwide distribution over the past 2 -- 3 decades makes it one of the most widely distributed mosquito species . In 2015 , Aedes albopictus was present in tropical , subtropical , and temperate regions of the Americas , reaching as far north as the Great Lakes of North America and , internationally , living alongside Aedes aegypti in some tropical and subtropical regions . The Aedes aegypti mosquito usually bites in the morning and afternoon hours , and can be identified by the white stripes on its legs . The mosquito species ( Aedes aegypti , mainly , and Aedes albopictus ) that can spread Zika virus can also spread dengue , chikungunya , and yellow fever . Zika can also be sexually transmitted between partners of both genders . Sexual transmission of Zika has been documented in nine countries -- Argentina , Canada , Chile , France , Italy , New Zealand , Peru , Portugal , and the United States -- during this outbreak . Zika is transmitted from pregnant women to the fetus ( `` vertical transmission '' ) , and causes microcephaly and other severe brain anomalies in infants born of women infected with the virus . A baby with microcephaly ( left ) compared to a baby with a typical head size Zika infections in adults can cause Guillain -- Barré syndrome . Diagnosis ( edit ) Main article : Zika fever Symptoms of Zika virus Symptoms are similar to other flaviviruses such as dengue fever or the alphavirus that causes chikungunya , but are milder in form and usually last two to seven days . It is estimated that 80 % of cases are asymptomatic . The main clinical symptoms in symptomatic patients are low - grade fever , conjunctivitis , transient joint pain ( mainly in the smaller joints of the hands and feet ) and maculopapular rash that often starts on the face and then spreads throughout the body . It is difficult to diagnose Zika virus infection based on clinical signs and symptoms alone due to overlaps with other arboviruses that are endemic to similar areas . The methods currently available to test for Zika antibodies cross-react with dengue antibodies . An IgM - positive result in a dengue or Zika ELISA test can only be considered indicative of a recent flavivirus infection . Plaque - reduction neutralization tests ( PRINT ) can be performed and may be specific . The Zika virus can be identified by RT - PCR in acutely ill patients . RT - PCR testing of serum and tissue samples can be used to detect the presence of the Zika virus . However , the RT - PCR test with serum is only helpful while the virus is still in the blood which is generally within the first week of the illness . After this period other methods should be used to determine if the virus is still present in the body . A test for IgM antibodies has seen to be effective over longer periods of time , as these antibodies can be present starting 4 days after the beginning of the illness and up to 12 weeks after that . However , it is suggested that a PRINT test be performed following a test for IgM antibodies to help eliminate false positives resulting from other flaviviruses . The PRINT test looks for viral - specific neutralizing antibodies . However , this test can still produce false positive results , for Zika , in individuals who have received immunization for or had previously been exposed to other flaviviruses . Containment and Control ( edit ) The Americas ( edit ) Several countries , including Colombia , Ecuador , El Salvador , and Jamaica , advised women to postpone getting pregnant until more was known about the risks . Plans were announced by the authorities in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , to try to prevent the spread of the Zika virus during the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio . The health ministry of Peru installed more than 20,000 ovitraps during the 2015 dengue outbreak . The same ovitraps will be used to monitor a potential Zika outbreak in tropical regions of Peru . Symptoms of microcephaly , linked to mothers infected by Zika virus On January 15 , 2016 , because of the `` growing evidence of a link between Zika and microcephaly '' the Centers for Disease Prevention and Control ( CDC ) issued a travel warning advising pregnant women to consider postponing travel to Brazil as well as the following countries and territories where Zika fever had been reported : Colombia , El Salvador , French Guiana , Guatemala , Haiti , Honduras , Martinique , Mexico , Panama , Paraguay , Suriname , Venezuela , and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico . On January 20 , the Ministry of Health of Chile published a health notice . On January 22 , eight more countries and territories were added to the list of those affected : Barbados , Bolivia , Ecuador , Guadeloupe , Saint Martin , Guyana , Cape Verde , and Samoa . On February 1 , Costa Rica and Nicaragua were added to the list , bringing the number of countries and territories affected to 28 . The agency issued additional guidelines and suggested that women thinking about becoming pregnant consult with their physicians before traveling . Canada issued a similar travel advisory . Questions have been raised about the readability and effectiveness of the press releases issued by the WHO / PAHO , CDC , and the ministries of health of affected countries with the average readability of a press release by the WHO measured at 17.1 on the Flesch Kincaid grade level readability test On February 5 , after the laboratory confirmation of a Zika virus infection in the U.S. in a non-traveler , which was linked to sexual contact with an infected partner , the CDC issued interim guidelines for prevention of sexual transmission of Zika virus for the United States . These guidelines recommend that men who reside in or have traveled to an area of active Zika virus transmission who have a pregnant partner should abstain from sexual activity or consistently and correctly use condoms during sex for the duration of the pregnancy . The guidelines recommend that pregnant women discuss any possible Zika exposure with their male partners . The guidelines recommend that non-pregnant women and their partners consider taking similar measures . On February 8 , CDC elevated its response efforts to a Level 1 activation , the highest response level at the agency . The CDC then issued a statement on February 23 further encouraging adherence to this guidance after 14 reports of possible sexual transmission of the virus were under investigation . Paraguay reported its first case of Zika in a pregnant woman on March 11 . On March 18 , CDC cautioned men who have been infected with Zika from attempting to conceive children due to probability of virus transfer from man to woman during sexual activity which in turn can affect the fetus , under this caution , men are advised not to try conception until six months after the infection . Colombia reported its first cases of microcephaly associated to the Zika virus on April 14 . The CDC authorized emergency use of a Zika Virus RNA Qualitative test on April 28 to detect Zika virus in the blood of patients who have symptoms of Zika virus infection and live in or have traveled to an area with ongoing Zika virus transmission . This is the first commercial test to detect Zika virus authorized by the United States Food and Drug Administration for emergency use . On May 6 , Major League Baseball announced that a series of games between the Miami Marlins and Pittsburgh Pirates scheduled to be played at the end of the month in San Juan , Puerto Rico would be relocated to Marlins Park in Miami , Florida after a number of players on each team voiced concerns regarding the threat of Zika exposure . By mid-August at least 37 people had contracted the virus in neighborhoods near the city of Miami , Florida , though officials estimated that the actual number of infections was much higher due to under - reporting of mild illness . It was determined in June that travelers to Dominican Republic lead New York City in positive Zika tests . Asia ( edit ) Following the spread of Zika infection into Southeast Asia in June 2016 , Singapore , Thailand and Vietnam become the most heavily affected . Singapore has planned to release an army of mosquitoes that contain the Wolbachia bacteria to fight the Aedes aegypti mosquito population . The Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN ) members have increased information sharing and joint research on the virus . On September 30 , Thailand confirmed that two babies has born with microcephaly . Prior to the case , Thailand has allowed abortion for pregnant women that have been affected by birth defects . Malaysia is still undecided on the issue , with doctors there letting the mother make the decision whether or not to abort . Rentokil , a Malaysian pest company , has designed an Integrated Mosquito Management ( IMM ) program to curb the spread of Aedes mosquito . On October 17 , Zika was declared as endemic in Vietnam by the country Health Ministry due to the number of local cases . Vietnam confirmed that one baby has born with microcephaly on October 31 . Following the rise of local Zika infection cases in the Philippines , the virus have also been declared as endemic by the country Health Department . The government of the republic hosting the `` One Philippines against Zika '' national summit on October 28 with church in the country has joint fight to curb the spread of the virus by issuing a pastoral guidance to help raise awareness about the mosquito - borne disease among local communities . Taiwan has also seen an increase of infection , most of the cases are believed to be imported from other countries . On October 27 , Myanmar reported its first imported case on a pregnant foreign woman . International ( edit ) Agent for endemic diseases of the city of Votuporanga , São Paulo , Brazil Governments or health agencies such as those of Australia , Canada , China , Hong Kong , Indonesia , Ireland , Japan , Malaysia , New Zealand , Philippines , Singapore , South Korea , Taiwan , the United Kingdom , United States as well the European Union issued travel warnings . The warnings are predicted to have an effect on the tourism industry in affected countries . To prevent the transmission of the Zika virus , WHO recommends using insect repellent , wearing long - sleeved clothes to cover the body , and using screens and mosquito nets to exclude flying insects from dwellings or sleeping areas . It is also vital to eliminate any standing water near homes to minimize breeding areas for mosquitoes . Authorities can treat larger water containers with recommended larvicides . Furthermore , the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) recommends that containers holding water near homes either be sealed or scrubbed once per week , because mosquito eggs can stick to them . On February 1 , 2016 , WHO declared the cluster of microcephaly cases and other neurological disorders a Public Health Emergency of International Concern , which may reduce the number of visitors to the Rio Olympics in 2016 . The designation has been applied in the past to the Ebola outbreak in 2014 , the outbreak of polio in Syria in 2013 , and the 2009 flu pandemic . South Korea held an emergency meeting in response to the WHO declaration on February 2 , 2016 . A second meeting of the WHO - convened emergency committee , held on March 8 , 2016 , reaffirmed the situation 's status as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern . The committee reported that evidence was increasing for a causal relationship between Zika virus and microcephaly and other neurological conditions , and called for continued research , aggressive mosquito control , and improved surveillance and communication of risks to the public . The report stated that pregnant women should be advised not to travel to affected areas , and should use safe sex practices if their partners lived in or travelled to affected areas throughout their pregnancy . On March 9 , 2016 , WHO announced that research should prioritise prevention and diagnosis , not treatment , and in particular non-live vaccines suitable for pregnant women and those of childbearing age , novel mosquito control measures , and diagnostic tests that can detect dengue and chikungunya as well as Zika . Responses ( edit ) See also : Mosquito control The Brazilian Army has sent more than 200,000 troops to go `` house to house '' in the campaign against Zika - carrying mosquitoes . Brazilian Army soldier analyzes the water from a cistern . In January 2016 , it was announced that , in response to the Zika virus outbreak , Brazil 's National Biosafety Committee approved the releases of more genetically modified Aedes aegypti mosquitoes throughout their country . Previously , in July 2015 , Oxitec had published results of a test in the Juazeiro region of Brazil , of so - called `` self - limiting '' mosquitoes , to fight dengue , chikungunya , and Zika viruses . They concluded that mosquito populations were reduced by over 90 % in the test region . Male genetically modified mosquitoes mate with females in the wild and transmit a self - limiting gene that causes the resulting offspring to die before reaching adulthood and thus diminishes the local mosquito population . In January 2016 the technique was being used to try to combat the Zika virus in the town of Piracicaba , São Paulo . On February 1 , 2016 , the WHO declared the current Zika virus outbreak an international public health emergency , and the Brazilian President released a decree that increased local and federal pest control agents ' access to private property required by mobilization actions for the prevention and elimination of Aedes mosquito outbreaks in the country . Some experts have proposed combatting the spread of the Zika virus by breeding and releasing mosquitoes that have either been genetically modified to prevent them from transmitting pathogens or that have been infected with the Wolbachia bacterium , thought to inhibit the spread of viruses . Another proposed technique consists of using radiation to sterilize male larvae so that when they mate , they produce no progeny . Male mosquitoes do not bite or spread disease . In February , the Brazilian federal government mobilized 60 % of the country 's Armed Forces , or about 220,000 soldiers , to warn and educate the populations of 350 municipalities on how to reduce mosquito breeding grounds . A joint statement on the sharing of data and results on the Zika outbreak in the Americas and future public health emergencies was issued on February 10 , 2016 , by a group of more than 30 global health bodies . The statement reinforces a similar consensus statement issued by WHO in September 2015 . The statement calls for free access to all data as rapidly and widely as possible . In February 2016 , Google announced that they were donating $1 million via UNICEF to fight the spread of the Zika virus and offering professional personnel to help to determine where it will hit next . Prevention and treatment ( edit ) While there are no known cures for Zika , there have been recent developments in Zika vaccination . Three vaccine designs are showing high confidence levels of protection against the Zika virus . Scientists have conducted tests on the rhesus monkey , and human trials begun in late 2016 . This preventative treatment is promising , but it will take years before it is available for widespread usage . The three approaches to the vaccine include an inactive Zika virus test and the other two involve replicas of the virus 's genetic code . During these vaccination tests , complete protection against the virus was deemed possible with none being linked to major side - effects . British experts are clear that any of the vaccines would take considerable time to develop . Dr Ed Wright , a senior lecturer and virologist at the University of Westminster , said : `` All of the vaccines currently under development are many years away from being licensed and available for widespread public use . '' Jonathan Ball , professor of molecular virology at the University of Nottingham , said : `` We knew that these vaccines worked in mice and now the researchers have shown that they also protect non-human primates from Zika virus infection . '' `` The next step will be to see if these vaccines are safe and the scientists hope to start early trials in humans to address this . '' Kineta , a Seattle - based biotech company , is actively working on treatments and has received an undisclosed amount of funding from National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease , one of the National Institutes of Health , to carry on the research . Kineta CEO Dr Shawn Iadonato said in a statement . `` We are eager to expand testing of our broad spectrum antivirals in Zika virus as they have shown compelling efficacy across other flaviviruses such as Dengue and West Nile and have the potential for long - term development . '' As of July 26 , 2016 , Inovio Pharmaceuticals , Inc. dosed the first subject in its multi-center phase I trial to evaluate Inovio 's Zika DNA vaccine ( GLS - 5700 ) . In addition to the previously announced US FDA approval for the conduct of the study , Health Canada 's Health Products and Food Branch has also approved this study , which will be conducted at clinical sites in Miami , Philadelphia , and Quebec City . The phase I , open - label , dose - ranging study of 40 healthy adult volunteers is evaluating the safety , tolerability and immunogenicity of GLS - 5700 administered with the CELLECTRA ® - 3P device , Inovio 's proprietary intradermal DNA delivery device . In preclinical testing , this synthetic vaccine induced robust antibody and T cell responses -- the immune responses necessary to fight viral infections -- in small and large animal models . Challenges to US response ( edit ) In May 2017 , the Government Accountability Office published a report , `` Emerging Infectious Diseases : Actions Needed to Address the Challenges of Responding to Zika Virus Disease Outbreak '' , to correspond with an associated House subcommittee hearing . The GAO said that even though scientific breakthroughs have increased in recent years , the United States remains unprepared to handle a Zika virus outbreak . Timothy Persons , head scientist at the GAO , listed areas of limited research that damage the United States ' ability to effectively respond to a Zika outbreak , including an accurate record of the number of cases in the United States , components associated with transmission from mothers to children ( especially regarding pregnancy ) , risk of transmission through bodily fluid as related to the potential for sexual transmission of the virus , impact of prior exposure to Zika and other arboviruses , and both short - term and long - term outcomes . Recent outbreaks have been connected to an alarming a spike in microcephaly , a birth defect that inhibits the proper development of a baby 's brain , and Guillain - Barré syndrome , which causes paralysis . Other challenges include the lack of a safe and effective vaccine , a complicated diagnostic process , and faltering support for research funding in the federal government . Dr. Anthony Fauci , director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases ( NIAID ) , said `` There are n't any federally licensed vaccines or specific therapeutics currently available to prevent or treat Zika . '' Zika is often difficult to distinguish from other illnesses that are spread by mosquitoes , like dengue , West Nile , and chikungunya , among others . President Trump 's budget proposal for 2018 proposed stripping $800 billion from Medicaid over ten years . Democratic Representative Frank Pallone of New Jersey said that this decision `` endangers our ability to manage public health emergencies like Zika . '' Controversies ( edit ) Some efforts to contain the spread of Zika virus have been controversial . Oxitec , the company behind the `` self - limiting '' mosquitoes , which pass on a fatal gene to their offspring , released in Brazil , has faced criticism from environmental groups , who fear that releasing a new mosquito strain into the wild will damage the ecosystem . In the short term , the concern is that a drop in the mosquito population could affect the populations of other species . Supporters claim that the environmental impact of the `` self - limiting '' mosquitoes will be minimal , since only one species of mosquito is being targeted and the genetically - modified mosquitoes are still safe for predators to eat . Oxitec Product Development Manager Derric Nimmo likened the process to `` going in with a scalpel and taking away Aedes aegypti , leaving everything untouched . '' Since Aedes aegypti is an imported invasive species in Brazil , some experts expect that its eradication will have little impact on the environment . However , other environmentalists emphasize that the long - term consequences of eliminating an entire species can not be predicted . Government recommendations that women delay pregnancy have also proven to be controversial . Human and reproductive rights groups have deemed the recommendations irresponsible and difficult to follow , since women alone are tasked with avoiding pregnancy despite having little control to do so . A 2012 study suggests that 56 % of pregnancies in Latin America and the Caribbean are unplanned ( compared to an average unplanned pregnancy rate of 40 % worldwide ) . Access to contraceptives might be limited in regions where the Roman Catholic Church is predominant , such as in El Salvador . Anti-abortion laws in much of the region leave women with no recourse once they become pregnant . Aside from three countries where abortion is widely available ( French Guiana , Guyana , and Uruguay ) and three countries where abortion is allowed in cases of fetal malformation ( Colombia , Mexico , and Panama ) , most of the region only permits abortion in the cases of rape , incest , or danger to the mother 's health . In El Salvador , abortion is illegal under all circumstances . On February 5 , 2016 , the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights urged Latin American governments to consider repealing their policies regarding contraception and abortion , emphasizing that `` upholding human rights is essential to an effective public health response . '' On February 16 , 2016 , the Vatican condemned the UN for its call to action , deeming it `` an illegitimate response '' to the Zika crisis and emphasizing that `` a diagnosis of microcephaly in a child should not warrant a death sentence . '' On February 18 , 2016 , after a trip to Latin America , Pope Francis stated that `` avoiding pregnancy is not an absolute evil '' in cases such as the Zika virus outbreak . His comments sparked speculation that the use of contraception may be morally permissible in the prevention of the Zika virus . Scientific communication and concerns during the 2015 - 16 Zika virus epidemic ( edit ) The 2015 - 2016 Zika virus outbreak became an important topic on many social media sites , especially on Twitter . An analysis of Twitter posts on February 2 , 2016 showed that 50 tweets per minute were posted about Zika , many of which contained the hashtags # salud , which means health in Spanish as well as # who , which served as a reference to the World Health Organization . The epidemic also caused a rise in tweets from college students upset that their spring break trips and study abroad plans had been changed or cancelled due to the virus ' spread . Many studies have been conducted on the connections and impact of social media mentions of Zika . One analysis found that the primary topics discussed on Twitter before the peak of the outbreak regarding Zika included Zika 's impact , reactions to Zika , pregnancy and microcephaly , transmission routes of Zika , and case reports . During the summer of 2016 when Zika was spreading at a much faster rate , this social media analysis determined that the major topics on Twitter regarding Zika had become concerns about the spread of Zika , criticism of Congress , news about Zika , and scientific information about Zika . The same study also found that tweets from reputable institutions and people holding scientific credentials demonstrated the ability of Twitter as a source to spread information quickly on the internet . Another study found that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as well as the general public showed similar concerns about Zika . The CDC 's posts on Twitter during the outbreak focused on focused on symptoms and education for Zika . However , the public had more of a tendency to focus concern on the consequences of Zika on women and infants , such as microcephaly . While there was concern for children on social media , this concern was lacking in countries largely impacted by Zika virus , such as Brazil . In Brazil , struggling mothers of infants with microcephaly caused by Zika have used support systems on social media on the cellphone chat app called Whatsapp or on Facebook pages that can help connect mothers in need of supplies and money to donors . The heavy traditional news and social media coverage of the virus spreading did cause concern over lack of reliability . Research has found that between May and June 2016 , four out of five social media posts about Zika provided accurate information , but inaccurate posts were much more popular . This led many researchers to worry about the quality of information being spread and shared on social media . Google Trends showed that Zika did not become a trending topic for the media until January 2016 . A study done found that 81 percent of the most popular posts on Facebook about Zika did contain truthful information , but posts spreading false information were far more popular . Initial media reports on Zika in the United States focused on reassuring viewers and readers that Zika was not a threat in the United States . Studies have found that real - time social media updates are desirable methods for communication during the emergence of infectious diseases . However , misinformation is common and data control in the cyber world has become a growing necessity . Many people criticized the lack of governmental response from the U.S. Government in the wake of the crisis . The United States was criticized for a lack of preparedness in terms of an ability to contain a virus outbreak in the United States . The Obama Administration requested an emergency supplemental appropriation of $1.86 billion for both domestic and international response to the crisis . In response to this request , Congress redirected $589 million from funds previously dedicated to Ebola instead of allocating new funds . Another criticism regarding Zika funding had to do with the fact that Congress members still took vacation in July 2016 before allocating any of the funds requested in February 2016 . In August 2016 , the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported that they had spent $194 million of the initial $222 million allocation to fight Zika virus . Anthony Fauci , director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases said that the NIAID was running out of funds , which would substantially slow down the development of vaccines . Although the government faced criticism for not responding strongly enough to the Zika outbreak , the government eventually provided funding of $1.1 billion for Zika in October 2016 . It took congress nearly seven months to agree to this allocation , which left many prevention and education projects without funding for a substantial amount of time . Senate Democrats urged Republicans to approve the full amount of funding more quickly rather than waiting for major transmission of Zika virus to begin in the United States . In 2017 , public health experts are still concerned about the failure of the Zika response in the United States . Many officials failed to provide information about Zika 's sexual transmission . New York City subway systems had posters about mosquitos while all local cases reported had been picked up elsewhere or transmitted sexually . Many experts believe that the United States lacked severely in providing the public with information to prevent sexual transmission of the virus . See also ( edit ) Viruses portal Zika virus outbreak timeline Health crisis References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` All Countries and Territories with Active Zika Virus Transmission '' . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Zika Map - Virus & Contagious Disease Surveillance '' . HealthMap . Jump up ^ `` WHO sees Zika outbreak spreading through the Americas '' . Reuters . January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WHO : Zika Virus No Longer International Emergency But Still a Threat '' . Newsline . November 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` WHO Director - General summarizes the outcome of the Emergency Committee regarding clusters of microcephaly and Guillain -- Barré syndrome '' . World Health Organization . February 1 , 2016 . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sikka , Veronica ; Chattu , Vijay Kumar ; Popli , Raaj K. ; et al. ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` The emergence of zika virus as a global health security threat : A review and a consensus statement of the INDUSEM Joint working Group ( JWG ) '' . Journal of Global Infectious Diseases . 8 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 15 . doi : 10.4103 / 0974 - 777X. 176140 . ISSN 0974 - 8245 . PMC 4785754 . PMID 27013839 . ^ Jump up to : Rasmussen , Sonja A. ; Jamieson , Denise J. ; Honein , Margaret A. ; Petersen , Lyle R. ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Zika Virus and Birth Defects -- Reviewing the Evidence for Causality '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 374 ( 20 ) : 1981 -- 7 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMsr1604338 . ISSN 0028 - 4793 . PMID 27074377 . Jump up ^ `` CDC Concludes Zika Causes Microcephaly and Other Birth Defects '' . CDC. April 13 , 2016 . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zika Virus Microcephaly And Guillain -- Barré Syndrome Situation Report '' ( PDF ) . World Health Organization . April 7 , 2016 . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil Health Minister : Zika epidemic worse than thought '' . ITV News . January 28 , 2016 . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Zika Virus '' . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Jump up ^ `` Zika Virus '' . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . ^ Jump up to : Kraemer , Moritz U.G. ; Sinka , Marianne E. ; Duda , Kirsten A. ; et al. ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` The global distribution of the arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and Ae . albopictus '' . ELife. 4 : e08347 . doi : 10.7554 / eLife. 08347 . ISSN 2050 - 084X . PMC 4493616 . PMID 26126267 . ^ Jump up to : Oster , Alexandra M. ; Brooks , John T. ; Stryker , Jo Ellen ; et al. ( 2016 ) . `` Interim Guidelines for Prevention of Sexual Transmission of Zika Virus -- United States , 2016 '' . Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report . 65 ( 5 ) : 120 -- 121 . doi : 10.15585 / mmwr. mm6505e1 . ISSN 0149 - 2195 . PMID 26866485 . ^ Jump up to : `` CDC encourages following guidance to prevent sexual transmission of Zika virus '' . CDC Newsroom . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . February 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tavernise , Sabrina ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` C.D.C. Investigating 14 New Reports of Zika Transmission Through Sex '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kiernan , Paul ; Jelmayer , Rogerio ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Zika Fears Imperil Brazil 's Tourism Push '' . The Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zika virus triggers pregnancy delay calls '' . BBC News Online . January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Martin ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` World Health Organization : Athletes should not fear Zika virus at Rio Olympics '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Vox , Ford ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` What real threat does Zika pose to the Rio Olympics ? History has an answer '' . CNN . Jump up ^ `` USA cyclist Tejay van Garderen withdraws from Olympics over Zika virus '' . www.theguardian.com . The Guardian . June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Buriti , Renata ( October 30 , 2016 ) . `` Virus shines light on structural problems '' . D + C , Development and Cooperation . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gramer , Robbie ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` The Zika Virus Just Quietly Spread to Southwest Africa '' . Foreign Policy . Jump up ^ Costa , Denise ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Zika em Cabo Verde levanta suspeitas de `` estirpe africana '' do vírus '' ( Zika in Cape Verde is suspected to be `` African strain '' of the virus ) . United Nations Radio ( in Portuguese ) . United Nations . Jump up ^ `` CDTR Week 27 , 3 -- 9 July 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Communicable Disease Threats Reports . European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control . July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CDTR Week 33 , 14 -- 20 August 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Communicable Disease Threats Reports . European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control . August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Épidémie -- Madagascar vulnérable au virus Zika '' ( Epidemic -- Madagascar vulnerable to Zika ) . L'Express de Madagascar ( in French ) . March 12 , 2016 . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Un nouveau cas de Zika importé à La Réunion '' ( A new case of Zika imported into Réunion ) . Réunion 1re ( in French ) . Saint - Denis : France Télévisions. April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa confirms first case of Zika virus '' . Reuters . February 20 , 2016 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zika suspected and confirmed cases reported by countries and territories in the Americas , 2015 -- 2016 ; Cumulative cases '' . Pan American Health Organization . November 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zika Cases in the United States '' . Zika virus . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . November 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` CDTR Week 47 , 20 -- 26 November 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Communicable Disease Threats Reports . European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control . November 25 , 2016 . Since June 2015 ( week 26 ) , 20 countries ( Austria , Belgium , the Czech Republic , Denmark , Finland , France , Hungary , Ireland , Italy , Luxembourg , Malta , the Netherlands , Norway , Portugal , Romania , Slovakia , Slovenia , Spain , Sweden and the United Kingdom ) have reported 1,996 travel - associated Zika virus infections through The European Surveillance System ( TESSy ) . Over the same time period , eight EU / EEA Member States reported 99 Zika cases among pregnant women . Jump up ^ Fei Fei ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Chinese mainland confirms 23rd Zika case '' . CRIENGLISH.com . Jump up ^ `` 1st imported Zika virus case reported in Hong Kong , traveled to St. Barts '' . Outbreak News Today . August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schuster , Ruth ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Number of Known Zika Cases in Israel Climbs to 9 '' . Haaretz . Jump up ^ `` Zika case No. 7 confirmed in Japanese returnee from Latin America '' . The Japan Times . June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hashini Kavishtri Kannan ( December 18 , 2016 ) . `` Eighth confirmed Zika case in Malaysia , 67 - year - old man from Petaling Jaya infected '' . New Straits Times . Jump up ^ `` Zika virus infection -- Maldives '' . Disease Outbreak News . World Health Organization . February 8 , 2016 . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Myint Kay Thi ; Pyae Thet Phyo ; Kyawt Darly Lin ; Zar Zar Soe ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` First Zika case confirmed in Yangon '' . Myanmar Times . Jump up ^ Sheila Crisostomo ; Christina Mendez ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` DOH confirms 6th Zika case in Philippines '' . The Philippine Star . Jump up ^ `` DOH : PH now has 39 Zika cases , including 3 pregnant women '' . CNN Philippines . December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chia , Lianne ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Singapore 's Zika journey : Two months on '' . Channel NewsAsia . Jump up ^ `` 14th Zika virus infection in South Korea '' . IANS . Business Insider . September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chen Wei - ting ; Frances Huang ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` Taiwan reports one more imported Zika case '' . Focus Taiwan . Jump up ^ `` Two more Zika cases reported in northern Thailand '' . Xinhua . September 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Thai Health Min : Number of Zika patients approaching 400 '' . Thai Visa News . October 5 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Thailand detects 33 new Zika virus cases '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Zika on the rise in HCM City '' . Vietnam News Agency . Việt Nam News . December 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zika virus disease epidemic : potential association with microcephaly and Guillain -- Barré syndrome '' ( PDF ) . Rapid Risk Assessments . Stockholm : European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control . March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canary Islands report 3rd imported Zika case '' . Outbreak News Today . April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fourth case of Zika reported in Czech Republic '' . Prague Daily Monitor . March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Données épidémiologiques '' ( Epidemiological data ) . Zika ( in French ) . Institut de Veille Sanitaire . October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 12 Zika cases registered in Germany in May '' . New China . June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Zika cases reported in Ireland '' . Health Protection Surveillance Center . October 21 , 2016 . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oggetto : attività di disinfestazione per la tutela della sanità pubblica '' ( PDF ) ( in Italian ) . Ministero della Salute . June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madeira reports two imported Zika cases '' . Outbreak News Today . March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Zikavirus '' ( Zikavirus ) . Public Health ( in Dutch ) . Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sæther , Anne Stine ( August 13 , 2016 ) . `` Ti gravide har vært zika - smittet i Norge '' ( Ten pregnant has been Zika - infected in Norway ) . VG ( in Norwegian ) . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` University of Warsaw Confirms First Cases of Zika Virus in Poland '' . Sputnik News . August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Doença por vírus Zika '' ( Zika virus disease ) ( in Portuguese ) . Serviço Nacional de Saúde . May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Al treilea caz de Zika confirmat în România '' ( Third case of Zika confirmed in Romania ) . Digi24 ( in Romanian ) . July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Zubkov , Ivan ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Девятый турист вернулся в Россию с вирусом Зика '' ( Ninth tourist returned to Russia with Zika virus ) . Izvestia ( in Russian ) . Jump up ^ `` Casos diagnosticados '' ( Diagnosed cases ) . Public Health ( in Spanish ) . Ministerio de Sanidad , Servicios Sociales e Igualdad . October 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Confirmed cases of Zika virus soar in Switzerland '' . thelocal.ch . July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Zika virus ( ZIKV ) : clinical and travel guidance '' . Health protection -- collection . Public Health England . October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Zika Outbreak Situation Report '' ( PDF ) . reliefweb . American Samoa Department of Health . June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Branley , Alison ( October 24 , 2016 ) . `` Zika : Number of Australian cases rises to 76 as north Queensland prepares for mosquito breeding season '' . ABC Online . Australia . ^ Jump up to : `` CDTR Week 42 , 16 -- 22 October 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Communicable Disease Threats Reports . European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control . October 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dipitika , Sharon ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` 332 dengue fever cases recorded from January this year '' . Fijivillage . Jump up ^ `` Zika in Kosrae , Federated States of Micronesia , Situation Report # 7 '' ( PDF ) . reliefweb . Kosrae EpiNet Team . June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Zika in Republic of the Marshall Islands , 2015 - 2016 '' ( PDF ) . ReliefWeb Updates . Government of the Marshall Islands . April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nauru latest Pacific country to discover zika '' . Radio New Zealand News . April 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zika virus infection outbreak , Brazil and the Pacific region '' ( PDF ) . Stockholm : European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control . May 25 , 2015 . p. 4 . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Zika virus infection weekly report '' ( PDF ) . Public Health Surveillance . Institute of Environmental Science and Research . August 31 , 2016 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Zika virus infection -- Papua New Guinea '' . Disease Outbreak News . World Health Organization . April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Samoa records 10 Zika cases '' . Xinhua . March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tonga says Zika clean - up working '' . Radio New Zealand . March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Herriman , Robert ( April 28 , 2015 ) . `` Zika virus reported on Vanuatu for the first time '' . Outbreak News Today . ^ Jump up to : McNeil , Jr. , Donald G. ; Romero , Simon ; Tavernise , Sabrina ( February 6 , 2016 ) . `` How a Medical Mystery in Brazil Led Doctors to Zika '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Identificado vírus causador de doença misteriosa em Salvador e RMS -- notícias em Bahia '' . GloboNews ( in Portuguese ) . São Paulo . April 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Zika virus -- Brazil : confirmed '' . ProMED - mail . International Society for Infectious Diseases . May 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Duffy , Mark R. ; Chen , Tai - Ho ; Hancock , W. Thane ( June 11 , 2009 ) . `` Zika virus outbreak on Yap Islands , Federated States of Micronesia '' . The New England Journal of Medicine . 360 ( 24 ) : 2536 -- 2543 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMoa0805715 . PMID 19516034 . Jump up ^ Hayes , Edward B. ( September 2009 ) . `` Zika virus outside Africa '' . Emerging Infectious Diseases . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . 15 ( 9 ) : 1347 -- 1350 . doi : 10.3201 / eid1509. 090442 . ISSN 1080 - 6059 . PMC 2819875 . PMID 19788800 . ^ Jump up to : Romero , Simon ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Tears and Bewilderment in Brazilian City Facing Zika Crisis '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Musso , Didier ( October 2015 ) . `` Zika Virus Transmission from French Polynesia to Brazil '' . Emerging Infectious Diseases . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . 21 ( 10 ) : 1887 . doi : 10.3201 / eid2110. 151125 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Murthy , Bhavini ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Origin of Zika Virus Outbreak in Brazil May Be Linked to Major Sporting Events '' . ABC News . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Musso , D ; Cao - Lormeau , VM ; Gubler , DJ ( July 18 , 2015 ) . `` Zika virus : following the path of dengue and chikungunya ? '' . The Lancet . 386 ( 9990 ) : 243 -- 4 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 15 ) 61273 - 9 . PMID 26194519 . ^ Jump up to : McNeil , Donald G. , Jr . ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` One Traveler May Have Brought Zika to the Americas in 2013 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Faria , N.R. ; Azevedo , R. d . S. d . S. ; Kraemer , M.U.G. ; et al. ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Zika virus in the Americas : Early epidemiological and genetic findings '' . Science . 352 ( 6283 ) : 345 -- 9 . Bibcode : 2016Sci ... 352 ... 345F . doi : 10.1126 / science. aaf5036 . ISSN 0036 - 8075 . PMC 4918795 . PMID 27013429 . Jump up ^ Ai , Jing - Wen ; Zhang , Ying ; Zhang , Wenhong ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Zika virus outbreak : ' a perfect storm ' '' . Emerging Microbes and Infections . Shanghai Shangyixun Cultural Communication . 5 ( 3 ) : e21 . doi : 10.1038 / emi. 2016.42 . ISSN 2222 - 1751 . ^ Jump up to : Global Climate Report - January 2016 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 , from https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/201601 Jump up ^ Samy , A.M. , Elaagip , A.H. , Kenawy , M.A. , Ayres , C.F.J. , Peterson , A.T. , & Soliman , D.E. ( 2016 ) . Climate Change Influences on the Global Potential Distribution of the Mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus , Vector of West Nile Virus and Lymphatic Filariasis . PLoS ONE , 11 ( 10 ) , e0163863 . http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0163863 Jump up ^ Khormi , H.M. , & Kumar , L. ( 2014 ) . Climate change and the potential global distribution of Aedes aegypti : spatial modelling using GIS and CLIMEX . Geospatial health , 8 ( 2 ) , 405 - 415 . Jump up ^ Liu - Helmersson , J. , Quam , M. , Wilder - Smith , A. , Stenlund , H. , Ebi , K. , Massad , E. , & Rocklöv , J. ( 2016 ) . Climate change and Aedes vectors : 21st century projections for dengue transmission in Europe . EBioMedicine , 7 , 267 - 277 . Jump up ^ `` Geographic distribution of confirmed autochthonous cases of Zika virus ( vector - borne transmission ) in countries and territories of the Americas , 2015 - 2016 '' . Epidemic Diseases -- Zika in the Americas . Pan American Health Organization . May 26 , 2016 . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Aedes aegypti '' . European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control . ^ Jump up to : `` Zika virus fact sheet '' . World Health Organization . February 2016 . Retrieved February 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Help Control Mosquitoes that Spread Dengue , Chikungunya , and Zika Viruses '' ( PDF ) . Fact Sheets . Centers for Disease Control . August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Clinical Guidance for Healthcare Providers for Prevention of Sexual Transmission of Zika Virus '' . CDC. 2017 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Canada reports 1st sexually transmitted Zika case , 9th country to report person - to - person transmission '' . Outbreak News Today . April 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Understanding Zika '' . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Musso , D. ; Nilles , E.J. ; Cao - Lormeau , V. - M. ( 2014 ) . `` Rapid spread of emerging Zika virus in the Pacific area '' . Clinical Microbiology and Infection . 20 ( 10 ) : O595 -- 6 . doi : 10.1111 / 1469 - 0691.12707 . PMID 24909208 . Jump up ^ Fauci , Anthony S. ; Morens , David M. ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` Zika Virus in the Americas -- Yet Another Arbovirus Threat '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 374 ( 7 ) : 601 -- 604 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMp1600297 . PMID 26761185 . Jump up ^ `` Revised diagnostic testing for Zika , chikungunya , and dengue viruses in US Public Health Laboratories '' ( PDF ) . Division of Vector - Borne Diseases . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Karwowski , Mateusz P. ; Nelson , Jennifer M. ; Staples , J. Erin ; Fischer , Marc ; Fleming - Dutra , Katherine E. ; Villanueva , Julie ; Powers , Ann M. ; Mead , Paul ; Honein , , Margaret A. ; Moore , Cynthia A. ; Rasmussen , Sonja A. ( May 2016 ) . `` Zika Virus Disease : A CDC Update for Pediatric Health Care Providers '' . Pediatrics. 137 ( 5 ) : e20160621 . doi : 10.1542 / peds. 2016 - 0621 . PMID 27009036 . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pregnant Irish women warned over Zika virus in central and South America '' . RTÉ News . January 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zika : Olympics plans announced by Rio authorities '' . BBC News . January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Post , Colin ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Northern Peru braces for mosquito - borne Zika virus '' . Peru Reports . Jump up ^ Lowes , Robert ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` CDC Issues Zika Travel Alert '' . Medscape Medical News . Jump up ^ `` Recomendaciones por Dengue Zika Chikungunya '' ( in Spanish ) . Chile Ministry of Health . January 20 , 2016 . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Branswell , Helen ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` CDC expands Zika travel advisory to include more countries '' . Stat News . Jump up ^ Mohney , Gillian ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` Latest on Zika Virus : WHO 's Recommendations , CDC Advisory Expanded to 28 Countries '' . ABC News . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petersen , Emily E. ; Staples , J. Erin ; et al. ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` Interim Guidelines for Pregnant Women During a Zika Virus Outbreak -- United States , 2016 '' . Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report . 65 ( 2 ) : 30 -- 33 . doi : 10.15585 / mmwr. mm6502e1 . PMID 26796813 . Jump up ^ `` Zika virus infection in the Americas '' . Government of Canada . February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Zika pandemic online trends , incidence and health risk communication : a time trend study Gbenga Adebayo , Yehuda Neumark , Anat Gesser - Edelsburg et al. BMJ Global Health Aug 2017 , 2 ( 3 ) e000296 ; http://gh.bmj.com/content/2/3/e000296 Jump up ^ `` Paraguay : primer caso de zika en embarazada '' . ABC.com . March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Branswell , Helen ( March 25 , 2016 ) . `` Couples exposed to Zika virus are urged to delay pregnancy '' . Stat News . Jump up ^ Casey , Nicholas ; Díaz , María Eugenia ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Colombia Reports First Cases of Microcephaly Linked to Zika Virus '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Zika Virus Response Updates from FDA '' . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Almasy , Steve ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` MLB moves games from Puerto Rico due to Zika concerns '' . CNN . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Doucleff , Michaeleen . `` How Big , Really , Is The Zika Outbreak In Florida ? '' . NPR . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Santora , Mark ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Travelers to Dominican Republic Lead New York City in Positive Zika Tests '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Zika virus : The outbreak in Asia '' . BBC News . October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tan , Joanna ( October 16 , 2016 ) . `` In fight against Zika , Singapore releases more mosquitoes '' . The National ( UAE ) . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ASEAN Health Ministers respond to Zika virus '' . ASEAN . September 20 , 2016 . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Asean pledges to boost data - sharing on Zika '' . Bangkok Post . Today Online . September 24 , 2016 . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Zika virus : Thailand babies diagnosed with microcephaly '' . Al Jazeera . October 1 , 2016 . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Amy Sawitta Lefevre ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Abortion legal in Thai birth defect cases linked to Zika , officials say '' . Reuters . ETHealthworld . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Malaysia : Govt , Muslim clerics split over abortion in Zika cases '' . Asian Correspondent . September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Soorian , A. ( October 1 , 2016 ) . `` Let the mother decide '' . New Straits Times . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rentokil Malaysia Battling Rising Dengue and Zika Cases with Integrated Mosquito Management Programme '' . Digital Journal . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Zika disease becomes endemic in Vietnam : health official '' . Tuổi Trẻ . October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` VN confirms first Zika - tied birth defect case '' . Vietnam News Agency . Việt Nam News . October 31 , 2016 . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jee Y . Geronimo ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` DOH : Zika virus endemic in PH '' . Rappler . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DOH continues campaign against Zika as 3 new confirmed cases emerge '' . Department of Health ( Philippines ) . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Zika virus , Microcephaly and Guillain - Barré syndrome Situation Report , 27 October 2016 '' . ReliefWeb . October 27 , 2016 . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Church in Philippines joins fight against Zika '' . Vatican Radio . October 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` As CECC for Zika Virus confirms 13th imported Zika case , travelers returning from Zika - affected areas advised to take precautions against mosquito bites , follow `` 1 + 6 Principle '' and seek immediate medical attention when symptoms develop `` . Centers for Disease Control ( Taiwan ) . October 17 , 2016 . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Zika virus -- information for clinicians and public health practitioners '' . Australian Health Department . Australia . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Zika virus infection : Global Update '' . Government of Canada . Canada . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Huaxia ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` China alerts travellers against Zika '' . Xinhua News Agency . China . Jump up ^ Chiu , Peace ; Elizabeth , Cheung ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Hong Kong issues travel warning for Singapore on Zika virus fears '' . South China Morning Post . Hong Kong . Jump up ^ Vatvani , Chandni ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Indonesia mulls ' travel advisory ' for Singapore over Zika outbreak '' . Channel NewsAsia . Jakarta . Jump up ^ `` Japan to step up screening for Zika virus '' . The Japan Times . Kyodo , Associated Press . February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anis , Mazwin Nik ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Zika virus : Health Ministry issues travel advisory '' . The Star . Malaysia . Jump up ^ Burton , Nina ( January 24 , 2016 ) . `` Zika virus prompts travel warning for Kiwis '' . 3News . New Zealand . Jump up ^ `` DOH cautions public on Zika virus '' . Sun Star . Manila . January 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Priscilla ( September 3 , 2016 ) . `` Singapore 's ZIKA outbreak & precautions for runners : Comments by Running Doctor Derek Li '' . PrisChew Dot Com . ^ Jump up to : `` S. Korea holds emergency meeting on Zika virus threat '' . Yonhap News Agency . February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` As first imported case of Zika virus infection identified in Taiwan , Taiwan CDC to list Zika virus infection as Category II Notifiable Infectious Disease and raises travel notice level for Central and South America and six countries in Southeast Asia '' . Centers for Disease Control ( Taiwan ) . January 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Zika virus : Advice for those planning to travel to outbreak areas '' . ITV News . January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ H. Sun , Lena ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` CDC issues Zika travel notice for 11 Southeast Asian countries '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Tourist industry on edge as Zika virus spreads '' . BBC News . February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harpaz , Beth J. ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Zika affects plans for destination weddings , babymoons '' . Associated Press . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Dastin , Jeffrey ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Zika virus discourages many Americans from Latin America travel '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ `` WHOPES - recommended compounds and formulations for control of mosquito larvae '' ( PDF ) . World Health Organization . October 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` WHO Declares Public Health Emergency of International Concern '' . Pro-MED - mail . International Society for Infectious Diseases . February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Calamur , Krishnadev ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` An Emergency Meeting on the Zika Virus '' . The Atlantic . Jump up ^ `` WHO statement on the 2nd meeting of IHR Emergency Committee on Zika virus and observed increase in neurological disorders and neonatal malformations '' . WHO . March 8 , 2016 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WHO and experts prioritize vaccines , diagnostics and innovative vector control tools for Zika R&D '' . WHO . March 9 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kim , Meeri ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` How mosquitoes with ' self - destruct ' genes could save us from Zika virus '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Oxitec mosquito works to control Aedes aegypti in dengue hotspot '' . Press release . Oxitec . July 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Olson , Ken E. ; Carvalho , Danilo O. ; McKemey , Andrew R. ; et al. ( 2015 ) . `` Suppression of a Field Population of Aedes aegypti in Brazil by Sustained Release of Transgenic Male Mosquitoes '' ( PDF ) . PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases . 9 ( 7 ) : e0003864 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pntd. 0003864 . ISSN 1935 - 2735 . PMC 4489809 . PMID 26135160 . Jump up ^ Pollack , Andrew ( January 30 , 2016 ) . `` New Weapon to Fight Zika : The Mosquito '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tavernise , Sabrina ; McNeil , Jr. , Donald G. ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` W.H.O. Declares Zika Virus an International Health Emergency '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Decreto No 8.662 '' ( Decree No. 8662 ) ( in Portuguese ) . Palácio do Planalto , Presidência da República . February 1 , 2016 . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2016 . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kelland , Kate ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` WHO backs trials of genetically modified mosquitoes to fight Zika '' . The Globe and Mail . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2016 . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jason Gale ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` The Best Weapon for Fighting Zika ? More Mosquitoes '' . Bloomberg News . Jump up ^ Tirone , Jonathan ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` UN Readies Nuclear Solution to Destroy the Zika Virus '' . Bloomberg Business . Jump up ^ `` Mosquito Biology '' . Michigan Mosquito Control Association . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Martín , María ( February 13 , 2016 ) . `` Brasil destina 60 % das suas Forças Armadas na luta contra um mosquito '' ( Brazil deploys 60 % of its armed forces in the fight against mosquitoes ) . El Pais ( in Portuguese ) . Río de Janeiro . Jump up ^ `` Data sharing in public health emergencies '' . Wellcome Trust Blog . February 10 , 2016 . Retrieved February 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Developing global norms for sharing data and results during public health emergencies '' . World Health Organization . September 2015 . Retrieved February 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sharing data during Zika and other global health emergencies '' . Wellcome Trust Blog . February 10 , 2016 . Retrieved February 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Google donates $1 M to help fight Zika virus spread '' . The Baltimore Sun . March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hamzelou , Jessica . `` Zika vaccine trials begin -- but fears remain over virus 's impact '' . New Scientist . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Bednarczyk , Robert . `` Why a Zika vaccine is a long way off '' . the conversation . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Zika vaccines show early promise '' . BBC News . August 4 , 2016 . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kineta awarded funding to test Zika treatment '' . Puget Sound Business Journal . August 5 , 2016 . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Inovio Pharmaceuticals Doses First Subject in Zika Vaccine Clinical Trial '' . Inovio Pharmaceuticals . July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Riley , Kim ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) . `` Challenges hobble U.S. public health response to Zika virus '' . Homeland Preparedness News . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Kim , Meeri ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` How mosquitoes with ' self - destruct ' genes could save us from Zika virus '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Support grows for genetically modified mosquitoes in Zika fight '' . CBS News . February 16 , 2016 . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Alter , Charlotte ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Governments : Avoid Pregnancy Because of Zika . But How ? '' . Time . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sedgh , Gilda ; Singh , Susheela ; Rubina , Hussain ( Sep 2014 ) . `` Intended and Unintended Pregnancies Worldwide in 2012 and Recent Trends '' . Studies in Family Planning . 45 ( 3 ) : 301 -- 314 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1728 - 4465.2014. 00393. x . PMC 4727534 . PMID 25207494 . Jump up ^ Partlow , Joshua ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` As Zika virus spreads , El Salvador asks women not to get pregnant until 2018 '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Upholding women 's human rights essential to Zika response -- Zeid '' . News and Events . United Nations . February 5 , 2016 . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Holy See on Zika Virus : International Community Should Exercise Due Diligence , But Not Panic '' . Zenit . February 17 , 2016 . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Sarah Pulliam ; Boorstein , Michelle ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Pope Francis suggests contraception could be permissible in Zika fight '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zika virus a trending topic on social media platforms '' . Reuters. 2016 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Hagen , Loni ; Keller , Thomas ; Neely , Stephen ; DePaula , Nic ; Robert - Cooperman , Claudia ( 2017 ) . `` Crisis Communications in the Age of Social Media '' . Social Science Computer Review : 089443931772198 . doi : 10.1177 / 0894439317721985 . ^ Jump up to : Joob , Beuy ; Wiwanitkit , Viroj ( 2016 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Zika live Twitter chat '' . American Journal of Infection Control . 44 ( 12 ) : 1756 -- 1757 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ajic. 2016.08. 019 . ISSN 0196 - 6553 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Dom ( 2016 - 03 - 09 ) . `` Poor Brazilian mothers join hands , turn to social media amid microcephaly crisis '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` If you 're reading this , you might not like it . Because it 's accurate '' . NBC News . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Leetaru , Kalev . `` The Zika Virus And How Algorithms And Media Effects Impact Our Understanding Of Global Issues '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ Greer , Scott L. `` US response to Zika : Fragmented and uneven '' . The Conversation . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` On Zika Preparedness And Response , The US Gets A Failing Grade '' . doi : 10.1377 / hblog20160428. 054662 . Jump up ^ `` We 're screwed on outbreaks like Zika as long as we have to rely on Congress for money '' . Vox . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ Tavernise , Sabrina ( 2016 - 08 - 30 ) . `` U.S. Funding for Fighting Zika Virus Is Nearly Spent , C.D.C. Says '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Q&A : Zika vaccine waits on Congress '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Congress Ends Spat , Agrees To Fund $1.1 Billion To Combat Zika '' . NPR.org . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ Herszenhorn , David M. ( 2016 - 06 - 08 ) . `` Congress Will Work on $1.1 Billion Measure to Fight Zika , McConnell Says '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Jr , Donald G. McNeil ( 2017 ) . `` How the Response to Zika Failed Millions '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 09 . Messina , J.P. , Kraemer , M.U. , Brady , O.J. , Pigott , D.M. , Shearer , F.M. , Weiss , D.J. , ... & Brownstein , J.S. ( 2016 ) . Mapping global environmental suitability for Zika virus . Elife , 5 . Muñoz , Á . G. , Thomson , M.C. , Goddard , L. , & Aldighieri , S. ( 2016 ) . Analyzing climate variations at multiple timescales can guide Zika virus response measures . GigaScience , 5 , 41 . http://doi.org/10.1186/s13742-016-0146-1 Paz , S. , & Semenza , J.C. ( 2016 ) . El Niño and climate change -- contributing factors in the dispersal of Zika virus in the Americas ? The Lancet , 387 ( 10020 ) , 745 . doi : 10.1016 / s0140 - 6736 ( 16 ) 00256 - 7 Yang , & Sarfaty. ( 2016 ) . Zika virus : A call to action for physicians in the era of climate change . Preventive Medicine Reports , 4 , 444 - 446 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pmedr. 2016.07. 011 Caminade , C. , Turner , J. , Metelmann , S. , Hesson , J.C. , Blagrove , M.S.C. , Solomon , T. , Morse , A.P. , Baylis , M. ( 2017 ) Global Risk Model for Vector Borne Transmission of Zika revels the role of El Niño 2015 . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 114 , 7 , E1301 - E1302 ; published ahead of print January 30 , 2017 . https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1700746114 Manore CA , Ostfeld RS , Agusto FB , Gaff H , LaDeau SL. ( 2017 ) Defining the Risk of Zika and Chikungunya Virus Transmission in Human Population Centers of the Eastern United States . PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 11 , 1 , e0005255 . https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005255 McSweeny , R. ( 2016 , December 20 ) . Zika outbreak fuelled by El Nino and climate change . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 , from https://www.carbonbrief.org/zika-virus-outbreak-fuelled-by-el-nino-and-climate-change External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zika virus outbreak in the Americas ( 2015 - 2016 ) . Zika virus infection at the Pan American Health Organization Zika Virus at the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Zika outbreak in the Americas and the Pacific at the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Short Answers to Hard Questions ( New York Times ) Risk map for the spread of Zika to 100 cities worldwide ( UNSW Australia ) All the reported cases of Zika in the United States ( Washington Post ) Zika Response Funding : In Brief Congressional Research Service Zika virus 1947 to 2016 -- interactive maps ( esri UK ) Official Map of Zika - transmitting Mosquitoes in the US Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2015 -- 16_Zika_virus_epidemic&oldid = 835701047 '' Categories : 2010s in Asia 2010s in South America 2010s medical outbreaks 2015 health disasters 2016 health disasters 2015 in Brazil 2016 in Brazil 2016 in Singapore Epidemiology Demons in popular culture Medical outbreaks in Brazil Pandemics Zika virus 21st - century epidemics Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Romanian - language sources ( ro ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Cymraeg Español Euskara Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Lumbaart 日本 語 Português Русский සිංහල Српски / srpski ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 07 : 54 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%25E2%2580%259316%20Zika%20virus%20epidemic
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kate brown actress last of the summer wine
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( Kate Brown , 1976 ) The librarian who replaced Mrs. Partridge on Mr. Wainwright 's return . She only appeared in two episodes , and it is shown she shares Mr. Wainwrights dreams about revolution . She is the first woman to suffer the sight of Compo 's matchbox . Although middle - aged , she is attractive and she and Mr. Wainwright are believed to one of the original structures for Howard and Marina .
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List of last of the Summer Wine characters
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list of last of the summer wine characters
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The following is a list of characters in the BBC sitcom Last of the Summer Wine . The series focused primarily on a trio of old men and their interaction with other characters in the town . Due to the longevity of the series it was often necessary to replace key characters due to an actor 's death , illness , or unavailability for other reasons . Many characters were first seen in `` one - off '' appearances and were popular enough or felt to have enough potential for them to be brought back as regulars , in some instances replacing previous members of the cast .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Summer Wine trio 1.1 William `` Compo '' Simmonite ( Bill Owen ) 1.2 Norman `` Cleggy '' Clegg ( Peter Sallis ) 1.3 Cyril Blamire ( Michael Bates ) 1.4 Walter C. `` Foggy '' Dewhurst ( Brian Wilde ) 1.5 Seymour Utterthwaite ( Michael Aldridge ) 1.6 Herbert `` Truly of the Yard '' Truelove ( Frank Thornton ) 1.7 Billy Hardcastle ( Keith Clifford ) 1.8 Alvin Smedley ( Brian Murphy ) 1.9 ' Electrical ' Entwistle ( Burt Kwouk ) 1.10 Luther ' Hobbo ' Hobdyke ( Russ Abbot ) 2 Other regular characters 2.1 The Battys ( Compo 's neighbours ) 2.1. 1 Nora Batty ( Kathy Staff ) 2.1. 2 Walter ' Wally ' Batty ( Joe Gladwin ) 2.1. 3 Stella ( Barbara Young ) 2.2 The Cafe 2.2. 1 Ivy ( Jane Freeman ) 2.2. 2 Sid ( John Comer ) 2.2. 3 Milburn , aka `` Crusher '' ( Jonathan Linsley ) 2.3 Compo 's Family 2.3. 1 Chip Simmonite 2.3. 2 Big Malcolm Simmonite 2.3. 3 Gordon Simmonite 2.3. 4 Josie Simmonite 2.3. 5 Dolly Simmonite 2.3. 6 Eric Simmonite 2.3. 7 Tom Simmonite 2.3. 8 Mrs ( Lolly Minerva ) Avery 2.3. 9 Babs Avery 2.4 The Pegdens , Utterthwaites and Wilkinsons 2.4. 1 Wesley Pegden ( Gordon Wharmby ) 2.4. 2 Edith `` Edie '' Pegden ( Dame Thora Hird ) 2.4. 3 Glenda Wilkinson ( Sarah Thomas ) 2.4. 4 Barry Wilkinson ( Mike Grady ) 2.4. 5 Ros Utterthwaite ( Dora Bryan ) 2.5 The Sibshaws and Marina 2.5. 1 Howard Sibshaw ( Robert Fyfe ) 2.5. 2 Pearl Sibshaw ( Juliette Kaplan ) 2.5. 3 Marina ( Jean Fergusson ) 2.6 Auntie Wainwright 's Shop 2.6. 1 Auntie Wainwright ( Jean Alexander ) 2.6. 2 Clem `` Smiler '' Hemmingway ( Stephen Lewis ) 2.7 The Library 2.7. 1 Mr Wainwright 2.7. 2 Mrs Partridge 2.7. 3 Miss Probert 2.7. 4 Miss Jones 2.7. 5 Miss Moody 2.7. 6 Miss Lucinda Davenport 2.8 Around Town 2.8. 1 Elijah `` Eli '' Duckett ( Danny O'Dea ) 2.8. 2 Nelly ( Dame June Whitfield ) 2.8. 3 Morton Beemish ( Christopher Beeny ) 2.8. 4 Toby Mulberry Smith ( Trevor Bannister ) 2.9 Special guests and minor recurring characters 2.9. 1 Billy Ingleton ( Sir Norman Wisdom ) 2.10 Policemen 2.10. 1 PC Cooper ( aka 1st Policeman ) ( Ken Kitson ) 2.10. 2 PC Walsh ( aka 2nd Policeman ) ( Louis Emerick ) 2.10. 3 2nd Policeman ( Tony Capstick ) 3 Notes 4 References Summer Wine trio ( edit ) Series 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Summer Wine ' trios ' B & D Peter Sallis Burt Kwouk Bill Owen Keith Clifford Brian Murphy Michael Bates Brian Wilde Michael Alridge Frank Thornton Russ Abbot William `` Compo '' Simmonite ( Bill Owen ) ( edit ) Main article : Compo Simmonite Norman `` Cleggy '' Clegg ( Peter Sallis ) ( edit ) Main article : Norman Clegg Cyril Blamire ( Michael bates ) ( edit ) ( 1973 -- 1975 ) The first `` third man '' , and the most childishly argumentative and snobbish , Blamire was the contrast to Compo . Blamire was fired up by displays of youthful enthusiasm , energetic gusto , or any sign of the British spirit . He served as a corporal in the British Army in the Royal Signals regiment during `` The Great Fight for Freedom '' as a `` supply wallah '' ( a storeman ) in India and retains his military bearing . He was a Tory and a self - important know - it - all with upper - class aspirations , who often dissociated himself from the other two , especially Compo , as he considered himself superior to them . Because of his sophisticated interests and insistence on table manners , Compo liked to refer to him as a `` poof '' ( in turn , Cyril would often use insults such as `` grotty little herbert '' to Compo ) . Cyril would often reprimand Compo whenever he addressed him by his given name , as he preferred the `` more rounded tone of Mr. Blamire '' and would say that Compo had to touch his `` tatty cap '' whenever he did so . Out of all of the third men , Blamire tolerated Compo 's antics the least ( though sometimes when he got caught up in them he would join in , such as backchatting Miss Probert on one occasion ) . In spite of this , Compo and Blamire were close , as shown by Compo 's misery in the episodes immediately after he left . Despite his snobby nature Blamire had more commonsense than most of his successors . Bates left the cast in 1975 due to cancer that left him too ill to perform in any long - term projects aside from It Ai n't Half Hot Mum . So Blamire was written out of the series ; it was said that he had left to get married . The last we hear of him is a very organised letter , instructing Clegg and Compo to meet their old classmate , Foggy Dewhurst . Walter C `` Foggy '' Dewhurst ( Brian Wilde ) ( edit ) ( 1976 -- 1985 , 1990 -- 1997 ) The successor to Blamire , Foggy was a former soldier who liked to boast of his military exploits in Burma during the Second World War . In fact , he was a signwriter ; and unlike Blamire , many of his old military stories were untrue . Although he considered himself very regimental and heroic , when confronted Foggy was generally meek and incompetent . Like the previous third man -- and all subsequent third men -- he considered himself the leader of the trio , and frequently took charge of Compo and Clegg . Foggy was infamous for trying to figure out a solution to the trio 's everyday problems , only to make them much worse . In earlier years Foggy wore a scarf with regimental colours on it . When Wilde left the series in 1985 to star in his own sitcom and to pursue other TV work , it was explained that Foggy had moved to Bridlington to take over his family 's egg - painting business . Returning in 1990 after the sudden departure of Michael Aldridge , he claimed he had tired of egg painting , and wanted to return to his old life . A regular skit from this period included Foggy crossing paths with a stranger and then rambling about his supposed military career , typically boring each stranger to death . At other times he would try and recreate scenarios from his military days which also confused and bored passing strangers . He would often explain that he was a trained killer , which would inevitably lead to him getting into trouble and on the odd occasion being arrested ( stupidly , he could never understand why people always found this explanation strange ) . During his second stint Foggy was shown to have mellowed somewhat and he did not argue with Compo as much as he had done previously . In 1997 , when Wilde 's illness stopped him taking part , he was written out of the series in the Special , `` There Goes the Groom '' , in which the character was only seen in brief , non-face shots , played by a double ; this episode also introduced his successor , Truly . An unconscious , hung - over Foggy was swept off to Blackpool by the local postmistress . There he inadvertently proposed to her in a verbal slip - up over the wedding rings of which he had taken charge `` for safe keeping '' ( out of the dubious care of Best Man , Barry ) . But he must have at least liked her , as he was never heard from again after that . Foggy 's real first name was revealed to be Walter ( with the middle initial `` C '' ) ; `` Foggy '' is a nickname , derived from the traditional song `` The Foggy Foggy Dew '' ; perhaps also because , in his earlier episodes , he would occasionally `` blank out '' everything around him to help him concentrate , particularly when he was thinking up new ideas or finding solutions to problems . This is particularly noticeable in the episode `` The Man from Oswestry '' . In one of his earlier episodes , his name is hinted to be Oliver when Clegg finds one of his old army trunks with the initials ' COD ' . ( Because he was a corporal in the army ) . Due to his dislike of Compo 's attire and nature he was often seen making insults of disgust to Clegg and often addressed Compo as `` him '' or `` that man '' . Foggy was played by Colin Harris in ' There Goes The Groom ' . Seymour Utterthwaite ( Michael Aldridge ) ( edit ) ( 1986 -- 1990 ) The first successor to Foggy . A snobbish inventor , Edie 's and Ros 's brother Seymour always felt it was his duty to educate the masses , and in particular , Compo and Clegg , to whom he was reintroduced by his brother - in - law , Wesley Pegden ( who often called him a pillock ) , shortly before the wedding of Wesley 's daughter . Seymour went to school with Clegg and Compo but lost touch when he went to grammar school . Whereas Cyril and Foggy tried to solve the problems of the residents of Holmfirth , when Seymour was around he always liked to invent , but the resulting inventions invariably led to disaster -- especially for Compo , who was always the reluctant test subject and called him a twit whenever anything went disastrously wrong . Despite this , he was well - liked by the other two and was more willing to play along with their childish antics than his predecessors . He did have occasional bouts of bravery : in one episode he contradicted Pearl , Ivy and Nora Batty in one sitting for which Clegg , Compo and a random passer - by heartily congratulated him . Seymour usually blamed the failure of his inventions on divine punishment for his once having had an affair with a barmaid . Seymour 's house , outside the town , was modified into a laboratory , filled with new devices and contraptions that seldom , if ever , worked properly . His sister Edie always spoke very highly of him and how he was ' educated ' , refusing to take into account his continual failed inventions ( though she would secretly be embarrassed by his involvement in the antics of the other two ) . Because Seymour 's inventions were always built poorly he would normally get Wesley to fix them ( or he would just get Wesley to build them in the first place , much to the latter 's annoyance ) . Seymour had previously been the headmaster of a school , although it is not entirely clear how successful he was in running it . When Compo and Clegg were in his home Seymour would often put on his old headmaster 's gown and treat the two of them like schoolchildren when trying to explain a new invention . He sometimes appeared to take an unhealthy delight in corporal punishment , and was appalled to hear that it has been prohibited . When Aldridge left the series in 1990 for personal reasons , Seymour was last seen leaving on a bus to take up a new job as interim headmaster at a private school -- just as previous third man Foggy returned . There were allegedly plans for Seymour to make a comeback , but Michael Aldridge died in 1994 . The character was never alluded to again . Herbert `` Truly of the Yard '' Truelove ( Frank Thornton ) ( edit ) ( 1997 -- 2010 ) The second ( and last ) successor to Foggy . A retired policeman , Truly was initially played with a pompous self - importance in all things criminal . However , this aspect of the character was fairly quickly softened , and Truly is more relaxed and fun - loving , and can be more of an equal match at the local pub than his predecessors as third man . He can also be a bit more devious with practical jokes or witty schemes . Likewise , he can be equally sly in getting people out of a scrape or just helping out a friend . He is divorced , and makes disparaging comments about `` the former Mrs. Truelove '' ( who evidently feels the same way about him , judging by the reaction of her new husband , who appears in one episode , to Truly ) . The former Mrs Truelove is an unseen character . Because of his previous job in the police , Truly refers to himself as `` Truly of the Yard '' , he was also once misheard and thought to have said he was `` Trudy '' ( of the Yard ) . In early appearances he was initially shown as snobbish and pompous , like his predecessors ( sometimes taking out his police notebook in unnecessary situations ) but he gradually became a more likeable character and made less snide remarks over Compo 's attire . He also appeared to be more respected than his predecessors by the other regular characters such as Wesley and Howard as well as the local ladies . In the two final series he is demoted to a secondary character along with Norman Clegg , so his role as third man was filled by Hobbo . Billy Hardcastle ( Keith Clifford ) ( edit ) ( 1999 , 2000 , 2001 -- 2006 ) Billy Hardcastle was first introduced in the 1999 series as a guest star and also appeared in the 2000 New Year 's special and a guest role in the 2000 series . Because of his popularity , he was made a regular character in the 2001 series . Billy believes he is a direct descendant of Robin Hood . His first appearance on the show showed him attempting to recruit a band of Merry Men to go with him while he robs from the rich to give to the poor . At the end of the 21st series , Billy moves next door to Truly and is teamed as the third member of the trio . When Billy joined with Clegg and Truly , much of the humour Compo previously brought to the series returned in Billy 's childlike demeanour , although an element of physical humour was still lacking in the series . On his first appearance , Nora was shown to be attracted to him dressed in his Robin Hood costume , which made Compo extremely jealous and decided to dress up as Robin Hood himself . Much of his dialogue bemoaned the domestic presence of `` the wife '' or `` the wife 's sister '' ( two other characters who are never seen , only referred to ) . Billy was last seen at the end of the 27th series following the departure of Keith Clifford from the show and the character was never alluded to again . Alvin Smedley ( Brian murphy ) ( edit ) ( 2003 -- 2010 ) Alvin Smedley was introduced in the 2003 series as Nora Batty 's new next door neighbour following the death of Compo . When Tom 's former acquaintance , Mrs. Avery , gives up the lease she owns on Compo 's old house , Alvin purchases it . Although he publicly claims to hate Nora Batty , he feels it is his duty to try to bring some joy to her life , often in the form of practical jokes similar to those Compo once played on her . In the 2005 series he joined the main trio thus making them a quartet ( this was largely to compensate for Clegg 's decreasing role ) but after the 2006 series following Billy Hardcastle 's departure the quartet once again became a trio although in the 2007 and 2008 series he was mostly teamed up with Entwistle . His arrival to the main trio brought a sense physical humour that had been missing since Compo 's death . Despite his childlike personality , he was shown to be more level headed than his predecessors . In the final two series he and Entwistle teamed up with Hobbo , thus making a new trio . ' Electrical ' Entwistle ( burt kwouk ) ( edit ) ( 2002 -- 2010 ) Electrician and fortune - teller from the land of eastern wisdom , Hull . His original surname was McIntyre , but he changed it so that people would n't mistake him for a Scotsman . When Wesley died , Entwistle took over his job of shuttling the others across the countryside , in a battered red Toyota Hilux pick - up truck , and occasionally constructing the various contraptions the main trio produce . He also seemed to be taking over a character version of Auntie Wainwright , although he mainly sold second - hand washing machines . Following the departure of Billy Hardcastle in series 28 , Entwistle was often paired with Alvin , with many stories revolving around their dealings with Howard or Barry . During this period his role increased and he often hung around with the main trio ( sometimes to compensate for Clegg 's decreasing role . ) In series 30 and 31 , Entwistle became the second man ( officially taking over from Clegg ) in a new trio when Hobbo arrived and recruited Alvin and Entwistle to form a band of volunteers to respond to emergencies in the village . Luther ' Hobbo ' hobdyke ( russ abbot ) ( edit ) ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Hobbo is a former milkman with ties to MI5 who was first introduced in the 2008 New Years special , to set up his role in the 30th series . He is Clegg 's new next door neighbour . Upon first arriving in the village , Hobbo recruits Alvin and Entwistle to form a small band of volunteers who will react to any emergency that arises in the village , thus forming a new trio ( with Hobbo taking Truly 's role in the trio ) . Hobbo is incredibly cautious , and always on the lookout for enemy attack . He fondly remembers his time spent with MI5 , when he used to leap from aeroplanes ( `` Holding crates of milk ? '' asks Entwistle ) and dive for cover from enemy fire . Throughout his time on the show Hobbo is convinced that Nelly is his mother and he frequently bothers her ( or uses other people ) for attention , much to her annoyance . Clegg and Truly recall that Hobbo was never much of a milkman but was exemplary at needlework . He was also one of the last new characters to be introduced to the series . Other regular characters ( edit ) Character Series 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Nora Batty Kathy Staff Kathy Staff Ivy Jane Freeman The battys ( Compo 's neighbours ) ( edit ) Nora Batty ( Kathy Staff ) ( edit ) Main article : Nora Batty Walter ' Wally ' Batty ( Joe Gladwin ) ( edit ) ( 1975 , 1976 , 1977 -- 1987 ) Nora 's perennially shell - shocked husband and Compo 's next - door neighbour , Wally Batty was a short quiet man , kept on a short leash by his wife . His relationship with Nora stood in stark contrast to Compo 's unrequited lust after her ; in fact , he often welcomed the prospect of Compo running off with her . Initially mentioned but not seen , he first appeared on screen in 1975 . He was generally seen doing chores or stealing a quick moment away from Nora at the pub . Despite being dominated by his wife , Wally had an acerbic wit ( like that of Norman Clegg ) and was often quick to reply with a sharp - tongued comment when Nora told him off ( though this often caused more trouble for him from Nora ) . Wally had a passion for racing pigeons and owned a motorbike and sidecar , occasionally taking Nora for a spin around the countryside . When Joe Gladwin died in 1987 , Wally died off screen , but he is still occasionally mentioned . ( Note : in the pilot episode of the series , which was part of the Comedy Playhouse strand , Nora referred to her unseen husband as Harold , not Wally . ) Joe Gladwin last appeared in series 9 . He died just days before the broadcast of his final appearance . Stella ( barbara young ) ( edit ) ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Stella is Nora 's sister , she first appeared in the 2008 New Years Special , I Was A Hitman for Primrose Dairies as a replacement for and to compensate for the absence of actress Kathy Staff , ( who was unable to continue her role as Nora owing to ill health and subsequent death ) . With Nora having departed for Australia , Stella moved in to house - sit for her sister , and had become a new member of the elder women 's talking circle . She is a former pub landlady and appears to take a more free - spirited approach to life than Nora , as evidenced by her brighter wardrobe and hair . The storyline in her first episode saw her trying to give up smoking , and her yearning for a cigarette has continued unabated into subsequent episodes . Despite this she was equally annoyed as Nora by the pranks that Alvin played on her . Stella has four siblings : Madge , Billy , Clara and Nora ( See Nora Batty ) . In the episode `` Get Out of That , Then '' Young wore a brown wig and played the part of Florrie , wife of Barry 's cousin Lenny ( Bobby Ball ) . The cafe ( edit ) Ivy ( Jane Freeman ) ( edit ) ( 1973 -- 2010 ) joint owner of tea - shop with husband Sid , with whom she would often have blazing rows in the kitchen , until his death . She later ran it alone . Physically formidable , she viciously scolded anyone who dared misbehave or criticize the food by throwing them out the cafe or often hitting them on the head with a tray . Generally the wisest and most level - headed of the show 's female social circle , she was also on occasion a target of Compo 's ( unwanted ) affection , who often said that if it was n't for Nora Batty , he 'd be all over her . This regularly resulted in Compo along with the others ( sometimes including Sid ) being thrown out or being on the receiving end of her anger in other ways . In earlier episodes she was shown to tolerate the main trio more when they visited the cafe . Eventually she became more strict with them ( especially after Sid 's death ) , although after Compo 's death she became kinder to the trio . When taking into account Kathy Staff 's brief exit from the show in 2001 and later absence from series 30 to series 31 ( see above ) , Jane Freeman as Ivy is the only character other than Clegg ( Peter Sallis ) to have been present throughout the course of the series ( 274 episodes , although Clegg is the only one to have appeared in every single episode ) . In some of the episodes she seemed to have a sort of rivalry with Nora participating in what Nora once called a `` slanging match '' Ivy would often criticize Nora 's taste in hats and Nora in turn once said Ivy 's pastry was n't light enough which succeeded in bringing Ivy to the verge of tears . On the other hand , Nora and Ivy are normally best friends with each other like their husbands and the two were regularly seen to be having a coffee together chatting about the downsides of men and life in general . Nora would also sometimes help Ivy and Sid with the café ( on one occasion Wally was also shown helping them ) . Sid ( John Comer ) ( edit ) ( 1973 -- 1983 ) , bluff tea - shop owner , who featured prominently for the first ten years , before Comer 's death in 1984 . Ivy remembers him fondly , and often mentions him in conversation . Sid was one of the few characters who actually seemed to enjoy getting involved in the misadventures of the three central characters , and often saw them as an excuse to get out of the cafe for a few hours . However , occasionally he was shown to be extremely irritated by some of their schemes and antics ( most notably in the episode `` Getting on Sidney 's wire '' where he gets angry with Foggy for ruining his attempts to fit a new doorbell to the cafe and subsequently throws him out ) . Like Wally Batty he often welcomed Compo 's affection for his wife . In one episode he remarks that he `` ca n't help admiring ( Compo 's ) nerve '' . Ivy and Sid often shouted and argued with each other ( and Ivy was never shy about bringing up Sid 's infidelity ) , but , as with many of the show 's couples , there was little doubt that they loved each other . Throughout his time in the series Sid and Wally were shown to be best friends and the two of them often joined each other in trying to sneak away from their wives to the pub or any other activity ( often involving the main trio ) . Another long running gag during his time on the show were ongoing rumours of his supposed affair with a local unseen bus conductress ( likely to be an early structure for Howard and Marina ) . Ivy was aware of this and often accused him of being unfaithful . Although Sid once admitted to the trio he was friends with the conductress , he always flatly denied the rumours and despite the odd verbal hint very little evidence of this was ever seen onscreen . For John Comer 's last ever appearance , in the 1983 feature - length Christmas special , ' Getting Sam Home ' , illness caused by cancer affected his speech , and so his lines were dubbed over by another actor , Tony Melody . Comer died two months later in February 1984 . Sid 's death was not referred to until `` Uncle of the Bride '' on New Year 's Day 1986 . It is hinted ( after his death ) by Ivy that Sid was a supporter of Manchester United ( though this was not mentioned when he was alive ) . In the 2000 episode `` Just a Small Funeral '' as Ivy is getting ready for Compo 's funeral , she finds a photo of Sid in her handbag . Milburn , aka `` Crusher '' ( Jonathan Linsley ) ( edit ) ( 1984 , 1985 -- 1987 ) Sid and Ivy 's giant , lumbering and very strong nephew , who looked like a younger version of his own late uncle . The character was first introduced in 1984 , following the death of John Comer ( who played Sid in the series ) . Crusher helped his widowed auntie Ivy out in the cafe for 31⁄2 years . His real name was Milburn , but he insisted on being called `` Crusher '' . He was influenced by the Rock and Rollers of the 1950s and was into heavy metal music . Well - meaning but not overly bright , he was rather easily led . Crusher was first seen in the touring stage show around 1984 before being introduced into the 8th series . In the 1988 Christmas Special `` Crums '' he was shown to have a girlfriend ( though Crusher himself did not appear in this episode as Jonathan Linsley had left the show by then ) named Fran ( played by Yvette Fielding ) who , according to Ivy , was as daft as he is . In his early episodes , he seemed to have a crush on Marina much to Ivy 's displeasure . This stemmed from the fact that Ivy told him to find `` some poor lass that 's had a hard time '' . However Crusher did not return in the tenth series , as Jonathan Linsley left the show to work on other TV projects : most of the character 's humour came from the contrast between his menacing size and his total harmlessness . Following his departure in early 1988 ( after the 1987 Christmas special ) , Ivy ran the cafe alone ( with occasional help from Nora Batty ) . Compo 's family ( edit ) Chip Simmonite ( edit ) ( Tony Haygarth , 1973 ) A forgotten character , Chip was Compo 's nephew from the first series episode 3 Pate and Chips . Chip and his wife Connie , played by Margaret Nolan , with their children and dog , take the Yorkshire trio to a large country home for a ' bit of culture ' in a cramped van for transport ( much to Cyril 's disgust ) . When they arrive at the country home Cyril points out that Chip has n't renewed his Road Fund License since 1967 . Big Malcolm Simmonite ( edit ) ( Paul Luty , 1976 ) Big Malcolm is revealed to be , in `` The Man From Oswestry '' Compo 's cousin and he appeared in just two 1976 episodes . Within hours of his arrival in `` The Man from Oswestry '' , Foggy is unfortunate enough to let Big Malcolm overhear him in a pub , saying he will fight to the death anyone who mocks his regimental scarf . Foggy is taken outdoors by Big Malcolm and returns the worse for wear . Several episodes later , Malcolm is one of the family guests in `` Going to Gordon 's Wedding '' . Gordon Simmonite ( edit ) ( Philip Jackson , 1976 ) An oft - forgotten character , Gordon was Compo 's gormless fishing - obsessed nephew , and appeared in a few 1976 episodes , joining the trio on a Bank Holiday trip to Scarborough . He became friendly with a young woman named Josie whilst in Scarborough , and married her in a later episode . In some ways he was a prototype of Barry , who was introduced in the mid-1980s . When he is married , it is revealed he has a sister , Julie . In the same episode his mother states to him that he 's `` queer '' , much to his annoyance , as he reveals that he knows there 's been some rumors to that effect . Josie Simmonite ( edit ) ( Liz Goulding , 1976 ) Another forgotten character , Josie met Compo 's nephew Gordon in the trio 's Bank Holiday trip to Scarborough . She and Gordon go back to Gordon 's room at the Guest House at which they are staying , and start a game of chess . In a later episode , she and Gordon marry , but as the wedding turns more and more disastrous , she turns more and more into her rather foreboding and complaining mother , Madge ( Joan Scott ) . It is unknown what became of her and Gordon after the wedding . Dolly Simmonite ( edit ) ( Margaret Burton , 1976 ) Compo 's sister - in - law , and mother of Gordon and his sister Julie . She is flamboyent in her dress , and screeches instead of shouts . She is the object of Big Malcolm and Eric 's , affections , and hits both Malcolm and Eric with her handbag when they attempt to drag her to two different seats at once . It is revealed her husband , Compo 's brother , left her with Julie and Gordon a few years back . Like Gordon and Josie , it is unknown what happened to her after Gordon 's wedding . Eric Simmonite ( edit ) ( Barry Hart , 1976 ) Eric 's exact relationship to Compo is unknown , and he only appears in one episode , but he is shown to have feelings for Gordon 's mother Dolly , and that he drinks a lot , and almost gets in a fight with Big Malcolm . In his only appearance , he is a guest at Gordon 's wedding . Eric is also referred to , but not seen , in the episode of the first series , `` Short Back and Palais Glide . '' When the trio are in the police station whilst looking for Mr Wainwright , the desk sergeant asks Compo , `` How 's your Eric ? '' Tom Simmonite ( edit ) ( Tom Owen , 2000 -- 2010 ) Compo 's long - lost son , arriving just after his father 's death , Tom is played by Bill Owen 's real - life son . Tom is a layabout like Compo but seems a bit more enterprising in his attempts to maintain his slothful lifestyle . Originally it was planned that Tom would fill the gap in the three - man line - up left by his father , but it was soon felt that this line - up did not quite work . For most of his time in the series , he was paired with Smiler working for Auntie Wainwright , and also , in one episode , goes to live with Smiler ( though it 's not clear if this continued ) . Of the duo , he designates himself the ' leader ' and the planner ( often leaving Smiler to struggle with Auntie Wainwright 's antiquated hand - cart while he strolls on ahead ) , although in truth , he is not particularly bright himself . After Smiler was written out of the series , Tom continued to work for Aunty Wainwright until the conclusion of the show 's run . Clegg and Truly often take advantage of his desire to live up to his father 's reputation in order to convince him to do rather stupid things . After the death of Compo , Nora feels somewhat maternal towards Tom , and often showers him with affection -- much to the embarrassment of Tom . He also has a scruffy puppet dog called Waldo which he aspires to use in an unconvincing ventriloquist act . When not working for Auntie Wainwright , Tom can usually be found in his allotment shed , avoiding the repo man ( he rarely , if ever used his allotment to grow vegetables ) . When he first arrived in the series , Tom also had a tatty old yellow Renault van , but this was seen in only a couple of his early appearances . ( Note : For some years before joining the series as Tom Simmonite , Tom Owen sometimes appeared in small walk - on parts on the show ( for instance appearing on the 1991 Christmas special ) , sometimes with no dialogue , and not always credited . ) Mrs. ( lolly minerva ) Avery ( edit ) ( Julie T. Wallace , 2000 -- 2001 ) Tom 's live - in `` associate '' ; much larger than him , and something of a battle - axe , yet rather easily manipulated . Although Tom always insisted that she was merely an acquaintance , Mrs Avery always wanted more , and was under the impression that Tom had promised to marry her . After a brief spell of living in the pair 's bus , they moved into the deceased Compo 's home , next - door to Nora Batty . During her stay at Compo 's home , she began a rivalry with Nora , often copying each other ( cleaning their windows or vacuuming their rugs ) . This was not to last ; she threw him out and disappeared from the series after only a year on the show . Babs Avery ( edit ) ( Helen Turaya , 2000 ) Along with Tom Simmonite was Babs , Mrs. Avery 's niece , involved in a couple of schemes . The character was so unpopular that she was axed after just three episodes without explanation . The pegdens , utterthwaites and wilkinsons ( edit ) Seymour Utterthwaite was the third man of the trio from 1986 to 1990 . He left the series in 1990 when Foggy Dewhurst returned to the show , but his family had gained so much popularity themselves that they remained on the show . Wesley Pegden ( Gordon Wharmby ) ( edit ) ( 1982 , 1984 , 1985 -- 2002 ) Edie 's husband , who spent all his time in his workshop / garage . In one of the most popular and often reused scenes in the series , Edie would call Wesley in from his garage ( after much shouting , first in gentle ' posh ' tones , before ending up in harsh yelling ) and would lay down a trail of newspaper for him to stand on -- often putting one on the wall just in time as he leaned against it . Wesley generally kept out of Edie 's way in his garage , restoring old motors . The character first appeared in the 1982 episode ' Car and Garter ' in a cameo role . The writer and producers liked him so much they brought him back for the 1984 Christmas Special ' The Loxley Lozenge ' and again twice in the 1985 episode ' Who 's Looking After The Cafe Then ? ' . He reappeared in the 1985 feature - length Christmas special ' Uncle Of The Bride ' , in which he was established as Edie 's husband , at which point both became regulars from this special thereafter . Mechanic Wesley was often called upon by the main trio to construct the many bizarre creations they came up with , and to drive them into the hills for test runs . One recurring theme is the occasional explosion caused by projects in Wesley 's shed accompanied by billows of white smoke . On some occasions , Wesley 's hat is also smouldering and smoking . In his early years in the series , Wesley seemed to have a love of loud rock music , which led to the trio desperately trying to call over it to get his attention on a number of occasions . Though he was clearly a very skilled builder and mechanic , much of his projects were poorly and hastily built and he would get easily embarrassed and annoyed by anyone managing to fix something he ca n't ( notably , Compo once managed to rewire Edie 's car correctly , much to Wesley 's annoyance ) . Unlike Edie , Wesley did not speak highly of Seymour ( Wesley calling him a pillock ) and was often annoyed by Seymour 's requests to construct the latter 's ridiculous inventions as well as Seymour 's pompous school headmaster nature . His attitude towards Foggy was similar to that of Seymour but during later years when Truly was introduced on the show he was shown to be more willing to help the trio out in their schemes . Sometimes Wesley would be extremely secretive about his inventions ( largely down to his fear of other people copying them ) but they were often exposed by the main trio or Edie and would go to extreme lengths to hide what he was building ( on one occasion he kept a guard dog in his shed that chased Barry away ) . When Gordon Wharmby died in 2002 , the character is said to have also died . Although he was not formally written out , subsequent references to him were in the past tense . Edith `` Edie '' Pegden ( dame Thora Hird ) ( edit ) ( 1986 , 1987 , 1988 -- 2003 ) , a highly opinionated older woman , sister of Seymour Utterthwaite ( who called her Edith ) and Wesley 's wife , she was the house - proud hostess of the women 's coffee mornings . She was introduced , along with Seymour , daughter Glenda and son - in - law Barry in the 1986 New Years Day special episode `` Uncle of the Bride '' ( husband Wesley had been introduced in 1982 , 4 years before ) . The ladies ' tea parties , where they would sit and discuss life ( particularly the shortcomings of men ) , became a popular staple of the show from the 1990s onwards ; they were usually held in Edie 's front room . Wesley restored a convertible car for her to drive , although she was a terrible driver , and was always accusing Wesley of moving things ( particularly the gear lever ) around . The other ladies ( including Glenda ) often accompanied her on the roads and as a result of Edie 's poor driving , they would be fearing for their lives . Another running gag was Edie making a big performance of locking the front door , repeatedly pushing it to check that it was locked properly . When her brother Seymour was around Edie would speak very highly of him and his inventions ( refusing to count his numerous failed ones ) despite the other ladies thinking he is just as daft as the rest of the trio ( although when Seymour 's antics became extreme she would secretly be annoyed and embarrassed ) . In later years Hird , who was still in the series at the age of 90 , suffered poor health , which affected her ability to stand . To cover this , she was often seen sitting down , or , when standing , had something to hold on to ( often out of camera shot ) . For driving and distance shots , her double , Amy Shaw , was used . When Thora Hird died in 2003 , Edie was also said to have died . As with her husband Wesley previously , it was not immediately made obvious , but later references to the character indicated that she had died . In the final three series , a framed photo of Edie can be seen on Barry and Glenda 's mantelpiece . In one episode Barry talks about ghosts and Glenda asks if he had seen her mother . Barry 's response in the negative includes immense gladness , in that she scared him enough alive . For the first few series in which she appeared , Edie was extremely concerned with her reputation in the neighbourhood : whenever there was company , Edie would try to put on a posh , educated voice -- which would suddenly vanish when she was shouting for ( or at ) Wesley . This aspect of Edie 's character was a prototype for Hyacinth Bucket in Keeping Up Appearances ( also written by Roy Clarke ) . Once the latter series was created , this aspect of Edie 's personality was toned down a bit ( although not completely ) in order to differentiate the two characters . Glenda wilkinson ( sarah Thomas ) ( edit ) ( Sarah Thomas : 1986 , 1987 , 1988 -- 1990 , 1991 -- 2010 ) daughter of Edie and Wesley . The other women in the group consider that she is somewhat naive , despite her being middle - aged . When her mother was alive , if she attempted to join in a mature conversation , Edie would snap `` Drink your coffee ! '' She speaks glowingly of her husband Barry , but is often insecure and unsatisfied with him at home , often because of the pressure of her mother and other ladies in the group . She often comes to the defence of men when other women in the group speak the worst about them and does not believe that all men are evil , as they do . Likewise she is generally shown to be kinder to the main trio than the other ladies ( particularly when her uncle Seymour was with them and notably in the episode `` The McDonaghs of Jamieson Street '' she lends Billy a skirt after his trousers are mauled by a vicious dog ) . She appears , like her husband , to have a very meek demeanour , but under duress she has proven to be quite a force to be reckoned with . In the very last episode of the programme , Glenda clearly seems to have joined the bossy Yorkshire women 's brigade in her suggestions to Barry and Morton that are , in Barry 's words `` not optional '' . Although the rest of the ladies ( particularly Pearl ) disliked the flirtatious Marina , Glenda was seen to strike up friendship with her on a number of occasions ( although this role was generally taken by Miss Davenport in the later series ) . Barry wilkinson ( Mike Grady ) ( edit ) ( 1986 -- 1990 , 1996 -- 2010 ) meek and mild husband of Glenda . Dull and ineffectual , accountant Barry strives for adventure but seems destined for paperwork and domesticity . His one pride is his shiny new car , which he was always trying to keep away from father - in - law Wesley , who could not resist tinkering under the bonnet ( although in one episode , he did completely dismantle the engine ) . Barry is often trying out new hobbies in an attempt to stop his life being humdrum ; and in more recent years , has made a number of attempts to fit in at a local golf club , often upsetting the golf captain `` the Major '' . Though he clearly loved his wife he was afraid to kiss her in public , out of fear of being judged by the neighbors . He was also afraid of his mother in law Edie , largely because she ( along with the other ladies ) would often judge Barry or accuse him of being guilty . In later series Barry became more regularly involved in the schemes of the main trio and in series 28 -- 29 was often involved in schemes with Alvin , Entwistle and Howard . After being introduced in the feature - length `` Uncle of the Bride '' in 1986 , which centres around Barry and Glenda 's wedding , Barry was much - mentioned but not seen for around six years when Mike Grady originally left to pursue several other television projects , before returning as a regular from 1996 thereafter . He is one of the few characters to have left the series but returned in later series . Ros Utterthwaite ( Dora Bryan ) ( edit ) ( 2000 , 2001 -- 2005 ) Edie 's and Seymour 's sister , who has always been more romantically adventurous , to Edie 's unending shame . She often speaks of past flings , frequently with married men . She was often paired with Pearl Sibshaw . Ros was last seen at the end of the 26th series following the departure of Dora Bryan owing to ill health . Her role of being paired with Pearl was replaced by June Whitfield 's character Nelly . Before Ros actually appeared in the series , she had never been mentioned and it was not known that Edie and Seymour even had a sister . The sibshaws and Marina ( edit ) Howard Sibshaw ( Robert fyfe ) ( edit ) ( 1985 , 1986 -- 2010 ) Howard is the shy , beady - eyed , constantly conniving , simpering , henpecked husband of Pearl . Doubtless owing to his wife 's domineering nature , Howard often tries to escape from her . Most episodes involve Howard dating peroxide blonde , Marina , behind his wife 's back . In most episodes , Marina would simper , `` Oh Howard . '' , followed by Howard 's `` Oh Marina . '' - sometimes the order was reversed , He is a creative but unconvincing liar . He and Pearl live next door to Clegg , and , much to the annoyance of the latter , Howard is always pestering him for aid in his various schemes to escape Pearl and be with Marina . Over the years he has come up with countless disguises , cover stories and hideaways to allow him to see Marina , all of which have ultimately been doomed or exposed by Pearl . In their earlier appearances , they were frequently shown in disguise with Howard saying , `` I think we 've really cracked it this time '' . However , he tends to ignore Marina when he 's out with her , partly out of fear of his wife Pearl , and partly because he gets so deeply caught up in fabricating charades to cover up his affair . As a result , their relationship does not appear to have gone beyond hand - holding and gazing into each other 's eyes ( much to the annoyance of Marina ) , and the occasional kiss in a field , haystack , or mobile hut somewhere , and it is hinted that if Howard ever did get the chance , he would be too cowardly to go through with it anyway . It has also been suggested that Howard loves Pearl underneath it all . In later series Howard was shown to be out of the house more regularly ( despite Pearl knowing about his attempted affair with Marina ) and eventually became more involved in the schemes of the main trio . Howard first appeared in the Bournemouth summer season show of the series , and was popular enough and felt to have enough potential that he was soon made a regular character . At first , he , Pearl and Marina were used semi-regularly , but as time passed and their popularity grew , they appeared in every episode ( particularly after Wally Batty died ) . Howard and Pearl 's surname was given as Sibshaw in Roy Clarke 's novel ' The Moonbather ' in 1987 , but only mentioned once in the entire TV series , in one of the last episodes , when Glenda refers to Howard as Mr. Sibshaw . Pearl Sibshaw ( juliette kaplan ) ( edit ) ( 1985 , 1986 -- 2010 ) Howard 's wife , a bit of a shrew and always one step ahead of his crafty schemes , she is often shown to know about his ( attempted ) affair with Marina , but is almost gleefully obsessed with exposing Howard 's philandering and generally tormenting him . Although she has a fearsome reputation , she , like Nora , occasionally surprises Norman Clegg and others ( not including Howard ) with displays of kindness , especially after Compo died . She also showed shock when , after seeing Howard in the appropriate uniform , believed he had joined the French foreign legion and outright fainted in a Christmas Special when Compo casually remarked that Howard was in Wesley 's hearse . When she was first introduced on the show , Pearl was somewhat naive , especially towards Howard 's affair with Marina . When introduced to the ladies ' tea group , Nora , Ivy , and Edie integrated her into the group and , over time , her demeanour has hardened . Marina ( jean fergusson ) ( edit ) ( 1985 , 1986 -- 2010 ) Busty but over-age , Howard 's love interest Marina works in the local supermarket . Despite her carefree appearance , Marina is a long - suffering type , having to deal with the disapproval of the prominent village women , the indirect wrath of Pearl , and timorous and neglectful romancing by Howard . She is often thought of as a `` tart '' , and not without reason . She seems to have a soft spot for Clegg ( often referring to him as `` Norman Clegg that was '' implying that they have a past ) , and occasionally briefly leaves Howard for other men . In the episode `` A Double For Howard '' , she is also content for Eli to kiss her when he impersonates Howard . Marina works as a check - out girl at the local Co-op ( although in more recent series , the store 's name has been seen as Lodges ) ; Howard often sneaks there to pass or receive notes from her ( or more often sends Norman Clegg in his place ; leading on several occasions for Marina to believe mistakenly that Clegg is interested in her romantically ) . In A Sidecar Named Desire Clegg reveals that he was once trapped in a lift with Marina and she cuddled him for warmth , much to Howard 's ire and jealousy . Though she perceived it to be a romantic incident , it left Clegg terrified of her . Clegg always strongly denies any romantic interest in her . Marina first appeared in the spin - off 1984 Eastbourne summer season show , and soon became a regular character . Auntie Wainwright 's shop ( edit ) See also : Tom Simmonite Auntie Wainwright ( jean alexander ) ( edit ) ( 1988 , 1989 , 1992 -- 2010 ) Howard 's aunt . A sly and grasping bric - a-brac shop owner . Whilst she and her nephew both have a general predisposition towards sneakiness , Auntie Wainwright is much more adept at applying it . Clegg is reluctant to go into her shop , since she always sells him something he does n't want , but she usually finds ways to trick him into entering . She is extremely mean , and pretends to be cheated when she gives the slightest discount . At Compo 's funeral , she grabbed Eli by the arm and pretended to be blind in order to avoid giving money to a collection outside the church . Whenever customers entered the shop she would surprise them by talking through a loudspeaker , saying things like `` Stay where you are ! '' , `` Do n't touch anything or you will be electrocuted '' , ( or things of that nature ) . Though she is largely based in her usual junk shop , she was occasionally shown to own ( or she was the tenant of ) other shops and even junkyards ( which comes to the shock of the trio and other characters ) . She was also extremely security conscious ( even pointing a shotgun at the trio on one occasion ) . As with several other characters , she was originally seen in a `` one - off '' appearance in the 1988 Christmas Special Crums . However she became so popular that she was brought back for a second appearance at Christmas 1989 , eventually becoming a regular from 1992 thereafter . She may have had a sister called Elsie -- this is the name of Howard 's mother . Note : Auntie Wainwright is no relation to Mr Wainwright from the library . ( See Below ) Clem `` Smiler '' hemmingway ( stephen Lewis ) ( edit ) ( Stephen Lewis : 1988 , 1990 , 1991 -- 2007 ) eternally miserable and none - too - bright comic foil , similar to Lewis ' character Inspector Cyril `` Blakey '' Blake in LWT 's hit comedy On The Buses ( some episodes of which he co-wrote ) from 1969 to 1973 . Smiler was first seen as a one - off character in 1988 's ' That Certain Smile ' , in which the trio had to sneak a hospitalised Smiler 's beloved dog Bess in to see him . During his first appearance he was almost entirely referred to by everyone else as his real name `` Clem '' . The character was popular enough to be brought back on a semi-regular basis , and was a regular throughout the 1990s and most of the 2000s ( although his dog died between his first and second appearances ) . In some early appearances , he was a lollipop man , but for much of his time on the show worked for Auntie Wainwright , with whom he seems to be suffering some sort of indentured servitude . In early appearances , Smiler was also a lodger with Nora Batty , which enraged the jealous Compo . Smiler once described that working for Nora Batty was like being in the Army again , and always on Jankers . He also described it akin to jail at Stalag 14 . Smiler also owned a big , but rather beaten up and poorly maintained , white convertible 1972 Chevrolet Impala , in which he sometimes drove around with Tom , and which on occasion has been used in various promotions for Auntie Wainwright . The trio would often cross paths with Smiler and use him for whatever scheme or activity they were doing ( largely because of his tall height and gormless nature ) . Smiler was last seen in the series 28 episode `` Sinclair and the Wormley Witches '' . Lewis left the show at the end of series 28 because of ill health . He was last mentioned in the series 29 episode `` Of Passion and Pizza '' by Tom 's saying that Smiler had disappeared . The library ( edit ) Mr. Wainwright ( edit ) ( Blake Butler , 1973 , 1976 ) The rather timid head of the local library , which the trio visited a lot in the show 's early days -- Compo nicknamed him ' Old Shagnasty ' . Mr Wainwright left at the same time as Mrs Partridge 's departure ( see below ) , but was `` transferred back '' to the area in the third series , featuring in two episodes where he was once again romancing his new assistant , Miss Moody . It is shown in Series 1 he , unlike Miss Probert , approves of the books with four - letter words . ( Note : Mr Wainwright is not related to Auntie Wainwright . ) Mrs. Partridge ( edit ) ( Rosemary Martin : 1973 ) , a librarian at the same library , and who was engaged in an affair with Mr Wainwright which they mistakenly believed was secret . The characters were never really felt to catch on , and disappeared as the library was written out as a favourite haunt of the main trio . However , a few years later , the storyline was resurrected and occasionally used for Howard and Marina . The library was also brought back for Foggy to get thrown out of all the time . She has twelve - year - old son , as of Short Back and Palais Glide . Miss Probert ( edit ) ( June Watson , 1975 ) One of the librarians who briefly replaced Wainwright and Partridge during the second series . Miss Probert is a radical `` feminist '' , who is always railing against men to the more timid Miss Jones . Miss Probert has two missions in life ; one is discouraging the lending out of books she considers `` filthy '' ; the other is making a misandrist out of Miss Jones , in whom she seems to take a more than professional interest . Her disappearance from the series is unexplained , and it is presumed she went back to wherever she worked before . Miss Jones ( edit ) ( Janet Davies : , 1975 ) The other librarian who replaced Mr. Wainwright and Mrs. Partridge in the second series . Miss Jones is a quiet , timid female who is overshadowed by Miss Probert . She previously worked in a children 's library , which she frequently says she wants to return to . She has a pair of pink fly - away glasses that are on a chain around her neck . She does n't like working at the Holmfirth library , because of the four - letter words . She always does what Miss Probert asks her , always without question or protest . Like Miss Probert , her disappearance is unexplained , and it is believed she returned to the children 's library . This is most likely due to the remark she made to Miss Probert about wanting to go back where `` Puss in Boots means just that and not like that awful magazine '' . Miss Moody ( edit ) ( Kate Brown , 1976 ) The librarian who replaced Mrs. Partridge on Mr. Wainwright 's return . She only appeared in two episodes , and it is shown she shares Mr. Wainwrights dreams about revolution . She is the first woman to suffer the sight of Compo 's matchbox . Although middle - aged , she is attractive and she and Mr. Wainwright are believed to one of the original structures for Howard and Marina . Miss Lucinda Davenport ( edit ) ( Josephine Tewson , 2003 -- 2010 ) After many years of the library setting seldom being used , Miss Davenport was introduced as the new librarian in 2003 . A very emotional woman haunted by a string of past rejections , she first appeared as a guest , driving Gavin Hinchcliff around while he skied on the van roof . Originally , Glenda took up the cause of socializing her and tried to fit her in with the coffee - drinker circle of Nora , Ivy , Pearl , and co . They did not take too well to each other ; in more recent episodes , she 's bonded with Marina instead , with the pair of them both longing for love in their individual ways . In the episode : `` In Which Howard Remembers Where He Left His Bicycle Pump '' , it is revealed that Miss Davenport 's first name is `` Lucinda '' . Around town ( edit ) Elijah `` Eli '' duckett ( danny O'Dea ) ( edit ) ( 1987 -- 2002 ) An extremely long - sighted bumbler , Eli maintained a highly cheerful , friendly attitude despite not having a clue what was going on around him . He generally made only brief cameo appearances , walking into a scene and commenting on his long - sighted misinterpretation of the action , and then walking off again . He was occasionally seen on a bicycle . On occasion , his long - sightedness caused him to walk into slapstick ( and carefully choreographed ) mishaps such as walking into the back of a lorry and over the tops of cars , or falling into a skip . For much of his time in the series , Eli also had a Jack Russell dog ( which once disappeared , leading Eli to mistake a sheep for the dog ) . Despite his long - sightedness , Eli is eternally cheerful and optimistic , and glad to see anyone who stops to talk to him . In one episode , a passing comment by Compo seemed to suggest that Eli was a sniper during the Second World War . In the 1995 New Year Special episode featuring Sir Norman Wisdom , ' The Man Who Nearly Knew Pavarotti ' , Eli is the conductor of the Holme Silver Band . Originally brought in as a friend of Wally Batty , the character was so popular that Eli remained on the show after the death of actor Joe Gladwin . Eli and Wally appeared together in the series 9 episode , `` Jaws '' , in 1987 . Eli never appeared again following the death of O'Dea , though the character was not explicitly killed off . He was replaced by two drunks ( who were also in earlier episodes of the series , sometimes credited as Villagers ) , but appeared in only a few episodes . In the 1988 episode `` The Pig Man Cometh '' of All Creatures Great and Small O'Dea played the character Rupe who , like Eli , had defective vision , clearly alluding to his role in Last of the Summer Wine . Nelly ( dame June Whitfield ) ( edit ) ( 2005 , 2006 -- 2010 ) A more recent addition to the ladies ' coffee - drinking set , and Pearl 's comrade - in - arms . Nelly 's never - seen husband Travis needs constant attention , which Nelly generally administers over her mobile phone . Nelly occasionally provides more `` sophisticated '' viewpoints as a result of having lived further south for some time , but even she regards them with some befuddlement . June Whitfield previously made a `` one off '' appearance in the series as a different character , Delphi Potts , in the 2001 Christmas Special , ' Potts in Pole Position ' , married to Lother , the character of Warren Mitchell , a couple of years before she became a regular as Nelly . In Series 30 , she became the object of Hobbo 's obsession when he became convinced that she was his long - lost mother , much to her annoyance . She was one of the only two regular characters ( the other being Ivy ) not to appear in the final episode . Morton Beemish ( christopher beeny ) ( edit ) ( 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 -- 2005 , 2007 , 2008 -- 2010 ) He first appeared as Herman Teesdale , `` the Repo man '' , who is always pursuing Tom Simmonite , claiming that he owes money . ( May be related to character Jack Harry Teesdale , who appeared in two episodes . ) He is determined but gullible , and Tom always evades him . From 2005 on , he has not only been mentioned by name , but also calls on Barry for social visits , with Barry not being too thrilled at this newfound friendship . In certain episodes in 2005 , it is clear that he still repossesses belongings , which Glenda suggests is the reason none of his friendships lasted : he kept repossessing his friends ' goods . The character returned in a 2007 episode of the show ; and again in the 2008 New Year special , saying that he has retired from debt collecting and changed his name to Morton Beemish in order to start a new life for himself . He seeks out the friendship of his former nemesis , Tom ( though Tom was still suspicious of him and would often hide from him when he saw sight of him ) . In the final two seasons 30 -- 31 the character practically lives next door to Barry and Glenda as a near - lodger with Toby Mulberry , ( aka The Captain ) . Toby Mulberry smith ( trevor Bannister ) ( edit ) ( 1992 , 2001 , 2002 -- 03 , 2004 , 2005 -- 06 , 2008 -- 2010 ) The Captain of the local golf club where Barry is often trying to fit in as a member ; but , despite his best efforts to impress him , Barry always manages to annoy or offend the Captain , either by becoming involved with some escapade with the main trio , or by some other social faux pas . Trevor Bannister is best known for playing Mr Lucas in another comedy favourite , Are You Being Served ? , with Frank Thornton from 1972 to 1979 , and also starred with Brian Wilde in the short - lived Wyatt 's Watchdogs in 1988 . He had previously played a tailor in the 1992 episode ' Who 's Got Rhythm ? ' . The Captain returned for the 2008 New Years Special I Was A Hitman For Primrose Dairies , where he received a name , Toby , for the first time . In series 30 he moves in next door to Barry and Glenda and shortly after gains Morton Beemish ( aka Herman Teesdale ) , the former repo man , as a near - lodger , since he 's always there doing tasks around the house . During this time his relationship with Barry appeared to improve and the two ( along with Glenda ) would often bond over their annoyance of Morton . Special guests and minor recurring characters ( edit ) Billy Ingleton ( Sir Norman Wisdom ) ( edit ) ( 1995 , 1996 , 2001 , 2002 and 2004 ) Like a number of other characters , Norman Wisdom was originally intended to make one guest appearance in the show , and ended up as a recurring character . He originally played the hapless Billy Ingleton in the 1995 New Year special ' The Man Who Nearly Knew Pavarotti ' . He proved so popular that like Auntie Wainwright before him , he was asked to appear in the following year 's special ( ' Extra ! Extra ! ' ) . From then on , much - loved comedian Norman Wisdom occasionally pops up , sometimes for the storyline of an episode , at other times in smaller appearances . He is not always credited for smaller appearances . Policemen ( edit ) Local policemen often witness the bizarre goings on , usually related to the main trio , and watch in bemusement . They are generally seen parked up around the moors and trying not to get involved with anything , instead eating ( they have even been seen to have a roadside barbecue on occasion ) or drinking tea . They would often be in deep conversation speculating bizarre scenarios and whether or not they would come true , only for them to become true largely down to the main trio along with other characters . PC Cooper ( aka 1st policeman ) ( ken Kitson ) ( edit ) ( 1983 , 1988 -- 2010 ) Kitson first appeared in the 1983 Christmas special ' Getting Sam Home ' and made 2 further guest appearances before becoming a semi-regular character from series 12 onwards . In series 29 he was finally given the name PC Cooper . Cooper tends to be the bigger - headed of the two , but he has many ingenious ways of dealing with petty crimes with minimal disruption to his relaxation . In his first episode he is shown to be a friend of Sid 's ( which was the latter 's last appearance on the show before his death ) . PC Walsh ( aka 2nd policeman ) ( louis Emerick ) ( edit ) ( 1988 , 1989 , 2004 -- 2010 ) Emerick first appeared alongside Kitson in ' Downhill Racer ' . He made one more appearance in the next series , in the episode ' Three Men and a Mangle ' , and later reappeared in 2004 to partner Kitson after Tony Capstick 's death . In series 29 he was finally given the name PC Walsh . Walsh is more level - headed than Cooper and enjoys `` taking the mickey '' , but he tends to be a little more naïve . 2nd policeman ( Tony Capstick ) ( edit ) ( 1987 , 1990 -- 2004 ) Capstick made his first appearance in the 1987 special ' Big Day at Dream Acres ' , before becoming a semi-regular alongside Kitson from series 12 in 1990 , up to his death in late 2003 . His last appearance was the episode ' Yours Truly -- If You 're Not Careful ' . Capstick 's character was spacey and less intelligent even than the often - oblivious Cooper . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , pp. 56 -- 57 Jump up ^ Roy Clarke ( writer ) & James Gilbert ( director ) ( unknown ) . `` Last of the Summer Wine : The New Mobile Trio '' . Last of the Summer Wine . Season 1 . Episode 5 . BBC One . Check date values in : date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Roy Clarke ( writer ) & James Gilbert ( director ) ( 1973 - 01 - 04 ) . `` Last of the Summer Wine : Of Funerals and Fish '' . Comedy Playhouse . Season 14 . Episode 1 . BBC One . Jump up ^ Series 1 , Episode 0 -- pilot Jump up ^ Roy Clarke ( writer ) & Sydney Lotterby ( director ) ( 1976 - 10 - 27 ) . `` The Man from Oswestry '' . Last of the Summer Wine . Season 3 . Episode 1 . BBC One . ^ Jump up to : Roy Clarke ( writer ) & Alan J.W. Bell ( director ) ( 1986 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Uncle of the Bride '' . Last of the Summer Wine . Season 8 . BBC One . New Year Special . ^ Jump up to : Roy Clarke ( writer ) & Alan J.W. Bell ( director ) ( 1990 - 09 - 02 ) . `` Return of the Warrior '' . Last of the Summer Wine . Season 12 . Episode 1 . BBC One . ^ Jump up to : Roy Clarke ( writer ) & Alan J.W. Bell ( director ) ( 1997 - 12 - 29 ) . `` There Goes the Groom '' . Last of the Summer Wine . Season 18 . BBC One . Christmas Special . Jump up ^ `` The Odd Dog Men '' . Season 6 . 1982 - 01 - 18 . Missing or empty series = ( help ) Jump up ^ As indicated in the prequel series ' First of the Summer Wine ' and the ninth series episode ' When you take a good bite , Yorkshire tastes terrible ' , Jump up ^ Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , pp. 71 Jump up ^ Roy Clarke ( writer ) & Alan J.W. Bell ( director ) ( 2003 - 03 - 09 ) . `` The Second Husband and the Showgirls '' . Last of the Summer Wine . Season 24 . Episode 9 . BBC One . ^ Jump up to : Roy Clarke ( writer ) & Alan J.W. Bell ( director ) ( 1999 - 04 - 25 ) . `` How Errol Flynn Discovered the Secret Scar of Nora Batty '' . Last of the Summer Wine . Season 20 . Episode 2 . BBC One . Jump up ^ Roy Clarke ( writer ) & Alan J.W. Bell ( director ) ( 2000 - 01 - 02 ) . `` Last Post and Pigeon '' . Last of the Summer Wine . Season 20 . BBC One . Millennium Special . Jump up ^ Roy Clarke ( writer ) & Alan J.W. Bell ( director ) ( 2000 - 06 - 04 ) . `` I Did n't Know Barry Could Play '' . Last of the Summer Wine . Season 21 . Episode 10 . BBC One . Jump up ^ Roy Clarke ( writer ) & Alan J.W. Bell ( director ) ( 2001 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Getting Barry 's Goat '' . Last of the Summer Wine . Season 22 . Episode 1 . BBC One . Jump up ^ Bright and Ross ( 2000 ) , pp. 140 Jump up ^ Roy Clarke ( writer ) & Alan J.W. Bell ( director ) ( 2003 - 01 - 05 ) . `` The Lair of the Cat Creature '' . Last of the Summer Wine . Season 24 . Episode 1 . BBC One . Jump up ^ Roy Clarke ( writer ) & Alan J.W. Bell ( director ) ( 2008 - 12 - 31 ) . `` I Was A Hitman for Primrose Dairies '' . Last of the Summer Wine . Series 30 . BBC One . New Years Special . Jump up ^ Series 9 , Episode 1 -- Uncle of the Bride ^ Jump up to : `` Last of the Summer Wine -- Sunday 06 July '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 4 July 2008 . References ( edit ) Bright , Morris ; Ross , Robert ( 6 April 2000 ) . Last of the Summer Wine : The Finest Vintage . London : BBC Worldwide . ISBN 0 - 563 - 55151 - 8 . ( hide ) Last of the Summer Wine Series 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Characters Nora Batty Norman Clegg Compo Simmonite See also First of the Summer Wine Home video releases `` Of Funerals and Fish '' `` There Goes the Groom '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Last_of_the_Summer_Wine_characters&oldid=839910991 '' Categories : Lists of sitcom television characters Last of the Summer Wine Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Pages with citations lacking titles All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2013 Use British English from April 2013 Use dmy dates from February 2013 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 May 2018 , at 14 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what country was not directly involved in the war of 1812
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War of 1812
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war of 1812
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War of 1812 Clockwise from top : damage to the U.S. Capitol after the Burning of Washington ; the mortally wounded Isaac Brock spurs on the York Volunteers at the battle of Queenston Heights ; USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere ; The death of Tecumseh in 1813 ; Andrew Jackson defeats the British assault on New Orleans . Date 18 June 1812 -- 18 February 1815 ( 2 years and 8 months ) Location Eastern and Central North America , Atlantic and Pacific Oceans Result Treaty of Ghent Military stalemate ; both sides ' invasion attempts repulsed Status quo ante bellum Defeat of Tecumseh 's Confederacy Belligerents United States Choctaw Cherokee Creeks Seneca United Kingdom The Canadas Tecumseh 's Confederacy Shawnee Creek Red Sticks Ojibwe Fox Iroquois Miami Mingo Ottawa Kickapoo Delaware ( Lenape ) Mascouten Potawatomi Sauk Wyandot Bourbon Spain Florida ( 1814 ) Commanders and leaders James Madison Henry Dearborn Jacob Brown Winfield Scott Andrew Jackson William Henry Harrison William H. Winder ( POW ) William Hull ( POW ) Zebulon Pike † Oliver Hazard Perry Isaac Chauncey George , Prince Regent Lord Liverpool Sir George Prévost Sir Isaac Brock † Gordon Drummond Charles de Salaberry Roger Hale Sheaffe Robert Ross † Edward Pakenham † James FitzGibbon Alexander Cochrane James Lucas Yeo Tecumseh † Strength U.S. Army : 7,000 ( at war 's start ) 35,800 ( at war 's end ) Rangers : 3,049 Militia : 458,463 * U.S. Marines U.S. Navy and Revenue Cutter Service ( at war 's start ) : Frigates : 12 Other vessels : 14 Privateers : 515 ships Native allies : 125 Choctaw unknown others British Army : 5,200 ( at war 's start ) 48,160 ( at war 's end ) Provincial regulars : 10,000 Militia : 4,000 Royal Marines Royal Navy Ships of the line : 11 Frigates : 34 Other vessels : 52 Provincial Marine ( at war 's start ) : ‡ Ships : 9 Native allies : 10,000 -- 15,000 Casualties and losses 2,200 -- 3,721 killed in action 4,505 wounded 15,000 ( est . ) died from all causes 4,000 slaves freed 20,000 captured 8 frigates captured or burnt 278 privateers captured 1,400 merchant ships captured British Empire : 1,160 -- 1,960 killed in action 3,679 + wounded 10,000 died from all causes 4 frigates captured ~ 1,344 merchant ships captured ( 373 recaptured ) 15,500 captured Native allies : 10,000 dead from all causes ( warriors and civilians ) Unknown captured * Some militias operated in only their own regions . † Killed in action ‡ A locally raised coastal protection and seminaval force on the Great Lakes . St. Lawrence / Lake Ontario frontier 1st Sacket 's Harbor Gananoque 1st Lacolle Mills Lake Ontario Elizabethtown Ogdensburg York 2nd Sacket 's Harbor Chateauguay Crysler 's Farm 2nd Lacolle Mills Fort Oswego Big Sandy Creek Plattsburgh Niagara Frontier Queenston Heights Frenchman 's Creek Fort George Stoney Creek Beaver Dams Black Rock Fort Niagara Buffalo Port Dover 1st Fort Erie Chippawa Lundy 's Lane Conjocta Creek 2nd Fort Erie Cook 's Mills Old Northwest Tippecanoe River Canard Fort Mackinac ( 1812 ) Brownstown Maguaga Fort Dearborn Detroit Fort Harrison Fort Wayne Wild Cat Creek Mississinewa Frenchtown Africa Point Tipton 's Island Fort Meigs Fort Stephenson Lake Erie Thames Longwoods Prairie du Chien Campbell Island Mackinac Island ( 1814 ) Lake Huron Malcolm 's Mills Chesapeake campaign Havre de Grace Craney Island St. Michaels Chesapeake Bay Flotilla Bladensburg Washington Alexandria Caulk 's Field North Point Baltimore Farnham Church Gulf Theater 1813 -- 1815 Prelude Tecumseh Creeks Alabama Fort Charlotte 1st Fort Bowyer 2nd Fort Bowyer Florida Pensacola Louisiana Lake Borgne Villeré Plantation Grand Reconnaissance Artillery Duel New Orleans Fort St. Philip Naval battles of the War of 1812 Atlantic Ocean USS Essex vs HMS Alert USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere Capture of HMS Frolic USS United States vs HMS Macedonian USS Constitution vs HMS Java Sinking of HMS Peacock Rappahannock River Capture of USS Chesapeake Capture of HMS Dominica Capture of USS Argus Capture of HMS Boxer Capture of USS Frolic Capture of HMS Epervier Sinking of HMS Reindeer Sinking of HMS Avon Fayal Capture of USS President Capture of HMS Cyane and HMS Levant Capture of HMS Penguin Capture of East India Company ship Nautilus East Coast Chesapeake Bay Alexandria Baltimore Hampden Fort Peter Great Lakes / Saint Lawrence River Lake Ontario 1st Sacket 's Harbor York Fort George 2nd Sacket 's Harbor Lake Erie Fort Oswego Lake Huron Lake Champlain West Indies / Gulf Coast La Guaira 1st Fort Bowyer Action of 13 December 1814 Lake Borgne New Orleans Fort St. Philip 2nd Fort Bowyer Pacific Ocean James Island Charles Island Nuku Hiva Downes Expedition Porter Expedition Typee Valley Valparaíso ( capture of USS Essex ) Seringapatam Mutiny Action of 9 May 1814 The War of 1812 was a conflict fought between the United States , the United Kingdom , and their respective allies from June 1812 to February 1815 . Historians in Britain often see it as a minor theater of the Napoleonic Wars ; in the United States and Canada , it is seen as a war in its own right . From the outbreak of war with Napoleonic France , Britain had enforced a naval blockade to choke off neutral trade to France , which the US contested as illegal under international law . To man the blockade , Britain impressed American merchant sailors into the Royal Navy . Incidents such as the Chesapeake -- Leopard affair inflamed anti-British sentiment in the US . In 1811 , the British were in turn outraged by the Little Belt affair , in which 11 British sailors died . Britain supplied Indians who raided American settlers on the frontier , hindering American expansion and provoking resentment . Historians debate whether the desire to annex some or all of British North America ( Canada ) contributed to the American decision to go to war . On June 18 , 1812 , US President James Madison , after heavy pressure from the War Hawks in Congress , signed the American declaration of war into law . With most of its army in Europe fighting Napoleon , Britain adopted a defensive strategy . American prosecution of the war effort suffered from its unpopularity , especially in New England , where it was derogatorily referred to as `` Mr. Madison 's War '' . American defeats at the Siege of Detroit and the Battle of Queenston Heights thwarted attempts to seize Upper Canada , improving British morale . American attempts to invade Lower Canada and capture Montreal also failed . In 1813 , the Americans won the Battle of Lake Erie , gaining control of the lake , and at the Battle of the Thames defeated Tecumseh 's Confederacy , securing a primary war goal . A final American attempt to invade Canada was fought to a draw at the Battle of Lundy 's Lane during the summer of 1814 . At sea , the powerful Royal Navy blockaded American ports , cutting off trade and allowing the British to raid the coast at will . In 1814 , one of these raids burned the capital , Washington , although the Americans later repulsed British attempts to invade New England and capture Baltimore . In Britain , there was mounting opposition to wartime taxation and demands to reopen trade with America . With the abdication of Napoleon , the blockade of France ended and Britain ceased impressment , rendering the issue of the impressment of American sailors moot . The British were then able to increase the strength of the blockade on the United States coast , annihilating American maritime trade and bringing the US government near to bankruptcy . Neither side wanted to continue fighting . Peace negotiations began in August 1814 , and the Treaty of Ghent was signed on December 24 . News of the peace did not reach America for some time . Unaware of the treaty , British forces invaded Louisiana and were defeated at the Battle of New Orleans in January 1815 . These late victories were viewed by Americans as having restored national honour , leading to the collapse of anti-war sentiment and the beginning of the Era of Good Feelings , a period of national unity . News of the treaty arrived shortly thereafter , halting military operations . The treaty was unanimously ratified by the US Senate on February 17 , 1815 , ending the war with no boundary changes . Contents 1 Origins 1.1 Honour and the second war of independence 1.2 Impressment and naval actions 1.3 British support for Native American raids 1.4 American expansionism 1.5 U.S. political conflict 2 Forces 2.1 American 2.2 British 2.3 Indian 3 Declaration of war 4 Course of war 4.1 Unpreparedness 4.1. 1 Administrative and economic problems 4.2 Great Lakes and Western Territories 4.2. 1 Invasions of Upper and Lower Canada , 1812 4.2. 2 American Northwest , 1813 4.2. 3 Niagara frontier , 1813 4.2. 4 St. Lawrence and Lower Canada , 1813 4.2. 5 Niagara and Plattsburgh Campaigns , 1814 4.2. 6 American West , 1813 -- 15 4.3 Atlantic theater 4.3. 1 Opening strategies 4.3. 2 Single - ship actions 4.3. 3 Privateering 4.3. 4 Blockade 4.3. 5 Freeing and recruiting slaves 4.3. 6 Occupation of Maine 4.3. 7 Chesapeake campaign and `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' 4.4 Southern theater 4.4. 1 Creek War 4.4. 2 Gulf Coast 5 Treaty of Ghent 5.1 Factors leading to the peace negotiations 5.2 Negotiations and peace 6 Losses and compensation 7 Memory and historiography 7.1 Popular views 7.2 Canadian 7.3 American 7.4 Historians ' views 7.4. 1 National bias of historians 7.4. 2 Indians as losers 8 Long - term consequences 8.1 United States 8.2 British North America ( Canada ) 8.3 Indigenous nations 8.4 Bermuda 8.5 Britain 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Sources 13 Further reading 14 External links Origins Main article : Origins of the War of 1812 Historians have long debated the relative weight of the multiple reasons underlying the origins of the War of 1812 . This section summarizes several contributing factors which resulted in the declaration of war by the United States . Honour and the second war of independence As Risjord ( 1961 ) notes , a powerful motivation for the Americans was the desire to uphold national honour in the face of what they considered to be British insults such as the Chesapeake -- Leopard affair . H.W. Brands says , `` The other war hawks spoke of the struggle with Britain as a second war of independence ; ( Andrew ) Jackson , who still bore scars from the first war of independence , held that view with special conviction . The approaching conflict was about violations of American rights , but it was also about vindication of American identity . '' Americans at the time and historians since have often called it the United States ' `` Second War of Independence '' . The British were also offended by what they considered insults such as the Little Belt affair . This gave the British a particular interest in capturing the United States flagship President , which they succeeded in doing in 1815 . Impressment and naval actions In 1807 , Britain introduced a series of trade restrictions via the Orders in Council to impede neutral trade with France , which Britain was then fighting in the Napoleonic Wars . The United States contested these restrictions as illegal under international law . Historian Reginald Horsman states , `` a large section of influential British opinion , both in the government and in the country , thought that America presented a threat to British maritime supremacy . '' The American merchant marine had nearly doubled between 1802 and 1810 , making it by far the largest neutral fleet . Britain was the largest trading partner , receiving 80 % of U.S. cotton and 50 % of other U.S. exports . The British public and press were resentful of the growing mercantile and commercial competition . The United States ' view was that Britain 's restrictions violated its right to trade with others . During the Napoleonic Wars , the Royal Navy expanded to 176 ships of the line and 600 ships overall , requiring 140,000 sailors to man . While the Royal Navy could man its ships with volunteers in peacetime , it competed in wartime with merchant shipping and privateers for a small pool of experienced sailors and turned to impressment from ashore and foreign or domestic shipping when it could not operate its ships with volunteers alone . The United States believed that British deserters had a right to become U.S. citizens . Britain did not recognize a right whereby a British subject could relinquish his status as a British subject , emigrate and transfer his national allegiance as a naturalized citizen to any other country . This meant that in addition to recovering naval deserters , it considered any United States citizens who were born British liable for impressment . Aggravating the situation was the reluctance of the United States to issue formal naturalization papers and the widespread use of unofficial or forged identity or protection papers by sailors . This made it difficult for the Royal Navy to distinguish Americans from non-Americans and led it to impress some Americans who had never been British . Some gained freedom on appeal . Thus while the United States recognized British - born sailors on American ships as Americans , Britain did not . It was estimated by the Admiralty that there were 11,000 naturalized sailors on United States ships in 1805 . US Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin stated that 9,000 US sailors were born in Britain . Moreover , a great number of these British born sailors were Irish . An investigation by Captain Isaac Chauncey in 1808 found that 58 % of sailors based in New York City were either naturalized citizens or recent immigrants , the majority of these foreign born sailors ( 134 of 150 ) being from Britain . Moreover , 80 of the 134 British sailors were Irish . American anger at impressment grew when British frigates were stationed just outside US harbours in view of US shores and searched ships for contraband and impressed men while within US territorial waters . Well publicized impressment actions such as the Leander affair and the Chesapeake -- Leopard affair outraged the American public . The British public in turn were outraged by the Little Belt affair , in which a larger American ship clashed with a small British sloop , resulting in the deaths of 11 British sailors . Both sides claimed the other fired first , but the British public in particular blamed the US for attacking a smaller vessel , with calls for revenge by some newspapers , while the US was encouraged by the fact they had won a victory over the Royal Navy . The US Navy also forcibly recruited British sailors but the British government saw impressment as commonly accepted practice and preferred to rescue British sailors from American impressment on a case - by - case basis . British support for Native American raids Origins of the War of 1812 Chesapeake -- Leopard affair Orders in Council ( 1807 ) Embargo Act of 1807 Non-Intercourse Act ( 1809 ) Macon 's Bill Number 2 Tecumseh 's War Henry letters War hawks Rule of 1756 Monroe -- Pinkney Treaty Little Belt affair The Northwest Territory , which consisted of the modern states of Ohio , Indiana , Illinois , Michigan , and Wisconsin , was the battleground for conflict between the Native American Nations and the United States . The British Empire had ceded the area to the United States in the Treaty of Paris in 1783 , both sides ignoring the fact that the land was already inhabited by various Native American nations . These included the Miami , Winnebago , Shawnee , Fox , Sauk , Kickapoo , Delaware and Wyandot . Some warriors , who had left their nations of origin , followed Tenskwatawa , the Shawnee Prophet and the brother of Tecumseh . Tenskwatawa had a vision of purifying his society by expelling the `` children of the Evil Spirit '' : the American settlers . The Indians wanted to create their own state in the Northwest to end the American threat forever as it became clear that the Americans wanted all of the land in the Old Northwest for themselves . Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh formed a confederation of numerous tribes to block American expansion . The British saw the Native American nations as valuable allies and a buffer to its Canadian colonies and provided arms . Attacks on American settlers in the Northwest further aggravated tensions between Britain and the United States . Raiding grew more common in 1810 and 1811 ; Westerners in Congress found the raids intolerable and wanted them permanently ended . British policy towards the Indians of the Northwest was torn between the desire to keep the Americans fighting in the Northwest , and to preserve a region that provided rich profits for Canadian fur traders , versus the fear that too much support for the Indians would cause a war with the United States . Through Tecumseh 's plans for an Indian state in the Northwest would benefit British North America by making it more defensible , at the same time , the defeats suffered by Tecumseh 's confederation had the British leery of going too far to support what was probably a losing cause . In the months running up to the war , British diplomats attempted to defuse tensions on the frontier . The confederation 's raids , and its very existence , hindered American expansion into rich farmlands in the Northwest Territory . Pratt writes : There is ample proof that the British authorities did all in their power to hold or win the allegiance of the Indians of the Northwest with the expectation of using them as allies in the event of war . Indian allegiance could be held only by gifts , and to an Indian no gift was as acceptable as a lethal weapon . Guns and ammunition , tomahawks and scalping knives were dealt out with some liberality by British agents . However , according to the U.S. Army Center of Military History , the `` land - hungry frontiersmen '' , with `` no doubt that their troubles with the Native Americans were the result of British intrigue '' , exacerbated the problem by `` ( circulating stories ) after every Native American raid of British Army muskets and equipment being found on the field '' . Thus , `` the westerners were convinced that their problems could best be solved by forcing the British out of Canada '' . The British had the long - standing goal of creating a large , `` neutral '' Native American state to cover much of Ohio , Indiana , and Michigan . They made the demand as late as the fall of 1814 at the peace conference , but lost control of western Ontario in 1813 at key battles on and around Lake Erie . These battles destroyed the Indian confederacy which had been the main ally of the British in that region , weakening its negotiating position . Although much of the area remained under British or British - allied Native Americans ' control until the end of the war , the British , at American insistence and with higher priorities , dropped the demands . American expansionism American expansion into the Northwest Territory was being obstructed by various Indian tribes since the end of the Revolution , who were supplied and encouraged by the British . Americans on the western frontier demanded that interference be stopped . There is dispute , however , over whether or not the American desire to annex Canada brought on the war . Several historians believe that the capture of Canada was intended only as a means to secure a bargaining chip , which would then be used to force Britain to back down on the maritime issues . It would also cut off food supplies for Britain 's West Indian colonies , and temporarily prevent the British from continuing to arm the Indians . However , many historians believe that a desire to annex Canada was a cause of the war . This view was more prevalent before 1940 , but remains widely held today . Congressman Richard Mentor Johnson told Congress that the constant Indian atrocities along the Wabash River in Indiana were enabled by supplies from Canada and were proof that `` the war has already commenced ... I shall never die contented until I see England 's expulsion from North America and her territories incorporated into the United States . '' James Madison , U.S. President , ( 1809 -- 1817 ) Lord Liverpool , British Prime Minister , ( 1812 -- 1827 ) Madison believed that British economic policies designed to foster imperial preference were harming the American economy and that as British North America existed , here was a conduit for American smugglers who were undercutting his trade policies , which thus required that the United States annex British North America . Furthermore , Madison believed that the Great Lakes - St. Lawrence trade route might become the main trade route for the export of North American goods to Europe at the expense of the U.S. economy , and if the United States controlled the resources of British North America like timber which the British needed for their navy , then Britain would be forced to change its maritime policies which had so offended American public opinion . Many Americans believed it was only natural that their country should swallow up North America with one Congressman , John Harper saying in a speech that `` the Author of Nature Himself had marked our limits in the south , by the Gulf of Mexico and on the north , by the regions of eternal frost '' . Upper Canada ( modern southern Ontario ) had been settled mostly by Revolution - era exiles from the United States ( United Empire Loyalists ) or postwar American immigrants . The Loyalists were hostile to union with the United States , while the immigrant settlers were generally uninterested in politics and remained neutral or supported the British during the war . The Canadian colonies were thinly populated and only lightly defended by the British Army . Americans then believed that many men in Upper Canada would rise up and greet an American invading army as liberators . That did not happen . One reason American forces retreated after one successful battle inside Canada was that they could not obtain supplies from the locals . But the Americans thought that the possibility of local support suggested an easy conquest , as former President Thomas Jefferson believed : `` The acquisition of Canada this year , as far as the neighborhood of Quebec , will be a mere matter of marching , and will give us the experience for the attack on Halifax , the next and final expulsion of England from the American continent . '' Annexation was supported by American border businessmen who wanted to gain control of Great Lakes trade . Carl Benn noted that the War Hawks ' desire to annex the Canadas was similar to the enthusiasm for the annexation of Spanish Florida by inhabitants of the American South ; both expected war to facilitate expansion into long - desired lands and end support for hostile Indian tribes ( Tecumseh 's Confederacy in the North and the Creek in the South ) . Tennessee Congressman Felix Grundy considered it essential to acquire Canada to preserve domestic political balance , arguing that annexing Canada would maintain the free state - slave state balance , which might otherwise be thrown off by the acquisition of Florida and the settlement of the southern areas of the new Louisiana Purchase . Historian Richard Maass argued in 2015 that the expansionist theme is a myth that goes against the `` relative consensus among experts that the primary U.S. objective was the repeal of British maritime restrictions '' . He argues that consensus among scholars is that the United States went to war `` because six years of economic sanctions had failed to bring Britain to the negotiating table , and threatening the Royal Navy 's Canadian supply base was their last hope . '' Maass agrees that theoretically expansionism might have tempted Americans , but finds that `` leaders feared the domestic political consequences of doing so . Notably , what limited expansionism there was focused on sparsely populated western lands rather than the more populous eastern settlements ( of Canada ) . '' Nevertheless , Maas notes that many historians continue to believe that expansionism was a cause . Horsman argued expansionism played a role as a secondary cause after maritime issues , noting that many historians have mistakenly rejected expansionism as a cause for the war . He notes that it was considered key to maintaining sectional balance between free and slave states thrown off by American settlement of the Louisiana Territory , and widely supported by dozens of War Hawk congressmen such as John A. Harper , Felix Grundy , Henry Clay , and Richard M. Johnson , who voted for war with expansion as a key aim . In disagreeing with those interpretations that have simply stressed expansionism and minimized maritime causation , historians have ignored deep - seated American fears for national security , dreams of a continent completely controlled by the republican United States , and the evidence that many Americans believed that the War of 1812 would be the occasion for the United States to achieve the long - desired annexation of Canada ... Thomas Jefferson well - summarized American majority opinion about the war ... to say `` that the cession of Canada ... must be a sine qua non at a treaty of peace '' . However , Horsman states that in his view `` the desire for Canada did not cause the War of 1812 '' and that `` The United States did not declare war because it wanted to obtain Canada , but the acquisition of Canada was viewed as a major collateral benefit of the conflict . '' Historian Alan Taylor says that many Democratic - Republican congressmen , such as Richard M. Johnson , John A. Harper and Peter B. Porter , `` longed to oust the British from the continent and to annex Canada . '' A few Southerners opposed this , fearing an imbalance of free and slave states if Canada was annexed , while anti-Catholicism also caused many to oppose annexing mainly Catholic Lower Canada , believing its French - speaking inhabitants `` unfit ... for republican citizenship '' . Even major figures such as Henry Clay and James Monroe expected to keep at least Upper Canada in the event of an easy conquest . Notable American generals , like William Hull were led by this sentiment to issue proclamations to Canadians during the war promising republican liberation through incorporation into the United States ; a proclamation the government never officially disavowed . General Alexander Smyth similarly declared to his troops that when they invaded Canada `` You will enter a country that is to become one of the United States . You will arrive among a people who are to become your fellow - citizens . '' A lack of clarity about American intentions undercut these appeals , however . David and Jeanne Heidler argue that `` Most historians agree that the War of 1812 was not caused by expansionism but instead reflected a real concern of American patriots to defend United States ' neutral rights from the overbearing tyranny of the British Navy . That is not to say that expansionist aims would not potentially result from the war . '' However , they also argue otherwise , saying that `` acquiring Canada would satisfy America 's expansionist desires '' , also describing it as a key goal of western expansionists , who , they argue , believed that `` eliminating the British presence in Canada would best accomplish '' their goal of halting British support for Indian raids . They argue that the `` enduring debate '' is over the relative importance of expansionism as a factor , and whether `` expansionism played a greater role in causing the War of 1812 than American concern about protecting neutral maritime rights . '' U.S. Political conflict Main articles : Federalist Party and Opposition to the War of 1812 in the United States While the British government was largely oblivious to the deteriorating North American situation because of its involvement in a continent - wide European war , the U.S. was in a period of significant political conflict between the Federalist Party ( based mainly in the Northeast ) , which favoured a strong central government and closer ties to Britain , and the Democratic - Republican Party ( with its greatest power base in the South and West ) , which favoured a weak central government , preservation of states ' rights ( including slavery ) , expansion into Indian land , and a stronger break with Britain . By 1812 , the Federalist Party had weakened considerably , and the Republicans , with James Madison completing his first term of office and control of Congress , were in a strong position to pursue their more aggressive agenda against Britain . Throughout the war , support for the U.S. cause was weak ( or sometimes non-existent ) in Federalist areas of the Northeast . Few men volunteered to serve ; the banks avoided financing the war . The negativism of the Federalists , especially as exemplified by the Hartford Convention of 1814 -- 15 , ruined its reputation and the Party survived only in scattered areas . By 1815 there was broad support for the war from all parts of the country . This allowed the triumphant Democratic - Republicans to adopt some Federalist policies , such as a national bank , which Madison reestablished in 1816 . Forces American The United States Navy ( USN ) had 7,250 sailors and Marines in 1812 . The American Navy was well trained and a professional force that fought well against the Barbary pirates and France in the Quasi-War . The USN had 13 ocean - going warships , three of them `` super-frigates '' . Its principal problem was a lack of funding as many in Congress did not see the need for a strong navy . The American warships were all well - built ships that were equal , if not superior , to British ships of a similar class ( British shipbuilding emphasized quantity over quality ) . However , the biggest ships in the USN were frigates , and the Americans had no ships - of - the - line capable of engaging in a fleet action with the Royal Navy at sea . On the high seas , the Americans could only pursue a strategy of commerce raiding , taking British merchantmen with their frigates and privateers . Before the war , the USN was largely concentrated on the Atlantic coast and at the war 's outbreak had only two gunboats on Lake Champlain , one brig on Lake Ontario and another brig in Lake Erie . The United States Army was much larger than the British Army in North America , and the soldiers well - trained and brave . However , leadership in the American officer corps was inconsistent ; some officers proved themselves to be outstanding but many others inept , owing their positions to political favors . Congress was hostile to a standing army and , during the war , the U.S. government called out 450,000 men from the state militas , a number that was slightly smaller than the entire population of British North America . However , the state militias were poorly trained , armed , and led . After the Battle of Bladensburg in 1814 , in which the Maryland and Virginia militias were soundly defeated by the British Army , President Madison commented , `` I could never have believed so great a difference existed between regular troops and a militia force , if I not witnessed the scenes of this day . '' British See also : Canadian units of the War of 1812 The British Royal Navy was a well - led , professional force , considered the world 's most powerful navy . However , as long as the war with France continued , North America was a secondary concern . In 1813 , France had 80 ships - of - the - line while building another 35 . Therefore , containing the French fleet had to be the main British naval concern . In Upper Canada , the British had the Provincial Marine was essential for keeping the army supplied since the roads in Upper Canada were abysmal . On Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence , the Royal Navy had two schooners while the Provincial Marine maintained four small warships on Lake Erie . The British Army in North America was a very professional and well trained force , but suffered from being outnumbered . The militias of Upper Canada and Lower Canada had a much lower level of military effectiveness . Nevertheless , Canadian militia ( and locally recruited regular units known as `` Fencibles '' ) were often more reliable than American militia , particularly when defending their own territory . As such they played pivotal roles in various engagements , including at the Battle of the Chateauguay where Canadian and Indian forces alone stopped a much larger American force despite not having assistance from regular British units . Indian Because of their lower population compared to whites , and lacking artillery , Indian allies of the British avoided pitched battles and instead relied on irregular warfare , including raids and ambushes . Given their low population , it was crucial to avoid heavy losses and , in general , Indian chiefs sought to fight only under favorable conditions ; any battle that promised heavy losses was avoided if possible . The main Indian weapons were a mixture of tomahawks , knives , swords , rifles , clubs , arrows and muskets . Indian warriors were brave , but the need to avoid heavy losses meant that they fought only under the most favorable conditions and their tactics favored a defensive as opposed to offensive style . In the words of Benn , those Indians fighting with the Americans provided the U.S. with their `` most effective light troops '' while the British desperately needed the Indian tribes to compensate for their numerical inferiority . The Indians , regardless of which side they fought for , saw themselves as allies , not subordinates and Indian chiefs did what they viewed as best for their tribes , much to the annoyance of both American and British generals , who often complained about their unreliability . Declaration of war U.S. Declaration of War Proclamation by Isaac Brock in response to the U.S. declaration of war Wikisource has original text related to this article : US Declaration of War against the United Kingdom On June 1 , 1812 , President James Madison sent a message to Congress recounting American grievances against Great Britain , though not specifically calling for a declaration of war . After Madison 's message , the House of Representatives deliberated for four days behind closed doors before voting 79 to 49 ( 61 % ) in favor of the first declaration of war . The Senate concurred in the declaration by a 19 to 13 ( 59 % ) vote in favour . The conflict began formally on June 18 , 1812 , when Madison signed the measure into law and proclaimed it the next day . This was the first time that the United States had declared war on another nation , and the Congressional vote was the closest vote to formally declare war in American history . The Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 1991 , while not a formal declaration of war , was a closer vote . None of the 39 Federalists in Congress voted in favour of the war ; critics of war subsequently referred to it as `` Mr. Madison 's War . '' Earlier in London on May 11 , an assassin had killed Prime Minister Spencer Perceval , which resulted in Lord Liverpool coming to power . Liverpool wanted a more practical relationship with the United States . On June 23 , he issued a repeal of the Orders in Council , but the United States was unaware of this , as it took three weeks for the news to cross the Atlantic . On June 28 , 1812 , HMS Colibri was despatched from Halifax under a flag of truce to New York . On July 9 , she anchored off Sandy Hook , and three days later sailed on her return with a copy of the declaration of war , in addition to transporting the British ambassador to the United States , Mr. Foster and consul , Colonel Barclay . She arrived in Halifax , Nova Scotia eight days later . The news of the declaration took even longer to reach London . However , the British commander in Upper Canada received news of the American declaration of war much faster . In response to the U.S. declaration of war , Isaac Brock issued a proclamation alerting the citizenry in Upper Canada of the state of war and urging all military personnel `` to be vigilant in the discharge of their duty '' to prevent communication with the enemy and to arrest anyone suspected of helping the Americans . He also issued orders to the commander of the British post at Fort St. Joseph to initiate offensive operations against U.S. forces in northern Michigan , who it turned out , were not yet aware of their own government 's declaration of war . The resulting Siege of Fort Mackinac on July 17 was the first major land engagement of the war , and ended in an easy British victory . Course of war See also : Timeline of the War of 1812 The war was conducted in three theaters : The Great Lakes and the Canadian frontier At sea , principally the Atlantic Ocean and the east coast of North America The Southern states and southwestern territories Unpreparedness Although the outbreak of the war had been preceded by years of angry diplomatic dispute , neither side was ready for war when it came . Britain was heavily engaged in the Napoleonic Wars , most of the British Army was deployed in the Peninsular War ( in Portugal and Spain ) , and the Royal Navy was compelled to blockade most of the coast of Europe . The number of British regular troops present in Canada in July 1812 was officially stated to be 6,034 , supported by Canadian militia . Throughout the war , the British Secretary of State for War and the Colonies was Earl Bathurst . For the first two years of the war , he could spare few troops to reinforce North America and urged the commander - in - chief in North America ( Lieutenant General Sir George Prévost ) to maintain a defensive strategy . The naturally cautious Prévost followed these instructions , concentrating on defending Lower Canada at the expense of Upper Canada ( which was more vulnerable to American attacks ) and allowing few offensive actions . This painting of the Battle of Queenston Heights depicts the unsuccessful American landing on October 13 , 1812 . The United States was not prepared to prosecute a war , for Madison had assumed that the state militias would easily seize Canada and that negotiations would follow . In 1812 , the regular army consisted of fewer than 12,000 men . Congress authorized the expansion of the army to 35,000 men , but the service was voluntary and unpopular ; it offered poor pay , and there were few trained and experienced officers , at least initially . The militia objected to serving outside their home states , were not open to discipline , and performed poorly against British forces when outside their home states . American prosecution of the war suffered from its unpopularity , especially in New England , where anti-war speakers were vocal . `` Two of the Massachusetts members ( of Congress ) , Seaver and Widgery , were publicly insulted and hissed on Change in Boston ; while another , Charles Turner , member for the Plymouth district , and Chief - Justice of the Court of Sessions for that county , was seized by a crowd on the evening of August 3 , ( 1812 ) and kicked through the town '' . The United States had great difficulty financing its war . It had disbanded its national bank , and private bankers in the Northeast were opposed to the war . The United States was able to obtain financing from London - based Barings Bank to cover overseas bond obligations . The failure of New England to provide militia units or financial support was a serious blow . Threats of secession by New England states were loud , as evidenced by the Hartford Convention . Britain exploited these divisions , blockading only southern ports for much of the war and encouraging smuggling . Administrative and economic problems While the London government was well administered , in terms of its army , navy , and financial offices , the government in Washington was badly organized , with inexperience , incompetence and confusion the main hallmarks . The federal government 's management system was designed to minimize the federal role before 1812 . The Republicans in power deliberately wanted to downsize the power and roles of the federal government ; when the war began , the Federalist opposition worked hard to sabotage operations . Problems multiplied rapidly in 1812 , and all the weaknesses were magnified , especially regarding the Army and the Treasury . There were no serious reforms before the war ended . In financial matters , the decentralizing ideology of the Republicans meant they wanted the First Bank of the United States to expire in 1811 , when its 20 - year charter ran out . Its absence made it much more difficult to handle the financing of the war , and cause special problems in terms of moving money from state to state , since state banks were not allowed to operate across state lines . The bureaucracy was terrible , often missing deadlines . On the positive side , over 120 new state banks were created all over the country , and they issued notes that financed much of the war effort , along with loans raised by Washington . Some key Republicans , especially Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin realized the need for new taxes , but the Republican Congress was very reluctant and only raised small amounts . The whole time , the Federalists in Congress and especially the Federalist - controlled state governments in the Northeast , and the Federalist - aligned financial system in the Northeast , was strongly opposed to the war and refused to help in the financing . Indeed , they facilitated smuggling across the Canadian border , and sent large amounts of gold and silver to Canada , which created serious shortages in the US . Across the two and half years of the war , 1812 -- 1815 , the federal government took in more money than it spent . Cash out was $119.5 million , cash in was $154.0 million . Two - thirds of the income was borrowing that had to be paid back in later years ; the national debt went from $56.0 million in 1812 to $127.3 million in 1815 . Out of the GDP ( gross domestic product ) of about $925 million ( in 1815 ) , this was not a large burden for a national population of 8 million people . A new Second Bank of the United States was set up in 1816 , and after that the financial system performed very well , even though there was still a shortage of gold and silver . Great Lakes and western territories Invasions of Upper and Lower Canada , 1812 Map showing the northern theater of the War of 1812 U.S. leaders assumed that Canada could be easily overrun . Former President Jefferson optimistically referred to the conquest of Canada as `` a matter of marching '' . Many Loyalist Americans had migrated to Upper Canada after the American Revolutionary War . There was also significant non-Loyalist American immigration to the area due to the offer of land grants to immigrants , and the U.S. assumed the latter would favour the American cause , but they did not . In prewar Upper Canada , General Prévost was in the unusual position of having to purchase many provisions for his troops from the American side . This peculiar trade persisted throughout the war in spite of an abortive attempt by the U.S. government to curtail it . In Lower Canada , which was much more populous , support for Britain came from the English elite with strong loyalty to the Empire , and from the French - speaking Canadien elite , who feared American conquest would destroy the old order by introducing Protestantism , Anglicization , republican democracy , and commercial capitalism ; and weakening the Catholic Church . The Canadien inhabitants feared the loss of a shrinking area of good lands to potential American immigrants . In 1812 -- 13 , British military experience prevailed over inexperienced American commanders . Geography dictated that operations take place in the west : principally around Lake Erie , near the Niagara River between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario , and near the Saint Lawrence River area and Lake Champlain . This was the focus of the three - pronged attacks by the Americans in 1812 . Although cutting the St. Lawrence River through the capture of Montreal and Quebec would have made Britain 's hold in North America unsustainable , the United States began operations first in the western frontier because of the general popularity there of a war with the British , who had sold arms to the Native Americans opposing the settlers . The British scored an important early success when their detachment at St. Joseph Island , on Lake Huron , learned of the declaration of war before the nearby American garrison at the important trading post at Mackinac Island in Michigan . A scratch force landed on the island on July 17 , 1812 , and mounted a gun overlooking Fort Mackinac . After the British fired one shot from their gun , the Americans , taken by surprise , surrendered . This early victory encouraged the natives , and large numbers moved to help the British at Amherstburg . The island totally controlled access to the Old Northwest , giving the British nominal control of this area , and , more vitally , a monopoly on the fur trade . Kensett 's engraving of Upper & Lower Canada 1812 An American army under the command of William Hull invaded Canada on July 12 , with his forces chiefly composed of untrained and ill - disciplined militiamen . Once on Canadian soil , Hull issued a proclamation ordering all British subjects to surrender , or `` the horrors , and calamities of war will stalk before you '' . This led many of the British forces to defect . John Bennett , printer and publisher of the York Gazette & Oracle , was a prominent defector . Andrew Mercer , who had the publication 's production moved to his house , lost the press and type destroyed during American occupation , an example of what happened to resisters . He also threatened to kill any British prisoner caught fighting alongside a native . The proclamation helped stiffen resistance to the American attacks . Hull 's army was too weak in artillery and badly supplied to achieve its objectives , and had to fight just to maintain its own lines of communication . The senior British officer in Upper Canada , Major General Isaac Brock , felt that he should take bold measures to calm the settler population in Canada , and to convince the aboriginals who were needed to defend the region that Britain was strong . He moved rapidly to Amherstburg near the western end of Lake Erie with reinforcements and immediately decided to attack Detroit . Hull , fearing that the British possessed superior numbers and that the Indians attached to Brock 's force would commit massacres if fighting began , surrendered Detroit without a fight on August 16 . Knowing of British - instigated indigenous attacks on other locations , Hull ordered the evacuation of the inhabitants of Fort Dearborn ( Chicago ) to Fort Wayne . After initially being granted safe passage , the inhabitants ( soldiers and civilians ) were attacked by Potowatomis on August 15 after travelling only 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) in what is known as the Battle of Fort Dearborn . The fort was subsequently burned . Brock promptly transferred himself to the eastern end of Lake Erie , where American General Stephen Van Rensselaer was attempting a second invasion . An armistice ( arranged by Prévost in the hope the British renunciation of the Orders in Council to which the United States objected might lead to peace ) prevented Brock from invading American territory . When the armistice ended , the Americans attempted an attack across the Niagara River on October 13 , but suffered a crushing defeat at Queenston Heights . Brock was killed during the battle . While the professionalism of the American forces improved by the war 's end , British leadership suffered after Brock 's death . A final attempt in 1812 by American General Henry Dearborn to advance north from Lake Champlain failed when his militia refused to advance beyond American territory . In contrast to the American militia , the Canadian militia performed well . French Canadians , who found the anti-Catholic stance of most of the United States troublesome , and United Empire Loyalists , who had fought for the Crown during the American Revolutionary War , strongly opposed the American invasion . Many in Upper Canada were recent settlers from the United States who had no obvious loyalties to the Crown ; nevertheless , while there were some who sympathized with the invaders , the American forces found strong opposition from men loyal to the Empire . American Northwest , 1813 Main article : Ohio in the War of 1812 Oliver Hazard Perry 's message to William Henry Harrison after the Battle of Lake Erie began with one of the most famous sentences in American military history : `` We have met the enemy and they are ours '' . This 1865 painting by William H. Powell shows Perry transferring to a different ship during the battle . After Hull 's surrender of Detroit , General William Henry Harrison was given command of the U.S. Army of the Northwest . He set out to retake the city , which was now defended by Colonel Henry Procter in conjunction with Tecumseh . A detachment of Harrison 's army was defeated at Frenchtown along the River Raisin on January 22 , 1813 . Procter left the prisoners with an inadequate guard , who could not prevent some of his North American aboriginal allies from attacking and killing perhaps as many as sixty Americans , many of whom were Kentucky militiamen . The incident became known as the River Raisin Massacre . The defeat ended Harrison 's campaign against Detroit , and the phrase `` Remember the River Raisin ! '' became a rallying cry for the Americans . In May 1813 , Procter and Tecumseh set siege to Fort Meigs in northwestern Ohio . American reinforcements arriving during the siege were defeated by the natives , but the fort held out . The Indians eventually began to disperse , forcing Procter and Tecumseh to return north to Canada . A second offensive against Fort Meigs also failed in July . In an attempt to improve Indian morale , Procter and Tecumseh attempted to storm Fort Stephenson , a small American post on the Sandusky River , only to be repulsed with serious losses , marking the end of the Ohio campaign . On Lake Erie , American commander Captain Oliver Hazard Perry fought the Battle of Lake Erie on September 10 , 1813 . His decisive victory at `` Put - in - Bay '' ensured American military control of the lake , improved American morale after a series of defeats , and compelled the British to fall back from Detroit . This paved the way for General Harrison to launch another invasion of Upper Canada , which culminated in the U.S. victory at the Battle of the Thames on October 5 , 1813 , in which Tecumseh was killed . Niagara frontier , 1813 Historical map of the Niagara River area during the War of 1812 Because of the difficulties of land communications , control of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River corridor was crucial . When the war began , the British already had a small squadron of warships on Lake Ontario and had the initial advantage . To redress the situation , the Americans established a Navy yard at Sackett 's Harbor in northwestern New York . Commodore Isaac Chauncey took charge of the large number of sailors and shipwrights sent there from New York ; they completed the second warship built there in a mere 45 days . Ultimately , almost 3,000 men worked at the naval shipyard , building eleven warships and many smaller boats and transports . Having regained the advantage by their rapid building program , Chauncey and Dearborn attacked York , on the northern shore of the lake , the capital of Upper Canada , on April 27 , 1813 . The Battle of York was a `` pyrrhic '' American victory , marred by looting and the burning of the small Provincial Parliament buildings and a library ( resulting in a spirit of revenge by the British / Canadians led by Gov. George Prévost , who later demanded satisfaction encouraging the British Admiralty to issue orders to their officers later operating in the Chesapeake Bay region to exact similar devastation on the American Federal capital village of Washington the following year ) . However , Kingston was strategically much more valuable to British supply and communications routes along the St. Lawrence corridor . Without control of Kingston , the U.S. Navy could not effectively control Lake Ontario or sever the British supply line from Lower Canada . Re-enactors in UK uniforms fire muskets toward the `` Americans '' in this annual commemoration of the June 6 , 1813 Battle of Stoney Creek . On May 25 , 1813 the guns of the American Lake Ontario squadron joined by Fort Niagara began bombarding Fort George . On May 27 , 1813 , an American amphibious force from Lake Ontario assaulted Fort George on the northern end of the Niagara River and captured it without serious losses . The British also abandoned Fort Erie and headed towards the Burlington Heights . With the British position in Upper Canada on the verge of collapse , the Iroquois Indians living along the banks of the Grand River considered changing side and ignored a British appeal to come to their aid . The retreating British forces were not pursued , however , until they had largely escaped and organized a counteroffensive against the advancing Americans at the Battle of Stoney Creek on June 5 . With Upper Canada on the line , the British launched a surprise attack at Stoney Creek at 2 : 00 am , leading to much confused fighting . Through tactically a draw , the battle was a strategic British victory as the Americans pulled back to Forty Mile Creek rather than continuing their advance into Upper Canada . At this point , the Six Nations living on the Grand River began to come out to fight for the British as an American victory no longer seemed inevitable . The Iroquis ambushed an American patrol at Forty Mile Creek while the Royal Navy squadron based in Kingston came to bombard the American camp , leading to General Dearborn to retreat back to Fort George as he now mistakenly believed he was outnumbered and outgunned . The British commander , General John Vincent was heartened by the fact that more and more First Nations warriors were now arriving to assist him , providing about 800 additional men . On June 24 , with the help of advance warning by Laura Secord , another American force was forced to surrender by a much smaller British and native force at the Battle of Beaver Dams , marking the end of the American offensive into Upper Canada . The British commander General Francis de Rottenberg did not have the strength to retake Fort George , so he built a blockade , hoping to starve the Americans into surrender . Meanwhile , Commodore James Lucas Yeo had taken charge of the British ships on the lake and mounted a counterattack , which was nevertheless repulsed at the Battle of Sackett 's Harbor . Thereafter , Chauncey and Yeo 's squadrons fought two indecisive actions , neither commander seeking a fight to the finish . Late in 1813 , the Americans abandoned the Canadian territory they occupied around Fort George . They set fire to the village of Newark ( now Niagara - on - the - Lake ) on December 10 , 1813 , incensing the Canadians and politicians in control . Many of the inhabitants were left without shelter , freezing to death in the snow . This led to British retaliation following the Capture of Fort Niagara on December 18 , 1813 . Early the next morning on December 19 , the British and their native allies stormed the neighbouring town of Lewiston , New York , torching homes and buildings and killing about a dozen civilians . As the British were chasing the surviving residents out of town , a small force of Tuscarora natives intervened and stopped the pursuit , buying enough time for the locals to escape to safer ground . It is notable in that the Tuscaroras defended the Americans against their own Iroquois brothers , the Mohawks , who sided with the British . Later , the British attacked and burned Buffalo on December 30 , 1813 . In 1814 , the contest for Lake Ontario turned into a building race . Naval superiority shifted between the opposing fleets as each built new , bigger ships . However , neither was able to bring the other to battle when in a position of superiority , leaving the Engagements on Lake Ontario a draw . At war 's end , the British held the advantage with the 112 - gun HMS St Lawrence , but the Americans had laid down two even larger ships . The majority of these ships never saw action and were decommissioned after the war . St. Lawrence and Lower Canada , 1813 Attack on Fort Oswego ( May 1814 ) Sakawarton ( John Smoke Johnson ) , John Tutela , and Young Warner , three Six Nations veterans of the War of 1812 . Photographed in 1882 . The British were potentially most vulnerable over the stretch of the St. Lawrence where it formed the frontier between Upper Canada and the United States . During the early days of the war , there was illicit commerce across the river . Over the winter of 1812 and 1813 , the Americans launched a series of raids from Ogdensburg on the American side of the river , which hampered British supply traffic up the river . On February 21 , Sir George Prévost passed through Prescott on the opposite bank of the river with reinforcements for Upper Canada . When he left the next day , the reinforcements and local militia attacked . At the Battle of Ogdensburg , the Americans were forced to retire . For the rest of the year , Ogdensburg had no American garrison , and many residents of Ogdensburg resumed visits and trade with Prescott . This British victory removed the last American regular troops from the Upper St. Lawrence frontier and helped secure British communications with Montreal . Late in 1813 , after much argument , the Americans made two thrusts against Montreal . Taking Montreal would have cut off the British forces in Upper Canada and thus potentially changed the war . The plan eventually agreed upon was for Major General Wade Hampton to march north from Lake Champlain and join a force under General James Wilkinson that would embark in boats and sail from Sackett 's Harbor on Lake Ontario and descend the St. Lawrence . Hampton was delayed by bad roads and supply problems and also had an intense dislike of Wilkinson , which limited his desire to support his plan . On October 25 , his 4,000 - strong force was defeated at the Chateauguay River by Charles de Salaberry 's smaller force of Canadian Voltigeurs and Mohawks . Salaberry 's force of Lower Canada militia and Indians numbered only 339 , but had a strong defensive position . Wilkinson 's force of 8,000 set out on October 17 , but was also delayed by bad weather . After learning that Hampton had been checked , Wilkinson heard that a British force under Captain William Mulcaster and Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Wanton Morrison was pursuing him , and by November 10 , he was forced to land near Morrisburg , about 150 kilometres ( 90 mi ) from Montreal . On November 11 , Wilkinson 's rear guard , numbering 2,500 , attacked Morrison 's force of 800 at Crysler 's Farm and was repulsed with heavy losses . After learning that Hampton could not renew his advance , Wilkinson retreated to the U.S. and settled into winter quarters . He resigned his command after a failed attack on a British outpost at Lacolle Mills . Had the Americans taken Montreal as planned , Upper Canada would have certainly been lost and the failure of the campaign ended in the greatest British defeat in the Canadas during the war . Niagara and Plattsburgh campaigns , 1814 American Infantry attacks at Lundy 's Lane Rather than trying to take Montreal or Kingston , the Americans chose again to invade the Niagara frontier to take Upper Canada . The Americans had occupied southwestern Upper Canada after their victory in Moraviantown , and they believed taking the rest of the province would force the British to cede it to them . The end of the war in Europe in April 1814 meant the British could now redeploy their Army to North America , so the Americans were anxious to secure Upper Canada to negotiate from a position of strength . They planned to invade via the Niagara frontier while sending another force to recapture Mackinac ; the British were supplying the Indians in the Old Northwest from Montreal via Mackinac . By the middle of 1814 , American generals , including Major Generals Jacob Brown and Winfield Scott , had drastically improved the fighting abilities and discipline of the army . The Americans renewed their attack on the Niagara peninsula and quickly captured Fort Erie on July 3 , 1814 , with the garrison of 170 quickly surrendering to the 5,000 Americans . General Phineas Riall rushed towards the frontier and , unaware of Fort Erie 's fall or the size of the American force , chose to engage in battle . Winfield Scott then gained a victory over an inferior British force at the Battle of Chippawa on July 5 . The Americans brought out overwhelming firepower against the attacking British , who lost about 600 dead to the 350 dead on the American side . An attempt to advance further ended with a hard - fought but inconclusive Battle of Lundy 's Lane on July 25 . Both sides stood their ground , but after the battle , the American commander , General Jacob Brown , pulled back to Fort George and the British did not pursue them . The outnumbered Americans withdrew but withstood a prolonged Siege of Fort Erie . The British tried to storm Fort Erie on August 14 , 1814 , but suffered heavy losses , losing 950 killed , wounded and captured compared to only 84 dead and wounded on the American side . The British were further weakened by exposure and shortage of supplies in their siege lines . Eventually they raised the siege , but American Major General George Izard took over command on the Niagara front and followed up only halfheartedly . An American raid along the Grand River destroyed many farms and weakened British logistics . In October 1814 the Americans advanced into Upper Canada and engaged in skirmishes at Cook 's Mill , but pulled back when they heard that the new British warship , HMS St. Lawrence -- armed with 104 guns and launched in Kingston that September -- was on its way . The Americans lacked provisions , and eventually destroyed the Fort Erie and retreated across the Niagara . War of 1812 Re-enactment , Old Fort Erie , Ontario Meanwhile , following the abdication of Napoleon , 15,000 British troops were sent to North America under four of Wellington 's ablest brigade commanders . Fewer than half were veterans of the Peninsula and the rest came from garrisons . Prévost was ordered to neutralize American power on the lakes by burning Sackets Harbor to gain naval control of Lake Erie , Lake Ontario and the Upper Lakes , and to defend Lower Canada from attack . He did defend Lower Canada but otherwise failed to achieve his objectives . Given the late season , he decided to invade New York State . His army outnumbered the American defenders of Plattsburgh , but he was worried about his flanks , so he decided he needed naval control of Lake Champlain . On the lake , the British squadron under Captain George Downie and the Americans under Master Commandant Thomas Macdonough were more evenly matched . Upon reaching Plattsburgh , Prévost delayed the assault until the arrival of Downie in the hastily completed 36 - gun frigate HMS Confiance . Prévost forced Downie into a premature attack , but then unaccountably failed to provide the promised military backing . Downie was killed and his naval force defeated at the naval Battle of Plattsburgh in Plattsburgh Bay on September 11 , 1814 . The Americans now had control of Lake Champlain ; Theodore Roosevelt later termed it `` the greatest naval battle of the war '' . The successful land defence was led by Alexander Macomb . To the astonishment of his senior officers , Prévost then turned back , saying it was too hazardous to remain on enemy territory after the loss of naval supremacy . Prévost was recalled and in London , a naval court - martial decided that defeat had been caused principally by Prévost 's urging the squadron into premature action and then failing to afford the promised support from the land forces . Prévost died suddenly , just before his own court - martial was to convene . Prévost 's reputation sank to a new low , as Canadians claimed that their militia under Brock did the job and he failed . Recently , however , historians have been more kindly , measuring him not against Wellington but against his American foes . They judge Prévost 's preparations for defending the Canadas with limited means to be energetic , well - conceived , and comprehensive ; and against the odds , he had achieved the primary objective of preventing an American conquest . To the east , the northern part of Massachusetts , soon to be Maine , was invaded . Fort Sullivan at Eastport was taken by Sir Thomas Hardy on July 11 . Castine , Hampden , Bangor , and Machias were taken , and Castine became the main British base till April 15 , 1815 , when the British left , taking £ 10,750 in tariff duties , the `` Castine Fund '' which was used to found Dalhousie University . Eastport was not returned to the United States till 1818 . American West , 1813 -- 15 The Upper Mississippi River during the War of 1812 . 1 : Fort Bellefontaine U.S. headquarters ; 2 : Fort Osage , abandoned 1813 ; 3 : Fort Madison , defeated 1813 ; 4 : Fort Shelby , defeated 1814 ; 5 : Battle of Rock Island Rapids , July 1814 and the Battle of Credit Island , Sept. 1814 ; 6 : Fort Johnson , abandoned 1814 ; 7 : Fort Cap au Gris and the Battle of the Sink Hole , May 1815 Plans of the original Fort Madison in 1810 , captured by British - supported Indians in 1813 The Mississippi River valley was the western frontier of the United States in 1812 . The territory acquired in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 contained almost no U.S. settlements west of the Mississippi except around Saint Louis and a few forts and trading posts . Fort Belle Fontaine , an old trading post converted to a U.S. Army post in 1804 , served as regional headquarters . Fort Osage , built in 1808 along the Missouri was the western-most U.S. outpost , it was abandoned at the start of the war . Fort Madison , built along the Mississippi in what is now Iowa , was also built in 1808 , and had been repeatedly attacked by British - allied Sauk since its construction . In September 1813 Fort Madison was abandoned after it was attacked and besieged by natives , who had support from the British . This was one of the few battles fought west of the Mississippi . Black Hawk played a leadership role . Little of note took place on Lake Huron in 1813 , but the American victory on Lake Erie and the recapture of Detroit isolated the British there . During the ensuing winter , a Canadian party under Lieutenant Colonel Robert McDouall established a new supply line from York to Nottawasaga Bay on Georgian Bay . When he arrived at Fort Mackinac with supplies and reinforcements , he sent an expedition to recapture the trading post of Prairie du Chien in the far west . The Siege of Prairie du Chien ended in a British victory on July 20 , 1814 . Earlier in July , the Americans sent a force of five vessels from Detroit to recapture Mackinac . A mixed force of regulars and volunteers from the militia landed on the island on August 4 . They did not attempt to achieve surprise , and at the brief Battle of Mackinac Island , they were ambushed by natives and forced to re-embark . The Americans discovered the new base at Nottawasaga Bay , and on August 13 , they destroyed its fortifications and the schooner Nancy that they found there . They then returned to Detroit , leaving two gunboats to blockade Mackinac . On September 4 , the gunboats were taken unawares and captured by British boarding parties from canoes and small boats . These Engagements on Lake Huron left Mackinac under British control . The British garrison at Prairie du Chien also fought off another attack by Major Zachary Taylor . U.S. troops retreating from the Battle of Credit Island on the upper Mississippi attempted to make a stand at Fort Johnson , but the fort was soon abandoned , along with most of the upper Mississippi valley . In this distant theater , the British retained the upper hand until the end of the war , through the allegiance of several indigenous tribes that received British gifts and arms , enabling them to take control of parts of what is now Michigan and Illinois , as well as the whole of modern Wisconsin . After American forces were driven from the Upper Mississippi region , they held on to eastern Missouri and the St. Louis area . Two notable battles fought against the Sauk were the Battle of Cote Sans Dessein , in April 1815 , at the mouth of the Osage River in the Missouri Territory , and the Battle of the Sink Hole , in May 1815 , near Fort Cap au Gris . At the conclusion of peace , Mackinac and other captured territory was returned to the United States . Some British officers and Canadians objected to handing back Prairie du Chien and especially Mackinac under the terms of the Treaty of Ghent . However , the Americans retained the captured post at Fort Malden , near Amherstburg , until the British complied with the treaty . Fighting between Americans , the Sauk , and other indigenous tribes continued through 1817 , well after the war ended in the east . Atlantic theater Opening strategies Map of Chesapeake 's first cruise during the War of 1812 . Modern boundaries are shown . In 1812 , Britain 's Royal Navy was the world 's largest , with over 600 cruisers in commission and some smaller vessels . Although most of these were involved in blockading the French navy and protecting British trade against ( usually French ) privateers , the Royal Navy still had 85 vessels in American waters , counting all British Navy vessels in North American and the Caribbean waters . However , the Royal Navy 's North American squadron based in Halifax , Nova Scotia ( which bore the brunt of the war ) , numbered one small ship of the line , seven frigates , nine smaller sloops and brigs along with five schooners . By contrast , the United States Navy comprised 8 frigates , 14 smaller sloops and brigs , and no ships of the line . The U.S. had embarked on a major shipbuilding program before the war at Sackets Harbor , New York and continued to produce new ships . Three of the existing American frigates were exceptionally large and powerful for their class , larger than any British frigate in North America . Whereas the standard British frigate of the time was rated as a 38 gun ship , usually carrying up to 50 guns , with its main battery consisting of 18 - pounder guns ; USS Constitution , President , and United States , in comparison , were rated as 44 - gun ships , carrying 56 -- 60 guns with a main battery of 24 - pounders . The British strategy was to protect their own merchant shipping to and from Halifax , Nova Scotia , and the West Indies , and to enforce a blockade of major American ports to restrict American trade . Because of their numerical inferiority , the American strategy was to cause disruption through hit - and - run tactics , such as the capture of prizes and engaging Royal Navy vessels only under favourable circumstances . Days after the formal declaration of war , however , it put out two small squadrons , including the frigate President and the sloop Hornet under Commodore John Rodgers , and the frigates United States and Congress , with the brig Argus under Captain Stephen Decatur . These were initially concentrated as one unit under Rodgers , who intended to force the Royal Navy to concentrate its own ships to prevent isolated units being captured by his powerful force . Large numbers of American merchant ships were returning to the United States with the outbreak of war , and if the Royal Navy was concentrated , it could not watch all the ports on the American seaboard . Rodgers ' strategy worked , in that the Royal Navy concentrated most of its frigates off New York Harbor under Captain Philip Broke , allowing many American ships to reach home . But , Rodgers ' own cruise captured only five small merchant ships , and the Americans never subsequently concentrated more than two or three ships together as a unit . Single - ship actions Both American and British naval honour had been challenged in the leadup to the war . The Chesapeake -- Leopard affair had left the United States insulted by the Royal Navy 's impressment of sailors . Given that honour was at stake , the appropriate method for the United States Navy to redeem itself was by duelling . Similarly , British honour was challenged in the Little Belt affair where the British sloop HMS Little Belt was fired upon by the United States frigate President after President had mistaken Little Belt for the British frigate HMS Guerriere . Captain James Dacres of Guerriere began a cycle of frigate duels by challenging USS President to a single ship duel to avenge the losses aboard Little Belt . Commodore John Rodgers of USS President declined the challenge because he feared the intervention of the rest of British squadron under Commodore Philip Broke that Guerriere was part of . USS Constitution defeats HMS Guerriere , a significant event during the war . Meanwhile , USS Constitution , commanded by Captain Isaac Hull , sailed from the Chesapeake Bay on July 12 . On July 17 , Commodore Broke 's British squadron which included Guerriere gave chase off New York , but Constitution evaded her pursuers after two days . Constitution briefly called at Boston to replenish water . Commodore Borke detached Guerriere from his squadron to seek out repairs as Guerriere being a French - built ship had weak scantlings ( beams fastened with a thickened clamp rather than vertical and horizontal knees ) and had , therefore , become leaky and rotten . Furthermore , she had been struck by lightning severely damaging her masts . Constitution encountered and engaged engaged Guerriere in a duel to redeem American honour . Captain Dacres was eager to engage the American frigate as Constitution was the sister ship of President and would serve equally well as ship to duel against to redeem British honour . USS Constitution had nearly 50 percent more men , more firepower , heavier tonnage and heavier scantlings ( which determine how much damage enemy shot does to a ship ) than Guerriere . Unsurprisingly , Constitution emerged the victor . After a 35 - minute battle , Guerriere had been dis - masted and captured , and was later burned . Constitution earned the nickname `` Old Ironsides '' following this battle as many of the British cannonballs were seen to bounce off her hull due to Constitution 's heavy scantlings . Hull returned to Boston with news of this significant victory . Similarly , On October 25 , USS United States , commanded by Captain Decatur , captured the British frigate HMS Macedonian , which he then carried back to port . At the close of the month , Constitution sailed south , now under the command of Captain William Bainbridge . On December 29 , off Bahia , Brazil , she met the British frigate HMS Java . After a battle lasting three hours , Java struck her colors and was burned after being judged unsalvageable . Constitution , at first seemed relatively undamaged in the battle , but it was later determined that Java had successfully hit Constitution 's masts with 18 - pounder shot , but the mast had n't fallen due to its immense diameter . Constitution 's fell while she was docked . United States , Constitution and President were all almost 50 percent larger by tonnage , crew , firepower , and scantling size than the Macedonian , Guerriere and Java ( Guerriere was rotten and had lightning damage as well as being weakly built as a French ship ; Java had extra marines onboard making the disparity in crew more similar although she too was a French - built ship ; Macedonian fitted the 50 percent statistic near perfectly ) . Marines aboard USS Wasp engage HMS Reindeer June 1814 The United States Navy 's sloops had also won several victories over Royal Navy sloops of approximately equal armament . The American sloops Hornet , Wasp ( 1807 ) , Peacock , Wasp ( 1813 ) , and Frolic were all ship - rigged while the British Cruizer - class sloops they encountered were brig rigged , which gave the Americans a significant advantage . Ship rigged vessels are more maneuverable in battle because they have a wider variety of sails the can back allowing ship - rigged vessels to wear as well as heave to . More significantly , if some spars are shot away on a brig because it is more difficult to wear , the brig loses the ability to steer , while a ship could adjust its more diverse canvas as if to wear to compensate for the imbalance caused by damage in battle . Furthermore , ship - rigged vessels which three masts simply have more masts to shoot away than brigs with two masts before the vessel is unmanagable . In addition While the American ships had experienced and well - drilled volunteer crews , the enormous size of the overstretched Royal Navy meant that many ships were shorthanded and the average quality of crews suffered and the constant sea duties of those serving in North America interfered with their training and exercises . The only engagement between two brig - sloops was between the British Cruizer - class brig Pelican ( 1812 ) and the United States ' Argus where Pelican emerged the victor as she had greater firepower and tonnage , despite having fewer crew . Although not a sloop , the gun - brig Boxer was taken by the brig - sloop Enterprise in a bloody battle where Enterprise emerged the victor again due to superior force . It was clear that in single ship battles , superior force was the most significant factor . In response to the majority of the American ships being of greater force than the British ships of the same class , Britain constructed five 40 - gun , 24 - pounder heavy frigates and two `` spar - decked '' frigates ( the 60 - gun HMS Leander and HMS Newcastle ) and to razee three old 74 - gun ships of the line to convert them to heavy frigates . To counter the American sloops of war , the British constructed the Cyrus - class ship - sloops of 22 guns . The British Admiralty also instituted a new policy that the three American heavy frigates should not be engaged except by a ship of the line or frigates in squadron strength . Captain Broke leads the boarding party to USS Chesapeake HMS Shannon leading the captured American frigate Chesapeake into Halifax , Nova Scotia ( 1813 ) Commodore Philip Broke had lost Guerriere to Constitution from his very own squadron . He knew that Dacres of Guerriere intended to duel the American frigate to avenge the losses on Little Belt caused by USS President in 1811 . Since , Constitution had taken Guerriere , Broke intended to redeem Dacres ' honour by taking Constitution , which was undergoing repairs in Boston in early 1813 . Broke found that Constitution was not ready for sea . Instead , he decided to challenge Chesapeake as Broke was short on water and provisions and could not wait for Constitution . Captain James Lawrence of Chesapeake was misguided by propaganda intended to boost American morale ( and successfully did ) that claimed that the three frigate duels of 1812 were of equal force leading Lawrence to believe taking Broke 's Shannon ( 1806 ) would be easy . Lawrence even went to the extent of preemptively arranging for a banquet to be held for his victorious crew . Broke , on the other hand , had spent years training his crew and developing artillery innovations on his ship , making Shannon particularly well prepared for battle . On June 1 , 1813 , Shannon took Chesapeake in a duel that lasted less than fifteen minutes in Boston Harbor . Lawrence was mortally wounded and famously cried out , `` Tell the men to fire faster ! Do n't give up the ship ! '' The two frigates were of near - identical armament and length . Chesapeake 's crew was larger , had greater tonnage and was of greater scantling strength ( which led to the British claiming she was overbuilt ) , but many of her crew had not served or trained together . Shannon had been at sea for a long time , and her hull had begun to rot , further exaggerating the disparity in scantling strength . Nevertheless , this engagement proved to the only single - ship action where both ships were of essentially equal force during the War of 1812 . British citizens reacted with celebration and relief that the run of American victories had ended . Notably , this action was by ratio one of the bloodiest contests recorded during this age of sail due to the close - range engagement , the boarding ( hand - to - hand combat ) and Broke 's philosophy of artillery being `` Kill the men and the ship is yours '' , with more dead and wounded than HMS Victory suffered in four hours of combat at Trafalgar . Captain Lawrence was killed , and Captain Broke was so badly wounded that he never again held a sea command . The Americans then did as the British had done in 1812 and banned single - ship duels after this engagement . In January 1813 , the American frigate Essex , under the command of Captain David Porter , sailed into the Pacific to harass British shipping . Many British whaling ships carried letters of marque allowing them to prey on American whalers , and they nearly destroyed the industry . Essex challenged this practice . She inflicted considerable damage on British interests . Essex consort USS Essex Junior ( armed with twenty guns ) were captured off Valparaíso , Chile , by the British frigate HMS Phoebe and the sloop HMS Cherub on March 28 , 1814 in what statistically appeared to be a battle of equal force as Essex and Phoebe were of similar tonnage , scantling , and broadside weight as well as Cherub and Essex Junior ( with the exception of scantling , which Essex Junior was much more lightly built than Cherub ) . Once again the Americans had more men . Nevertheless , Phoebe was armed with long guns which none of the other ships engaged had . Furthermore , Captain Hillyar had used Phillip Broke 's methods of artillery on Phoebe and Cherub with tangent and dispart sights . This gave the British ships a significant advantage at the range at which the battle was fought . Once again proving that superior force was the deciding factor . To conclude the cycle of duels cause by the Little Belt affair , USS President was finally captured in January 1815 . Unlike the previous engagements , President was not taken in a duel . Following the both Royal Navy 's requirements , President was pursued by a squadron consisting of four frigates , one being a 56 - gun razee . President was an extremely fast ship and successfully outsailed the fast British squadron with the exception of HMS Endymion which has been regarded as the fastest ship in the age of fighting sail . Captain Henry Hope of Endymion had fitted his ship with Phillip Broke 's technology as Captain Hillyar had done on Phoebe . This gave him the slight advantage at range and slowed President . Commodore Decatur on President had the advantage in scantling strength , firepower , crew , and tonnage , but not in maneuverability . Despite having fewer guns , Endymion was armed with 24 - pounders just like President . This meant that Endymion shot could pierce the hull of President unlike Guerriere 's which bounced of Constitution 's hull or Java 's that failed to cut through Constitution 's mast . Following Broke 's philosophy of `` Kill the man and the ship is your 's '' , Endymion fired into President 's hull severely damaging her ( shot holes below the waterline , 10 / 15 starboard guns on the gundeck disabled , water in the hold , and shot from Endymion found inside President 's magazine . ) . Decatur knew his only hope was to dismantle Endymion and sail away from the rest of the squadron . When he failed , he surrendered his ship to `` the captain of the black frigate ( Endymion ) '' . Decatur took advantage of the fact Endymion had no boats that were intact and attempted to sneak away under the cover of night , only to be caught up by HMS Pomone . Decatur surrendered without a fight . Decatur had surrendered the United States finest frigate and flagship President to a smaller ship , but part of a squadron of greater force . Decatur gave unreliable accounts of the battle stating that President was already `` severely damaged '' by a grounding before the engagement , but undamaged after the engagement with Endymion . He stated Pomone caused `` significant '' losses aboard President , although President 's crew claim they were below deck gathering their belongings as they had already surrendered . Despite saying `` I surrender my ship to the captain of the black frigate '' , Decatur also writes that he said , `` I surrender to the squadron '' . Nevertheless , many historians such as Ian Toll , Theodore Roosevelt , and William James quote Decatur 's remarks to either enforce that Endymion alone took President or that President surrendered to the whole squadron , when actually it was something in - between . Success in single ship battles raised American morale after the repeated failed invasion attempts in Upper and Lower Canada . However , these victories had no military effect on the war at sea as they did not alter the balance of naval power , impede British supplies and reinforcements , or even raise insurance rates for British trade . During the war , the United States Navy captured 165 British merchantmen ( although privateers captured many more ) , while the Royal Navy captured 1,400 American merchantmen . More significantly , the British blockade of the Atlantic coast caused the majority warships to be unable to put to sea and devastated the United States economy . Privateering The operations of American privateers proved a more significant threat to British trade than the U.S. Navy . They operated throughout the Atlantic and continued until the close of the war , most notably from ports such as Baltimore . American privateers reported taking 1300 British merchant vessels , compared to 254 taken by the U.S. Navy , although the insurer Lloyd 's of London reported that only 1,175 British ships were taken , 373 of which were recaptured , for a total loss of 802 . The Canadian historian Carl Benn wrote that American privateers took 1,344 British ships , of which 750 were retaken by the British . However the British were able to limit privateering losses by the strict enforcement of convoy by the Royal Navy and by capturing 278 American privateers . Due to the massive size of the British merchant fleet , American captures only affected 7.5 % of the fleet , resulting in no supply shortages or lack of reinforcements for British forces in North America . Of 526 American privateers , 148 were captured by the Royal Navy and only 207 ever took a prize . Due to the large size of their navy , the British did not rely as much on privateering . The majority of the 1,407 captured American merchant ships were taken by the Royal Navy . The war was the last time the British allowed privateering , since the practice was coming to be seen as politically inexpedient and of diminishing value in maintaining its naval supremacy . However privateering remained popular in British colonies . It was the last hurrah for privateers in Bermuda who vigorously returned to the practice after experience in previous wars . The nimble Bermuda sloops captured 298 American ships . Privateer schooners based in British North America , especially from Nova Scotia took 250 American ships and proved especially effective in crippling American coastal trade and capturing American ships closer to shore than the Royal Navy cruisers . Blockade The naval blockade of the United States began informally in 1812 and expanded to cut off more ports as the war progressed . Twenty ships were on station in 1812 and 135 were in place by the end of the conflict . In March 1813 , the Royal Navy punished the Southern states , who were most vocal about annexing British North America , by blockading Charleston , Port Royal , Savannah and New York city was well . However , as additional ships were sent to North America in 1813 , the Royal Navy was able to tighten the blockade and extend it , first to the coast south of Narragansett by November 1813 and to the entire American coast on May 31 , 1814 . In May 1814 , following the abdication of Napoleon , and the end of the supply problems with Wellington 's army , New England was blockaded . The British government , having need of American foodstuffs for its army in Spain , benefited from the willingness of the New Englanders to trade with them , so no blockade of New England was at first attempted . The Delaware River and Chesapeake Bay were declared in a state of blockade on December 26 , 1812 . Illicit trade was carried on by collusive captures arranged between American traders and British officers . American ships were fraudulently transferred to neutral flags . Eventually , the U.S. government was driven to issue orders to stop illicit trading ; this put only a further strain on the commerce of the country . The overpowering strength of the British fleet enabled it to occupy the Chesapeake and to attack and destroy numerous docks and harbours . The blockade of American ports later tightened to the extent that most American merchant ships and naval vessels were confined to port . The American frigates USS United States and USS Macedonian ended the war blockaded and hulked in New London , Connecticut . USS United States and USS Macedonian attempted to set sail to raid British shipping in the Caribbean , but were forced to turn back when confronted with a British squadron , and by the end of the war , the United States had six frigates and four ships - of - the - line sitting in port . Some merchant ships were based in Europe or Asia and continued operations . Others , mainly from New England , were issued licences to trade by Admiral Sir John Borlase Warren , commander in chief on the American station in 1813 . This allowed Wellington 's army in Spain to receive American goods and to maintain the New Englanders ' opposition to the war . The blockade nevertheless resulted in American exports decreasing from $130 million in 1807 to $7 million in 1814 . Most of these were food exports that ironically went to supply their enemies in Britain or British colonies . The blockade had a devastating effect on the American economy with the value of American exports and imports falling from $114 million in 1811 down to $20 million by 1814 while the US Customs took in $13 million in 1811 and $6 million in 1814 , despite the fact that Congress had voted to double the rates . The British blockade further damaged the American economy by forcing merchants to abandon the cheap and fast coastal trade to the slow and more expensive inland roads . In 1814 , only 1 out of 14 American merchantmen risked leaving port as a high probability that any ship leaving port would be seized . As the Royal Navy base that supervised the blockade , Halifax profited greatly during the war . From that base British privateers seized many French and American ships and sold their prizes in Halifax . Freeing and recruiting slaves The British Royal Navy 's blockades and raids allowed about 4,000 African Americans to escape slavery by fleeing American plantations to find freedom aboard British ships , migrants known , as regards those who settled in Canada , as the Black Refugees . The blockading British fleet in Chesapeake Bay received increasing numbers of enslaved black Americans during 1813 . By British government order they were treated as free persons when reaching British hands . Alexander Cochrane 's proclamation of April 2 , 1814 , invited Americans who wished to emigrate to join the British , and though not explicitly mentioning slaves was taken by all as addressed to them . About 2,400 of the escaped slaves and their families who were carried on ships of the Royal Navy following their escape settled in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick during and after the war . From May 1814 , younger men among the volunteers were recruited into a new Corps of Colonial Marines . They fought for Britain throughout the Atlantic campaign , including the Battle of Bladensburg and the attacks on Washington , D.C. and Battle of Baltimore , later settling in Trinidad after rejecting British government orders for transfer to the West India Regiments , forming the community of the Merikins . The slaves who escaped to the British represented the largest emancipation of African Americans before the American Civil War . Occupation of Maine Maine , then part of Massachusetts , was a base for smuggling and illegal trade between the U.S. and the British . Until 1813 the region was generally quiet except for privateer actions near the coast . In September 1813 , there was a notable naval action when the U.S. Navy 's brig Enterprise fought and captured the Royal Navy brig Boxer off Pemaquid Point . The first British assault came in July 1814 , when Sir Thomas Masterman Hardy took Moose Island ( Eastport , Maine ) without a shot , with the entire American garrison of Fort Sullivan -- which became the British Fort Sherbrooke -- surrendering . Next , from his base in Halifax , Nova Scotia , in September 1814 , Sir John Coape Sherbrooke led 3,000 British troops in the `` Penobscot Expedition '' . In 26 days , he raided and looted Hampden , Bangor , and Machias , destroying or capturing 17 American ships . He won the Battle of Hampden ( losing two killed while the Americans lost one killed ) . Retreating American forces were forced to destroy the frigate Adams . The British occupied the town of Castine and most of eastern Maine for the rest of the war , re-establishing the colony of New Ireland . The Treaty of Ghent returned this territory to the United States , though Machias Seal Island has remained in dispute . The British left in April 1815 , at which time they took ₤ 10,750 obtained from tariff duties at Castine . This money , called the `` Castine Fund '' , was used to establish Dalhousie University , in Halifax , Nova Scotia . Chesapeake campaign and `` the Star - Spangled Banner '' Following their victory at the Battle of Bladensburg , the British entered Washington , D.C. The strategic location of the Chesapeake Bay near America 's new national capital , Washington , D.C. on the major tributary of the Potomac River , made it a prime target for the British . Starting in March 1813 , a squadron under Rear Admiral George Cockburn started a blockade of the mouth of the Bay at Hampton Roads harbour and raided towns along the Bay from Norfolk , Virginia , to Havre de Grace , Maryland . On July 4 , 1813 , Commodore Joshua Barney , a Revolutionary War naval hero , convinced the Navy Department to build the Chesapeake Bay Flotilla , a squadron of twenty barges powered by small sails or oars ( sweeps ) to defend the Chesapeake Bay . Launched in April 1814 , the squadron was quickly cornered in the Patuxent River , and while successful in harassing the Royal Navy , they were powerless to stop the British campaign that ultimately led to the `` Burning of Washington '' . This expedition , led by Cockburn and General Robert Ross , was carried out between August 19 and 29 , 1814 , as the result of the hardened British policy of 1814 . As part of this , Admiral Warren had been replaced as commander in chief by Admiral Alexander Cochrane , with reinforcements and orders to coerce the Americans into a favourable peace . Burning of Washington , August 1814 A force of 2,500 soldiers under General Ross had just arrived in Bermuda aboard HMS Royal Oak , three frigates , three sloops and ten other vessels . Released from the Peninsular War by victory , the British intended to use them for diversionary raids along the coasts of Maryland and Virginia . In response to Prévost 's request , they decided to employ this force , together with the naval and military units already on the station , to strike at the national capital . On August 24 , U.S. Secretary of War John Armstrong Jr. insisted that the British were going to attack Baltimore rather than Washington , even when British army and naval units were obviously on their way to Washington . The inexperienced state militia was easily routed in the Battle of Bladensburg , opening the route to Washington . While First Lady Dolley Madison saved valuables from what is now the `` White House '' , senior officials fled to Virginia . Secretary of the Navy William Jones ordered setting fire to the Washington Navy Yard to prevent the capture of supplies . The nation 's public buildings were destroyed by the British ( and by a furious thunderstorm that ruined a great deal of property , although it did quench the flames ) . American morale was challenged , and many Federalists swung around and rallied to a patriotic defense of their homeland . The British moved on to their major target , the heavily fortified major city of Baltimore . They delayed their movement allowing Baltimore an opportunity to strengthen the fortifications and bring in new federal troops and state militia units . The `` Battle for Baltimore '' began with the British landing on September 12 , 1814 , at North Point , where they were met by American militia further up the `` Patapsco Neck '' peninsula . An exchange of fire began , with casualties on both sides . The British Army commander Major Gen. Robert Ross was killed by snipers . The British paused , then continued to march northwestward to face the stationed Maryland and Baltimore City militia units at `` Godly Wood . '' The Battle of North Point was fought for several afternoon hours in a musketry and artillery duel . The British also planned to simultaneously attack Baltimore by water on the following day , September 13 , to support their military facing the massed , heavily dug - in and fortified American units of approximately 15,000 with about a hundred cannon gathered along the eastern heights of the city named `` Loudenschlager 's Hill '' ( later `` Hampstead Hill '' -- now part of Patterson Park ) . The Baltimore defences had been planned in advance and overseen by the state militia commander , Maj. Gen. Samuel Smith . The Royal Navy was unable to reduce Fort McHenry at the entrance to Baltimore Harbor in support of an attack from the northeast by the British Army . An artist 's rendering of the bombardment at Fort McHenry . Francis Scott Key watched from a U.S. truce ship and was inspired to write the four - stanza poem he originally titled `` The Defence of Fort McHenry '' . The poem was later set to music and named `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , which was adopted as the national anthem in 1931 . The British naval guns , mortars and new `` Congreve rockets '' had a longer range than the American cannon onshore . The ships mostly stood out of range of the Americans , who returned very little fire . The fort was not heavily damaged except for a burst over a rear brickwall knocking out some fieldpieces but with few casualties . The British eventually realized that they could not force the passage to attack Baltimore in coordination with the land force . A last ditch night feint and barge attack during a heavy rain storm was led by Capt . Charles Napier around the fort up the Middle Branch of the river to the west . Split and misdirected partly in the storm , it turned back after suffering heavy casualties from the alert gunners of Fort Covington and Battery Babcock . The British called off the attack and sailed downriver to pick up their army , which had retreated from the east side of Baltimore . All the lights were extinguished in Baltimore the night of the attack , and the fort was bombarded for 25 hours . The only light was given off by the exploding shells over Fort McHenry , illuminating the flag that was still flying over the fort . The defence of the fort inspired the American lawyer Francis Scott Key to write `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' , a poem that was later set to music as `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' . Southern theater Because of the region 's polyglot population , both the British and the Americans perceived the war in the Gulf South as a fundamentally different conflict from the one occurring in the Lowcountry and Chesapeake . Creek war Main article : Creek War Before 1813 , the war between the Creeks ( or Muscogee ) had been largely an internal affair sparked by the ideas of Tecumseh farther north in the Mississippi Valley . A faction known as the Red Sticks , so named for the color of their war stics , had broken away from the rest of the Creek Confederacy , which wanted peace with the United States . The Red Sticks were allied with Tecumseh , who about a year before 1813 had visited the Creeks and encouraged greater resistance to the Americans . The Creek Nation was a trading partner of the United States , actively involved with Spanish and British trade as well . The Red Sticks , as well as many southern Muscogeean people like the Seminole , had a long history of alliance with the Spanish and British Empires . This alliance helped the North American and European powers protect each other 's claims to territory in the south . The Battle of Burnt Corn , between Red Sticks and U.S. troops , occurred in the southern parts of Alabama on July 27 , 1813 . It prompted the state of Georgia as well as the Mississippi territory militia to immediately take major action against Creek offensives . The Red Sticks chiefs gained power in the east along the Alabama , Coosa , and Tallapoosa Rivers -- Upper Creek territory . The Lower Creek lived along the Chattahoochee River . Many Creeks tried to remain friendly to the United States , and some were organized by federal Indian Agent Benjamin Hawkins to aid the 6th Military District under General Thomas Pinckney and the state militias . The United States combined forces were large . At its peak the Red Stick faction had 4,000 warriors , only a quarter of whom had muskets . On August 30 , 1813 , Red Sticks , led by chiefs Red Eagle and Peter McQueen , attacked Fort Mimms , north of Mobile , the only American - held port in the territory of West Florida . The attack on Fort Mimms resulted in the death of 400 settlers and became an ideological rallying point for the Americans . The Fort Mims massacre in 1813 . The Creek warriors attacked the fort , and killed a total of 400 to 500 people . The Indian frontier of western Georgia was the most vulnerable but was partially fortified already . From November 1813 to January 1814 , Georgia 's militia and auxiliary Federal troops -- from the Creek and Cherokee Indian nations and the states of North Carolina and South Carolina -- organized the fortification of defences along the Chattahoochee River and expeditions into Upper Creek territory in present - day Alabama . The army , led by General John Floyd , went to the heart of the `` Creek Holy Grounds '' and won a major offensive against one of the largest Creek towns at Battle of Autosee , killing an estimated two hundred people . In November , the militia of Mississippi with a combined 1200 troops attacked the `` Econachca '' encampment ( `` Battle of Holy Ground '' ) on the Alabama River . Tennessee raised a militia of 5,000 under Major General Andrew Jackson and Brigadier General John Coffee and won the battles of Tallushatchee and Talladega in November 1813 . Jackson suffered enlistment problems in the winter . He decided to combine his force with that of the Georgia militia . However , from January 22 -- 24 , 1814 , while on their way , the Tennessee militia and allied Muscogee were attacked by the Red Sticks at the Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek . Jackson 's troops repelled the attackers , but outnumbered , were forced to withdraw to his base at Fort Strother . In January Floyd 's force of 1,300 state militia and 400 Creek Indians moved to join the U.S. forces in Tennessee , but were attacked in camp on the Calibee Creek by Tukabatchee Indians on the 27th . Jackson 's force increased in numbers with the arrival of U.S. Army soldiers and a second draft of Tennessee state militia and Cherokee and Creek allies swelled his army to around 5,000 . In March 1814 they moved south to attack the Creek . On March 27 , Jackson decisively defeated the Creek Indian force at Horseshoe Bend , killing 800 of 1,000 Creeks at a cost of 49 killed and 154 wounded out of approximately 2,000 American and Cherokee forces . The American army moved to Fort Jackson on the Alabama River . On August 9 , 1814 , the Upper Creek chiefs and Jackson 's army signed the `` Treaty of Fort Jackson '' . The most of western Georgia and part of Alabama was taken from the Creeks to pay for expenses borne by the United States . The Treaty also `` demanded '' that the `` Red Stick '' insurgents cease communicating with the Spanish or British , and only trade with U.S. - approved agents . British aid to the Red Sticks arrived after the end of the Napoleonic Wars in April 1814 and after Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane assumed command from Admiral Warren in March . The Creek promised to join any body of ' troops that should aid them in regaining their lands , and suggesting an attack on the tower off Mobile . ' In April 1814 the British established an outpost on the Apalachicola River ( see Prospect Bluff Historic Sites ) . Cochrane sent a company of Royal Marines , the vessels HMS Hermes and HMS Carron , commanded by Edward Nicolls , and further supplies to meet the Indians . In addition to training the Indians , Nicolls was tasked to raise a force from escaped slaves , as part of the Corps of Colonial Marines . In July 1814 , General Jackson complained to the Governor of Pensacola , Mateo González Manrique , that combatants from the Creek War were being harboured in Spanish territory , and made reference to the British presence on Spanish soil . Although he gave an angry reply to Jackson , Manrique was alarmed at the weak position he found himself in . He appealed to the British for help , with Woodbine arriving on July 28 , and Nicolls arriving at Pensacola on August 24 . The first engagement of the British and their Creek allies against the Americans on the Gulf Coast was the attack on Fort Bowyer September 14 , 1814 . Captain William Percy tried to take the U.S. fort , hoping to then move on Mobile and block U.S. trade and encroachment on the Mississippi . After the Americans repulsed Percy 's forces , the British established a military presence of up to 200 Marines at Pensacola . In November , Jackson 's force of 4,000 men took the town . This underlined the superiority of numbers of Jackson 's force in the region . The U.S. force moved to New Orleans in late 1814 . Jackson 's army of 1,000 regulars and 3,000 to 4,000 militia , pirates and other fighters , as well as civilians and slaves built fortifications south of the city . Gulf coast Main article : Battle of New Orleans American forces under General James Wilkinson , who was himself earning $4,000 per year as a Spanish secret agent , took the Mobile area -- formerly part of West Florida -- from the Spanish in March 1813 ; this was the only territory permanently gained by the U.S. during the war . The Americans built Fort Bowyer , a log and earthenwork fort with 14 guns , on Mobile Point . At the end of 1814 , the British launched a double offensive in the South weeks before the Treaty of Ghent was signed . On the Atlantic coast , Admiral George Cockburn was to close the Intracoastal Waterway trade and land Royal Marine battalions to advance through Georgia to the western territories . On the Gulf coast , Admiral Alexander Cochrane moved on the new state of Louisiana and the Mississippi Territory . Admiral Cochrane 's ships reached the Louisiana coast December 9 , and Cockburn arrived in Georgia December 14 . The Battle of New Orleans , January 1815 On January 8 , 1815 , a British force of 8,000 under General Edward Pakenham attacked Jackson 's defences in New Orleans . The Battle of New Orleans was an American victory , as the British failed to take the fortifications on the East Bank . The British suffered high casualties : 291 dead , 1262 wounded , and 484 captured or missing whereas American casualties were 13 dead , 39 wounded , and 19 missing . It was hailed as a great victory across the U.S. , making Jackson a national hero and eventually propelling him to the presidency . The American garrison at Fort St. Philip endured ten days of bombardment from Royal Navy guns , which was a final attempt to invade Louisiana ; British ships sailed away from the Mississippi River on January 18 . However , it was not until January 27 , 1815 , that the army had completely rejoined the fleet , allowing for their departure . After New Orleans , the British tried to take Mobile a second time ; General John Lambert laid siege for five days and took the fort , winning the Second Battle of Fort Bowyer on February 12 , 1815 . HMS Brazen brought news of the Treaty of Ghent the next day , and the British abandoned the Gulf coast . In January 1815 , Admiral Cockburn succeeded in blockading the southeastern coast by occupying Camden County , Georgia . The British quickly took Cumberland Island , Fort Point Peter , and Fort St. Tammany in a decisive victory . Under the orders of his commanding officers , Cockburn 's forces relocated many refugee slaves , capturing St. Simons Island as well , to do so . During the invasion of the Georgia coast , an estimated 1,485 people chose to relocate in British territories or join the military . In mid-March , several days after being informed of the Treaty of Ghent , British ships finally left the area . Treaty of Ghent Main article : Treaty of Ghent Factors leading to the peace negotiations By 1814 , both sides had either achieved their main war goals or were weary of a costly war that offered little but stalemate . They both sent delegations to a neutral site in Ghent , Flanders ( now part of Belgium ) . The negotiations began in early August and concluded on December 24 , when a final agreement was signed ; both sides had to ratify it before it could take effect . Meanwhile , both sides planned new invasions . In 1814 the British began blockading the United States , and brought the American economy to near bankruptcy , forcing it to rely on loans for the rest of the war . American foreign trade was reduced to a trickle . The parlous American economy was thrown into chaos with prices soaring and unexpected shortages causing hardship in New England which was considering secession . The Hartford Convention led to widespread fears that the New England states might attempt to leave the Union , which was exaggerated as most New Englanders did not wish to leave the Union and merely wanted an end to a war which was bringing much economic hardship , suggested that the continuation of the war might threaten the union . But also to a lesser extent British interests were hurt in the West Indies and Canada that had depended on that trade . Although American privateers found chances of success much reduced , with most British merchantmen now sailing in convoy , privateering continued to prove troublesome to the British , as shown by high insurance rates . British landowners grew weary of high taxes , and colonial interests and merchants called on the government to reopen trade with the U.S. by ending the war . Negotiations and peace At last in August 1814 , peace discussions began in the neutral city of Ghent . Both sides began negotiations warily . The British diplomats stated their case first , demanding the creation of an Indian barrier state in the American Northwest Territory ( the area from Ohio to Wisconsin ) . It was understood the British would sponsor this Indian state . The British strategy for decades had been to create a buffer state to block American expansion . Britain demanded naval control of the Great Lakes and access to the Mississippi River . The Americans refused to consider a buffer state and the proposal was dropped . Although Article IX of the treaty included provisions to restore to Natives `` all possessions , rights and privileges which they may have enjoyed , or been entitled to in 1811 '' , the provisions were unenforceable ; the British did not try and the Americans simply broke the treaty . The Americans ( at a later stage ) demanded damages for the burning of Washington and for the seizure of ships before the war began . American public opinion was outraged when Madison published the demands ; even the Federalists were now willing to fight on . The British had planned three invasions . One force burned Washington but failed to capture Baltimore , and sailed away when its commander was killed . In northern New York State , 10,000 British veterans were marching south until a decisive defeat at the Battle of Plattsburgh forced them back to Canada . Nothing was known of the fate of the third large invasion force aimed at capturing New Orleans and southwest . The Prime Minister wanted the Duke of Wellington to command in Canada and take control of the Great Lakes . Wellington said that he would go to America but he believed he was needed in Europe . Wellington emphasized that the war was a draw and the peace negotiations should not make territorial demands : I think you have no right , from the state of war , to demand any concession of territory from America ... You have not been able to carry it into the enemy 's territory , notwithstanding your military success and now undoubted military superiority , and have not even cleared your own territory on the point of attack . You can not on any principle of equality in negotiation claim a cessation of territory except in exchange for other advantages which you have in your power ... Then if this reasoning be true , why stipulate for the uti possidetis ? You can get no territory : indeed , the state of your military operations , however creditable , does not entitle you to demand any . The Prime Minister , Lord Liverpool , aware of growing opposition to wartime taxation and the demands of Liverpool and Bristol merchants to reopen trade with America , realized Britain also had little to gain and much to lose from prolonged warfare especially after the growing concern about the situation in Europe . After months of negotiations , against the background of changing military victories , defeats and losses , the parties finally realized that their nations wanted peace and there was no real reason to continue the war . The main focus on British foreign policy was the Congress of Vienna , during which British diplomats had clashed with Russian and Prussian diplomats over the terms of the peace with France , and there were fears at the Britain might have go to war with Russia and Prussia . Now each side was tired of the war . Export trade was all but paralyzed and after Napoleon fell in 1814 France was no longer an enemy of Britain , so the Royal Navy no longer needed to stop American shipments to France , and it no longer needed to impress more seamen . It had ended the practices that so angered the Americans in 1812 . The British were preoccupied in rebuilding Europe after the apparent final defeat of Napoleon . British negotiators were urged by Lord Liverpool to offer a status quo and dropped their demands for the creation of an Indian barrier state , which was in any case hopeless after the collapse of Tecumseh 's alliance . This allowed negotiations to resume at the end of October . British diplomats soon offered the status quo to the U.S. negotiators , who accepted them . Prisoners were to be exchanged and captured slaves returned to the United States or paid for by Britain . At this point , the number of slaves was approximately 6,000 . Britain eventually refused the demand , allowing many to either emigrate to Canada or Trinidad . On December 24 , 1814 the diplomats had finished and signed the Treaty of Ghent . The treaty was ratified by the British three days later on December 27 and arrived in Washington on February 17 , where it was quickly ratified and went into effect , thus finally ending the war . The terms called for all occupied territory to be returned , the prewar boundary between Canada and the United States to be restored , and the Americans were to gain fishing rights in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence . The Treaty of Ghent failed to secure official British acknowledgement of American maritime rights or ending impressment . However , in the century of peace until World War I these rights were not seriously violated . The defeat of Napoleon made irrelevant all of the naval issues over which the United States had fought . The Americans had achieved their goal of ending the Indian threat ; furthermore the American armies had scored enough victories ( especially at New Orleans ) to satisfy honour and the sense of becoming fully independent from Britain . Losses and compensation British losses in the war were about 1,160 killed in action and 3,679 wounded ; 3,321 British died from disease . American losses were 2,260 killed in action and 4,505 wounded . While the number of Americans who died from disease is not known , it is estimated that about 15,000 died from all causes directly related to the war . These figures do not include deaths among Canadian militia forces or losses among native tribes . There have been no estimates of the cost of the American war to Britain , but it did add some £ 25 million to the national debt . In the U.S. , the cost was $105 million , about the same as the cost to Britain . The national debt rose from $45 million in 1812 to $127 million by the end of 1815 , although by selling bonds and treasury notes at deep discounts -- and often for irredeemable paper money due to the suspension of specie payment in 1814 -- the government received only $34 million worth of specie . Stephen Girard , the richest man in America at the time , was one of those who personally funded the United States government involvement in the war . In addition , at least 3,000 American slaves escaped to the British lines . Many other slaves simply escaped in the chaos of war and achieved their freedom on their own . The British settled some of the newly freed slaves in Nova Scotia . Four hundred freedmen were settled in New Brunswick . The Americans protested that Britain 's failure to return the slaves violated the Treaty of Ghent . After arbitration by the Tsar of Russia the British paid $1,204,960 in damages to Washington , which reimbursed the slaveowners . In the United States , the economy grew every year 1812 -- 1815 , despite a large loss of business by East Coast shipping interests . Prices were 15 % higher -- inflated -- in 1815 compared to 1812 , an annual rate of 4.8 % . The national economy grew 1812 -- 1815 at the rate of 3.7 % a year , after accounting for inflation . Per capita GDP grew at 2.2 % a year , after accounting for inflation . Hundreds of new banks were opened ; they largely handled the loans that financed the war since tax revenues were down . Money that would have been spent on foreign trade was diverted to opening new factories , which were profitable since British factory - made products were not for sale . This gave a major boost to the Industrial Revolution in the U.S. , as typified by the Boston Associates . The Boston Manufacturing Company , built the first integrated spinning and weaving factory in the world at Waltham , Massachusetts , in 1813 . Memory and historiography Popular views During the 19th century the popular image of the war in the United States was of an American victory , and in Canada , of a Canadian victory . Each young country saw its self - perceived victory as an important foundation of its growing nationhood . The British , on the other hand , who had been preoccupied by Napoleon 's challenge in Europe , paid little attention to what was to them a peripheral and secondary dispute , a distraction from the principal task at hand . Canadian Canadian Voltigeurs in action at the Battle of the Chateauguay In British North America , the War of 1812 was seen by Loyalists as a victory , as they had claimed they had successfully defended their country from an American takeover . A long - term consequence of the Canadian militia 's success was the view widely held in Canada at least until the First World War that Canada did not need a regular professional army . While Canadian militia units had played instrumental roles in several engagements , such as at the Battle of the Chateauguay , it was the regular units of the British Army , including its `` Fencible '' regiments which were recruited within North America , which ensured that Canada was successfully defended . The U.S. Army had done poorly , on the whole , in several attempts to invade Canada , and the Canadians had fought bravely to defend their territory . But the British did not doubt that the thinly populated territory would remain vulnerable in a third war . `` We can not keep Canada if the Americans declare war against us again '' , Admiral Sir David Milne wrote to a correspondent in 1817 , although the Rideau Canal was built for just such a scenario . By the 21st century it was a forgotten war in Britain , although still remembered in Canada , especially Ontario . In a 2009 poll , 37 % of Canadians said the war was a Canadian victory , 9 % said the U.S. won , 15 % called it a draw , and 39 % said they knew too little to comment . A 2012 poll found that in a list of items that could be used to define Canadians ' identity , the belief that Canada successfully repelled an American invasion in the War of 1812 places second ( 25 % ) . American Today , American popular memory includes the British capture and the burning of Washington in August 1814 , which necessitated its extensive renovation . The fact that before the war , many Americans wanted to annex British North America , was swiftly forgotten , and instead American popular memory focused on the victories at Baltimore , Plattsburg and New Orleans to present the war as a successful effort to assert American national honour , the `` second war of independence '' that saw the mighty British empire humbled and humiliated . In a speech before Congress on February 18 , 1815 , President Madison proclaimed the war a complete American victory . This interpretation of the war was and remains the dominant American view of the war The American newspaper the Niles Register in an editorial on September 14 , 1816 , announced that the Americans had crushed the British , declaring `` ... we did virtually dictate the treaty of Ghent to the British '' . A minority of Americans , mostly associated with the Federalists , saw the war as a defeat and an act of folly on Madison 's part , caustically asking if the Americans were `` dictating '' the terms of the treaty of Ghent , why the British Crown did not cede British North America to the United States ? However , the Federalist view of the war is not the mainstream American memory of the war . The view of Congressman George Troup , who stated in a speech in 1815 that the Treaty of Ghent was `` the glorious termination of the most glorious war ever waged by any people '' , is the way that most Americans remembered the war . Another memory is the successful American defence of Fort McHenry in September 1814 , which inspired the lyrics of the U.S. national anthem , `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' . The successful captains of the U.S. Navy became popular heroes with plates with the likeness of Decatur , Steward , Hull , and others becoming popular items . Ironically , many were made in England . The navy became a cherished institution , lauded for the victories that it won against all odds . After engagements during the final actions of the war , U.S. Marines had acquired a well - deserved reputation as excellent marksmen , especially in ship - to - ship actions . Historians ' views Historians have differing and complex interpretations of the war . In recent decades the view of the majority of historians has been that the war ended in stalemate , with the Treaty of Ghent closing a war that had become militarily inconclusive . Neither side wanted to continue fighting since the main causes had disappeared and since there were no large lost territories for one side or the other to reclaim by force . Insofar as they see the war 's resolution as allowing two centuries of peaceful and mutually beneficial intercourse between the U.S. , Britain and Canada , these historians often conclude that all three nations were the `` real winners '' of the War of 1812 . These writers often add that the war could have been avoided in the first place by better diplomacy . It is seen as a mistake for everyone concerned because it was badly planned and marked by multiple fiascoes and failures on both sides , as shown especially by the repeated American failures to seize parts of Canada , and the failed British attack on New Orleans and upstate New York . However , other scholars hold that the war constituted a British victory and an American defeat . They argue that the British achieved their military objectives in 1812 ( by stopping the repeated American invasions of Canada ) and retaining their Canadian colonies . By contrast , they say , the Americans suffered a defeat when their armies failed to achieve their war goal of seizing part or all of Canada . Additionally , they argue the U.S. lost as it failed to stop impressment , which the British refused to repeal until the end of the Napoleonic Wars , arguing that the U.S. actions had no effect on the Orders in Council , which were rescinded before the war started . Historian Troy Bickham , author of The Weight of Vengeance : The United States , the British Empire , and the War of 1812 , sees the British as having fought to a much stronger position than the United States . Even tied down by ongoing wars with Napoleonic France , the British had enough capable officers , well - trained men , and equipment to easily defeat a series of American invasions of Canada . In fact , in the opening salvos of the war , the American forces invading Upper Canada were pushed so far back that they ended up surrendering Michigan Territory . The difference between the two navies was even greater . While the Americans famously ( shockingly for contemporaries on both sides of the Atlantic ) bested British ships in some one - on - one actions at the war 's start , the Royal Navy held supremacy throughout the war , blockading the U.S. coastline and ravaging coastal towns , including Washington , D.C. Yet in late 1814 , the British offered surprisingly generous peace terms despite having amassed a large invasion force of veteran troops in Canada , naval supremacy in the Atlantic , an opponent that was effectively bankrupt , and an open secessionist movement in New England . He considers that the British offered the United States generous terms , in place of their initially harsh terms ( which included massive forfeiture of land to Canada and the American Indians ) , because the `` reigning Liverpool ministry in Britain held a loose grip on power and feared the war - weary , tax - exhausted public '' . The war was also technically a British victory `` because the United States failed to achieve the aims listed in its declaration of war '' . A second minority view is that both the U.S. and Britain won the war -- that is , both achieved their main objectives , as the U.S. restored its independence and honour , and opened the way to westward expansion , while Britain defeated Napoleon and ruled the seas . American historian Norman K. Risjord argues that the main motivation was restoring the nation 's honour in the face of relentless British Aggression toward American neutral rights on the high seas , and in the Western lands . The results in terms of honour satisfied the War Hawks . American historian Donald Hickey asks , `` Did the cost in blood and treasure justify the U.S. decision to go to war ? Most Republicans thought it did . In the beginning they called the contest a `` second war of independence '' , and while Britain 's maritime practices never truly threatened the Republic 's independence , the war did in a broad sense vindicate U.S. sovereignty . But it ended in a draw on the battlefield . '' Historians argue that it was an American success to end the threat of Indian raids , kill the British plan for a semi-independent Indian sanctuary , and hereby to open an unimpeded path for westward expansion . Winston Churchill concluded : The lessons of the war were taken to heart . Anti-American feeling in Great Britain ran high for several years , but the United States were never again refused proper treatment as an independent power . American naval historian George C. Daughan argues that the US achieved enough of its war goals to claim a victorious result of the conflict , and subsequent impact it had on the negotiations in Ghent . Daughan uses official correspondences from President Madison to the delegates at Ghent strictly prohibiting negotiations with regards to maritime law , stating : Madison 's latest dispatches ( arrived July 25 -- 27 , 1814 ) permitted them ( the delegates ) to simply ignore the entire question of maritime rights . Free trade with liberated Europe had already been restored , and the Admiralty no longer needed impressment to man its warships . The president felt that with Europe at peace the issues of neutral trading rights and impressment could safely be set aside in the interests of obtaining peace ... Thus , from the start of the negotiations , the disagreements that started the war and sustained it were acknowledged by both parties to be no longer important . The British permanently stopped impressing Americans , although they never publicly rescinding the possibility of resuming that practice . The US delegates at the meeting understood it to be a dead issue after the 1814 surrender of Napoleon . In addition , the successful defence of Baltimore , Plattsburgh , and Fort Erie ( a strategic fortress located in Upper Canada on the Niagara River , and occupied during the 3rd and most successful offensive into Canada ) had very favorable influence on the negotiations for the Americans and prompted several famous responses from both sides . Henry Clay wrote to the delegates in October 1814 , `` for in our own country , my dear sir , at last must we conquer the peace . '' With growing pressure in Britain , The Duke of Wellington when asked to command the forces in America wrote to Liverpool on November 9 , 1814 `` I confess that I think you have no right , from the state of the war , to demand any concession of territory from America ... You have not been able to carry ... ( the war ) into the enemy 's territory , notwithstanding your military success and now undoubted military superiority , and have not even cleared your own territory on the point of attack ( Fort Erie ) ... Why Stipulate for uti possidetis ? '' The argument that the US failed to capture any Canadian territory that influenced the negotiations is an outdated and highly criticized position , argues Daughan . He cites the Edinburgh Review , a British newspaper who had remained silent about the war with America for two years wrote `` the British government had embarked on a war of conquest , after the American government had dropped its maritime demands , and the British had lost . It was folly to attempt to invade and conquer the United States . To do so would result in the same tragedy as the first war against them , and with the same result . '' National bias of historians Historians have different views on who won the War of 1812 , and there is an element of national bias to this . British and Canadian historians follow the view that the war was a British victory , and some US historians also support this view . The opposing position , held by most US historians along with some Canadians and British , is that the result was a stalemate . Only US historians follow the minority view that the US was the victorious party in the war . Similarly , a survey of school textbooks found that historians from Canada , Britain , and the United States emphasize different aspects of the war according to their national narratives ; some British texts will scarcely mention the war . Indians as losers Historians generally agree that the real losers of the War of 1812 were the Indians ( called First Nations in Canada ) . Hickey says : The big losers in the war were the Indians . As a proportion of their population , they had suffered the heaviest casualties . Worse , they were left without any reliable European allies in North America ... The crushing defeats at the Thames and Horseshoe Bend left them at the mercy of the Americans , hastening their confinement to reservations and the decline of their traditional way of life . Americans believed British officers paid their Indian allies to scalp American soldiers , c. 1812 The Indians of the Old Northwest ( the modern Midwest ) had hoped to create an Indian state to be a British protectorate . American settlers into the Middle West had been repeatedly blocked and threatened by Indian raids before 1812 , and that now came to an end . Throughout the war the British had played on terror of the tomahawks and scalping knives of their Indian allies ; it worked especially at Hull 's surrender at Detroit . By 1813 Americans had killed Tecumseh and broken his coalition of tribes . Jackson then defeated the Creek in the Southwest . Historian John Sugden notes that in both theaters , the Indians ' strength had been broken prior to the arrival of the major British forces in 1814 . The one campaign that the Americans had decisively won was the campaign in the Old Northwest , which put the British in a weak hand to insist upon an Indian state in the Old Northwest . Notwithstanding the sympathy and support from commanders ( such as Brock , Cochrane and Nicolls ) , the policymakers in London reneged in assisting the Indians , as making peace was a higher priority for the politicians . At the peace conference the British demanded an independent Indian state in the Midwest , but , although the British and their Indian allies maintained control over the territories in question ( i.e. most of the Upper Midwest ) , British diplomats did not press the demand after an American refusal , effectively abandoning their Indian allies . The withdrawal of British protection gave the Americans a free hand , which resulted in the removal of most of the tribes to Indian Territory ( present - day Oklahoma ) . In that sense according to historian Alan Taylor , the final victory at New Orleans had `` enduring and massive consequences '' . It gave the Americans `` continental predominance '' while it left the Indians dispossessed , powerless , and vulnerable . The Treaty of Ghent technically required the United States to cease hostilities and `` forthwith to restore to such Tribes or Nations respectively all possessions , rights and privileges which they may have enjoyed , or been entitled to in 1811 '' ; the United States ignored this article of the treaty and proceeded to expand into this territory regardless ; Britain was unwilling to provoke further war to enforce it . A shocked Henry Goulburn , one of the British negotiators at Ghent , remarked : Till I came here , I had no idea of the fixed determination which there is in the heart of every American to extirpate the Indians and appropriate their territory . The Creek War came to an end , with the Treaty of Fort Jackson being imposed upon the Indians . About half of the Creek territory was ceded to the United States , with no payment made to the Creeks . This was , in theory , invalidated by Article 9 of the Treaty of Ghent . The British failed to press the issue , and did not take up the Indian cause as an infringement of an international treaty . Without this support , the Indians ' lack of power was apparent and the stage was set for further incursions of territory by the United States in subsequent decades . Long - term consequences Main article : Results of the War of 1812 Neither side lost territory in the war , nor did the treaty that ended it address the original points of contention -- and yet it changed much between the United States of America and Britain . The Treaty of Ghent established the status quo ante bellum ; that is , there were no territorial losses by either side . The issue of impressment was made moot when the Royal Navy , no longer needing sailors , stopped impressment after the defeat of Napoleon in spring 1814 ended the war . ( Napoleon unexpectedly returned in 1815 , after the final end of the war of 1812 . ) Except for occasional border disputes and some tensions during the American Civil War , relations between the U.S. and Britain remained peaceful for the rest of the 19th century , and the two countries became close allies in the 20th century . The Rush -- Bagot Treaty between the United States and Britain was enacted in 1817 . It demilitarized the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain , where many British naval arrangements and forts still remained . The treaty laid the basis for a demilitarized boundary . It remains in effect to this day . Although Britain had defeated the American invasions she was in no mood to have more conflicts with the United States since her attention was to her growing Indian possessions . Indicative of forbearance , or at least improved relations , Britain never seriously challenged the US over land claims after 1846 : she had hoped to keep Texas out of the US and had designs of taking California . From the 1880s , because of the burgeoning industrial power of the US , Britain had designs on getting the US on her side in a hypothetical European war . Border adjustments between the U.S. and British North America were made in the Treaty of 1818 . Eastport , Massachusetts , was returned to the U.S. in 1818 ; it became part of the new State of Maine in 1820 . A border dispute along the Maine -- New Brunswick border was settled by the 1842 Webster -- Ashburton Treaty after the bloodless Aroostook War , and the border in the Oregon Country was settled by splitting the disputed area in half by the 1846 Oregon Treaty . A further dispute about the line of the border through the island in the Strait of Juan de Fuca resulted in another almost bloodless standoff in the Pig War of 1859 . The line of the border was finally settled by an international arbitration commission in 1872 . United States The U.S. suppressed the Native American resistance on its western and southern borders . The nation also gained a psychological sense of complete independence as people celebrated their `` second war of independence '' . Nationalism soared after the victory at the Battle of New Orleans . The opposition Federalist Party collapsed , and the Era of Good Feelings ensued . No longer questioning the need for a strong Navy , the U.S. built three new 74 - gun ships of the line and two new 44 - gun frigates shortly after the end of the war . ( Another frigate had been destroyed to prevent it being captured on the stocks . ) In 1816 , the U.S. Congress passed into law an `` Act for the gradual increase of the Navy '' at a cost of $1,000,000 a year for eight years , authorizing 9 ships of the line and 12 heavy frigates . The Captains and Commodores of the U.S. Navy became the heroes of their generation in the U.S. Decorated plates and pitchers of Decatur , Hull , Bainbridge , Lawrence , Perry , and Macdonough were made in Staffordshire , England , and found a ready market in the United States . Several war heroes used their fame to win election to national office . Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison both took advantage of their military successes to win the presidency , while Richard Mentor Johnson used his wartime exploits to help attain the vice presidency . During the war , New England states became increasingly frustrated over how the war was being conducted and how the conflict was affecting them . They complained that the U.S. government was not investing enough in the states ' defences militarily and financially , and that the states should have more control over their militias . The increased taxes , the British blockade , and the occupation of some of New England by enemy forces also agitated public opinion in the states . As a result , at the Hartford Convention ( December 1814 -- January 1815 ) Federalist delegates deprecated the war effort and sought more autonomy for the New England states . They did not call for secession but word of the angry anti-war resolutions appeared at the same time that peace was announced and the victory at New Orleans was known . The upshot was that the Federalists were permanently discredited and quickly disappeared as a major political force . This war enabled thousands of slaves to escape to British lines or ships for freedom , despite the difficulties . The planters ' complacency about slave contentment was shocked by their seeing slaves , who risked so much to be free . After the decisive defeat of the Creek Indians at the battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814 , some Indian warriors escaped to join the Seminoles in Florida . The remaining Creek chiefs signed away about half their lands , comprising 23,000,000 acres , covering much of southern Georgia and two thirds of modern Alabama . The Creeks were now separated from any future help from the Spanish in Florida , or from the Choctaw and Chickasaw to the west . During the war the United States seized Mobile , Alabama , which was a strategic location providing oceanic outlet to the cotton lands to the north . Jackson invaded Florida in 1818 , demonstrating to Spain that it could no longer control that territory with a small force . Spain sold Florida to the United States in 1819 in the Adams -- Onís Treaty following the First Seminole War . Pratt concludes : Thus indirectly the War of 1812 brought about the acquisition of Florida ... To both the Northwest and the South , therefore , the War of 1812 brought substantial benefits . It broke the power of the Creek Confederacy and opened to settlement a great province of the future Cotton Kingdom . British North America ( Canada ) Douglas Coupland 's ' Monument to the War of 1812 ' ( 2008 ) in Toronto ; depicts a larger - than - life Canadian soldier triumphing over an American ; both are depicted as metallic toy soldiers of the sort small children play with . Pro-British leaders demonstrated a strong hostility to American influences in western Canada ( Ontario ) after the war and shaped its policies , including a hostility to American - style republicanism . Immigration from the U.S. was discouraged , and favour was shown to the Anglican Church as opposed to the more Americanized Methodist Church . The Battle of York showed the vulnerability of Upper and Lower Canada . In the 1820s , work began on La Citadelle at Quebec City as a defence against the United States . Additionally , work began on the Halifax citadel to defend the port against foreign navies . From 1826 to 1832 , the Rideau Canal was built to provide a secure waterway not at risk from American cannon fire . To defend the western end of the canal , the British Army also built Fort Henry at Kingston . Indigenous nations The Native Americans allied to the British lost their cause . The British proposal to create a `` neutral '' Indian zone in the American West was rejected at the Ghent peace conference and never resurfaced . After 1814 the natives , who lost most of their fur - gathering territory , became an undesirable burden to British policymakers who now looked to the United States for markets and raw materials . British agents in the field continued to meet regularly with their former American Indian partners , but they did not supply arms or encouragement and there were no American Indian campaigns to stop U.S. expansionism in the Midwest . Abandoned by their powerful sponsor , American Great Lakes - area Indians ultimately migrated or reached accommodations with the American authorities and settlers . Bermuda Bermuda had been largely left to the defences of its own militia and privateers before U.S. independence , but the Royal Navy had begun buying up land and operating from there in 1795 , as its location was a useful substitute for the lost U.S. ports . It originally was intended to be the winter headquarters of the North American Squadron , but the war saw it rise to a new prominence . As construction work progressed through the first half of the 19th century , Bermuda became the permanent naval headquarters in Western waters , housing the Admiralty and serving as a base and dockyard . The military garrison was built up to protect the naval establishment , heavily fortifying the archipelago that came to be described as the `` Gibraltar of the West '' . Defence infrastructure remained the central leg of Bermuda 's economy until after World War II . Britain The war is seldom remembered in Great Britain . The massive ongoing conflict in Europe against the French Empire under Napoleon ensured that the War of 1812 against America was never seen as more than a sideshow to the main event by the British . Britain 's blockade of French trade had been entirely successful and the Royal Navy was the world 's dominant nautical power ( and remained so for another century ) . While the land campaigns had contributed to saving Canada , the Royal Navy had shut down American commerce , bottled up the U.S. Navy in port and heavily suppressed privateering . British businesses , some affected by rising insurance costs , were demanding peace so that trade could resume with the U.S. The peace was generally welcomed by the British , though there was disquiet at the rapid growth of the U.S. However , the two nations quickly resumed trade after the end of the war and , over time , a growing friendship . Hickey argues that for Britain : the most important lesson of all ( was ) that the best way to defend Canada was to accommodate the United States . This was the principal rationale for Britain 's long - term policy of rapprochement with the United States in the nineteenth century and explains why they were so often willing to sacrifice other imperial interests to keep the republic happy . See also War of 1812 portal History of Canada portal Bibliography of early U.S. naval history Bibliography of the War of 1812 Elgin Military Museum Indiana in the War of 1812 Kentucky in the War of 1812 List of War of 1812 Battles Opposition to the War of 1812 in the United States Timeline of the War of 1812 War of 1812 Campaigns Notes Jump up ^ All U.S. figures are from Hickey 2006 , p. 297 Jump up ^ Of these , upwards of 800 were killed at sea , 1,160 were British Army regulars , and the rest were militia . Jump up ^ Includes 2,250 men of the Royal Navy . Jump up ^ Includes 1,000 combat casualties on the northern front . Jump up ^ For details of the negotiations , see Samuel Flagg Bemis , John Quincy Adams and the Foundations of American Foreign Policy ( 1956 ) pp 196 -- 220 ; Remini 1991 , pp. 94 -- 122 ; Ward & Gooch 1922 , pp. 537 -- 542 and Mahan 1905 , pp. 73 -- 78 Jump up ^ The British were unsure whether the attack on Baltimore was a failure , but Plattsburg was a humiliation that called for court martial ( Latimer 2007 , pp. 331 , 359 , 365 ) . Jump up ^ The Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History concludes , `` British plans for an American Indian buffer state were dropped , and American Indian nations within U.S. borders lost their last major remaining European diplomatic partner , clearing a path for American westward expansion . '' Jump up ^ Spain , a British ally , lost control of the Mobile , Alabama , area to the Americans . References Jump up ^ Battle of the Thames , Encyclopædia Britannica , `` Many British troops were captured and Tecumseh was killed , destroying his Indian alliance and breaking the Indian power in the Ohio and Indiana territories . After this battle , most of the tribes abandoned their association with the British . '' ^ Jump up to : Clodfelter 2017 , p. 245 . Jump up ^ Upton 2003 . Jump up ^ Allen 1996 , p. 121 . ^ Jump up to : Clodfelter 2017 , p. 244 . ^ Jump up to : Weiss , John McNish ( 2013 ) . `` The Corps of Colonial Marines : Black freedom fighters of the War of 1812 '' . mcnishandweiss.co.uk . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tucker et al. 2012 , p. 311 . Jump up ^ Hickey 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` War of 1812 -- Statistics '' . historyguy.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hooks , J. `` Redeemed honor : the President - Little Belt Affair and the coming of the war of 1812 '' The Historian , ( 1 ) , 1 ( 2012 ) ^ Jump up to : Hickey 1989 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Stagg 1983 , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Woodsworth 1812 . Jump up ^ order of the Senate of the United States ( 1828 ) . Journal of the Executive Proceedings of the Senate of the United States of America . Universidad Estatal de Ohio . pp. 619 -- 620 . Jump up ^ Trautsch 2013 , pp. 273 -- 293 ; Egan 1974 ; Goodman 1941 , pp. 171 -- 186 . Jump up ^ Scott A. Silverstone ( 2004 ) . Divided Union : The Politics of War in the Early American Republic . Cornell University Press . p. 95 . ISBN 0801442303 . Jump up ^ Risjord 1961 , pp. 196 -- 210 . Jump up ^ Brands 2005 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Swanson ( 1945 ) Jump up ^ Hickey 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lambert 2012 . Jump up ^ Fanis 2011 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Horsman 1962 , p. 264 . Jump up ^ Toll 2006 , p. 281 . Jump up ^ Toll 2006 , p. 382 . Jump up ^ Rodger , N.A.M. ( 2005 ) . Command of the Ocean . London : Penguin Books . pp. 565 -- 566 . ISBN 0 - 140 - 28896 - 1 . Jump up ^ Latimer 2007 , p. 17 . 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U.S. Army Campaigns of the War of 1812 : Online free Barbuto , Richard V . The Canadian Theater 1813 . ( 2013 ) ISBN 9780160920844 Barbuto , Richard V . The Canadian Theater 1814 . ( 2014 ) ISBN 9780160923845 Blackmon , Richard D . The Creek War 1813 -- 1814 ; 43pp ISBN 9780160925429 Maass , John R. Defending A New Nation 1783 -- 1811 ( 2013 ) 59pp Neimeyer , Charles P . The Chesapeake Campaign , 1813 -- 1814 ( 2014 ) ISBN 9780160925351 Rauch , Steven J. The Campaign of 1812 ( 2013 ) ; 58pp ISBN 9780160920929 Stoltz III , Joseph F. The Gulf Theater , 1813 -- 1815 Cleves , Rachel Hope ; Eustace , Nicole ; Gilje , Paul ( September 2012 ) . `` Interchange : The War of 1812 '' . Journal of American History . 99 ( 2 ) : 520 -- 555 . doi : 10.1093 / jahist / jas236 . historiography Collins , Gilbert ( 2006 ) . Guidebook to the historic sites of the War of 1812 . Dundurn . ISBN 1 - 55002 - 626 - 7 . Hickey , Donald R . The War of 1812 : A Forgotten Conflict ( 1989 ) ; abridged as The War of 1812 : A Short History ( 1995 ) Hickey , Donald R. Do n't Give Up the Ship ! : Myths of the War of 1812 ( 2006 ) Hickey , Donald R ( Sep 2013 ) . `` 1812 : The Old History and the New '' . Reviews in American History . 41 ( 3 ) : 436 -- 444 . doi : 10.1353 / rah. 2013.0081 . Hickey , Donald R. and Connie D. Clark , eds . The Routledge Handbook of the War of 1812 ( 2015 ) 336 pages Jensen , Richard . `` Military history on the electronic frontier : Wikipedia fights the War of 1812 . '' Journal of Military History 76.4 ( 2012 ) : 523 -- 556 Malcomson , Robert . Historical Dictionary of the War of 1812 . Landham , Maryland : Scarecrow . Perkins , Bradford ( 1961 ) . Prologue to war : England and the United States , 1805 -- 1812 . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2012 . Randall , William Sterne ( 2017 ) . Unshackling America : How the War of 1812 Truly Ended the American Revolution . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 2501 - 1184 - 5 . Rutland , Robert A. ed . James Madison and the American Nation 1751 -- 1836 : An Encyclopedia ( 1994 ) pp 144 -- 45 . Sapio , Victor . Pennsylvania and the War of 1812 ( University Press of Kentucky , 2015 ) . Smith , Gene Allen . The Slaves ' Gamble : Choosing Sides in the War of 1812 . New York : Palgrave Macmillan , 2013 . Stagg , J.C.A. ( 2012 ) . The War of 1812 : Conflict for a Continent . Cambridge Essential Histories . ISBN 0 - 521 - 72686 - 7 . Suthren , Victor ( 1999 ) . The War of 1812 . ISBN 0 - 7710 - 8317 - 3 . Stacey , CP ( 1964 ) . `` The War of 1812 in Canadian History '' . In Zaslow ; Morris ; Turner , Wesley B . The Defended Border : Upper Canada and the War of 1812 . Toronto . Smith , Joshua M. ( June 2011 ) . `` The Yankee Soldier 's Might : The District of Maine and the Reputation of the Massachusetts Militia , 1800 -- 1812 '' . New England Quarterly . LXXXIV ( 2 ) : 234 -- 264 . doi : 10.1162 / tneq_a_00088 . 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Key Events of the War of 1812 , chart by Greg D. Feldmeth , Polytechnic School ( Pasadena , California ) , 1998 . `` War of 1812 '' . historycentral.com. 2000 . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2001 . `` The War of 1812 '' . Archives of Ontario . 2009 -- 2010 . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2013 . Black Americans in the U.S. Military from the American Revolution to the Korean War : The War of 1812 , David Omahen , New York State Military Museum and Veteran Research Center , 2006 President Madison 's War Message , lesson plan with extensive list of documents , EDSitement.com ( National Endowment for the Humanities ) PBS Documentary The War of 1812 The short film `` The War of 1812 '' U.S. Navy is available for free download at the Internet Archive Indexed eLibrary of War of 1812 Resources at Fire Along the Frontier Resource Site Illustrated War of 1812 Timelines at Fire Along the Frontier Resource Site War of 1812 Reenactment Groups BBC Radio 4 : In Our Time . 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who died in the night of the long knives
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Otto Ballerstedt , former Chief of the `` Bayernbund '' , a secessionist political group in Bavaria , responsible for putting Hitler in prison for a month in 1922 after he had physically attacked Ballerstedt during a rally Fritz Beck , director of the Munich Students ' Welfare Fund Herbert von Bose , associate of Franz von Papen Ferdinand von Bredow , close associate of Kurt von Schleicher Georg von Detten , member of the Reichstag , department chief of the highest SA - leadership Karl Ernst , member of the Reichstag , leader of the SA - lower group East Hans Joachim von Falkenhausen , chief of staff of Georg von Detten Fritz Gerlich , newspaper journalist , editor of Munich 's Catholic weekly ( Der Gerade Weg ) and publisher , Catholic Action Alexander Glaser , lawyer Hans Hayn , member of the Reichstag , SA - group leader of Sachsen Karl - Günther Heimsoth , physician , publicist , politician Edmund Heines , SA - senior group leader in Breslau Oskar Heines , younger brother of Edmund Heines Peter von Heydebreck , member of the Reichstag , SA - group leader Anton von Hohberg und Buchwald , SS Obergruppenführer , the only SS victim , killed on the orders of Obergruppenführer von dem Bach Zelewski Edgar Julius Jung , lawyer , author of the `` Marburg speech '' of Franz von Papen , Catholic Action worker Gustav Ritter von Kahr , former prime minister of Bavaria , Member of Triumvirate who ruled Bavaria during the Beer Hall Putsch Dr. Kuno Kamphausen , architect , member of the Zentrum political party Eugen von Kessel , former officer and police captain Erich Klausener , leader of the police department in the Prussian ministry of internal affairs , president of Berlin 's Catholic Action group . Hans - Karl Koch , member of the Reichstag , SA - general in the group of Westmark Fritz von Krausser , member of the Reichstag , chief the leading office of the OSAF Adalbert Probst , the national director of the Catholic Youth Sports Association ( German : Deutsche Jugendkraft - Sportverbands ) Hans Ramshorn , member of the Reichstag , SA - general in Oberschlesien and chief of police of Gleiwitz Ernst Röhm , SA - chief of staff Paul Röhrbein , SA - captain , leader of the first SA of Berlin Erich Schiewek , SA - man from Breslau , accompanied Heines to Bad Wiessee as substitute adjutant Kurt von Schleicher , former Chancellor of Germany Elisabeth von Schleicher , wife of Kurt von Schleicher Willi Schmid , the music critic of the Münchener Neueste Nachrichten , a Munich newspaper ( killed in a case of mistaken identity ) August Schneidhuber , member of the Reichstag , chief of police of Munich Johann Konrad Schragmüller , member of the Reichstag , chief of police of Magdeburg Emil Sembach , member of the Reichstag , ex-SS - general Father Bernhard Stempfle , defrocked priest , former co-prisoner in Landsberg , Bavaria , and by few sources considered to have been one of the editors of Mein Kampf Gregor Strasser , former high - ranking Nazi party member , father of Hitler 's godchildren Vogel , chauffeur of Ernst Röhm Gerd Voß , lawyer Jeanette Zweig , a Jewish woman from Hirschberg Ernestine Zoref , Housewife and mistress to SA supporter Baron Paul Edmund von Hahn The proprietor and head - waiter of the Bratwurst - Gloeckle in Munich , Röhm 's favourite tavern , where Goebbels had met secretly with Röhm prior to the purge . Although the two men were not involved politically , it was deemed that they ' knew too much ' .
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Victims of the Night of the Long Knives
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victims of the night of the long knives
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The Night of the Long Knives ( German : Nacht der langen Messer ) was a purge in which the Nazi regime murdered at least 85 people for political reasons . This took place in Germany between June 30 and July 2 , 1934 . Most of those killed were members of the Storm Division ( SA ) ( German : Sturmabteilung ) , a Nazi paramilitary organization .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Debate over number of victims 1.1 Official list of those killed 1.2 Estimates of people killed in addition to those on the official list 2 Partial list of victims 3 References 4 External links Debate over number of victims ( edit ) The precise number of victims of the Night of the Long Knives is disputed and will probably never be known with certainty . During the Purge itself official radio and newspaper reports only gave the names of 10 people killed ( the six SA - leaders executed in Stadelheim Prison on June 30 , Schleicher and his wife , Karl Ernst -- who was wrongly reported to have been shot in Stadelheim , whereas in fact he was shot in the barracks of Hitler 's Personal Guard Unit in Berlin Lichterfelde -- and Ernst Röhm ) . While the German newspapers avoided disclosing the names of further victims of the purge , in the weeks and months to follow , the international press would set out to detail a more comprehensive account of how many people had been killed between June 30 to July 2 . They managed to present about 100 names of people allegedly killed , although a number of those eventually turned out to have survived , such as the former SA chief of Berlin Wolf - Heinrich Graf von Helldorf ( who was actually one of the organizers of the purge - e.g. he warned Werner von Alvensleben , Schleicher 's go - between to Hitler -- but not Schleicher -- to spend the fateful weekend at his hunting lodge ; and was himself only killed after participating in the fateful 20th of July 1944 coup attempt . ) and Adolf Morsbach , the head of the cosmopolitan - minded Akademischer Austauschdienst ( Academic Exchange Programme ) , who had instead been sent to a Nazi concentration camp . Official list of those killed ( edit ) Immediately after the events of the purge the Gestapo compiled an official list of those killed at the order of Hitler himself who wished to gain an overall view on the number and identity of those killed in order to prepare the Reichstag speech in which he intended to present his interpretation of the occurrences of June 30 to July 2 to the German public and the world in general , and which he finally delivered on July 13 . This `` Gestapo List '' comprised a total of 77 names . In his Reichstag speech Hitler sub-divided those into 61 persons who had been shot during `` the action '' ; allegedly 13 had died resisting arrest while three committed suicide . In his speech Hitler revealed the names of 11 of those 77 ( Ferdinand von Bredow , Georg von Detten , Karl Ernst , Hans Hayn , Edmund Heines , Peter von Heydebreck , Ernst Röhm , Kurt von Schleicher , Gregor Strasser , and Julius Uhl ) . However , the list of 77 was far from being complete : Hitler admitted that some excesses had taken place and stated that he had handed over the cases of several people who had been killed as part of unauthorized actions by subordinate organs to the authorities , who were supposed to implement a regular prosecution of the perpetrators . Among those cases who were at first subject to regular investigation and prosecution by the locally responsible Attorney Offices were those of the city clerk Kuno Kamphausen who was murdered at the order of an SS officer who bore a grudge against him for refusing to give a construction permission to his brother and the cases of four Jews and two Communists who were killed without permission from Berlin in the course of arbitrary actions by lower SS echelons in the province of Silesia . In September 1934 Heinrich Himmler -- eager to shield his SS men from legal prosecution -- managed to convince Hitler to change his mind on the latter six people , whose names as a consequence , were subsequently added to the official list whose killing was to be considered rightful and which now encompassed 83 names . The list of 77 or 83 names respectively was kept in several copies -- which were stored under lock and key -- in the Ministry of Justice and the Gestapo Headquarters . After a law entitled `` Gesetz über Maßnahmen der Staatsnotwehr '' ( `` Law pertaining to the Measures of Self - Defense of the State '' ) had been passed by the Reich Cabinet on July 3 , which declared : `` Die zur Niederschlagung hoch - und landesverräterischer Angriffe am 30 . Juni , 1 . und 2 . Juli 1934 vollzogenen Maßnahmen sind als Staatsnotwehr rechtens '' ( `` The measures taken to clamp down on the treasonous attacks of June 30th , July 1st and 2nd are rightful , due to having been acts of self - defense of the State . '' ) it was decided that the killing of everybody on that list was to be considered lawful and that therefore the police and Attorney Offices were prohibited from investigating and prosecuting anyone for those killings . The lists thus were used by the Ministry and the Gestapo as a referential tool which could be consulted to decide , whether requests of relatives and friends of those killed to be given information on the circumstances of death of their beloved ones , or requests to prosecute those responsible for their killing would be answered in the affirmative ( people killed and not mentioned on the Gestapo list ) or in the negative ( people whose names were to be found on the list ) . The same applied to requests of other state authorities ( especially police departments and Attorney Offices ) who inquired at the Ministry of Justice or the Gestapo headquarters whether they should open and or continue investigation of a specific killing that had taken place on the three days from June 30 to July 2 . The official list of those killed was first published in 1964 by Heinrich Bennecke ( 1902 - 1972 ) in the appendix of his book Die Reichswehr und der `` Röhm - Putsch '' . Estimates of people killed in addition to those on the official list ( edit ) Later research by historians has shown that in addition to those listed by the Gestapo a number of others also had been killed . Heinrich Bennecke complemented the names of the city clerk Kuno Kamphausen from Waldenburg and the music critic Willi Schmid to his reprint of the official Gestapo list , whereupon he concluded that at least 85 people were killed during the purge . Later , Hans Günther Richardi , in his study on the Dachau concentration camp , added the names of four inmates of Dachau ( lawyer Julius Adler ( 1882 -- 1934 ) , worker Erich Gans ( 1908 - 1934 ) , Walter Häbich and worker Adam Hereth ( 1897 - 1934 ) ) , claiming they were murdered by the SS during the purge . In 1993 Otto Gritschneder published a book on the post -- World War II prosecution of those involved in the killings which lists 90 names of people killed ( adding the doctor and Röhm associate Karl Günther Heimsoth to the list ) . Fritz Gerlich ( 1929 ) Kurt von Schleicher in uniform , 1932 Herbert von Bose in early 1934 Willi Schmid in 1930 Gregor Strasser in 1928 Richard J. Evans states that at least 85 people were killed and more than 1,000 were arrested . Ian Kershaw also cites the number of deaths at 85 . Kershaw notes that `` some estimates ... put the total number killed at between 150 and 200 . '' William L. Shirer writes in his Rise and Fall of the Third Reich , that `` The White Book of the Purge , published by émigrés in Paris claims 401 deaths , but lists only 116 of them . At the 1957 trial in Munich the figure ' more than 1,000 ' was used . '' Both of those figures are much higher than the ones most historians of the period rely on , and that Shirer himself was not necessarily citing the figures as accurate , but was simply relaying them in his book . The most recent study on the matter lists by name 89 people who were definitely killed , as well as two other cases of whom it is unclear whether they were murdered during the events or slightly earlier or later . Partial list of victims ( edit ) Otto Ballerstedt , former Chief of the `` Bayernbund '' , a secessionist political group in Bavaria , responsible for putting Hitler in prison for a month in 1922 after he had physically attacked Ballerstedt during a rally Fritz Beck , director of the Munich Students ' Welfare Fund Herbert von Bose , associate of Franz von Papen Ferdinand von Bredow , close associate of Kurt von Schleicher Georg von Detten , member of the Reichstag , department chief of the highest SA - leadership Karl Ernst , member of the Reichstag , leader of the SA - lower group East Hans Joachim von Falkenhausen , chief of staff of Georg von Detten Fritz Gerlich , newspaper journalist , editor of Munich 's Catholic weekly ( Der Gerade Weg ) and publisher , Catholic Action Alexander Glaser , lawyer Hans Hayn , member of the Reichstag , SA - group leader of Sachsen Karl - Günther Heimsoth , physician , publicist , politician Edmund Heines , SA - senior group leader in Breslau Oskar Heines , younger brother of Edmund Heines Peter von Heydebreck , member of the Reichstag , SA - group leader Anton von Hohberg und Buchwald , SS Obergruppenführer , the only SS victim , killed on the orders of Obergruppenführer von dem Bach Zelewski Edgar Julius Jung , lawyer , author of the `` Marburg speech '' of Franz von Papen , Catholic Action worker Gustav Ritter von Kahr , former prime minister of Bavaria , Member of Triumvirate who ruled Bavaria during the Beer Hall Putsch Dr. Kuno Kamphausen , architect , member of the Zentrum political party Eugen von Kessel , former officer and police captain Erich Klausener , leader of the police department in the Prussian ministry of internal affairs , president of Berlin 's Catholic Action group . Hans - Karl Koch , member of the Reichstag , SA - general in the group of Westmark Fritz von Krausser , member of the Reichstag , chief the leading office of the OSAF Adalbert Probst , the national director of the Catholic Youth Sports Association ( German : Deutsche Jugendkraft - Sportverbands ) Hans Ramshorn , member of the Reichstag , SA - general in Oberschlesien and chief of police of Gleiwitz Ernst Röhm , SA - chief of staff Paul Röhrbein , SA - captain , leader of the first SA of Berlin Erich Schiewek , SA - man from Breslau , accompanied Heines to Bad Wiessee as substitute adjutant Kurt von Schleicher , former Chancellor of Germany Elisabeth von Schleicher , wife of Kurt von Schleicher Willi Schmid , the music critic of the Münchener Neueste Nachrichten , a Munich newspaper ( killed in a case of mistaken identity ) August Schneidhuber , member of the Reichstag , chief of police of Munich Johann Konrad Schragmüller , member of the Reichstag , chief of police of Magdeburg Emil Sembach , member of the Reichstag , ex-SS - general Father Bernhard Stempfle , defrocked priest , former co-prisoner in Landsberg , Bavaria , and by few sources considered to have been one of the editors of Mein Kampf Gregor Strasser , former high - ranking Nazi party member , father of Hitler 's godchildren Vogel , chauffeur of Ernst Röhm Gerd Voß , lawyer Jeanette Zweig , a Jewish woman from Hirschberg Ernestine Zoref , Housewife and mistress to SA supporter Baron Paul Edmund von Hahn The proprietor and head - waiter of the Bratwurst - Gloeckle in Munich , Röhm 's favourite tavern , where Goebbels had met secretly with Röhm prior to the purge . Although the two men were not involved politically , it was deemed that they ' knew too much ' . The list of victims was retrieved from the German Wikipedia unless otherwise stated . References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ wikisource Jump up ^ de : Otto Gritschneder : Der Führer hat sie zum Tode verurteilt , Munich 1993 , ISBN 3 - 406 - 37651 - 7 . Jump up ^ Evans , Richard ( 2005 ) . The Third Reich in Power . Penguin Group . p. 39 . At least eighty - five people are known to have been summarily killed without any formal legal proceedings being taken against them . Göring alone had over a thousand people arrested . Jump up ^ Kershaw , Ian ( 1999 ) . Hitler : 1889 -- 1936 Hubris . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 517 . Jump up ^ Shirer , William J. ( 1960 ) . The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich . Simon and Schuster . pp. 221 -- 222 . Jump up ^ Rainer Orth : Der SD - Mann Johannes Schmidt . Der Mörder des Reichskanzlers Kurt von Schleicher ? , Marburg 2011 , ps. 102 -- 112 . ( ISBN 978 - 3828828728 ) ^ Jump up to : United Press ( 1934 - 07 - 05 ) . `` Hitler Issues Anti-Jewish Decree '' . The Pittsburgh Press . p. 1 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Bullock , Alan ( 1962 ) , Hitler : A Study in Tyranny , London : Pelican , p. 297 Jump up ^ Manvell , Roger ; Fraenkel , Heinrich ( 2010 ) , Doctor Goebbels : His Life and Death , New York : Skyhorse Publishing , p. 134 This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bibliography Evans , Richard ( 2005 ) The Third Reich in Power . New York : Penguin Group Kershaw , Ian ( 1999 ) Hitler : 1889 -- 1936 : Hubris . New York : W.W. Norton & Company Shirer , William L. ( 1960 ) The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich . New York : Simon and Schuster External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Victims of the Night of the Long Knives . Victims of the Night of the Long Knives Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victims_of_the_Night_of_the_Long_Knives&oldid=798848610 '' Categories : Adolf Hitler Deaths by firearm in Germany LGBT history in Germany Sturmabteilung Nazi SS Political and cultural purges Victims of the Night of the Long Knives Hidden categories : Articles containing German - language text All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from December 2011 Articles needing additional references from July 2012 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Magyar Edit links This page was last edited on 4 September 2017 , at 05 : 11 . 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cast of the live-action beauty and the beast
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Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film )
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beauty and the beast ( 2017 film )
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Beauty and the Beast Theatrical release poster Directed by Bill Condon Produced by David Hoberman Todd Lieberman Screenplay by Stephen Chbosky Evan Spiliotopoulos Based on Disney 's Beauty and the Beast by Linda Woolverton Beauty and the Beast by Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont Starring Emma Watson Dan Stevens Luke Evans Kevin Kline Ewan McGregor Stanley Tucci Audra McDonald Gugu Mbatha - Raw Ian McKellen Emma Thompson Music by Alan Menken Cinematography Tobias A. Schliessler Edited by Virginia Katz Production company Walt Disney Pictures Mandeville Films Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date February 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 23 ) ( Spencer House ) March 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 17 ) ( United States ) Running time 129 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $244 -- 255 million Box office $1.264 billion Beauty and the Beast is a 2017 American musical romantic fantasy film directed by Bill Condon from a screenplay written by Stephen Chbosky and Evan Spiliotopoulos , and co-produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Mandeville Films . The film is a live - action reimagining of Disney 's 1991 animated film of the same name , itself an adaptation of Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont 's 18th - century fairy tale . The film features an ensemble cast that includes Emma Watson and Dan Stevens as the eponymous characters with Luke Evans , Kevin Kline , Josh Gad , Ewan McGregor , Stanley Tucci , Audra McDonald , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Ian McKellen , and Emma Thompson in supporting roles . Principal photography began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , United Kingdom on May 18 , 2015 , and ended on August 21 . With an estimated budget of around $255 million , it is one of the most expensive films ever made . Beauty and the Beast premiered at Spencer House in London on February 23 , 2017 , and was released in the United States in standard , Disney Digital 3 - D , RealD 3D , IMAX and IMAX 3D formats , along with Dolby Cinema on March 17 , 2017 . The film received generally favorable reviews from critics , with many praising Watson and Stevens 's acting performances as well as the ensemble cast , faithfulness to the original animated film alongside elements from the Broadway musical , visual style , production values , and musical score , though it received criticism for some of the character designs and its excessive similarity to the original . The film grossed over $1.2 billion worldwide , becoming the highest - grossing live - action musical film , and making it the second - highest - grossing film of 2017 , the tenth - highest - ever - grossing film in North America and the 13th - highest - grossing film of all time . The film received four nominations at the 23rd Critics ' Choice Awards and two nominations at the 71st British Academy Film Awards . It also received Academy Award nominations for Best Production Design and Best Costume Design at the 90th Academy Awards . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Cast notes 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.1. 1 United States and Canada 5.1. 2 Other countries 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades and awards 6 Controversies 6.1 Gay character 6.2 Belle and the Beast 's relationship 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) A beautiful enchantress disguised as an old beggar woman arrives at a castle during a ball and offers the host , a cruel and selfish prince , a rose in return for shelter from a storm . When he refuses , she reveals her identity . To punish the prince for his lack of compassion , the enchantress transforms him into a beast and his servants into household objects , then erases the castle , the prince and his servants from the memories of their loved ones . She casts a spell on the rose and warns the prince that the curse will only be broken if he learns to love another , and earn their love in return , before the last petal falls . Some years later , in the small town of Villeneuve , Belle , the book - loving daughter of a music box maker and artist Maurice , dreams of adventure and brushes off advances from Gaston , an arrogant former soldier . On his way to a convention and lost in the forest , Maurice seeks refuge in the Beast 's castle , but the Beast imprisons him for stealing a rose from his garden as a gift to Belle . When Maurice 's horse returns without him , Belle ventures out in search for him , and finds him locked in the castle dungeon . The Beast agrees to let her take Maurice 's place . Belle befriends the castle 's servants , who invite her to a spectacular dinner . When she wanders into the forbidden west wing and finds the rose , the Beast scares her into the woods . She is ambushed by a pack of wolves , but the Beast rescues her , and is injured in the process . As Belle nurses his wounds , a friendship develops between them . The Beast shows Belle a gift from the enchantress , a book that transports readers wherever they want . Belle uses the book to visit her childhood home in Paris , where she discovers a plague doctor mask and realizes that she and her father were forced to leave when her mother succumbed to the plague . In Villeneuve , Maurice tries to convince the other villagers of the Beast and Belle 's imprisonment but no one believes him . Gaston , seeing rescuing Belle as an opportunity to win her hand in marriage , agrees to help Maurice . When Maurice learns of his ulterior motive and rejects him , Gaston abandons him to be eaten by the wolves . Maurice is rescued by the hermit Agathe , but when he tells the townsfolk of Gaston 's crime and is unable to provide solid evidence , Gaston convinces them to send Maurice to an insane asylum . After sharing a romantic dance with the Beast , Belle discovers her father 's predicament using a magic mirror . The Beast releases her to save Maurice , giving her the mirror to remember him with . At Villeneuve , Belle reveals the Beast in the mirror to the townsfolk , proving her father 's sanity . Realizing that Belle loves the Beast , a jealous Gaston claims she has been charmed by dark magic , and has her thrown into the asylum carriage with her father . He rallies the villagers to follow him to the castle to slay the Beast before he curses the whole village . Maurice and Belle escape , and Belle rushes back to the castle . During the battle , Gaston abandons his companion LeFou , who then sides with the servants to fend off the villagers . Gaston attacks the Beast in his tower , who is too depressed to fight back , but regains his spirit upon seeing Belle return . He defeats Gaston , but spares his life before reuniting with Belle . Ungrateful and unrepentant , Gaston fatally shoots the Beast from a bridge , but it collapses when the castle crumbles , and he falls to his death . The Beast dies as the last petal falls , and the servants become inanimate . As Belle tearfully professes her love to the Beast , Agathe reveals herself as the enchantress and undoes the curse , repairing the crumbling castle , and restoring the Beast 's and servants ' human forms and the villagers ' memories . The Prince and Belle host a ball for the kingdom , where they dance happily . Cast ( edit ) Emma Watson as Belle , a young benevolent bibliophile woman who develops feelings for the Beast and begins to see the humanity within him . Daisy Duczmal portrays an infant Belle . Dan Stevens as Beast , a cold - hearted , selfish , unkind prince who is transformed into a beast and forced to earn back his humanity by learning to truly love and be loved in return , as well as to give rather than take . Stevens portrays the character through motion - capture . Adam Mitchell portrays the younger version of the prince . Luke Evans as Gaston , a narcissistic and arrogant hunter and veteran of the French Royal Army who is willing to go as far as it takes to have Belle as his trophy wife . Kevin Kline as Maurice , Belle 's protective widowed father who works as a music box maker and an artist . Jolyon Coy portrays the young Maurice . Josh Gad as LeFou , Gaston 's flamboyant and long - suffering sidekick who bolsters his friend 's ego but gets very little in return . Ewan McGregor as Lumière , the Beast 's charismatic bouteiller who has been transformed into a candelabra . Stanley Tucci as Maestro Cadenza , the neurotic court composer and Madame de Garderobe 's husband who has been transformed into a harpsichord . Audra McDonald as Madame de Garderobe , a world - renowned opera singer and Cadenza 's wife who has been transformed into a wardrobe . Gugu Mbatha - Raw as Plumette , one of the castle maids and Lumière 's lover who has been transformed into a feather duster . Ian McKellen as Cogsworth , the Beast 's gruff but loyal majordomo and the head of the household staff who has been transformed into a mantel clock . Emma Thompson as Mrs. Potts , the castle 's motherly head housekeeper who has been transformed into a teapot . Hattie Morahan as Agathe , an impoverished hermit and resident of Villeneuve who , in reality , is the enchantress responsible for cursing the Prince . Morahan also narrates the prologue . Rita Davies portrays the enchantress in her beggar woman form . The film was released posthumously after Davies ' death . Nathan Mack as Chip , Mrs. Potts ' plucky son who has been transformed into a teacup . Adrian Schiller as Monsieur D'Arque , the sly warden of the local asylum who is bribed by Gaston to have Maurice institutionalized . Gerard Horan as Monsieur Jean Potts , an absent - minded potter and resident of Villeneuve who is later revealed to be Mrs. Potts ' husband and Chip 's father . Haydn Gwynne as Clothilde , a fishmonger and resident of Villeneuve who is later revealed to be Cogsworth 's wife . Michael Jibson as the Tavern Keeper , the owner and keeper of Villeneuve 's local tavern where Gaston and the village residents drink . Ray Fearon as Père Robert , Villeneuve 's local chaplain who encourages Belle to borrow the books in the chapel 's meager library . Sophie Reid , Rafaëlle Cohen , and Carla Nella as the Village Lasses , a trio of women who fawn over Gaston and have a jealousy for Belle . Jimmy Johnston , Dean Street , and Alexis Loizon as Tom , Dick , and Stanley , a trio of men who serve as Gaston 's henchmen . Zoe Rainey as Belle 's mother , Maurice 's late wife who contracted the plague and died when Belle was an infant . Clive Rowe as Cuisinier , the castle 's head chef who has been transformed into a stove . Gizmo as Frou - Frou , Maestro Cadenza 's and Madame de Garderobe 's pet Yorkshire Terrier who has been transformed into a footstool . Thomas Padden as Chapeau , the prince 's valet who has been transformed into a coat rack . Tom Turner as The King , the prince 's father who , following his wife 's death , raised his son to be just as selfish and arrogant as he was . Harriet Jones as The Queen , the prince 's mother who died of an illness when he was a child . Dale Branston as Villeneuve 's residential baker . Chris Andrew Mellon as Nasty Headmaster , the unnamed headmaster of an all boys school in Villeneuve that disapproves of Belle teaching a young girl how to read . Vivian Parry as the Village Lass ' mother , an unnamed seamstress . Cast notes ( edit ) ^ In the initial theatrical release , Mitchell was miscredited as Rudi Gooman in the cast , but listed under his real name in the soundtrack credits ^ In the initial theatrical release , Turner is miscredited as Henry Garrett in the cast . Stephen Merchant also appeared in the film as Monsieur Toilette , a servant who was turned into a toilet . This character was cut from the film , but is featured in the deleted scenes . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Previously , Disney had begun work on a film adaptation of the 1994 Broadway musical . However , in a 2011 interview , composer Alan Menken stated the planned film version of the Beauty and the Beast stage musical `` was canned '' . By April 2014 , Walt Disney Pictures had already begun developing a new live - action version of Beauty and the Beast after making other live - action fantasy films such as Alice in Wonderland , Maleficent , Cinderella and The Jungle Book . In June 2014 , Bill Condon was signed to direct the film from a script by Evan Spiliotopoulos . Later in September of that same year , Stephen Chbosky ( who had previously directed Watson in The Perks of Being a Wallflower ) was hired to re-write the script . Before Condon was hired to direct the film , Disney approached him with a proposal to remake the film in a more radical way as Universal Studios had remade Snow White and the Huntsman ( 2012 ) . Condon later explained that `` after Frozen opened , the studio saw that there was this big international audience for an old - school - musical approach . But initially , they said , ' We 're interested in a musical to a degree , but only half full of songs . ' My interest was taking that film and doing it in this new medium -- live - action -- as a full - on musical movie . So I backed out for a minute , and they came back and said , ' No , no , no , we get it , let 's pursue it that way . ' '' Walt Disney Pictures president of production Sean Bailey credited Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan F. Horn with the decision to make the film as a musical : `` We worked on this for five or six years , and for 18 months to two years , Beauty was a serious dramatic project , and the scripts were written to reflect that . It was n't a musical at that time . But we just could n't get it to click and it was Alan Horn who championed the idea of owning the Disney of it all . We realized there was a competitive advantage in the songs . What is wrong with making adults feel like kids again ? '' Casting ( edit ) In January 2015 , Emma Watson announced that she would be starring as Belle , the female lead . She was the first choice of Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan F. Horn , as he had previously overseen Warner Bros. which released the eight Harry Potter films that co-starred Watson as Hermione Granger . Two months later , Luke Evans and Dan Stevens were revealed to be in talks to play Gaston and the Beast respectively , and Watson confirmed their casting the following day through tweets . The rest of the principal cast , including Josh Gad , Emma Thompson , Kevin Kline , Audra McDonald , Ian McKellen , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Ewan McGregor and Stanley Tucci were announced between March and April to play LeFou , Mrs. Potts , Maurice , Madame de Garderobe , Cogsworth , Plumette , Lumière and Cadenza , respectively . Susan Egan , who originated the role of Belle on Broadway , commented on the casting of Watson as `` perfect '' . Paige O'Hara , who voiced Belle in the original animated film and its sequels , offered to help Watson with her singing lessons . According to The Hollywood Reporter , Emma Watson was reportedly paid $3 million upfront , together with an agreement that her final take - home pay could rise as high as $15 million if the film generated gross box office income similar to Maleficent 's $759 million worldwide gross . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , United Kingdom , on May 18 , 2015 . Filming with the principal actors concluded on August 21 . Six days later , co-producer Jack Morrissey confirmed that the film had officially wrapped production . The Beast was portrayed with a `` more traditional motion capture puppeteering for the body and the physical orientation '' , where actor Dan Stevens was `` in a forty - pound gray suit on stilts for much of the film '' . The facial capture for the Beast was done separately in order to `` communicate the subtleties of the human face '' and `` ( capture the ) thought that occurs to him '' which gets `` through ( to ) the eyes , which are the last human element in the Beast . '' The castle servants who are transformed into household objects were created with CGI animation . Before the release of the film , Bill Condon refilmed one certain sequence in the `` Days of the Sun '' number , due to confusion among test audiences caused by actress Harriet Jones , who looked similar to Hattie Morahan , who portrayed Agathe . In the original version of the scene , it was Jones 's character , the Prince 's mother , who sings the first verse of the song , with Rudi Goodman playing the young Prince and Henry Garrett playing his father ; but in the reshot version of the scene , the singing part is given to the Prince ( now played by Adam Mitchell ) . The King was also recast to Tom Turner , although Harriet Jones was still the Queen , albeit with dark hair . Both Goodman and Garrett 's names were mistakenly featured in the original theatrical release 's credits , but was later corrected in home releases . Music ( edit ) Main article : Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 soundtrack ) When released in 1991 , Beauty and the Beast , marked a turning point for Walt Disney Pictures by appealing to millions of fans with its Oscar - winning musical score by lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken . In Bill Condon 's opinion , that original score was the key reason he agreed to direct a live - action version of the movie . `` That score had more to reveal '' , he says , `` You look at the songs and there 's not a clunker in the group . In fact , Frank Rich described it as the best Broadway musical of 1991 . The animated version was already darker and more modern than the previous Disney fairytales . Take that vision , put it into a new medium , make it a radical reinvention , something not just for the stage because it 's not just being literal , now other elements come into play . It 's not just having real actors do it '' . Condon initially prepared on only drawing inspiration from the original film , but he also planned to include most of the songs composed by Alan Menken , Howard Ashman and Tim Rice from the Broadway musical , with the intention of making the film as a `` straight - forward , live - action , large - budget movie musical '' . Menken returned to score the film 's music , which features songs from the original film by him and Howard Ashman , plus new material written by Menken and Tim Rice . Menken said the film would not include songs that were written for the Broadway musical and instead , created four new songs . However , an instrumental version of the song `` Home '' , which was written for the musical , is used during the scene where Belle first enters her room in the castle . On January 19 , 2017 , it was confirmed by both Disney and Céline Dion -- singer of the original 1991 `` Beauty and the Beast '' duet song , with singer Peabo Bryson -- that Dion would be performing one of the new original songs `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' to play over the end titles . She originally had doubts about whether or not to record the song due to the recent death of her husband and manager René Angélil , who had previously helped her secure the 1991 pop duet . While ultimately accepting the opportunity , she said : `` ( The ) first Beauty and the Beast decision was made with my husband . Now I 'm making decisions on my own . It 's a little bit harder . I could n't say yes right away , because I felt like I was kind of cheating in a way '' . She eventually felt compelled to record the song because of the impact Beauty and the Beast has had on her career . According to Dion , `` I was at the beginning of my career , it put me on the map , it put me where I am today '' . Also , Josh Groban was announced to be performing the new original song `` Evermore '' on January 26 , 2017 . The 2017 film features a remake of the 1991 original song recorded as a duet by Ariana Grande and John Legend . Grande and Legend 's updated version of the title song is faithful to the original , Grammy - winning duet , performed by Céline Dion and Peabo Bryson for the 1991 Disney film . Disney debuted the music video for Ariana Grande and John Legend 's interpretation of the title song on Freeform television network on March 5 , 2017 , and it has since been viewed over 100 million views on the Vevo video - hosting service . Emma Thompson also performed a rendition of the title song , which was performed by Angela Lansbury in the original 1991 animated film . Release ( edit ) On March 16 , 2015 , Disney announced the film would be released in 3D on March 17 , 2017 . The first official presentation of the film took place at Disney 's three - day D23 Expo in August 2015 . The world premiere of Beauty and the Beast took place at Spencer House in London , United Kingdom on February 23 , 2017 ; and the film later premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood , California , on March 2 , 2017 . The stream was broadcast onto YouTube . A sing along version of the film released in over 1,200 US theaters nationwide on April 7 , 2017 . The United Kingdom received the same version on April 21 , 2017 . The film was re-released in New York and Los Angeles for a one - week engagement starting December 1 , 2017 . The move was an awards push as awards season heats up . Marketing ( edit ) Disney spent around $140 million to market the film worldwide . Following an announcement on May 22 , 2016 , Disney premiered the first official teaser trailer on Good Morning America the next day . In its first 24 hours , the teaser trailer reached 91.8 million views , which was the largest number ever seen for a trailer in that amount of time . This record has since been broken by Thor : Ragnarok , It and Avengers : Infinity War . The first official teaser poster was released on July 7 , 2016 . On November 2 , 2016 , Entertainment Weekly debuted the first official image on the cover of their magazine , along with nine new photos . One week later , Emma Watson and Disney debuted a new poster . On November 14 , 2016 , the first theatrical trailer was released , again on Good Morning America . This reached 127.6 million views in its first 24 hours , setting a new record for the most views in one day , beating Fifty Shades Darker ; this record has since been broken by The Fate of the Furious . A TV spot with Watson singing was shown during the 74th Golden Globe Awards . Disney released the final trailer on January 30 , 2017 . Home Media ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast was released on Blu - ray , DVD and Digital HD on June 6 , 2017 . The film debuted at No. 1 on the NPD VideoScan overall disc sales chart , with all other titles in the top 20 , collectively , selling only 40 % as many units as Beauty and the Beast . The movie regained the top spot on the national home video sales charts during its third week of release . The movie became available on Netflix on September 19 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Praised for her performance as Belle worldwide , Beauty and the Beast is Emma Watson 's highest - grossing film in the domestic side and second - highest - grossing film , behind only the final Harry Potter film , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 . Beauty and the Beast grossed $504 million in the United States and Canada and $759.5 million in other countries for a worldwide gross of $1.263 billion . With a production budget of $254 million , it is the most expensive musical ever made . In just ten days , it became the highest - grossing live - action musical of all time , beating the nine - year - old record held by Mamma Mia ! . It is currently the second - biggest musical ever overall , behind Disney 's Frozen ( 2013 ) . Worldwide , the film proved to be a global phenomenon , earning a total of $357 million over its four - day opening weekend from 56 markets . Critics said the film was playing like superhero movies amongst women . It was the second - biggest March global opening , behind only Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , the thirteenth - biggest worldwide opening ever and the seventh - biggest for Disney . This includes $21 million from IMAX plays on 1,026 screens , a new record for an IMAX PG title . It surpassed the entire lifetime total of the original film in just six days . Beauty and the Beast was the 300th digitally remastered release in IMAX company 's history , which began with the re-release of Apollo 13 in 2002 . Its robust global debut helped push the company past $6 billion for the first time , and led to analysts believing that the film had a shot of passing $1 billion worldwide from theatrical earnings . On April 12 , it passed the $1 billion threshold , becoming the first film of 2017 , the fourteenth Disney film , and the twenty - ninth film overall to pass the mark . It became the first film since Rogue One ( also a Disney property ) in December 2016 to make over a billion dollars , and did so on its 29th day of release . It is currently the second - highest - grossing film of 2017 ( behind Star Wars : The Last Jedi ) , the highest - grossing March release , the highest - grossing remake of all time , and the sixth - biggest Disney film . Even after inflation adjusted , it is still ahead of the $425 million gross ( $760 million in 2017 dollars ) of the original film . Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $414.7 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues , making it the second-most profitable release of 2017 . United States and Canada ( edit ) In the United States and Canada , Beauty and the Beast topped Fandango 's pre-sales and became the fastest - selling family film in the company 's history , topping the studio 's own animated film Finding Dory released the previous year . Early tracking had the film grossing around $100 million in its opening weekend , with some publications predicting it could reach $130 million . By the time the film 's release was 10 days away , analysts raised projections to as high as $150 million . It earned $16.3 million from Thursday previews night , marking the biggest of 2017 ( breaking Logan 's record ) , the biggest ever for a Disney live - action film ( breaking Maleficent 's record ) , the second - biggest ever for both a G - or PG - rated film ( behind the sixth Harry Potter film Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince which also starred Watson ) , and the third - biggest ever in the month of March ( behind Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice and The Hunger Games ) . An estimated 41 % of the gross came from IMAX , 3D and premium large format screenings which began at 6 pm , while the rest -- 59 % -- came from regular 2D shows which began at 7 pm . The numbers were considered more impressive given that the film played during a school week . On its opening day , the film made $63.8 million from 4,210 theaters across 9,200 screens , marking the third biggest in the month of March , trailing behind Batman v Superman ( $81.5 million ) and The Hunger Games ( $67 million ) . It was also the biggest opening day ever for a film that was n't PG - 13 , displacing the $58 million opening Wednesday of Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . Its opening day alone ( which includes Thursday 's previews ) almost matched the entire opening weekend of previous Disney live - action films , Maleficent ( $69.4 million ) and Cinderella ( $67.9 million ) . Unlike all previous four Disney live - action films witnessing a hike on their second day , Saturday , Beauty and the Beast actually fell 2 % but , nevertheless , the dip was paltry , and the grosses are so much bigger compared to the other titles . Earning a total of $174.8 million on its opening weekend , it defied all expectations and went on to set numerous notable records . This includes the biggest opening of the year as well as the biggest for the month of March and pre-summer / spring opening , beating Batman v Superman , the biggest start ever for a PG title ( also for a family film ) , surpassing Finding Dory which later surpassed by Incredibles 2 , the biggest debut of all time for a female - fueled film , ahead of The Hunger Games : Catching Fire , the biggest for a Disney live - action adaptation , ahead of Alice in Wonderland and the biggest musical debut ever , supplanting Pitch Perfect 2 . Furthermore , it is also Watson 's highest - opening , beating Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 same with Emma Thompson , director Bill Condon 's biggest debut ever ahead of The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 and the biggest outside of summer , save for Star Wars : The Force Awakens , not accounting for inflation . It became the forty - third film to debut with over $100 million and the fifteenth film to open above $150 million . Its three - day opening alone surpassed the entire original North American run of the first film ( $146 million ; before the 3D re-release ) , instantly becoming the second - biggest film of the year , behind Logan ( $184 million ) , and also the second - highest - grossing musical , behind Grease 's $188 million cumulative gross in 1978 . Seventy percent of the total ticket sales came from 2D showings signifying that people who do n't go to theaters frequently came out in bulk to watch the film . About 26 % of the remaining tickets were for 3D . IMAX accounted for 7 % ( $12.5 million ) of the total weekend 's gross , setting a new record for a PG title , ahead of Alice in Wonderland ( $12.1 million ) while PLF repped 11 % of the box office . Seventy percent of the film 's opening day demographic was female , dropping to 60 % through the weekend . According polling service PostTrak , about 84 percent of American parents who saw the film on its opening day said they would `` definitely '' recommend it for families . The film 's opening was credited to positive word of mouth from audiences , good reviews from critics , effective marketing which sold the title not just as a family film but also as a romantic drama , the cast 's star power ( especially Emma Watson ) , lack of competition , being the first family film since The Lego Batman Movie a month earlier , nostalgia , and the success and ubiquity of the first film and Disney 's brand . On Monday , its fourth day of release , the film fell precipitously by 72 % earning $13.5 million . The steep fall was due to a limited marketplace where only 11 % K - 12 and 15 % colleges were off per ComScore . Nevertheless , it is the second - biggest March Monday , behind Batman v Superman ( $15 million ) . This was followed by the biggest March and pre-summer Tuesday with $17.8 million , a 32 % increase from its previous day . The same day , the film passed $200 million in ticket sales . It earned $228.6 million in the first week of release , the sixth - biggest seven - day gross of all time . In its second weekend , the film continued to maintain the top positioning and fell gradually by 48 % earning another $90.4 million to register the fourth - biggest second weekend of all time , and the third - biggest for Disney . In terms of percentage drop , its 48 % decline is the third - smallest drop for any film opening above $125 million ( behind Finding Dory and The Force Awakens ) . The hold was notable considering how the film was able to fend off three new wide releases : Power Rangers , Life , and CHiPs . As a result , it passed the $300 million threshold becoming the first film of 2017 the pass said mark . The film grossed $45.4 million in its third weekend , finally being overtaken for the top spot by newcomer The Boss Baby ( $50.2 million ) . On April 4 , 2017 , its nineteenth day of release , it passed the $400 million threshold becoming the first film of 2017 to do so . By its fourth weekend , the film began was playing in 3,969 cinemas , a fall of 241 theaters from its previous weekend . Of those , approximately 1,200 cinemas were sing - along versions . It earned $26.3 million ( − 48 % ) and retained second place . By comparison , previous Disney films Moana ( − 8 % ) and Frozen ( − 2 % ) both witnessed mild percentage declines the weekend their sing - alone versions were released . Its seventh weekend of release was in contemporaneous with another Emma Watson - starring new film The Circle . That weekend , The Circle was number four , while Beauty and the Beast was at number six . By May 28 , the film had earned over $500 million in ticket sales becoming the first film of 2017 ( until it was later surpassed by The Last Jedi ) , the third female - fueled film ( after The Force Awakens and Rogue One : A Star Wars Story followed by Wonder Woman and The Last Jedi ) and the eighth overall film in cinematic history to pass the mark . It has already become the biggest March release , dethroning The Hunger Games ( 2012 ) , the biggest musical film ( both animated and live - action ) , as well as the biggest film of 2017 ( alongside The Last Jedi ) . Other countries ( edit ) Outside the US and Canada , the film began playing on Thursday , March 16 , 2017 . Through Sunday , March 19 , it had a total international opening of $182.3 million from 55 markets , 44 of which were major territories , far exceeding initial estimations of $100 million and opened at No. 1 in virtually all markets except Vietnam , Turkey , and India . Its launch is the second - biggest for the month of March , behind Batman v Superman ( $256.5 million ) . In IMAX , it recorded the biggest debut for a PG - rated title ( although it carried varying certificate amongst different markets ) with $8.5 million from 649 screens , the second - biggest for a PG title behind The Jungle Book . In its second weekend , it fell just by 35 % earning another $120.6 million and maintaining its first position hold . It added major markets like France and Australia . It topped the international box office for three consecutive weekends before finally being dethroned by Ghost in the Shell and The Boss Baby in its fourth weekend . Despite the fall , the film helped Disney push past the $1 billion thresold internationally for the first time in 2017 . It scored the biggest opening day of the year in Hong Kong and the Philippines , the biggest March Thursday in Italy ( $1 million , also the biggest Disney Thursday debut ) , the biggest March opening day in Austria , and the second - biggest in Germany ( $1.1 million ) , Disney 's biggest March in Denmark , the biggest Disney live - action debut in China ( $12.6 million ) , the UK ( $6.2 million ) , Mexico ( $2.4 million ) and Brazil ( $1.8 million ) and the third - biggest in South Korea with $1.2 million , behind only Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End and Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides . In terms of opening weekend , the largest debut came from China ( $44.8 million ) , followed by the UK ( $24.3 million ) , Korea ( $11.8 million ) , Mexico ( $11.8 million ) , Australia ( $11.1 million ) , Brazil ( $11 million ) , Germany ( $10.7 million ) , France ( $8.4 million ) , Italy ( $7.6 million ) , Philippines ( $6.3 million ) , Russia ( $6 million ) , and Spain ( $5.8 million ) . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , the film recorded the biggest opening ever for a PG - rated film , the biggest Disney live - action opening of all time , the biggest March opening weekend , the biggest opening for a musical ( ahead of 2012 's Les Misérables ) , the number one opening of 2017 to date and the fifth - biggest - ever overall with £ 19.7 million ( $24.5 million ) from 639 theatres and almost twice that of The Jungle Book ( £ 9.9 million ) . This included the second - biggest Saturday ever ( £ 7.9 million ) , only behind Star Wars : The Force Awakens . It witnessed a decline in its second weekend , earning £ 12.33 million ( $15.4 million ) . Though the film was falling at a faster rate than The Jungle Book , it had already surpassed the said film and its second weekend is the third - biggest ever ( behind the two James Bond films Skyfall ( 2012 ) and Spectre ) . In India , despite facing heavy competitions from four new Hindi releases , two Tamils films and a Malayalam and a Punjabi release , the film managed to take an occupancy of 15 % on its opening day , an impressive feat despite tremendous competitions . It earned around ₹ 15 million ( US $220,000 ) nett on its opening day from an estimated 600 screens which is more than the three Hindi releases -- Machine , Trapped , and Aa Gaya Hero -- combined . Disney reported a total of ₹ 92.6 million ( US $1.3 million ) gross for its opening weekend there . It was ahead of all new releases and second overall behind Bollywood film Badrinath Ki Dulhania . In Russia , despite receiving a restrictive 16 rating , the film managed to deliver a very successful opening with $6 million . In China , expectations were high for the film . The release date was announced on January 24 , giving Disney and local distributor China Film Group Corporation ample time -- around two months -- to market the film nationwide . The release date was strategically chosen to coincide with White Day . Preliminary reports suggested that it could open to $40 -- 60 million in its opening weekend . Largely driven by young women , its opening day pre-sales outpaced that of The Jungle Book . The original film was , however , never widely popular in the country . Although China has occasionally blocked gay - themed content from streaming video services , in this case , Chinese censors decided to leave the gay scene intact . According to local box office tracker Ent Group , the film grossed an estimated $12.1 million on its opening day ( Friday ) , representing 70 % of the total receipts . Including previews , it made a total of $14.5 million from 100,000 screenings , which is 43 % of all screenings in the country . It climbed to $18.5 million on Saturday ( 102,700 showings ) for a three - day total of $42.6 million , securing 60 % of the total marketplace . Disney on the other hand reported a different figure of $44.8 million . Either ways , it recorded the second - biggest opening for a Disney live - action film , with $3.4 million coming from 386 IMAX screens . Japan -- a huge Disney market -- served as the film 's final market and opened there on April 21 . It debuted with a better - than - expected $12.5 million on its opening weekend helping the film push past the $1.1 billion threshold . An estimated $1.1 million came from IMAX screenings , the fourth - biggest ever in the country . The two - day gross was $9.7 million , outstripping Frozen 's previous record of $9.5 million . Due to positive reviews , good word - of - mouth and benefitting from the Golden Week , the film saw a 9 % increase on its second weekend . The hold was strong enough to fend off newcomer The Fate of the Furious from securing the top spot . The total there is now over $98 million after seven weekends and is the biggest film release of the year and , overall , the eleventh - biggest of all time . It topped the box office there for eight consecutive weekends . The only markets where the film did not top the weekend charts were Vietnam ( behind Kong : Skull Island ) , Turkey ( with two local movies and Logan ahead ) and India ( where Badrinath Ki Dulhania retained No. 1 ) . It topped the box office for four straight weekends in Germany , Korea , Austria , Finland , Poland , Portugal , Brazil , Venezuela , Bolivia , Switzerland and the UK ( exclusive of previews ) . In the Philippines , it emerged as the most successful commercial film of all time -- both local and foreign -- with over $13.5 million . In just five weeks , the film became one of the top 10 highest - grossing film of all time in the United Kingdom and Ireland , ahead of all but one Harry Potter film ( Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ) and all three The Lord of the Rings movies ( which also starred Ian McKellen ) . It is currently the eighth - biggest grosser with £ 70.1 million ( $90 million ) , overtaking Mamma Mia ! to become the biggest musical production ever there . The biggest international earning markets following the UK are Japan ( $108 million ) , China ( $85.8 million ) , Brazil ( $41.5 million ) , Korea ( $37.5 million ) , and Australia ( $35 million ) . In Europe alone , the cumulative total is $267 million , which led it to become the second - highest - grossing film in the past year ( behind Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ) . Critical response ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast received generally positive reviews , with praise for its ensemble cast , visuals , production values , musical score , songs , and faithfulness to the original film with a few elements of the Broadway musical version , while the designs of the Beast and the servants ' household object forms received mixed reviews . On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , as of April , 2018 , the film had an approval rating of 70 % based on 322 reviews , with an average rating of 6.7 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus read , `` With an enchanting cast , beautifully crafted songs , and a painterly eye for detail , Beauty and the Beast offers a faithful yet fresh retelling that honors its beloved source material . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 65 out of 100 , based on 47 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . In CinemaScore polls , audiences gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Leslie Felperin of The Hollywood Reporter wrote : `` It 's a Michelin - triple - starred master class in patisserie skills that transforms the cinematic equivalent of a sugar rush into a kind of crystal - meth - like narcotic high that lasts about two hours . '' Felperin also praised the performances of Watson and Kline as well the special effects , costume designs and the sets , while commending the inclusion of Gad 's character of LeFou as the first LGBT character in Disney . Owen Gleiberman of Variety , in his positive review of the film , wrote : `` It 's a lovingly crafted movie , and in many ways a good one , but before that it 's an enraptured piece of old - is - new nostalgia . '' Gleiberman compared Steven 's character of the Beast to a royal version of the titular character in The Elephant Man and the 1946 version of the Beast in Jean Cocteau 's original adaptation . A.O. Scott of The New York Times praised the performances of both Watson and Stevens , and wrote : `` It looks good , moves gracefully and leaves a clean and invigorating aftertaste . I almost did n't recognize the flavor : I think the name for it is joy . '' Likewise , The Washington Post 's Ann Hornaday complimented Watson 's performance , describing it as `` alert and solemn '' while noting her singing ability as `` serviceable enough to get the job done '' . Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun - Times awarded the film three and a half stars , lauded the performances of Watson and Thompson which he drew a comparison to Paige O'Hara 's and Angela Lansbury 's performances in the 1991 animated version while appreciating the performances of the other cast and also pointing out on its usage of the combination of motion capture and CGI technology as a big advantage which he stated : `` Almost overwhelmingly lavish , beautifully staged and performed with exquisite timing and grace by the outstanding cast '' . Mike Ryan of Uproxx praised the cast , production design and the new songs while noting the film does n't try anything different , saying : `` There 's certainly nothing that new about this version of Beauty and the Beast ( well , except it is n't a cartoon anymore ) , but it 's a good recreation of a classic animated film that should leave most die - hards satisfied . '' In her A - review , Nancy Churnin of The Dallas Morning News praised the film 's emotional and thematic depth , remarking : `` There 's an emotional authenticity in director Bill Condon 's live - action Beauty and the Beast film that helps you rediscover Disney 's beloved 1991 animated film and 1994 stage show in fresh , stirring ways . '' James Berardinelli of ReelViews described the 2017 version as `` enthralling '' . Brian Truitt of USA Today commended the performances of Evans , Gad , McGregor and Thompson alongside Condon 's affinity with musicals , the production design , visual effects featured in some of the song numbers including new songs made by the composers Alan Menken and Tim Rice , particularly Evermore which he described the new song with a potential for an Academy Award for Best Original Song . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone rated the film three out of four stars which he deemed it as an `` exhilarating gift '' while he remarked that `` Beauty and the Beast does justice to Disney 's animated classic , even if some of the magic is M.I.A ( Missing in Action ) '' . Stephanie Zacharek of Time magazine gave a positive review with a description as `` Wild , Vivid and Crazy - Beautiful '' as she wrote `` Nearly everything about Beauty and the Beast is larger than life , to the point that watching it can be a little overwhelming . '' and added that `` it 's loaded with feeling , almost like a brash interpretive dance expressing the passion and elation little girls ( and some boys , too ) must have felt upon seeing the earlier version . '' The San Francisco Chronicle 's Mick LaSalle struck an affirmative tone , calling it one of the joys of 2017 , stating that `` Beauty and the Beast creates an air of enchantment from its first moments , one that lingers and builds and takes on qualities of warmth and generosity as it goes along '' while referring the film as `` beautiful '' and also praised the film for its emotional and psychological tone as well Steven 's motion capture performance . Tim Robey of The Daily Telegraph gave the film four stars out of five and wrote that `` It dazzles on this chocolate box of a picture that feels almost greedy yet to make this film work , down to a sugar - rush finale to grasp the nettle and make an out - an - out , bells - and - whistles musical '' while he praised the performances of Watson , McKellen , Thompson , McGregor , Evans and Gad . Mark Hughes of Forbes also similarly praised the film which he wrote that `` it could revive the story in a faithful but entirely new and unique way elevating the material beyond expectations , establishing itself as a cinematic equal to the original '' and also complimented the importance of undertaking a renowned yet problematic masterpiece as well addressing changes in the elements of the story while acknowledging the film 's effectiveness in resonating to the audiences . Stephen Whitty of the New York Daily News called it `` this year 's best new old musical '' and `` the most magical thing of all '' while describing Watson 's performance of Belle as `` breakthrough '' . Several critics regarded the film as inferior to its 1991 animated predecessor . David Sims of The Atlantic wrote that the 2017 film `` feels particularly egregious , in part , because it 's so slavishly devoted to the original ; every time it falls short of its predecessor ( which is quite often ) , it 's hard not to notice '' . Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune said that the 2017 film `` takes our knowledge and our interest in the material for granted . It zips from one number to another , throwing a ton of frenetically edited eye candy at the screen , charmlessly . '' Phillips wrote that the film featured some `` less conspicuously talented '' performers who are `` stuck doing karaoke , or motion - capture work of middling quality '' , though he praised Kline 's performance as the `` best , sweetest thing in the movie ; he brings a sense of calm , droll authority '' . Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian praised Watson 's performance and wrote that the film was `` lit in that fascinatingly artificial honey - glow light , and it runs smoothly on rails -- the kind of rails that bring in and out the stage sets for the lucrative Broadway touring version . '' In the same newspaper , Wendy Ide criticized the film as `` ornate to the point of desperation '' in its attempt to emulate the animated film . Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B - , writing that while the film looks `` exceptionally great '' , he said the new songs were `` not transporting '' . He felt the film needed more life and depth , but praised Watson 's and Steven 's performances as the `` film 's stronger elements '' . Dana Schwartz of The New York Observer felt that some of the characters , such as Gaston and the Beast , had been watered down from the 1991 film , and that the additional backstory elements failed to `` advance the plot or theme in any meaningful way '' while adding considerable bloat . Schwartz considered the singing of the cast to be adequate but felt that their voices should have been dubbed over , especially for the complex songs . Accolades and awards ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . Academy Awards March 4 , 2018 Best Production Design Sarah Greenwood and Katie Spencer Nominated Best Costume Design Jacqueline Durran Nominated Art Directors Guild Awards January 27 , 2018 Excellence in Production Design for a Fantasy Film Sarah Greenwood Nominated British Academy Film Awards February 18 , 2018 Best Production Design Sarah Greenwood and Katie Spencer Nominated Best Costume Design Jacqueline Durran Nominated Casting Society of America January 18 , 2018 Big Budget -- Comedy Lucy Bevan , Bernard Telsey and Tiffany Little Canfield Nominated Chicago Film Critics Association December 12 , 2017 Best Art Direction Sarah Greenwood Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards February 20 , 2018 Excellence in Fantasy Film Jacqueline Durran Nominated Critics ' Choice Movie Awards January 11 , 2018 Best Art Direction Sarah Greenwood and Katie Spencer Nominated Best Costume Design Jacqueline Durran Nominated Best Hair & Makeup Beauty and the Beast Nominated Best Song `` Evermore '' Nominated Empire Awards March 18 , 2018 Best Actress Emma Watson Nominated Best Soundtrack Beauty and the Beast Nominated Best Make - up and Hairstyling Won Golden Trailer Awards June 6 , 2017 Best Animation / Family Nominated Best Original Score Nominated Best Animation / Family TV Spot Nominated Best Fantasy Adventure TV Spot Nominated Guild of Music Supervisors Awards February 8 , 2018 Best Music Supervision for Film : Budgeted Over 25 Million Dollars Matt Sullivan Nominated Hollywood Film Awards November 5 , 2017 Costume Design Award Jacqueline Durran Won Make - Up & Hair Styling Award Jenny Shircore Won Hollywood Music in Media Awards November 16 , 2017 Best Original Song -- Animated Film `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' -- Alan Menken and Tim Rice Nominated Best Original Song -- Sci - Fi , Fantasy , Horror Film Won `` Evermore '' -- Alan Menken and Tim Rice Nominated Best Soundtrack Album Beauty and the Beast Nominated Hollywood Post Alliance Outstanding Color Grading -- Feature Film Stefan Sonnenfeld Nominated Outstanding Visual Effects -- Feature Film Kyle McCulloch , Glen Pratt , Richard Hoover , Dale Newton , Neil Weatherley and Framestore Nominated Houston Film Critics Society January 6 , 2018 Best Original Song `` Evermore '' -- Alan Menken and Tim Rice Nominated Make - Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild February 24 , 2018 Feature Motion Picture : Best Period and / or Character Hair Jenny Shircore , Marc Pilcher and Charlotte Hayward Nominated MTV Movie & TV Awards May 7 , 2017 Movie of the Year Beauty and the Beast Won Best Actor in a Movie Emma Watson Won Best Kiss Emma Watson and Dan Stevens Nominated Best Duo Josh Gad and Luke Evans Nominated NAACP Image Awards January 15 , 2018 Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture Audra McDonald Nominated Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards March 24 , 2018 Favorite Movie Beauty and the Beast Nominated Favorite Movie Actress Emma Watson Nominated Publicists Guild Awards March 2 , 2018 Motion Picture Beauty and the Beast Nominated San Diego Film Critics Society December 11 , 2017 Best Production Design Sarah Greenwood and Katie Spencer Nominated Best Visual Effects Beauty and the Beast Runner - up Best Costume Design Jacqueline Durran Won Best Use of Music Beauty and the Beast Nominated Satellite Awards February 10 , 2018 Best Costume Design Jacqueline Durran Nominated Saturn Awards June 27 , 2018 Best Fantasy Film Beauty and the Beast Nominated Best Actress Emma Watson Nominated Best Production Design Sarah Greenwood Nominated Best Costume Design Jacqueline Durran Won Seattle Film Critics Society December 18 , 2017 Best Costume Design Jacqueline Durran Nominated St. Louis Film Critics Association December 17 , 2017 Best Production Design Sarah Greenwood Nominated Best Visual Effects Beauty and the Beast Nominated Teen Choice Awards August 13 , 2017 Choice Movie : Fantasy Won Choice Movie : Fantasy Actor Dan Stevens Nominated Choice Movie : Fantasy Actress Emma Watson Won Choice Movie Villain Luke Evans Won Choice Movie Ship Emma Watson and Dan Stevens Won Choice Liplock Won Choice Scene Stealer Josh Gad Nominated Choice Hissy Fit Luke Evans Nominated Dan Stevens Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards February 13 , 2018 Outstanding Virtual Cinematography in a Photoreal Project Shannon Justison , Casey Schatz , Neil Weatherley and Claire Michaud for `` Be Our Guest '' Nominated Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association December 8 , 2017 Best Motion Capture Performance Dan Stevens Nominated Best Production Design Sarah Greenwood and Katie Spencer Nominated Women Film Critics Circle December 17 , 2017 Best Family Film Beauty and the Beast Nominated Controversies ( edit ) Gay character ( edit ) Controversy erupted after director Bill Condon said there was a `` gay moment '' in the film , when LeFou briefly waltzes with Stanley , one of Gaston 's friends . Afterwards in an interview with Vulture.com , Condon stated , `` Can I just say , I 'm sort of sick of this . Because you 've seen the movie -- it 's such a tiny thing , and it 's been overblown . '' Condon also added that Beauty and the Beast features much more diversity than just the highly talked - about LeFou : `` That was so important . We have interracial couples -- this is a celebration of everybody 's individuality , and that 's what 's exciting about it . '' GLAAD president and CEO Sarah Kate Ellis praised the move stating , `` It is a small moment in the film , but it is a huge leap forward for the film industry . '' In Russia , Vitaly Milonov agitated the culture minister for banning the film , but instead it was given a 16 + rating ( children under the age of 16 can only be admitted to see it in theaters with accompanying adults ) . Additionally , a theater in Henagar , Alabama did not screen the film because of the subplot . In Malaysia , the Film Censorship Board insisted the `` gay moment '' scene be cut , prompting an indefinite postponement of its release by Disney , followed by their decision to withdraw it completely if it could not be released uncensored . The studio moved the release date to March 30 , to allow more time for Malaysia 's censor board to make a decision on whether or not to release the film without changes . The distributors and producers then submitted an appeal to the Film Appeal Committee of Malaysia , which allowed the film to be released without any cuts and a P13 rating on the grounds that `` the gay element was minor and did not affect the positive elements featured in the film '' . In Kuwait , the movie was withdrawn from cinemas by National Cinema Company which owns most of the cinemas in the country . A board member of the company stated that the Ministry of Information 's censorship department had requested it to stop its screening and edit it for things deemed offensive by it . The film also received criticism over its portrayal of LeFou , as many felt that it relied on stereotypes and was used as a way of teasing LGBT+ viewers without providing adequate representation . LeFou 's status as a sidekick to the main villain brought about criticism over Disney 's queercoding of villains in the past , and his infatuation with Gaston was seen as relying on a stereotype of gay men being predatory towards straight men . Furthermore , the only gay interaction LeFou has is a three - second clip of him dancing with another man at the end of the film . Many saw this as Disney cheating its LGBT+ audiences . Belle and the Beast 's relationship ( edit ) Disney has sought to portray Belle as an empowered young woman , but a debate questioning whether it is possible for a captor to fall in love with their prisoner , and whether this is a problematic theme , has resulted . As was the case with the original animated film , one argument is that Belle suffers from Stockholm syndrome ( a condition that causes hostages to develop a psychological alliance with their captors as a survival strategy during captivity ) . Emma Watson studied whether Belle is trapped in an abusive relationship with the Beast before signing on and concluded that she does not think the criticism fits this version of the folk tale . Watson described Stockholm Syndrome as `` where a prisoner will take on the characteristics of and fall in love with the captor . Belle actively argues and disagrees with ( Beast ) constantly . She has none of the characteristics of someone with Stockholm Syndrome because she keeps her independence , she keeps that freedom of thought '' , also adding that Belle defiantly `` gives as good as she gets '' before forming a friendship and romance with the Beast . Psychiatrist Frank Ochberg , who coined the term `` Stockholm syndrome '' , said he does not think Belle exhibits the trauma symptoms of prisoners suffering from the syndrome because she does not go through a period of feeling that she is going to die . Some therapists , while acknowledging that the pairing 's relationship does not meet the clinical definition of Stockholm syndrome , argue that the relationship depicted is dysfunctional and abusive and does not model healthy romantic relationships for young viewers . Constance Grady of Vox writes that Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont 's Beauty and the Beast was a fairy tale originally written to prepare young girls in 18th - century France for arranged marriages , and that the power disparity is amplified in the Disney version . Anna Menta of Elite Daily argued that the Beast does not apologize to Belle for imprisoning , hurting , or manipulating her , and his treatment of Belle is not painted as wrong . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Also credited for Darkest Hour . Jump up ^ Tied with Dunkirk . Jump up ^ Tied with Mark Bridges for Phantom Thread . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Beauty and the Beast Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . wdsmediafile.com . Walt Disney Studios . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast remake : A traditional tale with a modern twist '' . University of New York . March 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2017 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BEAUTY AND THE BEAST ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . February 16 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Feature Film Study '' ( PDF ) . FilmL. A. August 8 , 2018 : Page 23 . Retrieved August 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Christian Sylt ( June 8 , 2018 ) . `` The $255 Million Spell That Disney Cast On Britain '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Teaser Tops ' Star Wars : Force Awakens ' in First Day '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erbland , Kate . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Is a Technological Marvel , But for Its Actors , the Challenge was Daunting '' . IndieWire . Penske Business Media . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Rosie ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast 2017 cast , trailer , release date and everything you need to know '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Ian ; Acuna , Kristin ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` Disney announced all its movies coming in the next 4 years -- here 's what you have to look forward to '' . Tech Insider . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2016 . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Live - action ' Beauty and the Beast ' is still enchanting ( but the original is better ) '' . The Charlotte Observer . Robert W. Butler . March 16 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chris Hunneysett ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review : Irresistible charm shows no one casts a spell quite like Disney '' . Daily Mirror . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Emma Watson ( @ EmWatson ) ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Could not be more happy that this man will be Beast ! ! ! Welcome aboard @ thatdanstevens # beautyandthebeast pic.twitter.com/F1ghG3pvcU '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Earnest , Karen . `` Dan Stevens to Star in ' The Man Who Invented Christmas ' '' . Movies.mxdwn.com . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Rebecca ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Gets Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2017 . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` Josh Gad Joining Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2015 . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Ewan McGregor to Play Lumiere in ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2015 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Stanley Tucci Rounds Out Cast of ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2015 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` Audra McDonald Joining Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2015 . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Beyond the Lights ' Star Gugu Mbatha - Raw Joins ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2015 . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 10 , 2015 ) . `` Ian McKellen to Play Cogsworth in Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2015 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beauty and the Beast Release Date -- 2017 '' . Releasedateportal.com . June 30 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gavin , Michael ( August 27 , 2016 ) . `` PHOTO : First look at Dan Stevens Beast ( prince form ) from Disney 's live - action ' Beauty and the Beast ' movie ! '' . Inside the Magic . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2016 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bill Condon Reveals ' Beauty and the Beast ' Mistake in Alternate ' Days in the Sun ' Sequence '' . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marmiroli , Adriana ( June 5 , 2009 ) . `` Alan Menken Adesso musicalanche in Italia '' ( Alan Menken musicals now in Itaty ) . La Stampa ( in Italian ) . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2015 . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hill , Jim ( July 1 , 2009 ) . `` Hollywood bets big on ' Beast , ' considers remake of ' My Fair Lady ' '' . Jim Hill Media . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2009 . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brew , Simon ( January 11 , 2011 ) . `` Alan Menken interview : Tangled , movie scores , musicals , Enchanted 2 , Snow Queen and more '' . Den of Geek . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` Rumor : Could Bill Condon Direct Disney 's Live - Action BEAUTY AND THE BEAST ? '' . Collider . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2015 . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Bill Condon to Direct Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Film for Disney '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2015 . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( September 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' Perks of Being a Wallflower ' author will adapt ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2014 . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Director on How ' La La Land ' Is Bringing Musicals Back '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Sean Bailey on How Disney 's Live - Action Division Found Its ' Beauty and the Beast ' Mojo '' . Deadline Hollywood . Los Angeles : Penske Business Media . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hayden , Erik ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` Emma Watson Cast in Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2017 . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Luke Evans to Play Gaston in Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2015 . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Casting Dan Stevens as the Beast ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2015 . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Emma Watson ( @ EmWatson ) ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Bonjour Gaston ! ❤ ️ Welcome ! # BeautyAndTheBeast pic.twitter.com/oerhe1ilGs '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Thomlison , Adam . `` Q & A '' . TV Media . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2015 . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Original Broadway ' Belle ' Susan Egan Comments on Emma Watson in BEAUTY AND THE BEAST '' . Broadway World . January 26 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Paige O'Hara wants to teach Emma Watson '' . Emma Watson Updates . February 4 , 2015 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tatiana Siegel ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Emma Watson and What Disney Pays Its Modern Princesses '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( March 7 , 2015 ) . `` Todd Lieberman Offers Updates on Allegiant and Disney 's Beauty and the Beast '' . Collider . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` On the Set for 5 / 18 / 15 : Emma Watson Starts ' Beauty and the Beast ' , Oliver Stone Wraps ' Snowden ' , Melissa Mccarthy Finishes ' Michelle Darnell ' & More '' . SSN Insider . May 18 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2015 . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( August 23 , 2015 ) . `` Emma Watson Wraps ' Beauty and the Beast ' on ' Harry Potter ' Anniversary '' . Collider . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2015 . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter Watch : Emma Watson & Luke Evans Wrap Filming on BEAUTY AND THE BEAST '' . Broadway World . August 24 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Live Action BEAUTY AND THE BEAST Officially Wraps Production ! '' . Broadway World . August 27 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tale as Old as Time : Bill Condon livens up Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Film Journal International '' . Filmjournal.com . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Twilight ' director Bill Condon will translate Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' to live action ( UPDATED ) '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2014 . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Set for March 17 , 2017 '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2015 . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Caryn ( June 5 , 2015 ) . `` Alan Menken Confirms 3 New Songs for BEAUTY AND THE BEAST Film ; Broadway Tunes Will Not Be Included '' . Broadway World . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Composer Alan Menken on Rediscovering Lost Lyrics and Why He 's `` Shutting Up '' About That Gay Character `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tracy , Brianne ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Céline Dion Set to Perform New Song for Live - Action Beauty and the Beast Soundtrack '' . Music . People . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dion , Céline ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` I am thrilled to announce that I 'll be performing an all - new original song , `` How Does A Moment Last Forever , '' for Disney 's live - action Beauty and the Beast . Being a part of the original film was such a magical experience in my life , and I 'm truly honored to be a part of this film again . / / Je suis ravie de vous annoncer que je chanterai la nouvelle chanson thème du film La Belle et la Bête , `` How Does A Moment Last Forever '' . Avoir fait partie du film original de Disney a été une expérience magique dans ma vie et je suis encore plus honorée de répéter cette expérience . -- Céline `` . Instagram . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2017 . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tracey , Brianne ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Céline Dion Set to Perform New Song for Live - Action Beauty and the Beast Soundtrack '' . People . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Céline Dion To Perform Original Song `` How Does A Moment Last Forever '' For Disney 's `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` . January 19 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : Josh Groban records new song Evermore '' . Ew.com . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grande , Ariana ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Ariana Grande on Instagram : `` 🥀 . '' `` . Instagram . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2018 . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nessif , Bruna ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` It Looks Like Ariana Grande and John Legend Are Teaming Up for a Beauty and the Beast Duet '' . E !. Archived from the original on January 13 , 2017 . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reed , Ryan . `` Watch Ariana Grande , John Legend Cover ' Beauty and the Beast ' Theme '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Maane Khatchatourian . `` Beauty and the Beast Music Video : Ariana Grande John Legend Sing Theme '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ; Kit , Borys ( August 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Shows off ' Pirates 5 , ' ' Beauty and the Beast ' at D23 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2015 . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Helena ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` '' Beauty and the Beast '' premieres in London `` . Daily Mail . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2017 . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ JeniLynn Knopp ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` '' Beauty and the Beast Sing Along '' to hit theaters this Friday `` . Inside the Magic . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast Sing - A-Long Book tickets at Cineworld Cinemas '' . www.cineworld.co.uk . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and Beast returns to theaters '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : Disney 's $300 Million Gamble '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Simon . `` Disney 's Live Action Beauty & The Beast Trailer Debuts Tomorrow '' . WhatCulture.com . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2016 . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` Beauty and the Beast trailer : Disney 's live - action remake debuts first teaser '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver . `` Beauty and the Beast teaser outpaces Star Wars , Marvel in first day '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Trailer Is Marvel and Disney 's Most Watched Ever in 24 Hours ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2017 . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Tops List of 2018 Most - Anticipated Movies , IMDb Data Reveals '' . Variety . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Drum , Nicole ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Is Most Anticipated Movie According to IMDb '' . Comicbook . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` Beauty and the Beast debuts new teaser poster with flower power '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2016 . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` This Week 's Cover : Be our guest for an exclusive look at Disney 's live - action Beauty and the Beast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ EW Staff . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : See 9 Enchanting , Exclusive Photos '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Danielle Jackson . `` Emma Watson shares stunning new teaser poster for Beauty and the Beast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2016 . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jessica Derschowitz . `` Beauty and the Beast debuts magical new trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clark Collis . `` Beauty and the Beast trailer beats Fifty Shades , Star Wars for new record '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kofi Outlaw . `` Fate of the Furious Trailer Breaks Record for Most Views in 24 Hours '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson . `` Watch Emma Watson Sing ' Belle ' In Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' TV Spot '' . Forbes.com . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clark Collis . `` Beauty and the Beast : Watch the final trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pratt , Thom ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Comes to Blu - ray , Digital HD and DVD on June 6 '' . The Kingdom Insider . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Debuts Atop Disc Charts '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2017 . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Regains Top Spot on Disc Charts '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2017 . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emma Watson '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anne Thompson ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : How Bill Condon Built Hollywood 's Most Expensive Musical '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Waltzes Past $700 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE OPENINGS '' . Box Office Mojo . March 19 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2011 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Enchants With $350 M Global Bow ; $180 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Makes Room For $222 M Offshore , $429 M WW on Tuesday '' . March 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Crosses $500 M at Worldwide Box Office '' . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Twirling To $174 M+ ; Beats ' Harry Potter ' & ' Batman V. Superman ' ; Can It Go Higher ? -- Sunday Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Clobbers Record With $170 Million Opening '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sarah Whitten ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' could be Disney 's first $1 billion film of 2017 '' . CNBC . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast 's ' Secret to Success : Female Power and Comfort '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nathan McAlonemar ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' could make $1.5 billion at the box office , and it has big implications for Disney 's future '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Milestone : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Waltzing Past $1 B Globally '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave McNarry ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' to Cross $1 Billion at Worldwide Box Office '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Roars Past $1 B at Worldwide Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MONTH -- MARCH '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2015 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tom Grater ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` How well do Hollywood remakes fare at the box office ? '' . Screen Daily . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2017 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2001 . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` No. 2 ' Beauty and the Beast ' Box Office Profits -- 2017 Most Valuable Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Roars on to Tracking , Looking to Shake Up March Records -- Box Office Projection '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Sets New Record for Advance Ticket Sales '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Preview : Will ' Beauty and the Beast ' Waltz to New Records ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` Proof That ' Beauty and the Beast ' Will Tear Up March B.O. Records : Pre-Sales Are Through The Roof '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan Faughnder ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Why ' Beauty and the Beast ' will be the biggest box - office hit of the year so far '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brian Gallagher ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast Roars Loudly with $16.3 M at Thursday Box Office '' . Movie Web . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Gorgeous on Thursday With $16.3 M , Beats ' Furious 7 ' -- Friday AM Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Nabs Monstreous $16.3 M Thursday '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Belts Out $64 Million on Friday '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Dazzling With $173 M+ Opening ; Bound To Set Records For Pre-Summer , Bill Condon & Emma Watson '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Waltzes To Beastly $64 M Friday For Possible $170 M+ Weekend '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : Disney 's ' Beauty And The Beast ' Debut Topped ' Batman V Superman ' And ' Iron Man 3 ' '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MONTH -- MARCH '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2015 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY SEASON -- SPRING '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MPAA RATING '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pamela McClintock ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Box Office : 5 Biggest Records Broken '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Nabs Record $170 M U.S. , $350 M Global Debut '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jake Coyle ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' roars to No. 1 with monstrous $170 M in box office '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brent Lang ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : 5 Reasons the Disney Fantasy Scored at the Box Office '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Continues B.O. Dance With Second - Best Monday in March '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Hits A High Note With Best Pre-Summer Tuesday , Crosses $200 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2017 . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Ends First Week Just Below $500 M '' . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP WEEKENDS : 2ND -- 12TH '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2009 . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BOX OFFICE TOP 20 : ' BEAUTY ' ADDS $90.4 MILLION IN WEEKEND 2 '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Joey Nolfi ( March 26 , 2017 ) . `` Box office report : Beauty and the Beast doubles Power Rangers ' weekend gross '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Boss Baby ' Cleans ' Beauty and the Beast 's Clock with $51 M+ Opening ; ' Ghost ' Shell - Shocked at $20 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Enchants $900 M at WW Box Office ; Crosses $400 M Domestic '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Ends Week Three with $920 Million '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Emma Stefansky ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` How a Flashy Blockbuster and an Indian Fantasy Bested Emma Watson at the Box Office '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Latin Lover ' Sets $12 M Pantelion Record , ' Baahubali 2 ' Mighty With $10 M+ , ' Circle ' Is A Square As ' F8 ' Leads Listless Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hill , Libby ( December 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' unseats ' Beauty and the Beast ' as highest - grossing film of 2017 '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2017 . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ The Associated Press ( December 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' passes ' Beauty and the Beast ' as top 2017 earner '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2017 . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Alien : Covenant ' Suffers Brutal 71 % Drop As ' Guardians 2 ' Tops ' Guardians ' '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Crosses $500 Million Milestone at Domestic Box Office '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` Why ' Wonder Woman ' and ' Beauty and the Beast ' Should Lead to More Female - Centered Films '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( December 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Jedi ' , ' Jumanji ' Propelling 2017 Box Office To $11 B+ Year -- AM Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2017 . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Should Cross $1 Billion Today '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Musical '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 DOMESTIC GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' A $1 B Belle WW ? : Bow Enchants With Bigger $357 M Global , $182 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Nears $700 M WW ; ' Kong ' Has Mighty $72 M China Bow , Tops $250 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( April 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty ' Is $876 M Beast WW ; ' Ghost in the Shell ' Sells $40 M Offshore ; ' Kong ' Sets WB China Record -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Ghost in the Shell ' Rises To $93 M Offshore ; ' Beauty and the Beast ' Tops $977 M Global -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' A Monster With $52 M Offshore Through Friday , $115.6 M Global -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' continues box - office reign '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . March 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast waltzes its way to the top of the UK box office '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( Press Release ) ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast smashes the box office in opening weekend '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast magic helps UK box office survive the spring sunshine '' . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty & The Beast Opens Better Than Aa Gaya Hero , Trapped , Machine & Mantra '' . Koimoi . March 17 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast Opens Better Than Hindi Releases '' . Box Office India . March 17 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Rajkummar Rao Faces A Lone Battle For Survival In ' Trapped ' '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast Beats Hindi Films Combined '' . Box Office India . March 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Varun Dhawan and Alia Bhatt Outrun ' Beauty and the Beast ' To Reign Again in India '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' box - office collection first weekend '' . The Times of India . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty & The Beast Enjoys A Good 1st Weekend at the Box Office in India '' . Koimoi.com . March 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Debuts to Magical $350 Million Globally '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` On Screen China : ' Beauty ' Looks Like a Beast '' . China Film Insider . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Papish ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : First Place For ' Beauty ' Still Less Than Best '' . China Film Insider . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens Strong in China With ' Gay Moment ' Intact '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens to $45 M , With Gay Moment Uncut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Beauty ' Dominates Weekend '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate of the Furious ' Fires Up $745 M Offshore , $908 M WW ; Tops ' Transformers ' In China -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mark Schilling ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens Strongly Ahead of Golden Week '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Russell Edwards ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Beast is Best in Japan ; Fast & Furious drives China , Korea '' . Asia Times . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol 2 ' Zooms With $101.2 M Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians 2 ' Notches $428 M Global , Lifts MCU Past $11 B ; ' Furious 8 ' Tops $950 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians 2 ' Snags $63 M Weekend For $631 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Yearly Box Office ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2017 . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Leaps To $125 M Offshore , $228 M Global Debut -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2017 . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Mummy ' Unearths $141 M Offshore , $172.3 M Global ; ' Wonder Woman ' Flies To $232 M at International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` The Boss Baby makes a dummy of UK box - office competition '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' smashes Philippines ' all - time box office records '' . The Philippine Star . April 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Fast & Furious 8 barrels past Boss Baby to top of UK box office '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol 2 blows away UK box office with huge debut '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione and Anita Busch ( April 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate of the Furious ' Smokes Records With $432.3 M Overseas Bow ; $532.5 M Worldwide -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2017 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast '' . CinemaScore on Twitter . March 17 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . 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Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Richard Roeper ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Lavish ' Beauty and the Beast ' true as it can be to original '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The New ' Beauty and the Beast ' Should Satisfy Most Fans '' . Uproxx . March 3 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Churnin , Nancy ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' brings fresh resonance to ' a tale as old as time ' '' . The Dallas Morning News . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast ( United States , 2017 ) '' . Reelviews . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2017 . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Rousing new ' Beauty and the Beast ' is even better than the original '' . USA Today . Brian Truitt . March 17 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Peter Travers ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Review : Live - Action Disney Classic Still Tale as Old as Time '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( March 4 , 2017 ) . `` REVIEW : The Reimagined Beauty and the Beast Is Wild , Vivid and Crazy - Beautiful '' . Time . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Enchanting ' Beauty and the Beast ' looks like a winner '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review : Emma Watson dazzles in Disney 's show - stopping chocolate box of a remake '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Magically Modernizes Classic Disney Fairy Tale '' . Forbes . Mark Hughes . March 17 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitty , Stephen ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' a magical delight with Emma Watson : movie review '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' review : Animated Disney musical 's charms lost in translation '' . Chicago Tribune . March 14 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review -- Emma Watson makes a perfect Belle in sugar - rush romance '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2017 . 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December 12 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2017 . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` Makeup Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards : ' Darkest Hour , ' ' Wonder ' Lead Feature Nominees '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Here Are Your 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards Nominations : See The Full List '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2017 . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NAACP Image Awards : ' Marshall , ' ' Get Out , ' ' Girls Trip ' Dominate Film Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Farber , Lindsay ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` Nickelodeon 's Kids ' Choice Awards 2018 : Watch Host John Cena Announce the Favorite Movie Nominees '' . E ! News . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . 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Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Seattle Film Critics Society Editors ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Leads the 2017 Seattle Film Critics Society Nominations '' . Seattle Film Critics Society . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2017 . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` '' Get Out '' Named Best Picture of 2017 by Seattle Film Critics Society `` . Seattle Film Critics Society . December 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 StLFCA Annual Award Winners '' . St. Louis Film Critics Association . December 17 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2016 . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ `` Russia May Ban Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Over Gay Character '' . Variety . March 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2017 . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russia wo n't ban Beauty and the Beast -- but will have an age restriction '' . Entertainment Weekly . March 6 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Theater Wo n't Show ' Beauty and the Beast ' Because of Gay Subplot '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2017 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cheang , Michael ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast release postponed for ' internal review ' '' . The Star Online . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney pulls Beauty and the Beast from cinemas in Malaysia ' until further notice ' '' . Digital Spy . March 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney refuses to cut ' gay moment ' from ' Beauty and the Beast ' for Malaysia '' . Malay Mail Online . March 15 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mia Galuppo ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Disney Defies Malaysia Censors , Wo n't Cut ' Beauty and the Beast ' Gay Moment '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Malaysia Clears Release of ' Beauty and the Beast , ' with ' Gay Moment ' Intact '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Film Appeal Committee 's decision to release Beauty and the Beast '' . The Star Online . March 21 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast pulled from cinemas in Kuwait '' . BBC . March 21 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Houlihan , Ryan . `` Disney Making LeFou Gay Is n't the Representation I Need '' . Teen Vogue . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2017 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How Beauty and the Beast & Power Rangers Cheated Gay Fans '' . Screen Rant. April 2 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2017 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cautiously Guarded About Beauty and the Beast 's LeFou Being Disney 's `` First Gay Character '' `` . www.themarysue.com . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2017 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GLAAD Report Says LGBTQ People Are `` Nearly Invisible '' in Hollywood `` . Flare . March 1 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2018 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Watkins , Gwynne ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Featurette Makes a Case for Feminist Belle '' . Yahoo Movies . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Zoe ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : feminist or fraud '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blasberg , Derek ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Cover Story : Emma Watson , Rebel Belle '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : Emma Watson addresses questions over Beast relationship '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Watkins , Gwynne ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Does Belle From ' Beauty and the Beast ' Suffer From Stockholm Syndrome ? We Asked an Expert '' . Yahoo Movies . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Durvasula , Ramani ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Does Belle from Beauty and The Beast Have Stockholm Syndrome ? '' . Screen Junkies . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Simon , Rachel ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` The ' Beauty and the Beast ' Relationship Is n't `` Stockholm Syndrome , '' No Matter How Screwed Up It May Be `` . Bustle . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grady , Constance ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Is Beauty and the Beast `` a tale as old as Stockholm syndrome '' ? Depends how you read it `` . Vox . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Menta , Anna . `` The ' Beauty and the Beast ' Love Story Does n't Hold Up To Emma Watson 's Feminism '' . Elite Daily . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) Official website Beauty and the Beast on IMDb Beauty and the Beast at Rotten Tomatoes Beauty and the Beast at Box Office Mojo Beauty and the Beast at AllMovie Beauty and the Beast Gabrielle - Suzanne de Villeneuve 's Beauty and the Beast Film La Belle et la Bête ( 1946 ) The Scarlet Flower ( 1952 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1962 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1976 ) Panna a netvor ( 1978 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1987 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) soundtrack Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Beauty and the Beast ( or Blood of Beasts , 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2009 ) Beastly ( 2011 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2014 ) Little Miss Perfect ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) soundtrack Television Series Beauty and the Beast , ( 1987 ) Exile ( 2003 ) Beauty & the Beast ( 2012 ) episodes Brahmarakshas ( 2016 ) Episodes `` Reptar on Ice '' ( 1992 ) `` Skin Deep '' ( 2012 ) `` Her Handsome Hero '' ( 2016 ) Literature The Scarlet Flower ( 1858 ) Beauty : A Retelling of the Story of Beauty and the Beast ( 1978 ) Lord of Scoundrels ( 1995 ) Rose Daughter ( 1997 ) The Quantum Rose ( 2000 ) Beastly ( 2007 ) Fashion Beast ( 2012 ) Stage Zémire et Azor ( opera ) Beauty and the Beast Live on Stage ( stage ) Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) Songs `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1983 ) `` Election Day '' ( 1985 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1991 ) Other Disney characters Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( video game ) Beauty and the Beast ( Disney franchise ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Films Animation Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Belle 's Tales of Friendship ( 1999 ) Live - action Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Adaptations Musical ( 1994 ) Live on Stage ( 1991 ) Sing Me a Story with Belle ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Be Our Guest Restaurant ( 2012 ) Video games Beauty & The Beast : Belle 's Quest ( 1993 ) Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast ( 1993 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; Super NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Print Kit ( 1994 ) Disney 's Beauty & The Beast : A Boardgame Adventure ( 1999 ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Magical Ballroom ( 2000 ) Music 1991 film soundtrack `` Belle '' `` Gaston '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Something There '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` The Mob Song '' 1994 musical soundtrack `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` Human Again '' `` A Change in Me '' 2017 film soundtrack `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Related The Music Behind the Magic Characters Belle Beast Gaston Disney Princess Snow White Cinderella Aurora Ariel Belle Jasmine Pocahontas Mulan Tiana Rapunzel Merida Films Featured Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Cinderella Sleeping Beauty The Little Mermaid Beauty and the Beast Aladdin Pocahontas Mulan The Princess and the Frog Tangled Brave Sequels The Return of Jafar Aladdin and the King of Thieves Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas Pocahontas II : Journey to a New World The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea Cinderella II : Dreams Come True Cinderella III : A Twist in Time Mulan II Tangled : Before Ever After Prequels Beauty and the Beast : Belle 's Magical World The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning Shorts Tangled Ever After The Legend of Mor'du Disney Princess Enchanted Tales : Follow Your Dreams ( DTV 2 shorts ) Live - action Maleficent Cinderella Beauty and the Beast Aladdin Maleficent II Television The Little Mermaid Aladdin Sing Me a Story with Belle Tangled : The Series Albums Disney 's Princess Favorites Disney Princess : The Ultimate Song Collection Disney Princess Tea Party Ultimate Disney Princess Related Princes Beast Aladdin Flynn Rider Media If You Can Dream Mickey 's Pirate and Princess Party Sofia the First Disney Princess : Enchanted Journey Kingdom Hearts Disney Princess : My Fairytale Adventure Disney 's Descendants Descendants 2 Descendants 3 Descendants : Wicked World Descendants : School of Secrets The 7D Elena of Avalor Elena and the Secret of Avalor Ralph Breaks the Internet List of Disney Princess firsts Category Alan Menken Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Weird Romance ( 1992 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1994 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) King David ( 1997 ) The Bellringer of Notre Dame ( 1999 ) Sister Act ( 2006 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Leap of Faith ( 2010 ) Newsies ( 2011 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz ( 2015 ) A Bronx Tale ( 2016 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Newsies ( 1992 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2004 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Songs `` Part of Your World '' `` Under the Sea '' `` Kiss the Girl '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` Friend Like Me '' `` A Whole New World '' `` Just Around the Riverbend '' `` Colors of the Wind '' `` If I Never Knew You '' `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` The Bells of Notre Dame '' `` Out There '' `` God Help the Outcasts '' `` Hellfire '' `` Someday '' `` Go the Distance '' `` I Wo n't Say ( I 'm in Love ) '' `` Happy Working Song '' `` That 's How You Know '' `` So Close '' `` Ever Ever After '' `` Mother Knows Best '' `` I See the Light '' Howard Ashman Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Smile ( 1986 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Related articles Alan Menken Howard Sings Ashman Tim Rice Theatre The Likes of Us ( 1965 / 2005 ) Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat ( 1968 ) Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1971 ) Evita ( 1976 ) Blondel / Lute ! ( 1983 ) Chess ( 1984 ) Cricket ( 1986 ) Tycoon ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) Heathcliff ( 1995 ) The Lion King ( 1997 ) King David ( 1997 ) Aida ( 1998 ) Disney 's Aladdin : A Musical Spectacular ( 2003 ) Aladdin ( 2011 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) From Here to Eternity ( 2013 ) Albums Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1970 ) 1984 ( 1981 ) Cost of Living ( 1983 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Films Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1973 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Evita ( 1996 ) Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat ( 1999 ) The Road to El Dorado ( 2000 ) The Nutcracker in 3D ( 2010 ) Jock the Hero Dog ( 2011 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) The Lion King ( 2019 ) Songs `` Any Dream Will Do '' `` Close Every Door '' `` Everything 's Alright '' `` This Jesus Must Die '' `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' `` Superstar '' `` Oh What a Circus '' `` Another Suitcase in Another Hall '' `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' `` A Winter 's Tale '' `` All Time High '' `` The Golden Boy '' `` One Jump Ahead '' `` A Whole New World '' `` Prince Ali '' `` Circle of Life '' `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' `` Be Prepared '' `` Hakuna Matata '' `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' `` The Madness of King Scar '' `` You Must Love Me '' `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` A Change in Me '' `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Other works The Guinness Book of British Hit Singles ( 1977 ) Friday Night , Saturday Morning ( 1979 ) Sixty - Six Books ( 2011 ) Related articles Andrew Lloyd Webber Elaine Paige Elton John Alan Menken Films by Bill Condon Films directed Sister , Sister ( 1987 ) Murder 101 ( TV , 1991 ) Deadly Relations ( TV , 1993 ) Candyman : Farewell to the Flesh ( 1995 ) The Man Who Would n't Die ( TV , 1995 ) Gods and Monsters ( 1998 ) Kinsey ( 2004 ) Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2011 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ( 2012 ) The Fifth Estate ( 2013 ) Mr. Holmes ( 2015 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) The Good Liar ( TBA ) Written only Strange Behavior ( 1981 ) Strange Invaders ( 1983 ) F / X2 ( 1991 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) Shortcut to Happiness ( 2003 ) The Greatest Showman ( 2017 ) Films by Stephen Chbosky Screenplay and directed The Four Corners of Nowhere ( 1995 ) The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( 2012 ) Wonder ( 2017 ) Screenplay only Rent ( 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) MTV Movie Award for Movie of the Year Best Movie Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1992 ) A Few Good Men ( 1993 ) Menace II Society ( 1994 ) Pulp Fiction ( 1995 ) Seven ( 1996 ) Scream ( 1997 ) Titanic ( 1998 ) There 's Something About Mary ( 1999 ) The Matrix ( 2000 ) Gladiator ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2003 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2004 ) Napoleon Dynamite ( 2005 ) Wedding Crashers ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2007 ) Transformers ( 2008 ) Twilight ( 2009 ) The Twilight Saga : New Moon ( 2010 ) The Twilight Saga : Eclipse ( 2011 ) Movie of the Year The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2012 ) The Avengers ( 2013 ) The Hunger Games : Catching Fire ( 2014 ) The Fault in Our Stars ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Black Panther ( 2018 ) Disney portal Film in the United States portal 2010s portal Film portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beauty_and_the_Beast_(2017_film)&oldid=854734271 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2017 3D films 2010s fantasy films 2010s musical films 2010s romantic drama films 2010s romantic fantasy films American films American 3D films American fantasy adventure films American musical fantasy films American romantic drama films American romantic fantasy films American romantic musical films Beauty and the Beast ( franchise ) Disney film remakes Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films about curses Films about royalty Films about shapeshifting Films based on adaptations Films based on Beauty and the Beast Films based on multiple works Films scored by Alan Menken Films directed by Bill Condon Films set in the 18th century Films set in castles Films set in France Films shot at Shepperton Studios Films using computer - generated imagery Historical romance films IMAX films Mandeville Films films Motion capture in film Screenplays by Stephen Chbosky Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use mdy dates from April 2018 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip සිංහල Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 12 : 17 ( UTC ) . 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who pushed for tax funded public schools in america
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Education in the United States
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education in the united states
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Education in the United States is provided by public , private and home schools .
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State governments set overall educational standards , often mandate standardized tests for K -- 12 public school systems and supervise , usually through a board of regents , state colleges and universities . Funding comes from the state , local , and federal government . Private schools are generally free to determine their own curriculum and staffing policies , with voluntary accreditation available through independent regional accreditation authorities , although some state regulation can apply . In 2013 , about 87 % of school - age children ( those below higher education ) attended state funded public schools , about 10 % attended tuition - and foundation - funded private schools and roughly 3 % were home - schooled . By state law , education is compulsory over an age range starting between five and eight and ending somewhere between ages sixteen and eighteen , depending on the state . This requirement can be satisfied in public schools , state - certified private schools , or an approved home school program . In most schools , compulsory education is divided into three levels : elementary school , middle or junior high school , and high school . Children are usually divided by age groups into grades , ranging from kindergarten ( 5 -- 6 year olds ) and first grade for the youngest children , up to twelfth grade ( 17 -- 18 years olds ) as the final year of high school . There are also a large number and wide variety of publicly and privately administered institutions of higher education throughout the country . Post-secondary education , divided into college , as the first tertiary degree , and graduate school , is described in a separate section below . The United States spends more per student on education than any other country . In 2014 , the Pearson / Economist Intelligence Unit rated US education as 14th best in the world , just behind Russia . In 2015 , the Programme for International Student Assessment rated U.S. high school students No. 40 globally in Math and No. 24 in Science and Reading . The President of the National Center on Education and the Economy said of the results `` the United States can not long operate a world - class economy if our workers are , as the OECD statistics show , among the worst - educated in the world '' . Former U.S. Education Secretary John B. King , Jr. acknowledged the results in conceding U.S. students were well behind their peers . According to a report published by the U.S. News & World Report , of the top ten colleges and universities in the world , eight are American ( the other two are Oxford and Cambridge , in the United Kingdom ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Statistics 3 Educational stages 3.1 Variations 4 K -- 12 education 4.1 Preschool and pre-kindergarten 4.2 Primary education 4.3 Secondary education 4.4 Grading scale 4.5 Standardized testing 4.6 Extracurricular activities 4.7 Home schooling 4.8 Education of students with special needs 4.9 Public and private schools 4.10 Funding for K -- 12 schools 4.10. 1 Judicial intervention 4.10. 2 Pensions 4.11 Test performance for primary and secondary schools 5 Higher education 5.1 Cost 5.2 The status ladder 5.3 Criticism 5.4 Funding for college 6 Issues 6.1 American education crisis 6.2 Affirmative action 6.3 Attainment 6.3. 1 Student proficiency and college graduation rates 6.3. 2 Gender differences 6.3. 3 Racial achievement differences 6.3. 4 International comparison 6.3. 5 Wider economic impact 6.4 Behavior 6.4. 1 Corporal punishment 6.4. 2 School security 6.4. 3 Cheating 6.5 Charter schools 6.6 Curriculum 6.6. 1 English in the classroom 6.6. 1.1 Other languages 6.6. 2 Evolution in Kansas 6.6. 3 Sex education 6.6. 4 Textbook review and adoption 6.6. 5 Culturally - responsive curriculum 6.6. 5.1 Reality pedagogy 6.6. 5.2 Gender - sensitive curriculum 6.6. 5.3 LGBTQ - inclusive curriculum 6.6. 5.4 Ability - inclusive curriculum 6.7 Governance 6.8 Tracking ( streaming ) 7 Reading and writing habits 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 10.1 Bibliography 10.2 History 11 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of education in the United States Government - supported and free public schools for all began to be established after the American Revolution . Between 1750 and 1870 parochial schools appeared as `` ad hoc '' efforts by parishes . Historically , many parochial elementary schools were developed which were open to all children in the parish , mainly Catholics , but also Lutherans , Calvinists and Orthodox Jews . Nonsectarian common schools designed by Horace Mann were opened , which taught the three Rs ( of reading , writing , and arithmetic ) and also history and geography . While America saw Europe , with its established private and public school systems and institutions , as a model for educational provision , the American push for public education had deep roots , too , in the fight for Universal Human Rights for former slaves . As Ada Gay Griffin details , the demand for a public educational system arose from the fight for universal literacy and educational rights for former slaves and an African American population that lacked an adequately educated and literate body . In 1823 , the Reverend Samuel Read Hall founded the first normal school , the Columbian School in Concord , Vermont , aimed at improving the quality of the burgeoning common school system by producing more qualified teachers . States passed laws to make schooling compulsory between 1852 ( Massachusetts ) and 1917 ( Mississippi ) . They also used federal funding designated by the Morrill Land - Grant Colleges Acts of 1862 and 1890 to set up land grant colleges specializing in agriculture and engineering . By 1870 , every state had free elementary schools , albeit only in urban centers . From about 1876 , thirty - nine states passed a constitutional amendment to their state constitutions , called Blaine Amendments after James G. Blaine , one of their chief promoters , forbidding the use of public tax money to fund local parochial schools . Following the American Civil War , the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute was founded in 1881 , in Tuskegee , Alabama , to train `` Colored Teachers , '' led by Booker T. Washington , ( 1856 -- 1915 ) , who was himself a freed slave . His movement spread , leading many other Southern states to establish small colleges for `` Colored or Negro '' students entitled `` A. & M. , '' ( `` Agricultural and Mechanical '' ) or `` A. & T. , '' ( `` Agricultural and Technical '' ) , some of which later developed into state universities . Responding to the many competing academic philosophies being promoted at the time , an influential working group of educators , known as the Committee of Ten and established in 1892 by the National Education Association , recommended that children should receive twelve years of instruction , consisting of eight years of elementary education ( in what were also known as `` grammar schools '' ) followed by four years in high school ( `` freshmen , '' `` sophomores , '' `` juniors , '' and `` seniors '' ) . Gradually by the late 1890s , regional associations of high schools , colleges and universities were being organized to coordinate proper accrediting standards , examinations , and regular surveys of various institutions in order to assure equal treatment in graduation and admissions requirements , as well as course completion and transfer procedures . By 1910 , 72 percent of children were attending school . Private schools spread during this time , as well as colleges and -- in the rural centers -- land grant colleges also . Between 1910 and 1940 the high school movement resulted in rapidly increasing public high school enrollment and graduations . By 1930 , 100 percent of children were attending school ( excluding children with significant disabilities or medical concerns ) . During World War II , enrollment in high schools and colleges plummeted as many high school and college students dropped out to take war jobs . The 1946 National School Lunch Act , which is still in operation , provided low - cost or free school lunch meals to qualified low - income students through subsidies to schools , based on the idea that a `` full stomach '' during the day supported class attention and studying . The 1954 Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka , Kansas made racial desegregation of public elementary and high schools mandatory , although private schools expanded to accommodate white families attempting to avoid desegregation by sending their children to private secular or religious schools . In 1965 , the far - reaching Elementary and Secondary Education Act ( ' ESEA ' ) , passed as a part of President Lyndon B. Johnson 's War on Poverty , provided funds for primary and secondary education ( ' Title I funding ' ) . Title VI explicitly forbade the establishment of a national curriculum . Title IV of the Higher Education Act of 1965 created the Pell Grant program which provides financial support to students from low - income families to access higher education . In 1975 , the Education for All Handicapped Children Act established funding for special education in schools . The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 made standardized testing a requirement . The Higher Education Amendments of 1972 made changes to the Pell Grants . The 1975 Education for All Handicapped Children Act ( EHA ) required all public schools accepting federal funds to provide equal access to education and one free meal a day for children with physical and mental disabilities . The 1983 National Commission on Excellence in Education report , famously titled A Nation at Risk , touched off a wave of local , state , and federal reform efforts , but by 1990 the country still spent only 2 per cent of its budget on education , compared with 30 per cent on support for the elderly . In 1990 , the EHA was replaced with the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ( IDEA ) , which placed more focus on students as individuals , and also provided for more post-high school transition services . The 2002 No Child Left Behind Act , passed by a bipartisan coalition in Congress provided federal aid to the states in exchange for measures to penalize schools that were not meeting the goals as measured by standardized state exams in mathematics and language skills . In the same year , the U.S. Supreme Court diluted some of the century - old `` Blaine '' laws upheld an Ohio law allowing aid to parochial schools under specific circumstances . The 2006 Commission on the Future of Higher Education evaluated higher education . In December 2015 , President Barack Obama signed legislation replacing No Child Left Behind with the Every Student Succeeds Act . Statistics ( edit ) In 2000 , 76.6 million students had enrolled in schools from kindergarten through graduate schools . Of these , 72 percent aged 12 to 17 were considered academically `` on track '' for their age , i.e. enrolled in at or above grade level . Of those enrolled elementary and secondary schools , 5.2 million ( 10.4 percent ) were attending private schools . Over 85 percent of the adult population have completed high school and 27 percent have received a bachelor 's degree or higher . The average salary for college or university graduates is greater than $51,000 , exceeding the national average of those without a high school diploma by more than $23,000 , according to a 2005 study by the U.S. Census Bureau . The 2010 unemployment rate for high school graduates was 10.8 % ; the rate for college graduates was 4.9 % . The country has a reading literacy rate of 99 % of the population over age 15 , while ranking below average in science and mathematics understanding compared to other developed countries . In 2014 , a record high of 82 % of high school seniors graduated , although one of the reasons for that success might be a decline in academic standards . The poor performance has pushed public and private efforts such as the No Child Left Behind Act . In addition , the ratio of college - educated adults entering the workforce to general population ( 33 % ) is slightly below the mean of other developed countries ( 35 % ) and rate of participation of the labor force in continuing education is high . A 2000s ( decade ) study by Jon Miller of Michigan State University concluded that `` A slightly higher proportion of American adults qualify as scientifically literate than European or Japanese adults '' . In 2006 , there were roughly 600,000 homeless students in the United States , but after the Great Recession this number more than doubled to approximately 1.36 million . Educational stages ( edit ) Formal education in the U.S. is divided into a number of distinct educational stages . Most children enter the public education system around ages five or six . Children are assigned into year groups known as grades . The American school year traditionally begins at the end of August or early in September , after a traditional summer recess . Children customarily advance together from one grade to the next as a single cohort or `` class '' upon reaching the end of each school year in late May or early June . Depending upon their circumstances , they may begin school in pre-kindergarten , kindergarten or first grade . They normally attend 12 grades of study over 12 calendar years of primary / elementary and secondary education before graduating and earning a diploma that makes them eligible for admission to higher education . Education is mandatory until age 16 ( 18 in some states ) . In the U.S. , ordinal numbers ( e.g. , first grade ) are used for identifying grades . Typical ages and grade groupings in contemporary , public and private schools may be found through the U.S. Department of Education . Generally there are three stages : elementary school ( K -- 5th / 6th grade ) , middle school ( 6th / 7th -- 8th grades ) and high school ( 9th -- 12th grades ) . Diagram of education in the United States There is considerable variability in the exact arrangement of grades , as the following table indicates . General level ( or category ) Level Student age range ( at the beginning of academic year ) Preschool Pre-kindergarten 3 -- 5 Compulsory education Elementary school Kindergarten 5 -- 6 1st grade 6 -- 7 2nd grade 7 -- 8 3rd grade 8 -- 9 4th grade 9 -- 10 5th grade 10 -- 11 Middle school 6th grade 11 -- 12 Junior high school 7th grade 12 -- 13 8th grade 13 -- 14 High school Freshman / 9th grade 14 -- 15 Senior high school Sophomore / 10th grade 15 -- 16 Junior / 11th grade 16 -- 17 Senior / 12th grade 17 -- 18 Higher education College ( University ) Undergraduate school First year : `` Freshman year '' 18 -- 19 Second year : `` Sophomore year '' 19 -- 20 Third year : `` Junior year '' 20 -- 21 Fourth year : `` Senior year '' 21 -- 22 Graduate school ( with various degrees and curricular partitions thereof ) Ages vary Continuing education Vocational school Ages vary Adult education Students completing high school may choose to attend a college or university , which offer undergraduate degrees such as Associate 's degrees or Bachelor 's degrees ( baccalaureate ) . Community college or junior college typically offer two - year associate degrees , although some community colleges offer a limited number of bachelor 's degrees . Some community college students choose to transfer to a four - year institution to pursue a bachelor 's degree . Community colleges are generally publicly funded ( usually by local cities or counties ) and offer career certifications and part - time programs . Four - year institutions may be public or private colleges or universities . Some counties and cities have established and funded four - year institutions . Some of these institutions , such as the City University of New York , are still operated by local governments . Others such as the University of Louisville and Wichita State University are now operated as state universities . Private institutions are privately funded and there is a wide variety in size , focus , and operation . Some private institutions are large research universities , while others are small liberal arts colleges that concentrate on undergraduate education . Some private universities are nonsectarian and secular , while others are religiously - affiliated . While most private institutions are non-profit , a growing number in the past decade have been established as for - profit . Curriculum varies widely depending on the institution . Typically , an undergraduate student will be able to select an academic `` major '' or concentration , which comprises the main or special subjects , and students may change their major one or more times . Some students , typically those with a bachelor 's degree , may choose to continue on to graduate or professional school , sometimes attached to a university . Graduate degrees may be either master 's degrees ( e.g. , M.A. , M.S. , M.B.A. , M.S.W. ) or doctorate degrees ( e.g. , Ph. D. , J.D. , ( `` Doctor of Law '' ) , M.D. , D.O. ) . Programs range from full - time , evening and executive which allows for flexibility with students ' schedules . Academia - focused graduate school typically includes some combination of coursework and research ( often requiring a thesis or dissertation to be written ) , while professional graduate - level schools grants a first professional degree . These include medical , law , business , education , divinity , art , journalism , social work , architecture , and engineering schools . Variations ( edit ) In K -- 12 education , sometimes students who receive failing grades are held back a year and repeat coursework in the hope of earning satisfactory scores on the second try . High school graduates sometimes take a gap year before the first year of college , for travel , work , public service , or independent learning . Many undergraduate college programs now commonly are five year programs . This is especially common in technical fields , such as engineering . The five - year period often includes one or more periods of internship with an employer in the chosen field . Of students who were freshmen in 2005 seeking bachelor 's degrees at public institutions , 32 % took four years , 12 % took five years , 6 % took six years , and 43 % did not graduate within six years . The numbers for private non-profit institutions were 52 % in four , 10 % in five , 4 % in six , and 35 % failing to graduate . Some undergraduate institutions offer an accelerated three - year bachelor 's degree , or a combined five - year bachelor 's and master 's degrees . Many graduate students do not start professional schools immediately after finishing undergraduate studies , but work for a time while saving up money or deciding on a career direction . The National Center for Education Statistics found that in 1999 -- 2000 , 73 % of people attending institutions of higher education were non-traditional students . K -- 12 education ( edit ) Schooling is compulsory for all children in the United States , but the age range for which school attendance is required varies from state to state . Some states allow students to leave school between 14 -- 17 with parental permission , before finishing high school ; other states require students to stay in school until age 18 . Public ( free ) education is typically from kindergarten to grade 12 ( frequently abbreviated K -- 12 ) . Most parents send their children to either a public or private institution . According to government data , one - tenth of students are enrolled in private schools . Approximately 85 % of students enter the public schools , largely because they are tax - subsidized ( tax burdens by school districts vary from area to area ) . School districts are usually separate from other local jurisdictions , with independent officials and budgets . There are more than 14,000 school districts in the country , and more than $500 billion is spent each year on public primary and secondary education . Most states require that their school districts within the state teach for 180 days a year . In 2010 , there were 3,823,142 teachers in public , charter , private , and Catholic elementary and secondary schools . They taught a total of 55,203,000 students , who attended one of 132,656 schools . Most children begin elementary education with kindergarten ( usually five to six years old ) and finish secondary education with twelfth grade ( usually 17 -- 18 years old ) . In some cases , pupils may be promoted beyond the next regular grade . Parents may also choose to educate their own children at home ; 1.7 % of children are educated in this manner . Around 3 million students between the ages of 16 and 24 drop out of high school each year , a rate of 6.6 percent as of 2012 . In the United States , 75 percent of crimes are committed by high school dropouts . Around 60 percent of black dropouts end up spending time incarcerated . The incarceration rate for African - American male high school dropouts was about 50 times the national average as of 2010 . States do not require reporting from their school districts to allow analysis of efficiency of return on investment . The Center for American Progress commends Florida and Texas as the only two states that provide annual school - level productivity evaluations which report to the public how well school funds are being spent at the local level . This allows for comparison of school districts within a state . In 2010 , American students rank 17th in the world . The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development says that this is due to focusing on the low end of performers . All of the recent gains have been made , deliberately , at the low end of the socioeconomic scale and among the lowest achievers . The country has been outrun , the study says , by other nations because the US has not done enough to encourage the highest achievers . About half of the states encourage schools to recite the Pledge of Allegiance to the flag . Teachers worked from about 35 to 46 hours a week , in a survey taken in 1993 . In 2011 , American teachers worked 1,097 hours in the classroom , the most for any industrialized nation measured by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development . They spend 1,913 hours a year on their work , just below the national average of 1,932 hours for all workers . In 2011 , the average annual salary of a preK -- 12 teacher was $55,040 . Transporting students to and from school is a major concern for most school districts . School buses provide the largest mass transit program in the country , 8.8 billion trips per year . Non-school transit buses give 5.2 billion trips annually . 440,000 yellow school buses carry over 24 million students to and from schools . In 1971 , the Supreme Court ruled unanimously that forced busing of students may be ordered to achieve racial desegregation . This ruling resulted in a white flight from the inner cities which largely diluted the intent of the order . This flight had other , non-educational ramifications as well . Integration took place in most schools though de facto segregation often determined the composition of the student body . By the 1990s , most areas of the country have been released from mandatory busing . School start times are computed with busing in mind . There are often three start times : for elementary , for middle / junior high school , and for high school . One school district computed its cost per bus ( without the driver ) at $20,575 annually . It assumed a model where the average driver drove 80 miles per day . A driver was presumed to cost $. 62 per mile ( 1.6 km ) . Elementary schools started at 7 : 30 , middle schools / junior high school started at 8 : 30 , and high schools at 8 : 15 . While elementary school started earlier , they also finish earlier , at 2 : 30 , middle schools at 3 : 30 and high schools at 3 : 20 . All school districts establish their own times and means of transportation within guidelines set by their own state . Preschool and pre-kindergarten ( edit ) Main article : Pre-kindergarten Preschool refers to non-compulsory classroom - based early - childhood education . Pre-kindergarten ( also called Pre-K or PK ) is the preschool year immediately before Kindergarten . Preschool education may be delivered through a preschool or as a reception year in elementary school . Head Start program , the federally funded pre-kindergarten program founded in 1965 prepares children , especially those of a disadvantaged population , to better succeed in school . However , limited seats are available to students aspiring to take part in the Head Start program . Many community - based programs , commercial enterprises , non-profit organizations , faith communities , and independent childcare providers offer preschool education . Preschool may be general or may have a particular focus , such as arts education , religious education , sports training , or foreign language learning , along with providing general education . Primary education ( edit ) Main article : Primary education in the United States A teacher and her students in an elementary school classroom Historically , in the United States , local public control ( and private alternatives ) have allowed for some variation in the organization of schools . Elementary school includes kindergarten through sixth grade ( or sometimes , to fourth grade , fifth grade or eighth grade ) . Basic subjects are taught in elementary school , and students often remain in one classroom throughout the school day , except for specialized programs , such as physical education , library , music , and art classes . There are ( as of 2001 ) about 3.6 million children in each grade in the United States . Typically , the curriculum in public elementary education is determined by individual school districts or county school system . The school district selects curriculum guides and textbooks that reflect a state 's learning standards and benchmarks for a given grade level . The most recent curriculum that has been adopted by most states is Common Core . Learning Standards are the goals by which states and school districts must meet adequate yearly progress ( AYP ) as mandated by No Child Left Behind ( NCLB ) . This description of school governance is simplistic at best , however , and school systems vary widely not only in the way curricular decisions are made but also in how teaching and learning take place . Some states or school districts impose more top - down mandates than others . In others , teachers play a significant role in curriculum design and there are few top - down mandates . Curricular decisions within private schools are often made differently from in public schools , and in most cases without consideration of NCLB . Public elementary school teachers typically instruct between twenty and thirty students of diverse learning needs . A typical classroom will include children with a range of learning needs or abilities , from those identified as having special needs of the kinds listed in the Individuals with Disabilities Act IDEA to those that are cognitively , athletically or artistically gifted . At times , an individual school district identifies areas of need within the curriculum . Teachers and advisory administrators form committees to develop supplemental materials to support learning for diverse learners and to identify enrichment for textbooks . There are special education teachers working with the identified students . Many school districts post information about the curriculum and supplemental materials on websites for public access . In general , a student learns basic arithmetic and sometimes rudimentary algebra in mathematics , English proficiency ( such as basic grammar , spelling , and vocabulary ) , and fundamentals of other subjects . Learning standards are identified for all areas of a curriculum by individual States , including those for mathematics , social studies , science , physical development , the fine arts , and reading . While the concept of State Learning standards has been around for some time , No Child Left Behind has mandated that standards exist at the State level . Secondary education ( edit ) A high - school senior ( twelfth grade ) classroom in Calhan , Colorado Main article : Secondary education in the United States Secondary education is often divided into two phases , middle / junior high school and high school . Students are usually given more independence , moving to different classrooms for different subjects , and being allowed to choose some of their class subjects ( electives ) . `` Middle school '' ( or `` junior high school '' ) has a variable range between districts . It usually includes seventh and eighth grades and occasionally also includes one or more of the sixth , ninth , and very occasionally fifth grades as well . High school ( occasionally senior high school ) includes grades 9 through 12 . Students in these grades are commonly referred to as freshmen ( grade 9 ) , sophomores ( grade 10 ) , juniors ( grade 11 ) and seniors ( grade 12 ) . At the high school level , students generally take a broad variety of classes without specializing in any particular subject , with the exception of vocational schools . Students are generally required to take a broad range of mandatory subjects , but may choose additional subjects ( `` electives '' ) to fill out their required hours of learning . High school grades normally are included in a student 's official transcript , e.g. for college admission . Each state sets minimum requirements for how many years of various mandatory subjects are required ; these requirements vary widely , but generally include 2 -- 4 years of each of : Science , Mathematics , English , Social sciences , Physical education ; some years of a foreign language and some form of art education are often also required , as is a health curriculum in which students learn about anatomy , nutrition , first aid , sexuality , drug awareness , and birth control . In many cases , however , options are provided for students to `` test out '' of this requirement or complete independent study to meet it . Many high schools provide Honors , Advanced Placement ( AP ) or International Baccalaureate ( IB ) courses . These are special forms of honors classes where the curriculum is more challenging and lessons more aggressively paced than standard courses . Honors , AP or IB courses are usually taken during the 11th or 12th grade of high school , but may be taken as early as 9th grade . Some international schools offer international school leaving qualifications , to be studied for and awarded instead of or alongside of the high school diploma , Honors , Advanced Placement , or International Baccalaureate . Regular honors courses are more intense and faster paced than typical college preparatory courses . AP and IB on the other hand , are college - level classes . Grading scale ( edit ) In schools in the United States children are assessed throughout the school year by their teachers , and report cards are issued to parents at varying intervals . Generally the scores for individual assignments and tests are recorded for each student in a grade book , along with the maximum number of points for each assignment . End - of - term or - year evaluations are most frequently given in the form of a letter grade on an A-F scale , whereby A is the best possible grade and F is a failing grade ( most schools do not include the letter E in the assessment scale ) , or a numeric percentage . The Waldorf schools , most democratic schools , and some other private schools , give ( often extensive ) verbal characterizations of student progress rather than letter or number grades . Some school districts allow flexibility in grading scales at the Student information system level , allowing custom letters or symbols to be used ( though transcripts must use traditional A-F letters ) Example grading scale E or F + -- + -- + -- + -- 100.0 -- 97.0 96.9 -- 93.0 92.9 -- 90.0 89.9 -- 87.0 86.9 -- 83.0 82.9 -- 80.0 79.9 -- 77.0 76.9 -- 73.0 72.9 -- 70.0 69.9 -- 67.0 66.9 -- 63.0 62.9 -- 60.0 59.9 -- 0.0 Standardized testing ( edit ) See also : Test ( student assessment ) Under the No Child Left Behind Act and Every Student Succeeds Acts , all American states must test students in public schools statewide to ensure that they are achieving the desired level of minimum education , such as on the New York Regents Examinations , the Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test ( FCAT ) or the Massachusetts Comprehensive Assessment System ( MCAS ) ; students being educated at home or in private schools are not included . The act also required that students and schools show adequate yearly progress . This means they must show some improvement each year . When a student fails to make adequate yearly progress , NCLB mandated that remediation through summer school or tutoring be made available to a student in need of extra help . On December 10 , 2015 President Barack Obama signed legislation replacing NCLB with the Every Student Succeeds Act ( ESSA ) . However , the enactment of ESSA did not eliminate provisions relating to the periodic standardized tests given to students . Academic performance impacts the perception of a school 's educational program . Rural schools fare better than their urban counterparts in two key areas : test scores and drop - out rate . First , students in small schools performed equal to or better than their larger school counterparts . In addition , on the 2005 National Assessment of Education Progress , 4th and 8th grade students scored as well or better in reading , science , and mathematics . During high school , students ( usually in 11th grade ) may take one or more standardized tests depending on their post-secondary education preferences and their local graduation requirements . In theory , these tests evaluate the overall level of knowledge and learning aptitude of the students . The SAT and ACT are the most common standardized tests that students take when applying to college . A student may take the SAT , ACT , or both depending upon the post-secondary institutions the student plans to apply to for admission . Most competitive schools also require two or three SAT Subject Tests ( formerly known as SAT IIs ) , which are shorter exams that focus strictly on a particular subject matter . However , all these tests serve little to no purpose for students who do not move on to post-secondary education , so they can usually be skipped without affecting one 's ability to graduate . Standardized testing has become increasingly controversial in recent years . Creativity and the need for applicable knowledge are becoming rapidly more valuable than simple memorization . Opponents of standardized education have stated that it is the system of standardized education itself that is to blame for employment issues and concerns over the questionable abilities of recent graduates . Others consider standardized tests to be a valuable objective check on grade inflation . In recent years , grade point averages ( particularly in suburban schools ) have been rising while SAT scores have been falling . Suggestions for improving standardized testing include evaluating a student 's overall growth , possibly including non-cognitive qualities such as social and emotional behaviors , not just achievement ; introducing 21st century skills and values ; and making the tests open - ended , authentic , and engaging . Extracurricular activities ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A major characteristic of American schools is the high priority given to sports , clubs and activities by the community , the parents , the schools and the students themselves . Extracurricular activities are educational activities not falling within the scope of the regular curriculum but under the supervision of the school . These activities can extend to large amounts of time outside the normal school day ; home - schooled students , however , are not normally allowed to participate . Student participation in sports programs , drill teams , bands , and spirit groups can amount to hours of practices and performances . Most states have organizations that develop rules for competition between groups . These organizations are usually forced to implement time limits on hours practiced as a prerequisite for participation . Many schools also have non-varsity sports teams ; however , these are usually afforded fewer resources and less attention . Sports programs and their related games , especially football and basketball , are major events for American students and for larger schools can be a major source of funds for school districts . High school athletic competitions often generate intense interest in the community . In addition to sports , numerous non-athletic extracurricular activities are available in American schools , both public and private . Activities include Quizbowl , musical groups , marching bands , student government , school newspapers , science fairs , debate teams , and clubs focused on an academic area ( such as the Spanish Club ) or community service interests ( such as Key Club ) . Home schooling ( edit ) Main article : Homeschooling in the United States In 2014 , approximately 1.5 million children were homeschooled , up 84 % from 1999 when the U.S. Department of Education first started keeping statistics . This was 2.9 % of all children . Many select moral or religious reasons for homeschooling their children . The second main category is unschooling , those who prefer a non-standard approach to education . Opposition to homeschooling comes from varied sources , including teachers ' organizations and school districts . The National Education Association , the largest labor union in the United States , has been particularly vocal in the past . Opponents ' stated concerns fall into several broad categories , including fears of poor academic quality , and lack of socialization with others . At this time , over half of states have oversight into monitoring or measuring the academic progress of home schooled students , with all but ten requiring some form of notification to the state . Education of students with special needs ( edit ) Main article : Special education in the United States Commonly known as special classes , are taught by teachers with training in adapting curricula to meet the needs of students with special needs . According to the National Association of School Nurses , 5 % of students in 2009 have a seizure disorder , another 5 % have ADHD and 10 % have mental or emotional disorders . On January 25 , 2013 , the Office for Civil Rights of the US Department of Education issued guidance , clarifying school districts ' existing legal obligations to give disabled students an equal chance to compete in extracurricular sports alongside their able - bodied classmates . Educating children with disabilities The federal law , Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ( IDEA ) requires states to ensure that all government - run schools provide services to meet the individual needs of students with special needs , as defined by the law . All students with special needs are entitled to a free and appropriate public education ( FAPE ) . Schools meet with the parents or guardians to develop an Individualized Education Program that determines best placement for the child . Students must be placed in the least restrictive environment ( LRE ) that is appropriate for the student 's needs . Public schools that fail to provide an appropriate placement for students with special needs can be taken to due process wherein parents may formally submit their grievances and demand appropriate services for the child . Nationwide , 62 % of students with disabilities attending public schools graduate high school . Criticism At - risk students ( those with educational needs that are not associated with a disability ) are often placed in classes with students with minor emotional and social disabilities . Critics assert that placing at - risk students in the same classes as these disabled students may impede the educational progress of both the at - risk and the disabled students . Some research has refuted this assertion , and has suggested this approach increases the academic and behavioral skills of the entire student population . See also : Special education Public and private schools ( edit ) In the United States , state and local government have primary responsibility for education . The Federal Department of Education plays a role in standards setting and education finance , and some primary and secondary schools , for the children of military employees , are run by the Department of Defense . K -- 12 students in most areas have a choice between free tax - funded public schools , or privately funded private schools . Public school systems are supported by a combination of local , state , and federal government funding . Because a large portion of school revenues come from local property taxes , public schools vary widely in the resources they have available per student . Class size also varies from one district to another . Curriculum decisions in public schools are made largely at the local and state levels ; the federal government has limited influence . In most districts , a locally elected school board runs schools . The school board appoints an official called the superintendent of schools to manage the schools in the district . Local property taxes for public school funding may have disadvantages depending on how wealthy or poor these cities may be . Some of the disadvantages may be not having the proper electives of students interest or advanced placement courses to further the knowledge and education of these students . Cases such as these limit students and causes inequality in education because there is no easy way to gain access to those courses since the education system might not view them as necessary . The public education system does provide the classes needed to obtain a GED ( General Education Development ) and obtain a job or pursue higher education . The largest public school system in the United States is in New York City , where more than one million students are taught in 1,200 separate public schools . Because of its immense size -- there are more students in the system than residents in the eight smallest US states -- the New York City public school system is nationally influential in determining standards and materials , such as textbooks . Admission to individual public schools is usually based on residency . To compensate for differences in school quality based on geography , school systems serving large cities and portions of large cities often have magnet schools that provide enrollment to a specified number of non-resident students in addition to serving all resident students . This special enrollment is usually decided by lottery with equal numbers of males and females chosen . Some magnet schools cater to gifted students or to students with special interests , such as the sciences or performing arts . Private schools in the United States include parochial schools ( affiliated with religious denominations ) , non-profit independent schools , and for - profit private schools . Private schools charge varying rates depending on geographic location , the school 's expenses , and the availability of funding from sources , other than tuition . For example , some churches partially subsidize private schools for their members . Some people have argued that when their child attends a private school , they should be able to take the funds that the public school no longer needs and apply that money towards private school tuition in the form of vouchers . This is the basis of the school choice movement . 5,072,451 students attended 33,740 private elementary and secondary schools in 2007 . 74.5 % of these were Caucasian , non-Hispanic , 9.8 % were African American , 9.6 % were Hispanic . 5.4 % were Asian or Pacific Islander , and . 6 % were American Indian . Average school size was 150.3 students . There were 456,266 teachers . The number of students per teacher was about 11 . 65 % of seniors in private schools in 2006 - -- 7 went on to attend a 4 - year college . Private schools have various missions : some cater to college - bound students seeking a competitive edge in the college admissions process ; others are for gifted students , students with learning disabilities or other special needs , or students with specific religious affiliations . Some cater to families seeking a small school , with a nurturing , supportive environment . Unlike public school systems , private schools have no legal obligation to accept any interested student . Admission to some private schools is often highly selective . Private schools also have the ability to permanently expel persistently unruly students , a disciplinary option not legally available to public school systems . Private schools offer the advantages of smaller classes , under twenty students in a typical elementary classroom , for example ; a higher teacher / student ratio across the school day , greater individualized attention and in the more competitive schools , expert college placement services . Unless specifically designed to do so , private schools usually can not offer the services required by students with serious or multiple learning , emotional , or behavioral issues . Although reputed to pay lower salaries than public school systems , private schools often attract teachers by offering high - quality professional development opportunities , including tuition grants for advanced degrees . According to elite private schools themselves , this investment in faculty development helps maintain the high quality program that they offer . An August 17 , 2000 article by the Chicago Sun - Times refers to the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago Office of Catholic Schools as the largest private school system in the United States . Funding for K -- 12 schools ( edit ) According to a 2005 report from the OECD , the United States is tied for first place with Switzerland when it comes to annual spending per student on its public schools , with each of those two countries spending more than $11,000 . However , the United States is ranked 37th in the world in education spending as a percentage of gross domestic product . All but seven of the leading countries are developing countries ; ranked high because of a low GDP . Figures exist for education spending in the United States , both total and per student , and by state and school district . They show a very wide range in spending , but due to the varying spending policies and circumstances among school districts , a cost - effectiveness analysis is very difficult to perform . Changes in funding appear to have little effect on a school system 's performance . Between 1970 and 2012 , the full amount spent by all levels of government on the K -- 12 education of an individual public school student graduating in any given year , adjusted for inflation , increased by 185 % . The average funding by state governments increased by 120 % per student . However , scores in mathematics , science and language arts over that same period remained almost unchanged . Multi-year periods in which a state 's funding per student declined substantially also appear to have had little effect . Property taxes as a primary source of funding for public education have become highly controversial , for a number of reasons . First , if a state 's population and land values escalate rapidly , many longtime residents may find themselves paying property taxes much higher than anticipated . In response to this phenomenon , California 's citizens passed Proposition 13 in 1978 , which severely restricted the ability of the Legislature to expand the state 's educational system to keep up with growth . Some states , such as Michigan , have investigated or implemented alternate schemes for funding education that may sidestep the problems of funding based mainly on property taxes by providing funding based on sales or income tax . These schemes also have failings , negatively impacting funding in a slow economy . One of the biggest debates in funding public schools is funding by local taxes or state taxes . The federal government supplies around 8.5 % of the public school system funds , according to a 2005 report by the National Center for Education Statistics . `` Revenues and Expenditures for Public Elementary and Secondary Education , Table 1 '' . National Center for Education Statistics . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . The remaining split between state and local governments averages 48.7 percent from states and 42.8 percent from local sources . Rural schools struggle with funding concerns . State funding sources often favor wealthier districts . The state establishes a minimum flat amount deemed `` adequate '' to educate a child based on equalized assessed value of property taxes . This favors wealthier districts with a much larger tax base . This , combined with the history of slow payment in the state , leaves rural districts searching for funds . Lack of funding leads to limited resources for teachers . Resources that directly relate to funding include access to high - speed internet , online learning programs and advanced course offerings . These resources can enhance a student 's learning opportunities , but may not be available to everyone if a district can not afford to offer specific programs . One study found that school districts spend less efficiently in areas in which they face little or no competition from other public schools , in large districts , and in areas in which residents are poor or less educated . Judicial intervention ( edit ) The reliance on local funding sources has led to a long history of court challenges about how states fund their schools . These challenges have relied on interpretations of state constitutions after a U.S. Supreme Court ruling that school funding was not a matter of the U.S. Constitution ( San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez , 411 U.S. 1 ( 1973 ) ) . The state court cases , beginning with the California case of Serrano v. Priest , 5 Cal. 3d 584 ( 1971 ) , were initially concerned with equity in funding , which was defined in terms of variations in spending across local school districts . More recently , state court cases have begun to consider what has been called ' adequacy . ' These cases have questioned whether the total amount of spending was sufficient to meet state constitutional requirements . Perhaps the most famous adequacy case is Abbott v. Burke , 100 N.J. 269 , 495 A. 2d 376 ( 1985 ) , which has involved state court supervision over several decades and has led to some of the highest spending of any U.S. districts in the so - called Abbott districts . The background and results of these cases are analyzed in a book by Eric Hanushek and Alfred Lindseth . That analysis concludes that funding differences are not closely related to student outcomes and thus that the outcomes of the court cases have not led to improved policies . In McCleary v. Washington State ( 2012 ) , Supreme Court decision that found the state had failed to `` amply '' fund public education for Washington 's 1 million school children . Washington state had budgeted $18.2 billion for education spending in the two - year fiscal period ending in July 2015 . The state Supreme Court decided that this budget must be boosted by $3.3 billion in total by July 2019 . On September 11 , 2014 , the state Supreme Court found the legislature in contempt for failing to uphold a court order to come up with a plan to boost its education budget by billions of dollars over the next five years . The state had argued that it had adequately funded education and said diverting tax revenue could lead to shortfalls in other public services . Pensions ( edit ) While the hiring of teachers for public schools is done at the local school district level , the pension funds for teachers are usually managed at the state level . Some states have significant deficits when future requirements for teacher pensions are examined . In 2014 , these were projected deficits for various states : Illinois - $187 billion , Connecticut - $57 billion , Kentucky - $41 billion , Hawaii - $16.5 billion , and Louisiana - $45.6 billion . These deficits range from 184 % to 318 % of these states annual total budget . Test performance for primary and secondary schools ( edit ) The test scores of students attending U.S. public schools are lower than student scores in schools of other developed countries , in the areas of reading , math , and science . Out of 21 industrialized countries , U.S. 12th graders ranked 19th in math , 16th in science , and last in advanced physics . Higher education ( edit ) 2008 -- 2012 Bachelor 's degree or higher ( 5 - year estimate ) by County ( percent ) Educational attainment in the United States , Age 25 and Over ( 2009 ) Education Percentage High school graduate 86.68 % Some college 55.60 % Associate or bachelor 's degree 38.54 % Bachelor 's degree 29.0 % Master 's degree 7.62 % Doctorate or professional degree 2.94 % Main article : Higher education in the United States A building of New York Institute of Technology on its Manhattan campus The University of Chicago team that worked on the production of the world 's first man - made , self - sustaining nuclear reaction , including Enrico Fermi in the front row and Leó Szilárd in the second . Higher education in the United States is an optional final stage of formal learning following secondary education , often at one of the 4,495 colleges or universities and junior colleges in the country . In 2008 , 36 % of enrolled students graduated from college in four years . 57 % completed their undergraduate requirements in six years , at the same college they first enrolled in . The U.S. ranks 10th among industrial countries for percentage of adults with college degrees . Over the past 40 years the gap in graduation rates for wealthy students and low income students has widened significantly . 77 % of the wealthiest quartile of students obtained undergraduate degrees by age 24 in 2013 , up from 40 % in 1970 . 9 % of the least affluent quartile obtained degrees by the same age in 2013 , up from 6 % in 1970 . Like high school , the four undergraduate grades are commonly called freshman , sophomore , junior , and senior years ( alternatively called first year , second year , etc . ) . Students traditionally apply for admission into colleges . Schools differ in their competitiveness and reputation . Admissions criteria involve the rigor and grades earned in high school courses taken , the students ' GPA , class ranking , and standardized test scores ( Such as the SAT or the ACT tests ) . Most colleges also consider more subjective factors such as a commitment to extracurricular activities , a personal essay , and an interview . While colleges will rarely list that they require a certain standardized test score , class ranking , or GPA for admission , each college usually has a rough threshold below which admission is unlikely . Once admitted , students engage in undergraduate study , which consists of satisfying university and class requirements to achieve a bachelor 's degree in a field of concentration known as a major . ( Some students enroll in double majors or `` minor '' in another field of study . ) The most common method consists of four years of study leading to a Bachelor of Arts ( B.A. ) , a Bachelor of Science ( B.S. ) , or sometimes another bachelor 's degree such as Bachelor of Fine Arts ( B.F.A. ) , Bachelor of Social Work ( B.S.W. ) , Bachelor of Engineering ( B. Eng. , ) or Bachelor of Philosophy ( B. Phil . ) Five - Year Professional Architecture programs offer the Bachelor of Architecture Degree ( B. Arch . ) Professional degrees such as law , medicine , pharmacy , and dentistry , are offered as graduate study after earning at least three years of undergraduate schooling or after earning a bachelor 's degree depending on the program . These professional fields do not require a specific undergraduate major , though medicine , pharmacy , and dentistry have set prerequisite courses that must be taken before enrollment . Some students choose to attend a community college for two years prior to further study at another college or university . In most states , community colleges are operated either by a division of the state university or by local special districts subject to guidance from a state agency . Community colleges may award Associate of Arts ( AA ) or Associate of Science ( AS ) degree after two years . Those seeking to continue their education may transfer to a four - year college or university ( after applying through a similar admissions process as those applying directly to the four - year institution , see articulation ) . Some community colleges have automatic enrollment agreements with a local four - year college , where the community college provides the first two years of study and the university provides the remaining years of study , sometimes all on one campus . The community college awards the associate degree , and the university awards the bachelor 's and master 's degrees . Graduate study , conducted after obtaining an initial degree and sometimes after several years of professional work , leads to a more advanced degree such as a master 's degree , which could be a Master of Arts ( MA ) , Master of Science ( MS ) , Master of Business Administration ( MBA ) , or other less common master 's degrees such as Master of Education ( MEd ) , and Master of Fine Arts ( MFA ) . Some students pursue a graduate degree that is in between a master 's degree and a doctoral degree called a Specialist in Education ( Ed. S . ) . After additional years of study and sometimes in conjunction with the completion of a master 's degree or Ed. S. degree , students may earn a Doctor of Philosophy ( Ph. D . ) , a first professional degree , or other doctoral degree , such as Doctor of Arts , Doctor of Education , Doctor of Theology , Doctor of Medicine , Doctor of Pharmacy , Doctor of Physical Therapy , Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine , Doctor of Podiatry Medicine , Doctor of Veterinary Medicine , Doctor of Dentistry Doctor of Psychology , or Juris Doctor . Some programs , such as medicine and psychology , have formal apprenticeship procedures post-graduation , such as residencies and internships , which must be completed after graduation and before one is considered fully trained . Other professional programs like law and business have no formal apprenticeship requirements after graduation ( although law school graduates must take the bar exam to legally practice law in nearly all states ) . Entrance into graduate programs usually depends upon a student 's undergraduate academic performance or professional experience as well as their score on a standardized entrance exam like the Graduate Record Examination ( GRE - graduate schools in general ) , the Medical College Admission Test ( MCAT ) , or the Law School Admission Test ( LSAT ) . Many graduate and law schools do not require experience after earning a bachelor 's degree to enter their programs ; however , business school candidates are usually required to gain a few years of professional work experience before applying . 8.9 percent of students receive postgraduate degrees . Most , after obtaining their bachelor 's degree , proceed directly into the workforce . Cost ( edit ) Study comparing college revenue per student by tuition and state funding in 2008 dollars . Cost of US college education relative to the consumer price index ( inflation ) . See also : College tuition in the United States A few charity institutions cover all of the students ' tuition , although scholarships ( both merit - based and need - based ) are widely available . Generally , private universities charge much higher tuition than their public counterparts , which rely on state funds to make up the difference . Because each state supports its own university system with state taxes , most public universities charge much higher rates for out - of - state students . Annual undergraduate tuition varies widely from state to state , and many additional fees apply . In 2009 , average annual tuition at a public university ( for residents of the state ) was $7,020 . Tuition for public school students from outside the state is generally comparable to private school prices , although students can often qualify for state residency after their first year . Private schools are typically much higher , although prices vary widely from `` no - frills '' private schools to highly specialized technical institutes . Depending upon the type of school and program , annual graduate program tuition can vary from $15,000 to as high as $50,000 . Note that these prices do not include living expenses ( rent , room / board , etc . ) or additional fees that schools add on such as `` activities fees '' or health insurance . These fees , especially room and board , can range from $6,000 to $12,000 per academic year ( assuming a single student without children ) . The mean annual total cost ( including all costs associated with a full - time post-secondary schooling , such as tuition and fees , books and supplies , room and board ) , as reported by collegeboard.com for 2010 : Public university ( 4 years ) : $27,967 ( per year ) Private university ( 4 years ) : $40,476 ( per year ) Total , four - year schooling : Public university : $111,868 Private university : $161,904 College costs are rising at the same time that state appropriations for aid are shrinking . This has led to debate over funding at both the state and local levels . From 2002 to 2004 alone , tuition rates at public schools increased over 14 percent , largely due to dwindling state funding . An increase of 6 percent occurred over the same period for private schools . Between 1982 and 2007 , college tuition and fees rose three times as fast as median family income , in constant dollars . From the US Census Bureau , the median salary of an individual who has only a high school diploma is $27,967 ; The median salary of an individual who has a bachelor 's degree is $47,345 . Certain degrees , such as in engineering , typically result in salaries far exceeding high school graduates , whereas degrees in teaching and social work fall below . The debt of the average college graduate for student loans in 2010 was $23,200 . A 2010 study indicates that the return on investment for graduating from the top 1000 colleges exceeds 4 % over a high school degree . According to Uni in the USA , `` One of the reasons American universities have thrived is due to their remarkable management of financial resources . '' To combat costs colleges have hired adjunct professors to teach . In 2008 these teachers cost about $1,800 per 3 - credit class as opposed to $8,000 per class for a tenured professor . Two - thirds of college instructors were adjuncts . There are differences of opinion whether these adjuncts teach better or worse than regular professors . There is a suspicion that student evaluation of adjuncts , along with their subsequent continued employment , can lead to grade inflation . The status ladder ( edit ) American college and university faculty , staff , alumni , students , and applicants monitor rankings produced by magazines such as U.S. News and World Report , Washington Monthly , Academic Ranking of World Universities , test preparation services such as The Princeton Review or another university itself such as the Top American Research Universities by the University of Florida 's The Center . These rankings are based on factors like brand recognition , selectivity in admissions , generosity of alumni donors , and volume of faculty research . In the Times Higher Education World University Rankings , 27 of the top 50 universities , and 72 institutions of the top 200 , are located within the United States . The US has thereby more than twice as many universities represented in the top 200 as does the country with the next highest number , the United Kingdom , which has 29 . A small percentage of students who apply to these schools gain admission . Included among the top 20 institutions identified by ARWU in 2009 are six of the eight schools in the Ivy League ; 4 of the 10 schools in the University of California system ( Berkeley , Los Angeles , San Diego and San Francisco ) ; the private Universities of Stanford , Chicago , and Johns Hopkins ; the public Universities of Washington and Wisconsin ; and the Massachusetts and California Institutes of Technology . Also renowned within the United States are the so - called Little Ivies and a number of prestigious liberal arts colleges . Certain public universities ( sometimes referred to as Public Ivies ) are also recognized for their outstanding record in scholarship . Some of these institutions currently place among the elite in certain measurements of graduate education and research , especially among engineering and medical schools . Each state in the United States maintains its own public university system , which is always non-profit . The State University of New York and the California State University are the largest public higher education systems in the United States ; SUNY is the largest system that includes community colleges , while CSU is the largest without . Most areas also have private institutions , which may be for - profit or non-profit . Unlike many other nations , there are no public universities at the national level outside of the military service academies . Prospective students applying to attend four of the five military academies require , with limited exceptions , nomination by a member of Congress . Like acceptance to `` top tier '' universities , competition for these limited nominations is intense and must be accompanied by superior scholastic achievement and evidence of `` leadership potential . '' Aside from these aforementioned schools , academic reputations vary widely among the ' middle - tier ' of American schools , ( and even among academic departments within each of these schools . ) Most public and private institutions fall into this ' middle ' range . Some institutions feature honors colleges or other rigorous programs that challenge academically exceptional students , who might otherwise attend a ' top - tier ' college . Aware of the status attached to the perception of the college that they attend , students often apply to a range of schools . Some apply to a relatively prestigious school with a low acceptance rate , gambling on the chance of acceptance but , as a backup , also apply to a safety school . Lower status institutions include community colleges . These are primarily two - year public institutions , which individual states usually require to accept all local residents who seek admission , and offer associate 's degrees or vocational certificate programs . Many community colleges have relationships with four - year state universities and colleges or even private universities that enable their students to transfer to these universities for a four - year degree after completing a two - year program at the community college . Regardless of perceived prestige , many institutions feature at least one distinguished academic department , and most post-secondary American students attend one of the 2,400 four - year colleges and universities or 1,700 two - year colleges not included among the twenty - five or so ' top - tier ' institutions . Criticism ( edit ) Economics professor Alan Zagier blames credential inflation for the admission of so many unqualified students into college . He reports that the number of new jobs requiring college degrees is less than the number of college graduates . He states that the more money that a state spends on higher education , the slower the economy grows , the opposite of long held notions . Other studies have shown that the level of cognitive achievement attained by students in a country ( as measured by academic testing ) is closely correlated with the country 's economic growth , but that `` increasing the average number of years of schooling attained by the labor force boosts the economy only when increased levels of school attainment also boost cognitive skills . In other words , it is not enough simply to spend more time in school ; something has to be learned there . '' Funding for college ( edit ) At the college and university level student loan funding is split in half ; half is managed by the Department of Education directly , called the Federal Direct Student Loan Program ( FDSLP ) . The other half is managed by commercial entities such as banks , credit unions , and financial services firms such as Sallie Mae , under the Federal Family Education Loan Program ( FFELP ) . Some schools accept only FFELP loans ; others accept only FDSLP . Still others accept both , and a few schools will not accept either , in which case students must seek out private alternatives for student loans . Grant funding is provided by the federal Pell Grant program . Issues ( edit ) Major issues include assessment of proficiency versus growth , funding and legal protection of special education , and excessive student loan debt . American education crisis ( edit ) It has been alleged , since the 1950s and especially in recent years , that American schooling is undergoing a crisis in which academic performance is behind other countries , such as Russia , Japan , or China , in core subjects . Congress passed the National Defense Education Act in 1958 in an attempt to rectify these problems , and a series of other legislative acts in later decades such as No Child Left Behind . According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development , however , American students of 2012 ranked 25th in math , 17th in science , and 14th in reading compared with students in 27 other countries . In 2013 , Amanda Ripley published The Smartest Kids in the World ( And How They Got That Way ) , a comparative study of how the American education system differs from top - performing countries such as Finland and South Korea . Recent allegations take the perspective of employers who demand more vocational training . Voters in both major parties have been critical of the Common Core initiative . Affirmative action ( edit ) Further information : Affirmative action in the United States Acceptance rates at private universities ( 2005 ) Overall admit rate Black admit rate % difference Harvard 10.0 % 16.7 % + 67.0 % MIT 15.9 % 31.6 % + 98.7 % Brown 16.6 % 26.3 % + 58.4 % Penn 21.2 % 30.1 % + 42.0 % Georgetown 22.0 % 30.7 % + 39.5 % In 2003 a Supreme Court decision concerning affirmative action in universities allowed educational institutions to consider race as a factor in admitting students , but ruled that strict point systems are unconstitutional . Opponents of racial affirmative action argue that the program actually benefits middle - and upper - class non-Asian people of color at the expense of lower class European Americans and Asian Americans . Prominent African American academics Henry Louis Gates and Lani Guinier , while favoring affirmative action , have argued that in practice , it has led to recent black immigrants and their children being greatly overrepresented at elite institutions , at the expense of the historic African American community made up of descendants of slaves . In 2006 , Jian Li , a Chinese undergraduate at Yale University , filed a civil rights complaint with the Office for Civil Rights against Princeton University , stating that his race played a role in their decision to reject his application for admission . Attainment ( edit ) Main article : Educational attainment in the United States Educational attainment since 1940 . The rise of the high school movement in the beginning of the 20th century was unique in the United States , such that , high schools were implemented with property - tax funded tuition , openness , non-exclusivity , and were decentralized . The academic curriculum was designed to provide the students with a terminal degree . The students obtained general knowledge ( such as mathematics , chemistry , English composition , etc . ) applicable to the high geographic and social mobility in the United States . The provision of the high schools accelerated with the rise of the second industrial revolution . The increase in white collar and skilled blue - collar work in manufacturing was reflected in the demand for high school education . In the 21st century , the educational attainment of the US population is similar to that of many other industrialized countries with the vast majority of the population having completed secondary education and a rising number of college graduates that outnumber high school dropouts . As a whole , the population of the United States is becoming increasingly more educated . Post-secondary education is valued very highly by American society and is one of the main determinants of class and status . As with income , however , there are significant discrepancies in terms of race , age , household configuration and geography . Since the 1980s the number of educated Americans has continued to grow , but at a slower rate . Some have attributed this to an increase in the foreign born portion of the workforce . However , the decreasing growth of the educational workforce has instead been primarily due to slowing down in educational attainment of people schooled in the United States . Student proficiency and college graduation rates ( edit ) High schools and colleges sharply disagree about the college readiness of high school graduates , in that 90 % of high school teachers believe graduating students are well - prepared , while 44 % of college faculty believe that first - year students are not ready for writing at the college level . Although the high school graduation rate is about 91 % nationwide , the proficiency rates of twelfth - grade students are only 37 % in English and 25 % in mathematics . Despite having a high school diploma that includes a college - preparatory curriculum , along with appropriate high school exit examination scores , 60 % of first - year college students must take noncredit remedial courses in order to bring their literary and mathematical skills up to an adequate level . Even then , only 58 % of students in four - year programs at public colleges will have graduated after six years . The cause can not be excessively demanding college courses , since grade inflation has made those courses increasingly easy in recent decades . Gender differences ( edit ) According to research from within the past 20 years , girls generally outperform boys in the classroom on measures of grades across all subjects and graduation rates . This is a turnaround from the early 20th century when boys usually outperformed girls . Boys have still been found to score higher on standardized tests than girls and go on to be better represented in the more prestigious , high - paying STEM fields . There is an ongoing debate over which gender is the most short - changed in the classroom . Parents and educators are concerned about how to motivate males to become better students . Racial achievement differences ( edit ) Further information : Racial achievement gap in the United States , Race and intelligence , and African - American family structure NAEP reading long - term trends for ages 9 ( light gray ) , 13 ( dark gray ) , and 17 ( black ) . The racial achievement gap in the US refers to the educational disparities between Black and Hispanic students compared with Asian and Caucasian students . This disparity manifests itself in a variety of ways : African - American and Hispanic students are more likely to receive lower grades , score lower on standardized tests , drop out of high school , and are less likely to enter and complete college . Several reasons have been suggested for these disparities . One explanation is the disparity in income that exists between African Americans and Whites . This school of thought argues that the origin of this `` wealth gap '' is the slavery and racism that made it extremely difficult for African - Americans to accumulate wealth for almost 100 years after slavery was abolished . A comparable history of discrimination created a similar gap between Hispanics and Whites . This results in many minority children being born into low socioeconomic backgrounds , which in turn affects educational opportunities . Another explanation has to do with family structure . Professor Lino Graglia has suggested that Blacks and Hispanics are falling behind in education because they are increasingly raised in single - parent families . A third explanation which has been suggested , by , for example University of California , Berkeley Professor Arthur Jensen , in a controversial paper published in 1969 , is that there is an innate difference in intelligence between blacks and whites . Other publications are critical of Jensen 's methods and disagree with his conclusions . The idea that the difference in achievement is primarily genetic is controversial , and few members of the academic community accept these findings as fact . Other explanations offered for the racial achievement gap include : social class , institutional racism , lower quality of schools and teachers in minority communities , and civil injustice . Most authors mention several such factors as influential on outcomes , both in the United States and worldwide . International comparison ( edit ) In the OECD 's Programme for International Student Assessment 2003 , which emphasizes problem solving , American 15 - year - olds ranked 24th of 38 in mathematics , 19th of 38 in science , 12th of 38 in reading , and 26th of 38 in problem solving . In the 2006 assessment , the U.S. ranked 35th out of 57 in mathematics and 29th out of 57 in science . Reading scores could not be reported due to printing errors in the instructions of the U.S. test booklets . U.S. scores were behind those of most other developed nations . However , the picture changes when low achievers , Blacks and Hispanics , in the U.S. are broken out by race . White and Asian students in the United States are generally among the best - performing pupils in the world ; black and Hispanic students in the U.S. are among the lowest - achieving pupils . Black and Hispanic students in the US do out perform their counterparts in all African and Hispanic countries . US fourth and eighth graders tested above average on the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study tests , which emphasizes traditional learning . The United States is one of three OECD countries where the government spends more on schools in rich neighborhoods than in poor neighborhoods , with the others being Turkey and Israel . Poor education also carries on as students age . The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development 's ( OECD ) administer another survey called the Survey of Adult Skills , which is a part of its Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies ( PIAAC ) . In the most recent survey done in 2013 , 33 nations took part with adults ages 16 to 65 in numeracy , literacy and problem - solving . The Educational Testing Service ( ETS ) found that millennials -- age from teens to early 30s -- scored low . Millennials in Spain and Italy scored lower than those in the U.S. , while in numeracy , the three countries tied for last . U.S. millennials came in last among all 33 nations for problem - solving skills . Wider Economic Impact ( edit ) Current education trends in the United States represent multiple achievement gaps across ethnicities , income levels , and geography . In an economic analysis , consulting firm McKinsey & Company reports that closing the educational achievement gap between the United States and nations such as Finland and Korea would have increased US GDP by 9 - to - 16 % in 2008 . Narrowing the gap between white students and black and Hispanic students would have added another 2 -- 4 % GDP , while closing the gap between poor and other students would have yielded a 3 - to - 5 % increase in GDP , and that of under - performing states and the rest of the nation another 3 - to - 5 % GDP . In sum , McKinsey 's report suggests , `` These educational gaps impose on the United States the economic equivalent of a permanent national recession . '' Overall the households and demographics featuring the highest educational attainment in the United States are also among those with the highest household income and wealth . Thus , while the population of the US is becoming increasingly educated on all levels , a direct link between income and educational attainment remains . ACT Inc. reports that 25 % of US graduating high school seniors meet college - readiness benchmarks in English , reading , mathematics , and science . Including the 22 % of students who do not graduate on time , fewer than 20 % of the American youth , who should graduate high school each year , do so prepared for college . The United States has fallen behind the rest of the developed world in education , creating a global achievement gap that alone costs the nation 9 - to - 16 % of potential GDP each year . In 2007 , Americans stood second only to Canada in the percentage of 35 - to 64 - year - olds holding at least two - year degrees . Among 25 - to 34 - year - olds , the country stands tenth . The nation stands 15 out of 29 rated nations for college completion rates , slightly above Mexico and Turkey . A five - year , $14 million study of U.S. adult literacy involving lengthy interviews of U.S. adults , the most comprehensive study of literacy ever commissioned by the U.S. government , was released in September 1993 . It involved lengthy interviews of over 26,700 adults statistically balanced for age , gender , ethnicity , education level , and location ( urban , suburban , or rural ) in 12 states across the U.S. and was designed to represent the U.S. population as a whole . This government study showed that 21 % to 23 % of adult Americans were not `` able to locate information in text '' , could not `` make low - level inferences using printed materials '' , and were unable to `` integrate easily identifiable pieces of information . '' The U.S. Department of Education 's 2003 statistics indicated that 14 % of the population -- or 32 million adults -- had very low literacy skills . Statistics were similar in 2013 . Behavior ( edit ) A 2011 study found that students who were expelled were three times as likely to become involved with the juvenile justice system the following school year . Corporal punishment ( edit ) The United States is one of the very few developed countries where corporal punishment is officially permitted and practiced in its public schools , although the practice has been banned in an increasing number of states beginning in the 1970s . The punishment virtually always consists of spanking the buttocks of a student with a paddle in a punishment known as `` paddling . '' Students can be physically punished from kindergarten to the end of high school , meaning that even adults who have reached the age of majority are sometimes spanked by school officials . Although uncommon relative to the overall U.S. student population , more than 167,000 students were paddled in the 2011 -- 2012 school year in American public schools . Virtually all paddling in public schools occurs in the Southern United States , however , with 70 % of paddled students living in just five states : Mississippi , Texas , Alabama , Arkansas , and Georgia . The practice has been on a steady decline in American schools . School security ( edit ) For some schools , a police officer , titled a school resource officer , is on site to screen students for firearms and to help avoid disruptions . Cheating ( edit ) Main article : Academic dishonesty In 2006 , one survey found that 50 % to 95 % of American students admitted to having cheated in high school or college at one time or another , results that cast some doubt on measured academic attainment tests . Charter schools ( edit ) Main article : Charter schools in the United States The charter school movement began in 1990 and have spread rapidly in the United States , members , parents , teachers , and students to allow for the `` expression of diverse teaching philosophies and cultural and social life styles . '' Curriculum ( edit ) President George W. Bush signing the No Child Left Behind Act Curricula in the United States can vary widely from district to district . Different schools offer classes centering on different topics , and vary in quality . Some private schools even include religious classes as mandatory for attendance . This raises the question of government funding vouchers in states with anti-Catholic Blaine Amendments in their constitution . This in turn has produced camps of argument over the standardization of curricula and to what degree it should exist . These same groups often are advocates of standardized testing , which is mandated by the No Child Left Behind Act . There is debate over which subjects should receive the most focus , with astronomy and geography among those cited as not being taught enough in schools . English in the classroom ( edit ) Schools in the 50 states , the District of Columbia , the U.S. Virgin Islands , Guam , and the Northern Mariana Islands , teach primarily in English , with the exception of specialized language immersion programs . Other languages ( edit ) In 2015 , 584,000 students in Puerto Rico were taught in Spanish , their native language . The Native American Cherokee Nation instigated a 10 - year language preservation plan that involved growing new fluent speakers of the Cherokee language from childhood on up through school immersion programs as well as a collaborative community effort to continue to use the language at home . In 2010 , 84 children were being educated in this manner . Some 9.7 million children aged 5 to 17 primarily speak a language other than English at home . Of those , about 1.3 million children do not speak English well or at all . Evolution in Kansas ( edit ) Main article : Kansas evolution hearings In 1999 the School Board of the state of Kansas caused controversy when it decided to eliminate teaching of evolution in its state assessment tests . Scientists from around the country objected . Many religious and family values groups , on the other hand , stated that evolution is `` simply a theory '' in the colloquial sense ( not the academic sense , which means specific and well supported reasoning ) , and as such creationist ideas should therefore be taught alongside it as an alternative viewpoint . A majority of the board supported teaching intelligent design or creationism in public schools . The new standards , including Intelligent Design , were enacted on November 8 , 2005 . On February 13 , 2007 , the board rejected these amended science standards enacted in 2005 , overturning the mandate to teach Intelligent Design . Sex education ( edit ) Main article : Sex education in the United States Almost all students in the U.S. receive some form of sex education at least once between grades 7 and 12 ; many schools begin addressing some topics as early as grades 4 or 5 . However , what students learn varies widely , because curriculum decisions are so decentralized . Many states have laws governing what is taught in sex education classes or allowing parents to opt out . Some state laws leave curriculum decisions to individual school districts . For example , a 1999 study by the Guttmacher Institute found that most U.S. sex education courses in grades 7 through 12 cover puberty , HIV , STDs , abstinence , implications of teenage pregnancy , and how to resist peer pressure . Other studied topics , such as methods of birth control and infection prevention , sexual orientation , sexual abuse , and factual and ethical information about abortion , varied more widely . However , according to a 2004 survey , a majority of the 1001 parent groups polled wants complete sex education in the schools . The American people are heavily divided over the issue . Over 80 % of polled parents agreed with the statement `` Sex education in school makes it easier for me to talk to my child about sexual issues , '' while under 17 % agreed with the statement that their children were being exposed to `` subjects I do n't think my child should be discussing . '' 10 percent believed that their children 's sexual education class forced them to discuss sexual issues `` too early . '' On the other hand , 49 percent of the respondents ( the largest group ) were `` somewhat confident '' that the values taught in their children 's sex ed classes were similar to those taught at home , and 23 percent were less confident still . ( The margin of error was plus or minus 4.7 percent . ) According to The 74 , an American education news website , the United States uses two methods to teach sex education . Comprehensive sex education focuses on sexual risk reduction . This method focuses on the benefits of contraception and safe sex . The abstinence - emphasized curriculum focuses on sexual risk avoidance , discouraging activity that could become a `` gateway '' to sexual activities . Textbook Review and adoption ( edit ) In some states , textbooks are selected for all students at the state level , and decisions made by larger states , such as California and Texas , that represent a considerable market for textbook publishers and can exert influence over the content of textbooks generally , thereby influencing the curriculum taught in public schools , In 2010 , the Texas Board of Education passed more than 100 amendments to the curriculum standards , affecting history , sociology and economics courses to ' add balance ' given that academia was ' skewed too far to the left ' . One specific result of these amendments is to increase education on Moses ' influences on the founding of the United States , going as far as calling him a `` founding father '' . This effect is however reduced with modern publishing techniques which allow books to be tailored to individual states . As of January 2009 , the four largest college textbook publishers in the United States were : Pearson Education ( including such imprints as Addison - Wesley and Prentice Hall ) , Cengage Learning ( formerly Thomson Learning ) , McGraw - Hill Education , Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . Other US textbook publishers include : John Wiley & Sons , Jones and Bartlett Publishers , F.A. Davis Company , W.W. Norton & Company , SAGE Publications , and Flat World Knowledge . Culturally - responsive curriculum ( edit ) Culturally - responsive curriculum is a framework for teaching that acknowledges and the various cultural backgrounds of all students in the classroom to make learning more accessible , especially for students of color . It is the outgrowth of research evidence that suggests that attitudes towards others , especially with regard to race , are socially constructed ( or learned ) at a young age . Therefore , the values that we attach to various groups of people are a reflection of the behavior we have observed around us , especially in the classroom . Culturally - responsive curriculum responds to the importance of teachers connecting with students in increasingly diverse classrooms in the US by incorporating sociocultural elements into curriculum . The goal of culturally - responsive curriculum is to ensure equitable access to education for students from all cultures . Culturally - responsive curriculum draws directly on the idea of a `` hidden curriculum '' or system of values that teachers impart on students in the classroom . Culturally - responsive curriculum attempts to break down the dominant cultural bias that often pervades curriculum and instruction . Similar to the anti-bias approach , culturally - responsive curriculum is intended to help students and teachers `` recognize the connections between ethnicity , gender , religion , and social class , and power , privilege , prestige , and opportunity . '' Culturally - responsive curriculum specifically responds to the cultural needs of students as learners in the classroom . A study by Howard in 2001 , documents student 's responses to culturally - responsive curriculum and teaching strategies . The study found that these methods had a positive effect on student engagement and effort in the classroom . These findings are consistent with the theoretical claims of culturally - responsive curriculum . Teachers can gain in - depth understandings of their students ' individual needs by engaging with parents , learning about culturally - specific ways of communicating and learning , and allowing students to direct their learning and to collaborate on assignments that are both culturally and socially relevant to them . Culturally - responsive curriculum is also implemented at the level of preservice teacher education . One study by Evans - Winters and Hoff found that preservice teachers do not necessarily recognize or acknowledge the intersections of race and other social factors in understanding and characterizing systems of oppression . A shift in preservice training has been made toward a more self - reflective model that encourages teachers to be reflective of the types of cultural and social attitudes they are promoting in their teaching practices . This kind of preservice education can help teachers anticipate social - identity related tensions that might occur in the classroom and think critically about how to approach them . Reality pedagogy ( edit ) Reality pedagogy is one model of culturally - responsive pedagogy that uses individual student backgrounds to adapt curriculum and instruction . It was introduced by Columbia Teachers ' College professor , Christopher Emdin , and elaborated in his book For White Folks who Teach in the Hood ... and the Rest of Y'all Too : Reality Pedagogy and Urban Education . Emdin promotes the use of cultural code - switching in the classroom to connect vernacular concepts with academic concepts . Reality pedagogy is a form of culturally - responsive pedagogy that attempts to bridge community - based knowledge with classroom learning experiences . Gender - sensitive curriculum ( edit ) The notion of gender - sensitive curriculum acknowledges the current reality of our bi-gender world and attempts to break down socialized learning outcomes that reinforce the notion that girls and boys are good at different things . Research has shown that while girls do struggle more in the areas of math and science and boys in the area of language arts , this is a socialization phenomenon , rather than a physiological one . One key to creating a gender - friendly classroom is `` differentiation '' which essentially means when teachers plan and deliver their instruction with an awareness of gender and other student differences . Teachers can strategically group students for learning activities by a variety of characteristics so as to maximize individual strengths and contributions . Research has also shown that teacher 's differ in how they treat girls and boys in the classroom . Gender - sensitive practices necessitate equitable and appropriate attention to all learners . Teacher attention to content is also extremely important . For example , when trying to hold boy 's attention teachers will often use examples that reference classically male roles , perpetuating a gender bias in content . In addition to curriculum that recognizes that gender impacts all students and their learning , other gender - sensitive curriculum directly engages gender - diversity issues and topics . Some curricular approaches include integrating gender through story problems , writing prompts , readings , art assignments , research projects and guest lectures that foster spaces for students to articulate their own understandings and beliefs about gender . LGBTQ - inclusive curriculum ( edit ) LGBTQ - inclusive curriculum is curriculum that includes positive representations of LGBTQ people , history , and events . LGBTQ curriculum also attempts to integrate these narratives without biasing the LGBTQ experience as a separate and fragmented from overarching social narratives and not as intersecting with ethnic , racial , and other forms of diversity that exist among LGBTQ individuals . The purpose of LGBTQ - inclusive curriculum is to ensure that LGBTQ students feel properly represented in curriculum narratives and therefore safer coming to school and more comfortable discussing LGBTQ - related topics . A study by GLSEN examined the impact of LGBTQ - inclusive practices on LGBTQ student 's perceptions of safety . They study found that LGBT students in inclusive school - settings were much less likely to feel unsafe because of their identities and more likely to perceive their peers as accepting and supportive . Implementation of LGBTQ - inclusive curriculum involves both curriculum decisions and harnessing teachable moments in the classroom . One study by Snapp et al. showed that teachers often failed to intervene in LGBTQ - bullying . Other research has suggested that education for healthcare professionals on how to better support LGBTQ patients has benefits for LGBTQ - healthcare service . Education in how to be empathic and conscientious of the needs of LGBTQ patients fits within the larger conversation about culturally - responsive healthcare . Ability - inclusive curriculum ( edit ) Ability - inclusive curriculum is another curriculum model that adapts to the social , physical , and cultural needs of the students . Inclusion in the US education system refers to the approach to educating students with special needs in a mainstream classroom . This model involves cultivating a strong relationship between teacher and student , and between non-special needs students and special needs students . Like the other models of culturally - inclusive curriculum , ability - inclusive curriculum often involves collaboration , parental - involvement , the creation of a safe and welcoming environment , returning agency to the students over their learning , and fostering open discussion about individual differences and strengths . Research generally demonstrates neutral or positive effects of inclusive education . A study by Kreimeyer et al. showed that a group of deaf / hard - of - hearing students in an inclusive classroom scored better than the national averages on reading comprehension , vocabulary , and mathematical problem solving measures . Another study showed that inclusive practices increased literacy rates for autistic students . Many theorists champion the potential socio - emotional benefits of inclusion . However research on the social dynamics of inclusive classrooms suggest that special needs students might occupy a lower social standing that non-special needs students . Governance ( edit ) Currently , the state and national governments share power over public education , with the states exercising most of the control . Except for Hawaii , states delegate power to county , city or township - level school boards that exercise control over a school district . Some school districts may further delegate significant authority to principals , such as those who have adopted the Portfolio strategy . The U.S. federal government exercises its control through the U.S. Department of Education . Education is not mentioned in the constitution of the United States , but the federal government uses the threat of decreased funding to enforce laws pertaining to education . Under recent administrations , initiatives such as the No Child Left Behind Act and Race to the Top have attempted to assert more central control in a heavily decentralized system . Nonprofit private schools are widespread , are largely independent of the government , and include secular as well as parochial schools . Educational accreditation decisions for private schools are made by voluntary regional associations . Tracking ( streaming ) ( edit ) See also : Tracking ( education ) Tracking is the practice of dividing students at the primary or secondary school level into classes on the basis of ability or achievement . One common use is to offer different curricula for students preparing for college and for those preparing for direct entry into technical schools or the workplace . Reading and writing habits ( edit ) Libraries have been considered important to educational goals . Library books are more readily available to Americans than to people in Germany , Britain , France , the Netherlands , Austria and all the Mediterranean nations . The average American borrowed more library books in 2001 than his or her peers in Germany , Austria , Norway , Ireland , Luxembourg , France and throughout the Mediterranean . Americans buy more books than people in Europe . Teachers have been frustrated with lack of parent involvement in the learning process , particularly in the earlier grades . Children spend about 26 % of their time in school , sleep 40 % , leaving about 34 % of their time left - over . Teachers believe that parents are not supervising their children 's free time to encourage the learning process , such as basic literacy , which is crucial not only to later success in life , but also to keeping them out of prison . See also ( edit ) United States portal Education portal Academic grading in the United States College Board examinations Education in the Thirteen Colonies Educational reform Language education in the United States List of heads of state educated in the United States List of state graduation exams in the United States Lists of school districts in the United States Outcome - based education School prayer # United States Sex differences in education in the United States Social programs in the United States and education References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bureau , U.C. ( 2009 ) . The 2009 Statistical Abstract , Retrieved from National Data Book '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The World Factbook '' . Cia.gov . Retrieved September 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Bachelor Degree Rate Passes Milestone '' . The New York Times . February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` School Finance '' . Federal Education Budget Project . New America Foundation . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . 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Jump up ^ Note that these add up to more than 100 % because they are cumulative ; e.g. it is assumed that all people with doctorates also have undergraduate and high school degrees , and are thus counted twice in the `` lower '' categories . It is not assumed , however , that all doctorates or professional degrees have Master 's degrees . Age 25 is used rather than age 18 because there are few people aged 18 or over with advanced degrees . `` Educational Attainment in the United States : 2009 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . September 22 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2010 . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nat'l Ctr . for Educ . Statistics , Degree - Granting Institutions and Branches , by Type and Control of Institution and State of Jurisdiction , 2009 -- 10 ( September 2010 ) . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 ^ Jump up to : Michelle Singletary ( October 22 , 2009 ) . `` The Color of Money : Getting through college these days almost requires a degree in thrift '' . 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And the Rest of Y'all Too : Reality Pedagogy and Urban Education Jump up ^ American Association of University Women ( 1992 ) . How schools shortchange girls . New York Jump up ^ `` Education '' . Gender Spectrum . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` LGBT - Inclusive Curriculum Guide for Educators '' . GLSEN . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Snapp , S.D. , Burdge , H. , Licona , A.C. , Moody , R.L. , & Russell , S.T. ( 2015 ) . Students ' Perspectives on LGBTQ - Inclusive Curriculum . Equity & Excellence In Education , 48 ( 2 ) , 249 -- 265 . Jump up ^ Pearce , L. ( 2017 ) . MAKING NURSE EDUCATION LGBT - FRIENDLY . Nursing Standard , 31 ( 23 ) , 22 -- 24 . Jump up ^ `` How to Support Special Needs Students '' . PhdinSpecialEducation.com Jump up ^ Kreimeyer , K.H. , Crooke , P. , Drye , C. , Egbert , V. , & Klein , B. ( 2000 ) . Academic and Social Benefits of a Co-enrollment Model of Inclusive Education for Deaf and Hard - of - Hearing Children . Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education , ( 2 ) . 174 . Jump up ^ Chandler - Olcott , K. , & Kluth , P. ( 2009 ) . Why Everyone Benefits From Including Students With Autism in Literacy Classrooms . Reading Teacher , 62 ( 7 ) , 548 -- 557 . Jump up ^ Ruijs , Nienke M. ; Peetsma , Thea T.D. `` Effects of inclusion on students with and without special educational needs reviewed '' . Educational Research Review . 4 ( 2 ) : 67 -- 79 . doi : 10.1016 / j. edurev. 2009.02. 002 . Jump up ^ `` Education Commissioner Highlights Importance of Libraries -- Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education '' . Doe.mass.edu . June 5 , 2002 . Retrieved July 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Trans - Atlantic Comparisons , part 2 : Why Europeans Have It Wrong About Americans '' . Spiegel Online . May 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Length of School Day '' . uft.org/ . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Reed , Matt ( October 19 , 2013 ) . `` Brevard 's new literacy crusade : United Way '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . pp. 1A . Retrieved October 19 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Sennholz , Hans F. , ed . Public Education and Indoctrination , in series , The Freeman Classics . Irvington - on - Hudson , N.Y. : Foundation for Economic Education , 1993 . iv , 203 p . N.B. : Sennholz is not clearly identified as the editor of this collection of essays on the subject , but his editorship seems probable . Bibliography ( edit ) Berliner , David C . Goldstein , Dana ( 2014 ) . The Teacher Wars : A History of America 's Most Embattled Profession . Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 53695 - 0 . Green , Elizabeth ( 2014 ) . Building a Better Teacher : How Teaching Works ( and How to Teach It to Everyone ) . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 08159 - 6 . Hanushek , Eric ( 2013 ) . Endangering Prosperity : A Global View of the American School . Brookings Institution . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8157 - 0373 - 0 . Woodring , Paul . A Fourth of a Nation . New York : McGraw - Hill Book Co. , 1957 . 255 p . N.B. : Philosophical and practical reflections on education , teaching , educational psychology , and the training of teachers . History ( edit ) for more detailed bibliography see History of Education in the United States : Bibliography James D. Anderson , The Education of Blacks in the South , 1860 -- 1935 ( University of North Carolina Press , 1988 ) . Axtell , J. The school upon a hill : Education and society in colonial New England . Yale University Press . ( 1974 ) . Maurice R. Berube ; American School Reform : Progressive , Equity , and Excellence Movements , 1883 -- 1993 . 1994 . online version Brint , S. , & Karabel , J. The Diverted Dream : Community colleges and the promise of educational opportunity in America , 1900 -- 1985 . Oxford University Press . ( 1989 ) . Button , H. Warren and Provenzo , Eugene F. , Jr . History of Education and Culture in America . Prentice - Hall , 1983 . 379 pp . Cremin , Lawrence A . The transformation of the school : Progressivism in American education , 1876 -- 1957 . ( 1961 ) . Cremin , Lawrence A. American Education : The Colonial Experience , 1607 -- 1783 . ( 1970 ) ; American Education : The National Experience , 1783 -- 1876 . ( 1980 ) ; American Education : The Metropolitan Experience , 1876 -- 1980 ( 1990 ) ; standard 3 vol detailed scholarly history Curti , M.E. The social ideas of American educators , with new chapter on the last twenty - five years . ( 1959 ) . Dorn , Sherman . Creating the Dropout : An Institutional and Social History of School Failure . Praeger , 1996 . 167 pp . Gatto , John Taylor . The Underground History of American Education : An Intimate Investigation into the Prison of Modern Schooling . Oxford Village Press , 2001 , 412 pp. online version Herbst , Juergen . The once and future school : Three hundred and fifty years of American secondary education . ( 1996 ) . Herbst , Juergen . School Choice and School Governance : A Historical Study of the United States and Germany 2006 . ISBN 1 - 4039 - 7302 - 4 . Kemp , Roger L. `` Town & Gown Relations : A Handbook of Best Practices , '' McFarland and Company , Inc. , Publisher , Jefferson , North Carolina , USA , and London , England ( UK ) ( 2013 ) . ISBN 9780786463992 . Krug , Edward A . The shaping of the American high school , 1880 -- 1920 . ( 1964 ) ; The American high school , 1920 -- 1940 . ( 1972 ) . standard 2 vol scholarly history Lucas , C.J. American higher education : A history . ( 1994 ) . pp. ; reprinted essays from History of Education Quarterly Parkerson , Donald H. and Parkerson , Jo Ann . Transitions in American Education : A Social History of Teaching . Routledge , 2001 . 242 pp . Parkerson , Donald H. and Parkerson , Jo Ann . The Emergence of the Common School in the U.S. Countryside . Edwin Mellen , 1998 . 192 pp . Peterson , Paul E. The politics of school reform , 1870 -- 1940 . ( 1985 ) . Ravitch , Diane . Left Back : A Century of Failed School Reforms . Simon & Schuster , 2000 . 555 pp . John L. Rury ; Education and Social Change : Themes in the History of American Schooling . ' ; Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . 2002 . online version Sanders , James W The education of an urban minority : Catholics in Chicago , 1833 -- 1965 . ( 1977 ) . Solomon , Barbara M. In the company of educated women : A history of women and higher education in America . ( 1985 ) . Theobald , Paul . Call School : Rural Education in the Midwest to 1918 . Southern Illinois U. Pr. , 1995 . 246 pp . David B. Tyack . The One Best System : A History of American Urban Education ( 1974 ) , Tyack , David and Cuban , Larry . Tinkering toward Utopia : A Century of Public School Reform . Harvard U. Pr. , 1995 . 184 pp . Tyack , David B. , & Hansot , E. Managers of virtue : Public school leadership in America , 1820 -- 1980 . ( 1982 ) . Veysey Lawrence R . The emergence of the American university . ( 1965 ) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education%20in%20the%20United%20States
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who is running for congress in arizona 2018
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Arizona elections , 2018
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arizona elections, 2018
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A general election will be held in the U.S. state of Arizona on November 6 , 2018 . All of Arizona 's executive officers will be up for election as well as a United States Senate seat and all of Arizona 's nine seats in the United States House of Representatives .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Governor 1.1 Republican primary 1.1. 1 Candidates 1.2 Democratic primary 1.2. 1 Candidates 1.3 Green primary 1.3. 1 Candidates 1.4 Independent 2 Secretary of State 2.1 Democratic primary 2.1. 1 Candidates 2.2 Republican primary 2.2. 1 Candidates 3 Attorney General 3.1 Republican primary 3.2 Democratic primary 3.2. 1 Candidates 3.3 Endorsements 3.4 Libertarian primary 3.4. 1 Candidates 4 Treasurer 4.1 Republican Primary 4.1. 1 Withdrew 4.1. 2 Endorsements 4.2 Democratic Primary 5 Superintendent of Public Instruction 5.1 Republican primary 5.1. 1 Candidates 5.1. 2 Potential 5.1. 3 Endorsements 5.2 Democratic primary 5.3 Independent 6 Mine Inspector 6.1 Republican Primary 6.2 Democratic Primary 7 Corporation Commission 7.1 Republican Primary 7.1. 1 Endorsements 7.2 Democratic Primary 8 US Senate 9 House of Representatives 10 References 11 External links Governor ( edit ) Main article : Arizona gubernatorial election , 2018 Incumbent Republican Governor Doug Ducey is eligible to run for re-election to a second term . Republican primary ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Doug Ducey , incumbent Ken Bennett , former Secretary of State of Arizona Democratic primary ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) David Garcia , ASU Professor and 2014 nominee for Superintendent of Public Instruction . Steve Farley , State Senator Kelly Fryer Green primary ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Angel Torres Independent ( edit ) Noah Dyer Secretary of state ( edit ) Incumbent Republican Secretary of State Michele Reagan is eligible to run for re-election to a second term . Democratic primary ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Katie Hobbs , State Senate minority leader . Mark Robert Gordon , attorney Republican primary ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Michele Reagan , incumbent Lori Klein - Corbin , Republican national committeewoman and former state senator Steve Gaynor , businessman Kevin Gibbons , home loan officer . Potential Steve Montenegro , former state senator . Candidate in special Congressional election . Attorney general ( edit ) Incumbent Republican Attorney General Mark Brnovich is eligible to run for re-election to a second term . Republican primary ( edit ) Mark Brnovich , incumbent Democratic primary ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) January Contreras , former director of Arizona Department of Health Services and a senior advisor to Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano . Endorsements ( edit ) show January Contreras Organizations Democracy for America Human Rights Campaign Libertarian primary ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Michael Kielsky Treasurer ( edit ) Incumbent Republican State Treasurer Jeff DeWit announced on April 6 , 2016 that he would not run for re-election to a second term as State Treasurer . DeWit resigned in April 2018 to become CFO of NASA and his replacement , Eileen Klein , announced that she would not be running for re-election . Republican primary ( edit ) Kimberly Yee , state senator Withdrew ( edit ) Thomas Forese , Corporation Commissioner . Announced his withdrawal and support of Klein on April 19 , even though she is not running for the office . Endorsements ( edit ) show Thomas Forese Individuals Dave Gowan , Speaker of the House of Representatives Jeff Weninger , state representative . Denny Barmney , Maricopa County Supervisor Bill Gates , Maricopa County Supervisor Sal DiCiccio , Phoenix City Councilman Sam Huang , Chandler City Councilman Terry Roe , Chandler City Councilman show Kimberly Yee Individuals Jan Brewer , former Governor of Arizona Jane Dee Hull , former Governor of Arizona Jeff DeWit , State Treasurer Mark Brnovich , current Attorney General Carol Springer , former State Treasurer Bart Fleming , former State Treasurer Ernest Garfield , former State Treasurer Democratic primary ( edit ) Candidates Mark Cardenas , state representative . Mark Manoil , attorney and former chairman of the Maricopa County Democratic Party . Declined William Mundell , former Corporation Commissioner . ( Running for Corporation Commission ) . Superintendent of Public Instruction ( edit ) Incumbent Republican Superintendent of Public Instruction Diane Douglas is eligible to run for re-election to a second term . Republican primary ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Tracy Livingston , Maricopa County Community College District board member Frank Riggs , former California congressmen , candidate for US Senate for California in 1998 , candidate for Arizona Governor in 2014 . Robert Branch , Grand Canyon University professor Jonathan Gelbart , charter school director . Potential ( edit ) Diane Douglas , incumbent Endorsements ( edit ) show Tracy Livingston Federal officials Debbie Lesko , congresswomen . State and local officials Kevin Payne , state representative . Vince Leach , state representative . Todd Clodfelter , state representative . Paul Boyer , state representative . Drew John , state representative . David Livingston , state representative . Sal Dicicio , Phoenix City Councilman show Frank Riggs Individuals Adam Kwasman , former state representative . Jim Waring , Phoenix City Councilman and former state senator . Jake Hoffman , Queen Creek Town Councilman . Jared Taylor , Gilbert Town Councilman . Jim Lane , Mayor of Scottsdale Democratic primary ( edit ) David Schapira , former state senator . Kathy Hoffman , Glendale teacher . Independent ( edit ) Stacie Gladden Banks , former teacher . Mine Inspector ( edit ) Incumbent Republican Mine Inspector Joe Hart is eligible to run for re-election to a fourth term . Republican Primary ( edit ) Candidates Joe Hart , incumbent Democratic Primary ( edit ) Candidates William Pierce , engineer . Corporation Commission ( edit ) Two of the seats on the Arizona Corporation Commission are up for election . Republican primary ( edit ) Candidates Jim O'Connor , former Legislative District Republican Chairman Rodney Glassman , former Tucson City Councilman , Democratic nominee for U.S. Senate in 2010 Brenda Barton , state representative . Justin Olson , incumbent . Former state representative , appointed to replace Doug Little . Eric Sloan Declined Thomas Forese , incumbent . Running for State Treasurer . Doug Little , former Commissioner . Resigned to be appointed Deputy assistant Secretary of Energy . Endorsements ( edit ) show Rodney Glassman Individuals Bill Montgomery , Maricopa County Attorney Democratic primary ( edit ) Candidates William Mundell , former commissioner Kiana Sears , Mesa Public Schools Governing Board Member . U.S. Senate ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Arizona , 2018 Incumbent Republican Jeff Flake is eligible to run for re-election to a second term . Flake announced in October 2017 that he will not seek re election . Kelli Ward , former State Senator and candidate for the U.S. Senate in 2016 announced she will run for the Republican nomination for the open seat . Green Party candidate Eve Reyes - Aguirre is working to get on the ballot . House of Representatives ( edit ) Main article : United States House of Representatives elections in Arizona , 2018 See also : Arizona 's 8th congressional district special election , 2018 All of Arizona 's nine seats in the United States House of Representatives will be up for election in 2018 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Former Secretary of State Ken Bennett to challenge Gov. Ducey in primary '' . Jump up ^ `` Ducey draws primary challenge from Bennett '' . Jump up ^ TEGNA . `` Democrat David Garcia to announce run for Arizona governor '' . Jump up ^ `` Democrat David Garcia challenging Doug Ducey for Arizona governor '' . Jump up ^ Nunez , Steve . `` UPDATE : Democrat Steve Farley announces run for AZ governor '' . Jump up ^ `` Tucson Democrat Kelly Fryer enters race for governor '' . Jump up ^ Candidate Search Jump up ^ `` Noah Dyer announces his bid for Arizona governor '' . azcentral . Jump up ^ CNN , Doug Criss , . `` This candidate is openly airing his sexual history on his campaign site '' . Jump up ^ `` Democratic state Sen. Katie Hobbs will seek to unseat Arizona Secretary of State Michele Reagan '' . Jump up ^ https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/arizona/articles/2017-03-08/hobbs-announces-shell-run-for-arizona-secretary-of-state Jump up ^ `` Arizona native , lawyer Mark Robert Gordon to run for secretary of state '' . 29 September 2017 . Jump up ^ https://ktar.com/story/1512814/arizona-secretary-state-reagan-see-primary-challenge/ Jump up ^ https://www.electlorikleincorbin.com Jump up ^ https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/politics/elections/2018/02/09/millionaire-steve-gaynor-jumps-into-race-challenge-michele-reagan-arizona-secretary-state/324047002/ Jump up ^ http://roselawgroupreporter.com/2017/12/dark-horse-candidate-arizona-secretary-state-michele-reagans-biggest-threat/ Jump up ^ `` Sen. Steve Montenegro jumps into race for Arizona secretary of state '' . Jump up ^ `` Crowded race to replace Rep. Trent Franks reshapes state 's political landscape '' . Jump up ^ `` January Contreras enters race for Arizona attorney general '' . Jump up ^ `` Democracy for America Endorses David Garcia for Governor and January Contreras for Attorney General '' . Jump up ^ https://www.hrc.org/blog/human-rights-campaign-endorses-january-contreras-for-arizona-attorney-gener . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Arizona Libertarian Party - Candidates '' . Jump up ^ Wingett Sanchez , Yvonne ( April 6 , 2016 ) . `` Why state Treasurer Jeff DeWit wo n't run for re-election '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . Kimberly Yee for State Treasurer . ^ Jump up to : Randazzo , Ryan ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` Utility regulator Tom Forese to run for treasurer in 2018 '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/tomforese/status/987059202957783040 Jump up ^ http://yellowsheetreport.com/2018/04/19/yellow-sheet-report-for-thursday-april-19-2018/ Jump up ^ `` Arizona Treasurer Jeff DeWit all but endorses state Sen. Kimberly Yee '' . Jump up ^ http://azcapitoltimes.com/news/2018/01/16/arizona-doug-ducey-governor-race-outraised-democrats-steve-farley-david-garcia/ Jump up ^ Report , Yellow Sheet . `` John Huppenthal feels your pain -- Arizona Capitol Times '' . azcapitoltimes.com . Jump up ^ Stone , Sam . `` Tracy Livingston Announces Candidacy for AZ Superintendent of Public Instruction '' . Jump up ^ https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/arizona/articles/2017-04-18/republican-democrat-join-race-for-arizona-schools-chief Jump up ^ `` 6 - 27 - 17 Briefs '' . archives.mcrcbriefs.org . Jump up ^ `` Allhands : Arizona 's big education race just got its dark horse '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Race for Arizona schools chief grows as two more announce run '' . 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Endorsements -- Tracy Livingston '' . www. tracylivingston. vote . Jump up ^ https://scontent.fphx1-1.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/fr/cp0/e15/q65/21558541_1004828673002211_5077864656680973092_n.png.jpg?efg=eyJpIjoidCJ9&oh=33768248d62e58217669d421202d113f&oe=5A57928B Jump up ^ Duda , Jeremy ( 17 March 2017 ) . `` House Ed Chair Paul Boyer , Rep. Drew John Endorse Tracy Livingston for Superintendent '' . Jump up ^ http://riggsforaz.com/assets/riggs-mayorjimlane-media-release.pdf Jump up ^ `` Roberts : David Schapira to take on Diane Douglas '' . Jump up ^ `` Banks announces candidacy for Arizona superintendent race '' . 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Arwood , Jimmy . `` No more excuses : time for Democrats to own 2016 loss '' . Jump up ^ `` Why Jim '' . Jim O'Connor For Corporation Commission . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ TucsonSentinel.com . `` Rodney Glassman on GOP bus as candidate for Az Corp Commission '' . Jump up ^ Mary Jo Pitzl ( @ maryjpitzl ) ( 19 July 2017 ) . `` After four terms in the House , @ Barton4Az files to run for @ CorpCommAZ '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Ducey appoints former lawmaker Justin Olson as Arizona utility regulator '' . Jump up ^ https://www.bizjournals.com/phoenix/news/2017/11/02/sloan-looks-to-bring-business-background-to.html Jump up ^ `` Arizona Corporation Commission member appointed to Energy Department '' . Jump up ^ https://www.bizjournals.com/phoenix/news/2017/11/17/find-out-who-else-is-getting-into-arizona.html Jump up ^ Min Kim , Seung ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Kelli Ward aims to oust Flake in 2018 '' . Politico . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Bridget ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Flake Gets 2018 Primary Challenge '' . Roll Call . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://eve4az.com/ External links ( edit ) Kelly Fryer ( D ) for Governor ( 2016 ← ) Arizona elections , 2018 ( → 2020 ) US House Senate Governor State Legislature ( 2017 ← ) 2018 United States elections ( → 2019 ) U.S. Senate Arizona California Connecticut Delaware Florida Hawaii Indiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota special Mississippi special Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Jersey New Mexico New York North Dakota Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming U.S. House Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona 8th , special Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan 13th , special Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York 25th , special North Carolina North Dakota Northern Mariana Islands Ohio 12th , special Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania 18th , special Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas 27th , special Utah Vermont Virginia U.S. Virgin Islands Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Governors Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Iowa Kansas Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Mexico New York Northern Mariana Islands Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas U.S. Virgin Islands Vermont Wisconsin Wyoming Mayoral Louisville Newark Oakland Phoenix San Francisco ( special ) San Jose Shreveport Washington , D.C. States and territories Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas U.S. Virgin Islands Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arizona_elections,_2018&oldid=839155797 '' Categories : Arizona elections , 2018 Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 May 2018 , at 16 : 50 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona%20elections%2C%202018
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melting and boiling point of 2 2 dimethylpropane
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Neopentane
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neopentane
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Neopentane , also called 2 , 2 - dimethylpropane , is a double - branched - chain alkane with five carbon atoms . Neopentane is a flammable gas at room temperature and pressure which can condense into a highly volatile liquid on a cold day , in an ice bath , or when compressed to a higher pressure .
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Neopentane is the simplest alkane with a quaternary carbon , and has achiral tetrahedral symmetry . It is one of the three structural isomers with the molecular formula C H ( pentanes ) , the other two being n - pentane and isopentane . Out of these three , it is the only one to be a gas at standard conditions ; the other being liquids . Contents ( hide ) 1 Nomenclature 2 Physical properties 2.1 Boiling and melting points 2.2 NMR spectrum 3 References 4 External links Nomenclature ( edit ) The traditional name neopentane was still retained in the 1993 IUPAC recommendations , but is no longer recommended according to the 2013 recommendations . The preferred IUPAC name is the systematic name 2 , 2 - dimethylpropane , but the substituent numbers are superfluous because it is the only possible `` dimethylpropane . '' A neopentyl group attached to a generic group R . A neopentyl substituent , often symbolized by `` Np '' , has the structure Me C - CH - for instance neopentyl alcohol ( Me CCH OH or NpOH ) . As Np also symbolises the element neptunium ( atomic number 93 ) one should use this abbreviation with care . The obsolete name tetramethylmethane is also used , especially in older sources . Physical properties ( edit ) Boiling and melting points ( edit ) The boiling point of neopentane is only 9.5 ° C , significantly lower than those of isopentane ( 27.7 ° C ) and normal pentane ( 36.0 ° C ) . Therefore , neopentane is a gas at room temperature and atmospheric pressure , while the other two isomers are ( barely ) liquids . The melting point of neopentane ( − 16.6 ° C ) , on the other hand , is 140 degrees higher than that of isopentane ( − 159.9 ° C ) and 110 degrees higher than that of n - pentane ( − 129.8 ° C ) . This anomaly has been attributed to the better solid - state packing assumed to be possible with the tetrahedral neopentane molecule ; but this explanation has been challenged on account of it having a lower density than the other two isomers . Moreover , its enthalpy of fusion is lower than the enthalpies of fusion of both n - pentane and isopentane , thus indicating that its high melting point is due to an entropy effect resulting from higher molecular symmetry . Indeed , the entropy of fusion of neopentane is about 4 times lower than that of n - pentane and isopentane . NMR spectrum ( edit ) Because of neopentane 's full tetrahedral symmetry , all protons are chemically equivalent , leading to a single NMR chemical shift δ = 0.902 when dissolved in carbon tetrachloride . In this respect , neopentane is similar to its silane analog , tetramethylsilane , whose single chemical shift is zero by convention . The symmetry of the neopentane molecule can be broken if some hydrogen atoms are replaced by deuterium atoms . In particular , if each methyl group has a different number of substituted atoms ( 0 , 1 , 2 , and 3 ) , one obtains a chiral molecule . The chirality in this case arises solely by the mass distribution of its nuclei , while the electron distribution is still essentially achiral . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry : IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013 ( Blue Book ) . Cambridge : The Royal Society of Chemistry . 2014 . p. 652 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85404 - 182 - 4 . doi : 10.1039 / 9781849733069 - FP001 . Jump up ^ Aston , J.G. ; Messerly , G.H. , Heat Capacities and Entropies of Organic Compounds II . Thermal and Vapor Pressure Data for Tetramethylmethane from 13.22 K to the Boiling Point . The Entropy from its Raman Spectrum , J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 1936 , 58 , 2354 . Jump up ^ https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/neopentane#section=Vapor-Pressure Jump up ^ Table 19 ( a ) Acyclic and monocyclic hydrocarbons . Parent hydrocarbons Jump up ^ Panico , R. ; & Powell , W.H. ( Eds . ) ( 1994 ) . A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds 1993 . Oxford : Blackwell Science . ISBN 0 - 632 - 03488 - 2 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Whitmore , Frank C. ; Fleming , Geo . H. ( 1934 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Preparation of Tetramethylmethane ( Neopentane ) and Determination of its Physical Constants1 '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 55 ( 9 ) : 3803 -- 3806 . ISSN 0002 - 7863 . doi : 10.1021 / ja01336a058 . Jump up ^ LaCoste , Lucien J.B. ( 1934 - 10 - 15 ) . `` The Rotational Wave Equation of Tetramethylmethane for Zero Potential and a Generalization '' . Physical Review . 46 ( 8 ) : 718 -- 724 . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRev. 46.718 . Jump up ^ James Wei ( 1999 ) , Molecular Symmetry , Rotational Entropy , and Elevated Melting Points . Ind . Eng . Chem. Res. , volume 38 issue 12 , pp. 5019 -- 5027 doi : 10.1021 / ie990588m Jump up ^ Spectral Database for Organic Compounds , Proton NMR spectrum of neopentane , accessed 19 Nov 2006 . Jump up ^ Nature . 2007 Mar 29 . Absolute configuration of chirally deuterated neopentane . Haesler Jacques , Schindelholz Ivan , Riguet Emmanuel , Bochet Christian G , Hug Werner . External links ( edit ) Linstrom , Peter J. ; Mallard , William G. ( eds . ) ; NIST Chemistry WebBook , NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69 , National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg ( MD ) , http://webbook.nist.gov IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry ( online version of the `` Blue Book '' ) ( hide ) Alkanes Methane ( CH 4 ) Ethane ( C 6 ) Propane ( C 8 ) Butane ( C 10 ) Pentane ( C 5H 12 ) Hexane ( C 6H 14 ) Heptane ( C 7H 16 ) Octane ( C 8H 18 ) Nonane ( C 9H 20 ) Decane ( C 10 H 22 ) Undecane ( C 11 H 24 ) Dodecane ( C 12 H 26 ) Tridecane ( C 13 H 28 ) Tetradecane ( C 14 H 30 ) Pentadecane ( C 15 H 32 ) Hexadecane / Cetane ( C 16 H 34 ) Heptadecane ( C 17 H 36 ) Octadecane ( C 18 H 38 ) Nonadecane ( C 19 H 40 ) Icosane ( C 20 H 42 ) Higher alkanes List of alkanes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neopentane&oldid=799246189 '' Categories : Alkanes Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles without InChI source Articles without KEGG source ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata Articles with changed FDA identifier Chembox having DSD data Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 September 2017 , at 15 : 12 . 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what does esquire mean behind someone's name
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Esquire
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esquire
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Esquire ( British English : / ɪˈskwaɪə / ; American English : / ˈɛsˌkwaɪr / or / ɪˈskwaɪr / ; abbreviated Esq . ) is usually a courtesy title .
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In the United Kingdom , Esquire historically was a title of respect accorded to men of higher social rank , particularly members of the landed gentry above the rank of gentleman and below the rank of knight . In 1826 , William Blackstone reiterated that , `` the title should be limited to those only who bear an office of trust under the Crown and who are styled esquires by the king in their commissions and appointments ; and all , I conceive , who are once honoured by the king with the title of esquire have a right to that distinction for life . '' By the early 20th century , it came to be used as a general courtesy title for any man in a formal setting , usually as a suffix to his name , as in `` Todd Smith , Esq . '' , with no precise significance . In the United Kingdom today , it is still commonly used as a written style of address in formal or professional correspondence . In certain formal contexts , it remains an indication of a social status that is recognised in the formal Order of Precedence . In the United States , Esquire is mostly used to denote a lawyer , in a departure from traditional use , and is irrespective of gender . In letters , a lawyer is customarily addressed by adding the suffix Esquire ( abbreviated Esq . ) , preceded by a comma , after the lawyer 's full name . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Defined in 1586 by Fearn 1.2 Defined by Camden ( d. 1623 ) 1.3 Defined by Weever ( d. 1632 ) 1.4 Defined in 1830 by Burn , Chitty & Black 1.5 Defined by Boutell ( d. 1877 ) 1.6 Defined in 1894 by James Parker 1.7 Modern definition 1.8 Misuse 1.9 Other criteria 2 Modern British usage 2.1 In Scotland 3 Usage in the United States 3.1 In the legal profession 3.2 Diplomatic use 3.3 In fraternal groups 3.4 Use of honorifics and post-nominals 4 Usage in India 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Chief Justice Coke ( 1552 -- 1634 ) defined `` gentlemen '' as those who bear coat armour . From the 16th century such families were defined by the inclusion of their pedigrees within their county 's Heraldic Visitations , which necessitated their submitting a return of their pedigree to the visiting herald at the specified location , generally one of the chief towns of the county . The 1623 Heraldic Visitation for Gloucestershire , for example , includes a section at the back headed : `` A note of such as were disclaymed to be no gentilmen within the county and city of Gloucester '' , the list being headed by `` Edward Hill , Customer , of Gloucester , neither gentilman of bloud , ancestry nor armes '' . The list thus identifies those persons whose returns were not accepted , perhaps because fabricated or insufficiently evidenced in some way . Defined in 1586 by Fearn ( edit ) Sir John Fearn in `` Glory of Generositie '' spoke of esquires by creation , birth , dignity and office , specifying several circumstances that customarily conferred the title . Offices of justice or government in the King 's palace Advocates and procurators of the sovereign Sergeants at the coif Offices of sheriff , escheator or serjeant at arms Eldest born of a baron peer of the realm or that of a knight Defined by Camden ( D. 1623 ) ( edit ) Coke followed Sir William Camden , Clarenceux King of Arms ( 1551 -- 1623 ) , who defined esquires as : the eldest sons of knights and their eldest sons in perpetuity , the eldest sons of younger sons of peers and their eldest sons in perpetuity , esquires so created by the king , esquires by office , such as justices of the peace and those holding an office of trust under the crown . Defined by Weever ( D. 1632 ) ( edit ) John Weever ( d. 1632 ) identified five categories of esquires : `` Those who are elect for the prince 's body '' , which he classed as the principal esquires . These were royal courtiers known as Esquires of the Body Knights ' eldest sons Younger sons of the eldest sons of barons and other nobles of higher estate White Spurs , a form mainly restricted to West country usage Those who are so by office and by serving the prince in any worshipful calling Defined in 1830 by Burn , Chitty & Black ( edit ) According to one typical definition , esquires in English law included : The eldest sons of knights , and their eldest sons in perpetual succession The eldest sons of younger sons of peers , and their eldest sons in perpetual succession ( children of peers already had higher precedence ) Esquires created by letters patent or other investiture , and their eldest sons Esquires by virtue of their offices , as Justices of the Peace and others who bear any office of trust under the Crown Esquires of knights constituted at their investiture Foreign noblemen Persons who are so styled under the Royal sign manual ( officers of the Armed Forces of or above the rank of Captain in the Army or its equivalent ) and sons thereof . Barristers ( but not Solicitors ) Defined by Boutell ( D. 1877 ) ( edit ) Charles Boutell ( 1812 -- 1877 ) defined the term as Esquire -- A rank next below that of Knight . Besides those Esquires who are personal attendants of Knights of Orders of Knighthood , this title is held by all attendants on the person of the Sovereign , and all persons holding the Sovereign 's commission being of military rank not below Captain ; also , by general concession , by Barristers at Law , Masters of Arts and Bachelors of Law and Physic . Defined in 1894 by james Parker ( edit ) James Parker supplied the following definition : Esquire , ( lat . armiger , fr . escuyer ) : a title of a gentleman of the rank immediately below a knight . It was originally a military office , an esquire being ( as the name escuyer , from escu , a shield , implies ) a knight 's attendant and shield bearer . Esquires may be theoretically divided into five classes : The younger sons of peers and their eldest sons . The eldest sons of knights and their eldest sons . The chiefs of ancient families are esquires by prescription . Esquires by creation or office . Such the heralds and serjeants at arms and some others , who are constituted esquires by receiving a collar of SS . Judges and other officers of state , justices of the peace , and the higher naval and military officers are designated esquires in their patents or commissions . Doctors in the several faculties , and barristers at law , are considered as esquires , or equal to esquires . None , however , of these offices or degrees convey gentility to the posterity of their holders . the last kind of esquires are those of knights of the bath ; each knight appoints two to attend upon him at his installation and at coronations . Modern definition ( edit ) Oxford Dictionaries currently provides for the following definition of Esquire : British : A polite title appended to a man 's name when no other title is used , typically in the address of a letter or other documents : J.C. Pearson Esquire . North American ( chiefly US ) : A title appended to the surname of a lawyer ( of either sex ) . Historical : A young nobleman who , in training for knighthood , acted as an attendant to a knight . an officer in the service of a king or nobleman . a landed proprietor or country squire : the lord of the manor , Richard Bethell Esquire . Misuse ( edit ) By the end of the 16th century , the pretentious use of the title , especially in its Latin form , Armiger , was being mocked by Shakespeare in his character Robert Shallow , esquire , a Justice of the Peace : ... a gentleman born , master parson ; who writes himself `` Armigero , '' in any bill , warrant , quittance , or obligation , `` Armigero . '' To which Shallow directly replies : Ay , that I do ; and have done any time these three hundred years . -- William Shakespeare , The Merry Wives of Windsor , Act I , Scene I Other criteria ( edit ) Nineteenth century tables of precedence further distinguished between `` esquires by birth '' and `` esquires by office '' ( and likewise for `` gentleman '' ) . Today the term `` gentleman '' is still found in official tables of precedence , and it invariably means a person who is an armiger with no higher rank or a descendant of someone who has borne arms . An English use of the term is to distinguish between men of the upper and lower gentry , who are `` esquires '' and `` gentlemen '' respectively , which still applies in terms of the official Order of Precedence . Examples of this may be found in the Parish Tithe Map Schedules made under the Tithe Commutation Act 1836 . Later examples appear in the list of subscribers to The History of Elton , by the Rev. Rose Fuller Whistler , published in 1892 , which distinguishes between subscribers designated Mr ( another way of indicating gentlemen ) and those allowed Esquire . But formal definitions like these were proposed because there was , in reality , no fixed criterion distinguishing those designated esquire : it was essentially a matter of impression as to whether a person qualified for this status . William Segar , Garter King of Arms ( the senior officer of arms at the College of Arms ) , wrote in 1602 : `` And who so can make proofe , that his Ancestors or himselfe , have had Armes , or can procure them by purchase , may be called Armiger or Esquier . '' Honor military , and civill ( 1602 ; lib. 4 , cap . 15 , p. 228 ) . ( By Armes he referred to a coat of arms ; it is not clear from this quotation whether Segar made a distinction between esquires and gentlemen . ) For example , Lords of the Manor hold the rank of esquire by prescription . Although esquire is the English translation of the French écuyer , the latter indicated legal membership in the nobilities of ancien régime France and contemporaneous Belgium , whereas an esquire belongs to the British gentry rather than to its nobility , albeit that the term `` gentry '' in England came to be used to describe what is elsewhere labelled the untitled nobility . Écuyer in French ( 11th to 14th century ) means `` shield - bearer '' , a knight in training , age 14 to 21 . In the later stages of the Middle Ages , the cost of the adoubement or accolade became too high for many noblemen to bear . They stayed écuyers all their lives , making that title synonymous with `` nobleman '' or `` gentleman '' . Modern British usage ( edit ) The most common occurrence of term `` esquire '' today is in the addition of the suffix `` Esq . '' in order to pay an informal compliment to a male recipient by way of implying gentle birth . There remain respected protocols for identifying those to whom it is thought most proper that the suffix should be given , especially in very formal or in official circumstances . The breadth of Esquire ( as Esq . ) had become universal in the United Kingdom by the mid 20th century , with no distinction in status being perceived between Mr and Esquire . Esquire was used generally as the default title for all men who did not have a grander title when addressing correspondence , with letters addressed using the name in initial format ( e.g. , K.S. Smith , Esq . ) but Mr being used as the form of address ( e.g. Dear Mr Smith ) . In the 1970s , the use of Esq . started to decline , and by the end of the 20th century most people had stopped using it and changed to using Mr instead . Esq. is generally considered to be old - fashioned but is still used by some traditional individuals and organisations such as Christie 's and Berry Bros. & Rudd . British men invited to Buckingham Palace receive their invitations in an envelope with the suffix Esq . after their names , while men of foreign nationalities instead have the prefix Mr ( women are addressed as Miss , Ms , or Mrs ) . The same practice applies for other post from the palace ( e.g. , to employees ) . In Scotland ( edit ) Esquire is historically a feudal designation in Scotland . Today , the title of esquire is defined as a social dignity that refers to people of the Scottish gentry , who hold the next position in the Order of Precedence above Gentlemen . It is also used as a common courtesy in correspondence . Traditionally , this was one who was classified as a ' cadet for knighthood ' . Today , the title of esquire is not bestowed on gentlemen , although certain positions carry with them the degree of esquire , such as that of advocate or Justice of the Peace . Whether an armiger is a gentleman , an esquire , or of a higher rank can be told by the type of helm depicted on the Letters Patent granting or matriculating the arms . In Scots Heraldry , Sir Thomas Innes of Learney makes clear that a gentleman 's helm is a closed pot helm , in plain steel , with no gold , whereas an esquire 's helm can be a steel pot helm garnished in gold or a helmet with a closed visor garnished in gold . The Court of the Lord Lyon will display the helm appropriate to their `` degree '' , or social rank , in the illustration on the Letters Patent . The definition of Esquire today includes : 1 . The male primogeniture descendant of a knight ( with or without Scottish Arms ) , 2 . Scottish Armigers recognised with a Territorial Designation within their Letters Patent , frequently described as a Laird , which is taken to infer the rank of Esquire . Lairds with a territorial designation recognised by the Court of the Lord Lyon would not use the post nominal letters of `` Esq . '' after their name , as the use of the territorial designation infers the rank of esquire . 3 . Male Scottish Clan Chiefs recognized by the Court of the Lord Lyon ( with Scottish Arms ) who are not feudal barons , or a Peer . 4 . Those other Armigers recognised in the degree of Esquire via the helm indicated in their Letters Patent as per the guidance mentioned above . There is some confusion over the fact that the Lord Lyon King of Arms addresses correspondents by their name followed by `` Esq . '' in correspondence , namely on letters . Some people erroneously believe that this makes them an Esquire , however this is a common courtesy in Scotland , as in the rest of Britain , and does not constitute official recognition in the degree of an Esquire . The Scottish courts have confirmed that the base degree in which an Armiger is recognised is the dignity of Gentleman , not Esquire . In feudal times an Esquire was an Armour - Bearer , attendant upon a Knight , but bearing his own unique armorial device . Similarly , an Armiger in contemporary terms is well - defined within the jurisdiction of Scotland as someone who is an Armour - Bearer . These two senses of `` Armour - Bearer '' are different : An Esquire in feudal times was an `` Armour - Bearer '' in the sense of being the person who carried their knight 's armour for them ; whereas in the contemporary sense the term `` Armour - Bearer '' is being used to mean the bearer of a Coat of Arms , an Armiger . The two are not the same thing , although the feudal Esquire would also most likely have been an Armiger . For centuries the title of Esquire has not been bestowed on a Knight 's Attendee ( since knights no longer need to train for battle ) . Attendants on Knights , however , were not the only bearers of arms , and similarly not all Armigers were Esquires . Today , being an Armiger is synonymous with the title of Gentleman within the Order of Precedence in Scotland , and is a social dignity . The Letters Patent of Scottish Armigers will never include the title of Gentleman , because the Letters Patent themselves evidence the individual is an Armour - Bearer , or Gentleman by the strictest sense of the definition . A Scottish Armiger is a Gentleman or Gentlewoman unless they hold a higher rank . Scottish Armigers are those individuals with a hereditary right , grant or matriculation of Arms so entitling them to use personal Arms by the Court of the Lord Lyon ( Ref . Scottish Heraldry ) . The bearing of duly registered Arms is an indication of nobility ( either peerage or non-peerage in rank ) . All Scottish Armigers are recognised as members of the nobility in the broader sense through their grant or matriculation of Arms awarded by the Crown or Sovereign through the Court of the Lord Lyon , and by issuance of a Warrant from the Lord Lyon King of Arms is so entered in the Public Register of All Arms and Bearings in Scotland and through later official `` Ensigns of Nobility '' . Without such legal Arms it is practically impossible to prove one 's nobiliary status . `` Technically , a grant of arms from the Lord Lyon is a patent of nobility ( also referred to a ' Diploma of Nobility ' ) ; the Grantee is thereby ' enrolled with all nobles in the noblesse of Scotland . ' , however the term `` nobility '' today is little used in this context , as in common parlance in Britain the term is widely associated with the Peerage . Instead the French term of Noblesse has been used by the Court of the Lord Lyon as this term not only includes Peers but also the non-Peerage minor - nobility , which includes Baronets , Knights , feudal Barons , Armigers with Territorial Designations , Esquires , and Gentlemen . Usage in the United States ( edit ) In the legal profession ( edit ) In the U.S. , the title Esquire is commonly encountered among members of the legal profession . The term is used for both male and female lawyers . The title is not allocated by the law of any state to any profession , class , or station in society Diplomatic use ( edit ) Similarly , when addressing social correspondence to a commissioned officer of the United States Foreign Service , Esquire may be used as a complimentary title . While the abbreviated Esq. is correct , Esquire is typically written in full when addressing a diplomat . If any other titles are used on the same line , Esquire is omitted . In fraternal groups ( edit ) Some fraternal groups use the Esquire title . One appendant body in Freemasonry also uses Esquire as a degree title . Use of honorifics and post-nominals ( edit ) Honorifics are not used with courtesy titles , so John Smith , Esq. or Mr John Smith would be correct , but Mr John Smith , Esq . would be incorrect . When addressing a person who has an academic degree or other post-nominal professional designation , such as a Certified Public Accountant , a writer should use either the post-nominal designation ( usually abbreviated ) or the Esq. , but not both ; as Esquire is a courtesy title , it should not be used with post-nominals . Usage in india ( edit ) Before 1947 , the term Esquire was used by most senior government officers , especially the former members of the Indian Civil Service and the rest of the higher services of the Imperial Civil Services . The term was used by members of the anglicised segments of the Indian society who could join the government services . In keeping with the criteria established centuries earlier , the title was mostly used by government officials who could claim to have received their legal education in England , especially in Oxford , Cambridge University , or University of London and had become barristers in London . See also ( edit ) English honorifics References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` British English : Esquire '' . Collins Dictionary . n.d . Retrieved 23 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American English : Esquire '' . Collins Dictionary . n.d . Retrieved 23 September 2014 . Jump up ^ ' esquire , n. 1 ' and ' esq. , n. 1.3. a . ' : Oxford English Dictionary Online : Accessed October 4 , 2011 00 : 41BST Jump up ^ Blackstone , William ( 1826 ) . Commentaries on the Laws of England , Volume 1 - Commentaries on the Laws of England , Joseph Chitty . William Blackstone . p. 405 - 406 - Chapter XII - Of The Civil State . Jump up ^ The Popular Encyclopedia : Being a General Dictionary of Arts , Sciences , Literature , Biography , History , and Political Economy , Volume 1 . Blackie & Son , 1841 . 1841 . p. 698 . Jump up ^ esquire . Dictionary.com Unabridged . Random House , Inc. 3 May . 2010 . ( Dictionary.com http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/esquire ) . Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary , second edition ( 1991 ) . Jump up ^ Order of Precedence Amongst Gentlemen in England and Wales ( Debrett 's http://www.debretts.com/forms-address/hierarchies/precedence-amongst-gentlemen-england-and-wales ) . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Katheryn A. Tussle Over Titles , ABA Journal , January 2006 . Jump up ^ Maclean , Sir John ; Heane , W.C. , eds. ( 1885 ) . The Visitation of the County of Gloucester , taken in the year 1623 , by Henry Chitty and John Phillipot as deputies to William Camden , Clarenceux King of Arms ; with pedigrees from the heralds ' visitation of 1569 and 1582 - 3 , and sundry miscellaneous pedigrees . Harleian Society , 1st ser. 21 . London , pp. 197 - 199 . Jump up ^ `` Esquires . '' Debretts . Archived from the original . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Sir Edward Coke , Institutes vol. 2 , p. 688 . Jump up ^ As quoted or paraphrased from Weevers Antient Funeral Monuments by John Prince ( 1643 -- 1723 ) in his Worthies of Devon ( 1810 edition , p. 236 ) . Jump up ^ Burn , Richard ; Chitty , J. ; Black , Philip . The Justice of the Peace and Parish Officer ( 1975 reprint ) . pp. 884 -- 885 . Jump up ^ Burn , Richard . The Justice of the Peace and Parish Officer , Vol. II , pp. 540 -- 541 . Jump up ^ Boutell , Charles ( 1899 ) English Heraldry , page 120 ; see also ( 1 ) , page 120 . Jump up ^ Parker , James ( 1894 ) . A Glossary of Terms used in Heraldry ; see also ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Oxford Dictionaries Definition of Esquire ; see Jump up ^ http://www.debretts.com/forms-of-address/hierarchies/table-of-precedence-gentlemen.aspx Table of Precedence of Gentlemen in England and Wales , Debrett 's Jump up ^ `` Tithes - The National Archives '' . The National Archives . Jump up ^ Young , John H. ( 1881 ) Our Deportment , Or the Manners , Conduct and Dress of the Most Refined Society ; Including Forms for Letters , Invitations , Etc. , Etc . Also , Valuable Suggestions on Home Culture and Training . F.B. Dickerson & Co. / Pennsylvania Publishing House / Union Publishing House . Detroit , Mich. / Harrisburgh , Pa. / Chicago , Ill . Jump up ^ Dodd , Charles R. ( 1843 ) A manual of dignities , privilege , and precedence : including lists of the great public functionaries , from the revolution to the present time . London : Whittaker & Co. , p. 248 . Jump up ^ Esquire , Penny cyclopedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge , vol. 9 - 10 , p. 13 , accessed online on 12 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Hardman , Robert ( 2007 - 11 - 29 ) . `` Fountain of Honour '' . Monarchy : The Royal Family at Work . Druck , Wemding , Germany : Ebury Press . p. 121 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 191842 - 2 . British men have ' Esq . ' after their name ( ... ) whereas all men from overseas are called ' Mr ' Jump up ^ Innes of Learney , Thomas ( 1978 ) . Scots Heraldry . London & Edinburgh : Johnston & Bacon . p. 17 . Jump up ^ Kidd , C. ; Williamson , D. ( 2000 ) . Debrett 's Peerage & Baronetage . London : Macmillan . p. 53 . Jump up ^ `` The Sovereign Military Order of Malta '' . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Court of the Lord Lyon - '' . Jump up ^ `` The Court of the Lord Lyon - '' . Jump up ^ Adam , F. ( 1934 ) . The Clans , Septs & Regiments of the Scottish Highlands . W. & A.K. Johnston . p. 410 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ D. Ayre , N. Livingstone & . `` Table of Precedence '' . www.scotsbarons.org . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Opinion of the Court -- delivered by Lord Marnoch '' . Court of Session . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Dictionary of Chivalry , Uden . Kestrel Books , Harmondsworth 1968 ISBN 0722653727 Jump up ^ `` Precedence Amongst Gentlemen in Scotland '' . Jump up ^ Edmondson , Complete Body of Heraldry , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Nisbet 's Heraldry , iii , ii , 65 . Jump up ^ Sir Thomas Innes of Learney , Scots Heraldry , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Innes of Learney , Sir Thomas - Lord Lyon King of Arms . Jump up ^ Scots Heraldry , 2nd ed. ( 1956 ) p. 20f ; 3rd ed. ( 1978 ) p. 13 . Jump up ^ Burnett , Charles J ( Ross Herald Extraordinary ) and Dennis , Mark D. ( Ormond Pursuivant Scotland 's Heraldic Heritage ) ; The Lion Rejoicing The Stationery Office , Edinburgh , 1997 . Jump up ^ Innes of Learney , T. ( 1956 ) Scots Heraldry , Baltimore : Genealogical Publishing Co. , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Jones , Brenda . Forms of Address Including Use of `` Esquire '' , Beeson Law Library Newsletter , Cumberland School of Law , 2 February 2002 . Jump up ^ McCaffree , Mary Jane ; Innis , Pauline ; Sand , Esquire , Richard M. ( 2002 ) . Protocol : The Complete Handbook of Diplomatic , Official and Social Usage ( 25th Anniversary ( 3rd ) ed . ) . Dallas , Texas : Durban House Publishing Company . ISBN 1 - 930754 - 18 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Appendix VIII . Protocol and Forms of Address '' . UMW Style Guide . University of Mary Washington . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` York Rite Allied Invitational Bodies '' . Jump up ^ Guide to Addressing Correspondence , The Emily Post Institute , last accessed 4 July 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ The Popular Encyclopedia : Being a General Dictionary of Arts , Sciences , Literature , Biography , History , and Political Economy , Volume 1 . Blackie & Son , 1841 . 1841 . p. 698 . External links ( edit ) Look up esquire in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Esquire ( hide ) English social honorific titles Feminine Mrs . Miss Ms . Mistress Madam Dame Lady Masculine Mr . Master Esquire Sir Sire Lord Neutral Mx Dr Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Esquire&oldid=815719754 '' Categories : Gentry Men 's social titles Professional titles and certifications Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2014 Use dmy dates from May 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Català Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Русский Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 17 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who made the sound track for black panther
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No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Black Panther '' ( performed by Kendrick Lamar ) Kendrick Duckworth Mark Spears Kevin Gomringer Tim Gomringer Matt Schaeffer Kendrick Lamar Sounwave Cubeatz Schaeffer 2 : 11 2 . `` All the Stars '' ( performed by Kendrick Lamar and SZA ) Duckworth Spears Al Shuckburgh Solána Rowe Anthony Tiffith Sounwave Al Shux 3 : 56 3 . `` X '' ( performed by Schoolboy Q , 2 Chainz , and Saudi ) Duckworth Spears Ramon Ibanga Quincy Hanley Tauheed Epps Anele Mbisha Sounwave Illmind 4 : 27 4 . `` The Ways '' ( performed by Khalid and Swae Lee ) Duckworth Spears Matthew Tavares Chester Hansen Leland Whitty Alexander Sowinski Khalid Robinson Khalif Brown Sounwave BadBadNotGood Lamar 3 : 59 5 . `` Opps '' ( performed by Vince Staples and Yugen Blakrok ) Duckworth Spears Ludwig Göransson Vincent Staples Sounwave Göransson 3 : 01 6 . `` I Am '' ( performed by Jorja Smith ) Duckworth Spears Jorja Smith Tobias Breuer Troy Chester Sounwave Lamar 3 : 29 7 . `` Paramedic ! '' ( performed by SOB X RBE ) Duckworth Dacoury Natche Spears K. Gomringer T. Gomringer Juwon Lee Graham Harris Wayman Barrow Jabbar Brown DJ Dahi Sounwave Cubeatz 3 : 39 8 . `` Bloody Waters '' ( performed by Ab - Soul , Anderson Paak and James Blake ) Duckworth Spears Robin Braun Herbert Stevens IV James Litherland Sounwave Lamar Robin Hannibal 4 : 32 9 . `` King 's Dead '' ( performed by Jay Rock , Kendrick Lamar , Future and James Blake ) Duckworth Michael Williams II Travis Walton Spears Johnny McKinzie Nayvadius Wilburn Litherland Samuel Gloade Antwon Hicks Mike Will Made It Teddy Walton Sounwave 30 Roc Twon Beatz AxlFolie 3 : 50 10 . `` Redemption Interlude '' Duckworth Hykeem Carter Zacari Pacaldo Carter Lamar 1 : 25 11 . `` Redemption '' ( performed by Zacari and Babes Wodumo ) Duckworth Walton Kurtis McKenzie Mike Riley Pacaldo Bongekile Simelane Mandla Maphumulo McKenzie Walton Scribz Riley Aaron Bow 3 : 42 12 . `` Seasons '' ( performed by Mozzy , Sjava and Reason ) Duckworth Spears Adam Feeney Timothy Patterson Jabulani Hadebe Robert Gill Sounwave Lamar Frank Dukes 4 : 02 13 . `` Big Shot '' ( performed by Kendrick Lamar and Travis Scott ) Duckworth Ronald LaTour Brock Korsan K. Gomringer T. Gomringer Spears Jacques Webster Cardo Cubeatz Sounwave Schaeffer 3 : 42 14 . `` Pray for Me '' ( performed by The Weeknd and Kendrick Lamar ) Abel Tesfaye Duckworth Feeney Martin McKinney Frank Dukes Doc McKinney 3 : 31 Total length : 49 : 19
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Black Panther ( Soundtrack )
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black panther ( soundtrack )
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Black Panther : The Album -- Music from and Inspired By ( alternatively Black Panther : The Album ) is the soundtrack album for the Marvel Studios film Black Panther . It was curated by Kendrick Lamar , and features a variety of collaborators , including many of Lamar 's fellow artists signed to Top Dawg Entertainment . It was released by Interscope Records on February 9 , 2018 . A separate film score album , Black Panther ( Original Score ) , composed by Ludwig Göransson , was released by Hollywood Records on February 16 , 2018 .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Black Panther : The Album 1.1 Background 1.2 Track listing 1.2. 1 Additional personnel 1.3 Critical reception 1.4 Charts 1.5 Certifications 1.6 Accolades 2 Black Panther ( Original Score ) 2.1 Background 2.2 Track listing 2.3 Charts 2.4 Accolades 3 References Black Panther : the Album ( edit ) Black Panther : The Album Soundtrack album by Kendrick Lamar and various artists Released February 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 09 ) Studio Windmark No Excuses Groovy Sounds Ruff Deuce Station EastWest The Grill Conway 5Star Production West Ink Records Empire Low Key Electric Lady HOB Genre Experimental hip hop pop - rap Length 49 : 12 Label Top Dawg Aftermath Interscope Producer Anthony `` Top Dawg '' Tiffith ( exec. ) Kendrick Lamar ( also exec . ) Dave `` Miyatola '' Free ( assoc. ) 30 Roc Aaron Bow Al Shux BadBadNotGood Cardo Cubeatz DJ Dahi Doc McKinney Frank Dukes Hykeem Carter Illmind Kurtis McKenzie Ludwig Göransson Matt Schaeffer Mike Will Made It Robin Hannibal Rascal Scribz Riley Sounwave Teddy Walton Twon Beatz Marvel Cinematic Universe soundtrack chronology Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) Black Panther : The Album ( 2018 ) Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) Kendrick Lamar chronology Damn ( 2017 ) Black Panther : The Album ( 2018 ) Singles from Black Panther : The Album `` All the Stars '' Released : January 4 , 2018 `` King 's Dead '' Released : January 11 , 2018 `` Pray for Me '' Released : February 2 , 2018 Background ( edit ) Kendrick Lamar produced the film 's curated soundtrack , titled Black Panther : The Album , along with Top Dawg Entertainment founder Anthony Tiffith . Black Panther director Ryan Coogler chose Lamar for the project because his `` artistic themes align with those we explore in the film . '' Lamar was initially only going to work on a few songs for the film , but after he watched a majority of the film , he decided to create the album . Sounwave , a producer on the album , said that `` the production , the hooks and ideas '' for the album were created in August 2017 when Lamar was on The Damn Tour . When the tour concluded the following month , the effort began to `` execute our ideas and reach out to people '' to appear on the album . The album and Lamar 's involvement was teased as an easter egg in Lamar 's music video for his single `` Love '' in late December 2017 , with a clapperboard reading `` B. Panther soundtrack coming soon '' . Lamar released the first single for the album , `` All the Stars '' , in January 2018 , in which he collaborated with fellow Top Dawg artist SZA . Shortly after , a new trailer for the film featured `` Opps '' by Lamar and Vince Staples . A second song by Lamar with Jay Rock , Future and James Blake called `` King 's Dead '' was released later in the month . On February 2 , 2018 , `` Pray for Me '' by Lamar and The Weeknd was released as the album 's third single . Black Panther : The Album was released on February 9 , 2018 . The cover art for the album was illustrated by Nikolas A. Draper - Ivey . The soundtrack debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 with 154,000 equivalent album units ( of that sum , 52,000 came from pure album sales ) . The album remained on the number one spot in its second week , selling 131,000 equivalent album units ( of that sum , 40,000 were pure album sales ) . Track listing ( edit ) Credits adapted from digital booklet . No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Black Panther '' ( performed by Kendrick Lamar ) Kendrick Duckworth Mark Spears Kevin Gomringer Tim Gomringer Matt Schaeffer Kendrick Lamar Sounwave Cubeatz Schaeffer 2 : 11 2 . `` All the Stars '' ( performed by Kendrick Lamar and SZA ) Duckworth Spears Al Shuckburgh Solána Rowe Anthony Tiffith Sounwave Al Shux 3 : 56 3 . `` X '' ( performed by Schoolboy Q , 2 Chainz , and Saudi ) Duckworth Spears Ramon Ibanga Quincy Hanley Tauheed Epps Anele Mbisha Sounwave Illmind 4 : 27 4 . `` The Ways '' ( performed by Khalid and Swae Lee ) Duckworth Spears Matthew Tavares Chester Hansen Leland Whitty Alexander Sowinski Khalid Robinson Khalif Brown Sounwave BadBadNotGood Lamar 3 : 59 5 . `` Opps '' ( performed by Vince Staples and Yugen Blakrok ) Duckworth Spears Ludwig Göransson Vincent Staples Sounwave Göransson 3 : 01 6 . `` I Am '' ( performed by Jorja Smith ) Duckworth Spears Jorja Smith Tobias Breuer Troy Chester Sounwave Lamar 3 : 29 7 . `` Paramedic ! '' ( performed by SOB X RBE ) Duckworth Dacoury Natche Spears K. Gomringer T. Gomringer Juwon Lee Graham Harris Wayman Barrow Jabbar Brown DJ Dahi Sounwave Cubeatz 3 : 39 8 . `` Bloody Waters '' ( performed by Ab - Soul , Anderson Paak and James Blake ) Duckworth Spears Robin Braun Herbert Stevens IV James Litherland Sounwave Lamar Robin Hannibal 4 : 32 9 . `` King 's Dead '' ( performed by Jay Rock , Kendrick Lamar , Future and James Blake ) Duckworth Michael Williams II Travis Walton Spears Johnny McKinzie Nayvadius Wilburn Litherland Samuel Gloade Antwon Hicks Mike Will Made It Teddy Walton Sounwave 30 Roc Twon Beatz AxlFolie 3 : 50 10 . `` Redemption Interlude '' Duckworth Hykeem Carter Zacari Pacaldo Carter Lamar 1 : 25 11 . `` Redemption '' ( performed by Zacari and Babes Wodumo ) Duckworth Walton Kurtis McKenzie Mike Riley Pacaldo Bongekile Simelane Mandla Maphumulo McKenzie Walton Scribz Riley Aaron Bow 3 : 42 12 . `` Seasons '' ( performed by Mozzy , Sjava and Reason ) Duckworth Spears Adam Feeney Timothy Patterson Jabulani Hadebe Robert Gill Sounwave Lamar Frank Dukes 4 : 02 13 . `` Big Shot '' ( performed by Kendrick Lamar and Travis Scott ) Duckworth Ronald LaTour Brock Korsan K. Gomringer T. Gomringer Spears Jacques Webster Cardo Cubeatz Sounwave Schaeffer 3 : 42 14 . `` Pray for Me '' ( performed by The Weeknd and Kendrick Lamar ) Abel Tesfaye Duckworth Feeney Martin McKinney Frank Dukes Doc McKinney 3 : 31 Total length : 49 : 19 Notes signifies a co-producer . signifies an additional producer . signifies an uncredited co-producer . `` Paramedic ! '' , `` Bloody Waters '' and `` Redemption Interlude '' feature additional vocals by Zacari . `` Pray for Me '' features background vocals by Samrawit Hailu . `` X '' , `` The Ways '' , `` Opps '' , `` I Am '' , `` Paramedic ! '' , `` Redemption Interlude '' , `` Redemption '' , and `` Seasons '' feature uncredited vocals by Kendrick Lamar . `` Redemption Interlude '' features uncredited vocals by Hykeem Carter . `` Redemption '' features uncredited vocals by Mampintsha . Sample credits `` Big Shot '' contains an uncredited interpolation of `` New Freezer '' by Rich the Kid featuring Kendrick Lamar . Additional personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from digital booklet . Musicians Ezinma -- string arrangement ( tracks 1 , 2 ) Sounwave -- string arrangement ( tracks 1 , 2 ) Bēkon -- additional strings ( tracks 6 , 12 ) Rascal -- original sample ( track 6 ) Knukuth -- original sample ( track 6 ) James Blake -- additional keys ( track 8 ) Rob Gueringer -- additional bass and guitar ( track 12 ) Technical Matt Schaeffer -- recording ( tracks 1 - 9 , 11 , 13 ) , mixing ( tracks 1 - 10 , 12 ) Sam Ricci -- recording ( track 2 ) James Hunt -- recording ( track 3 ) Ruff Nkosi -- recording ( Saudi , track 3 ; Sjava , track 12 ) Nolan Presley -- recording ( 2 Chainz , track 3 ) Michael Law Thomas -- recording ( Vince Staples , track 5 ) LMNZ -- recording ( Yugen Blakrok , track 5 ) Max Perry -- recording ( SOB X RBE , track 7 ) Joshua Smith -- recording ( James Blake , track 8 ) Nevin J. Thomas -- recording ( Anderson Paak , track 8 ) Eric Manco -- recording ( Future , track 9 ) Hykeem Carter -- recording ( track 10 ) Zacari -- recording ( track 10 ) Mandla Maphumulo -- recording ( Babes Wodumo , track 11 ) DaveO -- recording ( Mozzy , track 12 ) Mark `` Keitel '' Lowe , Jr. -- recording ( Reason , track 12 ) Jimmy Cash -- recording ( Travis Scott , track 13 ) Beatriz Artola -- recording ( Kendrick Lamar , track 14 ) Shin Kamiyama -- recording ( The Weeknd , track 14 ) Mike Sonier -- recording ( The Weeknd , track 14 ) Doc McKinney -- recording ( Samrawit Hailu , track 14 ) Barry McCready -- assistant engineering ( track 14 ) Derek `` MixedByAli '' Ali -- mixing ( tracks 11 , 13 ) Jaycen Joshua -- mixing ( track 14 ) Cyrus Taghipour -- mixing assistance ( tracks 11 , 13 ) David Nakaji -- mixing assistance ( track 14 ) Mike Bozzi -- mastering ( all tracks ) Mike Dean -- mastering ( track 13 ) Chris Athens -- mastering ( track 14 ) Critical reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Aggregate scores Source Rating Metacritic 80 / 100 Review scores Source Rating AllMusic The A.V. Club B+ The Guardian NME Pitchfork 7.5 / 10 Rolling Stone Vice Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 80 out of 100 , based on 14 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Alex Petridis of The Guardian stated that the soundtrack `` hangs together as a standalone album , albeit a less consistent one than Lamar 's solo releases . '' Commenting on the various tracks , many of which Petridis felt had `` heady '' ideas , he concluded the album `` often feels like an enjoyable interstitial release rather than an essential one . Still , that may simply say something about the standards its curator has set in recent years . '' Clayton Purdom of The A.V. Club felt that the Black Panther soundtrack was `` one of the best rap albums of this young year '' , adding that `` the tracks play it safe , but the project itself does not , an audacious exertion of energy from one of the planet 's most universally revered musicians ... the album does n't need the film ; it works on its own , developing its own themes at its own pace , channeled inimitably through the sensibilities of Kendrick Lamar and TDE . '' Purdom felt that Black Panther : The Album could stand alongside other artist - driven soundtracks for films like Tron : Legacy , Coffy and 8 Mile . Writing for Vice , Robert Christgau called the music `` star - studded , hooky - to - jingly , sneakily experimental pop - rap product tinged with the flick 's racialized broad - stroke humanitarianism '' , and credited Lamar for `` marking every ( song ) with a verse or chorus or hook defined by the least regal of the great rap flows , unassumingly slurred while making every word count '' . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) 13 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 8 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 35 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) Danish Albums ( Hitlisten ) Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) French Albums ( SNEP ) 18 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) 12 Italian Compilation Albums ( FIMI ) New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 7 UK Compilations Chart ( OCC ) 9 US Billboard 200 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Category Result Ref . 2018 Billboard Music Awards Top Soundtrack Nominated BET Awards Album of the Year Pending Black Panther ( original score ) ( edit ) Black Panther ( Original Score ) Film score by Ludwig Göransson Released February 16 , 2018 Recorded October and December 2017 Studio Abbey Road Studios Genre Film score Length 95 : 07 Label Hollywood Marvel Music Ludwig Göransson chronology Hasan Minhaj : Homecoming King ( 2017 ) Black Panther ( Original Score ) ( 2018 ) Death Wish ( 2018 ) Marvel Cinematic Universe soundtrack chronology Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) Black Panther ( 2018 ) Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) Background ( edit ) Ludwig Göransson was hired to compose the film 's score by April 2017 . This is his third feature film collaboration with Coogler , after Fruitvale Station and Creed . Göransson `` felt incredible pressure to pay homage to African culture and its traditional music . It 's not lost on me that I 'm a Swedish guy from one of the coldest countries in the world . '' Göransson traveled to Senegal and South Africa to record local musicians to form the `` base '' of his soundtrack . He accompanied Baaba Maal on his tour throughout Senegal , recording Maal and other Senegalese artists Maal introduced to him . Maal sings in the Fula language on some of the tracks . While in Africa , Göransson became fond of the sound the talking drum produced , which he incorporated as the sound for T'Challa and `` was the first seed of how the instrumentation affected the process . '' He also came across the tambin , which was incorporated in his sounds for Erik Killmonger . Göransson sent his tambin recordings to Michael B. Jordan , who plays Killmonger , to help him prepare for the role . A sabar drummer performed `` challenge rhythms '' for T'Challa's competitors and the kora and vuvuzelas `` provided additional color '' for Göransson . When Göransson was in South Africa , he visited the International Library of African Music in Grahamstown and listened to the music of `` thousands of different tribes in Africa '' from field recordings , much of which no longer exists because of colonization . Describing his score , Göransson said , `` The most difficult part is that as soon as you put production and orchestra on top of African music , it does n't sound African anymore . So the challenge was incorporating these things and making them still feel African . '' Coogler praised the collaboration between Lamar and Göransson , as Göransson `` was able to manipulate the score to incorporate some of ( The Album ) songs and weave them in and out of the orchestral stuff that he was already doing . '' Göransson recorded the score in October and December 2017 , at Abbey Road Studios over two weeks , and utilized a 132 - piece western classical orchestra , African percussionists and a 40 - person choir , which sang in Xhosa . Göransson and John Ashton Thomas conducted the orchestra recording . The album for the score was released digitally on February 16 , 2018 . Track listing ( edit ) All music composed by Ludwig Göransson . No . Title Length 1 . `` Wakanda Origins '' 1 : 44 2 . `` Royal Talon Fighter '' 4 : 00 3 . `` Wakanda '' 2 : 20 4 . `` Warrior Falls '' 4 : 06 5 . `` The Jabari '' 1 : 08 6 . `` Waterfall Fight '' 4 : 03 7 . `` Ancestral Plane '' 4 : 27 8 . `` Killmonger '' 2 : 55 9 . `` Phambili '' 2 : 31 10 . `` Casino Brawl '' 3 : 32 11 . `` Busan Car Chase '' 2 : 49 12 . `` Questioning Klaue '' 3 : 32 13 . `` Outsider '' 2 : 07 14 . `` Is This Wakanda ? '' 2 : 46 15 . `` Killmonger 's Challenge '' 5 : 07 16 . `` Killmonger vs. T'Challa '' 3 : 30 17 . `` Loyal to the Throne '' 1 : 35 18 . `` Killmonger 's Dream '' 3 : 15 19 . `` Burn It All '' 3 : 24 20 . `` Entering Jabariland '' 2 : 42 21 . `` Wake Up T'Challa '' 6 : 08 22 . `` The Great Mound Battle '' 3 : 48 23 . `` Glory to Bast '' 6 : 06 24 . `` The Jabari , Pt. II '' 2 : 22 25 . `` A Kings Sunset '' 4 : 28 26 . `` A New Day '' 1 : 47 27 . `` Spaceship Bugatti '' 1 : 23 28 . `` United Nations / End Titles '' 7 : 32 Total length : 1 : 35 : 07 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 193 US Billboard 200 64 Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Category Result Ref . 2018 Saturn Awards Best Film Music Pending References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Christgau , Robert ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` Robert Christgau on the Star - Studded , Kendrick - Helmed ' Black Panther ' OST '' . Vice . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Foutch , Haleigh ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` Kendrick Lamar Will Produce and Curate Marvel 's ' Black Panther ' Soundtrack '' . Collider . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2018 . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tyler - Ameen , Daoud ; Madden , Sydney ; Richmond , Justin ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Here 's How ' Black Panther : The Album ' Came Together '' . NPR . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lang , Cady ( December 22 , 2017 ) . `` Kendrick Lamar Hid a ' Black Panther ' Clue in His New ' LOVE . ' Music Video '' . Time . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Blais - Bille , Braudie ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Kendrick Lamar and Vince Staples ' New Song Teased in Black Panther Trailer : Watch '' . Pitchfork . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Legaspi , Althea ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` Kendrick Lamar , Future , James Blake Team on Jay Rock 's ' King 's Dead ' '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2018 . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Madden , Sidney ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` Kendrick Lamar And The Weeknd Team Up For ' Pray For Me ' '' . NPR . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2018 . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Moniuszko , Sara ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` Everything we know about the Marvel superhero film ' Black Panther ' '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2018 . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chesman , Donna - Claire ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` How Illustrator Nikolas A. Draper - Ivey Went From Fan Art to Drawing ' Black Panther The Album ' '' . DJ Booth . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2018 . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Caulfield , Ketih ( February 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther : The Album ' Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Chart '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2018 . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( February 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther : The Album ' No. 1 on Billboard 200 Chart for Second Week '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Various Artists -- Black Panther : The Album ( Booklet ) '' . Genius . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Black Panther The Album Music From And Inspired By '' . iTunes . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ 30 Roc ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` New Music by @ jayrock x @ kendricklamar x @ future x @ jamesblake `` King Dead '' ( Prod.By ... '' Instagram . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ AxlFolie ( February 10 , 2018 ) . `` So I guess I 'm on the @ blackpanther project thanks too @ teddywalton and the gang ... I did the drums on the second half 🙏 🏿 @ kendricklamar '' . Instagram . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , Graham ; Gardner , Alex ; Skelton , Eric ; Isom , Eric ; Moore , Jason ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` 10 Things We Learned from Kendrick Lamar 's ' Black Panther ' Album '' . Pigeons & Planes . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2018 . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zeeman , Kyle ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Babes ' Black Panther song : She sings kikirikiki and , oh , it features Mampintsha '' . The Times . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mench , Chris ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Kendrick Lamar Previewed His Travis Scott Collab `` Big Shot '' During His 2018 Grammys Performance `` . Genius . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2018 . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Black Panther : The Album by Original Soundtrack Reviews and Tracks '' . Metacritic . February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kellman , Andy . `` Black Panther : The Album ( Music From and Inspired By ) -- Kendrick Lamar '' . AllMusic . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2018 . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Purdom , Clayton ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` With Black Panther , Kendrick Lamar adds a great soundtrack to his résumé '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2018 . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Petridis , Alex ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Black Panther soundtrack review - Kendrick Lamar 's Superfly moment '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2018 . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bartleet , Larry ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Kendrick Lamar -- Black Panther soundtrack review '' . NME . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2018 . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pearce , Sheldon ( February 12 , 2018 ) . `` Various Artists : Black Panther The Album Review '' . Pitchfork . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2018 . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Jody ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` Review : Kendrick Lamar Goes Superhero - Producer on ' Black Panther ' Soundtrack '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australiancharts.com -- Kendrick Lamar -- Black Panther - The Soundtrack Album '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Kendrick Lamar -- Black Panther - The Soundtrack Album '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Kendrick Lamar -- Black Panther - The Soundtrack Album '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Kendrick Lamar -- Black Panther - The Soundtrack Album '' ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Canadian Albums '' . FYIMusicNews . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Kendrick Lamar -- Black Panther - The Soundtrack Album '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Kendrick Lamar -- Black Panther - The Soundtrack Album '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kendrick Lamar : Black Panther The Album Music From and Inspired By '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Kendrick Lamar -- Black Panther - The Soundtrack Album '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Kendrick Lamar -- Black Panther - The Soundtrack Album '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Classifica settimanale WK 7 , 2018 '' . FIMI . February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Kendrick Lamar -- Black Panther - The Soundtrack Album '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Kendrick Lamar -- Black Panther - The Soundtrack Album '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Kendrick Lamar -- Black Panther - The Soundtrack Album '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Compilations Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum '' . Recording Industry Association of America . May 10 , 2018 . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Music Awards 2018 Nominations : See the Full List '' . Billboard. April 17 , 2018 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ BET Staff ( 16 May 2018 ) . `` BET 2018 Nominees '' . BET . Retrieved 16 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Kyle ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` You 're Not Ready for Black Panther 's Stunning New Spin on Superhero Movies '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Burton , Byron ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Composer Scored a 4 - Hour Cut of the Movie '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2018 . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Flook , Ray ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Musical Anatomy of a Superhero : The Best SDCC Panel That I Did n't Intend To See '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pearce , Sheldon ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` How Black Panther Composer Ludwig Göransson Found the Sound of Wakanda '' . Pitchfork . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Burlingame , Jon ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Composer Infuses Score With Trove of African Sounds '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2018 . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Genius ( February 16 , 2018 ) . The Making Of `` Wakanda '' With Ludwig Göransson Presented By Marvel Studio 's Black Panther . YouTube . Event occurs at 5 : 25 . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel Music & Hollywood Records to Release Ludwig Goransson 's ' Black Panther ' Score '' . Film Music Reporter . February 13 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Black Panther ' Score Album Details '' . Film Music Reporter . February 15 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Ludwig Goransson -- Black Panther - Original Score '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack Chart History ( Billboard 200 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Black Panther Stan Lee Jack Kirby Black Panthers T'Chaka T'Challa Kasper Cole Shuri Supporting characters Avengers Blade Brother Voodoo Captain America Dora Milaje Eden Fesi Everett K. 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Other Team Thor Book Category Portal Kendrick Lamar Discography Songs Awards and nominations Studio albums Section. 80 Good Kid , M.A.A.D City To Pimp a Butterfly Damn Compilations Untitled Unmastered EPs Kendrick Lamar Mixtapes C4 Overly Dedicated Soundtracks Black Panther : The Album Concert tours The Damn Tour Related articles Black Hippy God Is Gangsta Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Panther_(soundtrack)&oldid=843669434 '' Categories : 2018 soundtracks Aftermath Entertainment albums Albums produced by Al Shux Albums produced by DJ Dahi Albums produced by Frank Dukes Albums produced by Illmind Albums produced by Mike Will Made It Albums recorded at Electric Lady Studios Albums recorded at EastWest Studios Black Panther Concept albums Hip hop soundtracks Hollywood Records soundtracks Interscope Records albums Kendrick Lamar albums Marvel Music compilation albums Marvel Cinematic Universe soundtracks Marvel Music soundtracks Top Dawg Entertainment albums Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Certification Table Entry usages for United States Comics navigational boxes purge Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Français Հայերեն Italiano Русский Suomi Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 17 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20Panther%20%28soundtrack%29
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state having highest percentage of population below poverty line in india
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List of indian States and union territories by poverty rate
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list of indian states and union territories by poverty rate
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This is a list of States and Union Territories of India ranked according to poverty as on 16 September 2013 . The list is compiled from the Annual Report of Reserve Bank of India published in 2013 . The rank is calculated according to the percentage of people below poverty - line and is based on MRP - consumption .
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Goa ranks best with least poverty of 5.09 % while national average stands at 21.92 % . Rank State / U.T. Poverty ( % of people below poverty line ) Goa 5.09 Kerala 7.05 Himachal Pradesh 8.06 Sikkim 8.19 Punjab 8.26 6 Andhra Pradesh ( includes Telangana ) 9.20 7 Jammu and Kashmir 10.35 8 Haryana 11.16 9 Uttarakhand 11.26 10 Tamil Nadu 11.28 11 Meghalaya 11.87 12 Tripura 14.05 13 Rajasthan 14.71 14 Gujarat 16.63 15 Maharashtra 17.35 16 Nagaland 18.88 17 West Bengal 19.98 18 Mizoram 20.87 19 Karnataka 20.91 * * All India Average 21.92 20 Uttar Pradesh 29.43 21 Madhya Pradesh 31.65 22 Assam 31.98 23 Odisha 32.59 24 Bihar 33.74 25 Arunachal Pradesh 34.67 26 Manipur 36.89 27 Jharkhand 36.96 28 Chhattisgarh 39.93 U / T Andaman and Nicobar Islands 1.00 U / T Lakshadweep 2.77 U / T Puducherry 9.69 U / T Daman and Diu 9.86 U / T Delhi 9.91 U / T Chandigarh 21.81 U / T Dadra and Nagar Haveli 39.31 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Table 162 , Number and Percentage of Population Below Poverty Line '' . Reserve Bank of India , Government of India . 2013 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved April 20 , 2014 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_poverty_rate&oldid=832645486 '' Categories : States and union territories of India - related lists Poverty in India Economy of India by state or union territory Lists of subdivisions of India Talk About Wikipedia বাংলা हिन्दी پنجابی اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 06 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Indian%20states%20and%20union%20territories%20by%20poverty%20rate
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who sings only know you love her when you let her go
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Let Her Go
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let her go
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`` The Wrong Direction '' ( 2012 ) `` Let Her Go '' ( 2012 ) `` Holes '' ( 2013 ) Music video `` Let Her Go '' on YouTube Audio sample 18 - second sample from Passenger 's Let Her Go file help `` Let Her Go '' is a song written and recorded by English singer - songwriter Passenger . It was recorded at Sydney 's Linear Recording and co-produced by Mike Rosenberg ( A.k.a Passenger ) and Chris Vallejo . The recording features Australian musicians Stu Larsen , Georgia Mooney , Stu Hunter , Cameron Undy , and Glenn Wilson . `` Let Her Go '' was released in July 2012 as the second single from Passenger 's fourth album , All the Little Lights . The song has achieved international success , topping the charts in many countries around the world , and has sold over 1 million digital copies in the UK , and over 4 million in the US as of July 2014 . In 2014 , the song was nominated for the Brit Award for British Single of the Year , and won Passenger the British Academy 's Ivor Novello Award for Most Performed Work . Contents 1 Background 2 Commercial performance 3 Let It Go 4 Music video 5 Track listing 6 Cover versions 7 In popular culture 8 Charts 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Year - end charts 9 Certifications 10 See also 11 Release history 12 References 13 External links Background ( edit ) The lyrics of the song are poetic and melancholic , describing the regrets associated with ending a relationship . The chorus describes situations in which one does not appreciate what he / she has until it is gone , and relates this to love . The verses give detailed scenes involving a heartbroken man dealing with his breakup . The song intro is inspired by the outro of The Red Hot Chili Peppers song `` Slow Cheetah '' . `` Let Her Go '' is driven by a chorus which is repeated five times throughout the song . The second half of the final chorus is performed a cappella . Including acoustic guitar and vocals from Rosenberg , backing vocals , piano , drums , bass , and strings , the song is instrumentally diverse . The song is performed in the key of G major , played with a capo on the seventh fret of the guitar . Commercial performance ( edit ) `` Let Her Go '' was released in July 2012 as the second single from Passenger 's third album All the Little Lights . The song became a hit first in the Netherlands after Dave , a Dutch fan , e-mailed Passenger expressing his wish to introduce the song to some Dutch radio stations , claiming it could be a hit there . This resulted in the song trending on Dutch stations and finding enormous commercial success with the Dutch public . The song became a hit first in the Netherlands , reaching number two in the Dutch Top 40 in November 2012 and spending a total of four non-consecutive weeks at that position . Since 2013 , and after initial success in the Netherlands , `` Let Her Go '' has reached number - one in Australia , Austria , Belgium , Czech Republic , Denmark , Finland , Germany , Greece , Ireland , Israel , Italy , Luxembourg , Mexico , New Zealand , Norway , Slovakia , Sweden and Switzerland , number two in the UK Singles Chart , number five in the US on the Billboard Hot 100 and number one on Billboard Hot Rock Songs , making it his first international success . The song has sold over 1 million digital copies in the UK , and over 4 million in the US as of July 2014 . Let it Go ( edit ) Passenger admitted in an August 2016 interview on The Project that the song is frequently confused with `` Let It Go , '' Idina Menzel 's 2013 hit single from the Disney film Frozen . As a result , he `` always '' receives song requests for the latter , even though it is not his song . Music video ( edit ) The music video was uploaded on July 25 , 2012 , directed and produced by the Australian video artist Dave Jensen and Tavic . It shows the stage being prepared for a Passenger concert , with footage of Passenger performance with his backing band and shots of the audience present reacting . As of August 2018 , the video has received over 2.0 billion views on the video - sharing website YouTube , making it the 23rd most viewed video of all time on the site . It also makes the list of most liked YouTube videos with over 7.4 million likes . Track listing ( edit ) Digital promo No . Title Length 1 . `` Let Her Go '' 4 : 13 CD single No . Title Length 1 . `` Let Her Go '' ( Album Version ) 4 : 12 2 . `` Let Her Go '' ( Acoustic ) 4 : 27 Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` Let Her Go '' 4 : 13 2 . `` Let Her Go '' ( Acoustic ) 4 : 27 3 . `` Let Her Go '' ( Live Version ) 4 : 05 Cover versions ( edit ) Taylor Henderson , the runner - up of the fifth season of The X Factor Australia , performed it during the show . He also covered it in his debut self - titled album released through Sony Music Australia on 29 November 2013 . The album debuted at number one on the ARIA Albums Chart and was certified Platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association . In October 2013 , a piano - driven version of the track was sung by young Italian singer Violetta Zironi during season 7 of the Italian version of The X Factor . The track was also recorded and included in her debut EP Dimmi che non passa released in December 2013 . British singer Birdy recorded a cover version called `` Let Him Go '' in 2013 on BBC Radio 1 's Live Lounge . It was also covered by Dutch symphonic metal band Within Temptation on the album Hydra ( iTunes version ) in 2014 and The Q - Music Sessions , as well as by Jasmine Thompson on the album Bundle of Tantrums . An unreleased acoustic version of the song was donated to support college radio in the USA on the 2013 College Radio Day Vol. 2 album . The song was limited to being on only the CD version of the album ( only 1,500 copies have been pressed ) . In February 2014 , a club remix of the song was released by Swedish DJ and producer Avicii featuring Passenger 's vocals . It has also been remixed by French DJ David Guetta and Norwegian producer Kygo . In August 2014 , Glen Templeton made a country cover of the song . In October 2014 , Bulgarian singer Maria released a song with , also Bulgarian singer , Azis called : `` Чуй ме '' ( Chuy Me , Hear Me ) . The original version had an intro that featured Let Her Go , but later on was officially edited due to copyright , and now the song has a different tone at the beginning . Internationally known rapper B - Flo sampled the song on the single ( also titled `` Let Her Go '' ) on his second solo album , Floville , made in 2014 . In popular culture ( edit ) `` Let Her Go '' was used in a Budweiser commercial shown during Super Bowl XLVIII . It was used also in the season 7 finale of the Canadian Show Heartland as the send - off song . The intro and first half of the first verse were used in the UK television show , Stella in episode 7 of series 3 . A cover version by British singer Jasmine Thompson was used in the eleventh episode of the sixteenth season of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . It was used in The Vampire Diaries ' 100th episode . On the popular streaming website Twitch , a remix of the song ( a troll version ) is frequently used on streams by watchers trying to annoy the streamers . The song is also as a playable track in Guitar Hero Live . Bluegrass band The Travelin ' McCourys recorded the song at Nashville studio the Butcher Shoppe , releasing the version on January 13 , 2017 . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2012 -- 14 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 11 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 5 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 22 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( Euro Digital Songs ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) 6 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Germany ( Airplay Chart ) Greece Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 18 Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) Lebanon ( The Official Lebanese Top 20 ) Luxembourg Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Mexico Ingles Airplay ( Billboard ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Portugal Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Romania ( Romania Radio Airplay ) Romania ( Romania TV Airplay ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 51 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 5 South Africa ( EMA ) 5 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK Indie ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 5 US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) US Rock Airplay ( Billboard ) 33 US Adult Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 8 Venezuela Pop Rock General ( Record Report ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 61 Germany ( Media Control Charts ) 5 Israel international songs ( Media Forest ) 5 Italy ( FIMI ) 20 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 6 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 6 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 97 US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) 16 US Adult Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 47 Chart ( 2014 ) Position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 20 Italy ( FIMI ) 8 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 38 US Billboard Hot 100 19 US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) US Adult Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 20 Chart ( 2015 ) Position Italy ( FIMI ) 98 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 7 × Platinum 490,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Platinum 30,000 Belgium ( BEA ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 6 × Platinum 480,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Platinum 60,000 Finland ( Musiikkituottajat ) Gold 5,057 France ( SNEP ) Gold 75,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 300,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 6 × Platinum 180,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 2 × Platinum 30,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) 2 × Platinum 20,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Gold 20,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 5 × Platinum 200,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) 3 × Platinum 90,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 3 × Platinum 1,800,000 United States ( RIAA ) 6 × Platinum 4,000,000 Venezuela ( APFV ) Platinum 10,000 Streaming Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 6 × Platinum 10,800,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 2 × Platinum 20,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) List of best - selling singles in Australia List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 2014 ( U.S. ) Release history ( edit ) Country Release date Format United States 24 July 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 24 ) Digital download Europe 5 November 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 05 ) United Kingdom 25 February 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 25 ) CD United States 29 April 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 29 ) Contemporary hit radio Canada 13 May 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 13 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kreisler , Lauren ( December 5 , 2013 ) . `` Passenger 's Let Her Go adds to the UK 's biggest haul of million - selling singles in 15 years ! '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Grein , Paul ( July 30 , 2014 ) . `` Chart Watch : Jason Aldean Is Back '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pakinkis , Mike ( 22 May 2014 ) . `` Ivor Novello Awards 2014 : All the winners '' . Music Week . London , England : Intent Media . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brits 2014 : Nominations in full '' . BBC News . Retrieved 9 January 2014 Jump up ^ Passenger live at Pinkpop 2013 - FULL SHOW - Passenger says during the Pinkpop concert in Holland after singing `` Let Her Go '' : `` You know , I wrote that song two - and - a-half years ago and put it on an album and we released the album , and for nine months , nothing happened . No one gave as * * * basically . It 's funny , we 're kind of working on the next record , saying ok cool , no problem , and this guy called Dave from Holland gave us an e-mail and he said : Look I 've heard this song `` Let Her Go '' and I want to take it to the radio here because I think here in the Netherlands it could really work and could do something . I said cool , do your thing , knock yourself up . And within two weeks , I think it got to number one and that 's kind of what started this whole crazy f * * * * * * thing . Firstly I want to thank Dave because without Dave I do n't think I 'd ever be here at all . And secondly , I want to thank you guys just for supporting me and my music before anybody else did really . So a massive massive thank you . `` Let Her Go '' is your song , thank you very very much ``. ( from 27 : 50 to 28 : 50 on the tape ) ^ Jump up to : Thwaites , Millie ( 25 August 2016 ) . `` ' That flipping film has ruined my life ' : Let Her Go singer Passenger says Frozen and its signature track Let It Go are the bane of his existence '' . Daily Mail Australia . Associated Newspapers Ltd . Retrieved 29 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Online Creative Portfolios and Creative Jobs - The Loop '' . Jump up ^ `` Most Viewed Videos of All Time ( Over 375 million views ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Birdy - Let Her Go ( Passenger ) in the Live Lounge '' . BBC . 18 September 2013 . Retrieved 5 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Home - College Radio Day Records '' . Wearecollegeradio.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` House Let Her Go ( Avicii Remix ) by Passenger '' . The Most Unreal Beats . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Country Version of Passenger ' Let Her Go ' - Broadway 's Electric Barnyard - Country 92 - 5 '' . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Nudd , Tim ( 2014 - 01 - 29 ) . `` Budweiser Set to Charm the World With Its ' Puppy Love ' Super Bowl Ad '' . Adweek . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Passenger -- Let Her Go '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Passenger -- Let Her Go '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Passenger -- Let Her Go '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Passenger -- Let Her Go '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Passenger Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201325 into search . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201419 into search . Retrieved 3 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Passenger -- Let Her Go '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Passenger -- Chart history '' Billboard Euro Digital Songs for Passenger . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Passenger : Let Her Go '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 8 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Passenger -- Let Her Go '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Passenger -- Let Her Go '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay Charts Deutschland -- Woche 12 / 2013 '' . German Charts . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Greece Digital Songs - April 27 , 2013 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 6 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 09 , 2013 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Passenger -- Let Her Go Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Passenger -- Let Her Go '' . Top Digital Download . Jump up ^ `` The Official Lebanese Top 20 '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . Archived from the original on 17 October 2012 . Retrieved 13 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Luxembourg Digital Songs - April 27 , 2013 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 6 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico Ingles Airplay - November 30 , 2013 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Passenger -- Let Her Go '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Passenger -- Let Her Go '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 29 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Passenger -- Let Her Go '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 15 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved 15 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal Digital Songs - June 1 , 2013 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Media Forest -- Weekly Charts . Media Forest . 30 September 2013 . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Note : Romanian and international positions are rendered together by the number of plays before resulting an overall chart . Jump up ^ `` Media Forest -- Weekly Charts . Media Forest . 4 November 2013 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Note : Select ' Songs -- TV ' . Romanian and international positions are rendered together by the number of plays before resulting an overall chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201327 into search . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201428 into search . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official singles weekly chart '' ( in Slovenian ) . SloTop50 . Retrieved 14 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` EMA Top 10 Airplay : Week Ending 2013 - 06 - 04 '' . Entertainment Monitoring Africa . Retrieved 17 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Passenger -- Let Her Go '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Passenger -- Let Her Go '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Passenger -- Let Her Go '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Independent Singles Chart Top 50 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Passenger Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Passenger Chart History ( Hot Rock Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Passenger Chart History ( Rock Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Passenger Chart History ( Adult Alternative Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Passenger Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Passenger Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Passenger Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Record Report - Pop Rock General '' . Record Report ( in Spanish ) . R.R. Digital C.A. 2013 - 11 - 30 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Year End Singles Chart '' . ARIA . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2013 : Canadian Hot 100 '' . Prometheus Gobal Media . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jahrescharts 2013 : Helene Fischer & Avicii vorn '' . musikmarkz.de. 2014 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Week Chart : 35 28 - 08 - 16 03 - 09 - 16 '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Single Top 20 '' . italiancharts.com . December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2013 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 1 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official singles year end chart '' ( in Slovenian ) . SloTop50 . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Canciones Anual 2013 '' . Promuiscae.es . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Lane , Daniel ( 1 January 2014 ) . `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Selling Singles Of 2013 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2013 -- Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Rock Songs : Year End 2013 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Triple A Songs : 2013 ( Year - End ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 13 May 2014 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 - Year End 2014 '' . Prometheus Gobal Media . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIMI - Classifiche Annuali 2014 `` TOP OF THE MUSIC '' FIMI - GfK : un anno di musica italiana '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Archived from the original on 13 January 2015 . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 Slovenian official year - end singles charts '' ( in Slovenian ) . Retrieved 31 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 - Year End 2014 '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Rock Songs : Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Alternative Songs : Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Classifiche `` Top of the Music '' 2015 FIMI - GfK : La musica italiana in vetta negli album e nei singoli digitali '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2013 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Passenger -- Let Her Go '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Enter Passenger in the field Interpret . Enter Let Her Go in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- singles 2016 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Passenger -- Let Her Go '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 15 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer - Passenger - Let Her Go '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Passenger '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Passenger -- Let Her Go '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Passenger ; ' Let Her Go ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 15 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Passenger -- Let Her Go '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . Retrieved 9 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Troféoversikt '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Canciones - Semana 36 : del 02.09. 2013 al 08.09. 2013 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . PROMUSICAE . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Passenger - Let Get Go '' ( in Swedish ) . Grammofon Leverantörernas Förening . Retrieved 24 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Passenger ; ' Let Her Go ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Passenger -- Let Her Go '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Enter Let Her Go in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Passenger -- Let Her Go '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ APFV ( 30 November 2013 ) . `` Certificaciones De Venezuela Del 2013 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . APFV . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 July 2014 . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer - Passenger - Let Her Go '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Canciones - 29 - 12 - 2014 a 4 - 1 - 2015 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . PROMUSICAE . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at Genius Passenger Discography Studio albums All the Little Lights ( 2012 ) Whispers ( 2014 ) Whispers II ( 2015 ) Young as the Morning , Old as the Sea ( 2016 ) The Boy Who Cried Wolf ( 2017 ) Singles `` Let Her Go '' `` Holes '' `` Scare Away the Dark '' `` Heart 's on Fire '' `` Whispers '' `` Somebody 's Love '' `` Anywhere '' Associated acts Passenger Wicked Man 's Rest Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Let_Her_Go&oldid=857085741 '' Categories : 2012 singles Passenger ( singer ) songs Number - one singles in Austria Number - one singles in Denmark Number - one singles in Finland Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in Greece Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Sweden Number - one singles in Switzerland Number - one singles in Belgium Ultratop 50 Singles ( Flanders ) number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Record Report Pop Rock General number - one singles Rock ballads Folk ballads 2010s ballads Billboard Rock Songs number - one singles Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Songs about betrayal Hidden categories : CS1 Slovenian - language sources ( sl ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Billboardeurodigital Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Irish Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Romaniaradioairplay Singlechart usages for Romaniatvairplay Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for South Africa Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for UKindie Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardrocksongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrockairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardadultalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Finland Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Certification Table Entry usages for unsupported region Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Nederlands Português සිංහල Suomi Svenska Tagalog 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 13 : 34 ( UTC ) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%20Her%20Go
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when was the last time the united states did not have a deficit
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According to the Congressional Budget Office , the United States last had a budget surplus during fiscal year 2001 . From fiscal years 2001 to 2009 , spending increased by 6.5 % of gross domestic product ( from 18.2 % to 24.7 % ) while taxes declined by 4.7 % of GDP ( from 19.5 % to 14.8 % ) . Spending increases ( expressed as percentage of GDP ) were in the following areas : Medicare and Medicaid ( 1.7 % ) , defense ( 1.6 % ) , income security such as unemployment benefits and food stamps ( 1.4 % ) , Social Security ( 0.6 % ) and all other categories ( 1.2 % ) . Revenue reductions were individual income taxes ( − 3.3 % ) , payroll taxes ( − 0.5 % ) , corporate income taxes ( − 0.5 % ) and other ( − 0.4 % ) .
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during fiscal year 2001
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History of the United States public debt
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history of the united states public debt
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The history of the United States public debt started with federal government debt incurred during the American Revolutionary War by the first U.S treasurer , Michael Hillegas , after its formation in 1789 . The United States has continuously had a fluctuating public debt since then , except for about a year during 1835 -- 1836 . To allow comparisons over the years , public debt is often expressed as a ratio to gross domestic product ( GDP ) . Historically , the United States public debt as a share of GDP has increased during wars and recessions , and subsequently declined .
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The United States public debt as a percentage of GDP reached its highest level during Harry Truman 's first presidential term , during and after World War II . Public debt as a percentage of GDP fell rapidly in the post-World War II period , and reached a low in 1973 under President Richard Nixon . Debt as a share of GDP has consistently increased since then , except during the terms of presidents Jimmy Carter and Bill Clinton . Public debt rose during the 1980s , as President Reagan cut tax rates and increased military spending . It fell during the 1990s , due to decreased military spending , increased taxes and the 1990s boom . Public debt rose sharply in the wake of the 2007 -- 08 financial crisis and the resulting significant tax revenue declines and spending increases . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early history 1.1 1790s 1.2 The assumption issue 1.3 1790s to 1910 2 World War I and Great Depression 3 After World War II 3.1 2011 credit rating downgrade 4 Changes in debt by political affiliation 5 Causes of recent changes in debt 5.1 2001 vs. 2009 5.2 2001 vs. 2011 5.3 2008 vs. 2009 6 Historical debt levels 6.1 Gross federal debt 6.2 Publicly held debt 7 Federal spending , federal debt and GDP 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Early history ( edit ) Alexander Hamilton 's First Report on the Public Credit , January 9 , 1790 1790s ( edit ) Except for about a year during 1835 -- 1836 , the United States has continuously had a fluctuating public debt since its Constitution went into effect on March 4 , 1789 . During the American Revolution , the Continental Congress , under the Articles of Confederation , amassed huge war debts , but lacked the power to repay these obligations through taxation or duties on imports . On the founding of the United States , the financial affairs of the new federation were in disarray , exacerbated by an economic crisis in urban commercial centers . In 1790 , Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton pushed for Congress to pass a financial plan , called the First Report on the Public Credit , a controversial part of which involved the federal government assuming state debts incurred during the Revolutionary War . Northern states had accumulated a huge amount of debt during the war , amounting to $21.5 million , and wanted the federal government to assume their burden . The Southern states , which had lower or no debts , whose citizens would effectively pay a portion of this debt if the federal government assumed it , were disinclined to accept the proposal . Some states , including Virginia , had already paid off almost half of their debts , and felt that their taxpayers should not be assessed again to bail out the less provident , and further argued that the plan was beyond the constitutional power of the new government . James Madison , then a representative from Virginia , led a group of legislators from the South in blocking the provision and prevent the plan from gaining approval . Jefferson supported Madison The plan was finally adopted as part of the Compromise of 1790 , as the Funding Act of 1790 . The compromise meant that the state debts were all picked up by the federal Treasury , and the permanent national capital would be located in the South , along the Virginia - Maryland border in what became the District of Colombia . The assumption issue ( edit ) Historian Max M. Edling has explained how assumption worked . It was the critical issue ; the location of the capital was a bargaining ploy. Hamilton proposed that the federal Treasury take over and pay off all the debt that states had incurred to pay for the American Revolution . The Treasury would issue bonds that rich people would buy , thereby giving the rich a tangible stake in the success of the national government . Hamilton proposed to pay off the new bonds with revenue from a new tariff on imports . Jefferson originally approved the scheme , but Madison had turned him around by arguing that federal control of debt would consolidate too much power in the national government . Edling points out that after its passage in 1790 , the assumption was accepted . Madison did try to pay speculators below 100 % , but they were paid the face value of the state debts they held regardless of how little they paid for them . When Jefferson became president he continued the system . The credit of the U.S. was solidly established at home and abroad , and Hamilton was successful in signing up many of the bondholders in his new Federalist Party . Good credit allowed Jefferson 's Treasury Secretary Albert Gallatin to borrow in Europe to finance the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 , as well as to borrow to finance the War of 1812 . The Southern states extracted a major concession from Hamilton in the recalculation of their debt under the fiscal plan . For example , in the case of Virginia , a zero - sum arrangement was contrived , in which Virginia paid $3.4 million to the federal government , and received exactly that amount in federal compensation . The revision of Virginia 's debt , coupled with Potomac residence issue , ultimately netted it over $13 million . Another result of federal assumption of state debts was to give the federal government much more power by placing the country 's most serious financial obligation in the hands of the federal government rather than the state governments . The federal government was able to avoid competing in interest with the States . The debts of the federal government on January 1 , 1791 amounted to $75,463,476.52 , of which about $40 million was domestic debt , $12 million was foreign debt , and $18.3 million were state debts assumed by the federal government , of the $21.5 million that had been authorized . 1790s to 1910 ( edit ) To reduce the debt , from 1796 to 1811 there were 14 budget surpluses and 2 deficits . There was a sharp increase in the debt as a result of the War of 1812 . In the 20 years following that war , there were 18 surpluses . The United States actually paid off its debt entirely in January 1835 , only to begin accruing debt anew by 1836 ( the debt on January 1 , 1836 was $37,000 ) . Another sharp increase in the debt occurred as a result of the Civil War . The debt was just $65 million in 1860 , but passed $1 billion in 1863 and reached $2.7 billion by the end of the war . During the following 47 years , there were 36 surpluses and 11 deficits . During this period 55 % of the national debt was paid off . World War I and Great Depression ( edit ) Debt increased again during World War I ( 1914 -- 1918 ) , reaching $25.5 billion at its conclusion . Approximately $17 billion in debt was raised through the selling of Liberty Bonds to the general public to finance the U.S. 's military effort . The war was followed by 11 consecutive surpluses that saw the debt reduced by 36 % by the end of the 1920s . Warren G. Harding was elected president in 1920 and believed the federal government should be fiscally managed in a way similar to private sector businesses . He had campaigned in 1920 on the slogan , `` Less government in business and more business in government . '' Under Harding , federal spending declined from $6.3 billion in 1920 to $5 billion in 1921 and $3.3 billion in 1922 . Over the course of the 1920s , under the leadership of Calvin Coolidge , the national debt was reduced by one third . The decrease was even greater when the growth in GDP and inflation is taken into account . Debt held by the public was $15.05 billion or 16.5 % of GDP in 1930 . When Franklin D. Roosevelt took office in 1933 , the public debt was almost $20 billion , 20 % of GDP . Decreased tax revenues and spending on social programs during the Great Depression increased the debt and by 1936 , the public debt had increased to $33.7 billion , approximately 40 % of GDP . During its first term , the Roosevelt administration ran large annual deficits of between 2 and 5 % of GDP . By 1939 , the debt held by the public had increased to $39.65 billion or 43 % of GDP . The buildup and involvement in World War II during the presidencies of F.D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman led to the largest increase in public debt . Public debt rose over 100 % of GDP to pay for the mobilization before and during the war . Public debt was $251.43 billion or 112 % of GDP at the conclusion of the war in 1945 and was $260 billion in 1950 . After World War II ( edit ) U.S. federal debt held by the public as a percentage of GDP , from 1940 to 2012 . The public debt fell rapidly after the end of World War II under the presidency of Harry S. Truman , as the U.S. and the rest of the world experienced a post-war economic expansion . Unlike previous wars , the Korean War ( 1950 -- 53 ) was largely financed by taxation and did not lead to an increase in the public debt . Growth rates in Western countries began to slow in the mid-1960s . Beginning in the mid-1970s and afterwards , U.S. national debt began to increase faster than GDP . The public debt reached a post-World War II low of 24.6 % in 1974 . In that year , the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 reformed the budget process to allow Congress to challenge the president 's budget more easily , and , as a consequence , deficits became increasingly difficult to control . National debt held by the public increased from its postwar low of 24.6 % of GDP in 1974 to 26.2 % in 1980 . Debt held by the public relative to GDP rose rapidly again in the 1980s . President Ronald Reagan 's economic policies lowered tax rates ( Reagan slashed the top income tax rate from 70 % to 28 % , although bills passed in 1982 and 1984 later partially reversed those tax cuts . ) and increased military spending , while congressional Democrats blocked cuts to social programs . As a result , debt as a share of GDP increased from 26.2 % in 1980 to 40.9 % in 1988 , and it continued to rise during the presidency of George H.W. Bush , reaching 48.3 % of GDP in 1992 . US Federal Debt as Percent of GDP since World War II , with presidential terms marked . Debt held by the public reached a high of 49.5 % of GDP at the beginning of President Clinton 's first term . However , it fell to 34.5 % of GDP by the end of Clinton 's presidency due in part to decreased military spending , increased taxes ( in 1990 , 1993 and 1997 ) , and increased tax revenue resulting from the 1990s boom . The budget controls instituted in the 1990s successfully restrained fiscal action by the Congress and the President and together with economic growth contributed to the budget surpluses at the end of the decade . The surpluses led to a decline in the public debt from about 43 % of GDP in 1998 to about 33 % by 2001 . In the early 21st century , debt held by the public relative to GDP rose again due in part to the Bush tax cuts and increased military spending caused by the wars in the Middle East and a new entitlement Medicare D program . During the presidency of George W. Bush , debt held by the public increased from $3.339 trillion in September 2001 to $6.369 trillion by the end of 2008 . In the aftermath of the global financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 and related significant revenue declines and spending increases , debt held by the public increased to $11.917 trillion by the end of July 2013 , under the presidency of Barack Obama . 2011 credit rating downgrade ( edit ) Main article : United States federal government credit - rating downgrade , 2011 On August 5 , 2011 , the United States debt - ceiling crisis of 2011 , the credit rating agency Standard & Poor 's downgraded the rating of the federal government from AAA to AA+ . It was the first time the U.S. had been downgraded since it was originally given a AAA rating on its debt by Moody 's in 1917 . BBC News reported that Standard & Poor 's had `` lost confidence '' in the ability of the U.S. government to make decisions . Changes in debt by Political affiliation ( edit ) Time series of U.S. public debt overlaid with party affiliation of the President . The upper graph shows the U.S. public debt in trillions of dollars while the lower graph shows the U.S. public debt as a percentage of GDP . ( Data are from the 2009 U.S. Budget . ) The President proposes a national budget to Congress , which has final say over the document but rarely appropriates more than what the President requests . Economist Mike Kimel has noted that the former Democratic Presidents ( Bill Clinton , Jimmy Carter , Lyndon B. Johnson , John F. Kennedy , and Harry S. Truman ) all reduced public debt as a share of GDP , while the last four Republican Presidents ( George W. Bush , George H.W. Bush , Ronald Reagan and Gerald Ford ) all oversaw an increase in the country 's indebtedness . Economic historian J. Bradford DeLong , observed a contrast not so much between Republicans and Democrats but between Democrats and `` old - style Republicans ( Eisenhower and Nixon ) '' on one hand ( decreasing debt ) and `` new - style Republicans '' on the other ( increasing debt ) . David Stockman , former director of the Office of Management and Budget , blamed the `` ideological tax - cutters '' of the Reagan administration for the increase of national debt during the 1980s . Former Treasury official Bruce Bartlett attributed the increase in the national debt since the 1980s to the policy of `` starve the beast '' . While noting that George H.W. Bush 's budget deal in 1990 was one of the reasons for improvement of the fiscal situation in 1990s , Bartlett was highly critical of George W. Bush for creating budget deficits by reducing tax rates and increasing spending in the early 2000s . Causes of recent changes in debt ( edit ) Public debt is the cumulative result of budget deficits ; that is , government spending exceeding revenues . 2001 vs. 2009 ( edit ) Causes of change in Federal spending as % GDP 2001 -- 2009 from CBO Data According to the Congressional Budget Office , the United States last had a budget surplus during fiscal year 2001 . From fiscal years 2001 to 2009 , spending increased by 6.5 % of gross domestic product ( from 18.2 % to 24.7 % ) while taxes declined by 4.7 % of GDP ( from 19.5 % to 14.8 % ) . Spending increases ( expressed as percentage of GDP ) were in the following areas : Medicare and Medicaid ( 1.7 % ) , defense ( 1.6 % ) , income security such as unemployment benefits and food stamps ( 1.4 % ) , Social Security ( 0.6 % ) and all other categories ( 1.2 % ) . Revenue reductions were individual income taxes ( − 3.3 % ) , payroll taxes ( − 0.5 % ) , corporate income taxes ( − 0.5 % ) and other ( − 0.4 % ) . The 2009 spending level was the highest relative to GDP in 40 years , while the tax receipts were the lowest relative to GDP in 40 years . The next highest spending year was 1985 ( 22.8 % ) , while the next lowest tax year was 2004 ( 16.1 % ) . 2001 vs. 2011 ( edit ) Cause of change between CBO 's 2001 projection of a $5.6 trillion surplus between 2002 -- 2012 and the $6.1 trillion debt increase that actually occurred . In June 2012 , the Congressional Budget Office summarized the cause of change between its January 2001 estimate of a $5.6 trillion cumulative surplus between 2002 and 2011 and the actual $6.1 trillion cumulative deficit that occurred , an unfavorable `` turnaround '' or debt increase of $11.7 trillion . Tax rate cuts and slower - than - expected growth reduced revenues by $6.1 trillion and spending was $5.6 trillion higher . Of this total , the CBO attributes 72 % to legislated tax rate cuts and spending increases and 27 % to economic and technical factors . Of the latter , 56 % occurred from 2009 to 2011 . The difference between the projected and actual debt in 2011 , the budget office said , could be attributed largely to : $3.5 trillion -- Economic changes ( including lower than expected tax revenues and higher safety net spending due to recession ) $1.6 trillion -- Bush Tax Cuts ( EGTRRA and JGTRRA ) , primarily tax rate cuts but also some smaller spending increases $1.5 trillion -- Increased non-defense discretionary spending $1.4 trillion -- Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq $1.4 trillion -- Incremental interest due to higher debt balances $0.9 trillion -- Obama stimulus and tax cuts ( ARRA and Tax Act of 2010 ) The U.S. budget situation has deteriorated significantly since 2001 , when the CBO forecast average annual surpluses of approximately $850 billion from 2009 -- 2012 . The average deficit forecast in each of those years as of June 2009 was approximately $1,215 billion . The New York Times analyzed this roughly $2 trillion `` swing '' , separating the causes into four major categories along with their share : Recessions or the business cycle ( 37 % ) ; Policies enacted by President Bush ( 33 % ) ; Policies enacted by President Bush and supported or extended by President Obama ( 20 % ) ; and New policies from President Obama ( 10 % ) . Several other articles and experts explained the causes of change in the debt position . 2008 vs. 2009 ( edit ) In October 2009 , the Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) gave the reasons for the higher budget deficit in 2009 ( $1,410 billion , i.e. $1.41 trillion ) over that of 2008 ( $460 billion ) . The major changes included : declines in tax receipt of $320 billion due to the effects of the recession and another $100 billion due to tax rate cuts in the stimulus bill ( the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act or ARRA ) ; $245 billion for the Troubled Asset Relief Program ( TARP ) and other bailout efforts ; $100 billion in additional spending for ARRA ; and another $185 billion due to increases in primary budget categories such as Medicare , Medicaid , unemployment insurance , Social Security , and Defense -- including the war effort in Afghanistan and Iraq . This was the highest budget deficit relative to GDP ( 9.9 % ) since 1945 . The national debt increased by $1.9 trillion during FY2009 , versus the $1.0 trillion increase during 2008 . The Obama Administration also made four significant accounting changes to more accurately report total federal government spending . The four changes were : Account for the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan ( `` overseas military contingencies '' ) in the budget , rather than through supplemental appropriations Assume the Alternative Minimum Tax is indexed for inflation ; Account for the full costs of Medicare reimbursements Anticipate inevitable expenditures for natural disaster relief Obama administration officials predicted that these changes will make the debt over ten years look $2.7 trillion larger than it would otherwise appear . Historical debt levels ( edit ) Gross federal debt ( edit ) This table lists the U.S. federal debt as a percentage of gross domestic product , or GDP , each year since World War II . The gross federal debt shown below reached 102.7 % of GDP at the end of 2012 , the most recent figure available ; it was the highest percentage since 1945 and the first yearly percentage figure to go over 100 % since then . ( The gross federal debt in the table includes intra-government debt -- that is , money owed by one branch of the federal government to another . When this latter amount is subtracted , the remaining quantity is known as the public debt . ) Congressional session Years President President 's party Debt - to - GDP ratio at start of period Debt - to - GDP ratio at end of period Change in debt ( in billions of dollars ) Change in debt - to - GDP ratio ( in percentage points ) 77 -- 78 1941 -- 1945 Roosevelt Democratic 50.4 % 117.5 % + 203 + 67.1 79 -- 80 1945 -- 1949 Roosevelt , Truman Democratic 117.5 % 93.1 % - 8 - 24.4 81 -- 82 1949 -- 1953 Truman Democratic 93.1 % 71.4 % + 13 - 21.7 83 -- 84 1953 -- 1957 Eisenhower Republican 71.4 % 60.4 % + 6 - 11.0 85 -- 86 1957 -- 1961 Eisenhower Republican 60.4 % 55.2 % + 20 - 5.2 87 -- 88 1961 -- 1965 Kennedy , Johnson Democratic 55.2 % 46.9 % + 30 - 8.3 89 -- 90 1965 -- 1969 Johnson Democratic 46.9 % 38.6 % + 43 - 8.3 91 -- 92 1969 -- 1973 Nixon Republican 38.6 % 35.6 % + 101 - 3.0 93 -- 94 1973 -- 1977 Nixon , Ford Republican 35.6 % 35.8 % + 177 + 0.2 95 -- 96 1977 -- 1981 Carter Democratic 35.8 % 32.5 % + 288 - 3.3 97 -- 98 1981 -- 1985 Reagan Republican 32.5 % 43.8 % + 823 + 11.3 99 -- 100 1985 -- 1989 Reagan Republican 43.8 % 53.1 % + 1,050 + 9.3 101 -- 102 1989 -- 1993 Bush Sr . Republican 53.1 % 66.1 % + 1,483 + 13.0 103 -- 104 1993 -- 1997 Clinton Democratic 66.1 % 65.4 % + 1,018 - 0.7 105 -- 106 1997 -- 2001 Clinton Democratic 65.4 % 56.4 % + 401 - 9.0 107 -- 108 2001 -- 2005 Bush Republican 56.4 % 63.5 % + 2,135 + 7.1 109 -- 110 2005 -- 2009 Bush Republican 63.5 % 84.2 % + 3,971 + 20.7 111 -- 112 2009 -- 2013 Obama Democratic 84.2 % 102.7 % + 6,061 + 18.5 ( Source : CBO Historical Budget Page and Whitehouse FY 2012 Budget -- Table 7.1 Federal Debt at the End of Year PDF , Excel , Senate.gov ) Notes : Some of the debt included in this chart for each presidential administration may include debt added under the next presidential administration . For net jobs changes over the corresponding periods , see : Jobs created during U.S. presidential terms . Publicly held debt ( edit ) U.S. debt from 1940 to 2011 . Red lines indicate the `` debt held by the public '' and black lines indicate the total national debt or gross public debt . The difference is the intragovernmental debt , which includes obligations to government programs such as Social Security . The top panel shows debt deflated to 2010 dollars ; the second panel shows debt as a percentage of GDP . Publicly held debt is the gross debt minus intra-governmental obligations ( such as the money that the government owes to the two Social Security Trust Funds , the Old - Age , Survivors , and Disability Insurance program , and the Social Security Disability Insurance program ) . Federal spending , federal debt and GDP ( edit ) The table below shows annual federal spending , gross federal debt and gross domestic product for specific fiscal years . The government fiscal year runs from October 1 of the previous calendar year to September 30 of the year shown . Fiscal year Federal spending Federal debt Gross domestic product Inflation adjuster Billions Adjusted Change Billions Adjusted Change Billions Adjusted Change 1977 $409 $1,040 $705 $1,795 $1,974 $5,019 0.39 1978 $459 $1,093 5.1 % $776 $1,850 3.1 % $2,217 $5,285 5.3 % 0.42 1979 $504 $1,107 1.3 % $829 $1,821 − 1.5 % $2,501 $5,494 4.0 % 0.46 1980 $591 $1,175 6.1 % $909 $1,808 − 0.8 % $2,727 $5,422 − 1.3 % 0.50 1981 $678 $1,219 3.8 % $994 $1,787 − 1.1 % $3,055 $5,492 1.3 % 0.56 1982 $746 $1,252 2.6 % $1,137 $1,908 6.8 % $3,228 $5,417 − 1.4 % 0.60 $808 $1,294 3.4 % $1,371 $2,195 15.0 % $3,441 $5,510 1.7 % 0.62 1984 $852 $1,300 0.4 % $1,564 $2,386 8.7 % $3,840 $5,858 6.3 % 0.66 1985 $946 $1,396 7.4 % $1,817 $2,680 12.3 % $4,142 $6,108 4.3 % 0.68 1986 $990 $1,426 2.1 % $2,120 $3,052 13.9 % $4,412 $6,352 4.0 % 0.69 $1,004 $1,406 − 1.4 % $2,345 $3,283 7.6 % $4,647 $6,506 2.4 % 0.71 $1,065 $1,447 2.9 % $2,601 $3,534 7.7 % $5,009 $6,806 4.6 % 0.74 $1,144 $1,499 3.6 % $2,867 $3,757 6.3 % $5,401 $7,077 4.0 % 0.76 1990 $1,253 $1,590 6.1 % $3,206 $4,067 8.3 % $5,735 $7,277 2.8 % 0.79 1991 $1,324 $1,610 1.3 % $3,598 $4,374 7.5 % $5,935 $7,215 − 0.8 % 0.82 $1,382 $1,624 0.9 % $4,001 $4,703 7.5 % $6,240 $7,334 1.7 % 0.85 1993 $1,410 $1,615 − 0.5 % $4,351 $4,987 6.0 % $6,576 $7,536 2.8 % 0.87 $1,462 $1,642 1.7 % $4,643 $5,216 4.6 % $6,961 $7,820 3.8 % 0.89 1995 $1,516 $1,662 1.2 % $4,920 $5,395 3.4 % $7,326 $8,033 2.7 % 0.91 $1,561 $1,673 0.7 % $5,181 $5,554 3.0 % $7,694 $8,248 2.7 % 0.93 1997 $1,601 $1,684 0.7 % $5,369 $5,647 1.7 % $8,182 $8,606 4.3 % 0.95 1998 $1,653 $1,721 2.2 % $5,478 $5,704 1.0 % $8,628 $8,985 4.4 % 0.96 1999 $1,702 $1,746 1.5 % $5,605 $5,750 0.8 % $9,125 $9,361 4.2 % 0.97 2000 $1,789 $1,789 2.5 % $5,628 $5,628 − 2.1 % $9,710 $9,710 3.7 % 1.00 $1,863 $1,821 1.8 % $5,769 $5,638 0.2 % $10,058 $9,829 1.2 % 1.02 2002 $2,011 $1,929 6.0 % $6,198 $5,945 5.5 % $10,377 $9,954 1.3 % 1.04 2003 $2,160 $2,018 4.6 % $6,760 $6,316 6.2 % $10,809 $10,099 1.4 % 1.07 $2,293 $2,082 3.2 % $7,354 $6,677 5.7 % $11,500 $10,441 3.4 % 1.10 2005 $2,472 $2,165 4.0 % $7,905 $6,923 3.7 % $12,238 $10,717 2.6 % 1.14 2006 $2,655 $2,249 3.9 % $8,451 $7,158 3.4 % $13,016 $11,024 2.9 % 1.18 2007 $2,730 $2,263 0.6 % $8,951 $7,419 3.6 % $13,668 $11,329 2.8 % 1.21 2008 $2,931 $2,366 4.6 % $9,654 $7,793 5.0 % $14,312 $11,553 0 % 1.24 2009 * $3,107 $2,452 3.6 % $10,413 $8,218 5.5 % $14,097 $11,529 2.6 % 1.27 2010 * $3,091 $2,392 − 2.4 % $11,875 $9,247 12.5 % $14,508 $11,297 − 2.0 % 1.29 Note : The values for the years 2009 , and 2010 represent estimates from the source material . See also ( edit ) First Report on the Public Credit United States federal budget Starve the beast ( policy ) United States public debt United States fiscal cliff 2011 U.S. debt ceiling crisis Government budget by country I.O.U.S.A. , documentary film by Patrick Creadon Modern Monetary Theory Unemployment in the United States List of U.S. state budgets Continuing resolution Appropriations bill ( United States ) Deficit reduction in the United States Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Staloff , Darren. 2005 . Hamilton , Adams , Jefferson : The Politics of Enlightenment and the American Founding . Hill and Wang , New York . ISBN 0 - 8090 - 7784 - 1 . p. 69 . Jump up ^ Miller , John C. 1960 . The Federalists : 1789 -- 1801 . Harper & Row , New York . ISBN 9781577660316 . p. 37 . Jump up ^ Hofstadter , Richard . 1948 . The American Political Tradition and the Men Who Made It . New York : A.A. Knopf . p. 125 . Jump up ^ First Report of the Public Credit , issued on January 9 , 1790 . Jump up ^ Stelzer , Irwin ( January 10 , 2011 ) . `` Who Is the Euro Zone 's Alexander Hamilton ? '' . Wall Street Journal . Agenda . Retrieved January 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ellis 2002 , pp. 48 -- 52 Jump up ^ Max M. Edling , `` ' So immense a power in the affairs of war ' : Alexander Hamilton and the restoration of public credit . '' William and Mary Quarterly 64 # 2 ( 2007 ) : 287 -- 326 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Staloff , 2005 , pp. 96 -- 97 Jump up ^ Ellis , 2000 , p. 73 Jump up ^ Staloff , 2005 , pp. 96 , 313 ; Ellis , 2000 , pp. 73 -- 74 Jump up ^ Trescott , Paul . `` Federal - State Financial Relations , 1790 -- 1860 '' . 15 : 227 -- 45 . JSTOR 2114655 . Jump up ^ `` Bureau of the Public Debt : The 19th Century '' . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sharockman , Aaron ( January 11 , 2010 ) . `` PolitiFact : Fla. senator says Jan. 8 , 1835 , is the only day U.S. has been debt free '' . Retrieved July 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Data on the Federal Debt '' . Congressional Budget Office . August 5 , 2010 . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Warren G. Harding US President -- 1921 -- 23 '' . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved January 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Thomas E. Woods , Jr . ( October 8 , 2009 ) . `` Depression of 1920 '' . Retrieved May 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Paul ( April 25 , 2010 ) . `` Making dollars and sense of the U.S. government debt '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Austin , D. Andrew ( April 29 , 2008 ) . `` CRS Report for Congress '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Heinberg , Richard ( August 2011 ) . The End of Growth . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86571 - 695 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Cooper , Michael ; Story , Louise ( 27 July 2011 ) . `` Q. and A. on the U.S. Debt Ceiling '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Federal Debt Held by the Public as a Share of GDP ( 1797 -- 2010 ) '' ( PDF ) . Government Accountability Office . Retrieved April 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Dennis S. Ippolito . Why Budgets Matter : Budget Policy and American Politics . Penn State Press , 2004 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 271 - 02260 - 4 . pp. 185 -- 86 ^ Jump up to : `` Congressional Budget Office -- Historical Data on the Federal Debt '' . cbo.gov. 2010 . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Sahadi , Jeanne ( September 12 , 2010 ) . `` Taxes : What people forget about Reagan '' . CNN Money . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Congressional Budget Office -- Historical Data on the Federal Debt '' . cbo.gov. 2010 . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ FactCheck.org : The Budget and Deficit Under Clinton Jump up ^ Kessler , Glenn ( January 24 , 2012 ) . `` Fact checking the NBC Florida debate '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Kessler , Glenn ( July 1 , 2011 ) . `` Barbara Boxer 's blatant rewriting of history '' . The Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : Federal Debt : Answers to Frequently Asked Questions : An Upadate -- U.S. Government Accountability Office ^ Jump up to : United States Department of the Treasury , Bureau of the Public Debt ( December 2010 ) . `` The debt to the penny and who holds it '' . TreasuryDirect . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CBO Historical Tables -- 1970 to 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Democracy in America ( July 27 , 2011 ) . `` There never was a surplus '' . The Economist . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` S&P , in historical move , downgrades U.S. credit rating '' . Xinhua . August 6 , 2011 . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' No credible plan to cut US debt ' '' . BBC . August 6 , 2011 . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Louis ( Nov -- Dec 1990 ) . `` Federal Budget Doldrums : The Vacuum in Presidential Leadership '' . Public Administration Review . 50 ( 6 ) : 693 -- 700 . doi : 10.2307 / 976984 . JSTOR 976984 . Jump up ^ Kimel , Mike ( December 4 , 2007 ) . `` The Republican Party and the National Debt '' . angrybearblog.com . Retrieved April 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brad DeLong ( November 20 , 2009 ) . `` Comparing Debt - to - GDP Ratios with Presidential Terms '' . Seeking Alpha . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 09 . contrast between the Democrats and the old - style Republicans ( Eisenhower and Nixon ) on the one hand and the new - style Republicans on the other is quite striking . Jump up ^ Brad DeLong ( May 1 , 2008 ) . `` Short - Term Costs of Long - Run Fiscal Stupidity -- Grasping Reality with Both Hands '' . Delong.typepad.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Stockman , David ( July 31 , 2010 ) . `` Four Deformations of the Apocalypse '' . New York Times . nytimes.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Bartlett , Bruce ( May 7 , 2011 ) . `` Tax Cuts And ' Starving The Beast ' '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved October 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bartlett , Bruce ( November 26 , 2010 ) . `` Starve the Beast : Just Bull , not Good Economics '' . The Fiscal Times . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ Bartlett , Bruce ( April 9 , 2009 ) . `` We Need A Party of Fiscal Responsibility '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Bartlett , Bruce ( June 25 , 2010 ) . `` A Budget Deal That Did Reduce the Deficit '' . The Fiscal Times . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Budget and Economic Outlook : Fiscal Years 2010 to 2020 '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Budget Office . January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bartlett , Bruce ( June 12 , 2012 ) . `` The Fiscal Legacy of George W. Bush '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Changes in CBO 's Baseline Projections Since 2001 '' . Congressional Budget Office . June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Leonhardt , David ( June 9 , 2009 ) . `` Americas Sea of Red Ink Was Years in the Making '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Charlie Rose Show ( November 3 , 2009 ) . `` Peter Orszag Interview '' . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2012 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Great Debt Shift '' ( PDF ) . Pew Charitable Trusts. April 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 5 , 2011 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CBO Monthly Budget Review - October 2009 '' ( PDF ) . October 7 , 2009 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bureau of the Public Debt / Treasury Direct - Debt changes from September 30 , 2008 to September 30 , 2009 '' . Treasurydirect.gov . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Calmes , Jackie ( February 20 , 2009 ) . `` Obama Bans Gimmicks , and Deficit Will Rise '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Budget FY2007 Jump up ^ For example , the $862 Billion stimulus of 2009 was passed by Congress under the Obama Administration , but is included in the 2009 debt totals attributed in the chart to George W. Bush . Jump up ^ Frontline -- Ten Trillion and Counting : Defining the Debt Jump up ^ Budget FY 2009 Jump up ^ Budget FY2009 . Addendum : Composite Deflator , p. 26 . Divide current dollars by this number to produce value in ( constant ) FY2000 dollars . Jump up ^ Budget FY2009 . Outlays in current dollars , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Budget FY2009 . Outlays in current dollars , p. 26 , divided by inflation adjuster . Jump up ^ Budget FY 2009 . Gross Federal Debt in current dollars , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Budget FY 2009 . Gross Federal Debt in current dollars , p. 127 , divided by inflation adjuster . Jump up ^ Budget FY2009 . GDP ( gross domestic product ) in current dollars , p. 194 . Jump up ^ Budget FY2009 . GDP ( gross domestic product ) in current dollars , p. 194 , divided by inflation adjuster . References ( edit ) Budget of the United States Government , Fiscal Year 2007 . Budget of the United States Government , Fiscal Year 2009 . Budget of the United States Government , Fiscal Year 2012 . External links ( edit ) United States National Debt Tracker , including interactive historical graphs and relationship to GDP . Stephen Bloch . `` U.S. Federal Deficits and Presidents '' . home.adelphi.edu . Retrieved August 9 , 2010 . Brad DeLong ( November 20 , 2009 ) . `` Comparing Debt - to - GDP Ratios with Presidential Terms '' . Seeking Alpha . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 09 . Brad DeLong ( May 1 , 2008 ) . `` Short - Term Costs of Long - Run Fiscal Stupidity -- Grasping Reality with Both Hands '' . Delong.typepad.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 09 . Scott Willeke ( March 2 , 2010 ) . `` United States Deficit & Debt During Presidents from 1969 -- 2019 '' . Blog.scott.willeke.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 09 . Steve Stoft . `` U.S. National Debt Graph : What the Press Wo n't Tell You '' . Zfacts.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 09 . Leonhardt , David . `` Democrats are the real fiscal conservatives '' . New York Times . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_public_debt&oldid=841615069 '' Categories : National debt of the United States Government finances in the United States Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles in need of updating from January 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Use mdy dates from February 2013 Articles needing additional references from May 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018 , at 22 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20United%20States%20public%20debt
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what is the meaning of the proverb still waters run deep
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Still waters run deep is a proverb of Latin origin now commonly taken to mean that a placid exterior hides a passionate or subtle nature . Formerly it also carried the warning that silent people are dangerous , as in Caesar 's summing up of Cassius in William Shakespeare 's play Julius Caesar I. 2.195 -- 6 :
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commonly taken to mean that a placid exterior hides a passionate or subtle nature
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Still waters run deep
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still waters run deep
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Still waters run deep is a proverb of Latin origin now commonly taken to mean that a placid exterior hides a passionate or subtle nature . Formerly it also carried the warning that silent people are dangerous , as in Caesar 's summing up of Cassius in William Shakespeare 's play Julius Caesar I. 2.195 -- 6 :
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Yon Cassius hath a lean and hungry look . He thinks too much . Such men are dangerous . This interpretation was also given currency in the commentaries of those who based a fable on the saying . According to the Oxford Concise Dictionary of Proverbs , the first mention of the proverb appears in Classical times in the form altissima quaeque flumina minimo sono labi ( the deepest rivers flow with least sound ) in a history of Alexander the Great by Quintus Rufus Curtius and is there claimed as being of Bactrian origin . The earliest mention in English sources goes back to 1400 . The fable ( edit ) J.J. Grandville 's interpretation of La Fontaine 's fable from the 1855 edition In about 1490 the Italian writer Laurentius Abstemius expanded the proverb into a short fable in Latin titled De rustico amnem transituro in his Hecatomythium and this was subsequently included in European collections of Aesop 's fables . In 1692 Roger L'Estrange included an outline of the Abstemius version in his edition of the fables under the title of A Country - man and a River , along with the interpretation that men of few words are dangerous : A Country - man that was to pass a River , sounded it up and down to try where it was most fordable : and upon Trial he made this Observation o n't : Where the Water ran Smooth , he found it Deepest ; and on the contrary , Shallowest where it made most Noise . There 's More Danger in a Reserv 'd and Silent , than in a Noisy , Babbling Enemy . Slightly earlier than L'Estrange's translation , there was an amplified version of the story in La Fontaine 's Fables under the title `` The torrent and the river '' ( Le torrent et la rivière , VIII. 23 ) . It tells of a man trying to escape a robber who easily fords a turbulent stream but drowns in a smooth - flowing river , ending on the caution that ' Silent folk are dangerous ' . The French proverb that is the nearest equivalent to the English ' still waters run deep ' also emphasizes this danger : ' no water is worse than quiet water ' ( Il n'est pire eau que l'eau qui dort ) . When the caricaturist J.J. Grandville illustrated La Fontaine 's fable , he further underlined this meaning by transposing it into a seduction scene . In the background a capering donkey and a shrew are advancing along the road , watched by a woman whose hands are clasped by a sleek cat . Unnoticed at her feet , a snake is slithering through the grass . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ De Rebus Gestis Alexandri Magni , VII . iv. 13 Jump up ^ Oxford Concise Dictionary of Proverbs , online version Jump up ^ Laura Gibbs site , AESOPUS : Latin Via Fables Jump up ^ Mythfolklore.net Jump up ^ An English version William Shakespeare 's Julius Caesar Characters Julius Caesar Mark Antony Octavius Lepidus Flavius Marullus Cicero Calpurnia Portia Cinna Titinius Messala Young Cato Volumnius Conspirators Marcus Brutus Cassius Casca Decius Brutus Cinna Metellus Cimber Trebonius Caius Ligarius Sources Parallel Lives On screen 1950 1953 The Spread of the Eagle ( 1963 ; TV ) 1970 1979 ( TV ) 1994 ( TV ) Adaptations La morte di Cesare ( 1788 ) Shakespeare Writing `` Julius Caesar '' ( 1907 ) Caesar ( 1937 ) Die Ermordung Cäsars ( 1959 ) Dead Caesar ( 2007 ) The Karaoke King ( 2007 ) Roman Tragedies ( 2007 ) Quotes `` The dogs of war '' `` Et tu , Brute ? '' `` Friends , Romans , countrymen , lend me your ears '' `` Greek to me '' Music Julius Caesar ( overture , 1851 ) Related Cultural depictions of Julius Caesar Assassination of Julius Caesar Caesar 's Comet Ides of March Battle of Philippi Me and Orson Welles ( 2008 ) Caesar Must Die ( 2012 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Still_waters_run_deep&oldid=812368563 '' Categories : Aesop 's Fables Fables by Laurentius Abstemius La Fontaine 's Fables Proverbs Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 13 : 35 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still%20waters%20run%20deep
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foramina of skull and structures passing through them
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Bone Cranial fossa Foramina Number Vessels Nerves frontal - supraorbital foramen supraorbital artery , supraorbital vein supraorbital nerve frontal anterior cranial fossa foramen cecum emissary veins to superior sagittal sinus from the upper part of the nose ethmoid anterior cranial fossa ( osama ) foramina of cribriform plate ~ 20 - olfactory nerve bundles ( I ) ethmoid anterior cranial fossa anterior ethmoidal foramen anterior ethmoidal artery anterior ethmoidal vein anterior ethmoidal nerve ethmoid anterior cranial fossa posterior ethmoidal foramen posterior ethmoidal artery posterior ethmoidal vein posterior ethmoidal nerve sphenoid - optic canal ophthalmic artery optic nerve ( II ) sphenoid middle cranial fossa superior orbital fissure superior ophthalmic vein oculomotor nerve ( III ) trochlear nerve ( IV ) lacrimal , frontal and nasociliary branches of ophthalmic nerve ( V ) abducent nerve ( VI ) sphenoid middle cranial fossa foramen rotundum - maxillary nerve ( V ) maxilla - incisive foramen / canal / Stenson / Scarpa terminal branch of palatine descendens artery Terminal part of nasopalatine nerve ( V2 ) palatine - greater palatine foramen greater palatine artery greater palatine vein greater palatine nerve palatine and sphenoid - foramen sphenopalatinum sphenopalatina artery sphenopalatina vein nasopalatine nerve rami nasales posteriores superiores ( V2 ) palatine and maxilla - lesser palatine foramina lesser palatine artery lesser palatine vein lesser palatine nerve , greater palatine nerve sphenoid and maxilla - inferior orbital fissure inferior ophthalmic veins infraorbital artery infraorbital vein , tributary of pterygoid plexus zygomatic nerve and infraorbital nerve of maxillary nerve ( V ) orbital branches of pterygopalatine ganglion maxilla - infraorbital foramen infraorbital artery infraorbital vein , tributary of pterygoid plexus infraorbital nerve sphenoid middle cranial fossa foramen ovale accessory meningeal artery , emissary vein connecting cavernous sinus with pterygoid plexus mandibular nerve ( V ) lesser petrosal nerve ( occasionally ) sphenoid middle cranial fossa foramen spinosum middle meningeal artery meningeal branch of the mandibular nerve ( V ) sphenoid middle cranial fossa foramen lacerum artery of pterygoid canal , Meningeal branch of ascending pharyngeal artery , Occipital artery , emissary vein nerve of pterygoid canal through its anterior wall . temporal posterior cranial fossa internal acoustic meatus labyrinthine artery facial nerve ( VII ) , vestibulocochlear nerve ( VIII ) temporal posterior cranial fossa jugular foramen internal jugular vein , inferior petrosal sinus , sigmoid sinus , Occipital artery glossopharyngeal nerve ( IX ) , vagus nerve ( X ) , accessory nerve ( XI ) occipital posterior cranial fossa hypoglossal canal - hypoglossal nerve ( XII ) occipital posterior cranial fossa foramen magnum anterior and posterior spinal arteries , vertebral arteries lowest part of medulla oblongata , three meninges , ascending spinal fibers of accessory nerve ( XI ) temporal posterior cranial fossa stylomastoid foramen stylomastoid artery facial nerve ( VII )
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List of foramina of the human body
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list of foramina of the human body
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This page lists foramina that occur in the human body .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Skull 2 Spine 3 Other 4 References Skull ( edit ) Image of base of the skull with several of the foramina labeled . The human skull has numerous holes ( foramina ) through which cranial nerves , arteries , veins and other structures pass . These foramina vary in size and number with age . Bone Cranial fossa Foramina Number Vessels Nerves frontal - supraorbital foramen supraorbital artery , supraorbital vein supraorbital nerve frontal anterior cranial fossa foramen cecum emissary veins to superior sagittal sinus from the upper part of the nose ethmoid anterior cranial fossa ( osama ) foramina of cribriform plate ~ 20 - olfactory nerve bundles ( I ) ethmoid anterior cranial fossa anterior ethmoidal foramen anterior ethmoidal artery anterior ethmoidal vein anterior ethmoidal nerve ethmoid anterior cranial fossa posterior ethmoidal foramen posterior ethmoidal artery posterior ethmoidal vein posterior ethmoidal nerve sphenoid - optic canal ophthalmic artery optic nerve ( II ) sphenoid middle cranial fossa superior orbital fissure superior ophthalmic vein oculomotor nerve ( III ) trochlear nerve ( IV ) lacrimal , frontal and nasociliary branches of ophthalmic nerve ( V ) abducent nerve ( VI ) sphenoid middle cranial fossa foramen rotundum - maxillary nerve ( V ) maxilla - incisive foramen / canal / Stenson / Scarpa terminal branch of palatine descendens artery Terminal part of nasopalatine nerve ( V2 ) palatine - greater palatine foramen greater palatine artery greater palatine vein greater palatine nerve palatine and sphenoid - foramen sphenopalatinum sphenopalatina artery sphenopalatina vein nasopalatine nerve rami nasales posteriores superiores ( V2 ) palatine and maxilla - lesser palatine foramina lesser palatine artery lesser palatine vein lesser palatine nerve , greater palatine nerve sphenoid and maxilla - inferior orbital fissure inferior ophthalmic veins infraorbital artery infraorbital vein , tributary of pterygoid plexus zygomatic nerve and infraorbital nerve of maxillary nerve ( V ) orbital branches of pterygopalatine ganglion maxilla - infraorbital foramen infraorbital artery infraorbital vein , tributary of pterygoid plexus infraorbital nerve sphenoid middle cranial fossa foramen ovale accessory meningeal artery , emissary vein connecting cavernous sinus with pterygoid plexus mandibular nerve ( V ) lesser petrosal nerve ( occasionally ) sphenoid middle cranial fossa foramen spinosum middle meningeal artery meningeal branch of the mandibular nerve ( V ) sphenoid middle cranial fossa foramen lacerum artery of pterygoid canal , Meningeal branch of ascending pharyngeal artery , Occipital artery , emissary vein nerve of pterygoid canal through its anterior wall . temporal posterior cranial fossa internal acoustic meatus labyrinthine artery facial nerve ( VII ) , vestibulocochlear nerve ( VIII ) temporal posterior cranial fossa jugular foramen internal jugular vein , inferior petrosal sinus , sigmoid sinus , Occipital artery glossopharyngeal nerve ( IX ) , vagus nerve ( X ) , accessory nerve ( XI ) occipital posterior cranial fossa hypoglossal canal - hypoglossal nerve ( XII ) occipital posterior cranial fossa foramen magnum anterior and posterior spinal arteries , vertebral arteries lowest part of medulla oblongata , three meninges , ascending spinal fibers of accessory nerve ( XI ) temporal posterior cranial fossa stylomastoid foramen stylomastoid artery facial nerve ( VII ) Base of the skull . Upper surface Base of the skull . Inferior surface , attachment of muscles marked in red Spine ( edit ) Main article : Intervertebral foramina Within the vertebral column ( spine ) of vertebrates , including the human spine , each bone has an opening at both its top and bottom to allow nerves , arteries , veins , etc. to pass through . Other ( edit ) Apical foramen , the hole at the tip of the root of a tooth Foramen ovale ( heart ) , a hole between the venous and arterial sides of the fetal heart Foramen transversarium , one of a pair of openings in each cervical vertebra , in which the vertebral artery travels Greater sciatic foramen , a major foramen of the pelvis Interventricular foramen , channels connecting ventricles in the brain Lesser sciatic foramen , an opening between the pelvis and the posterior thigh Obturator foramen , the hole created by the ischium and pubis bones of the pelvis Vertebral foramen , the foramen formed by the anterior segment ( the body ) , and the posterior part , the vertebral arch . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kalmey JK1 , Thewissen JG , Dluzen DE ( July 1998 ) . `` Age - related size reduction of foramina in the cribriform plate '' . Anat Rec. 251 ( 3 ) : 326 -- 9 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Patron V , Berkaoui J , Jankowski R , Lechapt - Zalcman E , Moreau S , Hitier M ( Sep 2015 ) . `` The forgotten foramina : a study of the anterior cribriform plate '' . Surg Radiol Anat. 37 ( 7 ) : 835 -- 40 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Chaurasia , BD ( 2013 ) . BD Chaurasia 's Human Anatomy Volume 3 . New Delhi : CBS Publishers and Distributors PVT Ltd. p. 56 - 57 . ISBN 9788123923321 . ( hide ) Foramina of the skull ( and canals , fissures , meatus , and hiatus ) Anterior cranial fossa to Orbit : ethmoidal foramina anterior posterior to Nasal cavity : olfactory foramina ( CN - I ) foramen cecum Middle cranial fossa to Orbit : optic canal ( CN - II ) superior orbital fissure ( CN - III , IV , V1 , VI ) to Pterygopalatine fossa : foramen rotundum ( CN - V2 ) pterygoid canal to Infratemporal fossa : foramen ovale ( CN - V3 ) foramen spinosum / carotid canal other : foramen lacerum hiatus for greater petrosal nerve hiatus for lesser petrosal nerve sphenoidal emissary foramen Posterior cranial fossa internal auditory meatus / facial canal / stylomastoid foramen ( CN - VII , VIII ) jugular foramen ( CN - IX , X , XI ) foramen magnum ( CN - XI ) hypoglossal canal ( CN - XII ) condylar canal mastoid foramen Orbit to Nasal cavity : nasolacrimal canal to face : supraorbital notch foramen infraorbital foramen groove zygomatic foramen - facial - temporal to Pterygopalatine fossa : inferior orbital fissure other : Inferior orbital fissure Fossa for lacrimal sac Pterygopalatine fossa to Nasal cavity : sphenopalatine foramen to Oral cavity : greater palatine canal foramen lesser palatine canals foramina to Infratemporal fossa : pterygomaxillary fissure to Nasopharynx : palatovaginal canal to oral cavity : incisive canals incisive foramen to nasal cavity : Foramen vomerinum Meatus vomerinus Fissura vomerina Hiatus vomerinus Other external acoustic meatus mandibular foramen mental foramen parietal foramen petrotympanic fissure semilunar hiatus Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_foramina_of_the_human_body&oldid=797591028 '' Categories : Lists of human anatomical features Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2017 , at 02 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20foramina%20of%20the%20human%20body
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where will the super rugby final 2017 be played
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2017 Super Rugby season
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2017 super rugby season
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The 2017 Super Rugby season was the 22nd season of Super Rugby , an annual rugby union competition organised by SANZAAR between teams from Argentina , Australia , Japan , New Zealand and South Africa . It was the second season featuring an expanded 18 - team format , following the competition 's expansion from 15 teams prior to the 2016 season .
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After 17 rounds of matches between 23 February and 15 July -- with Rounds 15 and 16 split due to the 2017 mid-year rugby union internationals and British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand -- four conference winners and four wildcard teams progressed to the finals series , which will consist of quarterfinals , semifinals and a final on 5 August . Contents ( hide ) 1 Competition format 1.1 Changes for 2018 2 Standings 2.1 Round - by - round 3 Matches 4 Finals 4.1 Qualifiers 4.2 Semifinals 4.3 Final 5 Players 5.1 Squads 6 Referees 7 References 8 External links Competition format ( edit ) The 18 participating teams were divided into two geographical groups , each consisting of two conferences : the Australasian Group , with five teams in the Australian Conference and five teams in the New Zealand Conference , and the South African Group , with six South African teams , one Argentine team and one Japanese team split into two four - team conferences -- an Africa 1 Conference and an Africa 2 Conference . In the group stages , there were 17 rounds of matches , where each team played 15 matches and had two rounds of byes for a total of 135 matches . Due to the British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand in June and July , Rounds 15 and 16 were split ; Round 15 of the Australian and New Zealand Conferences were played on the weekend of 3 June , with Round 16 of the New Zealand Conference scheduled for the following week . The South African Conference Round 15 matches were played on the weekend of 1 July , with the Round 16 matches for the Australian and South African conferences scheduled for a week later . Teams played six intra-conference matches ; in the four - team African Conferences , each team played the other three teams in their conference at home and away , while in the five - team Australasian Conferences , each team played two teams home and away and once against the other two teams ( one at home and one away ) . The other nine matches were a single round of matches against each team in the other conference in their group , as well as against each team from one of the conferences in the other group . For 2017 , the teams in Africa 1 played the teams in the New Zealand Conference , while the teams in Africa 2 played the teams in the Australian Conference . The top team in each of the four conferences qualified for the quarterfinals . The next three highest - ranked teams in the Australasian Group and the next highest - ranked team in the South African group also qualified to the quarterfinals as wildcards . The conference winners were seeded # 1 to # 4 for the quarterfinals , in order of log points gained during the group stages , while the wildcards were seeded as # 5 to # 8 in order of log points gained during the group stages . In the quarterfinals , the conference winners hosted the first round of the finals , with the highest - seeded conference winner hosting the fourth - seeded wildcard entry , the second - seeded conference winner hosting the third - seeded wildcard entry , the third - seeded conference winner hosting the second - seeded wildcard entry and the fourth - seeded conference winner hosting the top - seed wildcard entry . The quarterfinal winners progressed to the semifinals . Instead of the following the Shaughnessy playoff format used from 1996 to 2016 , the semi-finals were drawn according to a predetermined bracket . Under the new format , the winner of Quarter - final 1 ( which featured the highest - seeded conference winner and the lowest - seeded wildcard ) will play the winner of Quarter - final 4 ( which featured the fourth - seeded conference winner and the highest - seeded wildcard ) and likewise with the winners of Quarter - finals 2 and 3 . The two semi-final hosts were the highest - seeded winners of their respective quarter - finals . The winners of the semifinals advanced to the final , at the venue of the highest - seeded team . Changes for 2018 ( edit ) On 9 April 2017 , SANZAAR announced that the competition would return to a 15 - team format for 2018 , with two teams from South Africa and one team from Australia being dropped . To ensure five - team conferences , Japanese side the Sunwolves would move from the South African Conference to the Australian Conference . On 7 July 2017 , the South African Rugby Union confirmed that the Cheetahs and Kings were the South African teams that would not participate in the competition going forward , and both those teams joined the Pro14 competition from the 2017 -- 18 season onwards . Standings ( edit ) The final standings for the 2017 Super Rugby season were : 2017 Super Rugby standings watch edit discuss Australasian Group Pos Team PF PA PD TF TA TB LB Pts Crusaders 15 14 0 544 303 + 241 77 37 7 0 63 Brumbies 15 6 0 9 315 279 + 36 41 32 7 34 Hurricanes 15 12 0 596 272 + 324 89 31 9 58 Chiefs 15 12 433 292 + 141 55 30 6 57 5 Highlanders 15 11 0 488 308 + 180 62 40 5 51 6 Blues 15 7 7 425 391 + 34 55 50 37 7 Force 15 6 0 9 313 404 − 91 36 55 26 8 Reds 15 0 11 321 479 − 158 46 61 21 9 Waratahs 15 0 11 396 522 − 126 52 68 19 10 Rebels 15 13 236 569 − 333 23 79 0 9 South African Group Pos Team PF PA PD TF TA TB LB Pts Lions 15 14 0 590 268 + 322 81 27 9 0 65 Stormers 15 10 0 5 490 436 + 54 64 61 0 43 Sharks 15 9 5 392 323 + 69 38 37 42 Jaguares 15 7 0 8 404 386 + 18 49 45 33 5 Kings 15 6 0 9 391 470 − 79 49 60 28 6 Cheetahs 15 0 11 395 551 − 156 46 75 21 7 Bulls 15 0 11 339 459 − 120 39 59 0 20 8 Sunwolves 15 0 13 315 671 − 356 41 96 12 Australian Conference Pos Team Pts Brumbies 34 Force 26 Reds 21 Waratahs 19 5 Rebels 9 New Zealand Conference Pos Team Pts Crusaders 63 Hurricanes 58 Chiefs 57 Highlanders 51 5 Blues 37 Africa 1 Conference Pos Team Pts Stormers 43 Cheetahs 21 Bulls 20 Sunwolves 12 Africa 2 Conference Pos Team Pts Lions 65 Sharks 42 Jaguares 33 Kings 28 Overall Pos Team Pts Lions 65 Crusaders 63 Stormers 43 Brumbies 34 5 Hurricanes 58 6 Chiefs 57 7 Highlanders 51 8 Sharks 42 9 Blues 37 10 Jaguares 33 11 Kings 28 12 Force 26 13 Cheetahs 21 14 Reds 21 15 Bulls 20 16 Waratahs 19 17 Sunwolves 12 18 Rebels 9 ( show ) Legend and Competition rules Legend : Conference leaders , qualify to finals . P = Games Played , W = Games Won , D = Games Drawn , L = Games Lost , PF = Points For , PA = Points Against , PD = Points Difference , TF = Tries For , TA = Tries Against , TB = Try Bonus Points , LB = Losing Bonus Points , Pts = Log Points Wildcard teams , qualify to finals . Dropped from Super Rugby for the 2018 season . Competition rules : Qualification : The top eight teams will qualify to the finals , with their final positions in the overall log determining their seedings in the Quarter Finals . The conference winners will be seeded # 1 to # 4 for the Quarter Finals , in order of log points gained during the group stages , while the wildcards will be seeded as # 5 to # 8 in order of log points gained during the group stages . In the Quarter Finals , the conference winners will host the first round of the finals , with the highest - seeded conference winner hosting the fourth - seeded wildcard entry , the second - seeded conference winner hosting the third - seeded wildcard entry , the third - seeded conference winner hosting the second - seeded wildcard entry and the fourth - seeded conference winner hosting the top - seed wildcard entry . The Quarter Final winners will progress to the Semi-Finals , where the winners of Quarter Finals 1 and 4 will play each other , as well as the winners of Quarter Finals 2 and 3 , each tie hosted by the higher - seeded team . The winner of the Semi-Finals will progress to the Final , again to be held at the venue of the highest - seeded team . Points breakdown : * 4 points for a win * 2 points for a draw * 1 bonus point for a loss by seven points or less * 1 bonus point for scoring at least three tries more than the opponent in a match Classification : Teams standings are calculated as follows : * Conference Leaders ( i.e. conference leaders will always be ranked at the top ) * Log points * Number of games won * Overall points difference * Number of tries scored * Overall try difference Round - by - round ( edit ) The table below shows each team 's progression throughout the season . For each round , their cumulative points total is shown with the overall log position in brackets : ( hide ) Team Progression -- Australasian Group Team R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10 R11 R12 R13 R14 R15 R16 R17 QF SF Final Crusaders ( 5th ) 8 ( 4th ) 12 ( 3rd ) 16 ( 3rd ) 21 ( 1st ) 26 ( 1st ) 26 ( 1st ) 31 ( 1st ) 36 ( 1st ) 41 ( 1st ) 46 ( 1st ) 50 ( 1st ) 54 ( 1st ) 59 ( 1st ) 63 ( 1st ) 63 ( 1st ) 63 ( 1st ) Won Won Won Brumbies ( 7th ) ( 8th ) 6 ( 2nd ) 10 ( 2nd ) 11 ( 2nd ) 11 ( 2nd ) 16 ( 2nd ) 17 ( 2nd ) 17 ( 2nd ) 18 ( 2nd ) 18 ( 2nd ) 19 ( 2nd ) 23 ( 2nd ) 28 ( 2nd ) 33 ( 2nd ) 34 ( 2nd ) 34 ( 2nd ) Lost N / A N / A Hurricanes 5 ( 1st ) 10 ( 1st ) 10 ( 4th ) 15 ( 4th ) 15 ( 4th ) 20 ( 4th ) 24 ( 3rd ) 28 ( 4th ) 33 ( 3rd ) 33 ( 4th ) 38 ( 4th ) 38 ( 4th ) 43 ( 3rd ) 48 ( 3rd ) 53 ( 3rd ) 54 ( 3rd ) 58 ( 3rd ) Won Lost N / A Chiefs 5 ( 4th ) 10 ( 3rd ) 14 ( 1st ) 19 ( 1st ) 19 ( 3rd ) 24 ( 3rd ) 24 ( 4th ) 29 ( 3rd ) 33 ( 4th ) 37 ( 3rd ) 42 ( 3rd ) 42 ( 3rd ) 43 ( 4th ) 45 ( 5th ) 49 ( 4th ) 53 ( 4th ) 57 ( 4th ) Won Lost N / A Highlanders 0 ( 9th ) ( 9th ) 5 ( 8th ) 5 ( 8th ) 9 ( 6th ) 14 ( 6th ) 18 ( 5th ) 18 ( 5th ) 23 ( 5th ) 28 ( 5th ) 32 ( 5th ) 36 ( 5th ) 41 ( 5th ) 45 ( 4th ) 46 ( 5th ) 46 ( 5th ) 51 ( 5th ) Lost N / A N / A Blues 5 ( 3rd ) 5 ( 5th ) 6 ( 5th ) 6 ( 5th ) 11 ( 5th ) 15 ( 5th ) 16 ( 6th ) 17 ( 6th ) 17 ( 6th ) 22 ( 6th ) 26 ( 6th ) 31 ( 6th ) 31 ( 6th ) 33 ( 6th ) 37 ( 6th ) 37 ( 6th ) 37 ( 6th ) N / A N / A N / A Force ( 8th ) 5 ( 2nd ) 5 ( 7th ) 5 ( 7th ) 5 ( 9th ) 5 ( 9th ) 9 ( 7th ) 9 ( 8th ) 9 ( 8th ) 9 ( 9th ) 9 ( 9th ) 13 ( 9th ) 13 ( 9th ) 17 ( 8th ) 17 ( 8th ) 21 ( 7th ) 26 ( 7th ) N / A N / A N / A Reds ( 6th ) 5 ( 6th ) 6 ( 6th ) 6 ( 6th ) 6 ( 8th ) 6 ( 8th ) 6 ( 9th ) 10 ( 7th ) 10 ( 7th ) 11 ( 8th ) 11 ( 8th ) 16 ( 7th ) 16 ( 8th ) 16 ( 9th ) 17 ( 9th ) 21 ( 8th ) 21 ( 8th ) N / A N / A N / A Waratahs ( 2nd ) ( 7th ) ( 9th ) ( 9th ) 8 ( 7th ) 8 ( 7th ) 8 ( 8th ) 8 ( 9th ) 9 ( 9th ) 13 ( 7th ) 14 ( 7th ) 14 ( 8th ) 19 ( 7th ) 19 ( 7th ) 19 ( 7th ) 19 ( 9th ) 19 ( 9th ) N / A N / A N / A Rebels 0 ( 10th ) 0 ( 10th ) 0 ( 10th ) 0 ( 10th ) ( 10th ) ( 10th ) ( 10th ) 5 ( 10th ) 7 ( 10th ) 7 ( 10th ) 7 ( 10th ) 8 ( 10th ) 8 ( 10th ) 8 ( 10th ) 8 ( 10th ) 8 ( 10th ) 9 ( 10th ) N / A N / A N / A Team Progression -- South African Group Team R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10 R11 R12 R13 R14 R15 R16 R17 QF SF Final Lions ( 3rd ) 9 ( 1st ) 9 ( 4th ) 14 ( 3rd ) 19 ( 1st ) 23 ( 1st ) 23 ( 2nd ) 28 ( 1st ) 32 ( 1st ) 37 ( 1st ) 42 ( 1st ) 46 ( 1st ) 51 ( 1st ) 56 ( 1st ) 61 ( 1st ) 61 ( 1st ) 65 ( 1st ) Won Won Lost Stormers ( 1st ) 8 ( 2nd ) 13 ( 1st ) 13 ( 2nd ) 17 ( 2nd ) 22 ( 2nd ) 26 ( 1st ) 26 ( 2nd ) 26 ( 2nd ) 26 ( 2nd ) 26 ( 2nd ) 26 ( 2nd ) 30 ( 2nd ) 30 ( 2nd ) 34 ( 2nd ) 39 ( 2nd ) 43 ( 2nd ) Lost N / A N / A Sharks ( 4th ) 5 ( 5th ) 9 ( 2nd ) 13 ( 4th ) 17 ( 4th ) 18 ( 4th ) 22 ( 3rd ) 22 ( 3rd ) 24 ( 3rd ) 28 ( 3rd ) 32 ( 3rd ) 33 ( 3rd ) 38 ( 3rd ) 42 ( 3rd ) 42 ( 3rd ) 42 ( 3rd ) 42 ( 3rd ) Lost N / A N / A Jaguares ( 2nd ) 5 ( 3rd ) 9 ( 3rd ) 14 ( 1st ) 18 ( 3rd ) 18 ( 3rd ) 19 ( 4th ) 19 ( 4th ) 20 ( 4th ) 20 ( 4th ) 24 ( 4th ) 24 ( 4th ) 24 ( 4th ) 24 ( 4th ) 25 ( 4th ) 29 ( 4th ) 33 ( 4th ) N / A N / A N / A Kings 0 ( 7th ) ( 6th ) ( 6th ) 5 ( 7th ) 5 ( 7th ) 5 ( 7th ) 6 ( 7th ) 6 ( 7th ) 10 ( 6th ) 15 ( 5th ) 15 ( 5th ) 19 ( 5th ) 19 ( 5th ) 19 ( 5th ) 23 ( 5th ) 27 ( 5th ) 28 ( 5th ) N / A N / A N / A Cheetahs ( 5th ) 5 ( 4th ) 9 ( 5th ) 9 ( 5th ) 9 ( 5th ) 9 ( 5th ) 9 ( 5th ) 9 ( 6th ) 10 ( 7th ) 10 ( 7th ) 11 ( 7th ) 11 ( 7th ) 11 ( 7th ) 16 ( 6th ) 17 ( 7th ) 17 ( 7th ) 21 ( 6th ) N / A N / A N / A Bulls 0 ( 6th ) ( 7th ) ( 7th ) 5 ( 6th ) 5 ( 6th ) 5 ( 6th ) 6 ( 6th ) 10 ( 5th ) 14 ( 5th ) 14 ( 6th ) 14 ( 6th ) 15 ( 6th ) 15 ( 6th ) 15 ( 7th ) 19 ( 6th ) 20 ( 6th ) 20 ( 7th ) N / A N / A N / A Sunwolves 0 ( 8th ) 0 ( 8th ) ( 8th ) ( 8th ) ( 8th ) ( 8th ) 5 ( 8th ) 5 ( 8th ) 5 ( 8th ) 6 ( 8th ) 7 ( 8th ) 7 ( 8th ) 7 ( 8th ) 7 ( 8th ) 7 ( 8th ) 7 ( 8th ) 12 ( 8th ) N / A N / A N / A Key : win draw loss bye Matches ( edit ) Main article : List of 2017 Super Rugby matches The fixtures for the 2017 Super Rugby competition were released on 20 September 2016 . The following matches were played during the regular season : Home \ Away BLU BRU BUL CHE CHI CRU FOR HIG HUR JAG KIN LIO REB RED SHA STO SUN WAR Blues -- -- 38 -- 14 50 -- 32 16 -- 16 -- 24 -- 15 12 -- 16 24 -- 28 -- -- -- -- 34 -- 29 -- -- -- -- Brumbies 12 -- 18 -- -- -- -- -- 25 -- 17 13 -- 18 -- -- -- 6 -- 13 32 -- 3 43 -- 10 22 -- 27 -- -- -- Bulls -- -- -- 20 -- 14 -- 24 -- 62 -- 10 -- 17 20 -- 34 26 -- 13 30 -- 31 -- -- -- -- 33 -- 41 34 -- 21 -- Cheetahs -- -- 34 -- 28 -- 27 -- 41 21 -- 48 -- 41 -- 45 -- -- -- 25 -- 28 -- -- 30 -- 38 34 -- 40 38 -- 31 -- Chiefs 41 -- 26 28 -- 10 28 -- 12 -- -- 24 -- 31 -- -- 26 -- 18 -- -- -- -- 46 -- 17 -- -- 27 -- 20 46 -- 31 Crusaders 33 -- 24 17 -- 13 -- -- -- -- 45 -- 17 25 -- 22 20 -- 12 -- -- -- -- -- -- 57 -- 24 50 -- 3 -- Force -- -- -- -- 7 -- 16 -- -- 6 -- 55 12 -- 34 -- 46 -- 41 15 -- 24 31 -- 22 26 -- 19 -- -- -- 40 -- 11 Highlanders 26 -- 20 -- -- -- 15 -- 24 27 -- 30 -- -- -- -- -- -- 51 -- 12 40 -- 17 -- 57 -- 14 40 -- 15 44 -- 28 Hurricanes -- 56 -- 21 -- 61 -- 7 14 -- 17 31 -- 22 -- 41 -- 15 -- -- -- -- 71 -- 6 -- -- 41 -- 22 -- 38 -- 28 Jaguares -- 15 -- 39 -- 41 -- 14 -- -- 6 -- 16 -- -- -- 30 -- 31 36 -- 24 -- 22 -- 8 25 -- 33 -- 46 -- 39 -- Kings -- 10 -- 19 -- 20 -- 21 -- -- -- -- -- 26 -- 39 -- 19 -- 42 44 -- 3 -- 35 -- 32 10 -- 41 -- -- Lions -- -- 51 -- 14 -- -- -- -- -- -- 24 -- 21 54 -- 10 -- -- 44 -- 14 34 -- 29 -- 94 -- 7 55 -- 36 Rebels 18 -- 56 19 -- 17 -- -- 14 -- 27 19 -- 41 -- -- -- 29 -- 32 -- 10 -- 47 -- 24 -- 29 -- -- -- 25 -- 32 Reds -- 16 -- 15 -- -- -- 20 -- 22 26 -- 40 -- 15 -- 34 -- 47 -- 34 -- -- -- 28 -- 26 -- -- 26 -- 29 Sharks -- -- 17 -- 30 -- -- -- 37 -- 12 -- -- 18 -- 13 19 -- 17 10 -- 27 9 -- 9 -- -- 22 -- 10 -- 37 -- 14 Stormers 30 -- 22 -- 37 -- 24 53 -- 10 34 -- 26 -- -- -- -- 32 -- 25 -- 16 -- 29 -- -- -- -- 52 -- 15 -- Sunwolves 48 -- 21 -- 21 -- 20 7 -- 47 -- -- -- -- 17 -- 83 -- 23 -- 37 -- -- -- 17 -- 38 31 -- 44 -- -- Waratahs 33 -- 40 12 -- 28 -- -- -- 22 -- 41 19 -- 13 -- -- 27 -- 40 24 -- 26 -- 50 -- 23 -- -- -- -- -- Source : http://www.sanzarrugby.com/superrugby/fixtures/2017-super-rugby Colours : Blue = home team win ; Yellow = draw ; Red = away team win . Finals ( edit ) The four conference winners advanced to the Quarter Finals , where they had home advantage against four wildcard teams , which consisted of the third to fifth - ranked teams in the Australasian Group and the third - ranked team in the South African Group . The final seedings of these teams were : Conference leaders Pos Team PF PA PD TF TA TB LB Pts Lions 15 14 0 590 268 + 322 81 27 9 0 65 Crusaders 15 14 0 544 303 + 241 77 37 7 0 63 Stormers 15 10 0 5 490 436 + 54 64 61 0 43 Brumbies 15 6 0 9 315 279 + 36 41 32 7 34 Wildcard teams 5 Hurricanes 15 12 0 596 272 + 324 89 31 9 58 6 Chiefs 15 12 433 292 + 141 55 30 6 57 7 Highlanders 15 11 0 488 308 + 180 62 40 5 51 8 Sharks 15 9 5 392 323 + 69 38 37 42 The play - off fixtures were as follows : Qualifiers Semi-finals Final 22 July -- Johannesburg Lions 23 29 July -- Johannesburg Sharks 21 Lions 44 21 July -- Canberra Hurricanes 29 Brumbies 16 5 August -- Johannesburg Hurricanes 35 Lions 17 22 July -- Christchurch Crusaders 25 Crusaders 17 29 July -- Christchurch Highlanders 0 Crusaders 27 22 July -- Cape Town Chiefs 13 Stormers 11 Chiefs 17 Qualifiers ( edit ) 21 July 2017 Brumbies 16 -- 35 Hurricanes GIO Stadium , Canberra 19 : 35 Try : James Dargaville 3 ' Joshua Mann - Rea 15 ' Pen : Wharenui Hawera 11 ' , 28 ' ( 2 / 2 ) Report Scoreboard Try : Wes Goosen 7 ' , 75 ' Jordie Barrett 25 ' TJ Perenara 68 ' Con : Jordie Barrett 25 ' , 69 ' , 76 ' ( 3 / 4 ) Pen : Jordie Barrett 38 ' , 48 ' , 65 ' ( 3 / 3 ) Cards : Jeffery Toomaga - Allen 40 ' to 50 ' Referee : Glen Jackson 22 July 2017 Crusaders 17 -- 0 Highlanders AMI Stadium , Christchurch 19 : 35 Try : Joe Moody 32 ' Codie Taylor 39 ' Con : Richie Mo'unga 33 ' , 40 ' ( 2 / 2 ) Pen : Richie Mo'unga 5 ' ( 1 / 4 ) Report Scoreboard Cards : Liam Squire 4 ' to 14 ' Referee : Angus Gardner 22 July 2017 Lions 23 -- 21 Sharks Ellis Park Stadium , Johannesburg 14 : 30 Try : Franco Mostert 47 ' Jaco Kriel 51 ' Lionel Mapoe 60 ' Con : Elton Jantjies 61 ' Pen : Elton Jantjies 9 ' Ruan Combrinck 77 ' Cards : Franco Mostert 64 ' to 74 ' Report Scoreboard Try : Kobus van Wyk 10 ' Dan du Preez 65 ' Con : Curwin Bosch 66 ' Pen : Curwin Bosch 34 ' , 39 ' Drop : Curwin Bosch 16 ' Cards : Stephan Lewies 45 ' to 55 ' Referee : Marius van der Westhuizen 22 July 2017 Stormers 11 -- 17 Chiefs Newlands Stadium , Cape Town 17 : 00 Try : Siya Kolisi 44 ' Pen : SP Marais 23 ' , 62 ' ( 2 / 3 ) Report Scoreboard Try : Shaun Stevenson 75 ' Pen : Damian McKenzie 29 ' , 31 ' , 38 ' , 51 ' ( 4 / 4 ) Cards : Sam Cane 59 ' to 69 ' Referee : Jaco Peyper Semifinals ( edit ) 29 July 2017 Crusaders 27 -- 13 Chiefs AMI Stadium , Christchurch 19 : 35 Try : Bryn Hall 16 ' Israel Dagg 48 ' Seta Tamanivalu 57 ' , 72 ' Con : Richie Mo'unga 17 ' , 58 ' ( 2 / 4 ) Pen : Richie Mo'unga 13 ' ( 1 / 1 ) Report Scoreboard Try : Brodie Retallick 77 ' Con : Damian McKenzie 77 ' ( 1 / 1 ) Pen : Damian McKenzie 26 ' , 37 ' ( 2 / 2 ) Referee : Glen Jackson 29 July 2017 Lions 44 -- 29 Hurricanes Ellis Park Stadium , Johannesburg 14 : 30 Try : Jacques van Rooyen 38 ' Ross Cronjé 43 ' Malcolm Marx 52 ' Harold Vorster 61 ' Elton Jantjies 68 ' Kwagga Smith 73 ' Con : Elton Jantjies 39 ' , 45 ' , 62 ' , 69 ' ( 4 / 6 ) Pen : Elton Jantjies 4 ' , 58 ' ( 2 / 2 ) Report Scoreboard Try : TJ Perenara 6 ' Wes Goosen 10 ' Ardie Savea 29 ' Ngani Laumape 55 ' Con : Jordie Barrett 11 ' , 56 ' ( 2 / 3 ) Beauden Barrett 30 ' ( 1 / 1 ) Pen : Jordie Barrett 19 ' ( 1 / 2 ) Cards : Beauden Barrett 57 ' to 67 ' Referee : Jaco Peyper Final ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Super Rugby Final 5 August 2017 Lions 17 -- 25 Crusaders Ellis Park Stadium , Johannesburg 16 : 00 Try : Malcolm Marx 63 ' Corné Fourie 72 ' Con : Elton Jantjies 64 ' , 72 ' ( 2 / 2 ) Pen : Elton Jantjies 26 ' ( 1 / 1 ) Cards : Kwagga Smith 38 ' Report Scoreboard Try : Seta Tamanivalu 7 ' Jack Goodhue 11 ' Kieran Read 42 ' Con : Richie Mo'unga 8 ' , 43 ' ( 2 / 3 ) Pen : Richie Mo'unga 40 ' , 52 ' ( 2 / 2 ) Referee : Jaco Peyper Players ( edit ) Squads ( edit ) The following squads were named for the 2017 Super Rugby season : Blues squad ( show ) Forwards Gerard Cowley - Tuioti Epalahame Faiva Charlie Faumuina Blake Gibson Josh Goodhue Alex Hodgman Akira Ioane Jerome Kaino Steve Luatua Sione Mafileo Pauliasi Manu Matt Moulds James Parsons Sam Prattley Leighton Price Kara Pryor Scott Scrafton Murphy Taramai Patrick Tuipulotu Jimmy Tupou Ofa Tu'ungafasi Did not play : Brandon Nansen Backs Michael Collins Matt Duffie T.J. Faiane Piers Francis Bryn Gatland Billy Guyton Rieko Ioane George Moala Melani Nanai Sam Nock Declan O'Donnell Stephen Perofeta Augustine Pulu Rene Ranger Jordan Trainor Ihaia West Sonny Bill Williams Did not play : Matt Vaega Coach Tana Umaga Brumbies squad ( show ) Forwards Robbie Abel Allan Alaalatoa Chris Alcock Ben Alexander Rory Arnold Jarrad Butler Sam Carter Tom Cusack Blake Enever Saia Fainga'a Lolo Fakaosilea Scott Fardy Ben Hyne Les Makin Joshua Mann - Rea Nic Mayhew Jordan Smiler Scott Sio Faalelei Sione Tom Staniforth Did not play : Rob Valetini Backs Nigel Ah Wong Tom Banks Tomás Cubelli James Dargaville Kyle Godwin Wharenui Hawera Jordan Jackson - Hope Tevita Kuridrani Christian Lealiifano Ryan Lonergan Andy Muirhead Joe Powell De Wet Roos Andrew Smith Henry Speight Isaac Thompson Aidan Toua Did not play : Anthony Fainga'a Nick Jooste Lausii Taliauli Coach Stephen Larkham Bulls squad ( show ) Forwards Jacobie Adriaanse Shaun Adendorff Arno Botha Renaldo Bothma Lood de Jager Nic de Jager Martin Dreyer Lizo Gqoboka Jason Jenkins John - Roy Jenkinson Jannes Kirsten Hanro Liebenberg Edgar Marutlulle Abongile Nonkontwana Trevor Nyakane Jacques Potgieter Marnus Schoeman Pierre Schoeman RG Snyman Ruan Steenkamp Adriaan Strauss Ruben van Heerden Conraad van Vuuren Jaco Visagie Did not play : Corniel Els Roelof Smit Hendré Stassen Backs Ulrich Beyers Francois Brummer Warrick Gelant Travis Ismaiel Tony Jantjies Jesse Kriel Kefentse Mahlo Duncan Matthews Sibahle Maxwane Franco Naudé Burger Odendaal Rudy Paige Handré Pollard Tian Schoeman Jan Serfontein Jade Stighling Dries Swanepoel Jamba Ulengo Ivan van Zyl Piet van Zyl André Warner Did not play : JT Jackson Johnny Kôtze Luther Obi Coach Nollis Marais Cheetahs squad ( show ) Forwards Justin Basson Tom Botha Uzair Cassiem Aranos Coetzee Chris Dry Joseph Dweba Elandré Huggett Reniel Hugo Niell Jordaan Armandt Koster Charles Marais Danie Mienie Oupa Mohojé Ox Nché Junior Pokomela Boom Prinsloo Paul Schoeman Francois Uys Torsten van Jaarsveld Henco Venter Reinach Venter Carl Wegner Did not play : Jacques du Toit Hilton Lobberts Dennis Visser Backs Rayno Benjamin Clayton Blommetjies Nico Lee JW Jonker Niel Marais Tian Meyer Ali Mgijima Zee Mkhabela Luther Obi Sergeal Petersen Raymond Rhule William Small - Smith Clinton Swart Michael van der Spuy Ruan van Rensburg Francois Venter Shaun Venter Fred Zeilinga Did not play : Ryno Eksteen Coach Franco Smith Chiefs squad ( show ) Forwards Michael Allardice Dominic Bird Lachlan Boshier Mitchell Brown Sam Cane Hika Elliot Siegfried Fisiihoi Kane Hames Nathan Harris Mitchell Karpik Sefo Kautai Nepo Laulala Michael Leitch Liam Messam Brayden Mitchell Atunaisa Moli Liam Polwart Brodie Retallick Aidan Ross Tom Sanders Taleni Seu Sebastian Siataga Samisoni Taukei'aho James Tucker Did not play : Mitchell Graham Matiaha Martin Backs Solomon Alaimalo Finlay Christie Aaron Cruden Stephen Donald Johnny Fa'auli Tawera Kerr - Barlow Anton Lienert - Brown James Lowe Damian McKenzie Sam McNicol Tim Nanai - Williams Alex Nankivell Charlie Ngatai Toni Pulu Shaun Stevenson Jonathan Taumateine Did not play : Glen Fisiiahi Chase Tiatia Brad Weber Coach Dave Rennie Crusaders squad ( show ) Forwards Michael Alaalatoa Scott Barrett Heiden Bedwell - Curtis Jed Brown Wyatt Crockett Whetu Douglas Mitchell Dunshea Owen Franks Vernon Fredericks Ben Funnell Oliver Jager Andrew Makalio Joe Moody Tim Perry Kieran Read Luke Romano Peter Samu Quinten Strange Jordan Taufua Codie Taylor Matt Todd Sam Whitelock Backs Tim Bateman George Bridge Ryan Crotty Israel Dagg Mitchell Drummond Ereatara Enari Leon Fukofuka Jack Goodhue Bryn Hall David Havili Mitchell Hunt Digby Ioane Manasa Mataele Marty McKenzie Richie Mo'unga Seta Tamanivalu Sean Wainui Did not play : Sione Fifita Jone Macilai - Tori Coach Scott Robertson Force squad ( show ) Forwards Jermaine Ainsley Richie Arnold Lewis Carmichael Adam Coleman Pekahou Cowan Ben Daley Tetera Faulkner Richard Hardwick Onehunga Havili Ross Haylett - Petty Matt Hodgson Kane Koteka Ben McCalman Isi Naisarani Matt Philip Tatafu Polota - Nau Anaru Rangi Brynard Stander Heath Tessmann Francois van Wyk Shambeckler Vui Did not play : Angus Cottrell Ben Matwijow Harry Scoble Backs Marcel Brache Luke Burton Robbie Coleman Peter Grant Dane Haylett - Petty Jono Lance Ryan Louwrens Semisi Masirewa Bill Meakes Luke Morahan Alex Newsome Chance Peni Ian Prior Curtis Rona Michael Ruru Mitch Short James Verity - Amm Coach David Wessels Highlanders squad ( show ) Forwards Alex Ainley Liam Coltman Ash Dixon Elliot Dixon Gareth Evans Tom Franklin Siua Halanukonuka Jackson Hemopo Dillon Hunt James Lentjes Daniel Lienert - Brown Craig Millar Guy Millar Greg Pleasants - Tate Sekonaia Pole Dan Pryor Aki Seiuli Adrian Smith Tupou Sopoaga Liam Squire Siate Tokolahi Joe Wheeler Luke Whitelock Did not play : Shane Christie Josh Dickson Backs Marty Banks Richard Buckman Matt Faddes Malakai Fekitoa Kayne Hammington Tevita Li Waisake Naholo Patrick Osborne Josh Renton Aaron Smith Ben Smith Fletcher Smith Lima Sopoaga Rob Thompson Sio Tomkinson Teihorangi Walden Did not play : Jason Emery Hayden Parker Coach Tony Brown Hurricanes squad ( show ) Forwards Mark Abbott Leni Apisai James Blackwell Dane Coles Chris Eves Michael Fatialofa Vaea Fifita Callum Gibbins Toa Halafihi Mike Kainga Sam Lousi Ben May James O'Reilly Reed Prinsep Hugh Renton Ricky Riccitelli Ardie Savea Brad Shields Blade Thomson Jeffery Toomaga - Allen Loni Uhila Did not play : James Broadhurst Geoffrey Cridge Reggie Goodes Backs Pita Ahki Vince Aso Beauden Barrett Jordie Barrett Otere Black Wes Goosen Cory Jane Ben Lam Ngani Laumape Nehe Milner - Skudder TJ Perenara Matt Proctor Julian Savea Chris Smylie Te Toiroa Tahuriorangi Did not play : Kylem O'Donnell Peter Umaga - Jensen Coach Chris Boyd Jaguares squad ( show ) Forwards Matías Alemanno Felipe Arregui Rodrigo Báez Cristian Bartoloni Agustín Creevy Santiago García Botta Ramiro Herrera Marcos Kremer Ignacio Larrague Tomás Lavanini Juan Manuel Leguizamón Tomás Lezana Benjamín Macome Pablo Matera Julián Montoya Lucas Noguera Paz Javier Ortega Desio Guido Petti Pagadizábal Enrique Pieretto Leonardo Senatore Roberto Tejerizo Nahuel Tetaz Chaparro Did not play : Facundo Gigena Juan Cruz Guillemaín Santiago Portillo Backs Gonzalo Bertranou Emiliano Boffelli Santiago Cordero Jerónimo de la Fuente Joaquín Díaz Bonilla Bautista Ezcurra Felipe Ezcurra Santiago González Iglesias Juan Martín Hernández Martín Landajo Manuel Montero Matías Moroni Ramiro Moyano Matías Orlando Nicolás Sánchez Joaquín Tuculet Did not play : Santiago Álvarez Gabriel Ascárate Nicolás Freitas Coach Raúl Pérez Kings squad ( show ) Forwards Martin Bezuidenhout Thembelani Bholi Chris Cloete Schalk Ferreira Justin Forwood Ross Geldenhuys Kurt Haupt Chris Heiberg Irné Herbst Ruaan Lerm Mzamo Majola Giant Mtyanda Andisa Ntsila Tyler Paul Schalk van der Merwe Wilhelm van der Sluys Dayan van der Westhuizen Mike Willemse Stefan Willemse Mzwanele Zito Did not play : Tango Balekile Christiaan de Bruin Cameron Lindsay Sintu Manjezi Wandile Putuma CJ Velleman Backs Coyi Banda Alshaun Bock Chrysander Botha Lionel Cronjé Pieter - Steyn de Wet Ntabeni Dukisa Stokkies Hanekom Malcolm Jaer Berton Klaasen Makazole Mapimpi Wandile Mjekevu Waylon Murray Yaw Penxe Louis Schreuder Ricky Schroeder Johan Steyn Johann Tromp Stefan Ungerer Rudi van Rooyen Luzuko Vulindlu Did not play : Siyanda Grey Neil Maritz Garrick Mattheus Coach Deon Davids Lions squad ( show ) Forwards Ruan Ackermann Cyle Brink Robbie Coetzee Ruan Dreyer Lourens Erasmus Andries Ferreira Corné Fourie Johannes Jonker Jaco Kriel Robert Kruger Malcolm Marx Franco Mostert Marvin Orie Sti Sithole Dylan Smith Kwagga Smith Akker van der Merwe Jacques van Rooyen Hencus van Wyk Warren Whiteley Did not play : Justin Ackerman Fabian Booysen Hacjivah Dayimani Backs Andries Coetzee Ruan Combrinck Ross Cronjé Faf de Klerk Rohan Janse van Rensburg Elton Jantjies Sylvian Mahuza Lionel Mapoe Howard Mnisi Jacques Nel Shaun Reynolds Courtnall Skosan Dillon Smit Madosh Tambwe Jaco van der Walt Anthony Volmink Harold Vorster Coach Johan Ackermann Rebels squad ( show ) Forwards Cruze Ah - Nau Steve Cummins Dominic Day Murray Douglas Colby Fainga'a James Hanson Esei Ha'angana Patrick Leafa Tyrel Lomax Amanaki Mafi Sean McMahon Will Miller Tom Moloney Jordy Reid Culum Retallick Fereti Sa'aga Jake Schatz Siliva Siliva Hugh Sinclair Toby Smith Lopeti Timani Jordan Uelese Laurie Weeks Did not play : Harley Fox Sam Jeffries Rob Leota Tim Metcher Alex Toolis Backs Jack Debreczeni Tom English Jackson Garden - Bachop Harrison Goddard Reece Hodge Mitch Inman Marika Koroibete Jack Maddocks Ben Meehan Sefanaia Naivalu Jonah Placid Michael Snowden Nic Stirzaker Sione Tuipulotu Semisi Tupou Ben Volavola Did not play : Pama Fou Kentaro Kodama Jack McGregor Dennis Pili - Gaitau Dom Shipperley Coach Tony McGahan Reds squad ( show ) Forwards Kane Douglas Sef Fa'agase Reece Hewat Scott Higginbotham Leroy Houston Phil Kite Adam Korczyk Alex Mafi Stephen Moore Cadeyrn Neville Andrew Ready Izack Rodda Kirwan Sanday Rob Simmons James Slipper George Smith Sam Talakai Caleb Timu Hendrik Tui Lukhan Tui Taniela Tupou Markus Vanzati Did not play : Michael Gunn Backs Quade Cooper Nick Frisby Karmichael Hunt Samu Kerevi Chris Kuridrani Campbell Magnay Lachlan Maranta Jake McIntyre Eto Nabuli Jayden Ngamanu Duncan Paia'aua Izaia Perese Moses Sorovi Hamish Stewart James Tuttle Did not play : Chris Feauai - Sautia Henry Taefu Coach Nick Stiles Sharks squad ( show ) Forwards Lourens Adriaanse Hyron Andrews Ruan Botha Stephan Coetzee Jean Droste Dan du Preez Jean - Luc du Preez Thomas du Toit Stephan Lewies Franco Marais John - Hubert Meyer Tendai Mtawarira Tera Mtembu Coenie Oosthuizen Etienne Oosthuizen Chiliboy Ralepelle Juan Schoeman Philip van der Walt Jacques Vermeulen Did not play : Keegan Daniel Jean Deysel Francois Kleinhans Khaya Majola Backs Lukhanyo Am Garth April Curwin Bosch Michael Claassens Johan Deysel André Esterhuizen Benhard Janse van Rensburg Patrick Lambie Marius Louw Lwazi Mvovo Odwa Ndungane S'busiso Nkosi Clément Poitrenaud Inny Radebe Cobus Reinach S'bura Sithole Rhyno Smith Kobus van Wyk Jeremy Ward Did not play : Tristan Blewett Rowan Gouws Hanco Venter Coach Robert du Preez Stormers squad ( show ) Forwards Juarno Augustus Nizaam Carr Jaco Coetzee Jan de Klerk Stephan de Wit Pieter - Steph du Toit Rynhardt Elstadt Eben Etzebeth JC Janse van Rensburg Oli Kebble Steven Kitshoff Siya Kolisi Wilco Louw Frans Malherbe Bongi Mbonambi Sikhumbuzo Notshe Caylib Oosthuizen Ramone Samuels JD Schickerling Kobus van Dyk Frans van Wyk Chris van Zyl Alistair Vermaak Cobus Wiese Did not play : Johan du Toit Dean Muir Marnus Schoeman Chad Solomon Eduard Zandberg Backs Bjorn Basson Kurt Coleman Damian de Allende Juan de Jongh Daniël du Plessis Jean - Luc du Plessis Robert du Preez Dewaldt Duvenage Cheslin Kolbe Dan Kriel Dillyn Leyds SP Marais Godlen Masimla Justin Phillips Seabelo Senatla Brandon Thomson Shaun Treeby Jano Vermaak EW Viljoen Damian Willemse Did not play : Huw Jones Khanyo Ngcukana Coach Robbie Fleck Sunwolves squad ( show ) Forwards Takuma Asahara Willie Britz Uwe Helu Takeshi Hino Shota Horie Malgene Ilaua Keita Inagaki Heiichiro Ito Shokei Kin Takeshi Kizu Koo Ji - won Naohiro Kotaki Shinya Makabe Shuhei Matsuhashi Masataka Mikami Yuhimaru Mimura Liaki Moli Yusuke Niwai Shunsuke Nunomaki Yuya Odo Hitoshi Ono Ed Quirk Atsushi Sakate Yoshitaka Tokunaga Rahboni Warren - Vosayaco Sam Wykes Yasuo Yamaji Koki Yamamoto Kotaro Yatabe Did not play : Kohei Asahori Kyosuke Kajikawa Kazuhiko Usami Backs Derek Carpenter Hayden Cripps Shota Emi Kenki Fukuoka Teruya Goto Timothy Lafaele Rikiya Matsuda Kotaro Matsushima Takaaki Nakazuru Jumpei Ogura Yasutaka Sasakura Kaito Shigeno Hikaru Tamura Yu Tamura Fumiaki Tanaka Harumichi Tatekawa Jamie - Jerry Taulagi Will Tupou Keisuke Uchida Riaan Viljoen Ryohei Yamanaka Yuki Yatomi Did not play : Michael Bond Kazushi Hano Ataata Moeakiola Yutaka Nagare Takahiro Ogawa Coach Filo Tiatia Waratahs squad ( show ) Forwards Jack Dempsey Damien Fitzpatrick Ned Hanigan Jed Holloway Michael Hooper Maclean Jones Sekope Kepu Tolu Latu Dave Lolohea Ryan McCauley David McDuling Dean Mumm Hugh Roach Tom Robertson Paddy Ryan Will Skelton Angus Ta'avao Senio Toleafoa Michael Wells Did not play : Sam Needs Matt Sandell Brad Wilkin Backs Cameron Clark Israel Folau Bernard Foley Jake Gordon Bryce Hegarty Rob Horne David Horwitz Andrew Kellaway Matt Lucas Mack Mason Taqele Naiyaravoro Nick Phipps Reece Robinson Irae Simone Did not play : Andrew Deegan Harry Jones Coach Daryl Gibson Referees ( edit ) The following refereeing panel was appointed by SANZAAR for the 2017 Super Rugby season : 2017 Super Rugby referees ( show ) Argentina Federico Anselmi Australia Nic Berry Angus Gardner Rohan Hoffmann Will Houston Japan Shuhei Kubo New Zealand Nick Briant Mike Fraser Glen Jackson Jamie Nutbrown Ben O'Keeffe Brendon Pickerill Paul Williams South Africa Quinton Immelman Jaco Peyper Rasta Rasivhenge Egon Seconds Marius van der Westhuizen Jaco van Heerden References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Outline of the Super Rugby competition structure '' ( PDF ) . All Blacks. 1 May 2014 . Retrieved 1 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SANZAAR Confirms Super Rugby Fixtures & Finals Format '' . SANZAAR . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand Rugby welcomes Investec Super Rugby revamp '' ( Press release ) . New Zealand Rugby Union . 9 April 2017 . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Future SA Vodacom Super Rugby franchises confirmed '' . South African Rugby Union . 7 July 2017 . Archived from the original on 2 August 2017 . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Statement : Expansion to Guinness PRO14 Championship '' ( Press release ) . Celtic Rugby Limited . 1 August 2017 . Archived from the original on 2 August 2017 . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SA Rugby Log -- 2017 Vodacom Super Rugby '' . South African Rugby Union . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Team with `` Most Wins '' will finish higher in Super Rugby `` . SANZAAR. 12 June 2011 . Retrieved 13 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Super Rugby Schedule Announced '' ( Press release ) . SANZAAR. 20 September 2016 . Archived from the original on 19 September 2016 . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Super Rugby -- Official SANZAAR Site '' . SANZAAR . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricanes book semi-final spot '' . SANZAAR. 21 July 2017 . Archived from the original on 16 August 2017 . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Match Centre : Brumbies 16 - 35 Hurricanes '' . SANZAAR. 21 July 2017 . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Crusaders blank Highlanders '' . SANZAAR. 22 July 2017 . Archived from the original on 16 August 2017 . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Match Centre : Crusaders 17 - 0 Highlanders '' . SANZAAR. 22 July 2017 . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Combrinck the hero for Lions '' . SANZAAR. 23 July 2017 . Archived from the original on 16 August 2017 . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Match Centre : Lions 23 - 21 Sharks '' . SANZAAR. 22 July 2017 . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs squeeze past Stormers in Cape Town '' . SANZAAR. 23 July 2017 . Archived from the original on 16 August 2017 . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Match Centre : Stormers 11 - 17 Chiefs '' . SANZAAR. 22 July 2017 . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ruthless Crusaders book final spot '' . SANZAAR. 29 July 2017 . Archived from the original on 16 August 2017 . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Match Centre : Crusaders 27 - 13 Chiefs '' . SANZAAR. 29 July 2017 . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lions fightback floors Hurricanes '' . SANZAAR. 30 July 2017 . Archived from the original on 16 August 2017 . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Match Centre : Lions 44 - 29 Hurricanes '' . SANZAAR. 29 July 2017 . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Crusaders reclaim Super Rugby crown '' . SANZAAR. 6 August 2017 . Archived from the original on 16 August 2017 . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Match Centre : Lions 17 - 25 Crusaders '' . SANZAAR. 5 August 2017 . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Super Rugby Referee Team '' ( Press release ) . SANZAAR. 6 February 2017 . Archived from the original on 6 February 2017 . Retrieved 6 February 2017 . External links ( edit ) Super Rugby websites : SANZAAR Super Rugby Australia Super Rugby New Zealand Super Rugby `` SA Rugby Competition -- 2016 Vodacom Super Rugby '' . South African Rugby Union . Retrieved 8 June 2016 . Super Rugby Teams Argentina Jaguares Australia Brumbies Rebels Reds Waratahs Japan Sunwolves New Zealand Blues Chiefs Crusaders Highlanders Hurricanes South Africa Bulls Lions Sharks Stormers Former teams Cats Cheetahs Force Kings Super 12 seasons Super 14 seasons 2006 2007 2008 2009 Super Rugby seasons 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Super Rugby finals 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Player transfers 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 SANZAAR Champions Records Centurions Franchise areas Trophy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_Super_Rugby_season&oldid=809046887 '' Categories : 2017 Super Rugby season Super Rugby seasons 2017 in Argentine rugby union 2017 in Australian rugby union 2016 -- 17 in Japanese rugby union 2017 -- 18 in Japanese rugby union 2017 in New Zealand rugby union 2017 in South African rugby union 2017 rugby union tournaments for clubs Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2016 Use dmy dates from September 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Deutsch Español Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 20 : 36 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%20Super%20Rugby%20season
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who plays zuko in the last airbender movie
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Dev Patel as Prince Zuko
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Dev Patel
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The Last Airbender
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the last airbender
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The Last Airbender is a 2010 American action fantasy adventure film written , co-produced , and directed by M. Night Shyamalan . It is based on the first season of the Nickelodeon animated series of the same name . The film stars Noah Ringer as Aang , with Dev Patel as Prince Zuko , Nicola Peltz as Katara , and Jackson Rathbone as Sokka . Development for the film began in 2007 . It was produced by Nickelodeon Movies and distributed by Paramount Pictures . Premiering in New York City on June 30 , 2010 , it opened the following day in the rest of the US , grossing an estimated $16 million .
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The film was universally panned by critics and audiences alike upon release , with many reviewers citing inconsistencies between the plot , screenplay , and source material as well as deriding the acting , writing , casting , and dialogue . However , some praised James Newton Howard 's soundtrack , and the performances from Dev Patel , Aasif Mandvi , and Shaun Toub , while the film 's visual effects received mixed reception . The film swept the Golden Raspberry Awards in 2010 , with five `` wins '' including Worst Picture ; the film is sometimes considered one of the worst ever made . Despite the negative reviews , The Last Airbender opened in second place at the box office behind The Twilight Saga : Eclipse . Produced on a $150 million budget , the film grossed $131 million domestically and $319 million worldwide . It is currently the fourth highest grossing Nickelodeon film , behind The SpongeBob Movie : Sponge Out of Water ( 2015 ) , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2014 ) , and The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Visual effects 3.5 Music 4 Casting controversy 5 Marketing 5.1 Promotion 5.2 Graphic novels 6 Release 6.1 Home media 7 Reception 7.1 Box office 7.2 Critical response 7.3 Creators ' responses 7.4 Director 's responses 7.5 Awards and nominations 8 Possible sequels 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) 15 - year - old Sokka and his 14 - year - old sister , Katara , are near a river at the Southern Water Tribe , a small village in the South Pole . While hunting , they discover an iceberg that when broken open shoots a beam of light into the sky . Inside of the iceberg is a 12 - year - old boy named Aang and a giant flying bison named Appa . Unknown to them , Aang is the long - lost Avatar -- the only person capable of `` bending '' all 4 elements of Air , Water , Earth and Fire . A century has passed since the Fire Nation has declared war on the other 3 nations of Air , Water , and Earth in their attempt to conquer the world . Zuko is the scarred 16 - year - old exiled prince of the Fire Nation on a quest to find the Avatar and bring him to his father , Fire Lord Ozai , so he can regain his honor . Seeing the light that appeared from Aang 's release , Zuko and some Fire Nation soldiers arrive at the Southern Water Tribe to demand the villagers hand over the Avatar . Aang reveals himself and surrenders to Zuko on the condition that he agrees to leave the village alone . On the ship , Aang is tested by Zuko 's paternal uncle Iroh to confirm he is the Avatar . After being informed that he is to be their prisoner for passing the test , Aang escapes using his glider and flies to his flying bison brought by Katara and Sokka . Aang and his new friends visit the Southern Air Temple where they meet a winged lemur , who Aang later names Momo . Aang also learns that he was in the ice for a whole century and that the Fire Nation wiped out all of the Air Nomads , including his guardian , Monk Gyatso . In despair , he enters the Avatar State and finds himself in the Spirit World where he encounters a Dragon Spirit . Katara 's pleas bring Aang back out of the Avatar State . To seek shelter , Aang 's group arrives at a little Earth Kingdom village controlled by the Fire Nation , but they are arrested and taken to a prison for Earthbenders surrounded by earth because Katara tries to help a young boy escape from Fire Nation soldiers . They incite a rebellion by reminding the disgruntled Earthbenders that Earth was given to them . Aang tells Katara and Sokka that he only knows airbending and he must master the other three elements . Katara is given a waterbending scroll that she uses to greatly strengthen and hone her waterbending abilities and to help Aang learn as they make their way to the Northern Water Tribe ( where Aang will be able to learn from waterbending masters ) and liberate more Earth Kingdom villages in the process , weakening the Fire Nation 's food and water supplies . During a side track to the Northern Air Temple on his own , Aang is betrayed by a Southern Earth Kingdom peasant and captured by a group of Fire Nation archers , led by Commander Zhao , a Fire Nation Commander appointed by the Fire Lord . However , a masked marauder , the `` Blue Spirit '' , helps Aang escape from his imprisonment , fighting off the Fire Nation soldiers under Zhao 's command until the blue spirit realises they will be overwhelmed , at which point he takes Aang hostage to negotiate their way out . During the prison break , Zhao realizes that Zuko is the masked vigilante . He arranges to kill the prince , first by having a crossbowman fire a bolt over a huge distance that shatters the lower half of Zuko 's mask and knocks him out , however Aang uses his skills to bend a cloud across the bridge connecting the prison to the other side of the valley , causing the Fire Nation soldiers in pursuit to stop in fear . With the cloud covering their escape , Aang escapes with an unconscious Zuko into a nearby forest and watches over Zuko until morning , when he leaves to reunite with Sokka and Katara . Zhao tries again to kill Zuko , this time by rupturing a gas pipe running through Zuko 's quarters on Iroh 's ship . Noticing the danger , Zuko manages to survive the attempt on his life with Iroh 's help . He sneaks aboard Zhao 's lead ship as his fleet departs for the Northern Water Tribe , which is a heavy fortress , to capture the Avatar . Upon arriving , Aang 's group is welcomed warmly by the citizens of the Northern Water Tribe . Sokka quickly befriends the Northern Water Tribe princess , Yue . After a few agreements , a waterbending master , Pakku , teaches Aang waterbending . Katara also becomes a much stronger and more powerful waterbender due to her training with Master Pakku . Soon , the Fire Nation arrives and Zhao begins his attack while Zuko begins his search for the Avatar on his own . After defeating Katara in a battle , Zuko captures Aang as he enters the Spirit World to find the Dragon Spirit to give him the wisdom to defeat the Fire Nation who tells him to let his emotions `` flow like water '' . Returning to his body , Aang battles Zuko before Katara freezes him . Before leaving to join the battle , Aang lowers the ice so that Zuko can breathe . As the battle escalates , Iroh watches Zhao capture the Moon Spirit , with which its Ocean Spirit counterpart had assumed the form of a fish . Despite Iroh 's pleas , Zhao kills the Moon Spirit to strip all of the waterbenders of their ability to waterbend . Iroh , enraged by Zhao 's disrespect for sacredness and by his actions to unbalance the world , reveals the extent of his mastery of firebending by using his chi to create huge flame jets from his wrists , scaring Zhao and his entourage of Fire Nation Soldiers out of the sacred cave . Yue explains to everyone that the Moon Spirit gave her life and , with Iroh 's help , realises she can give her life back to the Moon Spirit as she dies in the process . With the tables turned , Zhao finds out Zuko survived . They almost fight before Iroh appears and tells Zuko it 's not worth it . Zhao attempts one more time to kill Zuko with a massive blast of fire , which Iroh manages to deflect . Zhao is drowned by waterbenders after Zuko and Iroh leave him to his fate . Aang remembers his life before being trapped in the ice , including when he left his home , seeing his master 's face . With his waterbending powers and his emotions `` flowing like water '' , Aang enters the Avatar State and raises the ocean into a gigantic wall to drive the armada back . Aang now fully embraces his destiny as the Avatar as he , Katara and Sokka prepare to continue their journey to the Earth Kingdom to find an earthbending teacher for Aang . The Fire Lord learns of the defeat ; angry over the betrayal of his brother Iroh and the failure of his eldest son Zuko , he tasks his youngest daughter , Zuko 's sister , Azula to stop the Avatar from mastering Earth and Fire before the arrival of Sozin 's Comet . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Avatar : The Last Airbender characters Noah Ringer as Aang An airbender who disappeared from public sight a hundred years ago . While chronologically one hundred and thirteen years old , Aang still retains his biological age of twelve . He is the latest incarnation of the Avatar Spirit . Though he is capable of bending all four elements , at the beginning of the film he has only learned to airbend . Dev Patel as Prince Zuko Age sixteen . A Fire Nation prince who travels with his Uncle Iroh . The former heir to the throne , he was exiled by his father , Fire Lord Ozai , who caused him a facial scar following a battle with him and ordered to capture the Avatar ( who had not been seen in almost a century , making the assignment a wild - goose chase ) in order to regain his lost honor . Nicola Peltz as Katara Age fourteen . A girl of the Southern Water Tribe and its last remaining waterbender . Since the death of her mother , Kya , she has served as the motherly figure in her family , and is no stranger to responsibility despite her young age . Jackson Rathbone as Sokka Age fifteen . He is Katara 's brother and a warrior from the Southern Water Tribe . He can be condescending , and has no waterbending abilities . He often takes up leadership roles by virtue of coming up with most of the workable plans and tactics . Shaun Toub as Uncle Iroh Zuko 's paternal uncle and the brother of Fire Lord Ozai . He is very easy - going and friendly , and often acts as a surrogate father to Zuko . Formerly a great general of the Fire Nation , personal tragedies led to his retirement , and the role of heir - presumptive passed to his younger brother . He is the only firebender shown in the film who is advanced enough to bend fire using only his chi . Aasif Mandvi as Commander Zhao A hot - tempered Fire Nation Commander in pursuit of the Avatar . He is Zuko 's principal rival . He has an obsession with libraries . Seychelle Gabriel as Princess Yue The princess of the Northern Water Tribe , who was Sokka 's romantic love interest . In a tragic turn of events , she sacrificed herself to save the water tribe and the balance of the planet , by turning into the moon . Cliff Curtis as Fire Lord Ozai The mighty leader of the Fire Nation , the brother of Iroh , and the father of Prince Zuko and Princess Azula . Summer Bishil as Princess Azula Age fifteen . She is the daughter of Fire Lord Ozai and sister to Prince Zuko . She appears once at the battle where Zuko refuses to fight and again at the end where she accepts the role as hunter of her older brother and uncle , and destroying the Avatar . Francis Guinan as Master Pakku A waterbending master of the Northern Water Tribe , who taught Aang to waterbend . Randall Duk Kim as Old man in temple An Earth Kingdom villager , who often visits the remains of the Northern Air Temple . Isaac Jin Solstein as Haru He started the prison uprising by earthbending a pebble to the back of the lead Fire Nation soldier 's head . Keong Sim as Tyro He and other earthbenders in his occupied village agreed to be imprisoned in exchange for the non-benders being allowed to live in peace . John Noble as Dragon Spirit A new composite character taking over the roles of Avatar Roku , Fang , Koh and Guru Pathik from the cartoon series . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) According to an interview with the co-creators in SFX magazine , Shyamalan came across Avatar when his daughter wanted to be Katara for Halloween . Intrigued , Shyamalan researched and watched the series with his family . `` Watching Avatar has become a family event in my house ... so we are looking forward to how the story develops in season three , '' said Shyamalan . `` Once I saw the amazing world that Mike and Bryan created , I knew it would make a great feature film . '' He added he was attracted to the spiritual and martial arts influences on the show . Avatar : The Last Airbender co-creators Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko voiced their opinion within an interview regarding Shyamalan writing , directing , and producing the film . The two displayed much enthusiasm over Shyamalan 's decision for the adaptation , stating that they admire his work and , in turn , he respects their material . Producer Frank Marshall explained that they have high hopes to stick to a PG rating . `` I 'm not even sure we want to get in the PG - 13 realm . Furthermore , Shyamalan said , `` A lot of the inspiration for the direction we took comes from a friend of mine . A Nathan Blackmer helped shape this Idea into the film it became . I took away a little bit of the slapsticky stuff that was there for the little little kids , the fart jokes and things like that ... We grounded Katara 's brother ... and that really did wonderful things for the whole theme of the movie . '' Paramount 's president Brad Grey said that despite the director 's career being inconsistent , he `` believed in ( Shyamalan 's ) vision and that he could execute it , '' adding that `` It 's a bold step because he had to create a potential new franchise . '' The studio was willing to spend $250 million in a trilogy of films , one for each season . The Last Airbender 's budget wound up being $150 million , with later over $130 million being spent on marketing costs , making it Shyamalan 's most expensive film . During production , the name Avatar was removed from the title to avoid confusion with the highly - successful 2009 film Avatar . Casting ( edit ) Shyamalan originally offered the roles of Aang to Noah Ringer ; Sokka to Jackson Rathbone ; Katara to Nicola Peltz ; and Zuko to Jesse McCartney . In an interview with People , Shyamalan claimed that he did not want to make The Last Airbender without Nicola Peltz , `` I said that only once before in my career , and that was when I met Haley in The Sixth Sense auditions . '' In February 2009 , Dev Patel replaced Jesse McCartney , whose tour dates conflicted with a boot camp scheduled for the cast to train in martial arts . Katharine Houghton played `` Gran Gran '' , the grandmother of Katara and Sokka , and Seychelle Gabriel portrayed Princess Yue , another of Sokka 's love interests and princess of the Northern Water Tribe . Isaac Jin Solstein played an earthbending boy . Comedian Aasif Mandvi played Commander Zhao , Cliff Curtis played Fire Lord Ozai , and Keong Sim was cast in the role of an Earthbender . Ringer began practicing Taekwondo -- the martial art and national sport of Korea -- at the age of 10 . His skills later garnered accolades , including the title of American Taekwondo Association Texas State Champion . He began shaving his head during his martial arts training to help cool off , which gave him the nickname `` Avatar '' due to his resemblance to Aang from the animated series . When he heard about the film adaptation , he made an audition tape with his instructor and sent it to the filmmakers . He had n't worked on a film before , but his resemblance to Aang -- enhanced by painting a blue arrow on his already shaved head , swung him the role . Having not acted before , Ringer was required to attend acting school a month before filming commenced . Peltz was familiar with the character before submitting for the part of Katara , having faithfully watched Avatar : The Last Airbender , the animated series on which the film is based , with her younger twin brothers . She describes her character as being a big role model with young girls and women , `` She 's really mentally and physically strong , strong - willed and - minded , but she 's also caring and compassionate ... The movie has a lot of values , but it 's also fun . It 's fantasy , but it 's also a really cool battle between good and evil . '' She explained that she initially did n't know about Rathbone starring in the Twilight films until after she met him and said that working with Shyamalan was an amazing experience . Rathbone , who originally auditioned for the role of Zuko , was approached by Shyamalan to audition for the film . After waiting for six months , he received a call informing him that he was cast as Sokka . Rathbone stated that his favorite scenes were the fight sequences , which he prepared for by stickfighting . Before Slumdog Millionaire was released , Patel auditioned for the role of Zuko by submitting a tape to the studio . Shyamalan called Patel personally to inform him that he got the part . Training for the film was intense , as he had to learn Wushu and different martial arts . Patel recalls fighting , punching , and throwing and said the experience was `` truly amazing . '' While he was filming Slumdog in India , he would finish a take and turn one of the channels over to the animated series . Even though it is based on a cartoon , he wanted to bring as much of himself as possible to the character he was portraying . Shaun Toub , who was cast as Iroh , describes his character in the first film as `` loose '' and `` free '' . He compares Zuko 's `` obsession '' to his childhood memories and how kids are always looking for their parents ' approval , saying that Zuko just wants his father 's . `` He is n't necessarily bad , he just has a great deal of built up anger and forgets to consider others . I think people will understand that he 's not bad , he 's just angry and hurting because he really wants his father to love him , but his father is too busy with other things . '' He says that Patel is an `` 18 year old with all this energy , '' and that Patel was able to influence him into appreciating the business of filmmaking more . While comparing the animated series to the film , he says the film is much more serious . He attributed this change to the director trying to relate to every age group , rather than just kids . Filming ( edit ) Pre-production began in late 2008 , while filming began in March 2009 in Greenland . After two weeks , the cast and crew moved to Reading , Pennsylvania , where production designers and special - effects crews worked for several weeks , preparing the local site for the film . A production team scouting the area found the pagoda on Mount Penn , which served as an ancient temple in the film . Reading mayor Tom McMahon explained that crews made road improvements and buried electrical lines surrounding the structure . Filming also took place in Ontelaunee Township and at the William Penn Memorial Fire Tower in Pennsylvania after the production crew finished at the Pagoda . When asked about shooting the film in Reading , Pamela Shupp , vice president of Berks Economic Development said , `` They needed buildings to shoot all the interiors , and were looking for a group of buildings with high ceilings and specific column spacing . We showed them a number of buildings , but we could n't come up with enough to meet their requirements . So the interiors will be shot in Philadelphia . '' Visual effects ( edit ) With a film as technologically advanced as Avatar , the expectations of realistically throwing balls of fire and water were pushed to the limit on The Last Airbender . Pablo Helman , who previously worked on Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones , was the visual effects supervisor for the Industrial Light and Magic team on the film . He worked closely with Shyamalan , reviewing each scene and talking about the visual effects needed to tell the story , and ultimately worked with about 300 people to reflect the director 's vision , who he said planned it all in a story - board book . Upper : Water being animated . Lower : Final version of animated scene . Industrial Light and Magic was posed with visualizing the elemental tribes of Air , Water , Earth , and Fire ; most importantly creating the `` bending '' styles of these elements . Additionally , they were required to animate creatures and enhance stunt work with digital doubles . `` The work was challenging , '' shares Helman . `` We had to figure out what `` bending '' is for fire , water , air and earth . '' The project was started without the desired technology needed to create the effects . Rather than software , computer graphic cards were the basis for `` bending '' the elements , allowing previews to be viewed more swiftly . This resulted in Shyamalan having to direct more than sixty takes before the effect was finished and lined up with his visions . Due to reality - based expectations , fire and water were the hardest elements to effectively bend , and because of particle work which was unable to be rendered in hardware , earth bending also was difficult to create . With water , the variety in different scales required Helman and his team to create different techniques . The concept for air was derived from the animation of the television series . To create the air bending effect , visual effects art director Christian Alzman and digital matte department supervisor Barry Williams explained that seeing dust and snow particles , rather than seeing the air itself , helped shape the real world effect of bending the element . Before the bending effects could be applied though , the actor 's movements had to be matched ; Shyamalan therefore wanted each character 's bending styles to be unique to fit with their unique personalities . The challenge for fire did n't come with making it look realistic , but rather making the fire behave in an unrealistic way that would be believable to the audience . The film that inspired The Last Airbender 's fire style was the sixth Harry Potter film , which was re-engineered to reflect two - dimensional simulations . Helman 's team referenced images of flames being pushed through the air by giant fans for certain shots needed throughout the film . The team also considered using a meshed image of real and digital fire , but in the end , went with the richer , deeper texture of computer generated flame . In matte paintings , this was the biggest show that Helman had ever done . The paintings had to be in 3D because the visual style included long duration shots in which the camera always moved . The climax , which was enacted on a 200 by 200 feet ( 61 m × 61 m ) set , had to be incorporated with still of the landscapes shot in Greenland , as well as the low - angle lighting that was captured on location there . The camera was animated to get angles needed for different shots in the film by importing these stills into the computer . Multiple cameras were used to capture the different wire - work and animation that was used to create the creatures and many fight scenes within the film . In creating these creatures , the team referenced nature . In order for them to be believable , they looked for examples of the same size and weight as the animated character and then developed hybrids from different animals to make each species unique . This was done by observing actual animals to get a take on how they would act . Shyamalan 's take on the personality of each creature also influenced the creation stage of the creatures . For example , the lemur Momo has flying mechanics based on a giant fruit bat . Other elements , such as texturing , hair or scale simulation , and light and shadow complimentary to the live action , were added to make the final animation appear as real as possible during the later stages of character development . Paramount Pictures made an announcement in late April 2010 , revealing that The Last Airbender would be released in 3D . This decision came after an increasing number of films being made or converted to 3D , such as Avatar , Alice in Wonderland and Clash of the Titans , made a decent profit at the box office . Although Helman stated that Shyamalan 's way of shooting without fast edits and the film 's visuals could lend itself to the 3D conversion well , James Cameron voiced his disapproval on any film being converted using this process , saying , `` You can slap a 3 - D label on it and call it 3 - D , but there 's no possible way that it can be done up to a standard that anybody would consider high enough . '' Despite this , Shyamalan opted to work with Stereo D LLC , the company who worked on James Cameron 's own Avatar . The conversion process for the film cost between $5 million and $10 million , adding to the reported $100 million that already went into the film . Music ( edit ) Main article : The Last Airbender ( soundtrack ) In December 2008 , James Newton Howard was announced as the composer for The Last Airbender . The film marks the seventh collaboration between Howard and M. Night Shyamalan , after the 2008 film The Happening . Howard had received acclaim for his work with Hans Zimmer on The Dark Knight . On May 13 , 2009 , producer Frank Marshall announced that Howard was recording music for the teaser trailer that was later released that summer ; it was later confirmed by Frank Marshall that all of the film 's trailers featured original music by Howard himself . The soundtrack , released by Lakeshore Records on June 29 , 2010 , required Howard to hire a 119 - member ensemble . Running at about 66 minutes , it contains eleven tracks ranging from three to seven minutes , with a twelfth track , called `` Airbender Suite '' running at nearly eleven minutes . Reviews for the score were overwhelmingly positive . Casting controversy ( edit ) Main article : Racebending The casting of white actors in the East Asian and Inuit - influenced Avatar universe , as well as the fact that the casting of the heroes and villains seemed to be backward racially from the show , triggered negative reactions from some fans marked by accusations of racism , a letter - writing campaign , and various protests . `` To take this incredibly loved children 's series , and really distort not only the ethnicity of the individual characters but the message of acceptance and cultural diversity that the original series advocated , is a huge blow , '' said Michael Le of Racebending.com , a fan site calling for a boycott of the martial - arts fantasy . As a result of the casting , the Media Action Network for Asian - Americans urged a film boycott for the first time in the organization 's 18 - year history . `` This was a great opportunity to create new Asian - American stars ... I 'm disappointed . '' stated Guy Aoki , president of the organization . After a casting call specifically looking for `` Caucasians and other ethnicities , '' Shyamalan explained that `` Ultimately , this movie , and then the three movies , will be the most culturally diverse tent - pole movies ever released , period . '' Furthermore , Paramount provided a statement about the casting choices , `` The movie has 23 credited speaking roles -- more than half of which feature Asian and Pan Asian actors of Korean , Japanese and Indian descent . The filmmaker 's interpretation reflects the myriad qualities that have made this series a global phenomenon . We believe fans of the original and new audiences alike will respond positively once they see it . '' Shyamalan commented on the issues regarding fans ' perceptions of the casting in an interview with Washington Post columnist Jen Chaney , saying , `` Anime is based on ambiguous facial features . It 's meant to be interpretive . It 's meant to be inclusive of all races , and you can see yourself in all these characters ... This is a multicultural movie and I 'm going to make it even more multicultural in my approach to its casting . There 's African - Americans in the movie ... so it 's a source of pride for me . The irony that ( protesters ) would label this with anything but the greatest pride , that the movie poster has Noah and Dev on it and my name on it . I do n't know what else to do . '' In this quote , Shyamalan 's reference to Noah Ringer can be explained by Noah 's self - identification of his ancestry as `` American Indian , '' although critics of the film 's casting have presumed that the actor is simply `` white '' when making their complaints . Rathbone was also one to dismiss the complaints in an interview with MTV , saying , `` I think it 's one of those things where I pull my hair up , shave the sides , and I definitely need a tan . It 's one of those things where , hopefully , the audience will suspend disbelief a little bit . '' The controversy was poorly received by critics as well . Film critic Roger Ebert was one of the critical voices against the casting . When asked about casting a white cast to portray the characters , he said , `` The original series Avatar : The Last Airbender was highly regarded and popular for three seasons on Nickelodeon . Its fans take it for granted that its heroes are Asian . Why would Paramount and Shyamalan go out of their way to offend these fans ? There are many young Asian actors capable of playing the parts . '' Jevon Phillips of the Los Angeles Times noted that despite Shyamalan 's attempts to defuse the situation , `` this is definitely not an issue that will fade away or be overlooked '' and that this film exemplifies the need for a debate within Hollywood about racial diversity in its films . In July 2013 , series co-creator Bryan Konietzko responded to an online comment about skin color in The Legend of Korra . Konietzko wrote that his work on the two series `` speaks for itself which obviously does not include the gross misinterpretations and misrepresentations of our work in ( Shyamalan 's ) work . '' Marketing ( edit ) Promotion ( edit ) The teaser trailer for the film was attached to Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen , released in theaters on June 24 , 2009 . The teaser trailer was also shown exclusively on the June 22 , 2009 episode of Entertainment Tonight . The trailer shows Aang airbending in a temple which is being attacked by a multitude of Fire Nation ships . A trailer was to be released around Christmas 2009 , but it was pushed back until February 2010 because not enough visual effects shots were completed . This trailer was attached to the first Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief film released on February 12 , 2010 . A trailer was later released on March 25 , 2010 . It was then attached with How to Train Your Dragon . The last theatrical trailer is attached to Iron Man 2 which was released May 7 , 2010 . The first TV spot aired during Super Bowl XLIV on February 7 , 2010 . It showed parts of the film that were not shown in the teaser trailer and had no diagetic dialogue , but merely narration . On February 10 , the theatrical trailer was released online . It shows multiple scenes from the film and is an expanded version of the first TV spot . McDonald 's sold Happy Meals to promote the film . On February 9 , 2010 , Nickelodeon Consumer Products also debuted the upcoming line of toys based on The Last Airbender . It includes various 3 ⁄ - inch action figures , as well as larger , action - enabled figures , costumes and other props . Among the toys featured in the line were figures based on Aang , Prince Zuko , Sokka , Katara , and a fully ride - able Appa the Sky Bison . `` We worked very closely with M. Night , the rest of the Paramount team and our in - house design team , along with our partner Spin - Master , to come up with the right assortment , the right size for these action figures and make sure we had representation of all the nations within the ' Airbender ' series , '' said Nickelodeon 's Lourdes Arocho . The Last Airbender action figures are expected to be released in three `` waves '' ; wave one on June 1 , wave two near the film 's July release date , and wave three near the 2010 holiday season . THQ Studio Australia also developed a video game based on the film . Titled The Last Airbender , it was released on June 29 , 2010 for the Wii and the Nintendo DS . Graphic novels ( edit ) Two original black - and - white graphic novels , entitled The Last Airbender Prequel : Zuko 's Story and The Last Airbender , drawn in the manga style , were written by Dave Roman and Alison Wilgus . `` We 're excited to be working with Nickelodeon to bring these great stories to the manga audience '' , says Dallas Middaugh , Associate Publisher of Del Rey Manga . `` Avatar : The Last Airbender has shown incredible crossover appeal with manga fans . The release of The Last Airbender movie and original tie - in manga gives us the chance to share completely new stories with Avatar fans looking for more about Aang , Zuko , and their favorite characters . '' The second manga , The Last Airbender , illustrated by Joon Choi , was released on June 22 , 2010 . The plot , like the film , is a condensed version of the first season of the series . The prequel , Zuko 's Story , is co-written by Alison Wilgus and Dave Roman and illustrated by Nina Matsumoto and was released on May 18 , 2010 . The synopsis for the graphic novel was released in early 2010 , `` When Prince Zuko dared to question authority , his father , Fire Lord Ozai , banished him from the Fire Nation . Horribly scarred and stripped of everything he held dear , Zuko has wandered the earth for almost three years in search of his only chance at redemption : the Avatar , a mystical being who once kept the four nations in balance . Everyone he encounters believes that this is an impossible task , as the Avatar disappeared a century ago . But Zuko stubbornly continues the search . He must regain his honor , so his quest is all he has left . '' Roman and Wilgus , who developed comics based on the series for Nick Magazine , consulted series creators Mike Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko , and head writer for the show Aaron Ehasz while they were developing Zuko 's Story . The four wanted to try a comic that would fit into with the continuity of the show . The prequel , though mostly associated with the film , was meant to be a prequel to the series . Roman explained , `` In a lot of ways , it 's like an expanded origin . With the film and the series , there are differences and there are places where they split off , but the setup for both is exactly the same -- so when you 're introduced to the characters , that 's the part where they 're completely identical . '' The prequel allowed the expansions of different details told in the series ; for example , an episode called `` The Blue Spirit '' in the series was seen in the film . However , since explaining everything that happened in that episode was hard to translate onto film , the prequel allowed for them to `` delve '' into that specific story . What more , when asked about whether he answered some questions that were left open at the end of the series , Roman stated that , while he had a strong relationship with the show 's creators and got their blessing for his project , it was n't his plot to address . Release ( edit ) The Last Airbender was rumored to be released in the summer of 2010 before it received a formal release date of July 1 , 2010 . To avoid confusion with James Cameron 's Avatar , the title was changed from Avatar : The Last Airbender to simply The Last Airbender . On June 16 , 2010 , it was revealed that the film would be released on July 1 , 2010 , and after questions about the definition of the release being limited or wide , was later confirmed by the studio to be a full nationwide release . The film premiered in New York City on June 30 , 2010 , and opened the following day in 3,169 theaters , against The Twilight Saga : Eclipse which also stars Jackson Rathbone . Home Media ( edit ) The Last Airbender was released on DVD and Blu - ray on November 16 , 2010 . At the same time , a Blu - ray 3D version was also made available exclusively at Best Buy locations . The Last Airbender grossed $12,757,094 and sold a total of 750,859 units in its first week on DVD . The Last Airbender was re-released on DVD and Blu - ray on April 25 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The Last Airbender had grossed $131,772,187 in the United States , and $187,941,694 in other countries , making for a total of $319,713,881 worldwide . On its opening day in the United States , The Last Airbender made $16,614,112 , ranking fifth overall for Thursday openings . For its opening three - day , Fourth of July weekend , The Last Airbender accumulated a total of $40,325,019 . The following Monday , it grossed $11,479,213. 54 % of its total gross was from 3D presentations at 1,606 screens . On Thursday , July 1 , 2010 , its opening day , it debuted at # 2 behind The Twilight Saga : Eclipse . It stayed # 2 until Monday , July 5 , 2010 , when it went down to # 3 now behind Eclipse and Toy Story 3 . On July 9 , it went down to # 5 behind Despicable Me , The Twilight Saga : Eclipse , Predators , and Toy Story 3 . By Friday , July 23 , it was down to # 9 behind Inception , Salt , Despicable Me , Ramona and Beezus , The Sorcerer 's Apprentice , Toy Story 3 , Grown Ups , and Eclipse . Opening overseas in 923 sites , the film grossed an estimated $9 million , $8 million of which was from 870 sites in Russia , making it the number one film there . The film grossed $9.4 million from its second weekend in overseas markets . The film was the twentieth highest - grossing film of 2010 . Critical response ( edit ) The film was panned by critics . Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gave a 6 % approval rating based on 183 reviews with an average rating of 2.8 out of 10 , making it the lowest rated film ever produced by Nickelodeon Movies , and Shyamalan 's worst - reviewed film to date . The consensus was `` The Last Airbender squanders its popular source material with incomprehensible plotting , horrible acting , and detached joyless direction . '' By comparison , Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating based on reviews from the top mainstream critics , calculated an average score of 20 out of 100 , based on 33 reviews , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . CinemaScore polls reported that the average grade moviegoers gave the film was `` C '' on an A+ to F scale . Liam Lacey of The Globe and Mail stated the film had little chance to develop its characters and therefore suffered , with the overall storyline of the film becoming a run - on narrative . According to Owen Gleiberman from Entertainment Weekly , who gave the film a C , `` The Last Airbender keeps throwing things at you , but its final effect is , in every way , flat . '' Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film half a star in his review , stating that it `` bores and alienates its audiences , '' and notes the poor use of 3D among the film 's faults . Keith Phipps of The A.V. Club gave the film an F , criticizing the performances of the child actors , overuse of exposition , and shoehorned 3D special effects , calling it the worst summer blockbuster of 2010 . Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter said that the lack of correct casting caused the film to lose substantial credibility in regard to its source material , but did praise the casting and acting of Noah Ringer as Aang . Peter Debruge of Variety criticized the casting and the score , saying that the overall effect of each play into making the film a bore . Rifftrax put the film at number 5 of The top 10 Worst Movies of All Time , saying `` We CAN state for the record that it is quite easy to detest this movie even if you 've never seen a frame of the TV show . '' `` The Last Airbender '' is an agonizing experience in every category I can think of and others still waiting to be invented . The laws of chance suggest that something should have gone right . Not here . It puts a nail in the coffin of low - rent 3D , but it will need a lot more coffins than that . -- Roger Ebert , Sun Times Charlie Jane Anders in the review by io9 criticized `` the personality - free hero , the nonsensical plot twists , the CG clutter , the bland romance , the new - age pablum ... '' , concluding that `` Shyamalan 's true achievement in this film is that he takes a thrilling cult TV series , Avatar : The Last Airbender , and he systematically leeches all the personality and soul out of it -- in order to create something generic enough to serve as a universal spoof of every epic , ever . '' Anders summarized the experience of watching the film by stating that , `` Actually , my exact words when I walked out of this film were , ' Wow , this makes Dragonball Evolution look like a masterpiece . ' '' Ai n't It Cool News ' review questioned why Shyamalan was allowed to write the script , as well as why he was even chosen to direct such a high - profile film after a string of previous flops : `` Burdened by ( a ) never - ending onslaught of expository dialogue awkwardly delivered by actors giving career - worst performances across the board , The Last Airbender is so outrageously bad it 's a wonder it ever got before cameras . '' Scott Bowles of USA Today gave a generally favorable review , claiming that Shyamalan delivered on fight scenes and the film worked as a kid 's film , although he also added that poor scriptwriting made some of the performances sound wooden . Another favorable review came from Stephanie Zacharek of MovieLine , who praises the way Shyamalan captures the art of action and human motion . David Roark of Relevant Magazine accused other critics of having a bias against Shyamalan and gave the film a positive review , stating that its visuals and heart far outweighed the clunky plotting and `` awful '' dialogue . Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian noted an unfortunate linguistic problem that reduced British viewers to `` a state of nervous collapse '' due to laughter . In British English , ' bent ' is a slang term for gay , with ' bender ' meaning a gay man , giving an entirely different meaning to lines such as , `` I could tell at once that you were a bender . '' Bradshaw commented that the response from the audience to such lines was `` deafeningly immature '' and would `` inevitably be repeated in every cinema in the land showing The Last Airbender . '' Creators ' responses ( edit ) In a Reddit AmA thread by Dante Basco , the original voice of Prince Zuko , when he was asked what he thought of the Last Airbender film , he responded by saying that Konietzko and DiMartino told him not to see it . The creators officially said that they would like to pretend the film does not exist . Bryan and Mike spoke extensively about how the project was given the go - ahead without their approval , and when they tried to provide input it was ignored . Director 's responses ( edit ) In a Vulture interview , Shyamalan argued that his style and art - form of storytelling resulted in the negative reviews of the film and compared it to asking a painter to change to a different style : `` I bring as much integrity to the table as humanly possible . It must be a language thing , in terms of a particular accent , a storytelling accent . I can only see it this certain way and I do n't know how to think in another language . I think these are exactly the visions that are in my head , so I do n't know how to adjust it without being me . '' Shyamalan also addressed criticisms about the barely 90 minute runtime of the film , which was considered bizarre given that it had to condense a 20 - episode TV season into one film , and is a far shorter runtime than is typical for summer blockbusters . Shyamalan 's response was that all of his previous films were 90 minutes , because they were small - scale supernatural thrillers , and as a result his instinct for the pacing of the film was to edit it down to 90 minutes . This short runtime indirectly led to several other problems which multiple critics listed above objected to : characters frequently resort to giving long speeches of exposition to summarize entire scenes that were cut for time , and a running voiceover commentary by Katara was added in which she summarizes entire subplots ( e.g. Sokka 's relationship with Yue ) that barely appear on screen . Awards and nominations ( edit ) The Last Airbender received nine nominations at the 31st Golden Raspberry Awards including Worst Picture . The film went on to sweep the Razzies with five awards : Worst Picture , Worst Director ( Shyamalan ) , Worst Screenplay ( Shyamalan ) , Worst Supporting Actor ( Jackson Rathbone ) , and a special award , `` Worst Eye - Gouging Mis - Use of 3D . '' Award Year Category Nominee Result Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer : Movie The Last Airbender Nominated International Film Music Critics Association Film Music Composition of the Year for `` Flow Like Water '' James Newton Howard Best Original Score for a Fantasy / Science Fiction / Horror film Young Artist Award Best Performance in a Feature Film ( Leading Young Actor ) Noah Ringer Best Performance in a Feature Film ( Supporting Young Actress ) Seychelle Gabriel 31st Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Picture Frank Marshall , Sam Mercer and M. Night Shyamalan Won Worst Director M. Night Shyamalan Worst Screenplay Worst Supporting Actor Dev Patel Nominated Jackson Rathbone , also for The Twilight Saga : Eclipse Won Worst Supporting Actress Nicola Peltz Nominated Worst Screen Couple The Entire Cast Worst Prequel , Remake , Rip - off or Sequel The Last Airbender Worst Eye - Gouging Mis - Use of 3D Won Possible sequels ( edit ) Shyamalan or Paramount / Nickelodeon did not immediately confirm the `` go - ahead '' or whether the plug will be pulled on the trilogy . While filming The Last Airbender , Shyamalan mapped out a rough draft for a second film that is `` darker '' and includes Azula , portrayed by Summer Bishil , as the main antagonist . In a July 2010 interview with New York Magazine , Shyamalan commented `` In the next few months we 'll be able to know whether we have that opportunity or not '' when asked about the sequel . No such announcement was made and in a September 2010 interview when asked if he knew when the sequel will be made , he replied , `` I do n't , because there are so many factors they take into account '' , adding , `` I guess it will get into an area where it becomes a discussion -- like pros and cons . '' In September 2015 , Shyamalan confirmed to Metro UK that he may work on the sequel after completing his next thriller , which started shooting in November 2015 . See also ( edit ) Film in the United States portal 2010s portal Whitewashing in film References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Last Airbender ( 2010 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Last Airbender ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . August 22 , 2010 . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Airbender Movie '' . Moviefone.com . June 24 , 2010 . Retrieved June 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` THE LAST AIRBENDER ( 12A ) '' . Paramount Pictures . British Board of Film Classification . June 21 , 2010 . Retrieved August 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Eller , Claudia ( June 25 , 2010 ) . `` Last Airbender carries Shyamalan into new territory '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2010 . Retrieved June 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Last Airbender -- Box Office Data , Movie News , Cast Information '' . The Numbers . August 20 , 2010 . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : DiOrio , Carl ( June 16 , 2010 ) . `` Last Airbender release moved up one day '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Marnell , Blair . `` ' Last Airbender ' Star Noah Ringer Joins ' Cowboys And Aliens ' Cast . '' MTV . April 19 , 2010 . Web . February 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sarafin , Jarrod ( June 10 , 2008 ) . `` Paramount and M. Night Shyamalan Previews Last Airbender '' . Mania Entertainment . Retrieved June 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse Dips on Thursday , ' Airbender ' Debuts Solidly '' . Box Office Mojo. 2010 - 02 - 07 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : LMCullen . `` VIPs bei der Premiere von ' The Last Airbender in 3D ' in NY '' . Eclipse Movie . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Bryan Lufkin ( 2011 - 02 - 27 ) . `` Razzies on - the - scene : M. Night Shyamalan ' wins ' big at last night 's camp-fest '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Channel Awesome ( 2013 ) . Nostalgia Critic : The Last Airbender . In the show , the prison is on a metal ship , where no earthbending is possible , and thus , it breaks their spirit because they ca n't get away . They are powerless to stop them . Here , THEY 'RE FUCKING SURROUNDED BY THE STUFF ! ^ Jump up to : Nicole Sperling ( December 10 , 2008 ) . `` Shyamalan lines up his cast for ' The Last Airbender ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Michael Fleming ( February 1 , 2009 ) . `` Shyamalan cast floats on ' Air ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` More are cast in M. Night Shyamalan 's Last Airbender '' . Sci Fi Wire . March 13 , 2009 . Retrieved March 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` `` Nickelodeon 's Avatar Returns to Restore Peace to The Four Corners of the World and Prepares to Face Off With the Fire Nation Once and for All '' . January 2009 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Rachel Abramowitz ( January 28 , 2010 ) . `` Shyamalan Unveils Airbender Secrets '' . Los Angeles Times . M. Night Shyamalan had a sense about ' Airbender ' : ' This would make a killer movie ' Jump up ^ Mike Szymanski ( March 17 , 2007 ) . `` Avatar Creators Praise Night '' . Sci Fi Wire . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2006 . Retrieved March 17 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Secrets And Glimpses Of The Last Airbender Filming -- M. Night Shyamalan '' . io9. 2009 - 06 - 23 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Jay A. ( March 15 , 2009 ) . `` Four more land ' Airbender ' roles '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( 2008 - 12 - 10 ) . `` Shyamalan lines up his cast for ' The Last Airbender ' EW.com '' . Hollywoodinsider.ew.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Dyball , Rennie ( 2010 - 02 - 01 ) . `` 3 Reasons to Watch for Actress Nicola Peltz -- Movie News , M. Night Shyamalan , Robert Pattinson '' . People.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Michael Fleming ( 2009 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Shyamalan cast floats on ' Air ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Slumdog Millionaire Star Joins The Last Airbender / Film '' . Slashfilm.com. 2009 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Inqlings : For Manuel , a job he can phone in '' ( PDF ) . Philly.com. 2009 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Connelly , Brendon ( June 9 , 2009 ) . `` New Last Airbender Casting Stays On Right Side Of Racebending Debate ? '' . / Film . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2010 . Retrieved January 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` More are cast in M. Night Shyamalan Last Airbender '' . Sci Fi Wire. 2009 - 03 - 13 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : June 30 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 30 ) . `` The Last Airbender set visit : Nicola Peltz and Noah Ringer '' . Fangoria.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Dart , Allan ( 2010 - 07 - 02 ) . `` Starlog 's `` The Last Airbender '' set visit : Jackson Rathbone `` . Fangoria.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Jul 05 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 05 ) . `` Starlog 's `` Last Airbender '' set visit : Dev Patel `` . Fangoria.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Jul 01 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Starlog 's `` The Last Airbender '' set visit : Shaun Toub `` . Fangoria.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : George Hatza ( April 1 , 2009 ) . `` Sixth Sense director shooting new movie in Reading beginning Thursday ; Pagoda to get a close - up '' . Reading Eagle . Retrieved April 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` ILM Bends Fantasy into Reality in The Last Airbender Below the Line '' . Btlnews.com. 2010 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Last Airbender and ILM 's quest for fire Hero Complex Los Angeles Times '' . Latimesblogs.latimes.com . July 1 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike ( 2010 - 04 - 22 ) . `` Paramount And M. Night Shyamalan Make ' Airbender ' Into 3D Conversion '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Schuker , Lauren A.E. ( April 22 , 2010 ) . `` ' The Last Airbender ' to Get 3 - D Treatment '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved April 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Howell , Peter ( 2010 - 04 - 22 ) . `` Avatar 's Cameron calls for 3 - D watchdog '' . Toronto : thestar.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Airbender and The Green convert to 3D -- Films , Arts & Entertainment '' . London : The Independent . 2010 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` James Newton Howard To Score The Last Airbender / Film '' . Slashfilm.com. 2008 - 12 - 19 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ LeDoctor . `` Frank Marshall ( LeDoctor ) on Twitter '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` News Tidbits : Iron Man 2 , The Last Airbender and xXx 3D / Film '' . Slashfilm.com. 2010 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` The Last Airbender '' . Allmusic . Retrieved July 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Airbender ( James Newton Howard ) '' . Filmtracks. 2010 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Music Review : The Last Airbender Soundtrack '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer. 2010 - 06 - 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Graeme McMillan ( 2008 - 12 - 17 ) . `` Avatar Casting Makes Fans See ... White '' . io9 . Gawker Media . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Jeff Yang ( 2008 - 12 - 29 ) . `` Avatar an Asian thing - why is n't the cast ? '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Hajela , Deepti ( 2010 - 05 - 25 ) . `` Critics : ' Airbender ' & ' Prince ' were ' whitewashed ' '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Aucoin , Don ( 2010 - 07 - 04 ) . `` Airbender reopens race debate '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ Chaney , Jen ( 2010 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Talking with director M. Night Shyamalan about ' Last Airbender , ' race and more '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2009 - 01 - 15 ) . `` Twilight Star Jackson Rathbone Hopes To ' Show His Range ' in Last Airbender '' . MTV . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Jordan ( 2010 - 05 - 21 ) . `` Racebending -- The Controversy Continues -- The Last Airbender '' . UGO.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert ( December 23 , 2009 ) . `` Answer Man '' . Roger Ebert . Retrieved December 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Jevon ( 2010 - 04 - 07 ) . `` The Last Airbender is causing a casting commotion '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Konietzko , Bryan ( 3 July 2013 ) . `` This past Friday I published this post which '' . Tumblr . Retrieved 3 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( April 28 , 2009 ) . `` The Last Airbender Teaser Trailer Attached to Transformers 2 '' . / Film . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2010 . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( June 20 , 2009 ) . `` A Brief First Look at The Last Airbender Teaser Trailer '' . / Film . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2010 . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( August 24 , 2009 ) . `` The Last Airbender Trailer For Christmas '' . / Film . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2010 . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( December 3 , 2009 ) . `` The Last Airbender Trailer Delayed Until February '' . / Film . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2010 . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( December 21 , 2009 ) . `` Who 's Buying What in the Super Bowl 2010 '' . Advertising Age . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2010 . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Alternate Trailer for The Last Airbender Online '' . ComingSoon.net. 2010 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / Frank Marshall : New Airbender trailer is l '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Thill , Scott ( 2010 - 02 - 05 ) . `` Last Airbender 's Super Bowl Ad Unleashes Fun '' . Wired . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` New Trailer for The Last Airbender ! '' . ComingSoon.net. 2010 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` M. Night Shyamalan 's ' The Last Airbender ' Toys Arrive ! '' . Splashpage.mtv.com. 2010 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Airbender : Appa and Other Characters Revealed ! '' . Screen Rant. 2010 - 02 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ US.thq.com Jump up ^ `` The Last Airbender Manga from Del Rey and Nickelodeon '' . M. Night Fans. 2009 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Amazon.com ^ Jump up to : `` EXCLUSIVE : ' The Last Airbender : Prequel : Zuko 's Story ' Preview '' . Splashpage.mtv.com. 2010 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Last Airbender Q&A : Exploring Zuko 's Story With Co-Writer Dave Roman '' . Splashpage.mtv.com. 2010 - 05 - 17 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Stephenson , Hunter ( April 15 , 2008 ) . `` M. Night Shyamalan 's The Last Airbender Gets Release Date , Director Update , `` Avatar '' Dropped From Title `` . / FILM . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Airbender Opens One Day Earlier '' . Jump up ^ `` Theater Counts for Week 27 of 2010 '' . Boxofficemojo.com. 2010 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Live - Action Epic Based on Nickelodeon 's Popular Series Delivers Inspiring Adventure the Whole Family Can Enjoy : The Last Airbender '' . PR Newswire . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ News flash on Blu - ray 3D release Jump up ^ The-numbers.com Jump up ^ `` Opening Thursday Records at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse Swoons But Sweeps Up Over Independence Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . July 6 , 2010 . Retrieved August 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Segers , Frank ( July 12 , 2010 ) . `` Eclipse still has bite at No. 1 overseas '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Inception ' Still Spinning on Top '' . Box Office Mojo. 2010 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Boxofficemojo.com Jump up ^ `` M. Night Shyamalan '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Airbender Movie Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved November 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Airbender ( 2010 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved September 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Audiences agree with critics on ' Last Airbender ' : It 's a stinker '' . CinemaScore . L.A. Times . 2010 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved October 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Canada . `` The Last Airbender : Another bend in Shyamalan 's career '' . Toronto : The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Owen Gleiberman ( 2010 - 06 - 27 ) . `` The Last Airbender Movies '' . EW.com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Blog , Chaz 's ( 2010 - 06 - 30 ) . `` The Last Airbender '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ Keith Phipps ( 2010 - 06 - 30 ) . `` The Last Airbender '' . A.V. Club . The Onion . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Honeycutt , Kirk ( 2010 - 06 - 30 ) . `` The Last Airbender -- Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Airbender Review -- Read Variety 's Analysis Of The Movie The Last Airbender '' . Variety.com. 2010 - 06 - 30 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Rifftrax ( 2012 - 12 - 20 ) . `` Top 10 Worst Movies of All Time '' . Mystery Science Theater 3000 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( June 30 , 2010 ) . `` The Last Airbender : : rogerebert.com : : Reviews '' . RogerEbert.com . Sun Times . Retrieved 27 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` M. Night Shyamalan Finally Made A Comedy '' . 2010 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` If It Bends , It 's Funny ! If It Breaks , It 's Mr. Beaks 's The Last Airbender review ! '' . 2010 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Scott Bowles ( 2010 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Shyamalan 's ' Airbender ' has some good elements '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` REVIEW : A Few Nifty Visuals Ca n't Exhausting Last Airbender '' . Movieline . 2010 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` REVIEW : The Last Airbender : David Roark Says All the Other Critics Are ( Mostly ) Wrong '' . RELEVANT Magazine . 2010 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( 2010 - 08 - 13 ) . `` Film review : The Last Airbender '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/17ybeo/i_am_rufio_prince_zuko_ama/c89x58c Jump up ^ http://www.ign.com/videos/2014/10/02/korra-creators-on-book-four-and-ending-the-series-channel-surfing-podcast Jump up ^ reznoire ( 2014 - 08 - 19 ) , Bryan Konietzko & Michael Dante DiMartino discuss The Last Airbender film , retrieved 2016 - 09 - 18 ^ Jump up to : `` M. Night Shyamalan Responds to Negative ' Airbender ' Reviews '' . New York Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse , Last Airbender Lead Razzie Nominations '' . MTV Movie News . 2011 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Chris Tookey ( 21 February 2011 ) . `` Over-priced , over-hyped -- and they even make you feel ill . Are 3 - D films the biggest rip - off in cinema history ? '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` M Night Shyamalan 's Last Airbender wins Razzie Awards '' . BBC News . 27 February 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The 31st Annual Razzie Awards '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Warmoth , Brian ( 2010 - 07 - 06 ) . `` Last Airbender 2 Will Be Darker , M. Night Shyamalan Says -- Movie News Story MTV Movie News '' . Mtv.com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Lane Brown ( 1 July 2010 ) . `` Vulture Breaks the News to M. Night Shyamalaman About The Last Airbender 's Reviews '' . New York Magazine . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Eric Ditzian ( 21 July 2010 ) . `` Avatar : The Last Airbender Sequel Coming To Nickelodeon '' . MTV . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Rick Marshall ( 3 September 2010 ) . `` Will ' The Last Airbender ' Get A Sequel ? M. Night Shyamalan Ponders Potential ' Book 2 ' Adaptation '' . MTV . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Smith ( 23 April 2012 ) . `` The Last Airbender , Part 2 ( Earth ) and M. Night Shyamalaman '' . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Hanna Flint ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : M. Night Shyamalan to make ' another thriller ' before The Last Airbender 2 '' . Metro UK . Retrieved September 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ali Jaafar ( August 26 , 2015 ) . `` Joaquin Phoenix , M. Night Shyamalan & Jason Blum In Talks To Reunite On New Project '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Last Airbender on IMDb The Last Airbender at Box Office Mojo The Last Airbender at Rotten Tomatoes The Last Airbender at Metacritic Ba Gua Demonstration representing style used for Air Nation characters on YouTube . Avatar Created by Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko The Last Airbender Episodes Book 1 : Water Book 2 : Earth Book 3 : Fire `` Sozin 's Comet '' Comics The Promise The Search The Rift Smoke and Shadow North and South Characters Aang Appa Zuko Katara Sokka Toph Beifong Iroh Azula Video games Avatar : The Last Airbender The Burning Earth Into the Inferno Other Lego Roller coaster ride Trading card game The Legend of Korra Episodes Book 1 : Air `` Welcome to Republic City '' Book 2 : Spirits `` Rebel Spirit '' `` The Southern Lights '' `` Civil Wars '' Book 3 : Change Book 4 : Balance Comics Turf Wars Characters Korra Asami Sato Bolin Mako Tenzin Lin Beifong Zaheer Kuvira Video games The Legend of Korra A New Era Begins Film The Last Airbender video game soundtrack Zuko 's Story Related Nicktoons Nitro Nicktoons MLB Book Category Nickelodeon Movies Feature films Animated The Rugrats Movie ( 1998 ) Rugrats in Paris : The Movie ( 2000 ) Jimmy Neutron : Boy Genius ( 2001 ) Hey Arnold ! : The Movie ( 2002 ) The Wild Thornberrys Movie ( 2002 ) Rugrats Go Wild ( 2003 ) The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie ( 2004 ) Barnyard ( 2006 ) Rango ( 2011 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) The SpongeBob Movie : Sponge Out of Water ( 2015 ) Amusement Park ( 2019 ) The SpongeBob Movie ( 2020 ) The Loud House Movie ( 2020 ) Live - action Harriet the Spy ( 1996 ) Good Burger ( 1997 ) Snow Day ( 2000 ) Clockstoppers ( 2002 ) Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ( 2004 ) Mad Hot Ballroom ( 2005 ) Yours , Mine & Ours ( 2005 ) Nacho Libre ( 2006 ) Charlotte 's Web ( 2006 ) The Spiderwick Chronicles ( 2008 ) Angus , Thongs and Perfect Snogging ( 2008 ) Hotel for Dogs ( 2009 ) Imagine That ( 2009 ) The Last Airbender ( 2010 ) Fun Size ( 2012 ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2014 ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows ( 2016 ) Monster Trucks ( 2017 ) Film franchises Rugrats ( 1998 -- 2003 ) The Wild Thornberrys ( 2002 -- 03 ) SpongeBob SquarePants ( 2004 -- present ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 , Sequels planned ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2014 -- 16 ) Book Category Films directed by M. Night Shyamalan Praying with Anger ( 1992 ) Wide Awake ( 1998 ) The Sixth Sense ( 1999 ) Unbreakable ( 2000 ) Signs ( 2002 ) The Village ( 2004 ) Lady in the Water ( 2006 ) The Happening ( 2008 ) The Last Airbender ( 2010 ) After Earth ( 2013 ) The Visit ( 2015 ) Split ( 2016 ) Glass ( 2019 ) Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Picture Ca n't Stop the Music ( 1980 ) Mommie Dearest ( 1981 ) Inchon ( 1982 ) The Lonely Lady ( 1983 ) Bolero ( 1984 ) Rambo : First Blood Part II ( 1985 ) Howard the Duck / Under the Cherry Moon ( 1986 ) Leonard Part 6 ( 1987 ) Cocktail ( 1988 ) Star Trek V : The Final Frontier ( 1989 ) The Adventures of Ford Fairlane / Ghosts Ca n't Do It ( 1990 ) Hudson Hawk ( 1991 ) Shining Through ( 1992 ) Indecent Proposal ( 1993 ) Color of Night ( 1994 ) Showgirls ( 1995 ) Striptease ( 1996 ) The Postman ( 1997 ) An Alan Smithee Film : Burn Hollywood Burn ( 1998 ) Wild Wild West ( 1999 ) Battlefield Earth ( 2000 ) Freddy Got Fingered ( 2001 ) Swept Away ( 2002 ) Gigli ( 2003 ) Catwoman ( 2004 ) Dirty Love ( 2005 ) Basic Instinct 2 ( 2006 ) I Know Who Killed Me ( 2007 ) The Love Guru ( 2008 ) Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen ( 2009 ) The Last Airbender ( 2010 ) Jack and Jill ( 2011 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ( 2012 ) Movie 43 ( 2013 ) Saving Christmas ( 2014 ) Fantastic Four / Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2015 ) Hillary 's America : The Secret History of the Democratic Party ( 2016 ) The Emoji Movie ( 2017 ) Book Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Screenplay 1980 -- 2000 Ca n't Stop the Music -- Bronte Woodard and Allan Carr ( 1980 ) Mommie Dearest -- Frank Yablans , Frank Perry , Tracy Hotchner and Robert Getchell ( 1981 ) Inchon -- Robin Moore and Laird Koenig ( 1982 ) The Lonely Lady -- John Kershaw , Shawn Randall and Ellen Shephard ( 1983 ) Bolero -- John Derek ( 1984 ) Rambo : First Blood Part II -- Sylvester Stallone , James Cameron and Kevin Jarre ( 1985 ) Howard the Duck -- Willard Huyck and Gloria Katz ( 1986 ) Leonard Part 6 -- Jonathan Reynolds and Bill Cosby ( 1987 ) Cocktail -- Heywood Gould ( 1988 ) Harlem Nights -- Eddie Murphy ( 1989 ) The Adventures of Ford Fairlane -- Daniel Waters , James Cappe & David Arnott ( 1990 ) Hudson Hawk -- Steven E. de Souza , Daniel Waters , Bruce Willis and Robert Kraft ( 1991 ) Stop ! Or My Mom Will Shoot -- Blake Snyder , William Osborne and William Davies -- ( 1992 ) Indecent Proposal -- Amy Holden Jones ( 1993 ) The Flintstones -- Jim Jennewein , Steven E. de Souza , Tom S. Parker and various others ( 1994 ) Showgirls -- Joe Eszterhas ( 1995 ) Striptease -- Andrew Bergman ( 1996 ) The Postman -- Eric Roth and Brian Helgeland ( 1997 ) An Alan Smithee Film : Burn Hollywood Burn -- Joe Eszterhas ( 1998 ) Wild Wild West -- Jim Thomas , John Thomas , S.S. Wilson , Brent Maddock , Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman ( 1999 ) Battlefield Earth -- Corey Mandell and J. David Shapiro ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Freddy Got Fingered -- Tom Green & Derek Harvie ( 2001 ) Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones -- George Lucas and Jonathan Hales ( 2002 ) Gigli -- Martin Brest ( 2003 ) Catwoman -- Theresa Rebeck , John Brancato , Michael Ferris and John Rogers ( 2004 ) Dirty Love -- Jenny McCarthy ( 2005 ) Basic Instinct 2 -- Leora Barish and Henry Bean ( 2006 ) I Know Who Killed Me -- Jeffrey Hammond ( 2007 ) The Love Guru -- Mike Myers & Graham Gordy ( 2008 ) Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen -- Ehren Kruger , Alex Kurtzman and Roberto Orci ( 2009 ) The Last Airbender -- M. Night Shyamalan ( 2010 ) Jack and Jill -- Steve Koren and Adam Sandler , story by Ben Zook ( 2011 ) That 's My Boy - David Caspe ( 2012 ) Movie 43 - Steve Baker , Ricky Blitt , Will Carlough , Tobias Carlson , Jacob Fleisher , Patrik Forsberg , Will Graham , James Gunn , Claes Kjellstrom , Jack Kukoda , Bob Odenkirk , Bill O'Malley , Matthew Alec Portenoy , Greg Pritikin , Rocky Russo , Olle Sarri , Elizabeth Wright Shapiro , Jeremy Sosenko , Jonathan van Tulleken and Jonas Wittenmark ( 2013 ) Saving Christmas - Darren Doane and Cheston Hervey ( 2014 ) Fifty Shades of Grey - Kelly Marcel ( 2015 ) Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice - Chris Terrio and David S. Goyer ( 2016 ) The Emoji Movie - Tony Leondis , Eric Siegel and Mike White ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Last_Airbender&oldid=833327030 '' Categories : 2010 films English - language films 2010 3D films 2010s adventure films 2010s fantasy films 2010s martial arts films American 3D films American children 's adventure films American fantasy adventure films American films Avatar : The Last Airbender Films about reincarnation Films shot in Greenland Films shot in Pennsylvania Films shot in Vietnam Films using computer - generated imagery Live - action films based on animated series Blinding Edge Pictures films Paramount Pictures films Nickelodeon Movies films Films scored by James Newton Howard Films directed by M. Night Shyamalan Films produced by Frank Marshall Films produced by M. Night Shyamalan Screenplays by M. Night Shyamalan Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 21 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Last%20Airbender
| 1,577 |
who sings i like it like that yeah baby
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`` I Like It Like That '' is a song written by Tony Pabon and Manny Rodriguez . It was initially a hit for boogaloo musician Pete Rodriguez in 1967 , and was one of the most influential boogaloo songs of the era . Rodriguez released an album in 1967 with the same title .
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Pete Rodriguez
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I Like It Like That ( Pete Rodriguez song )
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i like it like that ( pete rodriguez song )
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`` I Like It Like That '' is a song written by Tony Pabon and Manny Rodriguez . It was initially a hit for boogaloo musician Pete Rodriguez in 1967 , and was one of the most influential boogaloo songs of the era . Rodriguez released an album in 1967 with the same title .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 The Blackout All - Stars version 2.1 Background 2.1. 1 Resurgence in popularity 2.1. 2 Aftermath of the group 2.2 Critical reception 2.3 Formats and track listings 2.4 Charts 2.5 Year - end charts 3 In other media 4 References Background ( edit ) Tony Pabon and Manny Rodriguez originally wrote `` I Like It Like That '' in 1967 . The recording was Engineered by Fred Weinberg at National Recording Studios in New York City , and Produced by Roulette records producer Pancho Cristal ( Real name - Morrie Pelsman ) For Roulette Records . Part of the recording used many of the musician 's kids chanting `` Ahh Bibi ! '' which seemed to add to the excitement of the song . At the request of Pancho Cristal , Weinberg delivered a copy to Roulette Records ' owner , Morris Levy According to Weinberg , `` Levy wanted the kids that were singing on the song removed as they sounded out of tune '' , however , by that time a copy of the song was also delivered to a Disk Jockey named `` Symphony Sid '' at WEVD a New York Radio Station. Symphony Sid 's Show had a huge diverse audience . The record had hit the airwaves at WEVD and requests by listeners poured in . At the suggestion of Weinberg , Morris Levy left the kids singing in the recording , which was a huge crossover hit reaching number 25 on the Billboard Hot 100 Charts . The Blackout All - Stars version ( edit ) `` I Like It '' Single by The Blackout All - Stars from the album I Like It Like That , Volume I Released October , 1994 Format 12 `` , CD single , cassette single Recorded Genre Latin , pop Length 3 : 49 ( Album version ) Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Tony Pabon , Manny Rodriguez Producer ( s ) Sergio George The song was famously covered by Latin supergroup The Blackout All - Stars , under the title `` I Like It '' , from volume 1 of the soundtrack to the 1994 film I Like It Like That . The song was the group 's only recording , as well as their only release to chart , peaking at # 25 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the United States . Background ( edit ) The Blackout All - Stars was a one - off musical supergroup , consisting of various Latin music artists : Ray Barretto , Sheila E. , Tito Puente , Tito Nieves , Paquito D'Rivera , Dave Valentin and Grover Washington , Jr . The group was originally formed in 1994 to record the song `` I Like It '' , the title song for the film I Like It Like That . Lead vocals were done by Nieves , while the rest of the group provided instrumentals or background vocals to the song . The song was later placed in volume 1 of the soundtrack to the film , and released as a single to promote the soundtrack . 12 '' and CD maxi singles were released , but the song failed to gain any popularity . Resurgence in popularity ( edit ) In 1996 , roughly three decades after the song 's original release , Burger King used the song in a commercial promoting their `` Have it your way '' slogan . Following its inclusion in these commercials , a remixed version of the song started to pick up radio airplay . The song then started to climb the U.S. Billboard charts , peaking at # 25 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . The song 's accompanying music video started to gain rotation on music video networks such as MTV and VH1 . CD singles were also released . In 1997 , Tito Nieves , the lead singer of the song , re-recorded the song on his album , I Like It Like That . Aftermath of the group ( edit ) The Blackout All - Stars remained one - off , despite the song 's renewed popularity . Grover Washington , Jr. died on December 17 , 1999 of a heart attack . Tito Puente died of heart failure on May 31 , 2000 , as did Ray Barretto on February 17 , 2006 . Critical reception ( edit ) Jeremy Helligar of Entertainment Weekly gave the song a B , saying it was a `` swinging number '' and that `` only a hopeless couch potato could possibly not like it . '' Formats and track listings ( edit ) 12 '' 45 single ( Columbia , 1994 ) `` I Like It '' ( Reefa ! extended mix ) -- 5 : 39 `` I Like It '' ( Reefa ! 12 '' remix ) -- 6 : 56 12 '' single ( Columbia , 1994 ) A1 `` I Like It '' ( D'Ambrosio club mix ) - 7 : 03 A2 `` I Like It '' ( D'Ambrosio dub mix ) - 6 : 19 B1 `` I Like It '' ( Flipsquad mix ) - 4 : 51 B2 `` I Like It '' ( Album mix ) - 3 : 47 12 '' promo single ( Columbia , 1994 ) A1 `` I Like It '' ( D'Ambrosio club mix ) - 7 : 03 A2 `` I Like It '' ( D'Ambrosio dub mix ) - 6 : 19 B1 `` I Like It '' ( Jason Nevins Turbo Beat remix ) - 8 : 01 B2 `` I Like It '' ( ' 97 Master Blaster ) - 8 : 16 CD maxi single ( Columbia , 1994 ) `` I Like It '' ( Reefa ! 7 `` ) - 3 : 28 `` I Like It '' ( Reefa ! extended mix ) -- 5 : 39 `` I Like It '' ( Reefa ! 12 '' remix ) -- 6 : 56 `` I Like It '' ( album version ) - 3 : 48 CD single ( Columbia , 1996 ) `` I Like It '' ( edit ) - 4 : 20 `` Joy / Reach / I 'm Gonna Get You '' ( by Staxx of Joy / Robi Rob 's Club World featuring Deborah Cooper / Bizarre Inc . ) Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1996 - 1997 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 25 U.S. Billboard Hot Dance Club Play 19 U.S. Billboard Hot Dance Music / Maxi - Singles Sales 45 U.S. Billboard Rhythmic Top 40 15 U.S. Billboard Top 40 Mainstream 25 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1997 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 97 In other media ( edit ) Between 1998 and 2008 , the song was used by Odeon cinemas in their pre-film idents and marketing . In 2014 , the song featured on the soundtrack of the American film Chef , written and directed by Jon Favreau . In 2016 , the song was used in a commercial for Brookside chocolates , emphasizing its slogan `` For All Your Sides '' . In 2018 , the song was later sampled in `` I Like It '' by Cardi B from her debut album Invasion of Privacy . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Album Review , Allmusic Jump up ^ Juan Flores , liner notes , I Like It Like That ( A Mi Me Gusta Asi ) . CD Reissue , Fania Records , 2006 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits ( Eighth ed . ) . Billboard Books . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7499 - 4 . Jump up ^ http://www.discogs.com/Blackout-Allstars-I-Like-It/release/1042264 Jump up ^ I Like It Music Review Entertainment Weekly Jump up ^ Allmusic ( ( ( The Blackout Allstars > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles ) ) ) Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1997 '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 28 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Like_It_Like_That_(Pete_Rodriguez_song)&oldid=839834170 '' Categories : 1967 songs 1994 singles 1996 singles 1997 singles Tito Nieves songs Debut singles Song recordings produced by Sergio George Columbia Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 6 May 2018 , at 00 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Like%20It%20Like%20That%20%28Pete%20Rodriguez%20song%29
| 2,955 |
which of the following is one of canada’s prairie provinces
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Canadian Prairies
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canadian prairies
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The Canadian Prairies is a region in Western Canada , which may correspond to several different definitions , natural or political . The region comprises the Canadian portion of the Great Plains , and notably , the Prairie provinces or simply the Prairies comprise the provinces of Alberta , Saskatchewan , and Manitoba , as they are partially covered by prairie ( grasslands ) , mostly in the southern regions of each province . In a more restricted sense , the term may also refer only to the areas of those provinces covered by prairie ; their portions of the physiographic region known as the Interior Plains . Prairie also covers portions of northeastern British Columbia , though that province is typically not included in the region in a political sense .
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Contents 1 Definitions 2 Main climates 3 Physical geography 3.1 Prairies 4 Demographics 4.1 Growth 5 Economy 6 Culture and politics 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 9.1 Historiography 10 External links Definitions ( edit ) The prairies in Canada refers to temperate grasslands and shrublands biome , within the prairie ecoregion of Canada and consists of Northern mixed grasslands in Alberta , Saskatchewan , and southern Manitoba . Northern short grasslands in southeastern Alberta and southwestern Saskatchewan . Northern tall grasslands in southern Manitoba , and Aspen parkland , which covers central Alberta , central Saskatchewan , and southern Manitoba . The Prairie starts from north of Edmonton , it covers the three provinces in a southward - slanting line east to the Manitoba - Minnesota border . Alberta has the most land classified as Prairie , while Manitoba has the least , as the Boreal Forest begins at a lower latitude in Manitoba than in Alberta . Main climates ( edit ) Köppen climate types of the Prairie Provinces Native grasslands in southern Saskatchewan According to the Köppen climate classification the Canadian prairies generally experience dry semi-arid climates ( Köppen Bsk ) in the brown soil regions , and somewhat dry Humid Continental climates ( Köppen Dfb ) in the outer dark brown and black soil areas . The Canadian prairies typically experience about 12 to 15 in ( 300 to 380 mm ) of annual precipitation in the semi-arid areas while they experience 16 to 20 in ( 410 to 510 mm ) in the continental regions . The area is also prone to thunderstorms in the spring and summer . Some of these storms , especially further south , are strong enough for tornadoes . Average climates for selected cities in the Canadian Prairies City Province July January Annual precipitation Plant hardiness zone Average growing season ( in days ) Lethbridge AB 26 ° C / 10 ° C ( 79 ° F / 50 ° F ) 0 ° C / - 12 ° C ( 32 ° F / 10 ° F ) 380 mm ( 14.9 in ) 4B 119 Calgary AB 23 ° C / 9 ° C ( 73 ° F / 48 ° F ) - 1 ° C / - 13 ° C ( 30 ° F / 9 ° F ) 419 mm ( 16.4 in ) 4A 117 Medicine Hat AB 28 ° C / 12 ° C ( 82 ° F / 54 ° F ) - 5 ° C / - 16 ° C ( 23 ° F / 3 ° F ) 323 mm ( 12.7 in ) 4B 134 Edmonton AB 23 ° C / 12 ° C ( 73 ° F / 54 ° F ) - 6 ° C / - 15 ° C ( 21 ° F / 5 ° F ) 456 mm ( 17.9 in ) 4A 135 Grande Prairie AB 23 ° C / 10 ° C ( 73 ° F / 50 ° F ) - 8 ° C / - 19 ° C ( 18 ° F / - 2 ° F ) 445 mm ( 17.5 in ) 3B 117 Regina SK 26 ° C / 12 ° C ( 79 ° F / 54 ° F ) - 9 ° C / - 20 ° C ( 16 ° F / - 4 ° F ) 390 mm ( 15.3 in ) 3B 119 Saskatoon SK 25 ° C / 12 ° C ( 77 ° F / 54 ° F ) - 10 ° C / - 21 ° C ( 14 ° F / - 9 ° F ) 354 mm ( 13.8 in ) 3B 117 Prince Albert SK 24 ° C / 12 ° C ( 75 ° F / 54 ° F ) - 11 ° C / - 23 ° C ( 12 ° F / - 9 ° F ) 428 mm ( 16.8 in ) 3A 108 Brandon MB 25 ° C / 11 ° C ( 77 ° F / 54 ° F ) - 11 ° C / - 22 ° C ( 12 ° F / - 11 ° F ) 474 mm ( 18.6 in ) 3B 119 Winnipeg MB 25 ° C / 12 ° C ( 77 ° F / 55 ° F ) - 11 ° C / - 21 ° C ( 12 ° F / - 6 ° F ) 521 mm ( 20.5 in ) 4A 121 Physical geography ( edit ) See also : Geography of Canada Although the Prairie Provinces region is named for the prairies located within Alberta , Saskatchewan and Manitoba , the physical geography of the three provinces is quite diverse , consisting of portions of the Canadian Shield , the Western Cordillera and the Canadian Interior Plains . The plains comprise both prairies and forests while , with the exception of Arctic tundra along the Hudson Bay , the shield is predominantly forested . Gimli , Manitoba is located on Lake Winnipeg , a very large fresh water lake in the eastern prairies . Prairies ( edit ) The northern short grasslands ( WWF terminology ) shown here on a map of North America in green , is a type of true prairie ( grassland ) which occurs in the southern parts of the Prairie Provinces . Main article : Prairies ( ecozone ) Three main grassland types occur in the Canadian prairies : tallgrass prairie , mixed grass prairie , and fescue prairie ( or using the WWF terminology , northern tall grasslands , northern mixed grasslands , and northern short grasslands ) . Each has a unique geographic distribution and characteristic mix of plant species . All but a fraction of one percent of the tallgrass prairie has been converted to cropland . What remains occurs on the 6,000 km ( 2,300 sq mi ) plain centred in the Red River Valley in Manitoba . Mixed prairie is more common and is part of the dry interior plains that extend from Canada south to the U.S. state of Texas . More than half of the remaining native grassland in the Canadian prairies is mixed . Though widespread in southern Saskatchewan and southeastern Alberta , because of extensive cattle grazing , it is estimated that only 24 % of the original mixed prairie grassland remains . Fescue prairie occurs in the moister regions , occupying the northern extent of the prairies in central and southwestern Alberta and west - central Saskatchewan . Palliser 's Triangle , delineating prairie soil types in the Prairie provinces The southwestern Canadian prairies , supporting brown and black soil types , are semi-arid and highly prone to frequent and severe droughts . The zones around the cities of Regina and immediately east of Calgary are also very dry . Most heavy precipitation quickly dissipates by the time it passes Cheadle on its way heading east . In an average year , southern Saskatchewan receives between 30 -- 51 cm ( 12 -- 20 in ) of precipitation , with the majority falling between April and June . Frost from October to April ( and sometimes even early May ) limits the growing season for certain crops . The eastern section of the Canadian prairies in Manitoba is well watered with several large lakes such as Lake Winnipeg and several large rivers . The area also gets reasonable amounts of precipitation . The middle sections of Alberta and Saskatchewan are also wetter than the south and have better farmland , despite having a shorter frost - free season . The areas around Edmonton and Saskatoon are especially notable as good farmland . Both lie in the northern area of the Palliser 's Triangle , and are within aspen parkland a transitional prairie ecozone . Further north , the area becomes too cold for most agriculture besides wild rice operations and sheep raising , and it is dominated by boreal forest . The Peace Region in northwestern Alberta is an exception , however . It lies north of the 55th Parallel and is warm and dry enough to support extensive farming . Aspen parkland covers the area ; The long daylight hours in this region during the summer are an asset despite having an even shorter growing season than central Alberta . In fact , agriculture plays a major economic role in the Peace Region . Demographics ( edit ) Census metropolitan areas in the Canadian Prairies Rank Census metropolitan area Population ( 2011 ) Population ( 2006 ) Province Calgary 1,214,839 1,079,310 Alberta Edmonton 1,159,869 1,034,945 Alberta Winnipeg 730,018 694,668 Manitoba Saskatoon 260,600 233,923 Saskatchewan 5 Regina 210,556 194,971 Saskatchewan In the Canada 2011 Census , the Canadian prairie provinces had a population of 5,886,906 , consisting of 3,645,257 in Alberta , 1,208,268 in Manitoba , and 1,033,381 in Saskatchewan , up 8.9 % from 5,406,908 in 2006 . The three provinces have a combined area of 1,780,650.6 km ( 687,513.0 sq mi ) , consisting of 640,081.87 km ( 247,136.99 sq mi ) in Alberta , 552,329.52 km ( 213,255.62 sq mi ) in Manitoba , and 588,239.21 km ( 227,120.43 sq mi ) in Saskatchewan . Location of communities in Alberta , Saskatchewan and Manitoba which comprise Canada 's Prairie Provinces . Growth ( edit ) Some of the prairie region of Canada has seen rapid growth from a boom in oil production since the mid-20th century . According to StatsCanada , the prairie provinces had a population of 5,886,906 in 2011 . In 2016 , the population had grown by 14.6 % to 6,748,280 . Economy ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2013 ) A canola field in the Qu'Appelle Valley in Southern Saskatchewan . Primary industries include agriculture ( wheat , barley , canola , brassica , oats ) , and cattle and sheep ranching . Also , natural resources such as oil sands ( Fort McMurray , Alberta ) and other forms of oil production can be found on the plains . Secondary industries consist of the refinement of oils and agriculture processing . Culture and politics ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Alberta badlands . The Prairies are distinguished from the rest of Canada by cultural and political traits . The oldest influence on Prairie culture are the First Nations , who have lived in the area for millennia . The first Europeans to see the Prairies were fur traders and explorers from eastern Canada ( mainly present - day Quebec ) and Great Britain via Hudson Bay . They gave rise to the Métis , working class `` children of the fur trade . '' Not until the Canadian Pacific Railway was built did widespread agricultural settlement occur . During their settlement , the prairies were settled in distinct ethnic block settlements giving certain areas distinctively Ukrainian , German , French , or Scandinavian Canadian cultures . Some areas also developed cultures around their main economic activity . For example , southern Alberta is renowned for its cowboy culture , which developed when real open range ranching was practised in the 1880s . Canada 's first rodeo , the Raymond Stampede , was established in 1902 . These influences are also evident in the music of Canada 's Prairie Provinces . This can be attributed partially to the massive influx of American settlers who began to migrate to Alberta ( and to a lesser extent , Saskatchewan ) in the late 1880s because of the lack of available land in the United States . The Prairie Provinces have given rise to the `` prairie protest '' movements , such as the Winnipeg General Strike of 1919 , the first general strike in Canadian history . These political movements ( both of the left and right ) tend to feed off of well established feelings of Western alienation , and each one represents a distinct challenge to the perceived Central Canadian elite . The Prairies continue to have a wide range of political representation . While the Conservative Party of Canada has widespread support throughout the region , the New Democratic Party holds seats at the provincial level in all three provinces , forming the government in one , as well as holding seats at the federal level in all three provinces . The Liberal Party of Canada presently holds federal seats in urban areas of Alberta , Saskatchewan and Manitoba , while the Alberta Liberal Party holds a provincial seat in Alberta and the Manitoba Liberal Party holds a seat in Manitoba . See also ( edit ) Geography of Canada portal List of regions of Canada Dominion Land Survey Natural Resources Acts Terrestrial ecozone High Plains ( United States ) Llano Estacado Shortgrass prairie Corner Gas -- TV show featuring the sparseness of the plains as a major theme References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Population and dwelling counts , for Canada , provinces and territories , 2011 and 2006 censuses '' . Statistics Canada . 2012 - 01 - 24 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Prairies Ecozone '' . Ecological Framework of Canada . Government of Canada . Archived from the original on 2 June 2016 . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wide open spaces , but for how long ? '' . The Royal Canadian Geographical Society . The Royal Canadian Geographical Society . Archived from the original on 3 April 2016 . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canada 's Plant Hardiness '' . Canada 's Plant Hardiness . Natural Resources Canada . Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 5 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lethbridge A , Alberta '' . Canadian Climate Normals 1981 -- 2010 . Environment Canada . Archived from the original on 12 May 2014 . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Climate Normals 1981 - 2010 Station Data Calgary International Airport '' . Environment Canada . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Medicine Hat A , Alberta '' . Canadian Climate Normals 1981 -- 2010 Medicine Hat . Environment Canada . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Edmonton City Centre Airport '' . Canadian Climate Normals 1981 − 2010 . Environment Canada . August 19 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Grande Prairie A '' . Canadian Climate Normals 1981 − 2010 . Environment Canada . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2014 . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Regina International Airport '' . Canadian Climate Normals 1981 -- 2010 . Environment Canada . Archived from the original on 12 May 2014 . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Saskatoon Diefenbaker International Airport '' . Canadian Climate Normals 1981 -- 2010 . Environment Canada . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2014 . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Prince Albert A '' . Canadian Climate Normals 1981 -- 2010 . Environment Canada . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2014 . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brandon CDA , Manitoba '' . Canadian Climate Normals 1981 -- 2010 . Environment Canada . Archived from the original on 8 May 2014 . Retrieved 7 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Winnipeg Richardson International Airport '' . Canadian Climate Normals 1981 -- 2010 . Environment Canada . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Prairie Grasslands and Parkland '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Atlantic unemployment tonic : oil sands '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 20 . Further reading ( edit ) See also : Bibliography of Saskatchewan history , Bibliography of Alberta history , and History of Manitoba Alberta Encyclopedia Online ( 2005 ) Archer , John H. Saskatchewan : A History ( 1980 ) Barnhart , Gordon L. , ed . Saskatchewan Premiers of the Twentieth Century . ( 2004 ) . 418 pp . Bennett , John W. and Seena B. Kohl . Settling the Canadian - American West , 1890 - 1915 : Pioneer Adaptation and Community Building . An Anthropological History . ( 1995 ) . 311 pp. online edition Danysk , Cecilia . Hired Hands : Labour and the Development of Prairie Agriculture , 1880 -- 1930 . ( 1995 ) . 231 pp . Emery , George . The Methodist Church on the Prairies , 1896 -- 1914 . McGill - Queen 's U. Press , 2001 . 259 pp . The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan : A Living Legacy . U. of Regina Canadian Plains Research Center , 2005 . online 1071pp in print edition Fairbanks , C. and S.B. Sundberg . Farm Women on the Prairie Frontier. ( 1983 ) Friesen , Gerald ( 1987 ) , The Canadian prairies : a history , University of Toronto Press , ISBN 0 - 8020 - 6648 - 8 Hodgson , Heather , ed . Saskatchewan Writers : Lives Past and Present . Regina : Canadian Plains Research Center , 2004 . 247 pp . Jones , David C. Empire of Dust : Settling and Abandoning the Prairie Dry Belt . ( 1987 ) 316 pp . Keahey , Deborah . Making It Home : Place in Canadian Prairie Literature. ( 1998 ) . 178 pp . Kononenko , Natalie `` Vernacular religion on the prairies : negotiating a place for the unquiet dead , '' Canadian Slavonic Papers 60 , no . 1 - 2 ( 2018 ) Langford , N. `` Childbirth on the Canadian Prairies 1880 - 1930 . '' Journal of Historical Sociology , 1995 . Vol. 8 , No. 3 , pp. 278 -- 302 . Langford , Nanci Louise . `` First Generation and Lasting Impressions : The Gendered Identities of Prairie Homestead Women . '' PhD dissertation U. of Alberta 1994 . 229 pp. DAI 1995 56 ( 4 ) : 1544 - A. DANN95214 Fulltext : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Laycock , David . Populism and Democratic Thought in the Canadian Prairies , 1910 to 1945 . ( 1990 ) . 369 pp . Melnyk , George . The Literary History of Alberta , Vol. 1 : From Writing - on - Stone to World War Two . U. of Alberta Press , 1998 . 240 pp . Morton , Arthur S. and Chester Martin , History of prairie settlement ( 1938 ) 511pp Morton , W.L. Manitoba , a History University of Toronto Press , 1957 online edition Norrie , K.H. `` The Rate of Settlement of the Canadian Prairies , 1870 -- 1911 '' , Journal of Economic History , Vol. 35 , No. 2 ( Jun. , 1975 ) , pp. 410 -- 427 in JSTOR ; statistical models Palmer , Howard . The Settlement of the West ( 1977 ) online edition Pitsula , James M. `` Disparate Duo '' Beaver 2005 85 ( 4 ) : 14 -- 24 , a comparison of Saskatchewan and Alberta , Fulltext in EBSCO Rollings - Magnusson , Sandra . `` Canada 's Most Wanted : Pioneer Women on the Western Prairies '' . Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology 2000 37 ( 2 ) : 223 -- 238 . ISSN 0008 - 4948 Fulltext : Ebsco Swyripa , Frances . Storied Landscapes : Ethno - Religious Identity and the Canadian Prairies ( University of Manitoba Press , 2010 ) 296 pp. ISBN 978 - 0 - 88755 - 720 - 0 . Thompson , John Herd . Forging the Prairie West ( 1998 ) . Wardhaugh , Robert A. Mackenzie King and the Prairie West ( 2000 ) . 328 pp . Waiser , Bill , and John Perret . Saskatchewan : A New History ( 2005 ) . Historiography ( edit ) Francis , R. Douglas . `` In search of a prairie myth : A survey of the intellectual and cultural historiography of prairie Canada . '' Journal of Canadian Studies / Revue d'Études Canadiennes 24 # 3 ( 1989 ) : 44 + online Ingles , Ernie B ( 2009 ) , Peel 's Bibliography of the Canadian Prairies to 1953 , University of Toronto Press , ISBN 0 - 8020 - 4825 - 0 Wardhaugh , Robert A. , ed . Toward Defining the Prairies : Region , Culture , and History . ( 2001 ) . 234 pp . Wardhaugh , Robert ; Calder , Alison ( 2005 ) , History , literature , and the writing of the Canadian Prairies , University of Manitoba Press , ISBN 0 - 88755 - 682 - 5 310 pp . 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Manchurian grassland North China Plain Yan Mountains Kunlun Mountains Liaodong Peninsula Himalayas Tibetan Plateau Tibet Tarim Basin Northern Silk Road Hexi Corridor Nanzhong Lingnan Liangguang Jiangnan Jianghuai Guanzhong Huizhou Wu Jiaozhou Zhongyuan Shaannan Ordos Loop Loess Plateau Shaanbei Hamgyong Mountains Central Mountain Range Japanese Alps Suzuka Mountains Leizhou Peninsula Gulf of Tonkin Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Yenisei Basin Altai Mountains Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass West Greater Middle East MENA MENASA Middle East Red Sea Caspian Sea Mediterranean Sea Zagros Mountains Persian Gulf Pirate Coast Strait of Hormuz Greater and Lesser Tunbs Al - Faw Peninsula Gulf of Oman Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Aden Balochistan Arabian Peninsula Najd Hejaz Tihamah Eastern Arabia South Arabia Hadhramaut Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert Tigris -- Euphrates Mesopotamia Upper Mesopotamia Lower Mesopotamia Sawad Nineveh plains Akkad ( region ) Babylonia Canaan Aram Aram - Naharaim 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Capital Country Eastern Australia Lake Eyre basin Murray -- Darling basin Northern Australia Nullarbor Plain Outback Southern Australia Maralinga Sunraysia Great Victoria Desert Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf St Vincent Lefevre Peninsula Fleurieu Peninsula Yorke Peninsula Eyre Peninsula Mornington Peninsula Bellarine Peninsula Mount Henry Peninsula Melanesia Islands Region Bismarck Archipelago Solomon Islands North Solomon Islands Solomon Islands Fiji New Caledonia New Guinea Papua New Guinea Republic of West Papua Vanuatu Micronesia Caroline Islands Federated States of Micronesia Palau Kiribati Mariana Islands Guam Northern Mariana Islands Marshall Islands Nauru Wake Island Polynesia Easter Island Hawaiian Islands Cook Islands French Polynesia Austral Islands Gambier Islands Mangareva Islands Marquesas Islands Society Islands Tuamotu Kermadec Islands New Zealand South Island North Island Niue Pitcairn Islands Samoan Islands American Samoa Independent State of Samoa Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Ring 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian%20Prairies
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which of the following is not evidence of oligopoly interdependence
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Oligopoly
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oligopoly
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An oligopoly ( / ɒlɪˈɡɒpəli / , from Ancient Greek ὀλίγος ( olígos ) `` few '' + πωλεῖν ( poleîn ) `` to sell '' ) is a market form wherein a market or industry is dominated by a small number of large sellers ( oligopolists ) . Oligopolies can result from various forms of collusion which reduce competition and lead to higher prices for consumers . Oligopolies have their own market structure . With few sellers , each oligopolist is likely to be aware of the actions of the others . According to game theory , the decisions of one firm therefore influence and are influenced by decisions of other firms . Strategic planning by oligopolists needs to take into account the likely responses of the other market . Entry barriers include high investment requirements , strong consumer loyalty for existing brands and economies of scale . Contents 1 Description 2 Characteristics 3 Oligopolies in countries with competition laws 4 Modeling 4.1 Cournot -- Nash model 4.2 Bertrand model 4.3 Oligopolistic market Kinked demand curve model 5 Examples 5.1 Worldwide 5.1. 1 Aircraft 5.1. 2 Finance 5.1. 3 Food 5.1. 4 Technology 5.2 Australia 5.3 Canada 5.3. 1 Media 5.3. 2 Other 5.4 India 5.5 European Union 5.6 United Kingdom 5.7 United States 5.7. 1 Media 5.7. 2 Other 6 Demand curve 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Further reading 10 References 11 External links Description ( edit ) Oligopoly is a common market form where a number of firms are in competition . As a quantitative description of oligopoly , the four - firm concentration ratio is often utilized . This measure expresses , as a percentage , the market share of the four largest firms in any particular industry . For example , as of fourth quarter 2008 , if we combine total market share of Verizon Wireless , AT&T , Sprint , and T - Mobile , we see that these firms , together , control 97 % of the U.S. cellular telephone market . Oligopolistic competition can give rise to both wide - ranging and diverse outcomes . In some situations , particular companies may employ restrictive trade practices ( collusion , market sharing etc . ) in order to inflate prices and restrict production in much the same way that a monopoly does . Whenever there is a formal agreement for such collusion , between companies that usually compete with one another , this practice is known as a cartel . A prime example of such a cartel is OPEC , which has a profound influence on the international price of oil . Firms often collude in an attempt to stabilize unstable markets , so as to reduce the risks inherent in these markets for investment and product development . There are legal restrictions on such collusion in most countries . There does not have to be a formal agreement for collusion to take place ( although for the act to be illegal there must be actual communication between companies ) -- for example , in some industries there may be an acknowledged market leader which informally sets prices to which other producers respond , known as price leadership . In other situations , competition between sellers in an oligopoly can be fierce , with relatively low prices and high production . This could lead to an efficient outcome approaching perfect competition . The competition in an oligopoly can be greater when there are more firms in an industry than if , for example , the firms were only regionally based and did not compete directly with each other . Thus the welfare analysis of oligopolies is sensitive to the parameter values used to define the market 's structure . In particular , the level of dead weight loss is hard to measure . The study of product differentiation indicates that oligopolies might also create excessive levels of differentiation in order to stifle competition . Oligopoly theory makes heavy use of game theory to model the behavior of oligopolies : Stackelberg 's duopoly . In this model , the firms move sequentially ( see Stackelberg competition ) . Cournot 's duopoly . In this model , the firms simultaneously choose quantities ( see Cournot competition ) . Bertrand 's oligopoly . In this model , the firms simultaneously choose prices ( see Bertrand competition ) . Characteristics ( edit ) Profit maximization conditions An oligopoly maximizes profits . Ability to set price Oligopolies are price setters rather than price takers . Entry and exit Barriers to entry are high . The most important barriers are government licenses , economies of scale , patents , access to expensive and complex technology , and strategic actions by incumbent firms designed to discourage or destroy nascent firms . Additional sources of barriers to entry often result from government regulation favoring existing firms making it difficult for new firms to enter the market . Number of firms `` Few '' -- a `` handful '' of sellers . There are so few firms that the actions of one firm can influence the actions of the other firms . Long run profits Oligopolies can retain long run abnormal profits . High barriers of entry prevent sideline firms from entering market to capture excess profits . Product differentiation Product may be homogeneous ( steel ) or differentiated ( automobiles ) . Perfect knowledge Assumptions about perfect knowledge vary but the knowledge of various economic factors can be generally described as selective . Oligopolies have perfect knowledge of their own cost and demand functions but their inter-firm information may be incomplete . Buyers have only imperfect knowledge as to price , cost and product quality . Interdependence The distinctive feature of an oligopoly is interdependence . Oligopolies are typically composed of a few large firms . Each firm is so large that its actions affect market conditions . Therefore , the competing firms will be aware of a firm 's market actions and will respond appropriately . This means that in contemplating a market action , a firm must take into consideration the possible reactions of all competing firms and the firm 's countermoves . It is very much like a game of chess , in which a player must anticipate a whole sequence of moves and countermoves in order to determine how to achieve his or her objectives ; this is known as game theory . For example , an oligopoly considering a price reduction may wish to estimate the likelihood that competing firms would also lower their prices and possibly trigger a ruinous price war . Or if the firm is considering a price increase , it may want to know whether other firms will also increase prices or hold existing prices constant . This anticipation leads to price rigidity as firms will be only be willing to adjust their prices and quantity of output in accordance with a `` price leader '' in the market . This high degree of interdependence and need to be aware of what other firms are doing or might do is to be contrasted with lack of interdependence in other market structures . In a perfectly competitive ( PC ) market there is zero interdependence because no firm is large enough to affect market price . All firms in a PC market are price takers , as current market selling price can be followed predictably to maximize short - term profits . In a monopoly , there are no competitors to be concerned about . In a monopolistically - competitive market , each firm 's effects on market conditions is so negligible as to be safely ignored by competitors . Non-Price Competition Oligopolies tend to compete on terms other than price . Loyalty schemes , advertisement , and product differentiation are all examples of non-price competition . Oligopolies in countries with competition laws ( edit ) Oligopolies become `` mature '' when they realise they can profit maximise through joint profit maximising . As a result of operating in countries with enforced competition laws , the Oligopolists will operate under tacit collusion , being collusion through an understanding that if all the competitors in the market raise their prices , then collectively all the competitors can achieve economic profits close to a monopolist , with out evidence of breaching government market regulations . Hence , the kinked demand curve for a joint profit maximising Oligopoly industry can model the behaviours of oligopolists pricing decisions other than that of the price leader ( the price leader being the firm that all other firms follow in terms of pricing decisions ) . This is because if a firm unilaterally raises the prices of their good / service , and other competitors do not follow then , the firm that raised their price will then lose a significant market as they face the elastic upper segment of the demand curve . As the joint profit maximising achieves greater economic profits for all the firms , there is an incentive for an individual firm to `` cheat '' by expanding output to gain greater market share and profit . In Oligopolist cheating , and the incumbent firm discovering this breach in collusion , the other firms in the market will retaliate by matching or dropping prices lower than the original drop . Hence , the market share that the firm that dropped the price gained , will have that gain minimised or eliminated . This is why on the kinked demand curve model the lower segment of the demand curve is inelastic . As a result , price rigidity prevails in such markets . Modeling ( edit ) There is no single model describing the operation of an oligopolistic market . The variety and complexity of the models exist because you can have two to 10 firms competing on the basis of price , quantity , technological innovations , marketing , and reputation . However , there are a series of simplified models that attempt to describe market behavior by considering certain circumstances . Some of the better - known models are the dominant firm model , the Cournot -- Nash model , the Bertrand model and the kinked demand model . Cournot -- Nash model ( edit ) Main article : Cournot competition The Cournot -- Nash model is the simplest oligopoly model . The model assumes that there are two `` equally positioned firms '' ; the firms compete on the basis of quantity rather than price and each firm makes an `` output of decision assuming that the other firm 's behavior is fixed . '' The market demand curve is assumed to be linear and marginal costs are constant . To find the Cournot -- Nash equilibrium one determines how each firm reacts to a change in the output of the other firm . The path to equilibrium is a series of actions and reactions . The pattern continues until a point is reached where neither firm desires `` to change what it is doing , given how it believes the other firm will react to any change . '' The equilibrium is the intersection of the two firm 's reaction functions . The reaction function shows how one firm reacts to the quantity choice of the other firm . For example , assume that the firm 1 's demand function is P = ( M − Q ) − Q where Q is the quantity produced by the other firm and Q is the amount produced by firm 1 , and M = 60 is the market . Assume that marginal cost is C = 12 . Firm 1 wants to know its maximizing quantity and price . Firm 1 begins the process by following the profit maximization rule of equating marginal revenue to marginal costs . Firm 1 's total revenue function is R = Q P = Q ( M − Q − Q ) = MQ − Q Q − Q. The marginal revenue function is R M = ∂ R T ∂ Q 1 = M − Q 2 − 2 Q 1 ( \ displaystyle R_ ( M ) = ( \ frac ( \ partial R_ ( T ) ) ( \ partial Q_ ( 1 ) ) ) = M - Q_ ( 2 ) - 2Q_ ( 1 ) ) . R = C M − Q − 2Q = C 2Q = ( M − C ) − Q Q = ( M − C ) / 2 − Q / 2 = 24 − 0.5 Q ( 1.1 ) Q = 2 ( M − C ) − 2Q = 96 − 2 Q ( 1.2 ) Equation 1.1 is the reaction function for firm 1 . Equation 1.2 is the reaction function for firm 2 . To determine the Cournot -- Nash equilibrium you can solve the equations simultaneously . The equilibrium quantities can also be determined graphically . The equilibrium solution would be at the intersection of the two reaction functions . Note that if you graph the functions the axes represent quantities . The reaction functions are not necessarily symmetric . The firms may face differing cost functions in which case the reaction functions would not be identical nor would the equilibrium quantities . Bertrand model ( edit ) Main article : Bertrand competition The Bertrand model is essentially the Cournot -- Nash model except the strategic variable is price rather than quantity . The model assumptions are : There are two firms in the market They produce a homogeneous product They produce at a constant marginal cost Firms choose prices P and P simultaneously Firms outputs are perfect substitutes Sales are split evenly if P = P The only Nash equilibrium is P = P = MC . Neither firm has any reason to change strategy . If the firm raises prices it will lose all its customers . If the firm lowers price P < MC then it will be losing money on every unit sold . The Bertrand equilibrium is the same as the competitive result . Each firm will produce where P = marginal costs and there will be zero profits . A generalization of the Bertrand model is the Bertrand -- Edgeworth model that allows for capacity constraints and more general cost functions . Oligopolistic market kinked demand curve model ( edit ) Main article : Kinked demand According to this model , each firm faces a demand curve kinked at the existing price . The conjectural assumptions of the model are ; if the firm raises its price above the current existing price , competitors will not follow and the acting firm will lose market share and second if a firm lowers prices below the existing price then their competitors will follow to retain their market share and the firm 's output will increase only marginally . If the assumptions hold then : The firm 's marginal revenue curve is discontinuous ( or rather , not differentiable ) , and has a gap at the kink For prices above the prevailing price the curve is relatively elastic For prices below the point the curve is relatively inelastic The gap in the marginal revenue curve means that marginal costs can fluctuate without changing equilibrium price and quantity . Thus prices tend to be rigid . Examples ( edit ) In industrialized economies , barriers to entry have resulted in oligopolies forming in many sectors , with unprecedented levels of competition fueled by increasing globalization . Market shares in an oligopoly are typically determined by product development and advertising . For example , there are now only a small number of manufacturers of civil passenger aircraft , though Brazil ( Embraer ) and Canada ( Bombardier ) have participated in the small passenger aircraft market sector . Oligopolies have also arisen in heavily - regulated markets such as wireless communications : in some areas only two or three providers are licensed to operate . Worldwide ( edit ) Aircraft ( edit ) Boeing and Airbus have a duopoly over the airliner market . General Electric , Pratt and Whitney and Rolls - Royce plc own more than 50 % of the marketshare in the airliner engine market . Aircraft tires is dominated by a four - firm oligopoly that controls 85 % of market share , these firms are Goodyear , Michelin , Dunlop , and Bridgestone . Finance ( edit ) Three credit rating agencies ( Standard & Poor 's , Moody 's , and Fitch Group ) dominate their market and extend their crucial importance into the financial sector . See Big Three ( credit rating agencies ) . The accountancy market is dominated by PriceWaterhouseCoopers , KPMG , Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu , and Ernst & Young ( commonly known as the Big Four ) Credit card processing is dominated by Visa and Mastercard . Food ( edit ) Three leading food processing companies , Kraft Foods , PepsiCo and Nestlé , together achieve a large proportion of global processed food sales . These three companies are often used as an example of `` Rule of three '' , which states that markets often become an oligopoly of three large firms . Nestlé , The Hershey Company and Mars , Incorporated together make most of the confectionery made worldwide . Technology ( edit ) Intel and AMD are the only two major players in desktop CPU market worldwide . Microsoft , Sony , Valve , and Nintendo dominate the video game platform market . Nvidia and AMD together make most of the chips for discrete graphics . Australia ( edit ) Most print and online media outlets are owned either by News Corporation or by Fairfax Media 60 per cent of grocery revenue goes to Coles Group and Woolworths . Banking is dominated by ANZ , Westpac , NAB , and Commonwealth Bank . To an extent this oligopoly is enshrined in law in what is known as the `` Four pillars policy '' , in order to ensure the stability of Australia 's banking system . Fixed line telecommunications products in Australia are primarily delivered by Telstra , Optus , TPG or increasingly NBN Co . Other brands are virtual network operators ( VNO ) . In the mobile market there are three main operators , Telstra , Optus and Vodafone Hutchison Australia with other mobile virtual network operators ( MVNO ) selling access to those three networks . Canada ( edit ) Media ( edit ) Torstar and Postmedia Network dominate the newspaper industry Bell Media , Rogers Media , and Corus Entertainment dominate English - language television broadcasting Bell Media Radio , Newcap Radio , Rogers Media , and Corus Entertainment dominate the English - language radio industry Loblaw Companies , Metro Inc. , and Sobeys control the majority of the supermarket industry Other ( edit ) Five companies dominate the banking industry : Royal Bank of Canada , Toronto Dominion Bank , Bank of Nova Scotia , Bank of Montreal , and Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce As of 2008 Rogers Wireless , Bell Mobility and Telus Mobility control a combined 94 % of Canada 's wireless telecommunications market Rogers Communications , Bell Canada , Telus , and Shaw Communications dominate the internet service provider market : Husky Energy , Imperial Oil , Nexen , Shell Canada , Suncor Energy , Syncrude , and Repsol Oil & Gas Canada dominate the oil and gas sector India ( edit ) The petroleum and gas industry is dominated by Indian Oil , Bharat Petroleum , Hindustan Petroleum , and Reliance Petroleum . Most of the telecommunication in India is dominated by Airtel , Vodafone Idea India , Telenor , as well as ( BSNL ) and Reliance Jio European Union ( edit ) The VHF Data Link market as air - ground part of aeronautical communications is controlled by ARINC and SITA , commonly known as the organisations providing communication services for the exchange of data between air - ground applications in the Commission Regulation ( EC ) No 29 / 2009 . United kingdom ( edit ) Five banks ( Barclays , Halifax , HSBC , Lloyds TSB and Natwest ) dominate the UK banking sector , they were accused of being an oligopoly by the relative newcomer Virgin Money . Four companies ( Tesco , Sainsbury 's , Asda and Morrisons ) share 74.4 % of the grocery market . The detergent market is dominated by two players , Unilever and Procter & Gamble . Six utilities ( EDF Energy , Centrica , RWE npower , E. on , Scottish Power and Scottish and Southern Energy ) share 95 % of the retail electricity market . Four mobile phone networks . Virtual mobile networks like Tesco Mobile have attempted to broaden the market , but there are still just four core network providers in EE , Vodafone , O2 and 3 Mobile . Big Four Accounting Firms - ( KPMG , PWC , Ernst and Young and Deloitte ) These four firms audit 99 % of the companies in the FTSE100 and 96 % of the companies in the FTSE 250 Index . United States ( edit ) Media ( edit ) Six movie studios ( Walt Disney Pictures , Sony Pictures , Universal Pictures , 20th Century Fox , Paramount Pictures , Warner Bros. Entertainment ) receive almost 87 % of American film revenues . The television and high speed internet industry is mostly an oligopoly of seven companies : The Walt Disney Company , CBS Corporation , Viacom , Comcast , Hearst Corporation , Time Warner , and News Corporation ( now 21st Century Fox and News Corp ) . See Concentration of media ownership . In March 2012 , the United States Department of Justice announced that it would sue six major publishers for price fixing in the sale of electronic books . The accused publishers are Apple , Simon & Schuster Inc , Hachette Book Group , Penguin Group , Macmillan , and HarperCollins Publishers . Other ( edit ) Four wireless providers ( AT&T Mobility , Verizon Wireless , T - Mobile , Sprint Corporation ) control 89 % of the cellular telephone service market . This is not to be confused with cellular telephone manufacturing , an integral portion of the cellular telephone market as a whole . Healthcare insurance in the United States consists of very few insurance companies controlling major market share in most states . For example , California 's insured population of 20 million is the most competitive in the nation and 44 % of that market is dominated by two insurance companies , Anthem and Kaiser Permanente . Mergers among airlines have left the industry in the United States dominated by four main entities -- Delta Air Lines , United Airlines , Southwest Airlines and American Airlines -- which purposely do not compete on some air travel routes . Transcontinental freight lines are vastly controlled by two railroads : Union Pacific Railroad and BNSF Railroad . The big box retail industry in the U.S. is dominated by Walmart , Target , and Costco . Walgreens and CVS Pharmacy take up 86 % of the U.S. pharmacy market . Demand curve ( edit ) Above the kink , demand is relatively elastic because all other firms ' prices remain unchanged . Below the kink , demand is relatively inelastic because all other firms will introduce a similar price cut , eventually leading to a price war . Therefore , the best option for the oligopolist is to produce at point E which is the equilibrium point and the kink point . This is a theoretical model proposed in 1947 , which has failed to receive conclusive evidence for support . In an oligopoly , firms operate under imperfect competition . With the fierce price competitiveness created by this sticky - upward demand curve , firms use non-price competition in order to accrue greater revenue and market share . `` Kinked '' demand curves are similar to traditional demand curves , as they are downward - sloping . They are distinguished by a hypothesized convex bend with a discontinuity at the bend -- `` kink '' . Thus the first derivative at that point is undefined and leads to a jump discontinuity in the marginal revenue curve . Classical economic theory assumes that a profit - maximizing producer with some market power ( either due to oligopoly or monopolistic competition ) will set marginal costs equal to marginal revenue . This idea can be envisioned graphically by the intersection of an upward - sloping marginal cost curve and a downward - sloping marginal revenue curve ( because the more one sells , the lower the price must be , so the less a producer earns per unit ) . In classical theory , any change in the marginal cost structure ( how much it costs to make each additional unit ) or the marginal revenue structure ( how much people will pay for each additional unit ) will be immediately reflected in a new price and / or quantity sold of the item . This result does not occur if a `` kink '' exists . Because of this jump discontinuity in the marginal revenue curve , marginal costs could change without necessarily changing the price or quantity . The motivation behind this kink is the idea that in an oligopolistic or monopolistically competitive market , firms will not raise their prices because even a small price increase will lose many customers . This is because competitors will generally ignore price increases , with the hope of gaining a larger market share as a result of now having comparatively lower prices . However , even a large price decrease will gain only a few customers because such an action will begin a price war with other firms . The curve is therefore more price - elastic for price increases and less so for price decreases . Theory predicts that firms will enter the industry in the long run . See also ( edit ) Big business Conjectural variation Market failure Monopoly Monopsony Oligopolistic reaction Oligopsony Perfect competition Prisoner 's dilemma Simulations and games in economics education Swing producer Unfair competition Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ R = M − Q − 2Q . can be restated as R = ( M − Q ) − 2Q . Further reading ( edit ) Bayer , R.C. ( 2010 ) . Intertemporal price discrimination and competition . Journal of economic behavior & organization , 73 ( 2 ) , 273 -- 293 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Competition Counts '' . 11 June 2013 . Retrieved 23 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Perloff , J. Microeconomics Theory & Applications with Calculus. page 445 . Pearson 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Hirschey , M. Managerial Economics . Rev. Ed , page 451 . Dryden 2000 . ^ Jump up to : Negbennebor , A : Microeconomics , The Freedom to Choose CAT 2001 Jump up ^ Negbennebor , A : Microeconomics , The Freedom to Choose page 291 . CAT 2001 Jump up ^ Melvin & Boyes , Microeconomics 5th ed. page 267 . Houghton Mifflin 2002 ^ Jump up to : Colander , David C. Microeconomics 7th ed . Page 288 McGraw - Hill 2008 . Jump up ^ This statement is the Cournot conjectures . Kreps , D. : A Course in Microeconomic Theory page 326 . Princeton 1990 . Jump up ^ Kreps , D. A Course in Microeconomic Theory. page 326 . Princeton 1990 . Jump up ^ Kreps , D. A Course in Microeconomic Theory . Princeton 1990 . Jump up ^ Samuelson , W & Marks , S. Managerial Economics . 4th ed . Wiley 2003 Jump up ^ Pindyck , R & Rubinfeld , D: Microeconomics 5th ed . Prentice - Hall 2001 Jump up ^ Pindyck , R & Rubinfeld , D: Microeconomics 5th ed . Prentice - Hall 2001 ^ Jump up to : Samuelson , W. & Marks , S. Managerial Economics . 4th ed. page 415 Wiley 2003 . Jump up ^ There is nothing to guarantee an even split . Kreps , D. : A Course in Microeconomic Theory page 331 . Princeton 1990 . Jump up ^ This assumes that there are no capacity restriction . Binger , B & Hoffman , E , 284 -- 85 . Microeconomics with Calculus , 2nd ed . Addison - Wesley , 1998 . Jump up ^ Pindyck , R & Rubinfeld , D: Microeconomics 5th ed. page 438 Prentice - Hall 2001 . ^ Jump up to : Pindyck , R. & Rubinfeld , D. Microeconomics 5th ed. page 446 . Prentice - Hall 2001 . Jump up ^ Simply stated the rule is that competitors will ignore price increases and follow price decreases . Negbennebor , A : Microeconomics , The Freedom to Choose page 299 . CAT 2001 ^ Jump up to : Negbennebor , A. Microeconomics : The Freedom to Choose. page 299 . CAT 2001 Jump up ^ Airlines Industry Profile : United States , Datamonitor , November 2008 , pp. 13 -- 14 Jump up ^ `` Manufacturers work on perfecting aircraft tires '' . Rubber News . May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Accountancy Industry Profile : Global , Datamonitor , September 2008 Jump up ^ `` Subscribe to read '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 23 March 2018 . Jump up ^ SHETH Jagdish , SISODIA Rajendra , The Rule of Three , New York : Boston Publishing . Jump up ^ Fisher , Caroline ; Watkins , Jerry . `` Australia - Reuters Institute Digital News Report '' . Reuters Institute . Reuters Institute . Retrieved 1 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Woolworths increases lead in $100 b+ grocery war '' . Roy Morgan . Roy Morgan . Retrieved 1 August 2018 . Jump up ^ http://cwta.ca/CWTASite/english/facts_figures_downloads/SubscribersStats_en_2008_Q4.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/publications/reports/policymonitoring/2008/cmr2008.pdf Jump up ^ Big banks running an oligopoly , says Virgin Money chief , January 2011 Jump up ^ Probe says ' too few supermarkets ' , BBC News , 31 October 2007 , retrieved 3 April 2009 Jump up ^ Textile Washing Products Industry Profile : United Kingdom , Datamonitor , November 2008 Jump up ^ ' Big six ' energy firms face competition inquiry , BBC News , 27 March 2014 Jump up ^ `` 2013 Market Share and Box Office Results by Movie Studio '' . boxofficemojo.com . Jump up ^ Rodman , George . Mass Media in a Changing World . New York ( 2nd ed . ) , McGraw Hill , 2008 Jump up ^ Bartz , Diane ( 8 Mar 2012 ) . `` Justice Department may sue Apple , publishers on e-books '' . Reuters . Retrieved 14 Mar 2012 . Jump up ^ Tim Worstall ( 8 Mar 2012 ) . `` Now the Justice Department Wants to Sue Apple '' . Forbes . Retrieved 14 Mar 2012 . Jump up ^ Thomas Catan ; Jeffrey A. Trachtenberg ( 9 Mar 2012 ) . `` US Warns Apple , Publishers '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 14 Mar 2012 . Jump up ^ Chetan Sharma . `` Us Wireless Market Q4 2008 And 2008 Update Mar 2009 Chetan Sharma ... '' . slideshare.net . Jump up ^ Contributor , Julie Roginsky , CNBC ( 18 September 2009 ) . `` Roginsky : The Health Insurance Oligopoly '' . Retrieved 23 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Sorkin , Andrew Ross . `` As Oil Prices Fall , Airfares Still Stay High '' . NYTimes.com . New York Times . Retrieved 24 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Moskowitz , Dan ( 19 May 2015 ) . `` Costco , Target or Walmart : Which is the Best Bet ? '' . Retrieved 23 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CVS and Walgreens : A Duopoly That 's Hard to Ignore '' . Retrieved 23 March 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oligopoly . Microeconomics by Elmer G. Wiens : Online Interactive Models of Oligopoly , Differentiated Oligopoly , and Monopolistic Competition Vives , X . ( 1999 ) . Oligopoly pricing , MIT Press , Cambridge MA . ( A comprehensive work on oligopoly theory ) Simulations in Managerial / Business Economics Simulations in Principles of Economics Oligoply Theory made Simple , Chapter 6 of Surfing Economics by Huw Dixon . 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Jacob Marschak Alfred Marshall Karl Marx John von Neumann Vilfredo Pareto David Ricardo Paul Samuelson Joseph Schumpeter Amartya Sen Herbert A. Simon Adam Smith Robert Solow Richard Thaler Léon Walras more International organizations Asia - Pacific Economic Cooperation Economic Cooperation Organization European Free Trade Association International Monetary Fund Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development World Bank World Trade Organization Index Lists Outline Publications Business and economics portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oligopoly&oldid=866037335 '' Categories : Market structure Oligopoly Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010 Use dmy dates from July 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2009 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پښتو Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 45 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018 , at 21 : 25 ( UTC ) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligopoly
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when was the last time the padres made the playoffs
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Season Level League Division Finish Wins Losses Win % GB Postseason Awards 1969 MLB NL West 6th 52 110 . 321 41 1970 MLB NL West 6th 63 99 . 389 39 1971 MLB NL West 6th 61 100 . 379 281⁄2 1972 MLB NL West 6th 58 95 . 379 361⁄2 1973 MLB NL West 6th 60 102 . 370 39 MLB NL West 6th 60 102 . 370 42 MLB NL West 4th 71 91 . 438 37 1976 MLB NL West 5th 73 89 . 451 29 Randy Jones ( CYA ) Butch Metzger ( ROY ) 1977 MLB NL West 5th 69 93 . 426 29 1978 MLB NL West 4th 84 78 . 519 11 Gaylord Perry ( CYA ) 1979 MLB NL West 5th 68 93 . 422 22 1980 MLB NL West 6th 73 89 . 451 191⁄2 1981 MLB NL West 6th 23 33 . 411 121⁄2 6th 18 36 . 333 151⁄2 1982 MLB NL West 4th 81 81 . 500 8 MLB NL West 4th 81 81 . 500 10 1984 MLB NL * West ^ 1st 92 70 . 568 -- Won NLCS ( Cubs ) 3 -- 2 Lost World Series ( Tigers ) 4 -- 1 * 1985 MLB NL West 3rd 83 79 . 512 12 1986 MLB NL West 4th 74 88 . 457 22 MLB NL West 6th 65 97 . 401 25 Benito Santiago ( ROY ) 1988 MLB NL West 3rd 83 78 . 516 11 1989 MLB NL West 2nd 89 73 . 549 Mark Davis ( CYA ) 1990 MLB NL West 4th 75 87 . 463 16 1991 MLB NL West 3rd 84 78 . 519 10 1992 MLB NL West 3rd 82 80 . 506 16 1993 MLB NL West 6th 61 101 . 377 43 1994 MLB NL West 4th 47 70 . 402 121⁄2 Playoffs cancelled 1995 MLB NL West 3rd 70 74 . 486 8 MLB NL West ^ 1st 91 71 . 562 -- Lost NLDS ( Cardinals ) 3 -- 0 Ken Caminiti ( MVP ) Bruce Bochy ( MOY ) 1997 MLB NL West 4th 76 86 . 469 14 1998 MLB NL * West ^ 1st 98 64 . 605 -- Won NLDS ( Astros ) 3 -- 1 Won NLCS ( Braves ) 4 -- 2 Lost World Series ( Yankees ) 4 -- 0 * 1999 MLB NL West 4th 74 88 . 457 26 2000 MLB NL West 5th 76 86 . 469 21 2001 MLB NL West 4th 79 83 . 488 13 2002 MLB NL West 5th 66 96 . 407 32 2003 MLB NL West 5th 64 98 . 395 361⁄2 MLB NL West 3rd 87 75 . 537 6 2005 MLB NL West ^ 1st 82 80 . 506 -- Lost NLDS ( Cardinals ) 3 -- 0 2006 MLB NL West ^ 1st 88 74 . 543 -- Lost NLDS ( Cardinals ) 3 -- 1 2007 MLB NL West 3rd 89 74 . 546 11⁄2 Jake Peavy ( CYA ) 2008 MLB NL West 5th 63 99 . 389 21 2009 MLB NL West 4th 75 87 . 463 20 MLB NL West 2nd 90 72 . 555 Heath Bell ( ROY ) Bud Black ( MOY ) 2011 MLB NL West 5th 71 91 . 435 23 2012 MLB NL West 4th 76 86 . 469 18 2013 MLB NL West T - 3rd 76 86 . 469 16 2014 MLB NL West 3rd 77 85 . 475 17 2015 MLB NL West 4th 74 88 . 457 18 2016 MLB NL West 5th 68 94 . 420 23 2017 MLB NL West 4th 71 91 . 438 33 Regular season 3612 4201 . 462 5 Postseason Appearances Playoff games 12 22 . 353 5 Division Titles , 2 League Pennants Playoff series . 375 0 World Series Championships
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2006
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List of San Diego Padres seasons
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list of san diego padres seasons
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The San Diego Padres are a professional baseball franchise based in San Diego , California .
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They began play in 1969 , but did not achieve their first winning season until 1978 , though they failed to sustain this over the next half - decade . However , in 1984 the Padres surprisingly reached their first - ever postseason appearance and won the National League Championship before losing to a very strong Detroit Tiger outfit in the World Series . This did not usher in a prolonged period of success for the Padres , who failed to achieve a second postseason appearance until 1996 , and after a disappointing 1997 they rebounded again with a franchise - best 98 wins and reached the World Series only to face another exceptionally formidable opponent in the late - 1990s Yankees dynasty . The Padres yet again faltered , but achieved four consecutive winning seasons for the only time in franchise history between 2004 and 2007 without winning more than one playoff game . The Padres have not played in the postseason since 2006 despite only the fourth 90 - win season in franchise history during 2010 . World Series champions † NL champions * Division champions ^ Wild card berth ( 1995 -- present ) ¤ Season Level League Division Finish Wins Losses Win % GB Postseason Awards 1969 MLB NL West 6th 52 110 . 321 41 1970 MLB NL West 6th 63 99 . 389 39 1971 MLB NL West 6th 61 100 . 379 281⁄2 1972 MLB NL West 6th 58 95 . 379 361⁄2 1973 MLB NL West 6th 60 102 . 370 39 MLB NL West 6th 60 102 . 370 42 MLB NL West 4th 71 91 . 438 37 1976 MLB NL West 5th 73 89 . 451 29 Randy Jones ( CYA ) Butch Metzger ( ROY ) 1977 MLB NL West 5th 69 93 . 426 29 1978 MLB NL West 4th 84 78 . 519 11 Gaylord Perry ( CYA ) 1979 MLB NL West 5th 68 93 . 422 22 1980 MLB NL West 6th 73 89 . 451 191⁄2 1981 MLB NL West 6th 23 33 . 411 121⁄2 6th 18 36 . 333 151⁄2 1982 MLB NL West 4th 81 81 . 500 8 MLB NL West 4th 81 81 . 500 10 1984 MLB NL * West ^ 1st 92 70 . 568 -- Won NLCS ( Cubs ) 3 -- 2 Lost World Series ( Tigers ) 4 -- 1 * 1985 MLB NL West 3rd 83 79 . 512 12 1986 MLB NL West 4th 74 88 . 457 22 MLB NL West 6th 65 97 . 401 25 Benito Santiago ( ROY ) 1988 MLB NL West 3rd 83 78 . 516 11 1989 MLB NL West 2nd 89 73 . 549 Mark Davis ( CYA ) 1990 MLB NL West 4th 75 87 . 463 16 1991 MLB NL West 3rd 84 78 . 519 10 1992 MLB NL West 3rd 82 80 . 506 16 1993 MLB NL West 6th 61 101 . 377 43 1994 MLB NL West 4th 47 70 . 402 121⁄2 Playoffs cancelled 1995 MLB NL West 3rd 70 74 . 486 8 MLB NL West ^ 1st 91 71 . 562 -- Lost NLDS ( Cardinals ) 3 -- 0 Ken Caminiti ( MVP ) Bruce Bochy ( MOY ) 1997 MLB NL West 4th 76 86 . 469 14 1998 MLB NL * West ^ 1st 98 64 . 605 -- Won NLDS ( Astros ) 3 -- 1 Won NLCS ( Braves ) 4 -- 2 Lost World Series ( Yankees ) 4 -- 0 * 1999 MLB NL West 4th 74 88 . 457 26 2000 MLB NL West 5th 76 86 . 469 21 2001 MLB NL West 4th 79 83 . 488 13 2002 MLB NL West 5th 66 96 . 407 32 2003 MLB NL West 5th 64 98 . 395 361⁄2 MLB NL West 3rd 87 75 . 537 6 2005 MLB NL West ^ 1st 82 80 . 506 -- Lost NLDS ( Cardinals ) 3 -- 0 2006 MLB NL West ^ 1st 88 74 . 543 -- Lost NLDS ( Cardinals ) 3 -- 1 2007 MLB NL West 3rd 89 74 . 546 11⁄2 Jake Peavy ( CYA ) 2008 MLB NL West 5th 63 99 . 389 21 2009 MLB NL West 4th 75 87 . 463 20 MLB NL West 2nd 90 72 . 555 Heath Bell ( ROY ) Bud Black ( MOY ) 2011 MLB NL West 5th 71 91 . 435 23 2012 MLB NL West 4th 76 86 . 469 18 2013 MLB NL West T - 3rd 76 86 . 469 16 2014 MLB NL West 3rd 77 85 . 475 17 2015 MLB NL West 4th 74 88 . 457 18 2016 MLB NL West 5th 68 94 . 420 23 2017 MLB NL West 4th 71 91 . 438 33 Regular season 3612 4201 . 462 5 Postseason Appearances Playoff games 12 22 . 353 5 Division Titles , 2 League Pennants Playoff series . 375 0 World Series Championships Lost 2007 National League Wild Card tie - breaker game to the Colorado Rockies . Record by decade ( edit ) The following table describes the Padres ' MLB win -- loss record by decade . Decade Wins Losses Pct 1960s 52 110 . 321 1970s 667 942 . 415 1980s 762 805 . 486 1990s 758 799 . 487 2000s 769 852 . 474 2010s 532 602 . 469 All - time 3540 4110 . 463 These statistics are from Baseball-Reference.com 's San Diego Padres History & Encyclopedia , and are current as of October 18 , 2016 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` San Diego Padres History & Encyclopedia '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Major League Baseball season - by - season team history American League East Division Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Division Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Division Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Division Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Division Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Division Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants San Diego Padres Established in 1969 Based in San Diego , California Franchise History Expansion and draft Seasons Players Managers Owners and executives Division Retired numbers Hall of Fame Award winners and league leaders Broadcasters First - round draft picks Opening Day starting pitchers Records Ballparks Qualcomm Stadium Petco Park Spring training Desert Sun Stadium Peoria Sports Complex Culture Fox Sports San Diego The Kid from Left Field San Diego Padres ( PCL ) Pitch Swinging Friar San Diego Chicken Trevor time Lore 1984 NLCS Game 4 2007 NL Wild Card tie - breaker game Key personnel Owner : Ron Fowler General Manager : A.J. Preller Sr. VP of Baseball Operations : Omar Minaya Manager : Andy Green League pennants ( 2 ) 1984 1998 Division titles ( 5 ) 1984 1998 2005 2006 Minor league affiliates El Paso Chihuahuas ( AAA ) San Antonio Missions ( AA ) Lake Elsinore Storm ( A Adv . ) Fort Wayne TinCaps ( A ) Tri-City Dust Devils ( Short A ) AZL Padres ( Rookie ) AZL Padres 2 ( Rookie ) DSL Padres ( Rookie ) Seasons ( 50 ) 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_San_Diego_Padres_seasons&oldid=856426296 '' Categories : San Diego Padres seasons Major League Baseball teams seasons San Diego Padres lists Talk About Wikipedia Français 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2018 , at 03 : 15 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20San%20Diego%20Padres%20seasons
| 2,958 |
who is the producer of the ellen degeneres show
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The Ellen DeGeneres Show Also known as Ellen Genre Talk show Created by Ellen DeGeneres Presented by Ellen DeGeneres Opening theme `` Let 's Have a Little Fun '' by Sharlotte Gibson ( season 1 -- 12 ) `` Today 's the Day '' by P ! nk ( season 13 -- present ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 15 No. of episodes 2,519 ( as of December 8 , 2017 ) ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Andy Lassner Ed Glavin Ellen DeGeneres Jim Paratore ( 2003 -- 12 ) Mary Connelly Camera setup Multiple Running time 38 to 42 minutes Production company ( s ) A Very Good Production Telepictures Productions E.W. Scripps Company WAD Productions Distributor Warner Bros. Television ( USA ) Release Original network Syndication Picture format HDTV ( 1080i ) ( 2008 -- present ) NTSC ( 480i ) ( 2003 -- 08 ) Audio format Stereophonic Original release September 8 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 08 ) -- present Chronology Preceded by The Caroline Rhea Show ( 2002 -- 03 ) External links Website www.ellentv.com
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Andy Lassner|Ed Glavin|Ellen DeGeneres|Jim Paratore|Mary Connelly
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The Ellen DeGeneres show
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the ellen degeneres show
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The Ellen DeGeneres Show ( often shortened to Ellen ) is an American television comedy talk show hosted by comedienne / actress Ellen DeGeneres . Debuting on September 8 , 2003 , it is produced by Telepictures and airs in syndication , including stations owned by NBCUniversal . For its first five seasons , the show was taped in Studio 11 at NBC Studios in Burbank , California . From season 6 onwards , the show moved to being taped at Stage 1 on the nearby Warner Bros. lot . Since the beginning of the sixth season , Ellen has been broadcast in high definition .
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The show has won 59 Daytime Emmy Awards as of 2017 , including four for Outstanding Talk Show and six for Outstanding Talk Show Entertainment , surpassing the record held by The Oprah Winfrey Show , which won nine . The show also won 17 People 's Choice Award . The talk show 's YouTube channel is currently charted as being in the top 20 most - subscribed YouTube channels . On January 20 , 2016 , it was announced that the show had been renewed for three additional seasons through 2020 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Concept 1.1 Recurring elements 1.1. 1 Segments ( including former and recurring ) 1.1. 2 Dancing 1.1. 3 Sophia Grace and Rosie 1.1. 4 DeGeneres 's mother 2 Production information 2.1 Taping location 2.2 Personnel 2.2. 1 DJ 2.3 2007 Writers Guild strike 3 Episodes 3.1 Special episodes 4 Reception 4.1 Ratings 4.2 Awards 5 References 6 External links Concept ( edit ) The program combines comedy , celebrity , musical guests , and human - interest stories . The program often features audience participation games where prizes are awarded . During her Twelve Days of Giveaways promotion , audience members receive roughly $1,000 worth of prizes on each of twelve episodes . Because the show has become so popular , not all who arrive hoping to see a taping can fit into the studio , so an offshoot space , dubbed by Tom Hanks `` The Riff Raff Room '' , was created . Persons seated here are often referenced and shown briefly on camera but watch the taping from off - stage . Other non-celebrities have been featured in an attempt by DeGeneres to give them 15 minutes of fame . Guests in this role have included intelligent children , small business owners , etc . In the show 's third season , DeGeneres began surprising fans by introducing them to their favorite celebrities . Ellen DeGeneres in 2004 Recurring elements ( edit ) Several recurring sounds , gags , and catchphrases are used by DeGeneres depending on the topic of discussion or theme for a specific episode . For example , after DeGeneres says the phrase , `` Aww Snap ! '' , a sound effect of a whip cracking often is played . In her monologue , DeGeneres frequently thanks the audience 's applause by saying `` I feel the same way about you ! '' Other video segments include DeGeneres scaring people , playing pranks , taking part in faux - breaking news segments , interacting with crew members , etc . Other recurring segments include those where DeGeneres comments on Internet videos , tabloid - style photographs of celebrities , advertisements on Craigslist , or voicemails left for her on an answering machine . Some segments feature audience members more prominently , including having audience members show hidden talents , pictures of others that resemble DeGeneres , interviewing children , etc . DeGeneres frequently plays games with audience members and awards prizes based upon their performance . Games have included Pictionary - style drawing games , finding hidden objects within the studio , category , current event or pop - culture - based trivia , and various other stunt and charade - based games . DeGeneres also joked several times on the show about when a sequel to Finding Nemo , in which she famously had a lead role , will eventually release , as well as make references to the film . Eventually , the sequel , Finding Dory , was officially announced by DeGeneres . Segments ( including former and recurring ) ( edit ) The show has many recurring segments throughout the years . Some include : Oh Hair No ! is a segment that involves fans sending in funny haircuts to DeGeneres ; some of them appear on the show . Know or Go is a segment involving three audience members ( or contestants ) to answer questions based on topics such as Thanksgiving , current events , about Ellen herself , etc . If they get a question wrong , the contestant gets dropped through a trap door . Clumsy Thumbsy is a segment where Ellen shows messed up auto corrects sent in by fans . Oh Puh - lice is a segment where odd police reports are shown . Ellen 's Dance Dare is a segment where viewers send videos of themselves secretly dancing behind oblivious people . Irish jigs were featured on the 2012 St. Patrick 's Day episode . Many celebrities have participated such as Emma Stone , Zac Efron , Lilly Singh , The Janoskians and Taylor Swift . Bad Paid for Tattoos Odd , usually incorrectly spelled body art is displayed . A Little Yelp From My Friends Ellen reads reviews from the website Yelp . `` What 's Wrong with These Photos ? '' Photos Silly photos sent in by viewers are featured . `` What Were They Thinking ? '' Audience Dancing Audience members are shown dancing with voices acting out the dancers ' thoughts . `` What 's Wrong with These Signs ? '' Signs Viewers send Ellen pictures of signs that are n't quite right . Tony Karaoke is a segment that features the show 's DJ , Tony , singing often wrong - but - hilarious lyrics to popular songs . Tea Time with Sophia Grace and Rosie is a segment in which Sophia Grace & Rosie interview celebrity guests on the show , all while enjoying cookies and tea . ApPARENTly Confused is a segment where Ellen shows messages by parents who do n't understand texting and technology . In Your FACEbook is a segment where Ellen shares funny Facebook photos taken from the profile pages of audience members . Weekly Tweetly Roundup is a segment where Ellen shares funny and interesting tweets . Classic Joke Thursday is a segment where Ellen shares funny jokes / puns , usually in a conversation with the show 's DJ . This Plus That is a segment where a montage of dancing audience members is shown usually combined with humorous sound effects . Just KID - ink is a segment where Ellen shares funny drawings from kids . INSTA - grammification is a segment where Ellen shares funny and unusual pictures from the show 's Instagram page . `` Vine After Vine '' is a segment where Ellen shares funny 6 second video clips from the popular mobile app Vine . `` Grand Design '' an online segment where Ellen , with presenters and home makeover experts the `` Kitchen Cousins '' John Colaneri and Anthony Carrino would redesign a room in just 24 hours on a budget of $1,000 dollars . `` What Have YOU Been Up to on Facebook ? '' is a recurring segment in which Ellen reveals some personal and private information of the public to the audience . `` Starbucks Prank ! '' is a recurring segment in which Ellen send popular celebrities out to Starbucks to prank the cashiers . `` What The Heck Are These Kids Talking About ? '' is a former segment in which Ellen reviews rap lyrics and tries to figure out what they mean . `` Celebrity Pranks ! '' is a segment where Ellen often scares Taylor Swift ( as she falls for it the most ) and other famous celebrities . `` Chat Time With Ellen ! '' is a talk - show segment in which Ellen talks about -- or to -- people who have made viral videos . Can Andy Say That ? is a segment in which Ellen has the show 's executive producer , Andy Lassner , repeat funny phrases that are filled with double entendres and sexual innuendo . Haunted House ( the segment is actually untitled ) is an annual segment in which Ellen sends her writer , Amy Rhodes , to various haunted houses in the days leading up to Halloween . In recent years , Amy has been joined in the haunted houses by her own mother , as well as the show 's executive producer Andy Lassner . Celebrities like Ariana Grande , Taylor Swift , Eric Stonestreet and DeGeneres 's wife Portia de Rossi have also been sent to a haunted house . Average Andy is a segment where Ellen sends her executive producer Andy Lassner to learn new skills from the world 's most talented people . Throwback Thursday is a segment where every Thursday Ellen revisits funny moments from previous seasons . `` Who 's In My Bushes ? '' is a segment where a celebrity is hidden in decorative bushes in which Ellen will ask questions to that celebrity and eventually comes out when figured . However , during this segment , Ellen already knows who the celebrity is and the audience will just play along . Take That , China ! is a segment where Ellen makes jokes about impractical and often unwise American inventions . Breaking News is a segment where news anchor Devin Scillian interrupts the show and delivers unusually mundane , humorous breaking news . Why I Do n't Have Kids is a segment where Ellen shows pictures or videos sent in by viewers of crazy situations they have encountered with their kids . Epic or Fail is a segment considered to be Ellen 's favorite game where Ellen shows several stunts or tricks caught on tape , and when the videos are paused , Ellen , the audience , and even guest celebrities have to guess the ending 's outcome . Hot Hands is a game where some audience member or celebrities get on a special seat and name the celebrities which are shown on the screen as much as possible in 30 seconds . 5 Second Rule is a game where Ellen and celebrity contestants have to think on their feet and list three answers that fall into a given category in only five seconds . Ellen In Your Ear is a segment where celebrity interact with unsuspecting people , where Ellen instructing the celebrities through remote ear piece . Heads Up ! Heads Up ! is a game that DeGeneres plays with other celebrities . The game originally has players guess the word on the physical cards held to another player 's head as time counts down . DeGeneres and Warner Bros. Entertainment developed an app version of this game . The game became a huge success after its May 2013 launch , and it immediately shot to the top of the App Store and was downloaded over 650,000 times in its first month . Totally , it has been download for more than 25 million times by July 2016 . It remains among Apple 's top - paid apps three years after launch . Dancing ( edit ) First Lady Michelle Obama and Ellen dance on the second anniversary of Let 's Move ! . Since the show 's debut , DeGeneres has segued from her opening monologue by doing a dance . The dancing proved to be extremely popular with viewers , and has since progressed to a segment where DeGeneres dances into the audience , sometimes borrowing a coat or purse from someone 's chair , and taking it with her . She has also featured a segment in which people teach her new dance moves . One of her most famous dance moves is dancing over the table , where she straddles the coffee table and dances from one end to the other . Although she does not do it every day , dancing over the table is a recurring theme . As an April Fools ' Day prank in 2009 , the show 's staff placed a wider table top over her normal table . During the show , when DeGeneres attempted to dance over it , she barely made it across , being forced on her tip - toes and using the table as leverage . On the seventh - season premiere , DeGeneres performed a dance segment with the cast of So You Think You Can Dance . In September 2009 , four major record labels sued the producers of the show for unspecified damages over the dance routine , for allegedly using songs without permission . Sophia Grace and Rosie ( edit ) Main article : Sophia Grace & Rosie Sophia Grace Brownlee ( born April 18 , 2003 ) and her cousin Rosie McClelland ( born September 7 , 2006 ) were first invited to the show after DeGeneres saw their YouTube video cover of `` Super Bass '' by Nicki Minaj , which Sophia Grace and Rosie posted on YouTube on September 19 , 2011 . The then eight - and five - year - old Essex , England natives became recurring cast members on the show , where they hosted their own segment called `` Tea Time with Sophia Grace and Rosie '' . In the segment , the duo invites and interviews guest celebrities such as Taylor Swift , Katy Perry , Hugh Grant , Julie Bowen , Harry Connick Jr. , LL Cool J , Justin Bieber , and Reese Witherspoon over to tea . Sophia Grace and Rosie won the `` Choice Webstar '' at the 2012 Teen Choice Awards for this segment . They have also been correspondents during the red carpet events such as the Grammy Awards , the American Music Awards , the Billboard Music Awards , and the MTV Video Music Awards . They appeared in the third episode ( June 2013 ) and the eleventh episode ( September 2013 ) of Sam & Cat . According to her representative , Sophia Grace had been cast as Little Red Riding Hood in Walt Disney Pictures ' film adaptation of Stephen Sondheim 's Into the Woods , but she withdrew before production . Sophia Grace & Rosie starred in their own movie called Sophia Grace and Rosie 's Royal Adventure . DeGeneres 's mother ( edit ) DeGeneres 's mother , Betty , attends the show regularly and is frequently featured on camera . Production information ( edit ) Taping location ( edit ) From 2003 to early 2008 , the program was originally taped at studio 11 at NBC Studios in Burbank , California . It is now filmed in studio 1 ( named `` The Ellen Stage '' since her 2,000 th show that took place in November 2015 ) on the Warner Bros. lot in Burbank . Personnel ( edit ) The executive producers are DeGeneres , Mary Connelly , Ed Glavin , Andy Lassner and Jim Paratore . The writing staff has included Karen Kilgariff ( former head writer ) , Karen Anderson , Margaret Smith and DeGeneres . Margaret Smith left the show to work on her own projects , including her first book , What Was I Thinking ? How Being a Stand Up Did Nothing to Prepare Me to Become a Single Mother ( Crossroad Publishing , 2008 ) . Amy Rhodes , a former writer for the program , regularly appeared on camera during various segments . DJ ( edit ) Unlike most talk shows , the show uses a disc jockey to supply music rather than a band . Originally , the role was filled by Los Angeles - based DJ Scott K , who lasted only a few weeks . He was later replaced by Tony Okungbowa , who DJed through season 3 . Due to his growing acting career , Okungbowa left the show , and a few guest DJs were brought in to try out for the position . Tony was replaced by actor / DJ Jon Abrahams for the fourth - season premiere . Abrahams stayed on the show for one season , and also left as his acting career grew . Ted Stryker of KROQ , was the DJ for the fifth season . Stryker stayed for one season until Okungbowa returned . In a recent episode , DJ Pauly D from Jersey Shore deejayed when Okungbowa was promoting his CD . Starting in season 11 , several episodes include celebrity `` guest DJs '' filling the DJ position in Okungbowa 's absence . The most frequently appearing guest DJs are Stephen `` tWitch '' Boss of So You Think You Can Dance fame , and comedian Loni Love . Okungbowa made a return appearance on the show in the April 28 , 2014 episode , while Loni made a return in the June 5 , 2015 episode . 2007 writers Guild strike ( edit ) DeGeneres , a member of the Writers Guild of America , supported the 2007 writers ' strike . However , on November 9 , 2007 , DeGeneres crossed the picket line to tape more episodes of her TV show stating : `` It was explained to me that no other daytime shows have shut down . I 've got 135 employees that rely on me for a paycheck . But it 's been the hardest thing in the world driving onto this lot . '' DeGeneres decided to abstain from doing a monologue on her show ( which is typically written by WGA writers ) during the strike . Her show continued production as normal with the exception of her monologue being omitted . The WGAE issued a statement condemning DeGeneres , stating she was `` not welcome in NY . '' DeGeneres 's representatives asserted that she did not violate the WGA 's agreement , arguing that she is competing with other first - run syndicated shows like Dr. Phil and Live with Regis and Kelly during the competitive November sweeps period , and that DeGeneres must fulfill her duties as host and producer , lest her show lose its time slot or be held in breach of contract . In addition , a statement defending DeGeneres was subsequently issued by AFTRA , pointing out that DeGeneres also works under the AFTRA TV Code , which bars her from striking . The WGAE then issued a response pointing out that DeGeneres is also a Writers Guild member , and that any writing work she did on her show during the strike constituted struck work . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of The Ellen DeGeneres Show episodes Special episodes ( edit ) Several episodes have aired with a special theme or format , including a `` Backwards Show '' , entire episodes themed around Broadway productions , a Thanksgiving special taped in the Ed Sullivan Theater in New York City , and an entire episode which included Deltalina filmed on a Delta airplane . Other recurring themes feature products from sponsors DeGeneres likes ( similar to Oprah 's Favorite Things from the now ended The Oprah Winfrey Show ) , specials following awards show telecasts ( such as the Academy Awards ) , and numerous milestone episodes ( e.g. , DeGeneres 's 1,000 th , 1300th , 1500th , etc. broadcast ) . In 2017 , an episode aired commemorating the 20th anniversary of `` The Puppy Episode '' , the episode of her sitcom Ellen , in which her character Ellen Morgan came out as a lesbian . The episode titled `` Sirdeaner Walker Interview '' was nominated for a GLAAD Media Award for `` Outstanding Talk Show Episode '' during the 21st GLAAD Media Awards . On January 11 , 2013 , DeGeneres announced that she was going to Australia in March with her wife , Australian actress Portia de Rossi , after having wanted to go for many years , however being unable to visit in summer ( which she preferred ) due to taping conflicts of her show . Toward the end of the episode , which featured Nicole Kidman as a guest , she announced to the audience that they will also be going on a holiday to Australia in a giveaway special . On March 3 , 2014 , DeGeneres hosted the show live , one day after her being the host of the 86th Academy Awards . This episode features this year 's Oscar winners Cate Blanchett , Jared Leto and Lupita Nyong'o as guests . On two occasions , DeGeneres was unable to host the show due to sickness . On January 24 , 2014 , guest DJ for that day Ellie Kemper filled in to be the first guest host on the show . On September 29 , 2016 , day four of the 7th Annual Cat Week , Miley Cyrus took over as host . Reception ( edit ) The show has been met with considerable success , and has won 59 Daytime Emmy Awards by 2017 . Additionally , as the show 's popularity has increased , the program has appeared in plot elements of storylines in several scripted television programs , including Joey , Six Feet Under and The Bernie Mac Show , among others . Ratings ( edit ) The show averages around 2.9 million viewers per episode , according to daytime television ratings , making it a highly viewed daytime show . It usually only trails behind Live with Kelly , and Dr. Phil in total viewers . By 2017 , the show passed Live with Kelly and only trails behind Dr. Phil . Awards ( edit ) The show has won a total of 59 Daytime Emmy Awards by 2017 , including four for Outstanding Talk Show ( 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 ) and six for Outstanding Talk Show Entertainment ( 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 ) . The show first fourteen seasons surpassed the record held by The Oprah Winfrey Show , which received 47 Daytime Emmy Awards before Winfrey chose to stop submitting it for consideration in 2000 . DeGeneres herself has won the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Talk Show Host four times ( 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 ) . The show has also won Emmys in numerous writing and technical categories . It won the Genesis Award for `` Best Talk Show '' in 2010 and 2012 . DeGeneres has won the People 's Choice Award for `` Favorite Daytime TV Host '' 14 times , making her the most awarded person in the People 's Choice Awards 's history . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Weiner , Natalie ( August 12 , 2015 ) . `` Pink Debuts New Ellen Theme Song Ahead of Season 13 Premiere '' . Billboard . United States . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2015 . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` When It 's On -- The Ellen DeGeneres Show '' . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ellen 's Movin ' on Up ! '' . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NBC stations renew ' The Ellen DeGeneres Show ' through 2020 '' . Variety . Variety . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robehmed , Natalie . `` Heads Up , Up and Away : How Ellen DeGeneres ' Game Became A Hit '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Dobuzinskis , Alex ( September 11 , 2009 ) . `` Record labels sue over use of songs on `` Ellen '' show `` . Reuters . Los Angeles . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sophia Grace Brownlee ( Bio , Sam & Cat cast and characters ) '' . DanSchneider.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rosie McClelland ( Bio , Sam & Cat cast and characters ) '' . DanSchneider.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Belkin , Lisa ( March 8 , 2012 ) . `` Sophia Grace And Rosie : How Do You Parent Daughters Like These ? '' . Huff Post Parents . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cerasaro , Pat ( September 17 , 2013 ) . `` Sophia Grace INTO THE WOODS Exit Explained ; Dad Comments '' . Broadway World . Retrieved September 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Justin , Neal ( November 16 , 2007 ) . `` Television : Tears , strike aside , DeGeneres shows go on '' . Minneapolis St. Paul Star Tribune . Retrieved December 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ellen DeGeneres Speaks Only In Exotic Birdcalls As A Gesture Of Writer Solidarity '' . Defamer . November 9 , 2007 . Retrieved December 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( November 9 , 2007 ) . `` WGAE States Ellen `` Not Welcome In NY '' `` . Deadline Hollywood Daily . Retrieved December 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( November 9 , 2007 ) . `` UrgentT ! AFTRA Defends Ellen ; Rep Says She `` Has Done Nothing '' To Violate WGA `` . Deadline Hollywood Daily . Retrieved December 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( November 10 , 2007 ) . `` WGAE Replies To AFTRA About Ellen Mess '' . Deadline Hollywood Daily . Retrieved December 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 21st Annual GLAAD Media Awards -- English Language Nominees '' . Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. 2010 . Retrieved February 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Horton , Sally ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` First Oprah . Now Ellen '' . The Age . Retrieved January 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert . `` Syndicated Ratings : Oprah Still Ahead of Judge Judy ; Monk Lives On '' . ZAP2It . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Ellen ' Reclaims Second Place in Ratings From ' Live With Kelly & Ryan ' '' . TheWrap. 2017 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( 2017 - 01 - 19 ) . `` Watch Ellen DeGeneres Win More People 's Choice Awards Than Anyone '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Ellen DeGeneres Show . Official website The Ellen DeGeneres Show on IMDb The Ellen DeGeneres Show at TV.com ( archived 06 / 12 / 2007 ) Ellen DeGeneres TV series Ellen ( 1994 - 1998 ) The Ellen Show ( 2001 - 2002 ) The Ellen DeGeneres Show ( since 2003 ) Bethenny ( 2012 - 2014 ) Ellen 's Design Challenge ( 2015 ) Little Big Shots ( 2016 - present ) Ellen 's Game of Games ( 2018 - present ) Related articles Awards Daytime television in the United States Broadcast ABC The View The Chew CBS The Talk The CW The Robert Irvine Show Univision El Gordo y la Flaca UniMás ¿ Quién Tiene la Razón ? Casos de Família Laura NBC Today with Kathie Lee and Hoda Megyn Kelly Today Syndication Access Live Daily Blast Live The Doctors The Dr. Oz Show Dr. Phil Harry The Ellen DeGeneres Show The Jerry Springer Show Live with Kelly and Ryan Maury Pickler & Ben Rachael Ray The Real Sister Circle Steve The Steve Wilkos Show TMZ Live The Wendy Williams Show Streaming Ora TV Larry King Now Politicking with Larry King See also Morning Daytime talk Evening news Late night Overnight news Sunday talk Newsmagazines Tabloid Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Talk Show 1974 -- 1983 The Merv Griffin Show ( 1974 ) Dinah ! ( 1975 ) Dinah ! ( 1976 ) The Merv Griffin Show ( 1977 ) Donahue ( 1978 ) Donahue ( 1979 ) Donahue ( 1980 ) Donahue ( 1981 ) The Richard Simmons Show ( 1982 ) This Old House ( 1983 ) 1984 -- 1993 Woman to Woman ( 1984 ) Donahue ( 1985 ) Donahue ( 1986 ) The Oprah Winfrey Show ( 1987 ) The Oprah Winfrey Show ( 1988 ) The Oprah Winfrey Show ( 1989 ) Sally Jessy Raphael ( 1990 ) The Oprah Winfrey Show ( 1991 ) The Oprah Winfrey Show ( 1992 ) Good Morning America ( 1993 ) 1994 -- 2007 The Oprah Winfrey Show ( 1994 ) The Oprah Winfrey Show ( 1995 ) The Oprah Winfrey Show ( 1996 ) The Oprah Winfrey Show ( 1997 ) The Rosie O'Donnell Show ( 1998 ) The Rosie O'Donnell Show ( 1999 ) The Rosie O'Donnell Show ( 2000 ) The Rosie O'Donnell Show ( 2001 ) The Rosie O'Donnell Show ( 2002 ) The View / The Wayne Brady Show ( 2003 ) The Ellen DeGeneres Show ( 2004 ) The Ellen DeGeneres Show ( 2005 ) The Ellen DeGeneres Show ( 2006 ) The Ellen DeGeneres Show ( 2007 ) Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Talk Show -- Entertainment Rachael Ray ( 2008 ) Rachael Ray ( 2009 ) The Ellen DeGeneres Show ( 2010 ) The Ellen DeGeneres Show ( 2011 ) Live ! with Regis and Kelly ( 2012 ) The Ellen DeGeneres Show ( 2013 ) The Ellen DeGeneres Show ( 2014 ) The Ellen DeGeneres Show ( 2015 ) The Talk ( 2016 ) The Ellen DeGeneres Show ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Ellen_DeGeneres_Show&oldid=816078716 '' Categories : 2000s American television series 2010s American television series 2003 American television series debuts American television talk shows Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Talk Show winners Television series created by Ellen DeGeneres English - language television programs First - run syndicated television programs in the United States Television series by Warner Bros. Television Television series by A Very Good Production Ellen DeGeneres Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from August 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 03 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Ellen%20DeGeneres%20Show
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me chahta hu tujhko dilo jaan ki tarah film name
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Jaan Ki Kasam
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jaan ki kasam
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Jaan Ki Kasam जान की कसम Directed by Sushil Malik Produced by Javed Riaz Written by Baba Khan Starring Krishna Saathi Ganguly Music by Nadeem - Shravan Cinematography Deepak Duggal Edited by Ashok Honda Release date 28 February 1991 ( 1991 - 02 - 28 ) ( India ) Country India Language Hindi Jaan Ki Kasam is a 1991 Indian Bollywood film directed by Sushil Malik and produced by Javed Riaz . It stars Krishna and Saathi Ganguly in pivotal roles . The movie is about how a family ( Suresh Oberoi , Archana Puran Singh and Tanvee Sharma ) travelling by air meet with an accident . Tanvee is the only one who survives and starts to live on an isolated island where she meets Khurshid ( Rajan ) . The story is about their love and survival as they grow up . Contents 1 Cast 2 Soundtrack 3 References 4 External links Cast ( edit ) Krishna ... Rajan Saathi Ganguly ... Meenu Suresh Oberoi ... Kumar Archana Puran Singh ... Kumar 's Wife Raza Murad ... Paras Seth Ranjeet ... Jagdish Pramod Moutho ... Bajrangi Avtar Gill ... Sher Khan Vikas Anand ... Bholu Kaka Soundtrack ( edit ) The soundtrack of Jaan Ki Kasam was composed by the music duo Nadeem Shravan . The lyrics were written by Sameer . # Title Singer ( s ) `` Barsaat Ho Rahi , Barsaat Hone De '' Kumar Sanu , Anuradha Paudwal `` Cham Cham Chamke Chandni '' Anuradha Puadwal `` I Just Call To Say I Love You '' Udit Narayan , Anuradha Paudwal `` Jo Hum Na Milenge , To Gul Na Khilenge '' Kumar Sanu , Anuradha Paudwal `` So Ja Chup Ho Ja '' Kumar Sanu , Anuradha Paudwal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Movie Review '' . Bollywood Hungama . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Review '' . Apunkachoice . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . External links ( edit ) Jaan Ki Kasam on IMDb This article about a Hindi film of the 1990s is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaan_Ki_Kasam&oldid=836401968 '' Categories : 1991 films 1990s Hindi - language films Indian films Films scored by Nadeem -- Shravan 1990s Hindi - language film stubs Hidden categories : Use Indian English from November 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from November 2015 All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी Edit links This page was last edited on 14 April 2018 , at 15 : 58 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaan%20Ki%20Kasam
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the online sales of goods and services is known as
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E-commerce is the activity of buying or selling of products and services online or over the internet . Electronic commerce draws on technologies such as mobile commerce , electronic funds transfer , supply chain management , Internet marketing , online transaction processing , electronic data interchange ( EDI ) , inventory management systems , and automated data collection systems .
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E-commerce
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E-commerce
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e - commerce
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E-commerce is the activity of buying or selling of products and services online or over the internet . Electronic commerce draws on technologies such as mobile commerce , electronic funds transfer , supply chain management , Internet marketing , online transaction processing , electronic data interchange ( EDI ) , inventory management systems , and automated data collection systems .
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Modern electronic commerce typically uses the World Wide Web for at least one part of the transaction 's life cycle although it may also use other technologies such as e-mail . Typical e-commerce transactions include the purchase of online books ( such as Amazon ) and music purchases ( music download in the form of digital distribution such as iTunes Store ) , and to a less extent , customized / personalized online liquor store inventory services . There are three areas of e-commerce : online retailing , electric markets , and online auctions . E-commerce is supported by electronic business . E-commerce businesses may also employ some or all of the followings : Online shopping for retail sales direct to consumers via Web sites and mobile apps , and conversational commerce via live chat , chatbots , and voice assistants Providing or participating in online marketplaces , which process third - party business - to - consumer or consumer - to - consumer sales Business - to - business buying and selling ; Gathering and using demographic data through web contacts and social media Business - to - business ( B2B ) electronic data interchange Marketing to prospective and established customers by e-mail or fax ( for example , with newsletters ) Engaging in pretail for launching new products and services Online financial exchanges for currency exchanges or trading purposes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Timeline 2 Business application 3 Governmental regulation 4 Forms 5 Global trends 6 Logistics 7 Impact on markets and retailers 8 Impact on supply chain management 9 Impact on employment 10 Impact on customers 11 Distribution channels 12 Types of digital channels 13 Recommendation 14 See also 15 References 16 Further reading 17 External links Timeline ( edit ) A timeline for the development of e-commerce : 1971 or 1972 : The ARPANET is used to arrange a cannabis sale between students at the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology , later described as `` the seminal act of e-commerce '' in John Markoff 's book What the Dormouse Said . 1979 : Michael Aldrich demonstrates the first online shopping system . 1981 : Thomson Holidays UK is the first business - to - business online shopping system to be installed . 1982 : Minitel was introduced nationwide in France by France Télécom and used for online ordering . 1983 : California State Assembly holds first hearing on `` electronic commerce '' in Volcano , California . Testifying are CPUC , MCI Mail , Prodigy , CompuServe , Volcano Telephone , and Pacific Telesis . ( Not permitted to testify is Quantum Technology , later to become AOL . ) 1984 : Gateshead SIS / Tesco is first B2C online shopping system and Mrs Snowball , 72 , is the first online home shopper 1984 : In April 1984 , CompuServe launches the Electronic Mall in the USA and Canada . It is the first comprehensive electronic commerce service . 1989 : In May 1989 , Sequoia Data Corp . Introduced Compumarket The first internet based system for e-commerce . Sellers and buyers could post items for sale and buyers could search the database and make purchases with a credit card . 1990 : Tim Berners - Lee writes the first web browser , WorldWideWeb , using a NeXT computer . 1992 : Book Stacks Unlimited in Cleveland opens a commercial sales website ( www.books.com ) selling books online with credit card processing . 1993 : Paget Press releases edition No. 3 of the first app store , The Electronic AppWrapper 1994 : Netscape releases the Navigator browser in October under the code name Mozilla . Netscape 1.0 is introduced in late 1994 with SSL encryption that made transactions secure . 1994 : Ipswitch IMail Server becomes the first software available online for sale and immediate download via a partnership between Ipswitch , Inc. and OpenMarket . 1994 : `` Ten Summoner 's Tales '' by Sting becomes the first secure online purchase through NetMarket . 1995 : The US National Science Foundation lifts its former strict prohibition of commercial enterprise on the Internet . 1995 : Thursday 27 April 1995 , the purchase of a book by Paul Stanfield , Product Manager for CompuServe UK , from WH Smith 's shop within CompuServe 's UK Shopping Centre is the UK 's first national online shopping service secure transaction . The shopping service at launch featured WH Smith , Tesco , Virgin Megastores / Our Price , Great Universal Stores ( GUS ) , Interflora , Dixons Retail , Past Times , PC World ( retailer ) and Innovations . 1995 : Jeff Bezos launches Amazon.com and the first commercial - free 24 - hour , internet - only radio stations , Radio HK and NetRadio start broadcasting . eBay is founded by computer programmer Pierre Omidyar as AuctionWeb . 1996 : IndiaMART B2B marketplace established in India . 1996 : ECPlaza B2B marketplace established in Korea . 1996 : The use of Excalibur BBS with replicated `` Storefronts '' was an early implementation of electronic commerce started by a group of SysOps in Australia and replicated to global partner sites . 1998 : Electronic postal stamps can be purchased and downloaded for printing from the Web . 1999 : Alibaba Group is established in China . Business.com sold for US $7.5 million to eCompanies , which was purchased in 1997 for US $149,000 . The peer - to - peer filesharing software Napster launches . ATG Stores launches to sell decorative items for the home online . 1999 : Global e-commerce reaches $150 billion 2000 : Complete Idiot 's Guide to e-commerce released on Amazon 2000 : The dot - com bust . 2001 : Alibaba.com achieved profitability in December 2001 . 2002 : eBay acquires PayPal for $1.5 billion . Niche retail companies Wayfair and NetShops are founded with the concept of selling products through several targeted domains , rather than a central portal . 2003 : Amazon.com posts first yearly profit . 2003 : Bossgoo B2B marketplace established in China . 2004 : DHgate.com , China 's first online b2b transaction platform , is established , forcing other b2b sites to move away from the `` yellow pages '' model . 2007 : Business.com acquired by R.H. Donnelley for $345 million . 2009 : Zappos.com acquired by Amazon.com for $928 million . Retail Convergence , operator of private sale website RueLaLa.com , acquired by GSI Commerce for $180 million , plus up to $170 million in earn - out payments based on performance through 2012 . 2010 : Groupon reportedly rejects a $6 billion offer from Google . Instead , the group buying websites went ahead with an IPO on 4 November 2011 . It was the largest IPO since Google . 2012 : Zalora Group was founded and started operations around Asia . 2014 : Overstock.com processes over $1 million in Bitcoin sales . India 's e-commerce industry is estimated to have grown more than 30 % from 2012 to $12.6 billion in 2013 . US e-commerce and Online Retail sales projected to reach $294 billion , an increase of 12 percent over 2013 and 9 % of all retail sales . Alibaba Group has the largest Initial public offering ever , worth $25 billion . 2015 : Amazon.com accounts for more than half of all e-commerce growth , selling almost 500 Million SKU 's in the US . 2016 : Amazon.com aided more than 10,000 sellers . 2016 : Walmart buys Jet.com for $3.3 billion . 2016 : Facebook announces its Facebook Messenger chatbot platform , heralding the arrival of conversational commerce via the world 's third most widely - used messaging app . 2017 : In March Amazon.com acquired Souq.com the biggest e-commerce website in Middle East ( Egypt , KSA and UAE ) . 2017 : In September , WhatsApp announced the pilot of its new Enterprise solution -- the first time large companies would be able to provide conversational commerce to users via WhatsApp at scale . Business application ( edit ) An example of an older generation of avatar - style automated online assistant on a merchandising website . Some common applications related to electronic commerce are : Conversational commerce : e-commerce via chat Digital Wallet Document automation in supply chain and logistics Electronic tickets Enterprise content management Group buying Instant messaging Newsgroups Online banking Online office suites Online shopping and order tracking Pretail Print on demand Shopping cart software Social networking Teleconferencing Virtual assistant ( artificial intelligence ) Domestic and international payment systems Governmental regulation ( edit ) In the United States , certain electronic commerce activities are regulated by the Federal Trade Commission ( FTC ) . These activities include the use of commercial e-mails , online advertising and consumer privacy . The CAN - SPAM Act of 2003 establishes national standards for direct marketing over e-mail . The Federal Trade Commission Act regulates all forms of advertising , including online advertising , and states that advertising must be truthful and non-deceptive . Using its authority under Section 5 of the FTC Act , which prohibits unfair or deceptive practices , the FTC has brought a number of cases to enforce the promises in corporate privacy statements , including promises about the security of consumers ' personal information . As a result , any corporate privacy policy related to e-commerce activity may be subject to enforcement by the FTC . The Ryan Haight Online Pharmacy Consumer Protection Act of 2008 , which came into law in 2008 , amends the Controlled Substances Act to address online pharmacies . Conflict of laws in cyberspace is a major hurdle for harmonization of legal framework for e-commerce around the world . In order to give a uniformity to e-commerce law around the world , many countries adopted the UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce ( 1996 ) . Internationally there is the International Consumer Protection and Enforcement Network ( ICPEN ) , which was formed in 1991 from an informal network of government customer fair trade organisations . The purpose was stated as being to find ways of co-operating on tackling consumer problems connected with cross-border transactions in both goods and services , and to help ensure exchanges of information among the participants for mutual benefit and understanding . From this came Econsumer.gov , an ICPEN initiative since April 2001 . It is a portal to report complaints about online and related transactions with foreign companies . There is also Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC ) was established in 1989 with the vision of achieving stability , security and prosperity for the region through free and open trade and investment . APEC has an Electronic Commerce Steering Group as well as working on common privacy regulations throughout the APEC region . In Australia , Trade is covered under Australian Treasury Guidelines for electronic commerce and the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission regulates and offers advice on how to deal with businesses online , and offers specific advice on what happens if things go wrong . In the United Kingdom , The Financial Services Authority ( FSA ) was formerly the regulating authority for most aspects of the EU 's Payment Services Directive ( PSD ) , until its replacement in 2013 by the Prudential Regulation Authority and the Financial Conduct Authority . The UK implemented the PSD through the Payment Services Regulations 2009 ( PSRs ) , which came into effect on 1 November 2009 . The PSR affects firms providing payment services and their customers . These firms include banks , non-bank credit card issuers and non-bank merchant acquirers , e-money issuers , etc . The PSRs created a new class of regulated firms known as payment institutions ( PIs ) , who are subject to prudential requirements . Article 87 of the PSD requires the European Commission to report on the implementation and impact of the PSD by 1 November 2012 . In India , the Information Technology Act 2000 governs the basic applicability of e-commerce . In China , the Telecommunications Regulations of the People 's Republic of China ( promulgated on 25 September 2000 ) , stipulated the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology ( MIIT ) as the government department regulating all telecommunications related activities , including electronic commerce . On the same day , The Administrative Measures on Internet Information Services released , is the first administrative regulation to address profit - generating activities conducted through the Internet , and lay the foundation for future regulations governing e-commerce in China . On 28 August 2004 , the eleventh session of the tenth NPC Standing Committee adopted The Electronic Signature Law , which regulates data message , electronic signature authentication and legal liability issues . It is considered the first law in China 's e-commerce legislation . It was a milestone in the course of improving China 's electronic commerce legislation , and also marks the entering of China 's rapid development stage for electronic commerce legislation . Forms ( edit ) Contemporary electronic commerce can be classified into categories . The first category is business based on types of goods sold ( involves everything from ordering `` digital '' content for immediate online consumption , to ordering conventional goods and services , to `` meta '' services to facilitate other types of electronic commerce ) . The second category is based on the nature of the participant ( B2B , B2C , C2B and C2 C ) ; On the institutional level , big corporations and financial institutions use the internet to exchange financial data to facilitate domestic and international business . Data integrity and security are pressing issues for electronic commerce . Aside from traditional e-commerce , the terms m - Commerce ( mobile commerce ) as well ( around 2013 ) t - Commerce have also been used . Global trends ( edit ) In 2010 , the United Kingdom had the highest per capita e-commerce spending in the world . As of 2013 , the Czech Republic was the European country where e-commerce delivers the biggest contribution to the enterprises _́ total revenue . Almost a quarter ( 24 % ) of the country 's total turnover is generated via the online channel . Among emerging economies , China 's e-commerce presence continues to expand every year . With 668 million Internet users , China 's online shopping sales reached $253 billion in the first half of 2015 , accounting for 10 % of total Chinese consumer retail sales in that period . The Chinese retailers have been able to help consumers feel more comfortable shopping online . e-commerce transactions between China and other countries increased 32 % to 2.3 trillion yuan ( $375.8 billion ) in 2012 and accounted for 9.6 % of China 's total international trade . In 2013 , Alibaba had an e-commerce market share of 80 % in China . In 2014 , there were 600 million Internet users in China ( twice as many as in the US ) , making it the world 's biggest online market . China is also the largest e-commerce market in the world by value of sales , with an estimated US $899 billion in 2016 . Recent research clearly indicates that electronic commerce , commonly referred to as e-commerce , presently shapes the manner in which people shop for products . The GCC countries have a rapidly growing market and characterized by a population that becomes wealthier ( Yuldashev ) . As such , retailers have launched Arabic - language websites as a means to target this population . Secondly , there are predictions of increased mobile purchases and an expanding internet audience ( Yuldashev ) . The growth and development of the two aspects make the GCC countries to become larger players in the electronic commerce market with time progress . Specifically , research shows that e-commerce market is expected to grow to over $20 billion by the year 2020 among these GCC countries ( Yuldashev ) . The e-commerce market has also gained much popularity among the western countries , and in particular Europe and the U.S. These countries have been highly characterized with consumer - packaged - goods ( CPG ) ( Geisler , 34 ) . However , trends show that there are future signs of a reverse . Similar to the GCC countries , there has been increased purchase of goods and services in online channels rather than offline channels . Activist investors are trying hard to consolidate and slash their overall cost and the governments in western countries continue to impose more regulation on CPG manufacturers ( Geisler , 36 ) . In these senses , CPG investors are being forced to adapt e-commerce as it is effective as a well as a means for them to thrive . In 2013 , Brazil 's e-commerce was growing quickly with retail e-commerce sales expected to grow at a double - digit pace through 2014 . By 2016 , eMarketer expected retail e-commerce sales in Brazil to reach $17.3 billion . India has an Internet user base of about 460 million as of December 2017 . Despite being third largest user base in world , the penetration of Internet is low compared to markets like the United States , United Kingdom or France but is growing at a much faster rate , adding around 6 million new entrants every month . In India , cash on delivery is the most preferred payment method , accumulating 75 % of the e-retail activities . The India retail market is expected to rise from 2.5 % in 2016 to 5 % in 2020 . The future trends in the GCC countries will be similar with that of the western countries . Despite the forces that push business to adapt e-commerce as a means to sell goods and products , the manner in which customers make purchases is similar in countries from these two regions . For instance , there has been an increased usage of smartphones which comes in conjunction with an increase in the overall internet audience from the regions . Yuldashev writes that consumers are scaling up to more modern technology that allows for mobile marketing . However , the percentage of smartphone and internet users who make online purchases is expected to vary in the first few years . It will be independent on the willingness of the people to adopt this new trend ( The Statistics Portal ) . For example , UAE has the greatest smartphone penetration of 73.8 percent and has 91.9 percent of its population has access to the internet . On the other hand , smartphone penetration in Europe has been reported to be at 64.7 percent ( The Statistics Portal ) . Regardless , the disparity in percentage between these regions is expected to level out in future because e-commerce technology is expected to grow allowing for more users . The e-commerce business within these two regions will result in a competition . Government bodies at country level will enhance their measures and strategies to ensure sustainability and consumer protection ( Krings , et al . ) . These increased measures will raise the environmental and social standards in the countries , factors that will determine the success of e-commerce market in these countries . For example , an adoption of tough sanctions will make it difficult for companies to enter the e-commerce market while lenient sanctions will allow ease of companies . As such , the future trends between GCC countries and the Western countries will be independent of these sanctions ( Krings , et al . ) . These countries need to make rational conclusions in coming up with effective sanctions . The rate of growth of the number of internet users in the Arab countries has been rapid -- 13.1 % in 2015 . A significant portion of the e-commerce market in the Middle East comprises people in the 30 -- 34 year age group . Egypt has the largest number of internet users in the region , followed by Saudi Arabia and Morocco ; these constitute 3 / 4th of the region 's share . Yet , internet penetration is low : 35 % in Egypt and 65 % in Saudi Arabia . E-commerce has become an important tool for small and large businesses worldwide , not only to sell to customers , but also to engage them . In 2012 , e-commerce sales topped $1 trillion for the first time in history . Mobile devices are playing an increasing role in the mix of e-commerce , this is also commonly called mobile commerce , or m - commerce . In 2014 , one estimate saw purchases made on mobile devices making up 25 % of the market by 2017 . For traditional businesses , one research stated that information technology and cross-border e-commerce is a good opportunity for the rapid development and growth of enterprises . Many companies have invested enormous volume of investment in mobile applications . The DeLone and McLean Model stated that three perspectives contribute to a successful e-business : information system quality , service quality and users ' satisfaction . There is no limit of time and space , there are more opportunities to reach out to customers around the world , and to cut down unnecessary intermediate links , thereby reducing the cost price , and can benefit from one on one large customer data analysis , to achieve a high degree of personal customization strategic plan , in order to fully enhance the core competitiveness of the products in company . Logistics ( edit ) Logistics in e-commerce mainly concerns fulfillment . Online markets and retailers have to find the best possible way to fill orders and deliver products . Small companies usually control their own logistic operation because they do not have the ability to hire an outside company . Most large companies hire a fulfillment service that takes care of a company 's logistic needs . Impact on markets and retailers ( edit ) E-commerce markets are growing at noticeable rates . The online market is expected to grow by 56 % in 2015 -- 2020 . Traditional markets are only expected 2 % growth during the same time . Brick and mortar retailers are struggling because of online retailer 's ability to offer lower prices and higher efficiency . Many larger retailers are able to maintain a presence offline and online by linking physical and online offerings . E-commerce allows customers to overcome geographical barriers and allows them to purchase products anytime and from anywhere . Online and traditional markets have different strategies for conducting business . Traditional retailers offer fewer assortment of products because of shelf space where , online retailers often hold no inventory but send customer orders directly to the manufacture . The pricing strategies are also different for traditional and online retailers . Traditional retailers base their prices on store traffic and the cost to keep inventory . Online retailers base prices on the speed of delivery . There are two ways for marketers to conduct business through e-commerce : fully online or online along with a brick and mortar store . Online marketers can offer lower prices , greater product selection , and high efficiency rates . Many customers prefer online markets if the products can be delivered quickly at relatively low price . However , online retailers can not offer the physical experience that traditional retailers can . It can be difficult to judge the quality of a product without the physical experience , which may cause customers to experience product or seller uncertainty . Another issue regarding the online market is concerns about the security of online transactions . Many customers remain loyal to well - known retailers because of this issue . Security is a primary problem for e-commerce in developed and developing countries . E-commerce security is protecting business ' websites and costumers from unauthorized access , use , alteration , or destruction . The type of threats include : malicious codes , unwanted programs ( ad ware , spyware ) , phishing , hacking , and cyber vandalism . E-commerce websites use different tools to avert security threats . These tools include firewalls , encryption software , digital certificates , and passwords . Impact on supply chain management ( edit ) Main article : Supply chain management For a long time , companies had been troubled by the gap between the benefits which supply chain technology has and the solutions to deliver those benefits . However , the emergence of e-commerce has provided a more practical and effective way of delivering the benefits of the new supply chain technologies . E-commerce has the capability to integrate all inter-company and intra-company functions , meaning that the three flows ( physical flow , financial flow and information flow ) of the supply chain could be also affected by e-commerce . The affections on physical flows improved the way of product and inventory movement level for companies . For the information flows , e-commerce optimised the capacity of information processing than companies used to have , and for the financial flows , e-commerce allows companies to have more efficient payment and settlement solutions . In addition , e-commerce has a more sophisticated level of impact on supply chains : Firstly , the performance gap will be eliminated since companies can identify gaps between different levels of supply chains by electronic means of solutions ; Secondly , as a result of e-commerce emergence , new capabilities such implementing ERP systems , like SAP ERP , Xero , or Megaventory , have helped companies to manage operations with customers and suppliers . Yet these new capabilities are still not fully exploited . Thirdly , technology companies would keep investing on new e-commerce software solutions as they are expecting investment return . Fourthly , e-commerce would help to solve many aspects of issues that companies may feel difficult to cope with , such as political barriers or cross-country changes . Finally , e-commerce provides companies a more efficient and effective way to collaborate with each other within the supply chain . Impact on employment ( edit ) E-commerce helps create new job opportunities due to information related services , software app and digital products . It also causes job losses . The areas with the greatest predicted job - loss are retail , postal , and travel agencies . The development of e-commerce will create jobs that require highly skilled workers to manage large amounts of information , customer demands , and production processes . In contrast , people with poor technical skills can not enjoy the wages welfare . On the other hand , because e-commerce requires sufficient stocks that could be delivered to customers in time , the warehouse becomes an important element . Warehouse needs more staff to manage , supervise and organize , thus the condition of warehouse environment will be concerned by employees . Impact on customers ( edit ) E-commerce brings convenience for customers as they do not have to leave home and only need to browse website online , especially for buying the products which are not sold in nearby shops . It could help customers buy wider range of products and save customers ' time . Consumers also gain power through online shopping . They are able to research products and compare prices among retailers . Also , online shopping often provides sales promotion or discounts code , thus it is more price effective for customers . Moreover , e-commerce provides products ' detailed information ; even the in - store staff can not offer such detailed explanation . Customers can also review and track the order history online . However , e-commerce lacks human interaction for customers , especially who prefer face - to - face connection . Customers are also concerned with the security of online transactions and tend to remain loyal to well - known retailers . When the customer regret the purchase of a product , it involves returning goods and refunding process . This process is inconvenient as customers need to pack and post the goods . If the products are expensive , large or fragile , it refers to safety issues . Distribution channels ( edit ) E-commerce has grown in importance as companies have adopted pure - click and brick - and - click channel systems . We can distinguish pure - click and brick - and - click channel system adopted by companies . Pure - click or pure - play companies are those that have launched a website without any previous existence as a firm . Bricks - and - clicks companies are those existing companies that have added an online site for e-commerce . Click - to - brick online retailers that later open physical locations to supplement their online efforts . Types of digital channels ( edit ) E-commerce may take place on retailers ' Web sites or mobile apps , or those of e-commerce marketplaces such as on Amazon , or Tmall from AliBaba . Those channels may also be supported by conversational commerce , e.g. live chat or chatbots on Web sites . Conversational commerce may also be standalone such as live chat or chatbots on messaging apps and via voice assistants . Recommendation ( edit ) The contemporary e-commerce trend recommends companies to shift the traditional business model where focus on `` standardized products , homogeneous market and long product life cycle '' to the new business model where focus on `` varied and customized products '' . E-commerce requires the company to have the ability to satisfy multiple needs of different customers and provide them with wider range of products . With more choices of products , the information of products for customers to select and meet their needs become crucial . In order to address the mass customization principle to the company , the use of recommender system is suggested . This system helps recommend the proper products to the customers and helps customers make the decision during the purchasing process . The recommender system could be operated through the top sellers on the website , the demographics of customers or the consumers ' buying behavior . However , there are 3 main ways of recommendations : recommending products to customers directly , providing detailed products ' information and showing other buyers ' opinions or critiques . It is benefit for consumer experience without physical shopping . In general , recommender system is used to contact customers online and assist finding the right products they want effectively and directly . See also ( edit ) Information technology portal Alternative payments Comparison of free software e-commerce web application frameworks Comparison of shopping cart software Comparison of payment systems Digital economy E-commerce credit card payment system Electronic bill payment Electronic money Non-store retailing Paid content Payments as a service Types of e-commerce Timeline of e-commerce References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Retail e-commerce sales CAGR forecast in selected countries from 2016 to 2021 '' . Statista . October 2016 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Wienclaw , Ruth A. ( 2013 ) `` E-Commerce . '' Research Starters : Business ^ Jump up to : https://venturebeat.com/2018/03/06/how-to-prepare-your-products-and-brand-for-conversational-commerce/ Jump up ^ Power , Michael ' Mike ' ( 19 April 2013 ) . `` Online highs are old as the net : the first e-commerce was a drugs deal '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 17 June 2013 . 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Investor . eBay . Retrieved 21 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Diane Wang : Rounding up the `` Ant '' Heroes `` . Sino Foreign Management . Archived from the original on 23 February 2012 . Retrieved 3 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` R.H. Donnelley Acquires Business.com for $345 M '' . Domain Name Wire . Retrieved 4 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon Buys Zappos ; The Price is $928 m , not $847 m '' . TechCrunch. 22 July 2009 . Retrieved 21 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Ahmed , Saqib Iqbal ( 27 October 2009 ) . `` GSI Commerce to buy Retail Convergence for $180 mln '' . Reuters . Retrieved 6 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Groupon rejects Google 's $6 billion offer '' . MS ‐ NBC . MSN . 3 December 2010 . Retrieved 21 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Groupon 's IPO biggest by U.S. Web company since Google '' . Reuters. 4 November 2011 . Archived from the original on 13 September 2012 . Retrieved 13 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Duryee , Tricia ( 2014 - 03 - 04 ) . `` Overstock hits $1 million in sales from virtual currency '' . Geekwire . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Laus , Petronela ( 8 January 2014 ) . `` India Weighs FDI In E-Commerce '' . The Wall Street Journal India . Jump up ^ `` US eCommerce Forecast : 2013 to 2018 '' . Forrester Research . Jump up ^ `` Amazon will account for more than half of 2015 e-commerce growth , says Macquarie '' . Market Watch . Jump up ^ `` Amazon 's Third - Party Sellers Had Record - Breaking Sales in 2016 '' . Fortune . Jump up ^ `` Walmart Agrees to Acquire Jet.com , One of the Fastest Growing e-Commerce Companies in the U.S. '' Business Wire. 8 August 2016 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ https://www.cio.com/article/3211490/consumer-electronics/success-secrets-for-conversational-commerce.html Jump up ^ `` Building for People , and Now Businesses '' . WhatsApp.com . Jump up ^ `` AM Lab 7 on LinkedIn : `` Yesterday , WhatsApp announced WhatsApp for ... '' . Jump up ^ `` Advertising and Marketing on the Internet : Rules of the Road '' . Federal Trade Commission . Jump up ^ `` Enforcing Privacy Promises : Section 5 of the FTC Act '' . Federal Trade Commission . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 6353 : Ryan Haight Online Pharmacy Consumer Protection Act of 2008 '' . Govtrack . Jump up ^ `` UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce ( 1996 ) '' . UNCITRAL. 12 June 1996 . Retrieved 19 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Competition and Consumer Commission '' . Australian Federal Government . Jump up ^ `` Dealing with Businesses Online in Australia '' . Australian Federal Government . Archived from the original on 27 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` What to do if thing go wrong in Australia '' . Australian Federal Government . Archived from the original on 27 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` FSA '' . UK . 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Jump up ^ Eurostat ( 18 June 2013 ) . `` Ecommerce contribution in Europe '' ( infographic ) . Retrieved 18 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tech in Asia -- Connecting Asia 's startup ecosystem '' . www.techinasia.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Olsen , Robert ( 18 January 2010 ) . `` China 's migration to eCommerce '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Tong , Frank ( 16 September 2013 ) . `` China 's cross-border e-commerce tops $375 billion in 2012 '' . Internet Retailer . Jump up ^ Steven Millward ( 17 September 2014 ) . `` Here are all the must - see numbers on Alibaba ahead of record - breaking IPO '' . Tech In Asia . Retrieved 17 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Gracie , Carrie ( 8 September 2014 ) . `` Alibaba IPO : Chairman Ma 's China -- BBC News '' . BBC News . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Millward , Steven ( 18 August 2016 ) . `` Asia 's ecommerce spending to hit record $1 trillion this year -- but most of that is China '' . Tech in Asia . Retrieved 18 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` More Buyers Join Brazil 's Robust Ecommerce Market '' . eMarketer . Jump up ^ `` Internet usage in India -- Statistics & Facts '' . Statista . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Affect of demonetization on e-commerce -- ResearchGate '' . Jump up ^ `` India 's e-commerce retail logistics growth story '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Ecommerce in the Middle East -- What are the demographics ? '' . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Eisingerich , Andreas B. ; Kretschmer , Tobias ( March 2008 ) . `` In E-Commerce , More is More '' . Harvard Business Review . 86 : 20 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Burgess , S ; Sellitto , C ; Karanasios , S ( 2009 ) , Effective Web Presence Solutions for Small Businesses : Strategies and Successful Implementation , IGI Global Jump up ^ `` Ecommerce Sales Topped $1 Trillion for First Time in 2012 '' . eMarketer . Retrieved 14 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Enright , Allison . `` Top 500 U.S. E-Retailers -- U.S. e-commerce sales could top $434 billion in 2017 '' . Internet Retailer . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Delone , W.H. ; Mclean , E.R. ( 2004 ) . `` Measuring e-commerce success : Applying the DeLone & McLean information systems success model '' . International Journal of Electronic Commerce . 9 ( 1 ) : 31 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Bakos , Y ( 2001 ) . `` The Emerging Landscape for Retail E-Commerce '' . Journal of Economic Perspectives. 15 ( 1 ) : 69 -- 80 . doi : 10.1257 / jep. 15.1. 69 . Jump up ^ Kawa , Arkadiusz ( 2017 ) . `` Fulfillment Service in E-Commerce Logistics '' . Logforum. 13 ( 4 ) : 429 -- 438 . doi : 10.17270 / J. LOG. 2017.4. 4 . ^ Jump up to : BBC News ( 2014 ) . `` BBC -- GCSE Bitesize : Electronic money and electronic commerce '' . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Online Retail Industry Profile : United States . Datamonitor Plc. 2012 . pp. 1 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Li , Zhaolin ( July 2015 ) . `` Online Versus Bricks - And - Mortar Retailing : A Comparison of Price , Assortment and Delivery Time '' . International Journal of Production Research . 53 ( 13 ) : 3823 -- 3835 . doi : 10.1080 / 00207543.2014. 973074 . Jump up ^ Dimkota , Angelika ( June 2012 ) . `` On Product Uncertainty in Online Markets : Theory and Evidence '' ( PDF ) . MIS Quarterly . 36 : 395 -- A15 . Jump up ^ Kohli , Gautam ( 2016 ) . `` E-Commerce : Transaction Security Issue and Challenges '' . CLEAR International Journal of Research in Commerce & Management . 7 ( 2 ) : 91 -- 93 . ^ Jump up to : Delia , M. ( 2008 ) . `` Impact of E-Commerce in Supply Chain Management '' . The AMFITEATRU ECONOMIC journal . 10 ( 24 ) : 236 -- 253 . Jump up ^ `` Click - to - Brick : Why Online Retailers Want Stores in Real Life '' . Business week . 2013 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ https://www.retailtouchpoints.com/topics/omnichannel-cross-channel-strategies/retail-s-big-opportunity-87-of-u-s-consumers-grasp-the-power-of-conversational-commerce Jump up ^ Schafer , J. Ben ; Konstan , Joseph A. ; Riedl , John ( 2001 - 01 - 01 ) . Kohavi , Ron ; Provost , Foster , eds . Applications of Data Mining to Electronic Commerce . Springer US . pp. 115 -- 153 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 1627 - 9_6 # page - 1 . ISBN 9781461356486 . Further reading ( edit ) Laudon , Kenneth C. ; Guercio Traver , Carol ( 2014 ) . E-commerce . business . technology . society . 10th edition . Pearson . ISBN 978 - 013 - 302444 - 9 . Chaudhury , Abijit ; Kuilboer , Jean - Pierre ( 2002 ) . e-Business and e-Commerce Infrastructure . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 247875 - 6 . Frieden , Jonathan D. ; Roche , Sean Patrick ( 19 December 2006 ) . `` E-Commerce : Legal Issues of the Online Retailer in Virginia '' ( PDF ) . Richmond Journal of Law and Technology . 13 ( 2 ) . Graham , Mark ( 2008 ) . `` Warped Geographies of Development : The Internet and Theories of Economic Development '' ( PDF ) . Geography Compass. 2 ( 3 ) : 771 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 8198.2008. 00093. x . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 10 - 29 . Humeau , Philippe ; Jung , Matthieu ( 21 June 2013 ) . In depth benchmark of 12 ecommerce solutions ( PDF ) . Kessler , M ( 22 December 2003 ) , `` More shoppers proceed to checkout online '' , USA today , retrieved 13 January 2004 . Lowry , Paul Benjamin ; Wells , Taylor ; Moody , Gregory D. ; Humpherys , Sean ; and Kettles , Degan ( 2006 ) . `` Online payment gateways used to facilitate e-commerce transactions and improve risk management , '' Communications of the Association for Information Systems , vol. 17 ( 6 ) , pp. 1 -- 48 ( http://aisel.aisnet.org/cais/vol17/iss1/6 ) . Kotler , Philip ( 2009 ) . Marketing Management . Pearson : Prentice - Hall . ISBN 978 - 81 - 317 - 1683 - 0 . Miller , Roger ( 2002 ) . The Legal and E-Commerce Environment Today ( hardcover ed . ) . Thomson Learning . ISBN 0 - 324 - 06188 - 9 . 741 pp . Nissanoff , Daniel ( 2006 ) . FutureShop : How the New Auction Culture Will Revolutionize the Way We Buy , Sell and Get the Things We Really Want ( hardcover ed . ) . The Penguin Press . ISBN 1 - 59420 - 077 - 7 . 246 pp . Seybold , Pat ( 2001 ) . Customers.com . Crown Business Books ( Random House ) . ISBN 0 - 609 - 60772 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutE - commerceat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata Small Business E-Commerce Resources , US : SBA ( hide ) Major fields of computer science Note : This template roughly follows the 2012 ACM Computing Classification System . Hardware Printed circuit board Peripheral Integrated circuit Very - large - scale integration Energy consumption Electronic design automation Computer systems organization Computer architecture Embedded system Real - time computing Dependability Networks Network architecture Network protocol Network components Network scheduler Network performance evaluation Network service Software organization Interpreter Middleware Virtual machine Operating system Software quality Software notations and tools Programming paradigm Programming language Compiler Domain - specific language Modeling language Software framework Integrated development environment Software configuration management Software library Software repository Software development Software development process Requirements analysis Software design Software construction Software deployment Software maintenance Programming team Open - source model Theory of computation Model of computation Formal language Automata theory Computational complexity theory Logic Semantics Algorithms Algorithm design Analysis of algorithms Randomized algorithm Computational geometry Mathematics of computing Discrete mathematics Probability Statistics Mathematical software Information theory Mathematical analysis Numerical analysis Information systems Database management system Information storage systems Enterprise information system Social information systems Geographic information system Decision support system Process control system Multimedia information system Data mining Digital library Computing platform Digital marketing World Wide Web Information retrieval Security Cryptography Formal methods Security services Intrusion detection system Hardware security Network security Information security Application security Human -- computer interaction Interaction design Social computing Ubiquitous computing Visualization Accessibility Concurrency Concurrent computing Parallel computing Distributed computing Multithreading Multiprocessing Artificial intelligence Natural language processing Knowledge representation and reasoning Computer vision Automated planning and scheduling Search methodology Control method Philosophy of artificial intelligence Distributed artificial intelligence Machine learning Supervised learning Unsupervised learning Reinforcement learning Multi-task learning Cross-validation Graphics Animation Rendering Image manipulation Graphics processing unit Mixed reality Virtual reality Image compression Solid modeling Applied computing E-commerce Enterprise software Computational mathematics Computational physics Computational chemistry Computational biology Computational social science Computational engineering Computational healthcare Digital art Electronic publishing Cyberwarfare Electronic voting Video game Word processing Operations research Educational technology Document management Book Portal WikiProject Commons GND : 4592128 - 3 NDL : 00577580 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=E-commerce&oldid=837117546 '' Categories : E-commerce Retailing Supply chain management Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Pages using div col with small parameter Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 50 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 20 : 33 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-commerce
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is alex vause donna from that 70s show
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Laura Prepon ( born March 7 , 1980 ) is an American actress , director , and author . She rose to fame with her role as Donna Pinciotti in the Fox sitcom That ' 70s Show ( 1998 -- 2006 ) . She is perhaps best known for her portrayal of Alex Vause in the Netflix original comedy - drama series Orange Is the New Black ( 2013 -- present ) . Prepon made her film debut in 2001 with the independent drama Southlander . Her other films include the romantic drama Come Early Morning ( 2006 ) , the comedy Lay the Favorite ( 2012 ) , the thriller The Girl on the Train ( 2016 ) , and the drama The Hero ( 2017 ) .
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Laura Prepon
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laura prepon
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Laura Prepon Prepon in 2014 ( 1980 - 03 - 07 ) March 7 , 1980 ( age 38 ) Watchung , New Jersey , U.S. Residence New York , U.S. Occupation Actress , director , author Years active 1997 -- present Spouse ( s ) Ben Foster ( m . 2018 ) Children Laura Prepon ( born March 7 , 1980 ) is an American actress , director , and author . She rose to fame with her role as Donna Pinciotti in the Fox sitcom That ' 70s Show ( 1998 -- 2006 ) . She is perhaps best known for her portrayal of Alex Vause in the Netflix original comedy - drama series Orange Is the New Black ( 2013 -- present ) . Prepon made her film debut in 2001 with the independent drama Southlander . Her other films include the romantic drama Come Early Morning ( 2006 ) , the comedy Lay the Favorite ( 2012 ) , the thriller The Girl on the Train ( 2016 ) , and the drama The Hero ( 2017 ) . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 1995 -- 2005 2.2 2005 -- 2010 2.3 2011 -- present 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early Life ( edit ) Prepon was born on March 7 , 1980 , in Watchung , New Jersey . She is the youngest of five children of Marjorie ( née Coll ) , a high school teacher , and Michael Prepon , an orthopedic surgeon . Prepon 's father died during heart surgery in 1993 at age 49 ; she was 13 years old at the time . She attended Watchung Hills Regional High School , and later studied at the Total Theatre Lab in New York City . Prepon is of Russian Jewish and Irish Catholic descent . Her maternal great - great - great - grandfather was Union Army General Joseph Bradford Carr . Career ( edit ) 1995 -- 2005 ( edit ) Prepon appeared in plays such as A Woman of Property and Ascension Day while in New York . In 1996 , she studied drama with acting teacher Caroline Thomas at Thomas ' Total Theatre Lab . Later , in September 1997 , she premiered on a Levi Strauss - developed show called They Go On , an Internet - based soap opera . Prepon had also worked as a model and has done photo shoots in Paris , Milan , and Brazil . Prepon starred as Donna Pinciotti on the Fox sitcom That ' 70s Show from 1998 to 2006 . Donna became the girlfriend and next - door neighbor of Eric Forman ( Topher Grace ) . Randy Pearson ( Josh Meyers ) , who was introduced in the eighth and final season of the series , became Donna 's third love interest after Grace left the series . Prepon attended film school while she worked on That 70 's Show . Prepon co-starred in the romantic comedy Slackers , which is about three best friends who try to scam their way through college and eventually get caught . She was nominated for a Teen Choice Award in 2002 for her role in That ' 70s Show . In 2001 , she made her film debut in Steve Hanft 's musical comedy - drama Southlander with Beck , Beth Orton and Hank Williams III , where she played Seven = Five , a young TV telepathic . In 2004 , Prepon worked on the independent drama film The Pornographer : A Love Story . The film tells the story of an obsessive relationship between a director and an actress . Prepon was named one of Stuff magazine 's `` 102 Sexiest Women In The World '' in 2002 and one of Maxim magazine 's `` Hot 100 '' in 2005 . Prepon had a cameo voice appearance as a United Nations Space Command marine in Halo 2 , which was released in 2004 . Her first notable film role came in 2004 with the dark drama Lightning Bug with Bret Harrison , Kevin Gage and Ashley Laurence . Branching into other arenas than acting , Prepon also served as executive producer of the film . She also appeared on an episode of MTV 's Cribs in 2003 . 2005 -- 2010 ( edit ) Prepon in 2008 In 2005 , Prepon co-starred with Misha Collins in the psychological thriller Karla , based on the true story of Paul Bernardo and his wife Karla Homolka , a Canadian couple who kidnapped , sexually abused , and murdered three girls , marking a contrast to her usual lighthearted roles . She was also an executive producer of E ! Hollywood Hold'em the same year . Prepon co-starred with Bryan Greenberg as Hannah Daniels in the ABC drama October Road , which debuted March 15 , 2007 . The show was canceled by ABC on May 12 , 2008 , despite strong ratings and a grassroots campaign from the show 's fanbase to keep the show alive . In April 2007 , she starred in a dramatic short film Once Upon a Time . She also appeared in the 2005 Oxygen original romantic comedy Romancing the Bride . She also was the original voice for Hayley Smith on the Fox animated sitcom American Dad ! and voiced her in an unaired pilot . She appeared as Lauren , the long - lost sister of Mary Shannon ( Mary McCormack ) in the USA Network mystery drama In Plain Sight in the episode `` A Frond in Need '' . On February 5 , 2010 , it was announced that Prepon signed on to star in Awkward Situations for Men , a pilot on ABC . In 2009 , Prepon appeared in the CBS sitcom How I Met Your Mother as Karen , one of the girlfriends of Ted Mosby ( Josh Radnor ) , in the episode `` Sorry , Bro '' . She reprised her role in the episodes `` The Front Porch '' in 2009 and `` Say Cheese '' in 2010 . She also appeared in the Fox medical drama House M.D. in the episode `` Private Lives '' . Prepon had been taking directing classes at the Art Center College of Design . She directed a short film , Abide with Me , about a 10 - year - old boy who , `` upon bearing witness to his father 's murder , is rendered mute . '' Prepon stated she plans on making Abide with Me into a feature film . 2011 -- present ( edit ) In early 2011 , Prepon guest - starred in an episode of the ABC police procedural drama Castle as an actress studying for the role of Nikki Heat , a character created by Nathan Fillion 's title character . Prepon had been working on a web series , Neighbros , which she directed and edited , starring her then - boyfriend Scott Michael Foster . They had sold the series to Comedy Central . In February 2011 , she was cast as the title character Chelsea Newman on the NBC sitcom Are You There , Chelsea ? , based on Chelsea Handler 's 2008 book Are You There , Vodka ? It 's Me , Chelsea . NBC cancelled the show on May 11 , 2012 . She guest - starred in the TBS sitcom Men at Work . In mid-2012 , Prepon signed on to play Alex Vause , a former drug importer and girlfriend of Piper Chapman , in the Netflix original comedy - drama series Orange Is the New Black , based on Piper Kerman 's memoir Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison . The series premiered in July 2013 . Prepon was a regular in the first season , but appeared in only four of the 13 episodes in the second season . She returned as a series regular in the third season . In 2016 , Prepon and nutritionist Elizabeth Troy co-wrote The Stash Plan , a wellness book that draws on Prepon 's experiences eating organic foods since she was a child , and her struggles with weight , low energy , and digestive issues . The book debuted at # 10 under `` Advice , How - To & Miscellaneous '' on The New York Times Best Seller list . In 2016 , Prepon appeared in the psychological thriller The Girl on the Train , based on Paula Hawkins ' novel of the same name . In 2017 , she played Charlotte opposite Sam Elliott in The Hero . Prepon directed the tenth episode of Orange Is the New Black 's fifth season , titled `` The Reverse Midas Touch '' . Personal Life ( edit ) Prepon dated Scott Michael Foster several years , but said in 2013 they had broken up . In June 2017 , a pregnant Prepon confirmed on Live with Kelly and Ryan that she and her fiancé , actor Ben Foster , were expecting a girl . In September 2017 , Prepon talked of being a working mother . Prepon gave birth to their daughter Ella in August 2017 . Prepon and Foster married in June 2018 . They live in New York . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2001 Southlander Seven Equals Five 2002 Slackers Reanna Cass Lightning Bug Angevin Duvet Also executive producer The Pornographer : A Love Story 2006 Karla Karla Homolka 2006 Come Early Morning Kim 2007 Once Upon a Time The Witch Short film 2007 The Chosen One Rachel Cruz ( voice ) 2012 Lay the Favorite Holly 2012 The Kitchen Jennifer 2016 The Girl on the Train Cathy 2017 The Hero Charlotte Dylan Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1998 -- 2006 That ' 70s Show Donna Pinciotti Main role ; 200 episodes King of the Hill April ( voice ) Episode : `` Talking Shop '' 2005 American Dad ! Hayley Smith ( voice ) Unaired pilot 2005 Romancing the Bride Melissa Television film 2007 -- 2008 October Road Hannah Jane Daniels Main role ; 19 episodes 2009 -- 2010 How I Met Your Mother Karen Guest role ; 3 episodes 2009 In Plain Sight Lauren Hefferman Episode : `` A Frond in Need '' Medium Kira Hudack Episode : `` How to Beat a Bad Guy '' House Frankie Episode : `` Private Lives '' Celebrity Ghost Stories Herself Episode # 2.9 2011 Castle Natalie Rhodes / Nikki Heat Episode : `` Nikki Heat '' 2011 Love Bites Alex Episode : `` Keep on Truckin ' '' 2011 The Killing Game Eve Duncan Television film 2011 Neighbros L Boogie Web series ; director and editor 2012 Are You There , Chelsea ? Chelsea Newman Main role ; 12 episodes 2012 Men at Work Hannah Episode : `` Plan B '' 2013 -- present Orange Is the New Black Alex Vause Main role ( season 1 , 3 -- present ) , Recurring role ( season 2 ) ; 56 episodes Directed Season 5 , Episode 10 : `` The Reverse Midas Touch '' Directed Season 6 , Episode 11 : `` Well This Took a Dark Turn '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Organization Work Result Ref 1999 Young Artist Award Best Performance in a TV Series - Young Ensemble That 70 's Show Nominated Teen Choice Awards TV - Breakout Performance Nominated 2002 Teen Choice Awards TV - Choice Actress , Comedy Nominated 2014 Satellite Awards Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Orange Is the New Black Won Best Cast -- Television Series Won 2016 Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Won 2017 Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Won The Creative Coalition Spotlight Initiative Awards N / A N / A Won References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Laura Prepon Biography : Theater Actress , Film Actress , Television Actress ( 1980 -- ) '' . Biography.com ( FYI / A&E Networks ) . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Jason ( September 27 , 1999 ) . `` She 's All That -- That ' 70s Show , Laura Prepon '' . People . Retrieved October 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Laura Prepon '' . CBS Radio . March 8 , 2011 . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` OBITUARIES / Natalie Carr Hoisington , 84 '' . Pqasb.pqarchiver.com . Retrieved November 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Laura Prepon . '' Total Theatre Lab . Jump up ^ `` The Fall Girls . '' Maxim . September 1998 . Jump up ^ `` Emmys : Directing Category Thrown Open by Series Stars Stepping Behind the Camera for First Time '' . Variety . June 12 , 2018 . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Laura Prepon '' . AskMen . March 7 , 1980 . Retrieved November 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Laura Prepon Biography '' . TV Guide . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Hot 100 List '' . Maxim . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Laura Prepon Biography ( 1980 -- ) '' . Filmreference.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Laura Prepon Biography '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on October 17 , 2012 . Retrieved October 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Home - Game Honey . '' Card Player . April 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News -- USA Network Again Reclaims Sunday Nights This Spring with Hit Original Series Law & Order : Criminal Intent and in Plain Sight '' . TheFutonCritic.com . February 17 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TV Central Pilot casting : Laura Prepon , Bret Harrison and Michael Kelly '' . Tvauscast.com . February 5 , 2010 . Retrieved October 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' October Road ' Star Wants to Take Director 's Chair '' . BuddyTV . February 11 , 2008 . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Laura Prepon Joins Castle as Nikki Heat '' . TV Guide . Retrieved October 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Morgan ( January 7 , 2011 ) . `` Prepon develops ' Neighbros ' TV series '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Oltuski , Romy ( September 1 , 2014 ) . `` Scott Michael Foster Interview '' . Harper 's Bazaar . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Serpe , Gina ( February 17 , 2011 ) . `` Laura Prepon Is the New Chelsea Handler -- but What Does Chelsea Handler Think of That ? '' . E !. Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Masters , Megan ( June 21 , 2012 ) . `` PHOTOS : Laura Prepon on Men at Work Season 1 '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( September 17 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : Laura Prepon Joins Weeds Creator 's New Netflix Drama Series Orange is the New Black '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stern , Marlow ( April 22 , 2014 ) . `` Orange is the New Black 's Laura Prepon on the Return of Alex Vause and Tom Cruise Dating Rumors '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kirst , Seamus ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Laura Prepon Talks Acting , Her New Book On Wellness , And How The Two Complement Each Other Perfectly '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Laura Prepon Celebrates ' The Good Earth ' with ' Edge ' Magazine '' . PR Newswire. April 21 , 2015 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Star Laura Prepon Takes THR 's Taste Test '' . The Hollywood Reporter . October 5 , 2015 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best Sellers '' . The New York Times . March 20 , 2016 . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Girl On The Train ' Adds ' Orange Is The New Black 's Laura Prepon '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chang , Justin ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Hero ' fits Sam Elliott like a glove , and to a fault '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Strause , Jackie ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Star Laura Prepon Goes Inside `` Brutal '' Torture Scenes `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greco , Patti ( August 16 , 2013 ) . `` OITNB 's Laura Prepon on Dancing to ' Milkshake , ' Singing Meatloaf , and the Mystery of Real - Life Alex '' . Vulture . New York Media . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Desantis , Rachel ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Orange is the New Black ' star Laura Prepon expecting a baby girl '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mattern , Jennifer ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Laura Prepon & Eva Mendes Are Working - Mom Goals '' . SheKnows Media . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Webber , Stephanie ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Laura Prepon Returns to ' Orange Is the New Black ' Set After Welcoming Baby Girl : ' Working Mom ' '' . Us Magazine . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Juneau , Jen ( April 23 , 2018 ) . `` New Mom Laura Prepon Talks Balancing Career with Motherhood - and Reveals Her Daughter 's Name '' . People . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Laura Prepon and Ben Foster Are Married ! ' Thank You for All the Love ' '' . People . June 3 , 2018 . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Roger ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black Star ' Laura Prepon Expecting Baby Girl and Hit Movie ' Hero ' with Sam Elliott '' . Showbiz411 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Pornographer : A Love Story '' . May 2 , 2004 -- via www.imdb.com . Jump up ^ `` The 20th Annual Youth in Film Awards '' . Young Artist Awards . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2016 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Laura Prepon '' . TV Guide . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' 12 Years a Slave ' nabs Satellite Awards for Best Picture , Director '' . Entertainment Weekly . February 24 , 2014 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Spotlight , ' Idris Elba , Diversity Dominate SAG Awards '' . Variety . January 30 , 2016 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SAG Awards : The Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spotlight Initiative Gala to Light Up Park City '' . The Creative Coalition . January 10 , 2016 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sundance Scene : Connie Britton Reveals Her Own Kellyanne Conway DC Fashion Fail '' . TheWrap . January 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Laura Prepon . Official website Laura Prepon on IMDb Awards for Laura Prepon Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Kathy Bates ( 1996 ) Ellen Barkin ( 1997 ) Rita Wilson ( 1998 ) Julia Ormond ( 2001 ) Helen Mirren ( 2002 ) Justine Bateman ( 2003 ) Anjelica Huston ( 2004 ) Lisa Edelstein ( 2005 ) Julie Benz ( 2006 ) Vanessa Williams ( 2007 ) Fionnula Flanagan ( 2008 ) Jane Lynch ( 2009 ) Brenda Vaccaro ( 2010 ) Vanessa Williams ( 2011 ) Maggie Smith ( 2012 ) Laura Prepon ( 2013 ) Sarah Paulson ( 2014 ) Rhea Seehorn ( 2015 ) Olivia Colman / Rhea Seehorn ( 2016 ) Ann Dowd ( 2017 ) Satellite Award for Best Cast -- Television Series 2000 The West Wing Alan Alda Stockard Channing Kristin Chenoweth Dulé Hill Allison Janney Moira Kelly Rob Lowe Joshua Malina Mary McCormack Janel Moloney Richard Schiff Martin Sheen Jimmy Smits John Spencer Bradley Whitford 2001 Buffy the Vampire Slayer Amber Benson Marc Blucas David Boreanaz Nicholas Brendon Charisma Carpenter Emma Caulfield Sarah Michelle Gellar Seth Green Alyson Hannigan Anthony Stewart Head James Marsters Michelle Trachtenberg 2005 Rescue Me Denis Leary John Scurti Daniel Sunjata Mike Lombardi Steven Pasquale Andrea Roth Callie Thorne Adam Ferrara Larenz Tate James McCaffrey Dean Winters 2006 Grey 's Anatomy Justin Chambers Eric Dane Patrick Dempsey Katherine Heigl T.R. Knight Sandra Oh James Pickens Jr . Ellen Pompeo Sara Ramirez Kate Walsh Isaiah Washington Chandra Wilson 2007 Mad Men Bryan Batt Anne Dudek Michael Gladis Jon Hamm Christina Hendricks January Jones Vincent Kartheiser Robert Morse Elisabeth Moss Kiernan Shipka Maggie Siff John Slattery Rich Sommer Aaron Staton 2009 True Blood Chris Bauer Mehcad Brooks Anna Camp Nelsan Ellis Michelle Forbes Mariana Klaveno Ryan Kwanten Todd Lowe Michael McMillian Stephen Moyer Anna Paquin Jim Parrack Carrie Preston William Sanderson Alexander Skarsgård Sam Trammell Rutina Wesley Deborah Ann Woll 2012 The Walking Dead Andrew Lincoln Sarah Wayne Callies Laurie Holden Norman Reedus Steven Yeun Lauren Cohan Chandler Riggs Melissa McBride Scott Wilson Danai Gurira Michael Rooker David Morrissey 2013 Orange Is the New Black Taylor Schilling Laura Prepon Michael J. Harney Michelle Hurst Kate Mulgrew Jason Biggs 2014 The Knick Clive Owen André Holland Jeremy Bobb Juliet Rylance Eve Hewson Michael Angarano Chris Sullivan Cara Seymour Eric Johnson David Fierro Maya Kazan Leon Addison Brown Grainger Hines Matt Frewer 2015 American Crime Felicity Huffman Timothy Hutton W. Earl Brown Richard Cabral Regina King Caitlin Gerard Benito Martinez Penelope Ann Miller Elvis Nolasco Johnny Ortiz 2016 Outlander Caitriona Balfe Sam Heughan Tobias Menzies Lotte Verbeek Laura Donnelly Steven Cree Duncan Lacroix Grant O'Rourke Gary Lewis Graham McTavish Stephen Walters Simon Callow Nell Hudson Dominique Pinon Stanley Weber Richard Rankin Sophie Skelton Andrew Gower Rosie Day Clive Russell Frances de la Tour 2017 Poldark Ruby Bentall Caroline Blakiston Christian Brassington Ellise Chappell Beatie Edney Jack Farthing Sean Gilder John Nettles Luke Norris Heida Reed Harry Richardson Eleanor Tomlinson Aidan Turner Josh Whitehouse Gabriella Wilde Tom York Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series ( 2010 -- 2019 ) Modern Family , season 1 / season 2 ( 2010 ) : Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Modern Family , season 2 / season 3 ( 2011 ) : Anderson - Emmons , Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Modern Family , season 3 / season 4 ( 2012 ) : Anderson - Emmons , Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Modern Family , season 4 / season 5 ( 2013 ) : Anderson - Emmons , Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Orange Is the New Black , season 2 ( 2014 ) : Aduba , Biggs , Brooks , Cox , Cruz , Curtin , DeLaria , Fowler , Freeman , Gardner , Glenn , Golden , Guerrero , Harney , Jeudy , Lake , Lapkus , Leyva , Lyonne , Manning , Marsh Garland , McGorry , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Pimentel , Polanco , Reiner , Roberts , Rodriguez , Rosenblat , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Toussaint , Tucci , Wiley Orange Is the New Black , season 3 ( 2015 ) : Aduba , Birbiglia , Blake , Brooks , Cox , Cruz , Curtin , DeLaria , Fowler , Glenn , Golden , Guerrero , Harney , Jeudy , Leyva , Manning , Marsh Garland , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Peters , Petty , Pimentel , Polanco , Prepon , Rodriguez , Rose , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Wiley Orange Is the New Black , season 4 ( 2016 ) : Aduba , Aisenberg , Brooks , Brown , Cruz , DeLaria , Dover , Glenn , Golden , Gómez , Guerrero , Harney , Henke , Jeudy , Lake , Leyva , Lyonne , Manning , McMenamin , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Peters , Petty , Pimentel , Polanco , Prepon , Purdy , Rodriguez , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Tucci , Wiley Veep , season 6 ( 2017 ) : Bakkedahl , Chlumsky , Cole , Colin , Dunn , DuVall , Franklin , Hale , Louis - Dreyfus , Richardson , Scheer , Scott , Simons , Sutherland , Walsh Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- 2019 ) GND : 1070294683 ISNI : 0000 0001 1491 5218 LCCN : no2005092321 VIAF : 48968315 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laura_Prepon&oldid=857121532 '' Categories : 1980 births Living people 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from New Jersey American film actresses American television actresses American people of German descent American people of Irish descent American people of Russian - Jewish descent American Scientologists People from Watchung , New Jersey Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2017 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Corsu Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Zazaki 中文 45 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 18 : 12 ( UTC ) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura%20Prepon
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the brest fortress (2010) russian war movie
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Fortress of war
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fortress of war
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Fortress of War ( Russian : Брестская крепость ; translit . Brestskaia krepost ; festival title : The Brest Fortress ) is a 2010 Russian - Belarusian war film recounting the June 1941 defense of Brest Fortress against invading Wehrmacht forces in the opening stages of Operation Barbarossa , Nazi Germany 's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II . Events are narrated from the perspective of 15 - year - old Sasha Akimov , centering on three resistance zones holding out against the protracted German siege . The defending forces are led by regiment commander Major Pyotr Gavrilov ( 44th Rifle Regiment of the Red Army ) , with Regimental Commissar Yefim Fomin ( 84th Rifle Regiment of the Red Army ) , and the head of the 9th Frontier Outpost , Lieutenant Andrey Mitrofanovich Kizhevatov .
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The film makers claim that the plot is as close as possible to historical fact , and that the Brest Fortress Museum supervised the plot thoroughly . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) The film opens on Saturday , June 21 , 1941 . Sasha Akimov , a 15 - year - old musician , and his older brother , Andrey , whose parents were killed in the Spanish Civil War , are serving in the 333rd Rifle Regiment of the Red Army at the Brest Fortress . Elsewhere , a commissar , Yefim Fomin , discovers he is unable to bring his family to Brest due to a shortage of train tickets . Another officer , Gavrilov , continues to express concern about the readiness of the fort 's defenses should an attack come , despite warnings from his friend , officer of the NKVD Special Department Lieutenant Vainshtein , about an imminent war with Germany . That evening , the fortress loses power due to German commandos . The next morning , at 3 : 58 , German forces invade the Soviet Union . The fortress is subjected to heavy bombardment by German artillery and Stuka aircraft , killing many Soviet soldiers and civilians . At 6 : 30 , German infantry attack the fortress , capturing hospital staff and patients many of whom they kill . Fomin takes command of the defenders around the Kholm Gate , while Gavrilov rallies the defenders around the Eastern Fort . Elsewhere , NKVD border guards under command of Lieutenant Kizhevatov , repel a German sortie into the fortress and Vainshtein thwarts a German commando 's attempt to undermine the defense of the 132nd Independent NKVD Convoy Battalion barracks . As the siege commences , Sasha finds himself stranded in one of the barracks . During the fighting for the East Fort , Junior Lieutenant Andrey Akimov ( brother of Sasha ) is killed while destroying two Panzer IIIs with an anti-tank gun , helping Gavrilov repel a German attack . By the end of June 22 , the Soviet defenders are divided into groups : one force under Fomin defending the Kholm Gate , a second force under Gavrilov defending the Eastern Redoubt , while Kizhevatov defends the 9th Frontier outpost , along with a group of civilians and Vainshtein holds on to the barracks of the 132nd NKVD Battalion . The next day , fighting continues for the fortress and Sasha makes it to the Kholm Gate . An I - 16 Soviet fighter aircraft of the 123rd Fighter Aviation Regiment is shot down over the fortress and the pilot is rescued by Fomin 's men . He reveals that the Red Army is retreating toward Minsk and Fomin realizes that the men must leave the fortress or die . On June 24 , Sasha leaves the Kholm Gate to alert the other pockets about Fomin 's plan for a breakout . While Sasha finds the 132nd has been overrun and Vainshtein dead , he manages to deliver the message to Kizhevatov and Gavrilov . That night , a breakout is attempted by all three remaining groups but is driven back by the Germans , suffering heavy losses . The next morning , realizing he ca n't properly defend them , Kizhevatov reluctantly orders the surviving civilians ( including his own wife and daughter and also Sasha ) to vacate the fortress during a cease - fire . On June 26 , the Germans drop a two - ton bomb on the fortress , causing massive damage . The Germans quickly move to eradicate the surviving pockets . The defenders at Kholm Gate are forced to surrender and Fomin is immediately executed by a German firing squad , as a Jew , a communist and a commissar . Gavrilov orders his remaining men to attempt to break out individually . Kizhevatov and his surviving men manage to regroup in the barracks ; Sasha returns to meet them there . After ordering Sasha to take the regimental colors and remember the truth about the defenders , Kizhevatov takes a machine gun to cover his men while they attempt a breakout . The breakout fails and the remaining defenders , including Kizhevatov , are killed as Sasha manages to escape . It is later revealed that Gavrilov was captured on July 23 , 1941 , but survived captivity . Kizhevatov and Gavrilov were later declared Heroes of the Soviet Union , while Fomin is also decorated with the Order of Lenin . Cast ( edit ) Alexey Kopashov as Alexander ′ Sashka ′ Akimov Andrey Merzlikin as Lieutenant Andrey Kizhevatov Pavel Derevyanko as Regimental Commissar Yefim Fomin Alexander Korshunov as Major Pyotr Gavrilov Mikhail Pavlik as Lieutenant Vanshtein Sergey Tsepov as Captain Ivan Zubachyov Benik Arakelyan as Starshina Samvel Matevosyan Production ( edit ) The film 's score was composed by Yuri Krasavin . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1343703/ Jump up ^ High - explosive bomb SC 1800 `` Satan '' Jump up ^ Historical character : ( in Russian ) Пётр Клыпа ( Pyotr Klypa ) Jump up ^ ( in Russian ) Андрей Кижеватов ( Andrey Kizhevatov ) Jump up ^ Historical character : `` Шиман Шнейдерман '' ( Shimeon Schneidermann ) ( in Russian ) . www.jewmil.com. 6 September 2014 . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ ( in Russian ) Иван Зубачёв ( Ivan Zubachyov ) Jump up ^ ( in Russian ) Самвел Матевосян ( Samvel Matevosyan ) External links ( edit ) Official website Fortress of War on IMDb Fortress of War at Rotten Tomatoes Fortress of War at Box Office Mojo Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fortress_of_War&oldid=800983334 '' Categories : 2010 films Russian - language films 2010s war films Belarusian films Russian films Russian war films Eastern Front of World War II films Hidden categories : Articles with Russian - language external links CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Articles to be expanded from December 2012 Articles lacking sources from December 2012 All articles lacking sources Articles containing Russian - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Polski Português Română Русский Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 23 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortress%20of%20War
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when did women's suffrage start in america
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Women 's suffrage in the United States of America , the legal right of women to vote , was established over the course of several decades , first in various states and localities , sometimes on a limited basis , and then nationally in 1920 .
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nationally in 1920
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Women 's suffrage in the United states
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women's suffrage in the united states
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Women 's suffrage in the United States of America , the legal right of women to vote , was established over the course of several decades , first in various states and localities , sometimes on a limited basis , and then nationally in 1920 .
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The demand for women 's suffrage began to gather strength in the 1840s , emerging from the broader movement for women 's rights . In 1848 , the Seneca Falls Convention , the first women 's rights convention , passed a resolution in favor of women 's suffrage despite opposition from some of its organizers , who believed the idea was too extreme . By the time of the first National Women 's Rights Convention in 1850 , however , suffrage was becoming an increasingly important aspect of the movement 's activities . The first national suffrage organizations were established in 1869 when two competing organizations were formed , one led by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the other by Lucy Stone . After years of rivalry , they merged in 1890 as the National American Woman Suffrage Association ( NAWSA ) with Anthony as its leading force . Hoping that the U.S. Supreme Court would rule that women had a constitutional right to vote , suffragists made several attempts to vote in the early 1870s and then filed lawsuits when they were turned away . Anthony actually succeeded in voting in 1872 but was arrested for that act and found guilty in a widely publicized trial that gave the movement fresh momentum . After the Supreme Court ruled against them in 1875 , suffragists began the decades - long campaign for an amendment to the U.S. Constitution that would enfranchise women . Much of the movement 's energy , however , went toward working for suffrage on a state - by - state basis . In 1916 Alice Paul formed the National Woman 's Party ( NWP ) , a militant group focused on the passage of a national suffrage amendment . Over 200 NWP supporters , the Silent Sentinels , were arrested in 1917 while picketing the White House , some of whom went on hunger strike and endured forced feeding after being sent to prison . Under the leadership of Carrie Chapman Catt , the two - million - member NAWSA also made a national suffrage amendment its top priority . After a hard - fought series of votes in the U.S. Congress and in state legislatures , the Nineteenth Amendment became part of the U.S. Constitution on August 26 , 1920 . It states , `` The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 National history 1.1 Early voting activity 1.2 Emergence of the women 's rights movement 1.3 Early backing for women 's suffrage 1.4 Early women 's rights conventions 1.4. 1 Seneca Falls convention 1.4. 2 National conventions 1.5 Anthony - Stanton collaboration 1.6 Women 's Loyal National League 1.7 American Equal Rights Association 1.8 New England Woman Suffrage Association 1.9 The Fifteenth Amendment 1.10 New Departure 1.11 United States v. Susan B. Anthony 1.12 History of Woman Suffrage 1.13 Introduction of the women 's suffrage amendment 1.14 Early female candidates for national office 1.15 Initial successes 2 1890 -- 1919 2.1 Merger of rival suffrage organizations 2.2 National American Woman Suffrage Association 2.3 Opposition to women 's suffrage 2.3. 1 Women against suffrage 2.4 Southern strategy 2.5 New Woman 2.6 New suffrage organizations 2.6. 1 College Equal Suffrage League 2.6. 2 Equality League of Self - Supporting Women 2.6. 3 National Woman 's Party 2.7 Suffrage periodicals 2.8 Turn of the tide 2.9 Nineteenth Amendment 3 Effects of the Nineteenth Amendment 3.1 Immediate effects 3.1. 1 Changes in the voting population 3.1. 2 Changes in representation and government programs 3.1. 3 Notable legislation 3.1. 4 Socio - economic effects 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 6.1 Anti-suffrage 6.2 Primary sources 7 Further reading 8 External links National History ( edit ) See also : Women 's suffrage in states of the United States Early voting activity ( edit ) Lydia Taft ( 1712 -- 1778 ) , a wealthy widow , was allowed to vote in town meetings in Uxbridge , Massachusetts in 1756 . No other women in the colonial era are known to have voted . The New Jersey constitution of 1776 enfranchised all adult inhabitants who owned a specified amount of property . Laws enacted in 1790 and 1797 referred to voters as `` he or she '' , and women regularly voted . A law passed in 1807 , however , excluded women from voting in that state . Kentucky passed the first statewide woman suffrage law in the New Republic Era ( since New Jersey revoked their woman suffrage rights in 1807 ) -- allowing any widow or feme sole ( legally , the head of household ) over 21 who paid property taxes for the new county `` common school '' system . This partial suffrage right for women was not expressed as for whites only . Emergence of the women 's rights movement ( edit ) Margaret Fuller The demand for women 's suffrage emerged as part of the broader movement for women 's rights . In England in 1792 Mary Wollstonecraft wrote a pioneering book called A Vindication of the Rights of Woman . In Boston in 1838 Sarah Grimké published The Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women , which was widely circulated . In 1845 Margaret Fuller published Woman in the Nineteenth Century , a key document in American feminism that first appeared in serial form in 1839 in The Dial , a transcendentalist journal that Fuller edited . `` The very truths you are now contending for , will , in fifty years , be so completely imbedded in public opinion that no one need say one word in their defense ; whilst at the same time new forms of truth will arise to test the faithfulness of the pioneer minds of that age , and so on eternally . '' Angela Grimké , 1851 , in a letter to Elizabeth Cady Stanton Significant barriers had to be overcome , however , before a campaign for women 's suffrage could develop significant strength . One barrier was strong opposition to women 's involvement in public affairs , a practice that was not fully accepted even among reform activists . Only after fierce debate were women accepted as members of the American Anti-Slavery Society at its convention of 1839 , and the organization split at its next convention when women were appointed to committees . Opposition was especially strong against the idea of women speaking to audiences of both men and women . Frances Wright , a Scottish woman , was subjected to sharp criticism for delivering public lectures in the U.S. in 1826 and 1827 . When the Grimké sisters , who had been born into a slave - holding family in South Carolina , spoke against slavery throughout the northeast in the mid-1830s , the ministers of the Congregational Church , a major force in that region , published a statement condemning their actions . Despite the disapproval , in 1838 Angelina Grimké spoke against slavery before the Massachusetts legislature , the first woman in the U.S. to speak before a legislative body . Other women began to give public speeches , especially in opposition to slavery and in support of women 's rights . Early female speakers included Ernestine Rose , a Jewish immigrant from Poland ; Lucretia Mott , a Quaker minister and abolitionist ; and Abby Kelley Foster , a Quaker abolitionist . Toward the end of the 1840s Lucy Stone launched her career as a public speaker , soon becoming the most famous female lecturer . Supporting both the abolitionist and women 's rights movements , Stone played a major role in reducing the prejudice against women speaking in public . Opposition remained strong , however . A regional women 's rights convention in Ohio in 1851 was disrupted by male opponents . The National Women 's Rights Convention in 1852 was similarly disrupted , and mob action at the 1853 convention came close to violence . The World 's Temperance Convention in New York City in 1853 bogged down for three days in a dispute about whether women would be allowed to speak there . Susan B. Anthony , a leader of the suffrage movement , later said , `` No advanced step taken by women has been so bitterly contested as that of speaking in public . For nothing which they have attempted , not even to secure the suffrage , have they been so abused , condemned and antagonized . '' Laws that sharply restricted the independent activity of married women also created barriers to the campaign for women 's suffrage . According to William Blackstone 's Commentaries on the Laws of England , an authoritative commentary on the English common law on which the American legal system is modeled , `` by marriage , the husband and wife are one person in law : that is , the very being or legal existence of the woman is suspended during the marriage '' , referring to the legal doctrine of coverture that was introduced to England by the Normans in the Middle Ages . In 1862 the Chief Justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court denied a divorce to a woman whose husband had horsewhipped her , saying , `` The law gives the husband power to use such a degree of force necessary to make the wife behave and know her place . '' Married women in many states could not legally sign contracts , which made it difficult for them to arrange for convention halls , printed materials and other things needed by the suffrage movement . Restrictions like these were overcome in part by the passage of married women 's property laws in several states , supported in some cases by wealthy fathers who did n't want their daughters ' inheritance to fall under the complete control of their husbands . Sentiment in favor of women 's rights was strong within the radical wing of the abolitionist movement . William Lloyd Garrison , the leader of the American Anti-Slavery Society , said `` I doubt whether a more important movement has been launched touching the destiny of the race , than this in regard to the equality of the sexes '' . The abolitionist movement , however , attracted only about one per cent of the population at that time , and radical abolitionists were only one part of that movement . Early backing for women 's suffrage ( edit ) The New York State Constitutional Convention of 1846 received petitions in support of women 's suffrage from residents of at least three counties . Several members of the radical wing of the abolitionist movement supported suffrage . In 1846 , Samuel J. May , a Unitarian minister and radical abolitionist , vigorously supported women 's suffrage in a sermon that was later circulated as the first in a series of women 's rights tracts . In 1846 , the Liberty League , an offshoot of the abolitionist Liberty Party , petitioned Congress to enfranchise women . A convention of the Liberty Party in Rochester , New York in May 1848 approved a resolution calling for `` universal suffrage in its broadest sense , including women as well as men . '' Gerrit Smith , its candidate for president , delivered a speech shortly afterwards at the National Liberty Convention in Buffalo , New York that elaborated on his party 's call for women 's suffrage . Lucretia Mott was suggested as the party 's vice-presidential candidate -- the first time that a woman had been proposed for federal executive office in the U.S. -- and she received five votes from delegates at that convention . Early women 's rights conventions ( edit ) Women 's suffrage was not a major topic within the women 's rights movement at that point . Many of its activists were aligned with the Garrisonian wing of the abolitionist movement , which believed that activists should avoid political activity and focus instead on convincing others of their views with `` moral suasion '' . Many were Quakers whose traditions barred both men and women from participation in secular political activity . A series of women 's rights conventions did much to alter these attitudes . Seneca Falls convention ( edit ) Elizabeth Cady Stanton The first women 's rights convention was the Seneca Falls Convention , a regional event held on July 19 and 20 , 1848 , in Seneca Falls in the Finger Lakes region of New York . Five women called the convention , four of whom were Quaker social activists , including the well - known Lucretia Mott . The fifth was Elizabeth Cady Stanton , who had discussed the need to organize for women 's rights with Mott several years earlier . Stanton , who came from a family that was deeply involved in politics , became a major force in convincing the women 's movement that political pressure was crucial to its goals , and that the right to vote was a key weapon . An estimated 300 women and men attended this two - day event , which was widely noted in the press . The only resolution that was not adopted unanimously by the convention was the one demanding women 's right to vote , which was introduced by Stanton . When her husband , a well - known social reformer , learned that she intended to introduce this resolution , he refused to attend the convention and accused her of acting in a way that would turn the proceedings into a farce . Lucretia Mott , the main speaker , was also disturbed by the proposal . The resolution was adopted only after Frederick Douglass , an abolitionist leader and a former slave , gave it his strong support . The convention 's Declaration of Sentiments , which was written primarily by Stanton , expressed an intent to build a women 's rights movement , and it included a list of grievances , the first two of which protested the lack of women 's suffrage . The grievances were aimed at the United States government `` demanded government reform and changes in male roles and behaviors that promoted inequality for women . '' This convention was followed two weeks later by the Rochester Women 's Rights Convention of 1848 , which featured many of the same speakers and likewise voted to support women 's suffrage . It was the first women 's rights convention to be chaired by a woman , a step that was considered to be radical at the time . That meeting was followed by the Ohio Women 's Convention at Salem in 1850 , the first women 's rights convention to be organized on a statewide basis , which also endorsed women 's suffrage . National conventions ( edit ) The first in a series of National Women 's Rights Conventions was held in Worcester , Massachusetts on October 23 -- 24 , 1850 , at the initiative of Lucy Stone and Paulina Wright Davis . National conventions were held afterwards almost every year through 1860 , when the Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) interrupted the practice . Suffrage was a preeminent goal of these conventions , no longer the controversial issue it had been at Seneca Falls only two years earlier . At the first national convention Stone gave a speech that included a call to petition state legislatures for the right of suffrage . Reports of this convention reached Britain , prompting Harriet Taylor , soon to be married to philosopher John Stuart Mill , to write an essay called `` The Enfranchisement of Women , '' which was published in the Westminster Review . Heralding the women 's movement in the U.S. , Taylor 's essay helped to initiate a similar movement in Britain . Her essay was reprinted as a women 's rights tract in the U.S. and was sold for decades . Lucy Stone Wendell Phillips , a prominent abolitionist and women 's rights advocate , delivered a speech at the second national convention in 1851 called `` Shall Women Have the Right to Vote ? '' Describing women 's suffrage as the cornerstone of the women 's movement , it was later circulated as a women 's rights tract . Several of the women who played leading roles in the national conventions , especially Stone , Anthony and Stanton , were also leaders in establishing women 's suffrage organizations after the Civil War . They also included the demand for suffrage as part of their activities during the 1850s . In 1852 Stanton advocated women 's suffrage in a speech at the New York State Temperance Convention . In 1853 Stone became the first woman to appeal for women 's suffrage before a body of lawmakers when she addressed the Massachusetts Constitutional Convention . In 1854 Anthony organized a petition campaign in New York State that included the demand for suffrage . It culminated in a women 's rights convention in the state capitol and a speech by Stanton before the state legislature . In 1857 Stone refused to pay taxes on the grounds that women were taxed without being able to vote on tax laws . The constable sold her household goods at auction until enough money had been raised to pay her tax bill . The women 's rights movement was loosely structured during this period , with few state organizations and no national organization other than a coordinating committee that arranged the annual national conventions . Much of the organizational work for these conventions was performed by Stone , the most visible leader of the movement during this period . At the national convention in 1852 , a proposal was made to form a national women 's rights organization , but the idea was dropped after fears were voiced that such a move would create cumbersome machinery and lead to internal divisions . Anthony - Stanton collaboration ( edit ) Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton met in 1851 and soon became close friends and co-workers . Their decades - long collaboration was pivotal for the suffrage movement and contributed significantly to the broader struggle for women 's rights , which Stanton called `` the greatest revolution the world has ever known or ever will know . '' They had complementary skills : Anthony excelled at organizing while Stanton had an aptitude for intellectual matters and writing . Stanton , who was homebound with several children during this period , wrote speeches that Anthony delivered to meetings that she herself organized . Together they developed a sophisticated movement in New York State , but their work at this time dealt with women 's issues in general , not specifically suffrage . Anthony , who eventually became the person most closely associated in the public mind with women 's suffrage , later said `` I was n't ready to vote , did n't want to vote , but I did want equal pay for equal work . '' In the period just before the Civil War , Anthony gave priority to anti-slavery work over her work for the women 's movement . Women 's Loyal national League ( edit ) Over Anthony 's objections , leaders of the movement agreed to suspend women 's rights activities during the Civil War in order to focus on the abolition of slavery . In 1863 Anthony and Stanton organized the Women 's Loyal National League , the first national women 's political organization in the U.S. It collected nearly 400,000 signatures on petitions to abolish slavery in the largest petition drive in the nation 's history up to that time . Susan B. Anthony Although it was not a suffrage organization , the League made it clear that it stood for political equality for women , and it indirectly advanced that cause in several ways . Stanton reminded the public that petitioning was the only political tool available to women at a time when only men were allowed to vote . The League 's impressive petition drive demonstrated the value of formal organization to the women 's movement , which had traditionally resisted organizational structures , and it marked a continuation of the shift of women 's activism from moral suasion to political action . Its 5000 members constituted a widespread network of women activists who gained experience that helped create a pool of talent for future forms of social activism , including suffrage . American equal rights Association ( edit ) The Eleventh National Women 's Rights Convention , the first since the Civil War , was held in 1866 , helping the women 's rights movement regain the momentum it had lost during the war . The convention voted to transform itself into the American Equal Rights Association ( AERA ) , whose purpose was to campaign for the equal rights of all citizens , especially the right of suffrage . In addition to Anthony and Stanton , who organized the convention , the leadership of the new organization included such prominent abolitionist and women 's rights activists as Lucretia Mott , Lucy Stone and Frederick Douglass . Its drive for universal suffrage , however , was resisted by some abolitionist leaders and their allies in the Republican Party , who wanted women to postpone their campaign for suffrage until it had first been achieved for male African Americans . Horace Greeley , a prominent newspaper editor , told Anthony and Stanton , `` This is a critical period for the Republican Party and the life of our Nation ... I conjure you to remember that this is ' the negro 's hour , ' and your first duty now is to go through the State and plead his claims . '' They and others , including Lucy Stone , refused to postpone their demands , however , and continued to push for universal suffrage . In April 1867 Stone and her husband Henry Blackwell opened the AERA campaign in Kansas in support of referenda in that state that would enfranchise both African Americans and women . Wendell Phillips , an abolitionist leader who opposed mixing those two causes , surprised and angered AERA workers by blocking the funding that the AERA had expected for their campaign . After an internal struggle , Kansas Republicans decided to support suffrage for black men only and formed an `` Anti-Female Suffrage Committee '' to oppose the AERA 's efforts . By the end of summer the AERA campaign had almost collapsed , and its finances were exhausted . Anthony and Stanton were harshly criticized by Stone and other AERA members for accepting help during the last days of the campaign from George Francis Train , a wealthy businessman who supported women 's rights . Train antagonized many activists by attacking the Republican Party , which had won the loyalty of many reform activists , and openly disparaging the integrity and intelligence of African Americans . After the Kansas campaign , the AERA increasingly divided into two wings , both advocating universal suffrage but with different approaches . One wing , whose leading figure was Lucy Stone , was willing for black men to achieve suffrage first , if necessary , and wanted to maintain close ties with the Republican Party and the abolitionist movement . The other , whose leading figures were Anthony and Stanton , insisted that women and black men be enfranchised at the same time and worked toward a politically independent women 's movement that would no longer be dependent on abolitionists for financial and other resources . The acrimonious annual meeting of the AERA in May 1869 signaled the effective demise of the organization , in the aftermath of which two competing woman suffrage organizations were created . New England Woman suffrage Association ( edit ) Petition from the citizens of Massachusetts in support of woman suffrage Partly as a result of the developing split in the women 's movement , in 1868 the New England Woman Suffrage Association ( NEWSA ) , the first major political organization in the U.S. with women 's suffrage as its goal , was formed . The planners for the NEWSA 's founding convention worked to attract Republican support and seated leading Republican politicians , including a U.S. senator , on the speaker 's platform . Amid increasing confidence that the Fifteenth Amendment , which would in effect enfranchise black men , was assured of passage , Lucy Stone , a future president of the NEWSA , showed her preference for enfranchising both women and African Americans by unexpectedly introducing a resolution calling for the Republican Party to `` drop its watchword of ' Manhood Suffrage ' '' and to support universal suffrage instead . Despite opposition by Frederick Douglass and others , Stone convinced the meeting to approve the resolution . Two months later , however , when the Fifteenth Amendment was in danger of becoming stalled in Congress , Stone backed away from that position and declared that `` Woman must wait for the Negro . '' The Fifteenth amendment ( edit ) In May 1869 , two days after the final AERA annual meeting , Anthony , Stanton and others formed the National Woman Suffrage Association ( NWSA ) . In November 1869 , Lucy Stone , Julia Ward Howe , Henry Blackwell and others , many of whom had helped to create the New England Woman Suffrage Association a year earlier , formed the American Woman Suffrage Association ( AWSA ) . The hostile rivalry between these two organizations created a partisan atmosphere that endured for decades , affecting even professional historians of the women 's movement . Frederick Douglass The immediate cause for the split was the proposed Fifteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution , a reconstruction amendment that would prohibit the denial of suffrage because of race . Stanton and Anthony opposed its passage unless it was accompanied by another amendment that would prohibit the denial of suffrage because of sex . They said that by effectively enfranchising all men while excluding all women , the amendment would create an `` aristocracy of sex '' by giving constitutional authority to the idea that men were superior to women . Male power and privilege was at the root of society 's ills , Stanton argued , and nothing should be done to strengthen it . Anthony and Stanton also warned that black men , who would gain voting power under the amendment , were overwhelmingly opposed to women 's suffrage . They were not alone in being unsure of black male support for women 's suffrage . Frederick Douglass , a strong supporter of women 's suffrage , said , `` The race to which I belong have not generally taken the right ground on this question . '' Douglass , however , strongly supported the amendment , saying it was a matter of life and death for former slaves . Lucy Stone , who became the AWSA 's most prominent leader , supported the amendment but said she believed that suffrage for women would be more beneficial to the country than suffrage for black men . The AWSA and most AERA members also supported the amendment . Both wings of the movement were strongly associated with opposition to slavery , but their leaders sometimes expressed views that reflected the racial attitudes of that era . Stanton , for example , believed that a long process of education would be needed before what she called the `` lower orders '' of former slaves and immigrant workers would be able to participate meaningfully as voters . In an article in The Revolution , Stanton wrote , `` American women of wealth , education , virtue and refinement , if you do not wish the lower orders of Chinese , Africans , Germans and Irish , with their low ideas of womanhood to make laws for you and your daughters ... demand that women too shall be represented in government . '' In another article she made a similar statement while personifying those four ethnic groups as `` Patrick and Sambo and Hans and Yung Tung '' . Lucy Stone called a suffrage meeting in New Jersey to consider the question , `` Shall women alone be omitted in the reconstruction ? Shall ( they ) ... be ranked politically below the most ignorant and degraded men ? '' Henry Blackwell , Stone 's husband and an AWSA officer , published an open letter to Southern legislatures assuring them that if they allowed both blacks and women to vote , `` the political supremacy of your white race will remain unchanged '' and `` the black race would gravitate by the law of nature toward the tropics . '' The AWSA aimed for close ties with the Republican Party , hoping that the ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment would lead to a Republican push for women 's suffrage . The NWSA , while determined to be politically independent , was critical of the Republicans . Anthony and Stanton wrote a letter to the 1868 Democratic National Convention that criticized Republican sponsorship of the Fourteenth Amendment ( which granted citizenship to black men but for the first time introduced the word `` male '' into the Constitution ) , saying , `` While the dominant party has with one hand lifted up two million black men and crowned them with the honor and dignity of citizenship , with the other it has dethroned fifteen million white women -- their own mothers and sisters , their own wives and daughters -- and cast them under the heel of the lowest orders of manhood . '' They urged liberal Democrats to convince their party , which did not have a clear direction at that point , to embrace universal suffrage . The two organizations had other differences as well . Although each campaigned for suffrage at both the state and national levels , the NWSA tended to work more at the national level and the AWSA more at the state level . The NWSA initially worked on a wider range of issues than the AWSA , including divorce reform and equal pay for women . The NWSA was led by women only while the AWSA included both men and women among its leadership . Events soon removed much of the basis for the split in the movement . In 1870 debate about the Fifteenth Amendment was made irrelevant when that amendment was officially ratified . In 1872 disgust with corruption in government led to a mass defection of abolitionists and other social reformers from the Republicans to the short - lived Liberal Republican Party . The rivalry between the two women 's groups was so bitter , however , that a merger proved to be impossible until 1890 . New Departure ( edit ) In 1869 Francis and Virginia Minor , husband and wife suffragists from Missouri , outlined a strategy that came to be known as the New Departure , which engaged the suffrage movement for several years . Arguing that the U.S. Constitution implicitly enfranchised women , this strategy relied heavily on Section 1 of the recently adopted Fourteenth Amendment , which reads , `` All persons born or naturalized in the United States , and subject to the jurisdiction thereof , are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside . No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States ; nor shall any State deprive any person of life , liberty , or property , without due process of law ; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws . '' Votes for Women pennant In 1871 the NWSA officially adopted the New Departure strategy , encouraging women to attempt to vote and to file lawsuits if denied that right . Soon hundreds of women tried to vote in dozens of localities . In some cases , actions like these preceded the New Departure strategy : in 1868 in Vineland , New Jersey , a center for radical spiritualists , nearly 200 women placed their ballots into a separate box and attempted to have them counted , but without success . The AWSA did not officially adopt the New Departure strategy , but Lucy Stone , its leader , attempted to vote in her home town in New Jersey . In one court case resulting from a lawsuit brought by women who had been prevented from voting , the U.S. District Court in Washington , D.C. , ruled that women did not have an implicit right to vote , declaring that , `` The fact that the practical working of the assumed right would be destructive of civilization is decisive that the right does not exist . '' In 1871 Victoria Woodhull , a stockbroker , was invited to speak before a committee of Congress , the first woman to do so . Although she had little previous connection to the women 's movement , she presented a modified version of the New Departure strategy . Instead of asking the courts to declare that women had the right to vote , she asked Congress itself to declare that the Constitution implicitly enfranchised women . The committee rejected her suggestion . The NWSA at first reacted enthusiastically to Woodhull 's sudden appearance on the scene . Stanton in particular welcomed Woodhull 's proposal to assemble a broad - based reform party that would support women 's suffrage . Anthony opposed that idea , wanting the NWSA to remain politically independent . The NWSA soon had reason to regret its association with Woodhull . In 1872 she published details of a purported adulterous affair between Rev. Henry Ward Beecher , president of the AWSA , and Elizabeth Tilton , wife of a leading NWSA member . Beecher 's subsequent trial was reported in newspapers across the country , resulting in what one scholar has called `` political theater '' that badly damaged the reputation of the suffrage movement . The Supreme Court in 1875 put an end to the New Departure strategy by ruling in Minor v. Happersett that `` the Constitution of the United States does not confer the right of suffrage upon anyone '' . The NWSA decided to pursue the far more difficult strategy of campaigning for a constitutional amendment that would guarantee voting rights for women . United states v. Susan B. Anthony ( edit ) In a case that generated national controversy , Susan B. Anthony was arrested for voting in the presidential election of 1872 . The judge directed the jury to deliver a guilty verdict . When he asked Anthony , who had not been permitted to speak during the trial , if she had anything to say , she responded with what one historian has called `` the most famous speech in the history of the agitation for woman suffrage '' . She called `` this high - handed outrage upon my citizen 's rights '' , saying , `` ... you have trampled under foot every vital principle of our government . My natural rights , my civil rights , my political rights , my judicial rights , are all alike ignored . '' The judge sentenced Anthony to pay a fine of $100 , she responded , `` I shall never pay a dollar of your unjust penalty '' , and she never did . However the judge did not order her to be imprisoned until she paid the fine , for Anthony could have appealed her case . History of Woman suffrage ( edit ) In 1876 Anthony , Stanton and Matilda Joslyn Gage began working on the History of Woman Suffrage . Originally envisioned as a modest publication that would be produced quickly , the history evolved into a six - volume work of more than 5700 pages written over a period of 41 years . Its last two volumes were published in 1920 , long after the deaths of the project 's originators , by Ida Husted Harper , who also assisted with the fourth volume . Written by leaders of one wing of the divided women 's movement ( Lucy Stone , their main rival , refused to have anything to do with the project ) , the History of Woman Suffrage preserves an enormous amount of material that might have been lost forever , but it does not give a balanced view of events where their rivals are concerned . Because it was for years the main source of documentation about the suffrage movement , historians have had to uncover other sources to provide a more balanced view . Introduction of the women 's suffrage amendment ( edit ) In 1878 Senator Aaron A. Sargent , a friend of Susan B. Anthony , introduced into Congress a women 's suffrage amendment . More than forty years later it would become the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution with no changes to its wording . Its text is identical to that of the Fifteenth Amendment except that it prohibits the denial of suffrage because of sex rather than `` race , color , or previous condition of servitude '' . It Does n't Unsex Her -- a women 's suffrage postcard from 1915 Early female candidates for national office ( edit ) Calling attention to the irony of being legally entitled to run for office while denied the right to vote , Elizabeth Cady Stanton declared herself a candidate for the U.S. Congress in 1866 , the first woman to do so . In 1872 Victoria Woodhull formed her own political party and declared herself to be its candidate for President of the U.S. even though she was ineligible because she was not yet 35 years old . In 1884 Belva Ann Lockwood , the first female lawyer to argue a case before the U.S. Supreme Court , became the first woman to conduct a viable campaign for president . She was nominated , without her advance knowledge , by a California group called the Equal Rights Party . Lockwood advocated women 's suffrage and other reforms during a coast - to - coast campaign that received respectful coverage from at least some major periodicals . She financed her campaign partly by charging admission to her speeches . Neither the AWSA nor the NWSA , both of whom had already endorsed the Republican candidate for president , supported Lockwood 's candidacy . Initial successes ( edit ) An act of the Territory of Wyoming enfranchised women on December 10 , 1869 , which is commemorated as Wyoming Day in the state . Women were enfranchised in frontier Wyoming Territory in 1869 and in polygamous Utah in 1870 . The short - lived Populist Party endorsed women 's suffrage , contributing to the enfranchisement of women in Colorado in 1893 and Idaho in 1896 . In some localities , women gained various forms of partial suffrage , such as voting for school boards . According to a 2018 study in The Journal of Politics , states with large suffrage movements and competitive political environments were more likely to extend voting rights to women ; this is one reason why Western states were quicker to adopt women 's suffrage than states in the East . In the late 1870s , the suffrage movement received a major boost when the Women 's Christian Temperance Union ( WCTU ) , the largest women 's organization in the country , decided to campaign for suffrage and created a Franchise Department to support that effort . Frances Willard , its pro-suffrage leader , urged WCTU members to pursue the right to vote as a means of protecting their families from alcohol and other vices . In 1886 the WCTU submitted to Congress petitions with 200,000 signatures in support of a national suffrage amendment . In 1885 the Grange , a large farmers ' organization , officially endorsed women 's suffrage . In 1890 the American Federation of Labor , a large labor alliance , endorsed women 's suffrage and subsequently collected 270,000 names on petitions supporting that goal . 1890 -- 1919 ( edit ) Merger of rival suffrage organizations ( edit ) The AWSA , which was especially strong in New England , was initially the larger of the two rival suffrage organizations , but it declined in strength during the 1880s . Stanton and Anthony , the leading figures in the competing NWSA , were more widely known as leaders of the women 's suffrage movement during this period and were more influential in setting its direction . They sometimes used daring tactics . Anthony , for example , interrupted the official ceremonies of the 100th anniversary of the U.S. Declaration of Independence to present the NWSA 's Declaration of Rights for Women . The AWSA declined any involvement in the action . Susan B. Anthony in 1900 Over time , the NWSA moved into closer alignment with the AWSA , placing less emphasis on confrontational actions and more on respectability , and no longer promoting a wide range of reforms . The NWSA 's hopes for a federal suffrage amendment were frustrated when the Senate voted against it in 1887 , after which the NWSA put more energy into campaigning at the state level , as the AWSA was already doing . Work at the state level , however , also had its frustrations . Between 1870 and 1910 , the suffrage movement conducted 480 campaigns in 33 states just to have the issue of women 's suffrage brought before the voters , and those campaigns resulted in only 17 instances of the issue actually being placed on the ballot . These efforts led to women 's suffrage in two states , Colorado and Idaho . Alice Stone Blackwell , daughter of AWSA leaders Lucy Stone and Henry Blackwell , was a major influence in bringing the rival suffrage leaders together , proposing a joint meeting in 1887 to discuss a merger . Anthony and Stone favored the idea , but opposition from several NWSA veterans delayed the move . In 1890 the two organizations merged as the National American Woman Suffrage Association ( NAWSA ) . Stanton was president of the new organization , and Stone was chair of its executive committee , but Anthony , who had the title of vice president , was its leader in practice , becoming president herself in 1892 when Stanton retired . National American Woman suffrage Association ( edit ) Although Anthony was the leading force in the newly merged organization , it did not always follow her lead . In 1893 the NAWSA voted over Anthony 's objection to alternate the site of its annual conventions between Washington and various other parts of the country . Anthony 's pre-merger NWSA had always held its conventions in Washington to help maintain focus on a national suffrage amendment . Arguing against this decision , she said she feared , accurately as it turned out , that the NAWSA would engage in suffrage work at the state level at the expense of national work . Stanton , elderly but still very much a radical , did not fit comfortably into the new organization , which was becoming more conservative . In 1895 she published The Woman 's Bible , a controversial best - seller that attacked the use of the Bible to relegate women to an inferior status . The NAWSA voted to disavow any connection with the book despite Anthony 's objection that such a move was unnecessary and hurtful . Stanton afterwards grew increasingly alienated from the suffrage movement . Carrie Chapman Catt The suffrage movement declined in vigor during the years immediately after the 1890 merger . When Carrie Chapman Catt was appointed head of the NAWSA 's Organization Committee in 1895 , it was n't clear how many local chapters the organization had or who their officers were . Catt began revitalizing the organization , establishing a plan of work with clear goals for every state every year . Anthony was impressed and arranged for Catt to succeed her when she retired from the presidency of the NAWSA in 1900 . In her new post Catt continued her effort to transform the unwieldy organization into one that would be better prepared to lead a major suffrage campaign . Catt noted the rapidly growing women 's club movement , which was taking up some of the slack left by the decline of the temperance movement . Local women 's clubs at first were mostly reading groups focused on literature , but they increasingly evolved into civic improvement organizations of middle - class women meeting in each other 's homes weekly . Their national organization was the General Federation of Women 's Clubs ( GFWC ) , founded in 1890 . The clubs avoided controversial issues that would divide the membership , especially religion and prohibition . In the South and East , suffrage was also highly divisive , while there was little resistance to it among clubwomen in the West . In the Midwest , clubwomen had first avoided the suffrage issue out of caution , but after 1900 increasingly came to support it . Catt implemented what was known as the `` society plan , '' a successful effort to recruit wealthy members of the women 's club movement whose time , money and experience could help build the suffrage movement . By in 1914 women 's suffrage was endorsed by the national General Federation of Women 's Clubs . Catt resigned her position after four years , partly because of her husband 's declining health and partly to help organize the International Woman Suffrage Alliance , which was created in Germany , Berlin in 1904 with Catt as president . In 1904 Anna Howard Shaw , another Anthony protégée , was elected president of the NAWSA . Shaw was an energetic worker and a talented orator but not an effective administrator . Between 1910 and 1916 the NAWSA 's national board experienced a constant turmoil that endangered the existence of the organization . Although its membership and finances were at all - time highs , the NAWSA decided to replace Shaw by bringing Catt back once again as president in 1915 . Authorized by the NAWSA to name her own executive board , which previously had been elected by the organization 's annual convention , Catt quickly converted the loosely structured organization into one that was highly centralized . Opposition to women 's suffrage ( edit ) Brewers and distillers , typically rooted in the German American community , opposed women 's suffrage , fearing that women voters would favor the prohibition of alcoholic beverages . German Lutherans and German Catholics typically opposed prohibition and woman suffrage ; they favored paternalistic families with the husband deciding the family position on public affairs . Their opposition to women 's suffrage was subsequently used as an argument in favor of suffrage when German Americans became pariahs during World War I . Defeat could lead to allegations of fraud . After the defeat of the referendum for women 's suffrage in Michigan in 1912 , the governor accused the brewers of complicity in widespread electoral fraud that resulted in its defeat . Evidence of vote stealing was also strong during referenda in Nebraska and Iowa . Headquarters of the National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage . Some other businesses , such as southern cotton mills , opposed suffrage because they feared that women voters would support the drive to eliminate child labor . Political machines , such as Tammany Hall in New York City , opposed it because they feared that the addition of female voters would dilute the control they had established over groups of male voters . By the time of the New York State referendum on women 's suffrage in 1917 , however , some wives and daughters of Tammany Hall leaders were working for suffrage , leading it to take a neutral position that was crucial to the referendum 's passage . Although the Catholic Church did not take an official position on suffrage , very few of its leaders supported it , and some of its leaders , such as Cardinal Gibbons , made their opposition clear . The New York Times after first supporting suffrage reversed itself and issued stern warnings . A 1912 editorial predicted that with suffrage women would make impossible demands , such as , `` serving as soldiers and sailors , police patrolmen or firemen ... and would serve on juries and elect themselves to executive offices and judgeships . '' It blamed a lack of masculinity for the failure of men to fight back , warning women would get the vote `` if the men are not firm and wise enough and , it may as well be said , masculine enough to prevent them . '' . Women against suffrage ( edit ) Anti-suffrage forces , initially called the `` remonstrants '' , organized as early as 1870 when the Woman 's Anti-Suffrage Association of Washington was formed . Widely known as the `` antis '' , they eventually created organizations in some twenty states . In 1911 the National Association Opposed to Women 's Suffrage was created . It claimed 350,000 members and opposed women 's suffrage , feminism , and socialism . It argued that woman suffrage `` would reduce the special protections and routes of influence available to women , destroy the family , and increase the number of socialist - leaning voters . '' Middle and upper class anti-suffrage women were conservatives with several motivations . Society women in particular had personal access to powerful politicians , and were reluctant to surrender that advantage . Most often the antis believed that politics was dirty and that women 's involvement would surrender the moral high ground that women had claimed , and that partisanship would disrupt local club work for civic betterment , as represented by the General Federation of Women 's Clubs . The best organized movement was the New York State Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage ( NYSAOWS ) . Its credo , as set down by its president Josephine Jewell Dodge , was : We believe in every possible advancement to women . We believe that this advancement should be along those legitimate lines of work and endeavor for which she is best fitted and for which she has now unlimited opportunities . We believe this advancement will be better achieved through strictly non-partisan effort and without the limitations of the ballot . We believe in Progress , not in Politics for women . The NYSAOWS New York State Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage used grass roots mobilization techniques they had learned from watching the suffragists to defeat the 1915 referendum . They were very similar to the suffragists themselves , but used a counter-crusading style warning of the evils that suffrage would bring to women . They rejected leadership by men and stressed the importance of independent women in philanthropy and social betterment . NYSAOWS was narrowly defeated in New York in 1916 and the state voted to give women the vote . The organization moved to Washington to oppose the federal constitutional amendment for suffrage , becoming the `` National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage '' ( NAOWS ) , where it was taken over by men , and assumed a much harsher rhetorical tone , especially in attacking `` red radicalism '' . After 1919 the antis adjusted smoothly to enfranchisement and became active in party affairs , especially in the Republican Party . Southern strategy ( edit ) Vote for the Woman Suffrage Amendment , 1915 A promotional map of the woman 's suffrage movement in the U.S. and Canada by 1917 . The U.S. states and Canadian provinces that had adopted suffrage are colored white ( or dotted and crosses , in case of partial suffrage ) and the others black . The Constitution required 34 states ( three - fourths of the 45 states in 1900 ) to ratify an amendment , and unless the rest of the country was unanimous there had to be support from the 11 ex-Confederate states . Three more western territories became states by 1912 , helping the suffragist cause ; they now needed 36 states out of 48 . In the end Tennessee provided the critical 36th state . The South was the most conservative region and always gave the least support for suffrage . There was little or no suffrage activity in the region until the late nineteenth century . Aileen S. Kraditor identifies four distinctly Southern characteristics that were in play : 1 ) Southern white men held to traditional values regarding women 's public roles ; 2 ) the Solid South was tightly controlled by the Democratic Party , so playing the two parties against each other was not a feasible strategy ; 3 ) strong support for states ' rights meant there was automatic opposition to a federal constitutional amendment ; 4 ) Jim Crow attitudes meant that expansion of the black vote ( to black women ) was strongly opposed . Mildred Rutherford , president of the Georgia United Daughters of the Confederacy and a leaders of the National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage made clear the opposition of elite white women to suffrage in a 1914 speech to the state legislature : The women who are working for this measure are striking at the principle for which their fathers fought during the Civil War . Woman 's suffrage comes from the North and the West and from women who do not believe in state 's rights and who wish to see negro women using the ballot . I do not believe the state of Georgia has sunk so low that her good men can not legislate for women . If this time ever comes then it will be time for women to claim the ballot . Elna Green points out that , `` Suffrage rhetoric claimed that enfranchised women would outlaw child labor , pass minimum - wage and maximum - hours laws for women workers , and establish health and safety standards for factory workers . '' The threat of these reforms united planters , textile mill owners , railroad magnates , city machine bosses , and the liquor interest in a formidable combine against suffrage . Henry Blackwell , an officer of the AWSA before the merger and a prominent figure in the movement afterwards , urged the suffrage movement to follow a strategy of convincing southern political leaders that they could ensure white supremacy in their region without violating the Fifteenth Amendment by enfranchising educated women , who would predominantly be white . Shortly after Blackwell presented his proposal to the Mississippi delegation to the U.S. Congress , his plan was given serious consideration by the Mississippi Constitutional Convention of 1890 , whose main purpose was to find legal ways of further curtailing the political power of African Americans . Although the convention adopted other measures instead , the fact that Blackwell 's ideas were taken seriously drew the interest of many suffragists . Blackwell 's ally in this effort was Laura Clay , who convinced the NAWSA to launch a state - by - state campaign in the South based on Blackwell 's strategy . Clay was one of several southern NAWSA members who opposed the idea of a national women 's suffrage amendment on the grounds that it would impinge on states ' rights . ( A generation later Clay campaigned against the pending national amendment during the final battle for its ratification . ) Amid predictions by some proponents of this strategy that the South would lead the way in the enfranchisement of women , suffrage organizations were established throughout the region . Anthony , Catt and Blackwell campaigned for suffrage in the South in 1895 , with the latter two calling for suffrage only for educated women . With Anthony 's reluctant cooperation , the NAWSA maneuvered to accommodate the politics of white supremacy in that region . Anthony asked her old friend Frederick Douglass , a former slave , not to attend the NAWSA convention in Atlanta in 1895 , the first to be held in a southern city . Black NAWSA members were excluded from 1903 convention in the southern city of New Orleans , which marked the peak of this strategy 's influence . The leaders of the Southern movement were privileged upper - class belles with a strong position in high society and in church affairs . They tried to use their upscale connections to convince powerful men that suffrage was a good idea to purify society . They also argued that giving white women the vote would more than counterbalance giving the vote to the smaller number of black women . No southern state enfranchised women as a result of this strategy , however , and most southern suffrage societies that were established during this period lapsed into inactivity . The NAWSA leadership afterwards said it would not adopt policies that `` advocated the exclusion of any race or class from the right of suffrage . '' Nonetheless NAWSA reflected its white membership 's viewpoint by minimizing the role of black suffragists . At the 1913 suffrage march on Washington , Ida B. Wells - Barnett , a leader in the African American community , was asked to march in an all - black contingent to avoid upsetting white southern marchers . When the march got underway , however , she slipped into the ranks of the contingent from Illinois , her home state , and completed the march in the company of white supporters . New Woman ( edit ) The concept of the New Woman emerged in the late nineteenth century to characterize the increasingly independent activity of women , especially the younger generation . The move from households to public spaces was expressed in many ways . In the late 1890s , riding bicycles was a newly popular activity that increased women 's mobility even as it signaled rejection of traditional teachings about women 's weakness and fragility . Susan B. Anthony said bicycles had `` done more to emancipate women than anything else in the world '' . Elizabeth Cady Stanton said that `` Woman is riding to suffrage on the bicycle . Official program of the Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913 . In the actual march , the woman on horseback was Inez Milholland . Play media Film of suffragettes marching from Newark , New Jersey to Washington , 1913 . Activists campaigned for suffrage in ways that were still considered by many to be `` unladylike , '' such as marching in parades and giving street corner speeches on soap boxes . In New York in 1912 , suffragists organized a twelve - day , 170 - mile `` Hike to Albany '' to deliver suffrage petitions to the new governor . In 1913 the suffragist `` Army of the Hudson '' marched 250 miles from New York to Washington in sixteen days , gaining national publicity . New suffrage organizations ( edit ) College equal suffrage League ( edit ) When Maud Wood Park attended the NAWSA convention in 1900 , she found herself to be virtually the only young person there . After returning to Boston , she formed the College Equal Suffrage League , which affiliated with the NAWSA . Largely through Park 's efforts , similar groups were organized on campuses in 30 states , leading to the formation of the National College Equal Suffrage League in 1908 . Women suffragists demonstrating for the right to vote in 1913 Equality League of Self - Supporting Women ( edit ) The dramatic tactics of the militant wing of the British suffrage movement began to influence the movement in the U.S. Harriet Stanton Blatch , daughter of Elizabeth Cady Stanton , returned to the U.S. after several years in England , where she had associated with suffrage groups still in the early phases of militancy . In 1907 she founded the Equality League of Self - Supporting Women , later called the Women 's Political Union , whose membership was based on working women , both professional and industrial . The Equality League initiated the practice of holding suffrage parades and organized the first open air suffrage rallies in thirty years . As many as 25,000 people marched in these parades National Woman 's Party ( edit ) Work toward a national suffrage amendment had been sharply curtailed in favor of state suffrage campaigns after the two rival suffrage organizations merged in 1890 to form the NAWSA . Interest in a national suffrage amendment was revived primarily by Alice Paul . In 1910 , she returned to the U.S. from England , where she had been part of the militant wing of the suffrage movement . Paul had been jailed there and had endured forced feedings after going on a hunger strike . In January 1913 she arrived in Washington as chair of the Congressional Committee of the NAWSA , charged with reviving the drive for a constitutional amendment that would enfranchise women . She and her coworker Lucy Burns organized a suffrage parade in Washington on the day before Woodrow Wilson 's inauguration as president . Opponents of the march turned the event into a near riot , which ended only when a cavalry unit of the army was brought in to restore order . Public outrage over the incident , which cost the chief of police his job , brought publicity to the movement and gave it fresh momentum . In 1914 Paul and her followers began referring to the proposed suffrage amendment as the `` Susan B. Anthony Amendment , '' a name that was widely adopted . Paul argued that because the Democrats would not act to enfranchise women even though they controlled the presidency and both houses of Congress , the suffrage movement should work for the defeat of all Democratic candidates regardless of an individual candidate 's position on suffrage . She and Burns formed a separate lobbying group called the Congressional Union to act on this approach . Strongly disagreeing , the NAWSA in 1913 withdrew support from Paul 's group and continued its practice of supporting any candidate who supported suffrage , regardless of political party . In 1916 Blatch merged her Women 's Political Union into Paul 's Congressional Union . Alice Paul In 1916 Paul formed the National Woman 's Party ( NWP ) . Once again the women 's movement had split , but the result this time was something like a division of labor . The NAWSA burnished its image of respectability and engaged in highly organized lobbying at both the national and state levels . The smaller NWP also engaged in lobbying but became increasingly known for activities that were dramatic and confrontational , most often in the national capital . One form of protest was the watchfires , which involved burning copies of President Wilson 's speeches , often outside the White House or in the nearby Lafayette Park . The NWP continued to hold watchfires even as the war began , drawing criticism from the public and even other suffrage groups for being unpatriotic . Suffrage periodicals ( edit ) Stanton and Anthony launched a sixteen - page weekly newspaper called The Revolution in 1868 . It focused primarily on women 's rights , especially suffrage , but it also covered politics , the labor movement and other topics . Its energetic and broad - ranging style gave it a lasting influence , but its debts mounted when it did not receive the funding they had expected , and they had to transfer the paper to other hands after only twenty - nine months . Their organization , the NWSA , afterwards depended on other periodicals , such as The National Citizen and Ballot Box , edited by Matilda Joslyn Gage , and Women 's Tribune , edited by Clara Bewick Colby , to represent its viewpoint . In 1870 , shortly after the formation of the AWSA , Lucy Stone launched an eight - page weekly newspaper called the Woman 's Journal to advocate for women 's rights , especially suffrage . Better financed and less radical than The Revolution , it had a much longer life . By the 1880s it had become an unofficial voice of the suffrage movement as a whole . In 1916 the NAWSA purchased the Woman 's Journal and spent a significant amount of money to enhance it . It was renamed Woman Citizen and declared to be the official organ of the NAWSA . Alice Paul began publishing a newspaper called The Suffragist in 1913 when she was still part of the NAWSA . Editor of the eight - page weekly was Rheta Childe Dorr , an experienced journalist . Turn of the tide ( edit ) New Zealand enfranchised women in 1893 , the first country to do so on a nationwide basis . In the U.S. women gained the franchise in the states of Washington in 1910 ; in California in 1911 ; in Oregon , Kansas and Arizona in 1912 ; and in Illinois in 1913 . Some states allowed women to vote in school elections , municipal elections , or for members of the Electoral College . Some territories , like Washington , Utah , and Wyoming , allowed women to vote before they became states . As women voted in an increasing number of states , Congressmen from those states swung to support a national suffrage amendment , and paid more attention to issues such as child labor . The status of women 's suffrage before passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920 Full suffrage Presidential suffrage ( vote only for President ) Primary suffrage ( vote only in primary elections ) Municipal suffrage ( vote only in city elections ) School , bond , or tax suffrage ( vote only in special elections ) Municipal suffrage in some cities Primary suffrage in some cities No suffrage The reform campaigns of the Progressive Era strengthened the suffrage movement . Beginning around 1900 , this broad movement began at the grassroots level with such goals as combating corruption in government , eliminating child labor , and protecting workers and consumers . Many of its participants saw women 's suffrage as yet another progressive goal , and they believed that the addition of women to the electorate would help their movement achieve its other goals . In 1912 the Progressive Party , formed by Theodore Roosevelt , endorsed women 's suffrage . The socialist movement supported women 's suffrage in some areas . By 1916 suffrage for women had become a major national issue , and the NAWSA had become the nation 's largest voluntary organization , with two million members . In 1916 the conventions of both the Democratic and Republican parties endorsed women 's suffrage , but only on a state - by - state basis , with the implication that the various states might implement suffrage in different ways or ( in some cases ) not at all . Having expected more , Catt called an emergency NAWSA convention and proposed what became known as the `` Winning Plan '' . For several years the NAWSA had focused on achieving suffrage on a state - by - state basis , partly to accommodate members from southern states who opposed the idea of a national suffrage amendment , considering it an infringement on states ' rights . In a strategic shift , the 1916 convention approved Catt 's proposal to make a national amendment the priority for the entire organization . It authorized the executive board to specify a plan of work toward this goal for each state and to take over that work if the state organization refused to comply . In 1917 Catt received a bequest of $900,000 from Mrs. Frank ( Miriam ) Leslie to be used for the women 's suffrage movement . Catt formed the Leslie Woman Suffrage Commission to dispense the funds , most of which supported the activities of the NAWSA at a crucial time for the suffrage movement . `` Kaiser Wilson '' banner held by an NWP member picketing the White House The entry of the U.S. into World War I in April 1917 had a significant impact on the suffrage movement . To replace men who had gone into the military , women moved into workplaces that did not traditionally hire women , such as steel mills and oil refineries . The NAWSA cooperated with the war effort , with Catt and Shaw serving on the Women 's Committee for the Council of National Defense . The NWP , by contrast , took no steps to cooperate with the war effort . Jeannette Rankin , elected in 1916 by Montana as the first woman in Congress , was one of fifty members of Congress to vote against the declaration of war . In January 1917 the NWP stationed pickets at the White House , which had never before been picketed , with banners demanding women 's suffrage . Tension escalated in June as a Russian delegation drove up to the White House and NPW members unfurled a banner that read , `` We , the women of America , tell you that America is not a democracy . Twenty million American women are denied the right to vote . President Wilson is the chief opponent of their national enfranchisement '' . In August another banner referred to `` Kaiser Wilson '' and compared the plight of the German people with that of American women . Some of the onlookers reacted violently , tearing the banners from the picketers ' hands . The police , whose actions had previously been restrained , began arresting the picketers for blocking the sidewalk . Eventually over 200 were arrested , about half of whom were sent to prison . In October Alice Paul was sentenced to seven months in prison . When she and other suffragist prisoners began a hunger strike , prison authorities force - fed them . The negative publicity created by this harsh practice increased the pressure on the administration , which capitulated and released all the prisoners . In November 1917 a referendum to enfranchise women in New York - at that time the most populous state in the country - passed by a substantial margin . In September 1918 , President Wilson spoke before the Senate , calling for approval of the suffrage amendment as a war measure , saying `` We have made partners of the women in this war ; shall we admit them only to a partnership of suffering and sacrifice and toil and not to a partnership of privilege and right ? '' By the end of 1919 , women effectively could vote for president in states with 326 electoral votes out of a total of 531 . Political leaders who became convinced of the inevitability of women 's suffrage began to pressure local and national legislators to support it so that their respective party could claim credit for it in future elections . The war served as a catalyst for suffrage extension in several countries , with women gaining the vote after years of campaigning partly in recognition of their support for the war effort , which further increased the pressure for suffrage in the U.S. About half of the women in Britain had become enfranchised by January 1918 , as had women in most Canadian provinces , with Quebec the major exception . Nineteenth amendment ( edit ) Main article : Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution A chorus of disreputable men supports an anti-suffrage woman in this 1915 cartoon from Puck magazine . The caption `` I did not raise my girl to be a voter '' parodies the antiwar song `` I Did n't Raise My Boy To Be A Soldier '' . World War I had a profound impact on woman suffrage across the belligerents . Women played a major role on the home fronts and many countries recognized their sacrifices with the vote during or shortly after the war , including the U.S. , Britain , Canada ( except Quebec ) , Denmark , Austria , the Netherlands , Germany , Russia , Sweden ; and Ireland introduced universal suffrage with independence . France almost did so but stopped short . Despite their eventual success , groups like the National Woman 's Party that continued militant protests during wartime were criticized by other suffrage groups and the public , who viewed it as unpatriotic . On January 12 , 1915 , a suffrage bill was brought before the House of Representatives but was defeated by a vote of 204 to 174 , ( Democrats 170 - 85 against , Republicans 81 - 34 for , Progressives 6 - 0 for ) . President Woodrow Wilson held off until he was sure the Democratic Party was supportive ; the 1917 referendum in New York State in favor of suffrage proved decisive for him . When another bill was brought before the House in January , 1918 , Wilson made a strong and widely published appeal to the House to pass the bill . Behn argues that : The National American Woman Suffrage Association , not the National Woman 's Party , was decisive in Wilson 's conversion to the cause of the federal amendment because its approach mirrored his own conservative vision of the appropriate method of reform : win a broad consensus , develop a legitimate rationale , and make the issue politically valuable . Additionally , I contend that Wilson did have a significant role to play in the successful congressional passage and national ratification of the 19th Amendment . The Amendment passed by two - thirds of the House , with only one vote to spare . The vote was then carried into the Senate . Again President Wilson made an appeal , but on September 30 , 1918 , the amendment fell two votes short of the two - thirds necessary for passage , 53 - 31 ( Republicans 27 - 10 for , Democrats 26 - 21 for ) . On February 10 , 1919 , it was again voted upon , and then it was lost by only one vote , 54 - 30 ( Republicans 30 - 12 for , Democrats 24 - 18 for ) . There was considerable anxiety among politicians of both parties to have the amendment passed and made effective before the general elections of 1920 , so the President called a special session of Congress , and a bill , introducing the amendment , was brought before the House again . On May 21 , 1919 , it was passed , 304 to 89 , ( Republicans 200 - 19 for , Democrats 102 - 69 for , Union Labor 1 - 0 for , Prohibitionist 1 - 0 for ) , 42 votes more than necessary being obtained . On June 4 , 1919 , it was brought the Senate , and after a long discussion it was passed , with 56 ayes and 25 nays ( Republicans 36 - 8 for , Democrats 20 - 17 for ) . Within a few days , Illinois , Wisconsin , and Michigan ratified the amendment , their legislatures being then in session . Other states followed suit at a regular pace , until the amendment had been ratified by 35 of the necessary 36 state legislatures . After Washington on March 22 , 1920 , ratification languished for months . Finally , on August 18 , 1920 , Tennessee narrowly ratified the Nineteenth Amendment , making it the law throughout the United States . Thus the 1920 election became the first United States presidential election in which women were permitted to vote in every state . `` To get the word male in effect out of the Constitution cost the women of the country fifty - two years of pauseless campaign ... During that time they were forced to conduct fifty - six campaigns of referenda to male voters ; 480 campaigns to get Legislatures to submit suffrage amendments to voters ; 47 campaigns to get State constitutional conventions to write woman suffrage into State constitutions ; 277 campaigns to get State party conventions to include woman suffrage planks ; 30 campaigns to get presidential party conventions to adopt woman suffrage planks in party platforms , and 19 campaigns with 19 successive Congresses . Millions of dollars were raised , mainly in small sums , and expended with economic care . Hundreds of women gave the accumulated possibilities of an entire lifetime , thousands gave years of their lives , hundreds of thousands gave constant interest and such aid as they could . '' Carrie Chapman Catt , president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association . Three other states , Connecticut , Vermont and Delaware , passed the amendment by 1923 . They were eventually followed by others in the south . Nearly twenty years later Maryland ratified the amendment in 1941 . After another ten years , in 1952 , Virginia ratified the Nineteenth Amendment , followed by Alabama in 1953 . After another 16 years Florida and South Carolina passed the necessary votes to ratify in 1969 , followed two years later by Georgia , Louisiana and North Carolina . Mississippi did not ratify the Nineteenth Amendment until 1984 , sixty four years after the law was enacted nationally . Effects of the Nineteenth amendment ( edit ) Immediate effects ( edit ) Women surrounded by posters in English and Yiddish supporting Franklin D. Roosevelt , Herbert H. Lehman , and the American Labor Party teach other women how to vote , 1936 . Politicians responded to the newly enlarged electorate by emphasizing issues of special interest to women , especially prohibition , child health , public schools , and world peace . Women did respond to these issues , but in terms of general voting they shared the same outlook and the same voting behavior as men . The suffrage organization NAWSA became the League of Women Voters and Alice Paul 's National Woman 's Party began lobbying for full equality and the Equal Rights Amendment which would pass Congress during the second wave of the women 's movement in 1972 ( but it was not ratified and never took effect ) . The main surge of women voting came in 1928 , when the big - city machines realized they needed the support of women to elect Al Smith , while rural drys mobilized women to support Prohibition and vote for Republican Herbert Hoover . Catholic women were reluctant to vote in the early 1920s , but they registered in very large numbers for the 1928 election -- the first in which Catholicism was a major issue . A few women were elected to office , but none became especially prominent during this time period . Overall , the women 's rights movement declined noticeably during the 1920s . Changes in the voting population ( edit ) Although restricting access to the polls because of sex was made unconstitutional in 1920 , women did not turn out to the polls in the same numbers as men until 1980 . From 1980 until the present , women have voted in elections in at least the same percentage as have men , and often more . This difference in voting turnout and preferences between men and women is known as the voting gender gap . The voting gender gap has impacted political elections and , consequently , the way candidates campaign for office . Changes in representation and government programs ( edit ) The presence of women in Congress has gradually increased since 1920 , with an especially steady increase from 1981 ( 23 female members ) to the present ( 97 female members ) . The 113th Congress , serving from 2013 - 2015 , includes a record 20 female senators and 77 female representatives . Notable Legislation ( edit ) Immediately following the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment , many legislators feared a powerful women 's bloc would emerge as a result of female enfranchisement . The Sheppard - Towner Act of 1921 , which expanded maternity care during the 1920s , was one of the first laws passed appealing to the female vote . Socio - economic effects ( edit ) A paper by John Lott and Lawrence W. Kenny , published by the Journal of Political Economy , found that women generally voted along more liberal political philosophies than men . The paper concluded that women 's voting appeared to be more risk - averse than men and favored candidates or policies that supported wealth transfer , social insurance , progressive taxation , and larger government . A paper found that `` exposure to women 's political empowerment during childhood leads to large increases in educational attainment for children from economically disadvantaged backgrounds , in particular blacks and Southern whites . We also find improvements in employment outcomes among this group . '' See also ( edit ) African - American Woman Suffrage Movement Anti-suffragism California Proposition 4 ( 1911 ) League of Women Voters List of suffragists and suffragettes List of women 's rights activists National American Woman Suffrage Association Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution Silent Sentinels Suffrage Suffrage Hikes Timeline of women 's rights ( other than voting ) Timeline of women 's suffrage Timeline of women 's suffrage in the United States Women 's suffrage in states of the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Suffragists Parade Down Fifth Avenue - 1917 '' . New York Times . 1917 . Jump up ^ Chapin , Judge Henry ( 1881 ) . Address Delivered at the Unitarian Church in Uxbridge , 1864 . Worcester , Massachusetts : Charles Hamilton Press ( Harvard Library ; from Google Books ) . p. 172 . Jump up ^ Wellman ( 2004 ) , p. 138 Jump up ^ `` An Act to establish a system of Common Schools in the State of Kentucky , Chap. 898 , Sec. 37 '' . Acts of the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Kentucky , December Session , 1837 . Frankfort : A.G. Hodges State Printer. 1838 . p. 282 . Retrieved 25 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Early activists tended to refer to `` woman suffrage , '' but historians usually call it `` women 's suffrage . '' See Gordon ( 1997 ) , p. xxiv n . 5 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ) , p. 32 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ) , pp. 43 , 348 n. 19 . Flexner refers to it a pamphlet , but it has 128 pages . See The Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women by Sarah Grimké , 1838 , Boston : Isaac Knapp . Jump up ^ Joan Von Mehren ( 1996 ) . Minerva and the Muse : A Life of Margaret Fuller , p. 166 . University of Massachusetts Press . ISBN 0 - 87023 - 941 - 4 . Jump up ^ Quoted in DuBois , ed. ( 1992 ) , epigraph , prior to p. 1 Jump up ^ Million ( 2003 ) , pp. 40 , 45 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ) , pp. 25 -- 26 , 42 , 45 -- 46 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ) , p. 40 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ) , p. 120 Jump up ^ Million ( 2003 ) , pp. 1 , 91 -- 92 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ) , p. 85 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ) , pp. 117 -- 18 Jump up ^ Harper ( 1898 -- 1908 ) , Vol. 1 , pp. 101 -- 03 Jump up ^ Susan B. Anthony , `` Fifty Years of Work for Woman , '' Independent , 52 ( February 15 , 1900 ) , pp. 414 -- 17 . Quoted in Sherr , Lynn ( 1995 ) , Failure is Impossible : Susan B. Anthony in Her Own Words , p. 134 . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 2430 - 4 Jump up ^ Quoted in Gordon ( 2000 ) , p. 41 Jump up ^ Victoria E. Bynum ( 1992 ) . Unruly Women : The Politics of Social and Sexual Control in the Old South . University of North Carolina Press , p. 61 , 171 n . 8 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2016 - 4 Jump up ^ Barry ( 1988 ) , p. 259 Jump up ^ Scott and Scott ( 1982 ) , p. 9 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ) , p. 57 Jump up ^ Wellman ( 2004 ) , p. 150 Jump up ^ Wellman ( 2004 ) , pp. 151 -- 52 . May condemned as `` all unequal , all unrighteous -- this utter annihilation , politically considered , of more than one half of the whole community . '' See Samuel J. May , `` The Rights and Conditions of Women '' , in Women 's Rights Tract No. 1 : Commensurate with her capacities and obligations , are Woman 's Rights ( Syracuse , N.Y. : N.M.D. Lathrop , 1853 ) , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Million ( 2003 ) , p. 72 Jump up ^ Quoted in Million ( 2003 ) , p. 99 Jump up ^ Wellman ( 2004 ) , p. 176 . Gerrit Smith was a cousin and close friend of Elizabeth Cady Stanton . Wellman says they spurred each other to develop ideas of inclusive politics and to publicly advocate voting rights for women , which Smith did before Stanton . Jump up ^ Wellman ( 2004 ) , p. 45 Jump up ^ Wellman ( 2004 ) , p. 204 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ) , pp. 3 , 72 , 77 , 84 Jump up ^ Dubois , ed. ( 1992 ) p. 13 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ) , pp. 99 -- 100 Jump up ^ Wellman ( 2004 ) , pp. 193 , 195 , 203 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ) , pp. 88 -- 89 , 238 -- 39 Jump up ^ `` Seneca Falls Convention - American Memory Timeline - Classroom Presentation '' . Teacher Resources - Library of Congress . Library of Congress . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ) , pp. 95 -- 97 Jump up ^ Wellman , Judith ( 2008 ) . `` The Seneca Falls Women 's Rights Convention and the Origin of the Women 's Rights Movement '' , pp. 15 , 84 . National Park Service , Women 's Rights National Historical Park . Wellman is identified as the author of this document here . Jump up ^ Million ( 2003 ) , pp. 104 , 106 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ) , p. 110 Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ) , p. 41 . The conventions also discussed a variety of other issues , including dress reform and liberalization of divorce laws . Jump up ^ Million ( 2003 ) , pp. 109 -- 10 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ) , p. 115 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ) , p. 76 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ) , p. 116 Jump up ^ The first national convention was organized primarily by Davis . The next several conventions were organized primarily by Stone . After the birth of her daughter in 1857 , Stone withdrew from most public activity for several years . Anthony shared responsibilities for the 1858 and 1859 conventions . Stanton was the primary organizer of the 1860 convention . For details , see Million ( 2003 ) , pp. 105 -- 6 , 116 , 174 , 239 , 250 -- 52 , 260 , 263 -- 69 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ) , p. 123 Jump up ^ Million ( 2003 ) , pp. 136 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Barry ( 1988 ) , pp. 79 -- 80 Jump up ^ Million ( 2003 ) , p. 245 . Jump up ^ Million ( 2003 ) , pp. 109 , 121 Jump up ^ Million ( 2003 ) , pp. 116 , 173 -- 74 , 264 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ) , p. 113 Jump up ^ Sigerman , Harriet , Elizabeth Cady Stanton : The Right Is Ours , 2001 , p. 95 . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0195119695 Jump up ^ Ginzberg ( 2009 ) , pp. 76 -- 77 Jump up ^ Gordon ( 1997 ) , p. xxx Jump up ^ Dumenil , Lynn , Editor - in - Chief , The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Social History , 2012 , p. 59 . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0199743360 Jump up ^ National Woman Suffrage Association , Report of the International Council of Women , Volume 1 , 1888 , p. 327 Jump up ^ Million ( 2003 ) , pp. 234 -- 35 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ) , p. 149 Jump up ^ Judith E. Harper . `` Biography '' . Not for Ourselves Alone : The Story of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony . PBS ( Public Broadcasting System ) . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Venet ( 1991 ) , p. 148 Jump up ^ Dudden ( 2011 ) , p. 51 Jump up ^ Venet ( 1991 ) , p. 116 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ) , p. 105 Jump up ^ For membership numbers , see Barry ( 1988 ) , p. 154 . For `` pool of talent , '' see Venet ( 1991 ) , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Stanton , Anthony , Gage , Harper ( 1881 -- 1922 ) , Vol. 2 , pp. 152 -- 53 Jump up ^ Stanton , Anthony , Gage , Harper ( 1881 -- 1922 ) , Vol. 2 , pp. 171 -- 72 Jump up ^ Stanton , Anthony , Gage , Harper ( 1881 -- 1922 ) , Vol. 2 , p. 270 . Greeley was referring to the 1867 AERA campaign in New York State for women 's suffrage and the removal of discriminatory property requirements for black voters . Jump up ^ Stanton , Anthony , Gage , Harper ( 1881 -- 1922 ) , Vol. 2 , p. 232 Jump up ^ Dudden ( 2011 ) , p. 105 Jump up ^ Dudden ( 2011 ) , pp. 124 , 127 Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ) , pp. 92 -- 94 . Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ) , pp. 80 -- 81 , 189 , 196 . The AERA held no further annual meetings and went out of existence a year later . See Harper ( 1899 ) , pp. 348 - 49 Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ) , pp. 164 , 168 Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ) , pp. 164 -- 66 Jump up ^ `` Woman Suffrage , '' New York Tribune , November 21 , 1868 ; `` Mrs. Lucy Stone and Woman Suffrage , '' cited in Dudden ( 2011 ) ; p. 163 Jump up ^ Dudden ( 2011 ) ; p. 163 Jump up ^ `` Stones Holding Their Peace , '' and `` Lucy Stone and the Negro 's Hour , '' Revolution 3 ( February 4 , 1869 ) : 73 , 89 . Citied in Dudden ( 2011 ) ; p 165 Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ) , pp. 173 , 189 , 196 . Jump up ^ Rakow and Kramarae eds. ( 2001 ) , p. 47 Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ) , pp. 174 -- 75 , 185 ^ Jump up to : Rakow and Kramarae eds. ( 2001 ) , p. 48 Jump up ^ Dudden ( 2011 ) , p. 184 Jump up ^ `` The Anniversaries '' . New York Tribune . May 15 , 1868 . Quoted in Dudden ( 2011 ) , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Stanton , Anthony , Gage , Harper ( 1881 -- 1922 ) , Vol. 2 , pp. 382 -- 384 . Douglass and Stone are speaking here during the final AERA convention in 1869 . Jump up ^ Barry ( 1988 ) , pp. 194 , 208 . The 1869 AERA annual meeting voted to endorse the Fifteenth Amendment . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Cady Stanton , `` The Sixteenth Amendment , '' The Revolution , April 29 , 1869 , p. 266 . Quoted in DuBois ( 1978 ) , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Cady Stanton , `` Manhood Suffrage , '' The Revolution , December 24 , 1868 . Reproduced in Gordon ( 2000 ) , p. 196 Jump up ^ Quoted in Gordon ( 2000 ) , p. 190 Jump up ^ Henry B. Blackwell ( January 15 , 1867 ) . `` What the South can do '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Cited in Dudden ( 2011 ) , p. 93 Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ) , pp. 199 -- 200 . That did not happen ; the high point of Republican support was a non-committal reference to women 's suffrage in the 1872 Republican platform . Jump up ^ Stanton , Anthony , Gage , Harper ( 1881 -- 1922 ) , Vol. 2 , p. 341 . This letter was signed by Anthony , who was requesting permission to present their views to the convention in person . Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ) , pp. 109 -- 10 , 200 Jump up ^ Dudden ( 2011 ) , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Scott and Scott ( 1982 ) , p. 17 Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ) , pp. 192 , 196 , 197 Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1978 ) , pp. 166 , 200 Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1998 ) , pp. 98 -- 99 , 117 ^ Jump up to : Ann D. Gordon . `` The Trial of Susan B. Anthony : A Short Narrative '' . Federal Judicial Center . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 21 . ( The name of this article 's author is here . ) Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1998 ) , pp. 100 , 119 , 120 Jump up ^ Stanton , Anthony , Gage , Harper ( 1881 -- 1922 ) , Vol. 2 , p. 599 Jump up ^ DuBois ( 1998 ) , pp. 100 , 122 Jump up ^ DuBois , ed. ( 1992 ) , pp. 101 -- 06 Jump up ^ Amanda Frisken , Victoria Woodhull 's sexual revolution : Political theater and the popular press in nineteenth - century America ( 2011 ) . ^ Jump up to : Ann D. Gordon . `` The Trial of Susan B. Anthony : Legal Questions Before the Federal Courts '' . Federal Judicial Center . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 31 . This article also points out that Supreme Court rulings did not establish the connection between citizenship and voting rights until the mid-twentieth century . Jump up ^ Hall , Kermit L. ; Ely , James W. ; Grossman , Joel B. ( 2005 ) . The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press . pp. 381 -- 82 . ISBN 9780195176612 . Jump up ^ Anthony , Susan B. `` Susan B. Anthony 's speech before the circuit court '' . Federal Judicial Center . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Cullen - DuPont , Kathryn ( 2000 ) . `` History of Woman Suffrage '' in Encyclopedia of Women 's History in America , second edition , p. 115 . New York : Facts on File . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4100 - 8 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ) , pp. 165 Jump up ^ Ginzberg ( 2009 ) , p. 120 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ) , pp. 190 -- 91 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ) , p. 218 Jump up ^ Norgren , Jill ( 2007 ) . Belva Lockwood : The Woman Who Would Be President , pp. x , 124 -- 142 . New York : New York University Press . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 5834 - 7 . Lockwood ran for president again in 1888 . Jump up ^ Dubois and Dumenil ( 2009 ) , p. 326 Jump up ^ `` An Act Conferring upon Women the Elective Franchise '' , approved February 12 , 1870 . Acts , Resolutions and Memorials of the Territory of Utah , Passed at the Nineteenth Annual Session of the Legislature , 1870 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Dubois and Dumenil ( 2009 ) , pp. 412 -- 13 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ) , p. 168 Jump up ^ Teele , Dawn Langan ( 2018 - 03 - 02 ) . `` How the West Was Won : Competition , Mobilization , and Women 's Enfranchisement in the United States '' . The Journal of Politics : 000 -- 000 . doi : 10.1086 / 696621 . ISSN 0022 - 3816 . Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ) , pp. 174 -- 176 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ) , p. 207 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ) , p. 173 Jump up ^ American Federation of Labor , William Clark Roberts compiler , American Federation of Labor : History , Encyclopedia , Reference Book , 1919 , p. 367 . Washington , D.C. Jump up ^ Gordon ( 2009 ) . pp. xxv , 55 Jump up ^ Dudden ( 2011 ) , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ) , pp. 163 -- 65 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ) , pp. 208 -- 9 ^ Jump up to : Gordon , Ann D , `` Woman Suffrage ( Not Universal Suffrage ) by Federal Amendment '' in Wheeler , Marjorie Spruill ( ed . ) , ( 1995 ) , Votes for Women ! : The Woman Suffrage Movement in Tennessee , the South , and the Nation , pp. 8 , 14 -- 16 . Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press . ISBN 0 - 87049 - 836 - 3 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ) , p. 213 Jump up ^ Dubois , ed. ( 1992 ) pp. 178 -- 80 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ) , pp. 228 , 231 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ) , pp. 212 -- 13 Jump up ^ Dubois , ed. ( 1992 ) pp. 182 , 188 -- 91 Jump up ^ Scott and Scott ( 1982 ) , p. 22 Jump up ^ Scott and Scott ( 1982 ) , pp. 24 -- 25 Jump up ^ Stephen M. Buechler , The Transformation of the Woman Suffrage Movement : The Case of Illinois , 1850 - 1920 ( 1986 ) pp 154 - 57 Jump up ^ Graham ( 1996 ) , pp. 36 -- 37 Jump up ^ Dubois , ed. ( 1992 ) p. 178 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ) , pp. 231 -- 232 Jump up ^ Scott and Scott ( 1982 ) , pp. 25 , 31 Jump up ^ Graham ( 1996 ) , pp. 81 , 86 Jump up ^ Scott and Scott ( 1982 ) , p. 25 Jump up ^ Richardson , Belinda ( 2007 ) . Christian Clergy Response to Intimate Partner Violence : Attitudes , Training , Or Religious Views ? . ProQuest . p. 55 . ISBN 9780549564379 . Jump up ^ Michael A. Lerner ( 2009 ) . Dry Manhattan : Prohibition in New York City . Harvard UP . pp. 31 -- 32 . ISBN 9780674040090 . Jump up ^ Rose , Kenneth D. ( 1997 ) . American Women and the Repeal of Prohibition . NYU Press . pp. 34 -- 35 . ISBN 9780814774663 . Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ) , pp. 252 , 271 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ) , p. 294 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ) , pp. 247 , 282 , 290 Jump up ^ Ronald Schaffer , `` The New York City Woman Suffrage Party , 1909 - 1919 . '' New York History ( 1962 ) : 269 - 287 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ) , pp. 263 -- 64 , 290 Jump up ^ James J. Kenneally , `` Catholicism and Woman Suffrage in Massachusetts . '' Catholic Historical Review ( 1967 ) : 43 - 57 in JSTOR Jump up ^ `` The Uprising of the Women , '' New York Times May 5 , 1912 , quoted in Sandra Adickes , `` Sisters , not demons : The influence of British suffragists on the American Suffrage Movement , '' Women 's History Review ( 2002 ) 11 # 4 pp : 675 - 690 at p 681 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ) , p. 223 Jump up ^ Blee , Kathleen M. ( 1999 ) . `` Antifeminism '' . In Mankiller , Wilma P. ; et al . The Reader 's Companion to U.S. Women 's History . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . p. 32 . ISBN 0618001824 . Jump up ^ Susan Goodier , No votes for women : the New York state anti-suffrage movement ( University of Illinois Press , 2013 ) pp. 85 -- 86 . Jump up ^ `` A Creed '' by Josephine Jewell Dodge , 1915 , cited in Susan Goodier , The other woman 's movement : Anti-suffrage activism in New York State , 1865 -- 1932 ( PhD dissertation , State University of New York at Albany , ProQuest , UMI Dissertations Publishing , 2007 ) p. 1 Jump up ^ Goodier ( 2013 ) ch. 6 Jump up ^ Arkansas also ratified . A. Elizabeth Taylor , `` A short history of the woman suffrage movement in Tennessee . '' Tennessee Historical Quarterly ( 1943 ) pp : 195 - 215 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Kenneth R. Johnson , `` Kate Gordon and the Woman - Suffrage Movement in the South , '' Journal of Southern History ( 1972 ) 38 # 3 pp 365 - 392 Jump up ^ Aileen S. Kraditor , The Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement , 1890 - 1920 ( 1971 ) pp. 12 -- 18 Jump up ^ Marjorie Spruill Wheeler ( 1993 ) . New Women of the New South : The Leaders of the Woman Suffrage Movement in the Southern States . Oxford University Press . p. 25 . ISBN 9780195359572 . Jump up ^ Elna C. Green , Southern Strategies : Southern Women and the Woman Suffrage Question ( 1997 ) p 52 Jump up ^ Wheeler ( 1993 ) , pp. 113 -- 14 Jump up ^ Wheeler ( 1993 ) , pp. 114 -- 18 , 177 Jump up ^ Evelyn A. Kirkley , `` ' This Work is God 's Cause ' : Religion in the Southern Woman Suffrage Movement , 1880 -- 1920 . '' Church history ( 1990 ) 59 # 4 pp : 507 - 522 esp p 508 Jump up ^ Wheeler ( 1993 ) , pp. 121 , 120 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ) , pp. 298 -- 99 Jump up ^ New York World , February 2 , 1896 , quoted in Harper ( 1898 -- 1908 ) , Vol. 2 . p. 859 Jump up ^ Quoted in Schultz ( 2013 ) , p. 33 Jump up ^ Walton ( 2010 ) , p. 72 Jump up ^ Schultz ( 2013 ) , p. 30 Jump up ^ `` Maud Wood Park '' . Britannica Online Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Jana Nidiffer , `` Suffrage , FPS , and History of Higher Education '' , in Allen , Elizabeth J. , et al. ( 2010 ) , Reconstructing Policy in Higher Education , pp. 45 -- 47 . New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 99776 - 8 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ) , pp. 242 -- 51 Jump up ^ Frost - Knappman and Cullen - DuPont ( 2009 ) , p. 304 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ) , pp. 255 -- 57 Jump up ^ Ward ( 1999 ) , pp. 214 -- 15 Jump up ^ `` Senators to Vote on Suffrage Today ; Fate of Susan B. Anthony Amendment Hangs in Balance on Eve of Final Test '' . The New York Times . September 26 , 1918 . Jump up ^ Scott and Scott ( 1982 ) , pp. 31 -- 32 Jump up ^ Fowler ( 1986 ) , p. 146 Jump up ^ Walton ( 2010 ) , pp. 133 , 158 Jump up ^ Scott and Scott ( 1982 ) , pp. 32 -- 33 Jump up ^ `` National Woman 's Party 1912 - 1922 : Timeline Story Map '' . Jump up ^ Rakow and Kramarae eds. ( 2001 ) , pp. 14 -- 18 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ) , p. 210 Jump up ^ McMillen ( 2008 ) , pp. 208 , 224 Jump up ^ Fowler ( 1986 ) , pp. 117 , 119 Jump up ^ Walton ( 2010 ) , pp. 88 , 96 -- 97 Jump up ^ Scott and Scott ( 1982 ) , p. 166 Jump up ^ `` Timeline and Map of Woman Suffrage Legislation State by State 1838 - 1919 '' . Jump up ^ Scott and Scott ( 1982 ) , pp. 28 -- 29 Jump up ^ Graham ( 1996 ) , pp. 57 , 112 -- 13 Jump up ^ Scott and Scott ( 1982 ) , pp. 38 -- 39 Jump up ^ Graham ( 1996 ) , pp. 84 -- 85 , 88 Jump up ^ Fowler ( 1986 ) , p. 143 Jump up ^ Graham ( 1996 ) , p. 87 Jump up ^ Fowler ( 1986 ) , pp. 118 -- 19 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ) , pp. 276 , 280 -- 81 Jump up ^ Norma Smith , Jeannette Rankin , America 's Conscience ( Montana Historical Society , 2002 ) Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ) , p. 275 Jump up ^ Walton ( 2010 ) , pp. 171 -- 72 Jump up ^ Walton ( 2010 ) , p. 187 Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ) , pp. 277 -- 78 Jump up ^ Walton ( 2010 ) , pp. 192 , 194 , 200 , 207 Jump up ^ Scott and Scott ( 1982 ) , p. 41 Jump up ^ The Public Papers of Woodrow Wilson : War and peace , Baker and Dodd ( eds . ) , p. 265 , quoted in Flexner ( 1959 ) , p. 302 Jump up ^ The record of the Leslie Woman Suffrage Commission , Inc. , 1917 - 1929 , by Rose Young , posted on the web by the Library of Congress . Jump up ^ Graham ( 1996 ) , p. 146 Jump up ^ Susan Zeiger , `` She did n't raise her boy to be a slacker : Motherhood , conscription , and the culture of the First World War . '' Feminist Studies ( 1996 ) : 7 - 39 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Flexner ( 1959 ) , pp. 302 , 381 n . 6 Jump up ^ Palm , Trineke ( March 2013 ) . `` Embedded in social cleavages : an explanation of the variation in timing of women 's suffrage '' . Scandinavian Political Studies . Wiley . 36 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 22 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 9477.2012. 00294. x . Jump up ^ `` National Woman 's Party : a year - by - year history 1913 - 1922 '' . Jump up ^ `` On passage of H.J. Res. 1 , proposing to the state legislatures a woman 's suffrage amendment to the constitution . ( P. 1483 ) '' . Jump up ^ Lunardini , Christine A. ; Knock , Thomas J. ( Winter 1980 -- 1981 ) . `` Woodrow Wilson and woman suffrage : a new look '' . Political Science Quarterly . Academy of Political Science . 95 ( 4 ) : 655 -- 671 . doi : 10.2307 / 2150609 . Jump up ^ Behn , Beth ( 2012 ) . Woodrow Wilson 's conversion experience : the president and the federal woman suffrage amendment ( pdf ) ( Ph. D. thesis ) . University of Massachusetts Amherst . OCLC 813298690 . ( Quote from abstract . ) Jump up ^ `` S652146 Y = 53 , N = 31 JONES , N.M. TO PASS H.J. RES. 200 . '' Jump up ^ `` S653037 Y = 55 , N = 29 JONES , N.M. TO PASS H.J. RES. 200 . '' Jump up ^ `` To pass H.J. Res. 1 , proposing an amendment to the constitution extending the right to suffrage of women . ( P. 78 - 2 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` S661014 Y = 56 , N = 25 WATSON , IND . TO PASS HJR 1 '' . Jump up ^ Arendale , Marirose ( Spring 1980 ) . `` Tennessee and women 's rights '' . Tennessee Historical Quarterly . Tennessee Historical Society . 39 ( 1 ) : 62 -- 78 . JSTOR 42626045 . Jump up ^ Sherr , Lynn ( 1995 ) , `` Oh slavery , hateful thing '' , in Sherr , Lynn , Failure is impossible : Susan B. Anthony in her own words , New York : Crown / Archetype , p. 28 , ISBN 9781299008762 . Details . Jump up ^ Imsande , Jennifer Lynn ( 2006 ) . The perils of protection : gender and the recasting of rights in a nation at war , 1860 - 1898 ( Ph. D. thesis ) . University of Iowa via ProQuest . ISBN 9780542795619 . OCLC 75385271 . Details . ^ Jump up to : Spruill Wheeler , Marjorie ( 1995 ) . Votes for women ! : the woman suffrage movement in Tennessee , the South , and the nation . Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press . ISBN 9780870498374 . Jump up ^ Scott , Thomas A. , ed. ( 1995 ) . Cornerstones of Georgia history documents that formed the state . Athens , Georgia : University of Georgia Press . ISBN 9780820340227 . Jump up ^ Payne , Elizabeth Anne ; Swain , Martha H. ( 2003 ) , `` The twentieth century '' , in Payne , Elizabeth Anne ; Swain , Martha H. ; Spruill , Majorie Julian , Mississippi women : their histories , their lives ( volume 2 ) , Athens , Georgia : University of Georgia Press , p. 154 , ISBN 9780820333939 . Preview . Jump up ^ Lynn Dumenil , The Modern Temper : American Culture and Society in the 1920s ( 1995 ) pp 98 -- 144 Jump up ^ Kristi Andersen , After Suffrage : Women in Partisan and Electoral Politics before the New Deal ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Allan J. Lichtman , Prejudice and the Old Politics : The Presidential Election of 1928 ( 1979 ) Jump up ^ Center of American Women and Politics , `` Women in the U.S. Congress 2013 '' , Rutgers , ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ Lynn Dumenil , The Modern Temper : American Culture and Society in the 1920s , Hill and Wang , ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Lott , John and Lawrence W. Kenny , `` Did Women 's Suffrage Change the Size and Scope of Government ? '' , Journal of Political Economy , University of Chicago , 1999 , vol. 107 , no . 6 , pt. 1 Jump up ^ Kose , Esra ; Kuka , Elira ; Shenhav , Na'ama ( 2016 - 08 - 22 ) . `` Women 's Enfranchisement and Children 's Education : The Long - Run Impact of the U.S. Suffrage Movement '' . Rochester , NY . Bibliography ( edit ) Baker , Jean , ed . Votes for Women : The Struggle for Suffrage Revisited ( 2002 ) 11 essays by scholars Barry , Kathleen ( 1988 ) . Susan B. Anthony : A Biography of a Singular Feminist . New York : Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 36549 - 6 . Corder , J. Kevin and Christina Wolbrecht , eds . Counting Women 's Ballots : Female Voters from Suffrage through the New Deal ( Cambridge UP , 2016 ) . xiv , 316 pp . Cott , Nancy F. The Grounding of Modern Feminism ( 1987 ) . DuBois , Ellen Carol ( 1978 ) . Feminism and Suffrage : The Emergence of an Independent Women 's Movement in America , 1848 -- 1869 . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 8641 - 6 . DuBois , Ellen Carol ( 1998 ) . Woman Suffrage and Women 's Rights . New York : New York University Press . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 1901 - 5 . Dudden , Faye E. ( 2011 ) . Fighting Chance : The Struggle over Woman Suffrage and Black Suffrage in Reconstruction America . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 977263 - 6 . Flexner , Eleanor ( 1959 ) . Century of Struggle . Cambridge , MA : Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0674106536 . Fowler , Robert Booth ( 1986 ) . Carrie Catt : Feminist Politician . Boston : Northeastern University Press . ISBN 0 - 930350 - 86 - 3 . Frost - Knappman , Elizabeth and Cullen - DuPont , Kathryn ( 2009 ) . Women 's Suffrage in America . New York : Facts on File . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 5693 - 5 . Graham , Sara Hunter ( 1996 ) . Woman Suffrage and the New Democracy . New Haven : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 06346 - 6 . Ginzberg , Lori D ( 2009 ) . Elizabeth Cady Stanton : An American Life . Hill and Wang , New York . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8090 - 9493 - 6 . Harper , Ida Husted ( 1898 -- 1908 ) . The Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony , Vol 1 of 3. ; The Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony , Vol. 2 of 3 . Hewitt , Nancy A. ( 2001 ) . Women 's Activism and Social Change : Rochester , New York , 1822 -- 1872 . Lexington Books , Lanham , Maryland . ISBN 0 - 7391 - 0297 - 4 . Kraditor , Aileen S . The Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement , 1890 - 1920 ( 1971 ) , influential intellectual history McMillen , Sally Gregory ( 2008 ) . Seneca Falls and the Origins of the Women 's Rights Movement . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 518265 - 0 . Million , Joelle. ( 2003 ) . Woman 's Voice , Woman 's Place : Lucy Stone and the Birth of the Woman 's Rights Movement , Westport , CT : Praeger . ISBN 0 - 275 - 97877 - X . Rakow , Lana F. and Kramarae , Cheris , editors ( 2001 ) . The Revolution in Words : Righting Women 1868 -- 1871 , Volume 4 of Women 's Source Library . New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 25689 - 6 . Schultz , Jaime ( 2013 ) . `` The Physical is Political : Women 's Suffrage , Pilgrim Hikes and the Public Sphere '' , in Women , Sport , Society : Further Reflections , Reaffirming Mary Wollstonecraft , edited by Roberta J. Park and Patricia Vertinsky . New York : Routledge . ISBN 9781317985808 Scott , Anne Firor and Scott , Andrew MacKay ( 1982 ) . One Half the People : The Fight for Woman Suffrage Chicago : University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 01005 - 1 . Stanton , Elizabeth Cady ; Anthony , Susan B. ; Gage , Matilda Joslyn ; Harper , Ida ( 1881 -- 1922 ) . History of Woman Suffrage in six volumes . Rochester , NY : Susan B. Anthony ( Charles Mann Press ) . Venet , Wendy Hamand ( 1991 ) . Neither Ballots nor Bullets : Women Abolitionists and the Civil War . Charlottesville , VA : University Press of Virginia . ISBN 978 - 0813913421 . Walton , Mary ( 2010 ) . A Woman 's Crusade : Alice Paul and the Battle for the Ballot New York : Palgrave McMillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 61175 - 7 . Ward , Geoffrey C. , with essays by Martha Saxton , Ann D. Gordon and Ellen Carol DuBois ( 1999 ) . Not for Ourselves Alone : The Story of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony . New York : Alfred Knopf . ISBN 0 - 375 - 40560 - 7 . Wellman , Judith ( 2004 ) . The Road to Seneca Falls : Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the First Women 's Rights Convention , University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 02904 - 6 . Wheeler , Marjorie Spruill ( 1993 ) . New Women of the New South : The Leaders of the Woman Suffrage Movement in the Southern States . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507583 - 8 . Anti-suffrage ( edit ) Benjamin , Anne M. A History of the Anti-Suffrage Movement in the United States from 1895 to 1920 ( Edwin Mellen Press , 1992 ) . Goodier , Susan . No votes for women : the New York state anti-suffrage movement ( University of Illinois Press , 2013 ) ; chapter summary ; excerpt and text search . J essica Brannon - Wranosky . `` Review of Goodier , Susan , No Votes for Women : The New York State Anti-Suffrage Movement '' . H - SHGAPE , H - Net Reviews . October 2014 . Green , Elna C. `` From Antisuffragism to Anti-Communism : The Conservative Career of Ida M. Darden '' . Journal of Southern History ( 1999 ) : 287 - 316 . in JSTOR Jablonsky , Thomas J. The home , heaven , and mother party : Female anti-suffragists in the United States , 1868 -- 1920 ( Carlson Pub. , 1994 ) . Kenneally , James J. `` Catholicism and Woman Suffrage in Massachusetts '' . Catholic Historical Review ( 1967 ) 8 # 1 pp : 43 - 57 . Maddux , Kristy . `` When Patriots Protest : The Anti-Suffrage Discursive Transformation of 1917 '' . Rhetoric and Public Affairs ( 2004 ) 7 # 3 pp. 283 -- 310 . Marshall , Susan E. Splintered Sisterhood : Gender and Class in the Campaign against Woman Suffrage ( University of Wisconsin Press , 1997 ) Nielsen , Kim E. Un-American womanhood : Antiradicalism , antifeminism , and the first Red Scare ( Ohio State University Press , 2001 ) . Palczewski , Catherine H. `` The male Madonna and the feminine Uncle Sam : Visual argument , icons , and ideographs in 1909 anti-woman suffrage postcards '' . Quarterly Journal of Speech ( 2005 ) 91 # 4 pp. : 365 -- 394 . Stevenson , Louise L. `` Women Anti-Suffragists in the 1915 Massachusetts Campaign '' . New England Quarterly ( 1979 ) 52 # 1 pp. 80 -- 93 . in JSTOR Thurner , Manuela . `` ' Better Citizens Without the Ballot ' : American AntiSuffrage Women and Their Rationale During the Progressive Era '' . Journal of Women 's History ( 1993 ) 5 # 1 pp : 33 - 60 . online Vacca , Carolyn Summers . A reform against nature : woman suffrage and the rethinking of American citizenship , 1840 -- 1920 ( Peter Lang , 2004 ) Primary sources ( edit ) DuBois , Ellen Carol , ed. ( 1992 ) . The Elizabeth Cady Stanton -- Susan B. Anthony Reader . Boston : Northwestern University Press . ISBN 1 - 55553 - 143 - 1 . Dubois , Ellen Carol and Dumenil , Lynn ( 2009 ) . Through Women 's Eyes : An American History with Documents , Vol. 1 . Boston : Bedford / St. Martin 's . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 46888 - 0 . Gordon , Ann D. , ed. ( 1997 ) . The Selected Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony : In the School of Anti-Slavery , 1840 to 1866 . Vol. 1 of 6 . New Brunswick , NJ : Rutgers University Press . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 2317 - 6 . Gordon , Ann D. , ed. ( 2000 ) . The Selected Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony : Against an aristocracy of sex , 1866 to 1873 . Vol. 2 of 6 . New Brunswick , NJ : Rutgers University Press . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 2318 - 4 . Gordon , Ann D. , ed. ( 2009 ) . The Selected Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony : Place Inside the Body - Politic , 1887 to 1895 . Vol. 5 of 6 . New Brunswick , NJ : Rutgers University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 2321 - 7 . Further reading ( edit ) Knobe , Bertha Damaris ( August 1911 ) . `` Recent Strides Of Woman Suffrage '' . The World 's Work : A History of Our Time . XXII ( 1 ) : 14733 -- 14745 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Women 's suffrage in the United States . Timeline and Map of Woman Suffrage Legislation State by State 1838 - 1919 Women of Protest : Photographs from the Records of the National Woman 's Party Detailed Chronology of National Woman 's Party Database of National Woman 's Party Actions Outside Washington D.C. 1914 - 1924 National Woman 's Party Offices and Actions ( Washington D.C. map ) National Woman 's Party : a year - by - year history 1913 - 1922 National Woman 's Party 1912 - 1922 : Timeline Story Map UNCG Special Collections and University Archives selections of American Suffragette manuscripts International Woman Suffrage Timeline : Winning the Vote for Women Around the World provided by About.com The Liberator Files , Items concerning women 's rights from Horace Seldon 's collection and summary of research of William Lloyd Garrison 's The Liberator original copies at the Boston Public Library , Boston , Massachusetts . The Sewall - Belmont House & Museum -- Home of the historic National Woman 's Party Women of Protest : Photographs from the Records of the National Woman 's Party Women 's suffrage in the United States from 1908 - 1918 : Select `` Suffrage '' subject , at the Persuasive Cartography , The PJ Mode Collection , Cornell University Library 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution from the Library of Congress Maurer , Elizabeth . `` Pathways to Equality : The U.S. Women 's Rights Movement Emerges '' . National Women 's History Museum . 2014 . Mayo , Edith P. `` Creating a Female Political Culture '' . National Women 's History Museum . 2017 . ( hide ) Suffrage Basic topics Universal suffrage Women Black Youth Resident foreigners Expatriates in country of origin Voting age Demeny voting Suffragette Compulsory voting Disfranchisement Women 's liberation movement By country Australia 1902 Commonwealth Franchise Act aboriginal women Japan Hong Kong Kuwait New Zealand Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom women Wales laws 1832 1918 1928 United States women Native Americans foreigners District of Columbia Puerto Rico amendments 15th 19th 23rd 24th 26th 1965 Voting Rights Act Events International Woman Suffrage Alliance conferences 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 1 July marches 2014 protests UK Mud March ( 1907 ) Women 's Sunday ( 1908 ) Black Friday ( 1910 ) Great Pilgrimage ( 1913 ) Open Christmas Letter U.S. Seneca Falls Convention Declaration of Sentiments Rochester Convention Ohio Women 's Convention National Women 's Rights Convention Suffrage Hikes 1913 Woman Suffrage Procession Silent Sentinels Night of Terror `` Give Us the Ballot '' Selma to Montgomery marches Related Age of candidacy US Voting Rights Museum Umbrella Movement Women Suffragists Timeline of women 's suffrage US in majority - Muslim countries Women 's suffrage organizations and publications Women 's rights activists Suffragette Memorial Pankhurst Centre Pankhurst Memorial Belmont - Paul Monument International Women 's Day Susan B. Anthony Day Women 's Equality Day Eagle House Justice Bell 1920 US presidential election Leser v. Garnett Popular culture `` The March of the Women '' ( 1910 song ) The Mother of Us All ( 1947 opera ) `` Sister Suffragette '' ( 1964 song ) Shoulder to Shoulder ( 1974 series ) Not for Ourselves Alone ( 1999 documentary ) Iron Jawed Angels ( 2004 film ) Great Petition ( 2008 sculpture ) Selma ( 2014 film ) Suffragette ( 2015 film ) Susan B. Anthony dollar 2020 US ten - dollar bill Voting rights in the United States Constitutional provisions Article I Voter Qualifications Clause Elections Clause 1st Amendment 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause 15th Amendment 17th Amendment 19th Amendment 23rd Amendment 24th Amendment 26th Amendment Federal laws Voting Rights Act of 1965 Amendments List of covered jurisdictions Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act National Voter Registration Act of 1993 Help America Vote Act of 2002 State laws Voter access Absentee ballot Early voting Postal voting Provisional ballot Voter registration in the U.S. Initiatives and referendums Recall election Vote denial Electoral fraud Grandfather clause Literacy test Poll tax Voter caging Voter ID laws Vote dilution Gerrymandering Plurality - at - large voting One man , one vote By group Women Youth Felons Foreigners Transgender people District of Columbia residents Puerto Rico residents Guam residents History Timeline Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era Selma to Montgomery marches Timeline of women 's suffrage Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913 Silent Sentinels U.S. suffragists publications History of direct democracy Related Ballot access Campaign finance Citizenship Disfranchisement Election Election law Elections Electoral reform Electoral College Redistricting Secret ballot Suffrage Voting Voting system Voter registration National Voting Rights Museum History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial America 's Critical Period 1776 -- 89 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 65 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 45 1945 -- 64 1964 -- 80 1980 -- 91 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Portal Alice Paul Life Paulsdale Women 's Social and Political Union Initiated and co-strategized 1913 Woman Suffrage Procession Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage National Woman 's Party Silent Sentinels Night of Terror Equal Rights Amendment Women 's rights in the 1964 Civil Rights Act Co-authored Equal Rights Amendment Main associates Alva Belmont Lucy Burns Crystal Eastman Inez Haynes Irwin Dora Lewis Inez Milholland Doris Stevens Mabel Vernon Legacy Belmont - Paul Women 's Equality National Monument 2012 ten - dollar coin 2020 United States ten - dollar bill Iron Jawed Angels ( 2004 film ) Alice Paul Institute Related 19th Amendment to the United States Constitution Women 's suffrage in the United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States&oldid=831947853 '' Categories : Women 's suffrage in the United States History of voting rights in the United States History of women in the United States History of women 's rights in the United States Progressive Era in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی 한국어 Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 23 : 48 . 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where did the name amber alert come from
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AMBER is officially a contrived acronym for America 's Missing : Broadcast Emergency Response , but was named after Amber Hagerman , a 9 - year - old abducted and murdered in Arlington , Texas , in 1996 . Alternative regional alert names were once used ; in Georgia , `` Levi 's Call '' ( in memory of Levi Frady ) ; in Hawaii , `` Maile Amber Alert '' ( in memory of Maile Gilbert ) ; and Arkansas , `` Morgan Nick Amber Alert '' ( in memory of Morgan Nick ) .
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America 's Missing : Broadcast Emergency Response|Amber Hagerman , a 9 - year - old abducted and murdered in Arlington , Texas , in 1996
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AMBER Alert
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amber alert
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An AMBER Alert or a Child Abduction Emergency ( SAME code : CAE ) is a child abduction alert system . It originated in the United States in 1996 .
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AMBER is officially a contrived acronym for America 's Missing : Broadcast Emergency Response , but was named after Amber Hagerman , a 9 - year - old abducted and murdered in Arlington , Texas , in 1996 . Alternative regional alert names were once used ; in Georgia , `` Levi 's Call '' ( in memory of Levi Frady ) ; in Hawaii , `` Maile Amber Alert '' ( in memory of Maile Gilbert ) ; and Arkansas , `` Morgan Nick Amber Alert '' ( in memory of Morgan Nick ) . In the United States , AMBER Alerts are distributed via commercial radio stations , Internet radio , satellite radio , television stations , and cable TV by the Emergency Alert System and NOAA Weather Radio ( where they are termed `` Child Abduction Emergency '' or `` Amber Alerts '' ) . The alerts are also issued via e-mail , electronic traffic - condition signs , commercial electronic billboards , or through wireless device SMS text messages . AMBER Alert has also teamed up with Google , Bing , and Facebook to relay information regarding an AMBER Alert to an ever - growing demographic : AMBER Alerts are automatically displayed if citizens search or use map features on Google or Bing . With the Google Child Alert ( also called Google AMBER Alert in some countries ) , citizens see an AMBER Alert if they search for related information in a particular location where a child has recently been abducted and an alert was issued . This is a component of the AMBER Alert system that is already active in the US ( there are also developments in Europe ) . Those interested in subscribing to receive AMBER Alerts in their area via SMS messages can visit Wireless Amber Alerts , which are offered by law as free messages . In some states , the display scrollboards in front of lottery terminals are also used . The decision to declare an AMBER Alert is made by each police organization ( in many cases , the state police or highway patrol ) that investigates each of the abductions . Public information in an AMBER Alert usually consists of the name and description of the abductee , a description of the suspected abductor , and a description and license plate number of the abductor 's vehicle , if available . Contents ( hide ) 1 Activation criteria 1.1 Incidents not meeting alert criteria 2 Amber Hagerman 3 Program development 3.1 United States 3.2 Canada 3.3 Mexico 3.4 International expansion 3.4. 1 Australia 3.4. 2 Europe 3.4. 2.1 France 3.4. 2.2 Ireland 3.4. 2.3 Netherlands 3.4. 2.4 United Kingdom 3.4. 3 Malaysia 4 Retrieval rate 4.1 Controversies 5 False alarms 6 Effects on traffic 7 Influence 8 References 9 External links Activation criteria ( edit ) An example of a July 2010 Amber Alert from Milwaukee , Wisconsin , where electronic LED billboards , such as this one in Sheboygan , Wisconsin owned by Lamar , are used to relay details of the incident to the public . AMBER Alert displayed on cable TV by the Emergency Alert System . Generated via a R189 One - Net EAS device used by a NJ cable system . The alerts are broadcast using the Emergency Alert System , which had previously been used primarily for weather bulletins , civil emergencies , or national emergencies . Alerts usually contain a description of the child and of the likely abductor . To avoid both false alarms and having alerts ignored as a `` wolf cry '' , the criteria for issuing an alert are rather strict . Each state 's or province 's AMBER alert plan sets its own criteria for activation , meaning that there are differences between alerting agencies as to which incidents are considered to justify the use of the system . However , the U.S. Department of Justice issues the following `` guidance '' , which most states are said to `` adhere closely to '' ( in the U.S. ) : Law enforcement must confirm that an abduction has taken place . The child must be at risk of serious injury or death . There must be sufficient descriptive information of child , captor , or captor 's vehicle to issue an alert . The child must be under 18 years of age . Many law enforcement agencies have not used # 2 as a criterion , resulting in many parental abductions triggering an Amber Alert , where the child is not known or assumed to be at risk of serious injury or death . In 2013 , West Virginia passed Skylar 's Law to eliminate # 1 as a criterion for triggering an Amber Alert . It is recommended that AMBER Alert data immediately be entered into the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) National Crime Information Center . Text information describing the circumstances surrounding the abduction of the child should be entered , and the case flagged as child abduction . The Royal Canadian Mounted Police 's ( RCMP ) requirements in Canada are nearly identical to the above list , with the exception that the RCMP instead of the FBI is normally notified . One organization might notify the other if there is reason to suspect that the border may be crossed . When investigators believe that a child is in danger of being taken across the border to either Canada or Mexico , U.S. Customs and Border Protection , United States Border Patrol and the Canada Border Services Agency are notified and are expected to search every car coming through a border checkpoint . If the child is suspected to be taken to Canada , a Canadian Amber Alert can also be issued , and a pursuit by Canadian authorities usually follows . Incidents not meeting Alert criteria ( edit ) For incidents which do not meet AMBER Alert criteria , the United States Department of Justice developed the Child Abduction Response Teams ( CART ) program to assist local agencies . This program can be used in all missing children 's cases and can be used as part of an AMBER alert or when an abduction or disappearance does not meet AMBER Alert criteria . CART can also be used to help recover runaway children under the age of 18 and who are in danger . As of 2010 , 225 response teams have been trained in 43 states , Washington , D.C. , Puerto Rico , the Bahamas , and Canada . AMBER Hagerman ( edit ) Amber Hagerman Amber Hagerman in 1994 Amber Rene Hagerman ( 1986 - 11 - 25 ) November 25 , 1986 Arlington , Texas , US Between January 15 -- 17 , 1996 ( aged 9 ) Arlington , Texas , US Cause of death Murder by stabbing Parent ( s ) Donna Norris ( mother ) Richard Hagerman ( father ) On January 13 , 1996 nine - year - old Amber Rene Hagerman ( November 25 , 1986 -- January 17 , 1996 ) was abducted while riding her bike in Arlington , Texas . A neighbor who witnessed the abduction called the police , and Amber 's brother , Ricky , went home to tell his mother and grandparents what happened . On hearing the news , Hagerman 's father , Richard , called Marc Klaas , whose daughter , Polly , had been abducted and murdered in Petaluma , California , on October 1 , 1993 . It is often believed that Hagerman 's murderer kept her alive for at least two days . Richard and Amber 's mother , Donna Whitson ( now Donna Norris ) , called the news media and the FBI . They and their neighbors began searching for Amber . Four days after the abduction , near midnight , her body was found in a creek behind an apartment complex -- with cut wounds to her neck . The site of the discovery was less than five miles from where she went missing . There are no suspects to her abduction and homicide . Program development ( edit ) Within days of Amber 's death , Donna Whitson was `` calling for tougher laws governing kidnappers and sex offenders '' . Amber 's parents soon established People Against Sex Offenders ( P.A.S.O. ) . They collected signatures hoping to force the Texas Legislature into passing more stringent laws to protect children . God 's Place International Church donated the first office space for the organization , and as the search for Amber 's killer continued , P.A.S.O. received almost - daily coverage in local media . Companies donated various office supplies , including computer and Internet service . Congressman Martin Frost , with the help of Marc Klaas , drafted the Amber Hagerman Child Protection Act . Both of Hagerman 's parents were present when President Bill Clinton signed the bill into law , creating the national sex offender registry . Whitson and Richard Hagerman then began collecting signatures in Texas , which they planned to present to then - Governor George W. Bush as a sign that people wanted more stringent laws for sex offenders . In July 1996 , Bruce Seybert and Richard Hagerman attended a media symposium in Arlington . Although Hagerman had remarks prepared , on the day of the event the organizers asked Seybert to speak instead . In his 20 - minute speech , he spoke about efforts that local police could take quickly to help find missing children and how the media could facilitate those efforts . C.J. Wheeler , a reporter from radio station KRLD , approached the Dallas police chief shortly afterward with Seybert 's ideas and launched the first ever Amber Alert . Whitson testified in front of the U.S. Congress in June 1996 , asking legislators to create a nationwide registry of sex offenders . Representative Martin Frost , the Congressman who represents Whitson 's district , proposed an `` Amber Hagerman Child Protection Act . '' Among the sections of the bill was one that would create a national sex offender registry . For the next two years , alerts were made manually to participating radio stations . In 1998 , the Child Alert Foundation created the first fully automated Alert Notification System ( ANS ) to notify surrounding communities when a child was reported missing or abducted . Alerts were sent to radio stations as originally requested but included television stations , surrounding law enforcement agencies , newspapers and local support organizations . These alerts were sent all at once via pagers , faxes , emails , and cell phones with the information immediately posted on the Internet for the general public to view . Following the automation of the AMBER Alert with ANS technology created by the Child Alert Foundation , the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children ( NCMEC ) expanded its role in 2002 to promote the AMBER Alert , although in 1996 now CEO of the NCMEC declined to come in and further assist the AMBER Alert when asked to by Bruce Seybert and Richard Hagerman and has since worked actively to see alerts distributed using the nation 's existing emergency radio and TV response network . United states ( edit ) In October 2000 , the United States House of Representatives adopted H. Res. 605 which encouraged communities nationwide to implement the AMBER Plan . In October 2001 , the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children that had declined to be a part of the Amber Alert in February 1996 , launched a campaign to have AMBER Alert systems established nationwide . In February 2002 , the Federal Communications Commission officially endorsed the system . In 2002 , several children were abducted in cases that drew national attention . One such case , the kidnapping and murder of Samantha Runnion , prompted California to establish an AMBER Alert system on July 24 , 2002 . According to Senator Dianne Feinstein , in its first month California issued 13 AMBER alerts ; 12 of the children were recovered safely and the remaining alert was found to be a misunderstanding . By September 2002 , 26 states had established AMBER Alert systems that covered all or parts of the state . A bipartisan group of US Senators , led by Kay Bailey Hutchison and Dianne Feinstein , proposed legislation to name an AMBER Alert coordinator in the U.S. Justice Department who could help coordinate state efforts . The bill also provided $25 million in federal matching grants for states to establish AMBER Alert programs and necessary equipment purchases , such as electronic highway signs . A similar bill was sponsored in the U.S. House of Representatives by Jennifer Dunn and Martin Frost . The bill passed the Senate unanimously within a week of its proposal . At an October 2002 conference on missing , exploited , and runaway children , President George W. Bush announced changes to the AMBER Alert system , including the development of a national standard for issuing AMBER Alerts . A similar bill passed the House several weeks later on a 390 -- 24 vote . A related bill finally became law in April 2003 . The alerts were offered digitally beginning in November 2002 , when America Online began a service allowing people sign up to receive notification via computer , pager , or cell phone . Users of the service enter their ZIP code , thus allowing the alerts to be targeted to specific geographic regions . By 2005 , all fifty states had operational programs and today the program operates across state and jurisdictional boundaries . As of January 1 , 2013 , AMBER Alerts are automatically sent through the Wireless Emergency Alerts ( WEA ) program . Canada ( edit ) Canada 's system began in December 2002 , when Alberta launched the first province - wide system . At the time , Alberta Solicitor - General Heather Forsyth said `` We anticipate an Amber Alert will only be issued once a year in Alberta . We hope we never have to use it , but if a child is abducted Amber Alert is another tool police can use to find them and help them bring the child home safely . '' The Alberta government committed to spending more than CA $ 1 million to expanding the province 's emergency warning system so that it could be used effectively for Amber Alerts . Other Canadian provinces soon adopted the system , and by May 2004 , Saskatchewan was the only province that had not established an Amber Alert system . Within the next year , the program was in use throughout the country . Amber Alerts may also be distributed via the Alert Ready emergency alert system , which disrupts programming on all radio , television stations , and television providers in the relevant region to display and play audio of Amber Alert information . British Columbia Translink , the corporation responsible for the regional transportation network of Metro Vancouver in British Columbia , Canada , displays Amber alerts on all their buses ' digital signs reading `` AMBER ALERT Listen to radio Bus # '' . Details of the Amber alert information are also available on screens at transit stations . Quebec The program was introduced in Quebec on May 26 , 2003 . The name AMBER alert was then adapted in French to Alerte Médiatique But Enfant Recherché , which directly translates as `` Media Alert for Child Recovery '' . In order to launch an AMBER alert , police authorities need to meet 4 criteria simultaneously and with no exceptions : The missing person is a child under the age of 18 . The police have reason to believe that the missing child has been abducted . The police have reason to believe that the physical safety or the life of the child is in serious danger . The police have information that may help locate the child , the suspect and / or the suspect 's vehicle . Once all 4 conditions are met , the police service may call an AMBER alert . Simultaneously , all of Quebec 's Ministry of transport message boards will broadcast the police 's messages . The Société de l'assurance automobile du Québec ( SAAQ ) road traffic controllers also help with the search . Television and radio stations broadcast a description of the child , the abductor and / or the abductor 's car . On the radio , the information is broadcast every 20 minutes for two hours or less if the child is found . On the television , the information is broadcast on a ticker tape at the bottom of the screen for two hours with no interruptions . After this , the ticker tape is withdrawn , but the police continue to inform the public through the usual means of communication . Over the years , the program gathered more partners in order for the alert to be communicated on different media platforms . As in Ontario , lottery crown corporation Loto - Québec puts to the disposition of the police forces their 8500 terminals located throughout the province . Some of these terminals are equipped with a screen that faces the customer which makes it the largest network of its kind to operate in Canada . The technology employed enables them to broadcast the message on the entire network in under 10 minutes . In addition , The Canadian Wireless Telecommunications Association ( CWTA ) offers to most Canadians , upon free subscription , the possibility to receive , via text message , on their mobile devices AMBER alert notices . Since its introduction in Quebec , every AMBER alert has had positive results . Ontario Ontario furthered its reach beyond media and highway signs by offering Amber Alerts on the province 's 9,000 lottery terminal screens . After the abduction and murder of Victoria Stafford , an online petition was started by Suzie Pereira , a single mother of 2 children who gathered over 61,000 signatures , prompting a review of the Amber Alert . There was some concern regarding the strict criteria for issuing the alerts -- criteria that was not met in the Stafford case -- that resulted in an alert not being issued . Ontario Provincial Police have since changed their rules for issuing an alert from having to confirm an abduction and confirm threat of harm , to believe that a child has been abducted and believe is at risk of harm . México ( edit ) Mexico joined international efforts to spread the use of the AMBER alert at an official launch ceremony on April 28 , 2011 . International expansion ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) The Australian state of Queensland implemented a version of the AMBER Alerts in May 2005 . Other Australian states joined Queensland in Facebook 's Amber Alert program in June 2017 . Europe ( edit ) Currently , there are alert systems active in 18 EU countries : Belgium , Bulgaria , Cyprus , the Czech Republic , France , Germany , Greece , Ireland , Italy , Luxembourg , Malta , the Netherlands , Poland , Portugal , Romania , Slovakia , Spain and the United Kingdom . AMBER Alert Europe offers an EU wide response to the EU objective ( DG Justice ) on Child Alerts , which states that an early warning system for child abductions , with cross-border interoperability , should be established in all 28 EU countries . AMBER Alert Europe uses the same technology as the Dutch AMBER Alert plan . AMBER Alert Europe Logo AMBER Alert Europe AMBER Alert Europe is an international non-profit organisation with 25 members ( law enforcement , ministries & NGOs ) in 17 countries . Its Police Network consists of over 40 experts representing law enforcement from 15 EU countries . The goals of AMBER Alert Europe are backed by 465 Members of the European Parliament . The ultimate goal of AMBER Alert Europe is to save the lives of endangered missing children in Europe . Therefore , AMBER Alert Europe suggests the following 5 key points to the European Commission and the European Parliament : A bigger , stronger AMBER Alert network More flexibility in issuing child alerts Better cross-border information sharing Better cross-border police cooperation Improving the identification and protection of children at borders For more information on the goals and key points of AMBER Alert Europe , see : AMBER Alert Europe 's Memorandum to the European Commission and European Parliament . Police Network In 2014 , AMBER Alert Europe launched the Police Expert Network on Missing Children . Goal of the network is to allow missing children police experts to quickly and informally contact their colleagues in other European member states and exchange best practices . AMBER Alerts An AMBER Alert reaches millions of people within minutes . When an AMBER Alert is issued by law enforcement , the picture of the AMBER Alert child is instantly visible everywhere via dozens of different media . The AMBER Alert system exists of the following components : TV and radio , highway signs , Google Child Alert ( also called Google AMBER Alert in some countries -- already active in the US ; there are developments in Europe ) , missing children maps with active AMBER Alerts and endangered missing children , online banners and advertisements , large TV screens , text messages with photo , PC pop - ups , Facebook , Twitter , apps , website pop - ups and banners , PC screensaver , email , posters , RSS news feed , mobile websites , screens in public transport ( buses and trains ) , screens in railway stations , airports , shopping malls , supermarkets and cinemas . The first cross-border AMBER Alert was issued in the early morning of May 8 , 2013 for two Dutch brothers . The boys ' photo was displayed on large screens in the Belgian province of Limbourg and in North Rhine - Westphalia ( Germany ) and has received extensive media attention in the Netherlands , Belgium and Germany . The bodies of the children were found on May 19 , 2013 near Cothen ( the Netherlands ) . France ( edit ) In February 2006 , France 's Justice ministry launched an apparatus based on the AMBER alerts named Alerte - Enlèvement ( fr ) ( abduction alert ) or Dispositif Alerte - Enlèvement ( fr ) ( abduction alert apparatus ) with the help of most media and railroad and motorway companies . Ireland ( edit ) In April 2009 , it was announced that an AMBER Alert system would be set up in Ireland , In May 2012 , the Child Rescue Ireland ( CRI ) Alert was officially introduced . Ireland 's first AMBER alert was issued upon the disappearance of two boys , Eoghan ( 10 ) and Ruari Chada ( 5 ) . Netherlands ( edit ) Logo AMBER Alert Nederland The Dutch AMBER Alert was launched in 2008 by the Dutch National Police , the Dutch minister of Justice at the time , Ernst Hirsch Ballin , and social enterprise Netpresenter . On February 14 , 2009 , the first Dutch AMBER Alert was issued when a 4 - year - old boy went missing in Rotterdam . He was found safe and sound after being recognized by a person who saw his picture on an electronic billboard in a fast food restaurant . He was recovered so quickly , that the transmission of the AMBER Alert was halted before all recipients received it . Since 2008 , the AMBER Alert system has been deployed for 24 AMBER Alerts and almost 1000 Missing Child Alerts . Currently , AMBER Alert has 3 million participants including thousands of large organizations . In addition , the last AMBER Alert that was issued , was seen by almost 12 million Dutch citizens ( 88 percent of the Dutch population ) . With a success rate of 92 percent , the Dutch AMBER Alert system is an example of effective citizen sourcing . An AMBER Alert is issued when a child is missing or abducted and the Dutch police fear that the life or health of the child is in imminent danger . The system enables the police to immediately alert press and public nationwide , by means of electronic highway signs , TV , radio , social media , PCs , large advertising screens ( digital signage ) , email , text messages , apps , printable posters , RSS news feeds , website banners and pop - ups . There are four key criteria in The Netherlands to be met before an AMBER Alert is issued : The child is ( very likely ) abducted by an unknown person or persons or the child is missing and its life is in imminent danger The victim is a minor ( under 18 years of age ) ; There is enough information about the victim to increase the chances of the child being found by means of an AMBER Alert , such as a photo , information about the abductor or the vehicle used during the abduction ; The AMBER Alert is issued as soon as possible after the abduction or disappearance of the child . Parts of the Dutch AMBER Alert system are being used for Missing Child Alerts . A Missing Child Alert is issued when there is an immediate and significant risk of harm for the missing child but the case does not reach the criteria for an AMBER Alert . The Dutch police can decide to publicize information and ask the help of citizens to recover the child . AMBER Alert Netherlands is a founding member of AMBER Alert Europe , the European Child Rescue Alert and Police Network on Missing Children . United Kingdom ( edit ) On April 1 , 2007 , the AMBER Alert system became active in Northwest England . An implementation across the rest of Britain was planned at that time . This was realized on May 25 , 2010 with the nationwide launch of the Child Rescue Alert , based on the AMBER Alert system . The first system in the UK of this kind was created in Sussex on November 14 , 2002 . This was followed by versions in Surrey and Hampshire . By 2005 , every local jurisdiction in England and Wales had its own form of alert system . The system was first used in the UK on October 3 , 2012 , with regard to missing 5 year - old April Jones in Wales . Malaysia ( edit ) In September 2007 , Malaysia implemented the Nurin Alert . Based on the AMBER alert , it is named for a missing eight - year - old girl , Nurin Jazlin . Retrieval rate ( edit ) According to the U.S. Department of Justice , of the children abducted and murdered by strangers , 75 % are killed within the first three hours in the USA . Amber Alerts are designed to inform the general public quickly when a child has been kidnapped and is in danger so `` the public ( would be ) additional eyes and ears of law enforcement '' . As of August 2013 , the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children estimates that 657 children have been successfully recovered as a result of the existence of the AMBER Alert program . A Scripps Howard study of the 233 AMBER Alerts issued in the United States in 2004 found that most issued alerts did not meet the Department of Justice 's criteria . Fully 50 % ( 117 alerts ) were categorized by the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children as being `` family abductions '' , very often a parent involved in a custody dispute . There were 48 alerts for children who had not been abducted at all , but were lost , ran away , involved in family misunderstandings ( for example , two instances where the child was with grandparents ) , or as the result of hoaxes . Another 23 alerts were issued in cases where police did not know the name of the allegedly abducted child , often as the result of misunderstandings by witnesses who reported an abduction . Seventy of the 233 AMBER Alerts issued in 2004 ( 30 % ) were actually children taken by strangers or who were unlawfully travelling with adults other than their legal guardians . According to the 2014 Amber Alert Report , 186 Amber Alerts were issued in the US , involving 239 children . 60 ( 25 % ) were taken by strangers or people other than their legal guardians . Controversies ( edit ) Some outside scholars examining the system in depth disagree with the `` official '' results . A research team led by criminologist Timothy Griffin reviewed hundreds of abduction cases that occurred between 2003 and 2006 and found that AMBER Alerts actually had little apparent role in the eventual return of abducted children . The AMBER Alerts tended to be `` successful '' in relatively mundane abductions , such as when the child was taken by a noncustodial parent or other family member . There was little evidence that AMBER Alerts routinely `` saved lives '' , although a crucial research constraint was the impossibility of knowing with certainty what would have happened if no alert had been issued in a particular case . Griffin and coauthor Monica Miller articulated the limits to AMBER Alert in a subsequent research article . They stated that alerts are inherently constrained , because to be successful in the most menacing cases there needs to be a rapid synchronization of several events ( rapid discovery that the child is missing and subsequent alert , the fortuitous discovery of the child or abductor by a citizen , and so forth ) . Furthermore , there is a contradiction between the need for rapid recovery and the prerogative to maintain the strict issuance criteria to reduce the number of frivolous alerts , creating a dilemma for law enforcement officials and public backlash when alerts are not issued in cases ending as tragedies . Finally , the implied causal model of alert ( rapid recovery can save lives ) is in a sense the opposite of reality : In the worst abduction scenarios , the intentions of the perpetrator usually guarantee that anything public officials do will be `` too slow '' . Because the system is publicly praised for saving lives despite these limitations , Griffin and Miller argue that AMBER Alert acts as `` crime control theater '' in that it `` creates the appearance but not the fact of crime control '' . AMBER Alert is thus a socially constructed `` solution '' to the rare but intractable crime of child - abduction murder . Griffin and Miller have subsequently applied the concept to other emotional but ineffective legislation such as safe - haven laws and polygamy raids , and continue their work in developing the concept of `` crime control theater '' and on the AMBER Alert system . Griffin considers his findings preliminary , reporting his team examined only a portion of the Amber Alerts issued over the three - year period they focused on , so he recommends taking a closer look at the evaluation of the program and its intended purpose , instead of simply promoting the program . The 4 a.m. timing of a July 2013 New York child abduction alert sent through the Wireless Emergency Alerts system raised concerns that many cellphone users will now disable WEA alerts . False alarms ( edit ) Advocates for missing children are concerned that the public is becoming desensitized to AMBER Alerts because of a large number of false alarms , where police issue an AMBER Alert without strictly adhering to the U.S. Department of Justice 's activation guidelines . Effects on traffic ( edit ) An electronic traffic - condition sign displaying an AMBER Alert . AMBER alerts are often displayed on electronic message signs . The Federal Highway Administration has instructed states to display AMBER alerts on highway signs sparingly , citing safety concerns from distracted drivers and the negative impacts of traffic congestion . Many states have policies in place that limit the use of AMBER alerts on freeway signs . In Los Angeles , an AMBER alert issued in October 2002 that was displayed on area freeway signs caused significant traffic congestion . As a result , the California Highway Patrol elected not to display the alerts during rush hour , citing safety concerns . The state of Wisconsin only displays AMBER alerts on freeway signs if it is deemed appropriate by the transportation department and a public safety agency . AMBER alerts do not preempt messages related to traffic safety . Influence ( edit ) The United States Postal Service issued a postage stamp commemorating AMBER Alerts in May 2006 . The 39 - cent stamp features a chalk pastel drawing by artist Vivienne Flesher of a reunited mother and child , with the text `` AMBER ALERT saves missing children '' across the pane . The stamp was released as part of the observance of National Missing Children 's Day . In 2006 , a TV movie , Amber 's Story , was broadcast on Lifetime . It starred Elisabeth Röhm and Sophie Hough . A comic book entitled Amber Hagerman Deserves Justice : A Night Owl Story was published by Wham Bang Comics in 2009 . Geared toward a young audience by teen author Jake Tinsley and Manga artist Jason Dube , it tells Amber 's story , recounts the investigation into her murder , and touches on the effect her death has had on young children and parents everywhere . It was created to promote what was then a reopened investigation into her murder . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` georgia.gov -- Levi 's Call '' . Georgia Bureau of Investigation ( GBI ) . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2010 . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` MAILE AMBER Alert '' . Hawaii Department of Attorney General . Jump up ^ `` Morgan Nick Amber Alert '' . Arkansas State Police . 2006 . Jump up ^ Magazine.noaa.gov Jump up ^ `` NOAA Weather Radio Leads to Kentucky Amber Alert Success '' . noaa.gov . Jump up ^ `` Newsroom -- Walgreens Newsroom '' . walgreens.com . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lamaroutdoor.com Archived February 13 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Google Brings AMBER Alerts for Missing Children to Search and Maps '' . socialtimes.com . Jump up ^ `` NCMEC on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` OJJDP News @ a Glance -- January / February 2011 '' . ncjrs.gov . Jump up ^ `` Wireless AMBER Alerts '' . ^ Jump up to : Irsay , Steve ( August 5 , 2002 ) , Cold War technology helped save lives of abducted teens , CNN.com , retrieved March 7 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` Senate approves national child abduction alert legislation '' , USA Today , September 10 , 2002 , retrieved August 8 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Guidance on Criteria for Issuing AMBER Alerts '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of Justice . April 2004 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 15 , 2004 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , HowStuffWorks `` Getting the Word Out '' Jump up ^ `` AMBER Alert '' . Government of Canada Royal Canadian Mounted Police . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently asked questions OJP '' ( PDF ) . 2010 . Jump up ^ The New York Times . `` Body of Kidnapped Texas Girl Is Found '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Who killed Amber Hagerman ? Murder case that inspired Amber Alerts remains unsolved 20 years later '' . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mom says tougher laws needed '' , Houston Chronicle , January 20 , 1996 , retrieved August 8 , 2008 Jump up ^ Kopenec , Stefani G. ( January 12 , 1997 ) , `` Young girl 's kidnapper elusive : A year has passed without leads on ' low - life killer ' '' , Houston Chronicle , retrieved August 8 , 2008 Jump up ^ Wheeler , C.J. ( January 12 , 1997 ) , `` Mandy 's Film and TV Production Directory '' , Mandy , retrieved October 8 , 2013 , Launched the first ever Amber Alert in Dallas Texas . Worked closely with the parents of Amber Hagerman and other Texas Radio and TV stations to create a public alert when a child has been abducted . The idea spread nationwide . Jump up ^ `` Parents push for sex offender registry : Family of slain girl fights for new bill '' , Houston Chronicle , June 20 , 1996 , retrieved August 8 , 2008 ^ Jump up to : Lawmakers push national Amber alert system , CNN.com , September 4 , 2002 , archived from the original on December 11 , 2008 , retrieved August 8 , 2008 Jump up ^ Bumiller , Elizabeth ( October 3 , 2002 ) , `` Bush Unveils Upgrade of Amber Alert System '' , The New York Times , retrieved August 8 , 2008 Jump up ^ House Passes Amber Alert Measure , FoxNews.com , October 8 , 2002 , retrieved August 8 , 2002 Jump up ^ `` Public Law 108 -- 21 -- Prosecutorial Remedies and Other Tools to end the Exploitation of Children Today Act of 2003 or ` ` PROTECT Act '' . gpo.gov . Jump up ^ Mainelli , Tom ( November 21 , 2002 ) , `` AOL Puts AMBER Alert Service Online '' , PC World , archived from the original on January 30 , 2009 , retrieved August 8 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Frequently asked questions '' ( pdf ) . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Amber Alert -- WEI Information '' . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alberta launches ' Amber Alert ' kidnap system '' . CTV.ca . December 3 , 2002 . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2008 . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ B.C. , N.S. to begin using ' Amber Alert ' system , CTV.ca , May 25 , 2004 , archived from the original on December 21 , 2008 , retrieved August 8 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Matt Gurney : We need a better robot voice for Amber Alerts '' . National Post . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ontario viewers peeved after Amber Alert interrupts Sunday night TV - watching '' . CBC News . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Amber Alert Police Montreal '' . SVPM . Jump up ^ `` La police des '' . spvm.qc.ca . Jump up ^ http://www.loto-quebec.com/corporatif/nav/en/social-responsibility/amber-alert Jump up ^ Ontario extends Amber Alert to lottery terminals , CTV.com , April 4 , 2005 , archived from the original on December 21 , 2008 , retrieved August 8 , 2008 Jump up ^ CityTV.com Archived October 29 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ CBC.ca Jump up ^ `` El Universal -- -- México , en red de alerta para extraviados '' . eluniversal.com.mx . June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2011 . Retrieved May 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Waters , Jeff ( May 13 , 2005 ) , Amber Alert , Stateline Queensland , retrieved September 6 , 2008 Jump up ^ Benny - Morrison , Ava ( 2017 - 06 - 22 ) . `` Australian police and Facebook launch AMBER Alert child abduction system '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2015 . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.gov.mt/en/Government/Press%20Releases/Pages/2017/January/10/PR170045.aspx Jump up ^ AMBER Alert Europe ( March 21 , 2013 ) . `` AMBER Alert Europe Launches EU Wide Child Rescue Alert Platform '' . prnewswire.com . Jump up ^ http://www.amberalert.eu/who-we-are/ Jump up ^ http://ftp.amberalert.eu/memorandum/2015_10_Memorandum.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.amberalert.eu/projects/police-expert-network/ Jump up ^ `` AMBER Alert Europe -- Components AMBER Alert system : Google Child Alert , email , apps , PC screensaver , ... '' . amberalert.eu . Jump up ^ `` EU Amber Alert vanwege vermissing '' . nos.nl . Jump up ^ `` Belgische experts en FBI helpen Nederlandse politie bij zoektocht naar broertjes '' . vandaag.be . Jump up ^ `` Vater tot , Kinder vermisst -- Zeitgeschichtliches Archiv -- WDR.de '' . wdr.de . Jump up ^ `` Cookiewall : Cookies op de Volkskrant -- de Volkskrant '' . volkskrant.nl . Jump up ^ -- Abducted Child Alert System Begins ( 25 May 2012 ) Jump up ^ -- Irelands First Amber Alert ^ Jump up to : `` Amber Alert '' . politie.nl . ^ Jump up to : `` Netherlands -- AMBER Alert '' . missingkids.com . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ernst Hirsch Ballin Jump up ^ `` Netpresenter -- The Attention Management Experts - '' . Netpresenter -- The Attention Management Experts . Jump up ^ http://amberalert.nl/Stats.aspx?lang=en Jump up ^ `` ANP Pers Support -- # 1op10 actie groot succes : 1.926. 572 aanmeldingen voor AMBER Alert ! '' . perssupport.nl . Jump up ^ http://www.telegraaf.nl/binnenland/22568837/__Amber_Alert_bereikte_12_mln__.html Jump up ^ Crowdsourcing Jump up ^ http://www.amberalert.eu/criteria-definitions Jump up ^ http://www.amberalert.eu Jump up ^ `` Child kidnap alerts on TV as UK adopts the ' Amber Alert ' system '' . London : MailOnline. April 2 , 2007 . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Child Rescue Alert '' . National Policing Improvement Agency . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2011 . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Knickerbocker , Brad ( August 11 , 2013 ) . `` Amber Alerts : How successful have they been in saving abducted kids ? '' . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hargrove , Thomas ( July 17 , 2005 ) . `` False alarms endangering future of Amber Alert system '' . Scripps Howard News Service . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Amber Alert system is more effective as theater than as a way to protect children -- The Boston Globe '' . boston.com . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2011 . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A Preliminary Examination of AMBER Alert 's Effects '' . sagepub.com . Jump up ^ Griffin , T. ; Miller , M.K. ; Hoppe , J. ; Rebideaux , A. ; Hammack , R. ( December 1 , 2007 ) . `` A Preliminary Examination of AMBER Alert 's Effects '' . Criminal Justice Policy Review . 18 ( 4 ) : 378 -- 394 . doi : 10.1177 / 0887403407302332 . Jump up ^ Griffin , T. ; Miller , M.K. ( June 1 , 2008 ) . `` Child Abduction , AMBER Alert , and Crime Control Theater '' . Criminal Justice Review . 33 ( 2 ) : 159 -- 176 . doi : 10.1177 / 0734016808316778 . Jump up ^ `` Wake - Up Call for New Yorkers as Police Seek Abducted Boy '' , NY Times Jump up ^ Quintana , Chris ( December 1 , 2013 ) . `` Overuse , false alarms threaten impact of Amber Alert '' . Santa Fe New Mexican . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Do Amber Alerts Put Drivers in Jeopardy ? '' . latimes . Jump up ^ `` Traffic Jams Prompt Amber Alert Shut - Off in L.A '' . latimes . Jump up ^ Amberalertwisconsin.org Archived July 25 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Postal Service issues new stamp promoting social awareness '' . United States Postal Service . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Amber Alert Stamp Jump up ^ Lita Beck ( April 21 , 2009 ) . `` Comic Book Hero Takes on Real Life Murder Case '' . NBCWashington.com . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2011 . Retrieved August 20 , 2011 . Amber Alert in West Lafayette : Four Kids abduction by his Mother , Indiana issued an Amber Alert for 4 kids who abducted by mother from West Lafayette External links ( edit ) U.S. government AMBER alert site Our Missing Children ( Government of Canada ) Congressional Research Service ( CRS ) report on Amber Alert program technology Child Rescue Alert -- UK equivalent of Amber Alert AMBER Alert Nederland site , the Dutch Amber alert National Center for Missing & Exploited Children Rilya alert AMBER Alert at Find a Grave Crime Library on Amber Hagerman Houston 's Amber Plan Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AMBER_Alert&oldid=815933593 '' Categories : Organizations established in 1996 Child safety Emergency communication Law enforcement in the United States Law enforcement in Canada Missing people organizations Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2009 Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Use mdy dates from July 2017 Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles with hCards Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from November 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2012 Interlanguage link template link number Find a Grave template with ID not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 04 : 21 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMBER%20Alert
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when did england stop using the union jack
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The Union Jack , or Union Flag , is the national flag of the United Kingdom . The flag also has an official or semi-official status in some other Commonwealth realms : for example , it is a ceremonial flag in Canada by parliamentary resolution , and known there as the Royal Union Flag . Further , it is used as an official flag in some of the smaller British overseas territories . The Union Flag also appears in the canton ( upper left - hand quarter ) of the flags of several nations and territories that are former British possessions or dominions , as well as the state flag of Hawaii .
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Union Jack
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union jack
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Union Jack Names Union Flag , Union Jack , Royal Union Flag Use National flag Proportion 1 : 2 Adopted 1801 Design Cross of Saint Andrew counterchanged with the Cross of Saint Patrick , over all the Cross of Saint George . The Union Jack , or Union Flag , is the national flag of the United Kingdom . The flag also has an official or semi-official status in some other Commonwealth realms : for example , it is a ceremonial flag in Canada by parliamentary resolution , and known there as the Royal Union Flag . Further , it is used as an official flag in some of the smaller British overseas territories . The Union Flag also appears in the canton ( upper left - hand quarter ) of the flags of several nations and territories that are former British possessions or dominions , as well as the state flag of Hawaii . The claim that the term Union Jack properly refers only to naval usage has been disputed , following historical investigations by the Flag Institute in 2013 . The origins of the earlier flag of Great Britain date back to 1606 . James VI of Scotland had inherited the English and Irish thrones in 1603 as James I , thereby uniting the crowns of England , Scotland , and Ireland in a personal union , although the three kingdoms remained separate states . On 12 April 1606 , a new flag to represent this regal union between England and Scotland was specified in a royal decree , according to which the flag of England ( a red cross on a white background , known as St George 's Cross ) , and the flag of Scotland ( a white saltire on a blue background , known as the Saltire or St Andrew 's Cross ) , would be joined together , forming the flag of England and Scotland for maritime purposes . King James also began to refer to a `` Kingdom of Great Britaine '' , although the union remained a personal one . The present design of the Union Flag dates from a Royal proclamation following the union of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801 . The flag combines aspects of three older national flags : the red cross of St George for the Kingdom of England , the white saltire of St Andrew for Scotland ( which two were united in the first Union Flag ) , and the red saltire of St Patrick to represent Ireland . Notably , the home country of Wales is not represented separately in the Union Flag , as the flag was designed after the invasion of Wales in 1282 . Hence Wales as a home country today has no representation on the flag ; it appears under the cross of St George , which represents the former Kingdom of England ( which included Wales ) . Contents 1 Terminology 2 Design 2.1 Specification 2.2 Colours 2.3 Flying 3 History 3.1 Other proposed versions 3.2 Scottish Union Flag 3.3 Since 1801 3.3. 1 Flag speculation after Irish independence 3.3. 2 Campaigns for a new Union Flag 3.4 Brexit 4 Status 4.1 South Africa 4.2 Canada 5 Other ratios 6 Use in other flags 6.1 Other nations and regions 6.2 Ensigns 6.3 Pilot or Civil Jack 6.4 Other 7 Flag days 8 Usage and disposal 9 Other names 9.1 Search for the `` Eureka Jack '' 10 In popular culture 11 Gallery 11.1 The Union Flag in use 11.2 Union Flag variants 1606 -- 1801 11.3 Union Flag in folk art 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Terminology ( edit ) The Union Jack flying beside Saint George 's Cross HMS Cornwall , `` dressed '' on the occasion of her official visit to the port of Zeebrugge , Belgium , in 2006 , and flying the Union Jack from the jackstaff . The terms Union Jack and Union Flag are both historically correct for describing the de facto national flag of the United Kingdom . Whether the term Union Jack applies only when used as a jack flag on a ship is a modern matter of debate . According to the Parliament of the United Kingdom : `` Until the early 17th century England and Scotland were two entirely independent kingdoms . This changed dramatically in 1603 on the death of Elizabeth I of England . Because the Queen died unmarried and childless , the English crown passed to the next available heir , her cousin James VI , King of Scotland . England and Scotland now shared the same monarch under what was known as a union of the crowns . In 1606 , James VI gave orders for a British flag to be created which bore the combined crosses of St. George and of St. Andrew . The result was the Union Jack . According to the Flag Institute , a membership - run vexillological charity , `` the national flag of the United Kingdom , the Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories is the Union Flag , which may also be called the Union Jack . '' The institute also notes : it is often stated that the Union Flag should only be described as the Union Jack when flown in the bows of a warship , but this is a relatively recent idea . From early in its life the Admiralty itself frequently referred to the flag as the Union Jack , whatever its use , and in 1902 an Admiralty circular announced that Their Lordships had decided that either name could be used officially . In 1908 , a government minister stated , in response to a parliamentary question , that `` the Union Jack should be regarded as the National flag '' . Notwithstanding Their Lordships ' circular of 1902 , by 1913 the Admiralty described the `` Union Flag '' and added in a foot note that ' A Jack is a Flag to be flown only on the `` Jack '' Staff ' . However , the authoritative A Complete Guide to Heraldry published in 1909 by Arthur Charles Fox - Davies uses the term `` Union Jack '' . The term `` Union Flag '' is used in King Charles I 's 1634 proclamation : ... none of Our Subjects , of any of Our Nations and Kingdoms shall from henceforth presume to carry the Union Flag in the Main top , or other part of any of their Ships ( that is ) St Georges cross and St Andrew 's Cross joined together upon pain of Our high displeasure , but that the same Union Flag be still reserved as an ornament proper for Our own Ships and Ships in our immediate Service and Pay , and none other . '' -- Proclamation appointing the Flag , as well for Our Navy Royal as for the Ships of Our Subjects of South and North Britain -- 5 May 1634 and in King George III 's proclamation of 1 January 1801 concerning the arms and flag of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland : And that the Union Flag shall be Azure , the Crosses Saltires of St. Andrew and St. Patrick Quarterly per Saltire , counterchanged Argent and Gules ; the latter fimbriated of the Second , surmounted by the Cross of St. George of the Third , fimbriated as the Saltire : ... -- A Proclamation Declaring His Majesty 's Pleasure concerning the Royal Style and Titles appertaining to the Imperial Crown of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland , and its Dependencies , and also the Ensigns , Armorial Flags , and Banners thereof '' The development of The Union Jack . When the first flag representing Britain was introduced on the proclamation of King James I in 1606 , it became known simply as the `` British flag '' or the `` flag of Britain '' . The royal proclamation gave no distinctive name to the new flag . The word `` jack '' was in use before 1600 to describe the maritime bow flag . By 1627 a small Union Jack was commonly flown in this position . One theory goes that for some years it would have been called just the `` Jack '' , or `` Jack flag '' , or the `` King 's Jack '' , but by 1674 , while formally referred to as `` His Majesty 's Jack '' , it was commonly called the `` Union Jack '' , and this was officially acknowledged . Amongst the proclamations issued by King George III at the time of the Union of 1801 was a proclamation concerning flags at sea , which repeatedly referred to `` Ensigns , Flags , Jacks , and Pendants '' and forbade merchant vessels from wearing `` Our Jack , commonly called the Union Jack '' nor any pendants or colours used by the King 's ships . Reinforcing the distinction the King 's proclamation of the same day concerning the arms and flag of the United Kingdom ( not colours at sea ) called the new flag `` the Union Flag '' . The size and power of the Royal Navy internationally at the time could also explain why the flag was named the `` Union Jack '' ; considering the navy was so widely utilised and renowned by the United Kingdom and colonies , it is possible that the term jack occurred because of its regular use on all British ships using the jack staff ( a flag pole attached to the bow of a ship ) . The term Union Jack possibly dates from Queen Anne 's time ( r . 1702 -- 14 ) , but its origin is uncertain . It may come from the ' jack - et ' of the English or Scottish soldiers , or from the name of James I who originated the first union in 1603 . Even if the term `` Union Jack '' does derive from the jack flag , after three centuries , it is now sanctioned by use and has appeared in official use , confirmed as the national flag by Parliament and remains the popular term . Winston Churchill was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 and he referred to the flag of the United Kingdom as the Union Jack . In March 1899 Churchill wrote to his mother from India about her plans to produce a new trans - Atlantic magazine , to be called The Anglo - Saxon Review . The drawing at the end of this letter was deliberately mischievous , teasing her for going down - market , and in the accompanying letter he wrote , `` Your title ' The Anglo Saxon ' with its motto ' Blood is thicker than water ' only needs the Union Jack & the Star Spangled Banner crossed on the cover to be suited to one of Harmsworth 's ( a leading British newspaper owner ) cheap Imperialist productions . '' More recently , Reed 's Nautical Almanac ( 1990 edition ) unambiguously stated : `` The Union Flag , frequently but incorrectly referred to as the Union Jack , ... '' and later : `` 8 . The Jack -- A small flag worn on a jackstaff on the stem of Naval Vessels . The Royal Navy wears the Union Flag ... This is the only occasion when it correct to describe the flag as the Union Jack '' . However , this assertion does not appear in any Reed 's Nautical Almanac since 1993 . In the 2016 Reeds Nautical Almanac the only entry where this might appear , section 5.21 , covering Flag Etiquette , does not include this statement . Within the Almanac , neither the Union Flag or the Union Jack are included pictorially or mentioned by name . For comparison with another anglophone country with a large navy : the Jack of the United States specifically refers to the flag flown from the jackstaff of a warship , auxiliary or other U.S. governmental entity . Design ( edit ) The current flag 's design has been in use since 1801 . Its original blazon , as decreed by George III of the United Kingdom on 1 January 1801 , reads : `` the Union flag shall be azure , the crosses - saltires of St. Andrew and St. Patrick quartered per saltire counter changed argent and gules ; the latter fimbriated of the second ( viz. , argent ) ; surmounted by the cross of St. George of the third ( viz. , gules ) , fimbriated as the saltire ( viz. , argent ) . '' Specification ( edit ) The Union Jack is normally twice as long as it is tall , a ratio of 1 : 2 . In the United Kingdom , land flags are normally a ratio of 3 : 5 ; the Union Jack can also be made in this shape , but is 1 : 2 for most purposes . In 2008 , MP Andrew Rosindell proposed a Ten Minute Rule bill to standardise the design of the flag at 3 : 5 , but the bill did not proceed past the first reading . Flags that have the Union Jack in the canton should always be 1 : 2 to preserve the square fly area . The three component crosses that make up the Union Flag are sized as follows : The red St George 's Cross width is ⁄ of the flag 's height with a ⁄ flag height fimbriation The white diagonal St Andrew 's Cross width is ⁄ of the flag 's height , visible on either side of the St Patrick 's Cross in diagonals of ⁄ and ⁄ of the flag 's height , respectively . The red diagonal St Patrick 's Cross width is ⁄ of the flag 's height . It is offset by ⁄ of the flag 's height in anti-clockwise direction . According to the official blazon of 1801 , the white diagonal St Andrew 's Cross is in fact counterchanged with the red diagonal of St Patrick 's Cross . In this interpretation , the width of both saltires is ⁄ of the flag 's height , with fimbriations of ⁄ of the flag 's height on either side of the red saltire . The crosses and fimbriations retain their thickness relative to the flag 's height whether they are shown with a ratio of 3 : 5 or 1 : 2 The Admiralty in 1864 settled all official flags at proportions 1 : 2 , but the relative widths of the crosses remained unspecified , with the above conventions becoming standardised in the 20th century . In the 19th century , the Union flag was defined by the same blazon but could vary in its geometrical proportions , Colours ( edit ) The colour specifications for the colours Union Jack ( royal ) blue , Union Flag red and white are : Scheme Blue Red White Pantone ( paper ) 280 C 186 C Safe HEX # 012169 # C8102E # FFFFFF MoD 8711D 8711 8711J NSN 8305.99. 130.4580 8305.99. 130.4584 8305.99. 130.4585 CMYK 100.85. 5.22 2.100. 85.6 0.0. 0.0 RGB 1 , 33 , 105 200 , 16 , 46 255 , 255 , 255 All HEX , CMYK and RGB specifications for the Pantone colours are taken from the official Pantone website on the webpages of the corresponding colours . Keep in mind that although the colour schemes are official , not all of the colours are completely congruent . This is due to different specifications for different types of media ( for example , screen and print ) . Flying ( edit ) Hoist on the left Hoist on the right Correct way to fly the flag Hoist on the left Hoist on the right Incorrect way to fly the flag The flag does not have reflection symmetry due to the slight pinwheeling of the St Patrick 's and St Andrew 's crosses , technically the counterchange of saltires . Thus , there is a right side up . The original specification of the Union Flag in the Royal Proclamation of 1 January 1801 did not contain a drawn pattern or express which way the saltires should lie ; they were simply `` counterchanged '' and the red saltire fimbriated . Nevertheless , a convention was soon established which accords most closely with the description . When statically displayed , the hoist is on the observer 's left . To fly the flag correctly , the white of St Andrew is above the red of St Patrick in the upper hoist canton ( the quarter at the top nearest to the flag - pole ) . This is expressed by the phrases wide white top and broad side up . The first drawn pattern for the flag was in a parallel proclamation on 1 January 1801 , concerning civil naval ensigns , which drawing shows the red ensign ( also to be used as a red jack by privateers ) . As it appears in the London Gazette , the broad stripe is where expected for three of the four quarters , but the upper left quarter shows the broad stripe below . It is often stated that a flag upside down is a form of distress signal or even a deliberate insult . In the case of the Union Flag , the difference is subtle and is easily missed by the uninformed . It is often displayed upside down inadvertently -- even on commercially - made hand waving flags . On 3 February 2009 , the BBC reported that the flag had been inadvertently flown upside - down by the UK government at the signing of a trade agreement with Chinese premier Wen Jiabao . The error had been spotted by readers of the BBC news website who had contacted the BBC after seeing a photograph of the event . History ( edit ) Attack on the Medway during the Second Anglo - Dutch War , June 1667 In 1603 , James VI of Scotland inherited the English and Irish thrones ( as James I ) , thereby uniting the crowns of England , Scotland and Ireland ( which remained separate states ) in a personal union . On 12 April 1606 , a new flag to represent this regal union between England and Scotland was specified in a royal decree , according to which the flag of England ( a red cross on a white background , known as St George 's Cross ) , and the flag of Scotland ( a white saltire on a blue background , known as the saltire or St Andrew 's Cross ) , would be joined together , forming the flag of Great Britain and first union flag : By the King : Whereas , some differences hath arisen between Our subjects of South and North Britaine travelling by Seas , about the bearing of their Flagges : For the avoiding of all contentions hereafter . We have , with the advice of our Council , ordered : That from henceforth all our Subjects of this Isle and Kingdome of Great Britaine , and all our members thereof , shall beare in their main - toppe the Red Crosse , commonly called St George 's Crosse , and the White Crosse , commonly called St Andrew 's Crosse , joyned together according to the forme made by our heralds , and sent by Us to our Admerall to be published to our Subjects : and in their fore - toppe our Subjects of South Britaine shall weare the Red Crosse onely as they were wont , and our Subjects of North Britaine in their fore - toppe the White Crosse onely as they were accustomed . Great Britain Name The King 's Colours or Great Union Flag Use National flag Proportion 3 : 5 Adopted 1606 -- 1707 ( ships at sea ) , 1707 -- 1801 ( England and Scotland ) Relinquished 1801 Design The Cross of St George over the Cross of St Andrew This royal flag was , at first , to be used only at sea on civil and military ships of both England and Scotland , whereas land forces continued to use their respective national banners . In 1634 , King Charles I restricted its use to the royal ships . After the Acts of Union 1707 , the flag gained a regularised status as `` the ensign armorial of the Kingdom of Great Britain '' , the newly created state . It was then adopted by land forces as well , although the blue field used on land - based versions more closely resembled that of the blue of the flag of Scotland . Various shades of blue have been used in the saltire over the years . The ground of the current Union Flag is a deep `` navy '' blue ( Pantone 280 ) , which can be traced to the colour used for the Blue Ensign of the Royal Navy 's historic `` Blue Squadron '' . ( Dark shades of colour were used on maritime flags on the basis of durability . ) In 2003 a committee of the Scottish Parliament recommended that the flag of Scotland use a lighter `` royal '' blue , ( Pantone 300 ) . ( The Office of the Lord Lyon does not detail specific shades of colour for use in heraldry . ) A thin white stripe , or fimbriation , separates the red cross from the blue field , in accordance with heraldry 's rule of tincture where colours ( like red and blue ) must be separated from each other by metals ( like white , i.e. argent or silver ) . The blazon for the old union flag , to be compared with the current flag , is azure , the cross saltire of St Andrew argent surmounted by the Cross of St George gules , fimbriated of the second . Wales had no explicit recognition in the Union Jack as it had been a part of the Kingdom of England since being annexed by Edward I of England in 1282 and its full integration by the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 -- 1542 , and was therefore represented by the flag of England . Protectorate Jack , 1658 -- 60 The Kingdom of Ireland , which had existed as a personal union with England since 1541 , was likewise unrepresented in the original versions of the Union Jack . However , the flag of the Protectorate from 1658 to 1660 was inescutcheoned with the arms of Ireland . These were removed at the Restoration , because Charles II disliked them . The original flag appears in the canton of the Commissioners ' Ensign of the Northern Lighthouse Board . This is the only contemporary official representation of the pre-1801 Union Jack in the United Kingdom and can be seen flying from their George Street headquarters in Edinburgh . This version of the Union Jack is also shown in the canton of the Grand Union Flag ( also known as the Congress Flag , the First Navy Ensign , the Cambridge Flag and the Continental Colours ) , the first widely used flag of the United States , slowly phased out after 1777 . Lord Howe 's action , or the Glorious First of June , painted in 1795 , shows a Union flying from HMS Queen Charlotte on the `` Glorious First of June '' 1794 . The actual flag , preserved in the National Maritime Museum , is a cruder approximation of the proper specifications ; this was common in 18th and early 19th century flags . The flag is also flown beside Customs House in Loftus Street , Sydney , to mark the approximate location at which Captain Phillip first raised the Union Jack , and claimed New South Wales in 1788 . On the plaque it is referred to as the `` Jack of Queen Anne '' . The British Army 's flag is the Union Jack , but in 1938 , a `` British Army Non-Ceremonial Flag '' was devised , featuring a lion on crossed blades with the St Edward 's Crown on a red background . This is not the equivalent of the ensigns of the other armed services , but is used at recruiting and military or sporting events , when the army needs to be identified but the reverence and ceremony due to the regimental flags and the Union Jack would be inappropriate . Other proposed versions ( edit ) Linlithgow Palace carving , c. 1617 Various other designs for a common flag were drawn up following the union of the two Crowns in 1603 , but were rarely , if ever , used . One version showed St George 's cross with St Andrew 's cross in the canton , and another version placed the two crosses side by side . A painted wooden ceiling boss from Linlithgow Palace , dated to about 1617 , depicts the Scottish royal unicorn holding a flag where a blue Saltire surmounts the red cross of St. George . Scottish Union flag ( edit ) Unofficial Scottish Union Flag Unofficial Scottish Union Flag in the 1704 edition of The Present State of the Universe In objecting to the design of Union Flag adopted in 1606 , whereby the cross of Saint George surmounted that of Saint Andrew , a group of Scots took up the matter with John Erskine , 18th Earl of Mar , and were encouraged by him to send a letter of complaint to James VI , via the Privy Council of Scotland , which stated that the flag 's design `` will breid some heit and miscontentment betwix your Majesties subjectis , and it is to be feirit that some inconvenientis sail fall oute betwix thame , for our seyfaring men can not be inducit to resave that flage as it is set down '' . Although documents accompanying this complaint which contained drafts for alternative designs have been lost , evidence exists , at least on paper , of an unofficial Scottish variant , whereby the Scottish cross was uppermost . There is reason to think that cloth flags of this design were employed during the 17th century for unofficial use on Scottish vessels at sea . This flag 's design is also described in the 1704 edition of The Present State of the Universe by John Beaumont , which contains as an appendix The Ensigns , Colours or Flags of the Ships at Sea : Belonging to The several Princes and States in the World . Slezer 's Edinburgh Castle c. 1693 depicting the Scottish Union Flag . On land , evidence confirming the use of this flag appears in the depiction of Edinburgh Castle by John Slezer , in his series of engravings entitled Theatrum Scotiae , c. 1693 . Appearing in later editions of Theatrum Scotiae , the North East View of Edinburgh Castle engraving depicts the Scotch ( to use the appropriate adjective of that period ) version of the Union Flag flying from the Palace block of the Castle . On the North Prospect of the City of Edenburgh engraving , the flag is indistinct . On 17 April 1707 , just two weeks prior to the Acts of Union coming into effect , and with Sir Henry St George , Garter King of Arms , having presented several designs of flag to Queen Anne and her Privy Council for consideration , the flag for the soon to be unified Kingdom of Great Britain was chosen . At the suggestion of the Scots representatives , the designs for consideration included that version of Union Jack showing the Cross of Saint Andrew uppermost ; identified as being the `` Scotts union flagg as said to be used by the Scotts '' . However , the Queen and her Council approved Sir Henry 's original effort , numbered `` one '' . A manuscript compiled in 1785 by William Fox and in possession of the Flag Research Center includes a full plate showing `` the scoth ( sic ) union '' flag . This could imply that there was still some use of a Scottish variant before the addition of the cross of St Patrick to the Union Flag in 1801 . Since 1801 ( edit ) 1899 photograph of the British and American flags on the border between British Columbia and Alaska World War I - era depiction of the Union flag Protesters tearing up a Union flag in 1920 Large Union flag in Copenhagen after the liberation of Denmark ( May 1945 ) The current and second Union Jack dates from 1 January 1801 with the Act of Union 1800 , which merged the Kingdom of Ireland and the Kingdom of Great Britain to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . The new design added a red saltire , the cross of Saint Patrick , for Ireland . This is counterchanged with the saltire of St Andrew , such that the white always follows the red clockwise . The arrangement has introduced a requirement to display the flag `` the right way up '' ; see specifications for flag use , below . As with the red cross , so too the red saltire is separated by a white fimbriation from the blue field . This fimbriation is repeated for symmetry on the white portion of the saltire , which thereby appears wider than the red portion . The fimbriation of the cross of St George separates its red from the red of the saltire . Apart from the Union Jack , Saint Patrick 's cross has seldom been used to represent Ireland , and with little popular recognition or enthusiasm ; it is usually considered to derive from the arms of the powerful FitzGerald family rather than any association with the saint . Flag speculation after Irish independence ( edit ) When the Anglo - Irish Treaty was concluded on 6 December 1921 and the creation of the new Irish Free State was an imminent prospect , the question arose as to whether the cross of Saint Patrick should remain in the Union Jack . The New York Times reported that on 22 January 1922 : At the College of Arms it was stated that certain modifications were under consideration and that if any action were taken it would be done by the King in Council . No parliamentary action would be necessary . Heraldry experts say that alterations in arms are very expensive . Some years ago there was a demand from Irish quarters that the blue ground of the golden harp on the royal standard should be changed to green . It was then estimated that the alteration would cost at least £ 2,000,000 . To remove all reference to Ireland from the present Union Jack and Royal Arms would be vastly more expensive . There was some speculation on the matter in British dominions also , with one New Zealand paper reporting that : ... the removal of the cross of St. Patrick Cross after 120 years will transform the appearance of the flag . It will certainly become a flag under which great victories were won in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries , but to most minds the sentimental loss will be great . Probably it will be found that the deletion is not absolutely necessary . Other possible changes include the abolition of the title of the United Kingdom , and the removal of the harp from the Royal Standard and the Coat of Arms , and the substitution of the Ulster emblem . However , the fact that it was likely that Northern Ireland would choose not to remain part of the Irish Free State after its foundation and remain in the United Kingdom , gave better grounds for keeping the cross of St. Patrick in the Union Jack . In this regard , Sir James Craig , the Prime Minister of Northern Ireland remarked in December 1921 that he and his government were `` glad to think that our decision ( to remain part of United Kingdom ) will obviate the necessity of mutilating the Union Jack . '' Though remaining within the United Kingdom , the new government of Northern Ireland dispensed with the St Patrick 's Saltire in favour of a new flag derived from the coat - of - arm of the Burkes , Earls of Ulster , and quite similar to England 's St George 's Cross . Ultimately , when the British home secretary was asked on 7 December 1922 ( the day after the Irish Free State was established ) whether the Garter King of Arms was to issue any regulations with reference to the Union Jack , the response was no and the flag has never been changed . A Dáil question in 1961 mooted raising the removal of the cross of St Patrick with the British government ; Frank Aiken , the Irish minister for external affairs , declined to `` waste time on heraldic disputations '' . Campaigns for a new Union flag ( edit ) The Union Flag with the red dragon from the flag of Wales added in the centre . In 2003 , a private individual started a campaign -- dubbed `` reflag '' or `` Union Black '' -- to interpret the Union Flag in a racial context , and introduce black stripes in it . The proposal was universally met with opposition and was denounced by MSP Phil Gallie as `` ridiculous tokenism ( that ) would do nothing to stamp out racism '' . The campaign is now defunct . Since there is no uniquely Welsh element in the Union Jack , Wrexham 's Labour MP Ian Lucas proposed on 27 November 2007 in a House of Commons debate that the Union Flag be combined with the Welsh flag to reflect Wales ' status within the UK , and that the red dragon be added to the Union Flag 's red , white , and blue pattern . He said the Union Jack currently only represented the other three UK nations , and Minister for Culture , Creative Industries and Tourism Margaret Hodge conceded that Lucas had raised a valid point for debate . She said , `` the Government is keen to make the Union Flag a positive symbol of Britishness reflecting the diversity of our country today and encouraging people to take pride in our flag . '' This development sparked design contests with entries from all over the world ; some of the entries incorporated red dragons and even anime characters and leeks . The lack of any Welsh symbol or colours in the flag is due to Wales already being part of the Kingdom of England when the flag of Great Britain was created in 1606 . In the run - up to the 2014 Scottish independence referendum , various non-official suggestions were made for how the flag could be redesigned without the St Andrew 's Cross in the event that Scotland left the Union . However , as Scotland voted against independence the issue did not arise . Brexit ( edit ) Since the UK referendum on membership of the European Union which resulted in a vote to leave , the Union Flag became a symbol of euroscepticism in Italy in August 2016 as hundreds of local businesses along the Italian riviera hoisted the flags as a protest against the implementation of the Services in the Internal Market Directive 2006 . In September 2016 , anti-Brexit campaigners planned to fly 5,000 European Union flags on the last night of the BBC Proms , in response , Leave.EU co-founder Arron Banks announced he planned to fund and give away 10,000 Union Flags to concert - goers . Status ( edit ) The Union Flag on display in Portadown in Northern Ireland . Northern Ireland has been part of the United Kingdom in its current form since 1921 . The Union Jack is used as a jack by commissioned warships and submarines of the Royal Navy , and by commissioned army and Royal Air Force vessels . When at anchor or alongside , it is flown from the jackstaff at the bow of the ship . When a ship is underway , the Union Jack is only flown from the jackstaff when the ship is dressed for a special occasion , such as the Queen 's official birthday . The Union Jack is worn at the masthead of a ship to indicate the presence of the Sovereign or an Admiral of the Fleet . The Union Flag may also be flown from the yardarm to indicate that a court - martial is in progress , though these are now normally held at shore establishments . No law has been passed making the Union Jack the national flag of the United Kingdom : it has become one through precedent . Its first recorded recognition as a national flag came in 1908 , when it was stated in Parliament that `` the Union Jack should be regarded as the National flag '' . A more categorical statement was made by Home Secretary Sir John Gilmour , in 1933 when he stated that `` the Union Flag is the national flag and may properly be flown by any British subject on land . '' Civilian use is permitted on land , but use of the unmodified flag at sea is restricted to military vessels . Unauthorised use of the flag in the 17th century to avoid paying harbour duties -- a privilege restricted to naval ships -- caused James 's successor , Charles I , to order that use of the flag on naval vessels be restricted to His Majesty 's ships `` upon pain of Our high displeasure . '' It remains a criminal offence under the Merchant Shipping Act 1995 to display the Union Flag ( other than the `` pilot jack '' -- see below ) from a British ship . Naval ships will fly the white ensign , merchant and private boats can fly the red ensign , others with special permission such as naval yacht clubs can fly the blue ensign . All of the coloured ensigns contain the union flag as part of the design . The Court of the Lord Lyon , which has legal jurisdiction in heraldic matters in Scotland , confirms that the Union Jack `` is the correct flag for all citizens and corporate bodies of the United Kingdom to fly to demonstrate their loyalty and their nationality . '' In Australia , the current national flag gradually replaced the Union Flag . When it formally created the national flag in the Flags Act 1953 , section 8 of that Act specified that `` this Act does not affect the right or privilege of a person to fly the Union Jack . '' The Union Jack continued to be used for a period thereafter as a national flag . The current national flag of New Zealand was given official standing under the New Zealand Ensign Act in 1902 , but similarly to Australia the Union Jack continued to be used in some contexts as a national flag . On 5 February 2008 , Conservative MP Andrew Rosindell introduced the ' Union Flag Bill ' as a private member 's bill under the 10 Minute Rule in the House of Commons . The Bill sought to formalise the position of the Union Flag as the national flag of the UK in law , to remove legal obstacles to its regular display and to officially recognise the name ' Union Jack ' as having equal status with ' Union Flag ' . However the Bill did not receive its second reading by the end of that parliamentary session . South Africa ( edit ) The Union Jack was introduced into South Africa in 1795 , and except for the period 1803 - 06 , it was an official flag until 1957 . When the Union of South Africa was established in 1910 , the Union Jack was treated as its official flag . The continued use of the Union Jack as national flag became an issue in the 1920s , when the government proposed to introduce a National Flag of the Union . A compromise was reached in which both flags were flown on official buildings . The Union Nationality and Flags Act 1927 provided that the flags of the Union were ( a ) the Union Jack , to denote the association with the other members of the British Commonwealth of Nations , and ( b ) the new National Flag . The Union Jack was to be flown alongside the National Flag at the Houses of Parliament , from the principal government buildings in the capitals , at Union ports , on government offices abroad , and at such other places as the government might determine . This dual arrangement was effective from 31 May 1928 . Instructions issued in 1931 confirmed the places where both flags were to be flown . In addition to those already mentioned , they were the Union Buildings ( Pretoria ) , the head offices of the four provincial administrations , the supreme courts , certain magistrates ' courts , customs houses , and three buildings in Durban ( the general post office , the railway station , and the local military district headquarters ) . Under these arrangements , the Union Jack was subordinate to the National Flag . As the two flags had to be the same size , it meant that the Union Jack was made in the ratio 2 : 3 rather than the usual 1 : 2 . The flying of the Union Jack alongside the National Flag ended on 6 April 1957 . Canada ( edit ) Pre-1801 Union Flag flies at Fort York , a former British Army base in Toronto The predecessor of the Union Jack , the flag of Great Britain , came into use in what is now Canada at the time of the Scottish settlement of Nova Scotia in 1621 . The Union Flag was also the official flag of the Dominion of Newfoundland and continued in use there after Newfoundland became a Canadian province . The province adopted its own flag in 1980 , employing a design based on that of the Union Flag . At the close of the Great Canadian Flag Debate in 1964 , which resulted in the adoption of the Maple Leaf Flag as Canada 's national flag the following year , a resolution was passed by both houses of the Canadian parliament naming the Union Flag as the Royal Union Flag and designating it as the symbol of Canada 's membership of the Commonwealth and its allegiance to the Crown . The move was a concession given to conservatives , who preferred to keep the old flag , with its Union Flag in the canton . A federal directive says the Royal Union Flag is to be flown alongside the Maple Leaf Flag at federal government buildings , federally - operated airports and military bases , and at the masthead of Her Majesty 's Canadian ships within Canadian waters on three days of the year : Commonwealth Day , the Canadian monarch 's official birthday , and the anniversary of the enactment of the Statute of Westminster 1931 . The flag is to be raised only where there is more than one flag pole , to ensure the flag of Canada is not removed . The directive is sometimes followed , sometimes not . Other ratios ( edit ) War flag variant Proportions : 3 : 5 Although the most common ratio is 1 : 2 , other ratios exist . The Royal Navy 's flag code book , BR20 Flags of All Nations , states that both 1 : 2 and 3 : 5 versions are official . The 3 : 5 version is most commonly used by the British Army and is sometimes known as the War flag . In this version the innermost points of the lower left and upper right diagonals of the St Patrick 's cross are cut off or truncated . The Queen 's Harbour Master 's flag , like the Pilot Jack , is a 1 : 2 flag that contains a white - bordered Union Flag that is longer than 1 : 2 . The jacks of ships flying variants of the Blue Ensign are square and have a square Union Flag in the canton . The Queen 's Colours of Army regiments are 36 by 43 inches ( 910 mm × 1,090 mm ) ; on them , the bars of the cross and saltire are of equal width ; so are their respective fimbriations , which are very narrow . As stated above , the Union Jacks flown alongside the National Flag in South Africa between 1928 and 1957 were 2 : 3 flags . Use in other flags ( edit ) Further information : List of countries and territories with the Union Jack displayed on their flag Other nations and regions ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The flag of Australia The Union Flag was found in the canton ( upper left - hand quarter ) of the flags of many colonies of Britain , while the field ( background ) of their flags was the colour of the naval ensign flown by the particular Royal Navy squadron that patrolled that region of the world . Nations and colonies that have used the Union Flag at some stage have included Aden , Barbados , Borneo , Burma , Canada , Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) , Cyprus , British East Africa ( Kenya Colony ) , Gambia , Gold Coast ( Ghana ) , Hong Kong , Jamaica , Lagos , Malta , Mauritius , Nigeria , Palestine , Penang ( Malaysia ) , Rhodesia , Sierra Leone , Singapore , Somaliland , British India , Tanganyika , Trinidad , Uganda , the United States , and Weihaiwei . As former British Empire nations were granted independence , these and other versions of the Union Flag were decommissioned . The most recent decommissioning of the Union Flag came on 1 July 1997 , when the former Dependent Territory of Hong Kong was handed over to the People 's Republic of China . All administrative regions and territories of the United Kingdom fly the Union Jack in some form , with the exception of Gibraltar ( other than the government ensign ) and the Crown Dependencies . Outside the UK , the Union Jack is usually part of a special ensign in which it is placed in the upper left hand corner of a blue field , with a signifying crest in the bottom right . Map of the British Empire ( as of 1910 ) Four former British colonies in Oceania which are now independent countries incorporate the Union Jack as part of their national flags : Australia , New Zealand and Tuvalu , which have retained the monarchy ; and Fiji , which abolished the monarchy in 1987 . In former British colonies , the Union Jack was used semi-interchangeably with territorial flags for significant parts of their early history . This was the case in Canada until the introduction of the Maple Leaf Flag in 1965 , but it is still used in the flags of a number of Canadian provinces such as British Columbia , Manitoba , and Ontario . Newfoundland and Labrador uses a modified version of the Union Flag , once the flag of the province . Along with the national flag , many other Australian flags retain the use of the Union Jack , including the Royal Australian Navy Ensign ( also known as the Australian White Ensign ) , the Royal Australian Air Force Ensign , the Australian Red Ensign ( for use by merchant and private vessels ) , and the Australian Civil Aviation Ensign . The flags of all six Australian States retain the Union Jack in the canton , as do some regional flags such as the Upper and Lower Murray River Flags . The Vice-Regal flags of the State Governors also use the Union Jack . The Basque Country 's flag , the Ikurriña , is also loosely based on the Union Jack , reflecting the significant commercial ties between Bilbao and Britain at the time the Ikurriña was designed in 1894 . The Miskito people sometimes use a similar flag that also incorporates the Union Jack in its canton , due to long periods of contact in the Mosquito Coast . Ka Hae Hawai ʻi , or the flag of Hawaii . The Union Jack was used by the United States in its first flag , the Grand Union Flag . This flag was of a similar design to the one used by the British East India Company . Hawaii , a state of the United States but located in the central Pacific , incorporates the Union Jack in its state flag . According to one story , the King of Hawaii asked the British mariner , George Vancouver , during a stop in Lahaina , what the piece of cloth flying from his ship was . Vancouver replied that it represented his king 's authority . The Hawaiian king then adopted and flew the flag as a symbol of his own royal authority not recognising its national derivation . Hawaii 's flag represents the only current use of the Union Jack in any American state flag . Also in the United States , the Union Flag of 1606 is incorporated into the flag of Baton Rouge , the capital city of Louisiana . Baton Rouge was a British colony from the time of the Seven Years ' War until the end of the American Revolutionary War , when it was captured by Spanish and American forces . Symbols from the colonial powers France and Spain are also incorporated into the Baton Rouge flag . Taunton , Massachusetts , USA , has in recent years used a flag with the old style Union Flag . Likewise , Westmoreland County , Pennsylvania , has been known to fly a flag containing the King 's Colours since 1973 . The Union Jack also appeared on both the 1910 -- 1928 and 1928 -- 1994 flags of South Africa . The 1910 -- 1928 flag was a red ensign with the Union coat of arms in the fly . The 1928 -- 1994 flag , based on the Prinsenvlag and commonly known as the oranje - blanje - blou ( orange - white - blue ) , contained the Union Jack as part of a central motif at par with the flags of the two Boer republics of the Orange Free State and Transvaal . To keep any one of the three flags from having precedence , the Union Jack is spread horizontally from the Orange Free State flag towards the hoist ; closest to the hoist , it is in the superior position but since it is reversed it does not precede the other flags . The coat of arms of the Chilean city of Coquimbo features the Union Jack , owing to its historical commercial links to Britain . The flag of New Zealand The flag of Tuvalu The flag of the Cook Islands The flag of Fiji The Queensland State flag The flag of the province of British Columbia , Canada The flag of the Province of Ontario , Canada The flag of the Canadian Province of Manitoba The flag of the Canadian Province of Newfoundland and Labrador Flag of the British Indian Ocean Territory The flag of Bermuda Falkland Islands Flag The flag of Niue Flag of Taunton , Massachusetts The flag of Baton Rouge , Louisiana Flag of Coquimbo , Chile Flag of British India ( 1880 -- 1947 ) Flag of the United States ( 1775 -- 1777 ) later named the Grand Union Flag The flag of the Cook Islands Federation from 1893 -- 1901 1957 version of the Canadian Red Ensign national flag until 1965 The flag of Rhodesia between 1964 and 1968 The flag of Singapore ( Before 1959 ) The flag of Hong Kong ( Before 1997 ) Oranje - blanje - blou , or the Flag of South Africa ( 1928 -- 1994 ) Ensigns ( edit ) Main article : British ensigns This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Union Flag can be found in the canton of several of the ensigns flown by vessels and aircraft of the United Kingdom and its overseas territories . These are used in cases where it is illegal to fly the Union Flag , such as at sea from a ship other than a British warship . Normal practice for British ships is to fly the White ensign ( Royal Navy ) , the Red ensign ( Merchant and private boats ) or the Blue ensign ( government departments and public corporations ) . Similar ensigns are used by other countries ( such as New Zealand and Australia ) with the Union Flag in the canton . Other Commonwealth countries ( such as India and Jamaica ) may follow similar ensign etiquette as the UK , replacing the Union Flag with their own national flag . Royal Navy White Ensign . The Merchant Navy Red Ensign . Royal Air Force Ensign . British Civil Air Ensign . British Government Blue Ensign . HM Coastguard Ensign . Ensign of the Commissioners of the Northern Lighthouse Board . Isle of Man Red Ensign Gibraltar State Ensign . Cayman Islands Red Ensign . Royal Australian Navy Ensign . Royal Australian Air Force Ensign . Australian Civil Ensign . Australian Civil Aviation Ensign . New Zealand Civil Air Ensign . Royal New Zealand Air Force Ensign . Royal New Zealand Navy Ensign . New Zealand Civil Ensign . Fiji Naval Ensign . Fiji Civil Ensign . Pilot or civil Jack ( edit ) The Union Jack with a white border . This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The flag in a white border occasionally seen on merchant ships was sometimes referred to as the Pilot Jack . It can be traced back to 1823 when it was created as a signal flag , never intended as a civil jack . A book issued to British consuls in 1855 states that the white bordered Union Flag is to be hoisted for a pilot . Although there was some ambiguity regarding the legality of it being flown for any other purpose on civilian vessels , its use as an ensign or jack was established well in advance of the 1864 Act that designated the Red Ensign for merchant shipping . In 1970 , the white - bordered Union Flag ceased to be the signal for a pilot , but references to it as national colours were not removed from the current Merchant Shipping Act and it was legally interpreted as a flag that could be flown on a merchant ship , as a jack if desired . This status was confirmed to an extent by the Merchant Shipping ( Registration , etc . ) Act 1993 and the consolidating Merchant Shipping Act 1995 which , in Section 4 , Subsection 1 , prohibits the use of any distinctive national colours or those used or resembling flags or pendants on Her Majesty 's Ships , `` except the Red Ensign , the Union flag ( commonly known as the Union Jack ) with a white border '' , and some other exceptions permitted elsewhere in the Acts . However , Section 2 regards the `` British flag '' , and states that `` The flag which every British ship is entitled to fly is the Red Ensign ( without any defacement or modification ) and , subject to ( a warrant from Her Majesty or from the Secretary of State , or an Order of Council from her Majesty regarding a defaced Red Ensign ) , no other colours . '' Many civil vessels continue to fly the white bordered Union Flag without official opposition , making it the de facto Civil Jack . Other ( edit ) Flag of the Hudson 's Bay Company which originated from its days as a British trading company . The Hudson 's Bay Company ( HBC ) was one of a few non-government institutions using the Union Jack in part of the flag . HBC rival North West Company had a similar flag as well . The HBC jack is no longer in use and replaced with a corporate flag featuring the company 's coat of arms . The Union Jack is the third quarter of the 1939 coat of arms of Alabama , representing British sovereignty over the state prior to 1783 . The version used is the modern flag , whereas the 1707 flag would have been used in colonial Alabama . Flag days ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In July 2007 , the British prime minister at the time , Gordon Brown , unveiled plans to have the Union Flag flown more often from government buildings . While consultation on new guidelines is under way , the decision to fly the flag may be made by each government department . Previously the flag was generally only flown on public buildings on days marking the birthdays of members of the Royal Family , the wedding anniversary of the monarch , Commonwealth Day , Accession Day , Coronation Day , the Queen 's Official Birthday , Remembrance Sunday , and on the days of the State Opening and prorogation of Parliament . The Union Flag is flown at half mast from the announcement of the death of the Sovereign ( save for Proclamation Day ) , or upon command of the Sovereign . The current flag days where the Union Flag should be flown from government buildings throughout the UK are : 9 January ( Birthday of The Duchess of Cambridge ) 20 January ( Birthday of The Countess of Wessex ) 6 February ( Anniversary of the accession of The Queen ) 19 February ( Birthday of The Duke of York ) Second Monday in March ( Commonwealth Day ) 10 March ( Birthday of The Earl of Wessex ) 21 April ( The Queen 's Birthday ) 9 May ( Europe Day ) 2 June ( Anniversary of The Queen 's coronation ) 10 June ( Birthday of The Duke of Edinburgh ) June ( second Saturday ) -- The Queen 's Official Birthday 21 June ( Birthday of The Duke of Cambridge ) 17 July ( Birthday of The Duchess of Cornwall ) 15 August ( Birthday of The Princess Royal ) Second Sunday in November ( Remembrance Sunday ) 14 November ( Birthday of The Prince of Wales ) 20 November ( Anniversary of the wedding of The Queen and The Duke of Edinburgh ) In addition , the Union Flag should be flown in the following areas on specified days : 1 March ( Wales only , for St David 's Day ) 17 March ( Northern Ireland only , for St Patrick 's Day ) 23 April ( England only , for St George 's Day ) The Day of the Opening of a Session of the Houses of Parliament , Greater London only The day of the prorogation of a Session of the Houses of Parliament , Greater London only . On 30 November , ( St Andrew 's Day ) , the Union Flag can be flown in Scotland only where a building has more than one flagpole -- on this day the Saltire will not be lowered to make way for the Union Flag if there is only one flagpole . This difference arose after Members of the Scottish Parliament complained that Scotland was the only country in the world that could not fly its national flag on its national day . However , on 23 April , St George 's Day , it is the Union Flag of the United Kingdom that is flown over United Kingdom 's government offices in England . Non-government organisations may fly the Union Flag whenever they choose . Usage and disposal ( edit ) The Union Flag has no official status in the United Kingdom , and there are no national regulations concerning its use or prohibitions against flag desecration . In Northern Ireland , the Flags Regulations ( Northern Ireland ) 2000 provide for the flying of the flag on government buildings on certain occasions , when it is flown half mast , and how it is displayed with other flags . The Flags and Heraldry Committee , an all - party parliamentary group lobbying for official standards , cooperated with the Flag Institute in 2010 to publish a set of recommended guidelines for the flag 's display and use as a symbol . There is no specific way in which the Union Flag should be folded as there is with the United States Flag . It is usually folded rectilinearly , with the hoist on the outside , to be easily reattached to the pole . Royal Navy Stores Duties Instructions , article 447 , dated 26 February 1914 , specified that flags condemned from further service use were to be torn up into small pieces and disposed of as rags ( ADM 1 / 8369 / 56 ) , not to be used for decoration or sold . The exception was flags that had flown in action : these could be framed and kept on board , or transferred to a `` suitable place '' , such as a museum ( ADM 1 / 8567 / 245 ) . Other names ( edit ) In Hong Kong and mainland China , the flag has the nickname Rice - Character Flag ( 米 字 旗 ; Cantonese Jyutping : mai5zi6kei4 , Mandarin Pinyin : mǐzìqí ) in Chinese , since the pattern looks like the Chinese character for `` rice '' ( 米 ) . The Butcher 's Apron is a pejorative term for the flag , common among Irish republicans , citing the blood - streaked appearance of the flag and referring to atrocities committed in Ireland and other countries under British colonial rule . In 2006 , Sandra White , a Member of the Scottish Parliament , caused a furore when the term was used in a press release under her name . It was later blamed on the actions of a researcher , who resigned yet claimed that the comment had been approved by White . Search for the `` Eureka Jack '' ( edit ) There is a possibility based on the first reports of the battle that a second , Union Flag , was being flown on 3 December 1854 by the rebels besieged at the Eureka Stockade . In 2013 the Australian Flag Society announced a worldwide quest and a A $ 10,000 reward for information leading to the discovery of the Union Jack which was reportedly hoisted beneath the Eureka flag at the Battle of the Eureka Stockade . In popular Culture ( edit ) As the de facto national flag of the United Kingdom , the Union Jack serves as a patriotic or nationalist symbol , and can also carry associations of militarism and imperialism . Winston Churchill wrote about the use of the Union Jack as a symbol connected to British nationalism and imperialism . In March 1899 the young Churchill wrote to his mother from India about her plans to produce a new trans - Atlantic magazine , to be called The Anglo - Saxon Review . The drawing at the end of this letter was deliberately mischievous , teasing her for going down - market , and in the accompanying letter he wrote , ' Your title `` The Anglo Saxon '' with its motto `` Blood is thicker than water '' only needs the Union Jack & the Star Spangled Banner crossed on the cover to be suited to one of Harmsworth 's ( a leading British newspaper owner ) cheap Imperialist productions . ' The Union Flag has been a prominent symbol in the sphere of fashion since the British Invasion movement of the 1960s , in a similar manner to the American Stars and Stripes flag . A notable increase in popularity was seen in Cuba following the 2012 summer Olympics , with clothing , nail decoration , tattoos , and hairstyles in youths being observed featuring the pattern . Commonly the Union Flag is used on computer software and Internet pages as an icon representing a choice of the English language where a choice among multiple languages may be presented to the user . The flag has been embroidered on various Reebok equipment as a mark of the brand 's British origin , and the Reebok Union Jack has been referred to as a brand icon . Many music artists have used the Union flag ranging from rock artists The Who , Sex Pistols , Freddie Mercury , Morrissey , Oasis , Iron Maiden , and Def Leppard , to the pop girl group the Spice Girls . Gallery ( edit ) The Union flag in use ( edit ) Pre-1801 Union Flag at the historic Fort York , Toronto , Ontario , Canada . Scottish Union Flag at Lennoxlove House , East Lothian , Scotland . Ulster Covenant signed in 1912 by Sir Edward Carson on a Union Flag table . The pennant flying on Britannia 's boat in this 1793 James Gillray cartoon is considerably different from the present flag . A different style of Union Flag appears again in another cartoon by Gillray . The Royal Union Flag alongside the flag of Canada and the flag of British Columbia , at Stanley Park in Vancouver . The Commissioners ' Flag of the Northern Lighthouse Board continues to use the pre-1801 design in the canton . Rows of Union Flags line each side of The Mall , London . Union Flag flying above Downing Street . Union Flag flying along the River Thames in London in 2016 . Orangemen parading in Belfast , Northern Ireland . Union Flag variants 1606 -- 1801 ( edit ) Coat of arms of Ireland 17th c . ( Ireland ) St George 's Cross 16th c . ( England and Wales ) St Andrew 's Cross 16th c . ( Scotland ) Flag of the Commonwealth 1649 ( Commonwealth of England ) English Naval Jack Royal Navy 1643 ( England ) Scottish Union Flag ( Unofficial ) 17th c . ( Scotland ) Union Flag of 1606 1606 ( Union of the Crowns ) 1660 ( Restoration ) 1707 ( Great Britain ) St Patrick 's Cross ( Historical ) 17th c . ( Ireland ) Flag of the Commonwealth and Protectorate Jack 1658 ( Commonwealth of England ) Union Flag of 1801 1801 ( United Kingdom ) Union flag in folk Art ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2014 ) Battle scene from Ray Wenban 's The Revolt at Eureka . A folk cartoon inspired by the 1854 Eureka Rebellion entitled Fall back with the Eureka Jack . See also ( edit ) United Kingdom portal Heraldry and vexillology portal List of British flags Northern Ireland flags issue Union mark of Norway and Sweden Cross Union Jack Club , London Flag of India ( Flag of British India ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ It has been claimed that `` Union Jack '' was the name given to the flag flown on the `` jack staff '' of ships of the Royal Navy , however the etymology is ultimately uncertain . Jump up ^ Graham Bartram ( born 1963 ) , a British vexillologist who is , as of 2013 , the secretary - general for congresses of the Fédération internationale des associations vexillologiques and the chief vexillologist of the Flag Institute , when interviewed on the BBC Broadcasting House programme on 13 October 2013 , stated that either name was perfectly valid whatever the purpose . He stated that the theory that the flag should only be referred to as `` Union Jack '' when flown at sea was wrong . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The official website of The British Monarchy '' . Royal.gov.uk . Archived from the original on 5 November 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Union Jack or The Union Flag ? '' . The Flag Institute . 2014 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Union Jack '' . The British Monarchy . Archived from the original on 30 June 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Canadian Heritage ( 10 March 2008 ) . `` Statement by the Hon . Jason Kenney , PC , MP , Secretary of State ( Multiculturalism and Canadian Identity ) on Commonwealth Day '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Archived from the original on 11 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Nicolls , Bruce . `` The Union Jack or The Union Flag ? '' . The Flag Institute . Retrieved 19 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Broadcasting House 13th October 2013 '' . BBC . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UNION JACK - discussion on BBC Broadcasting House '' . YouTube . 2013 - 10 - 19 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Bartram , Graham . `` British flags '' . The Flag Institute . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Nicolls , Bruce . `` The Union Jack or The Union Flag ? '' . The Flag Institute . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` UK Parliament '' . UK Parliament . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Union of the Crowns '' . UK Parliament . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . The Flag Institute . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` British Flag Protocol '' . The Flag Institute . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Flying of the Union Jack '' . House of Lords . Hansard. 192 . 14 July 1908 . cc579 -- 80 . Jump up ^ The Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty ( 1911 ) ( 1908 ) , Manual of Seamanship , I , London : HMSO , p. 20 , NOTE. -- A Jack is a Flag to be flown only at the `` Jack '' Staff , i.e. , a staff on the bowsprit or forepart of the ship ... In 1660 the Duke of York ( afterwards James II . ) gave an order that the Union Flag should be worn only by the King 's ships . Jump up ^ Crawford , JR ( 1909 ) . `` Chapter XLI The Union Jack '' . In Fox - Davies , Arthur Charles . A Complete Guide to Heraldry . New York : Dodge Publishing Company . pp. 611 -- 617 . ^ Jump up to : Perrin , William Gordon ( 1922 ) . British flags , their early history , and their development at sea : with an account of the origin of the flag as a national device . The University Press . p. 59 . Jump up ^ `` No. 15324 '' . The London Gazette. 30 December 1800 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Perrin , William Gordon ( 1922 ) . British flags , their early history , and their development at sea : with an account of the origin of the flag as a national device . The University Press . p. 55 . ^ Jump up to : `` No. 15325 '' . The London Gazette. 3 January 1801 . pp. 25 -- 27 . Jump up ^ `` No. 15325 '' . The London Gazette. 3 January 1801 . pp. 23 -- 24 . ^ Jump up to : United Kingdom at Flags of the World . Retrieved on 2008 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 16 August 2016 . Retrieved 16 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Jean , ed. ( 1990 ) , Reed 's Nautical Almanac 1990 , New Malden , Surrey : Thomas Reed Publications Limited , pp. 16 : 2 -- 16 : 3 , ISBN 0 - 947637 - 36 - 2 Jump up ^ `` Naval Jack ( U.S. ) '' . Crwflags.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ The European Magazine : And London Review . 39 . Philological Society of London . 1801 . p. 74 . Jump up ^ `` Union Flag Bill 2007 -- 08 '' . UK Parliament . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ by the 1970s , `` its current official dimension of l / 30th the width of the flag '' The Flag Bulletin , Volumes 12 - 14 , Flag Research Center ( 1973 ) , p. 85 . Jump up ^ e.g. , the only remaining Union Jack flown in the Battle of Trafalgar ( from HMS Spartiate ) shows no `` counterchanging '' ; photograph : `` World 's most expensive Union Jack : Flag that flew at Battle of Trafalgar sells for record - breaking £ 384,000 '' , Daily Mail , 22 October 2009. ( 1 ) Jump up ^ PANTONE . `` PANTONE 280 C - find a PANTONE Color '' . www.pantone.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ PANTONE . `` PANTONE 186 C - find a PANTONE Color '' . www.pantone.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Row over Shelley 's flag gaffe '' . The Sun . 15 February 2010 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Flag mistake at UK - China ceremony '' . BBC News . 3 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Fox - Davies , Arthur Charles ( 1986 ) ( 1904 ) . The Art of Heraldry : An Encyclopædia of Armory . London : Bloomsbury Books . p. 399 . ISBN 0 - 906223 - 34 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` The History and Meaning of the Union Jack or Union Flag '' . Know Britain . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday 13 May 1660 '' . The Diary of Samuel Pepys . Phil Gyford. 13 May 1660 . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Northern Lighthouse Commissioner 's Flag at Flags of the World Jump up ^ `` Command flag , Admiral of the Fleet , RN ( before 1801 ) '' . The Collection . National Maritime Museum . AAA0730 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Post Office Blue Ensign ( before 1864 ) '' . The Collection . National Maritime Museum . AAA3687 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Fry , Plantagenet Somerset ( 1990 ) . The Kings and Queens of England and Scotland . Grove Press . p. 127 . ISBN 9780802113863 . Jump up ^ Hulme , Edward . F. ( 1897 ) . The flags of the world : their history , blazonry and associations ( txt ) . F. Warne & co . p. 152 . Jump up ^ Bartram , Graham ( 2005 ) . British Flags & Emblems . Flag Institute / Tuckwell . p. 122 . ISBN 9781862322974 . Jump up ^ Crampton , William ( 1992 ) . Flags of the World . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Whitney ( 1973 ) . `` Title unknown '' . The Flag Bulletin . Flag Research Center . Jump up ^ Beaumont , John ( 1704 ) ( 1701 ) . The Present State of the Universe ... Benj . Motte . p. 164 . Jump up ^ `` The North East View of Edinburgh Castle '' . Slezer 's Scotland . National Library of Scotland . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ Slezer , John ; Sibbald , Robert ; Swall , Abel ( 1693 ) . Theatrum Scotiae . John Leake . p. 114 . Jump up ^ `` The North Prospect of the City of Edenburgh '' . Slezer 's Scotland . National Library of Scotland . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : de Burton , Simon ( 9 November 1999 ) . `` How Scots lost battle of the standard '' . The Scotsman . Johnston Press plc . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Hayes - McCoy , Gerard Anthony ( 1979 ) . Ó Snodaigh , Pádraig , ed . A history of Irish flags from earliest times . Dublin : Academy Press . p. 38 . ISBN 0 - 906187 - 01 - X . Jump up ^ `` May Alter The Union Jack '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . 14 January 1922 . Jump up ^ `` Signs of Heraldry '' . Ashburton Guardian . XLII ( 9409 ) . National Library of New Zealand . 13 December 1921 . p. 5 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Position of Ulster '' . Ashburton Guardian . XLII ( 9413 ) . National Library of New Zealand . 16 December 1921 . p. 5 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` National Flag ( Irish Free State ) '' . House of Commons . Hansard. 159 . 7 December 1922 . cc2015 - 6W . Jump up ^ `` Ceisteanna -- Questions . Oral Answers . -- Cross of St. Patrick on British Flag '' . Oireachtas. 3 August 1961 . p. 18 . Jump up ^ `` Rebranding puts black marks against UK flag '' . BBC . 11 June 2003 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Welsh dragon call for Union flag '' . BBC . 27 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Moore , Matthew ( 5 December 2007 ) . `` The new face of Britain Flag poll results '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Holt , Richard ( 30 November 2007 ) . `` Japan offers to solve ' Union Jack problem ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` What would the union jack look like if the Scottish bit were removed ? '' . Bbc.co.uk. 2013 - 12 - 04 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Union Jack : your designs '' . Guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Ghiglione , Davide ( 5 August 2015 ) . `` Italian beach operators hoist British flag in protest at EU law '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anti-Brexit campaigners to hijack Last Night of the Proms with EU flags '' . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Millionaire funds 10,000 Union flags for Last Night of the Proms to combat pro-EU protest plans '' . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Use at Sea '' . Flags of the World . 8 July 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ THE FLYING OF THE UNION JACK , Hansard , House of Lords Debate , 14 July 1908 vol 192 cc579 - 80 Jump up ^ Official Report ( Hansard ) , 27 June 1933 ; Vol. 279 , c. 1324 . Jump up ^ The Merchant Shipping Act 1995 ( 1995 c. 21 ) , London : The National Archives , 1995 , section 2 , retrieved 1 March 2015 Jump up ^ `` The Union Flag '' . The Court of the Lord Lyon . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Kwan , Elizabeth ( 2006 ) . Flag and Nation : Australians and their national flags since 1901 . Sydney , Australia : University of New South Wales Press . ISBN 0 - 86840 - 567 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` The New Zealand Flag '' ( PDF ) . Scouting New Zealand . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 July 2011 . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Union Flag Bill 2007 -- 08 '' . UK Parliament . 5 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Union Nationality and Flags Act 1927 ( renamed ' Flags Act 1927 ' in 1949 ) . ^ Jump up to : Radburn , A. ' South Africa 's Dual Flag Arrangement , 1928 - 1957 ' in SAVA Newsletter SN 74 / 16 ( April 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Government Gazette 1953 ( 29 May 1931 ) : Government Notice 376 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference iff was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Flags Amendment Act 1957 Jump up ^ Department of Canadian Heritage ( 17 November 2008 ) . `` The Royal Union flag ( Union Jack ) '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Department of National Defence ( 5 January 2001 ) . `` The Honours , Flags and Heritage Structure of the Canadian Forces '' ( PDF ) . Queen 's Printer for Canada . p. 337 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Evan Dyer . `` We Stand on Guard for Whom ? Union Jack at crossing sends mixed message - Ottawa - CBC News '' . Cbc.ca . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : United Kingdom : 3 : 5 variant at Flags of the World . Retrieved on 2008 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ Grieve , Martin ; Southworth , Christopher ; Prothero , David . `` United Kingdom : Regimental Colours '' . Flags of the World . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Westmoreland County , Pennsylvania ( U.S. ) at Flags of the World Jump up ^ `` Merchant Shipping Act 1995 '' ( PDF ) . UK Public General Acts . The National Archives . 19 July 1995 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Brown lifts ban on national flag '' . BBC News . 6 July 2007 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Flag Flying '' . Department of Culture , Media and Sport . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Designated days for Union Flag flying '' . Department of Culture , Media and Sport . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Flag Flying 2011 '' . Scottish Government . 27 July 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Ministers agree flag day review '' . BBC News . 20 May 2002 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ The Flags Regulations ( Northern Ireland ) 2000 , Act No. 347 of 2000 ^ Jump up to : Bartram , Graham ; Flags & Heraldry Committee ( 2010 ) . Flying Flags in the United Kingdom ( PDF ) ( PDF ) . London : The Flag Institute . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9513286 - 1 - 3 . Jump up ^ Canadian Flag Etiquette at Flags of the World Jump up ^ `` A Google Images search for ' 米 字 旗 ' turns up several United Kingdom flags '' . Archived from the original on 12 November 2002 . Jump up ^ Salkie , Raphael ( 1990 ) . `` Outside the ' Free World ' '' . The Chomsky Update : Linguistics and Politics . Unwin Hyman . p. 174 . ISBN 0 - 04 - 445589 - 5 . Jump up ^ Groom , Nick ( 2007 ) . `` Union Jacks and Union Jills '' . In Eriksen , Thomas Hylland ; Jenkins , Richard . Flag , Nation and Symbolism in Europe and America . Routledge . p. 81 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 44404 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` SNP Face More Flak Over Flag Attacks '' . Daily Record . 21 January 2006 . Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Cowie , Tom ( 22 October 2013 ) . `` $10,000 reward to track down the ' other ' Eureka flag '' . The Courier . Jump up ^ Cable , Richard ( 10 January 2013 ) . `` The union jack : A very complex flag '' . BBC Knowledge & Learning . Jump up ^ Churchill , Winston ( 2 March 1899 ) . ( Letter ) . Letter to Jeanette , Lady Randolph Churchill http://www.churchillarchive.com/explore/page?contextId=CHAR%2028%2F26%2F11-12#image=0 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Close Up : Cuba 's new love for the Union flag '' . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Brabazon , Tara ( 2000 ) . Tracking the Jack : a retracing of the Antipodes . Sydney : University of New South Wales Press . p. 15 . Jump up ^ Upshaw , Lynn B. ( 1995 ) . Building Brand Identity : A Strategy for Success in a Hostile Marketplace . John Wiley & Sons , Inc . ISBN 0 - 471 - 04220X . Further reading ( edit ) Groom , Nick ( 2007 ) . The Union Jack : The Story of the British Flag . Atlantic Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84354 - 337 - 4 . Lister , Davis ( 2014 ) . Union Jack or Union Flag ? ( PDF ) . London : Flag Institute . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Union Jack . External images The Cross of Saint Andrew . 26 September 2009 . By cthonus Accessed 2009 - 12 - 30 . The Cross of Saint George . 11 June 2006 . By Two Thumbs . Accessed 2009 - 12 - 30 . Scottish Union Flag. 2 June 2009 . By boongiepam . Accessed 2009 - 12 - 16 . `` English / British Union Flag '' . 29 March 2008 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 18 . By dr. nic . Accessed 2009 - 12 - 31 . The Cross of Saint Patrick . 17 March 2007 . By tim ellis . Accessed 2009 - 12 - 30 . United Kingdom Union Flag. 15 July 2009 . By leegibb13 . Accessed 2009 - 12 - 16 . United Kingdom at Flags of the World Monochrome Union Flag not flown to avoid controversy British flags during The Protectorate and the Commonwealth of England -- see external link Union Jack at the Royal Family website BBC page for 400th anniversary of flag How to draw the Union Jack Union Jack Flag Infographic History of the Union Jack video National flags and coats of arms National flags Sovereign states Dependent territories Timeline National coats of arms Sovereign states Dependent territories Heraldry portal Flags of Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union Sovereign Military Order of Malta Flags of the United Kingdom United Kingdom Flag of the United Kingdom ( 1801 -- present ) Countries of the United Kingdom England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland Banners Royal Standard of the United Kingdom ( 1801 -- present ) Royal Standard of the United Kingdom in Scotland ( 1801 -- present ) Royal Banner of Scotland ( 1222 -- present ) Historic Flag of Great Britain ( 1707 -- 1801 ) Royal Standard of Great Britain ( 1707 -- 1801 ) Royal Banner of England ( 1198 -- 1707 ) Flags used during the Interregnum ( 1649 -- 1660 ) Royal Standard of Ireland ( 1541 -- 1800 ) Ireland within the UK ( 1801 -- 1922 ) Northern Ireland ( 1953 -- 1972 ) Ensigns Blue Ensign Red Ensign White Ensign Green Ensign Royal Air Force Ensign Civil Air Ensign National and regional flags incorporating the Union Jack Sovereign states Australia Fiji New Zealand Tuvalu United Kingdom Dependent territories United Kingdom Anguilla Ascension Island Bermuda British Antarctic Territory British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Falkland Islands Montserrat Pitcairn Islands Saint Helena South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Tristan da Cunha Turks and Caicos Islands New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Ross Dependency States , provinces and other administrative divisions Australia New South Wales Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Canada British Columbia Manitoba Ontario United States Hawaii Cities Chile Coquimbo United States Baton Rouge , Louisiana Mobile , Alabama Taunton , Massachusetts Miscellaneous Flags based on British ensigns Mosquito Kingdom ( 1844 -- 1860 ) List of British flags Historical flags of the British Empire George Rex Flag Flags inspired by the Union Jack Basque Country St. Pierre & Miquelon Newfoundland & Labrador Historical Canada South Africa Newfoundland Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Union_Jack&oldid=856617060 '' Categories : British Empire Flags of the United Kingdom Flags of Northern Ireland National symbols of the United Kingdom Unionism in the United Kingdom Jacks ( flags ) 1801 establishments in the United Kingdom Flags introduced in 1801 Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 All articles containing potentially dated statements Pages with reference errors CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Pages containing links to subscription - 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where did we get the northwest territory from
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The region was assigned to the United States in the Treaty of Paris of 1783 , but sporadic westward emigrant settlements had already resumed late in the war after the Iroquois Confederacy 's power was broken and the tribes scattered by the 1779 Sullivan Expedition . Soon after the Revolution ended , land - hungry migrants started moving west . A gateway trading post developed as the town of Brownsville , Pennsylvania , which was a key outfitting center west of the mountains . Other wagon roads , such as the Kittanning Path surmounting the gaps of the Allegheny in central Pennsylvania , or trails along the Mohawk River in New York , enabled a steady stream of settlers to reach the near west and the lands bordering the Mississippi . This activity stimulated the development of the eastern parts of the eventual National Road by private investors . The Cumberland -- Brownsville toll road linked the water routes of the Potomac River with the Monongahela River of the Ohio / Mississippi riverine systems in the days when water travel was the only good alternative to walking and riding . Most of the territory and its successors was settled by emigrants passing through the Cumberland Narrows , or along the Mohawk Valley in New York State .
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Northwest Territory
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northwest territory
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Seal Motto Meliorem lapsa locavit `` He has planted one better than the one fallen '' Capital Marietta ( 1788 -- 1799 ) Chillicothe ( 1799 -- 1803 ) Government Organized incorporated territory Governor 1787 -- 1802 Arthur St. Clair 1802 -- 1803 Charles Willing Byrd History Northwest Ordinance July 13 , 1787 Affirmed by United States Congress August 7 , 1789 Indiana Territory created May 7 , 1800 Statehood of Ohio March 1 , 1803 The Northwest Territory in the United States was formed after the American Revolutionary War ( 1775 - 1783 ) , and was known formally as the Territory Northwest of the River Ohio . It encompassed most of the pre-war British colonial territory north of the Ohio River of the Ohio Country , parts of Illinois Country , and parts of old French Canada ( New France ) below the Great Lakes . ( These had been under French royal claims before 1763 . ) It was an organized incorporated territory of the United States spanning most or large parts of six eventual U.S. States . It existed legally from July 13 , 1787 , until March 1 , 1803 , when the southeastern portion of the territory was admitted to the Union as the state of Ohio , and the remainder was reorganized by additional legislative actions . In the 18th century , Great Britain and France disputed for control of this region . The French had claimed it in the 17th century as part of New France . The competition between these empires resulted in the Seven Years ' War in Europe . In North America the war front was known as the French and Indian War . After Britain gained control following its defeat of France in 1763 , it attempted to reserve much of this territory for use by Native Americans , under the Royal Proclamation of 1763 , and for a new colony , the British Province of Quebec . This roused resentment among the British colonists of the Thirteen Colonies , who were already seeking to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains . The region was assigned to the United States in the Treaty of Paris of 1783 , but sporadic westward emigrant settlements had already resumed late in the war after the Iroquois Confederacy 's power was broken and the tribes scattered by the 1779 Sullivan Expedition . Soon after the Revolution ended , land - hungry migrants started moving west . A gateway trading post developed as the town of Brownsville , Pennsylvania , which was a key outfitting center west of the mountains . Other wagon roads , such as the Kittanning Path surmounting the gaps of the Allegheny in central Pennsylvania , or trails along the Mohawk River in New York , enabled a steady stream of settlers to reach the near west and the lands bordering the Mississippi . This activity stimulated the development of the eastern parts of the eventual National Road by private investors . The Cumberland -- Brownsville toll road linked the water routes of the Potomac River with the Monongahela River of the Ohio / Mississippi riverine systems in the days when water travel was the only good alternative to walking and riding . Most of the territory and its successors was settled by emigrants passing through the Cumberland Narrows , or along the Mohawk Valley in New York State . The Congress of the Confederation enacted the Northwest Ordinance in 1787 to provide for the administration of the territories and set rules for admission of jurisdictions as states . On August 7 , 1789 , the new U.S. Congress affirmed the Ordinance with slight modifications under the Constitution . The territory included all the land of the United States west of Pennsylvania and northwest of the Ohio River . It covered all of the modern states of Ohio , Indiana , Illinois , Michigan , and Wisconsin , as well as the northeastern part of Minnesota . The area covered more than 260,000 square miles ( 670,000 km ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 British control 1.2 American Revolution 1.3 Indian wars 1.4 Statehood for Ohio 1.5 Education 2 Law and government 2.1 Officials 2.2 General Assembly 3 Territorial counties 4 Territorial contributions 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 8.1 Older sources 9 External links History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) European exploration of the region began with French - Canadian voyageurs in the 17th century , followed by French missionaries and French fur traders . French - Canadian explorer Jean Nicolet was the first recorded European entrant into the region , landing in 1634 at the current site of Green Bay , Wisconsin ( although Étienne Brûlé is stated by some sources as having explored Lake Superior and possibly inland Wisconsin in 1622 ) . The French exercised control from widely separate posts in the region , which they claimed as New France ; among these was the post at Fort Detroit , founded in 1701 . France ceded the territory to the Kingdom of Great Britain as part of the Indian Reserve in the 1763 Treaty of Paris , after being defeated in the French and Indian War ( and Seven Years ' War in Europe ) . British control ( edit ) From the 1750s to the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 , the British had a long - standing goal of creating an Indian barrier state , a large `` neutral '' Indian state that would cover most of the Old Northwest . It would be independent of the United States and under the tutelage of the British , who would use it to block American expansion and to build up their control of the fur trade headquartered in Montreal . A new colony , named Charlotina , was proposed for the southern Great Lakes region . However , facing armed opposition by Native Americans , the British issued the Proclamation of 1763 , which prohibited white colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains . This action angered American colonists interested in expansion , as well as those who had already settled in the area . In 1774 , by the Quebec Act , Britain annexed the region to the Province of Quebec in order to provide a civil government and to centralize British administration of the Montreal - based fur trade . The prohibition of settlement west of the Appalachians remained , contributing to the American Revolution . American Revolution ( edit ) In February 1779 , George Rogers Clark of the Virginia Militia captured Kaskaskia and Vincennes from British commander Henry Hamilton . Virginia capitalized on Clark 's success by laying claim to the whole of the Old Northwest , calling it Illinois County , Virginia , until 1784 , when Virginia ceded its land claims to the federal government . The Old Northwest Territory included all the then - owned land of the United States west of Pennsylvania , east of the Mississippi River , and northwest of the Ohio River . It covered all of the modern states of Ohio , Indiana , Illinois , Michigan , and Wisconsin , as well as the northeastern part of Minnesota . The area covered more than 260,000 square miles ( 670,000 km ) and was a significant addition to the United States . It was inhabited by about 45,000 Native Americans and 4,000 traders , mostly Canadien and British -- although both groups included the Metis , a sizeable group descended from Native women married to European or Canadian traders who established a unique culture that ruled the Upper Midwest for more than a century . Britain officially ceded the area north of the Ohio River and west of the Appalachians to the United States at the end of the American Revolutionary War with the Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) , but the British continued to maintain a presence in the region as late as 1815 , the end of the War of 1812 . The state cessions that eventually allowed for the creation of the Territories North and South West of the River Ohio Several states ( Virginia , Massachusetts , New York , and Connecticut ) then had competing claims on the territory . Other states , such as Maryland , refused to ratify the Articles of Confederation so long as these states were allowed to keep their western territory , fearing that those states could continue to grow and tip the balance of power in their favor under the proposed system of federal government . As a concession in order to obtain ratification , these states ceded their claims on the territory to the federal government : New York in 1780 , Virginia in 1784 , Massachusetts and Connecticut in 1785 . So the majority of the territory became public land owned by the U.S. government . Virginia and Connecticut reserved the land of two areas to use as compensation to military veterans : The Virginia Military District and the Connecticut Western Reserve . In this way , the United States included territory and people outside any of the states . Thomas Jefferson 's Land Ordinance of 1784 was the first organization of the territory by the United States . The Land Ordinance of 1785 established a standardized system for surveying the land into saleable lots , although Ohio would be partially surveyed several times using different methods , resulting in a patchwork of land surveys in Ohio . Some older French communities ' property claims based on earlier systems of long , narrow lots also were retained . The rest of the Northwest Territory was divided into roughly uniform square townships and sections , which facilitated land sales and development . The ordinance also stipulated that the territory would eventually form at least three - but not more than five - new states . American settlement officially began at Marietta , Ohio , on April 7 , 1788 , with the arrival of forty - eight pioneers . Indian wars ( edit ) The young United States government , deeply in debt following the Revolutionary War and lacking authority to tax under the Articles of Confederation , planned to raise revenue from the methodical sale of land in the Northwest Territory . This plan necessarily called for the removal of both Native American villages and squatters from the Eastern U.S. Difficulties with Native American tribes and a supporting British military presence presented continuing obstacles for American expansion . As late as 1791 , Rufus Putnam wrote to President Washington that `` we shall be so reduced and discouraged as to give up the settlement . '' The military campaign of General `` Mad '' Anthony Wayne against the Native Americans , who were supported by a British company , eventually culminated with victory at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794 and the Treaty of Greenville of 1795 . Jay 's Treaty , in 1794 , temporarily helped to smooth relations with British traders in the region , where British citizens outnumbered American citizens throughout the 1790s . Furthermore , in regards to the Leni Lenape Native Americans living in the region , Congress decided that 10,000 acres on the Muskingum River in the present state of Ohio would `` be set apart and the property thereof be vested in the Moravian Brethren ... or a society of the said Brethren for civilizing the Indians and promoting Christianity . '' The first governor of the Northwest Territory , Arthur St. Clair , formally established the government on July 15 , 1788 , at Marietta . His original plan called for the organization of five initial counties : Washington ( Ohio east of the Scioto River ) , Hamilton ( Ohio between the Scioto and the Miami Rivers ) , Knox ( Indiana and eastern Illinois ) , St. Clair ( Illinois and Wisconsin ) , and Wayne ( Michigan ) . Under the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 , which created the Northwest Territory , General St. Clair was appointed governor of what is now Ohio , Indiana , Illinois , Michigan , along with parts of Wisconsin and Minnesota . He named Cincinnati , Ohio , after the Society of the Cincinnati , and it was there that he established his home . When the territory was divided in 1800 , he served as governor of the Ohio Territory . As Governor , he formulated the Maxwell Code ( named after its printer , William Maxwell ) , the first written laws of the territory . He also sought to end Native American claims to Ohio land and clear the way for white settlement . In 1789 , he succeeded in getting certain Indians to sign the Treaty of Fort Harmar , but many native leaders had not been invited to participate in the negotiations , or had refused to do so . Rather than settling the Indian 's claims , the treaty provoked them to further resistance in what is sometimes known as the `` Northwest Indian War '' ( or `` Little Turtle 's War '' ) . Mutual hostilities led to a campaign by General Josiah Harmar , whose 1,500 militiamen were defeated by the Indians in October 1790 . In March 1791 , St. Clair succeeded Harmar as commander of the United States Army and was commissioned as a major general . He personally led a punitive expedition involving two Regular Army regiments and some militia . In October 1791 as an advance post for his campaign , Fort Jefferson ( Ohio ) was built under the direction of General Arthur St. Clair . Located in present - day Darke County in far western Ohio , the fort was built of wood and intended primarily as a supply depot ; accordingly , it was originally named Fort Deposit . One month later , near modern - day Fort Recovery , his force advanced to the location of Indian settlements near the headwaters of the Wabash River , but on November 4 they were routed in battle by a tribal confederation led by Miami Chief Little Turtle and Shawnee chief Blue Jacket . More than 600 soldiers and scores of women and children were killed in the battle , which has since borne the name `` St. Clair 's Defeat '' , also known as the `` Battle of the Wabash '' , the `` Columbia Massacre , '' or the `` Battle of a Thousand Slain '' . It remains the greatest defeat of a US Army by Native Americans in history , with about 623 American soldiers killed in action and about 50 Native American killed . Although an investigation exonerated him , St. Clair resigned his army commission in March 1792 at the request of President Washington , but continued to serve as Governor of the Northwest Territory . Check signed by Arthur St. Clair while Governor of the Northwest Territory ( 1796 ) A Federalist , St. Clair hoped to see two states made of the Ohio Territory in order to increase Federalist power in Congress . However , he was resented by Ohio Democratic - Republicans for what were perceived as his partisanship , high - handededness and arrogance in office . In 1802 , his opposition to plans for Ohio statehood led President Thomas Jefferson to remove him from office as territorial governor . He thus played no part in the organizing of the state of Ohio in 1803 . The first Ohio Constitution provided for a weak governor and a strong legislature , in part due to a reaction to St. Clair 's method of governance . Statehood for Ohio ( edit ) On July 4 , 1800 , in preparation for Ohio 's statehood , the Indiana Territory was decreed by an act of the U.S. Congress , signed into law by President John Adams on May 7 , 1800 , effective on July 4 . The Congressional legislation encompassed all land west of the present Indiana -- Ohio border and its northward extension to Lake Superior , reducing the Northwest Territory to present - day Ohio and the eastern half of Michigan 's Lower Peninsula . Ohio was admitted as a state on March 1 , 1803 , at the same time the remaining land was annexed to Indiana Territory , and the Northwest Territory went out of existence . Ongoing disputes with the British over the region was a contributing factor to the War of 1812 . Britain irrevocably ceded claim to the former Northwest Territory with the Treaty of Ghent in 1814 . Education ( edit ) The 1784 Northwest Ordinance called for a public university for the education , settlement and eventual statehood of the frontier of Ohio and beyond . Article 3 stated `` Religion , morality and knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind , schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged . '' In 1786 , Manasseh Cutler became interested in the settlement of western lands by American pioneers to the Northwest Territory . The following year , as agent of the Ohio Company of Associates that he had been involved in creating , he organized a contract with Congress whereby his associates ( former soldiers of the Revolutionary War ) might purchase one and a half million acres ( 6,000 km2 ) of land at the mouth of the Muskingum River with their Certificate of Indebtedness . Cutler greatly impacted the Ordinance of 1787 for the government of the Northwest Territory , which was finally presented to Congress by Massachusetts delegate Nathan Dane . In order to smooth passage of the Northwest Ordinance , Cutler bribed key congressmen by making them partners in his land company . In changing the office of provisional governor from an elected to an appointed position , Cutler was able to offer the position to the president of Congress , Arthur St. Clair . The Land Ordinance of 1785 created an innovation in public education when it reserved resources for local public schools . The ordinance divided the territory into 36 mile townships , and each township was further divided into 36 one mile tracts for purposes of sale . The ordinance then stated that `` there shall be reserved from sale the lot No. 16 of every township for the maintenance of public schools within the said township . '' In 1801 , Jefferson Academy was established in Vincennes . As Vincennes University , it remains the oldest public institution of higher learning from the Northwest Territory . The next year , American Western University was created in Athens , Ohio , upstream of the Hocking River , due to its location directly between Chillicothe ( an original capital of Ohio ) and Marietta . It was formally established on February 18 , 1804 as Ohio University , when its charter instrument was approved by the Ohio General Assembly . Its establishment came 11 months after Ohio was admitted to the Union . The first three students enrolled in 1808 . Ohio University graduated two students with bachelor 's degrees in 1815 . Law and government ( edit ) Map of the states and territories of the United States as it was on August 7 , 1789 , when the Northwest Territory was first organized , to May 26 , 1790 , when the Southwest Territory was organized Main article : Northwest Ordinance At first , the territory had a modified form of martial law . The governor was also the senior army officer within the territory , and he combined legislative and executive authority . But a supreme court was established , and he shared legislative powers with the court . County governments were organized as soon as the population was sufficient , and these assumed local administrative and judicial functions . Washington County was the first of these , at Marietta in 1788 . This was an important event , as this court was the first establishment of civil and criminal law in the pioneer country . As soon as the number of free male settlers exceeded 5,000 , the Territorial Legislature was to be created , and this happened in 1798 . The full mechanisms of government were put in place , as outlined in the Northwest Ordinance . A bicameral legislature consisted of a House of Representatives and a Council . The first House had 22 representatives , apportioned by population of each county . The House then nominated 10 citizens to be Council members . The nominations were sent to the U.S. Congress , which appointed five of them as the Council . This assembly became the legislature of the Territory , although the governor retained veto power . Article VI of the Articles of Compact within the Northwest Ordinance prohibited the owning of slaves within the Northwest Territory . However , territorial governments evaded this law by use of indenture laws . The Articles of Compact prohibited legal discrimination on the basis of religion within the territory . The township formula created by Thomas Jefferson was first implemented in the Northwest Territory through the Land Ordinance of 1785 . The square surveys of the Northwest Territory would become a hallmark of the Midwest , as sections , townships , counties ( and states ) were laid out scientifically , and land was sold quickly and efficiently ( although not without some speculative aberrations ) . Officials ( edit ) Arthur St. Clair was the territory 's governor until November 1802 , when President Thomas Jefferson removed him from office and appointed Charles Willing Byrd , who served the position until Ohio became a state and elected its first governor , Edward Tiffin , on March 3 , 1803 . The Supreme Court consisted of ( 1 ) John Cleves Symmes , ( 2 ) James Mitchell Varnum , died 1789 , replaced by George Turner , who resigned in 1796 , and was replaced by Return Jonathan Meigs , Jr. , and ( 3 ) Samuel Holden Parsons , died 1789 , replaced by Rufus Putnam , who resigned 1796 , and was replaced by Joseph Gilman . There were three secretaries : Winthrop Sargent ( July 9 , 1788 -- May 31 , 1798 ) ; William Henry Harrison ( June 29 , 1798 -- December 31 , 1799 ) ; and Charles Willing Byrd ( January 1 , 1800 -- March 1 , 1803 ) . The territory 's first common pleas court opened at Marietta on September 2 , 1788 . Its first judges were General Rufus Putnam , General Benjamin Tupper , and Colonel Archibald Crary . Ebenezer Sproat was the first sheriff , Paul Fearing became the first attorney to practice in the territory , and Colonel William Stacy was foreman of the first grand jury . Griffin Greene was appointed justice of the peace . Winthrop Sargent , the first secretary of the territory , married Roewena Tupper , daughter of Gen. Benjamin Tupper , on February 6 , 1789 at Marietta in the first marriage ceremony held within the Northwest Territory . General Assembly ( edit ) The General Assembly of the Northwest Territory consisted of a Legislative Council ( five members chosen by Congress ) and a House of Representatives consisting of 22 members elected by the male freeholders in nine counties . The first session of the Assembly was held in September 1799 . Its first important task was to select a non-voting delegate to the U.S. Congress . Locked in a power struggle with Governor St. Clair , the legislature narrowly elected William Henry Harrison as the first delegate over the governor 's son , Arthur St. Clair , Jr . Subsequent congressional delegates were William McMillan ( 1800 -- 1801 ) and Paul Fearing ( 1801 -- 1803 ) . The first session of the First Territorial Legislature met from September 16 to December 19 , 1799 at Cincinnati . ( show ) first session , First Territorial Legislature 1799 Legislative Council County Councilman Notes Hamilton Jacob Burnet James Findlay Washington Robert Oliver Jefferson David Vance Knox Henry Vanderburgh President of the Council ( show ) first session , First Territorial Legislature 1799 House of Representatives County Representative Notes Adams Joseph Darlinton Hamilton Robert Benham Aaron Caldwell William Goforth John Ludlow Isaac Martin William McMillan John Smith Jefferson James Pritchard Knox John Small Randolph John Edgar Ross Samuel Findlay Elias Langham Nathaniel Massie Edward Tiffin Speaker of the House Thomas Worthington St. Clair Shadrach Bond , Sr . Washington Paul Fearing Return Jonathan Meigs , Jr . Wayne Charles Francois Chobert de Joncaire Solomon Sibley Jacob Visgar The second session of the First Territorial Legislature met from November 3 to December 9 , 1800 at Chillicothe . ( show ) second session , First Territorial Legislature 1800 Legislative Council County Councilman Notes Hamilton Jacob Burnet James Findlay Washington Robert Oliver President of the Council Jefferson David Vance ( show ) second session , First Territorial Legislature 1800 House of Representatives County Representative Notes Adams Joseph Darlinton Nathaniel Massie seated November 10 Hamilton Robert Benham William Goforth John Ludlow vice Aaron Caldwell , removed from territory William Lytle Isaac Martin William McMillan resigned when he was elected to Congress John Smith Jefferson Zenas Kimberly James Pritchard Ross Samuel Findlay Elias Langham Edward Tiffin Speaker of the House Thomas Worthington Washington Paul Fearing Return Jonathan Meigs , Jr . Wayne Charles Francois Chobert de Joncaire Solomon Sibley Jacob Visgar The first session of the Second Territorial Legislature met from November 23 , 1801 to January 23 , 1802 at Chillicothe . ( show ) first session , Second Territorial Legislature 1801 -- 1802 Legislative Council County Councilman Notes Hamilton Jacob Burnet Washington Robert Oliver President of the Council Jefferson David Vance Wayne Solomon Sibley ( show ) first session , Second Territorial Legislature 1801 -- 1802 House of Representatives County Representative Notes Adams Joseph Darlinton Nathaniel Massie Hamilton Francis Dunlavy John Ludlow Moses Miller Jeremiah Morrow Daniel Reeder John Smith Jacob White Jefferson Zenas Kimberly Thomas McCune John Milligan Ross Elias Langham seated November 26 Edward Tiffin Speaker of the House Thomas Worthington Trumbull Edward Paine Washington Ephraim Cutler Rufus Putnam Wayne Charles Francois Chobert de Joncaire George McDougal Jonathan Schiefflein The second session of the Second Territorial Legislature was scheduled to begin the fourth Monday in November , 1802 at Cincinnati . As the Ohio Constitutional Convention was then in session , no attempt was made to convene the body by members or the territorial governor . Territorial counties ( edit ) Seal of the Northwest territory over a time capsule outside the Campus Martius Museum . Latin phrase `` He has planted one better than the one fallen , '' signifies the replacement of wilderness by civilization . Ohio Counties in 1802 13 counties were formed by Governor Arthur St. Clair during the territory 's existence : Washington County , with its seat at Marietta , was the first county formed in the territory , proclaimed on July 26 , 1788 by territorial governor St. Clair . Its original boundaries were proclaimed as all of present - day Ohio east of a line extending due south from the mouth of the Cuyahoga River , but this did not take into account Connecticut 's still unresolved claim of the Western Reserve . It kept these boundaries until 1796 . Hamilton County , with its seat at Cincinnati , was proclaimed on January 2 , 1790 . The same proclamation officially changed Cincinnati 's name from Losantiville into its present form . Its original boundaries claimed all land north of the Ohio between the Great Miami River and Little Miami River as far north as Standing Stone Fork ( now Loramie Creek ) , just north of present - day Piqua . In 1792 Hamilton County was expanded to encompass all lands between the mouths of the Great Miami and Cuyahoga Rivers , as well as all of what is now the Lower Peninsula of Michigan . Its territory was reduced several times after 1796 . St. Clair County , with its seat at Kaskaskia was proclaimed on April 27 , 1790 . It originally encompassed most of present - day Illinois south of the Illinois River . It lost most of its southern lands in the formation of Randolph County in 1795 , necessitating the transfer of the county seat to Cahokia , but would expand to the north to take in northwest present - day Illinois and most of present - day Wisconsin in 1801 after becoming part of Indiana Territory . Knox County , with its seat at Vincennes , was proclaimed on June 20 , 1790 , and encompassed the majority of the territory 's land area -- all land between St. Clair County and Hamilton County , extending north to Canada . Randolph County was formed October 5 , 1795 with its seat at Kaskaskia and encompassed the southern half of what was St. Clair County . Wayne County was formed on August 15 , 1796 , out of portions of Hamilton County and unorganized land , with its seat at Detroit , which had been evacuated by the British five weeks previously . Wayne County originally covered all of Michigan 's Lower Peninsula , northwestern Ohio , northern Indiana and a small portion of the present Lake Michigan shoreline , including the site of present - day Chicago . The lands west of the extension of the present Indiana - Ohio border became part of Indiana Territory in 1800 ; the eastern portion of the county 's land in Ohio were folded into Trumbull County that same year . The territory north of the Ordinance Line became part of Indiana Territory in 1803 as a reorganized Wayne County ; the remainder reverted to unorganized status after Ohio statehood . Adams County was formed on July 10 , 1797 , with its seat at Manchester ; it encompassed most of present - day south central Ohio . Jefferson County was formed July 29 , 1797 with its seat at Steubenville , carved out of Washington County and originally encompassed all of what is now northeastern Ohio . Ross County was organized on August 20 , 1798 with its seat at Chillicothe and was carved out of portions of Knox , Hamilton and Washington counties . Knox , Randolph and St. Clair counties were separated from the territory effective July 4 , 1800 , and , along with the western part of Wayne County , and unorganized lands in what are now Minnesota and Wisconsin , became the Indiana Territory . Trumbull County was proclaimed July 10 , 1800 out of the Western Reserve portion of Jefferson and Wayne Counties , with its county seat at Warren , chosen over rivals Cleveland and Youngstown . Clermont County was formed December 6 , 1800 out of Hamilton County , with its seat at Williamsburg . In contrast with most other Northwest Territory counties , Clermont County 's original boundaries are only slightly larger than its present - day limits . Fairfield County was proclaimed December 9 , 1800 , formed out of Ross and Washington counties , with its seat at Lancaster . Belmont County was proclaimed September 7 , 1801 , formed out of Washington and Jefferson counties , with its seat at St. Clairsville . The Northwest Territory ceased to exist upon Ohio statehood on March 1 , 1803 ; the lands in Ohio that were previously part of Wayne County but not included in Trumbull County reverted to an unorganized status until new counties could be formed . The remainder of Wayne County , roughly the eastern half of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan and the eastern tip of the Upper Peninsula , was attached to Indiana Territory . Territorial contributions ( edit ) US states that ceded territorial claims in what would become the Northwest Territory : State of New York , 1780 -- 1782 Commonwealth of Virginia , 1781 -- 1784 Commonwealth of Massachusetts , 1784 -- 1785 State of Connecticut , 1786 and 1800 U.S. territories that encompassed land that was previously part of the Northwest Territory : Territory of Indiana , 1800 -- 1816 Territory of Michigan , 1805 -- 1837 Territory of Illinois , 1809 -- 1818 Territory of Wisconsin , 1836 -- 1848 Territory of Minnesota , 1849 -- 1858 US states that encompass land that was once part of the Northwest Territory : State of Ohio , 1803 State of Indiana , 1816 State of Illinois , 1818 State of Michigan , 1837 State of Wisconsin , 1848 State of Minnesota , 1858 See also ( edit ) Ohio portal Indiana portal Illinois portal Michigan portal Wisconsin portal Minnesota portal History portal American pioneers to the Northwest Territory Historic regions of the United States History of Ohio Illinois - Wabash Company Indian barrier state Northwest Indian War Northwestern University -- Created in 1851 to serve the people of the former Northwest Territory Ohio Country Ohio University -- First institution of higher education chartered by an Act of Congress in America ( Northwest Ordinance ) Zane 's trace Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Before the 1803 Louisiana Purchase , the western border of U.S. territory ended on the Mississippi ; the lands beyond still being a possession of Napoleonic France or the Kingdom of Spain . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Northwest Territory '' . HowStuffWorks . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dwight L. Smith , `` A North American Neutral Indian Zone : Persistence of a British Idea , '' Northwest Ohio Quarterly 61 # 2 - 4 ( 1989 ) : 46 - 63 . Jump up ^ Palmer , pp. 400 -- 421 . Jump up ^ Calloway , Colin G. ( 2015 ) . The Victory with No Name . The Native American Defeat of the First American Army . Oxford University Press . p. 50 . Jump up ^ Calloway , Colin G. ( 2015 ) . The Victory with No Name . The Native American Defeat of the First American Army . Oxford University Press . p. 38 . Jump up ^ Winkler , John F. ( 2011 ) . Wabash 1791 : St. Clair 's Defeat ; Osprey Campaign Series # 240 . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . p. 15 . ISBN 1 - 84908 - 676 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Religion and the Congress of the Confederation , 1774 -- 89 '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved November 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Michael S. Warner , `` General Josiah Harmar 's Campaign Reconsidered : How the Americans Lost the Battle of Kekionga . '' Indiana Magazine of History ( 1987 ) : 43 -- 64 . online Jump up ^ Leroy V. Eid , `` American Indian Military Leadership : St. Clair 's 1791 Defeat . '' Journal of Military History 57.1 ( 1993 ) : 71 -- 88 . Jump up ^ William O. Odo , `` Destined for Defeat : an Analysis of the St. Clair Expedition of 1791 . '' Northwest Ohio Quarterly ( 1993 ) 65 # 2 pp : 68 -- 93 . Jump up ^ John F. Winkler , Wabash 1791 : St Clair 's Defeat ( Osprey Publishing , 2011 ) Jump up ^ McDougall , Walter A. Freedom Just Around the Corner : A New American History , 1585 -- 1828 . ( New York : Harper Collins , 2004 ) , p. 289 . Jump up ^ Knight , George Wells ( 1885 ) . History and Management of Land Grants for Education in the Northwest Territory ( Ohio , Indiana , Illinois , Michigan , Wisconsin ) . G.P. Putnam 's Sons . p. 13 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio University '' . Ohio History Central : An Online Encyclopedia of Ohio History . Retrieved December 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ohio General Assembly ( 1917 ) . Manual of Legislative Practice in the General Assembly . State of Ohio . p. 199 . Jump up ^ `` Slavery in Indiana Territory '' . Indiana Historical Bureau . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2007 . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Burtner , W.H. , Jr. ( 1998 ) . `` Charles Willing Byrd '' . 41 . Ohio Historical Society : 237 . Jump up ^ Force , Manning , ed. ( 1897 ) . `` The Supreme Court -- a Historical Sketch '' . Bench and Bar of Ohio : a Compendium of History and Biography. 1 . Chicago : Century Publishing and Engraving Company . p. 5 . Jump up ^ Hildreth , S.P. ( 1848 ) . Pioneer History : Being an Account of the First Examinations of the Ohio Valley , and the Early Settlement of the Northwest Territory . Cincinnati , Ohio : H.W. Derby and Co. pp. 232 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Zimmer , L. ( 1987 ) . True Stories from Pioneer Valley . Marietta , Ohio : Broughton Foods . p. 20 . Jump up ^ Gilkey , pp. 131 -- 133 . Jump up ^ Gilkey , pp. 136 -- 139 . Jump up ^ Gilkey , pp. 142 -- 143 . Jump up ^ Gilkey , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Reinke , Edgar C. `` Meliorem Lapsa Locavit : An Intriguing Puzzle Solved '' . Ohio History . 94 : 74 . says the young tree on the seal of the NWT is an apple , while Summers , Thomas J. ( 1903 ) . History of Marietta . Marietta , Ohio : Leader Publishing . p. 115 . says it is a buckeye , and perhaps the genesis of Ohio 's nickname . Jump up ^ Griswold , S.O. ( 1884 ) . The Corporate Birth and Growth of the City of Cleveland . Western Reserve and Northern Ohio Historical Society . Tract No. 62 . Jump up ^ Unknown ( 1894 ) . History of Cincinnati and Hamilton County . S.B. Nelson & Co . Jump up ^ Walton , W.C. ( 1928 ) . A Brief History of St. Clair County . McKendree College . Jump up ^ Esarey , Logan ( 1915 ) . A History of Indiana . W.K. Stewart Co. p. 137 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Information for the Target Investment Areas Trumbull County and the Historic Western Reserve '' . Trumbull County . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2005 . Further reading ( edit ) Barnhart , Terry A . `` ' A Common Feeling ' : Regional Identity and Historical Consciousness in the Old Northwest , 1820 - 1860 . '' Michigan Historical Review ( 2003 ) : 39 - 70 . in JSTOR Barr , Daniel P . The Boundaries Between Us : Natives and Newcomers Along the Frontiers of the Old Northwest Territory , 1750 - 1850 ( Kent State University Press , 2006 ) Beatty - Medina , Charles , and Melissa Rinehart , eds . Contested Territories : Native Americans and Non-natives in the Lower Great Lakes , 1700 - 1850 ( Michigan State University Press , 2012 ) Buley , R. Carlyle . The Old Northwest : Pioneer Period , 1815 - 1840 ( 2 vols. , Bloomington , Ind. , 1951 ) . Pulitzer Prize for history Buley , R. Carlyle . `` Pioneer health and medical practices in the old northwest prior to 1840 . '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review ( 1934 ) : 497 - 520 . in JSTOR Calloway , Colin G . The Victory with No Name : The Native American Defeat of the First American Army ( Oxford University Press , 2014 ) Davis , James E. `` '' New Aspects of Men and New Forms of Society `` : The Old Northwest , 1790 - 1820 . '' Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society ( 1976 ) : 164 - 172 . in JSTOR Elkins , Stanley , and Eric McKitrick . `` A Meaning for Turner 's Frontier : Part I : Democracy in the Old Northwest . '' Political Science Quarterly ( 1954 ) : 321 - 353 . in JSTOR Esarey , Logan . `` Elements of Culture in the Old Northwest . '' Indiana Magazine of History ( 1957 ) : 257 - 264 . online Heath , William . William Wells and the Struggle for the Old Northwest ( University of Oklahoma Press , 2015 ) he lived 1770 - 1812 Kuhns , Frederck I. , `` Home Missions and Education in the Old Northwest . '' Journal of the Presbyterian Historical Society ( 1953 ) : 137 - 155 . in JSTOR Owens , Robert M. Mr. Jefferson 's hammer : William Henry Harrison and the origins of American Indian policy ( University of Oklahoma Press , 2012 ) Ubbelohde , Carl . `` History and the Midwest as a Region . '' Wisconsin Magazine of History ( 1994 ) : 35 - 47 . in JSTOR Zimmer , Louise ( 1987 ) . True Stories of Pioneer Times . Marietta , Ohio : Broughton Foods . -- -- -- ( 1993 ) . More True Stories from Pioneer Valley . Marietta , Ohio : Sugden Book Store . Older sources ( edit ) Barker , Joseph ( 1958 ) . Recollections of the First Settlement of Ohio . Marietta , Ohio : Marietta College . Original manuscript written late in Joseph Barker 's life , prior to his death in 1843 Gilkey , Elliot Howard , ed. ( 1901 ) . The Ohio Hundred Year Book : a Hand - book of the Public Men and Public Institutions of Ohio ... State of Ohio . Hildreth , S.P. ( 1848 ) . Pioneer History : Being an Account of the First Examinations of the Ohio Valley , and the Early Settlement of the Northwest Territory . Cincinnati , Ohio : H.W. Derby and Co . Hildreth , S.P. ( 1852 ) . Biographical and Historical Memoirs of the Early Pioneer Settlers of Ohio . Cincinnati , Ohio : H.W. Derby and Co . Hulbert , Archer Butler ( 1917 ) . The Records of the Original Proceedings of the Ohio Company , Volumes I and 2 . Marietta , Ohio : Marietta Historical Commission . Lindley , H. ; Schneider , N. & Quaife , M. ( 1937 ) . History of the Ordinance of 1787 and the Old Northwest Territory ( A Supplemental Text for School Use ) . Marietta , Ohio : Northwest Territory Celebration Commission . Morse , J. ( 1797 ) . `` North - West Territory '' . The American Gazetteer . Boston , Massachusetts : S. Hall , and Thomas & Andrews . Summers , Thomas J. ( 1903 ) . History of Marietta . Marietta , Ohio : Leader Publishing . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Northwest Ordinance Wikimedia Commons has media related to Northwest Territory . Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Northwest Territory . 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Plymouth Prior Lake Ramsey Richfield Rochester Roseville St. Cloud St. Louis Park Saint Paul Savage Shakopee Shoreview Winona Woodbury Counties Aitkin Anoka Becker Beltrami Benton Big Stone Blue Earth Brown Carlton Carver Cass Chippewa Chisago Clay Clearwater Cook Cottonwood Crow Wing Dakota Dodge Douglas Faribault Fillmore Freeborn Goodhue Grant Hennepin Houston Hubbard Isanti Itasca Jackson Kanabec Kandiyohi Kittson Koochiching Lac qui Parle Lake Lake of the Woods Le Sueur Lincoln Lyon Mahnomen Marshall Martin McLeod Meeker Mille Lacs Morrison Mower Murray Nicollet Nobles Norman Olmsted Otter Tail Pennington Pine Pipestone Polk Pope Ramsey Red Lake Redwood Renville Rice Rock Roseau Saint Louis Scott Sherburne Sibley Stearns Steele Stevens Swift Todd Traverse Wabasha Wadena Waseca Washington Watonwan Wilkin Winona Wright Yellow Medicine Coordinates : 41 ° N 86 ° W / 41 ° N 86 ° W / 41 ; - 86 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northwest_Territory&oldid=835234730 '' Categories : States and territories established in 1787 States and territories disestablished in 1803 Northwest Territory Former organized territories of the United States History of the Midwestern United States Pre-statehood history of Illinois Pre-statehood history of Indiana Pre-statehood history of Michigan Pre-statehood history of Minnesota Pre-statehood history of Ohio Pre-statehood history of Wisconsin Midwestern United States 1787 establishments in the United States 1803 disestablishments in the United States Hidden categories : Articles needing more detailed references Use mdy dates from December 2013 Articles containing Latin - language text Pages using infobox former subdivision with unknown parameters Articles needing additional references from July 2015 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2007 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who sang if you don't know me
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`` If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' is a song written by Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff , and recorded by the Philly soul musical group Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes . It became their first hit after being released as a single in 1972 , topping the US R&B chart and peaking at number three on the US Pop chart .
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If You Do n't Know Me by Now
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if you don't know me by now
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`` If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' is a song written by Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff , and recorded by the Philly soul musical group Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes . It became their first hit after being released as a single in 1972 , topping the US R&B chart and peaking at number three on the US Pop chart .
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The song was originally written for Labelle ( a trio led by Patti LaBelle ) but they never recorded it . Much like the issue with `` I Miss You '' and The Dells passing on it , the song 's composers Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff gave the song to Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes , which featured Teddy Pendergrass as lead vocalist . In addition to the single release , the song was included on their debut album I Miss You . Patti LaBelle later made the song as part of her concert repertoire in 1982 . A live version appears on her 1985 album , Patti . It was later covered by the English pop / soul band Simply Red , also becoming their second best - known hit after reaching number one on the U.S. Hot 100 on July 15 , 1989 , and at number thirty - eight on the Hot Black Singles chart . It peaked at number two in the UK Singles Chart . It also topped the Canadian Singles Chart . Seal recorded the song for his 2008 album Soul , and , in April 2009 , it became his first top - ten Adult Contemporary hit since `` Love 's Divine '' in 2004 ; the song was subsequently nominated for the Best Male Pop Vocal Performance Grammy . Rod Stewart also included this song on his 2009 album Soulbook . The song was chosen as one of the Songs of the Century by the RIAA . It was featured at the end of Michael Apted 's movie Class Action ( 1991 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Simply Red version 1.1 Track listings 1.2 Charts 2 Other cover versions 3 References 4 External links Simply Red version ( edit ) `` If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' Single by Simply Red from the album A New Flame B - side `` Move on Out '' Released March 27 , 1989 Format 7 '' single , 12 - inch single , CD single Genre Blue - eyed soul , jazz Length 3 : 24 Label Elektra Songwriter ( s ) Kenny Gamble , Leon Huff Producer ( s ) Stewart Levine A New Flame track listing `` She 'll Have to Go '' ( 8 ) `` If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' ( 9 ) `` Enough '' ( 10 ) This version of the song is heard in the film American Psycho and appears in the game Karaoke Revolution Presents : American Idol . It is also available to download for the Xbox 360 game Lips , which contains the music video . According to the producer Stewart Levine , he did n't want too much orchestration on the record , and went with a two part - harmony instead of a three part - harmony . Hucknall admitted he loved Harold Melvin and the Blue Note 's version , and stated he danced to their music when he was only 13 . Their version won a Grammy Award for the Best R&B Song of 1989 . Track listings ( edit ) 7 '' single `` If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' -- 3 : 23 `` Move on Out '' ( recorded Live Manchester on February 22 , 1989 ) -- 5 : 18 12 '' single `` If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' -- 3 : 23 `` Move on Out '' ( recorded live Manchester on February 22 , 1989 ) -- 5 : 18 `` Shine '' ( recorded live Manchester on February 22 , 1989 ) -- 3 : 30 3 '' CD single `` If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' -- 3 : 23 `` Move on Out '' ( recorded live Manchester on February 22 , 1989 ) -- 5 : 18 `` Shine '' ( recorded live Manchester on February 22 , 1989 ) -- 3 : 30 `` Sugar Daddy '' -- 3 : 30 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1989 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 9 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) France ( SNEP ) 11 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 19 Ireland ( IRMA ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 38 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) Other cover versions ( edit ) Jamaican reggae artists Zap Pow recorded a cover version of the song in 1976 . A cover by American country music artist Joe Stampley peaked at number 59 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in 1989 . Hong Kong Canto - pop artist , Sandy Lam released her cover on `` The Story of Sandy Lam So Far '' in 2002 . British actor / comedian Ricky Gervais covered the song as his character David Brent in the UK TV series The Office Christmas specials in December 2003 . A music video was produced and released with the BBC 's The Office DVD set . American Idol contestant LaToya London additionally covered the song in the season compilation album American Idol Season 3 : Greatest Soul Classics in 2004 . In 2004 , saxophonist Gerald Albright covered the song for the album Kickin ' It Up . R&B singer Ciara interpolated the chorus of the song for her 2009 single , `` Never Ever '' , featuring Young Jeezy . The single is from her third album Fantasy Ride . The Voice of Holland contestant Ben Saunders covered this song for the 2010 - 2011 competition . His recorded version went straight to number one in the Netherlands . American Idol season 10 contestant Stefano Langone interpreted in 2011 a cover on an episode in which contestants were required to sing songs from the year they were born . Langone was born in 1989 . South African trumpeter Hugh Masekela included the song in his 1989 album Uptownship . American Idol season 11 contestant Joshua Ledet covered this song during the 1980s week in 2012 . Country music artist , Martina McBride released a cover version on her studio album Everlasting in 2014 . English band Blue released a cover version on their album Colours in 2015 . American Idol season 15 winner Trent Harmon covered this song for his second to last song of the contest in 2016 . British artist Rod Stewart made a cover version included in his 2009 album Soulbook . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 393 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 528 . Jump up ^ Chart Beat , Billboard.com , April 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( 1992 ) . The Billboard Book of Number One Hits . p. 736 . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 8298 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Simply Red -- If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Simply Red -- If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 6403 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 6438 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Simply Red -- If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Simply Red -- If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Simply Red -- If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Simply Red -- If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Simply Red -- If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Simply Red : Artist Chart History '' Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Simply Red -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Simply Red . Jump up ^ `` Simply Red -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs for Simply Red . Jump up ^ `` Simply Red -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Simply Red . Jump up ^ `` Zap Pow - If You Do n't Know Me By Now '' . YouTube . 2012 - 02 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2013 ) . Hot Country Songs 1944 -- 2012 . Record Research , Inc. p. 319 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89820 - 203 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Kickin ' It Up overview '' . Allmusic.com . Jump up ^ `` Gerald Albright Biography '' . VerveMusicGroup.com . External links ( edit ) Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes version song review on AllMusic Preceded by `` I 'll Be Around '' by The Spinners Billboard Best Selling Soul Singles number - one single ( Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes version ) November 18 -- 25 , 1972 Succeeded by `` You Ought to Be With Me '' by Al Green Preceded by `` Everlasting Love '' by Howard Jones Billboard Adult Contemporary ( chart ) number - one single ( Simply Red version ) June 24 , 1989 ( 6 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Right Here Waiting '' by Richard Marx Preceded by `` Good Thing '' by Fine Young Cannibals Billboard Hot 100 number - one single ( Simply Red version ) July 15 , 1989 Succeeded by `` Toy Soldiers '' by Martika Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes Harold Melvin Bernard Williams Roosevelt Brodie Jesse Gillis , Jr . Franklin Peaker John Atkins Teddy Pendergrass Lawrence Brown Bernard Wilson Lloyd Parks Jerry Cummings Sharon Paige David Ebo Dwight Johnson William Spratelly Gil Saunders Studio albums I Miss You Black & Blue To Be True Wake Up Everybody Reaching for the World Compilation albums Collectors ' Item : All Their Greatest Hits ! Singles `` If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' `` The Love I Lost '' `` Bad Luck '' `` Hope That We Can Be Together Soon '' `` Wake Up Everybody '' `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' Related articles Discography Philadelphia International Records Book : Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes Patti LaBelle Studio albums Patti LaBelle Tasty It 's Alright with Me Released The Spirit 's in It I 'm in Love Again Patti Winner in You Be Yourself Burnin ' Gems Flame When a Woman Loves Timeless Journey Classic Moments The Gospel According to Patti LaBelle Christmas albums This Christmas Miss Patti 's Christmas Live albums Patti LaBelle Live ! Live ! One Night Only Live in Washington , D.C. Singles `` You Are My Friend '' `` Release ( The Tension ) '' `` I Do n't Go Shopping '' `` The Best Is Yet To Come '' ( with Grover Washington Jr . ) `` If Only You Knew '' `` Love Has Finally Come at Last '' ( with Bobby Womack ) `` Love , Need and Want You '' `` New Attitude '' `` Stir It Up '' `` If You Do n't Know Me by Now ( Part 1 ) '' `` On My Own '' ( with Michael McDonald ) `` Oh , People '' `` Kiss Away the Pain '' `` If You Asked Me To '' `` Yo Mister '' `` Feels Like Another One '' `` Somebody Loves You Baby ( You Know Who It Is ) '' `` When You 've Been Blessed ( Feels Like Heaven ) '' `` The Right Kinda Lover '' `` All This Love '' `` When You Talk About Love '' `` New Day '' Related articles Discography Labelle Labelle discography Simply Red singles Picture Book `` Money 's Too Tight ( to Mention ) '' `` Come to My Aid '' `` Holding Back the Years '' `` Jericho '' `` Open Up the Red Box '' Men and Women `` The Right Thing '' `` Infidelity '' `` Maybe Someday ... '' `` Ev'ry Time We Say Goodbye '' `` I Wo n't Feel Bad '' A New Flame `` It 's Only Love '' `` If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' `` A New Flame '' `` You 've Got It '' Stars `` Something Got Me Started '' `` Stars '' `` For Your Babies '' `` Thrill Me '' `` Your Mirror '' Life `` Fairground '' `` Remembering the First Time '' `` Never Never Love '' `` We 're in This Together '' Greatest Hits `` Angel '' Blue `` Night Nurse '' `` Say You Love Me '' `` The Air That I Breathe '' `` Ghetto Girl '' `` To Be Free '' Love and the Russian Winter `` Ai n't That a Lot of Love '' `` Your Eyes '' Home `` Sunrise '' `` Fake '' `` You Make Me Feel Brand New '' `` Home '' Simplified `` Perfect Love '' `` Something Got Me Started / A Song for You '' Stay `` Stay '' `` So Not Over You '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=If_You_Don%27t_Know_Me_by_Now&oldid=783593609 '' Categories : 1972 singles 1989 singles Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes songs Simply Red songs Patti LaBelle songs Joe Stampley songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Canadian Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand Songs written by Leon Huff Philadelphia International Records singles Elektra Records singles 1972 songs 1989 songs Rhythm and blues ballads Soul ballads Songs written by Kenny Gamble 1970s ballads Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Nederlands Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 3 June 2017 , at 10 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If%20You%20Don%2527t%20Know%20Me%20by%20Now
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ed edd n eddy boo haw haw season
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List of Ed , Edd n Eddy episodes
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list of ed, edd n eddy episodes
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Ed , Edd n Eddy is a 131 - episode animated comedy television series created by Danny Antonucci and produced by Canada - based a.k.a. Cartoon . The series debuted on Cartoon Network in the United States on January 4 , 1999 and ended on November 8 , 2009 with the film Ed , Edd n Eddy 's Big Picture Show . The series was originally planned to air for four seasons , but Cartoon Network ordered two additional seasons , four specials , and a film as a result of its popularity , for a total of 135 stories . The series revolves around three adolescent boys collectively known as `` the Eds '' , who live in a suburban cul - de-sac . Unofficially led by Eddy , the Eds constantly try to scam the fellow cul - de-sac children in order to purchase jawbreakers . The Eds ' plans usually fail and leave them in various predicaments .
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Feeling confined to gross and edgy work , such as his previous series The Brothers Grunt , artist Danny Antonucci decided to produce an animated children 's television show similar to classic cartoons from the 1940s to the 1970s . Antonucci spent months designing the show before trying to sell it to Nickelodeon and Cartoon Network . Both studios reacted enthusiastically and wanted to see more but demanded creative control , which Antonucci refused . Cartoon Network commissioned the show after they agreed to let Antonucci go in his own direction . The first two seasons were released on DVD in 2006 and 2007 . Two DVD volumes were also released : Edifying Ed - Ventures on May 10 , 2005 , in Region 1 and in Region 2 on May 16 , 2006 , and Fools ' Par - Ed - Ise on March 31 , 2006 , in Region 1 . Selected episodes were featured in Cartoon Network compilation DVDs . The first five seasons , in addition to the Big Picture Show film are available for download on the iTunes Store . The Halloween special `` Ed , Edd n Eddy 's Boo Haw Haw '' is available as part of `` Cartoon Network 's Super Scary Showcase '' on the iTunes Store , but only to the UK . The complete first and second season DVDs can be rented from Netflix , while the third season and the fourth season can be streamed from the same service . The third season can be downloaded from the Google Play store and Amazon.com . Ed , Edd n Eddy received generally positive reviews from critics . Viewed from 31 million households worldwide in 29 different countries , Ed , Edd n Eddy was popular among both younger and older viewers . During its run , the series won a Reuben Award , two Leo Awards and a SOCAN Award out of a total of 11 award nominations , which include one Reuben Award , six Leo Awards , one Annie Award , two Kids ' Choice Awards and the SOCAN Award . It remains the longest - running original Cartoon Network series and Canadian - made animated series to date . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 1999 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 1999 -- 2000 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2001 -- 02 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2002 -- 04 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2005 -- 07 ) 2.6 Season 6 ( 2008 ) 2.7 Specials 2.8 Television film 3 References 4 External links Series overview Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 January 4 , 1999 June 11 , 1999 13 November 26 , 1999 December 22 , 2000 13 April 6 , 2001 July 12 , 2002 13 September 27 , 2002 November 5 , 2004 5 12 November 4 , 2005 April 28 , 2007 6 June 29 , 2008 Specials December 3 , 2004 May 11 , 2007 Television film November 8 , 2009 Episodes Note : All episodes directed by Danny Antonucci , except `` Smile for the Ed '' ( season 5 ) , which was directed by Scott Underwood . Season 1 ( 1999 ) Main article : Ed , Edd n Eddy ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Title Reference Original air date `` The Ed - touchables / Nagged to Ed '' Danny Antonucci Jono Howard & Danny Antonucci The Untouchables / Nagged to Death January 4 , 1999 ( 1999 - 01 - 04 ) `` Pop Goes the Ed / Over Your Ed '' Danny Antonucci Jono Howard & Danny Antonucci Pop Goes the Weasel / Over Your Head January 11 , 1999 ( 1999 - 01 - 11 ) `` Sir Ed - a-Lot / A Pinch to Grow an Ed '' Danny Antonucci Jono Howard & Danny Antonucci Sir Lancelot / A Pinch to Grow an Inch January 18 , 1999 ( 1999 - 01 - 18 ) `` Dawn of the Eds / Virt - Ed - Go '' Danny Antonucci Jono Howard , Danny Antonucci , & Rob Boutilier / Mike Kubat & Danny Antonucci Dawn of the Dead / Vertigo January 25 , 1999 ( 1999 - 01 - 25 ) 5 5 `` Read All About Ed / Quick Shot Ed '' Danny Antonucci Mike Kubat & Danny Antonucci Read All About It / Quick Shot Camera February 1 , 1999 ( 1999 - 02 - 01 ) 6 6 `` An Ed Too Many / Ed - n - Seek '' Danny Antonucci Mike Kubat , Jono Howard , & Danny Antonucci / Jono Howard & Danny Antonucci A ( n ) ( Blank ) Too Many / Hide and Seek February 8 , 1999 ( 1999 - 02 - 08 ) 7 7 `` Look into My Eds / Tag Yer Ed '' Danny Antonucci Jono Howard & Danny Antonucci Look Into My Eyes / Tag , You 're It ! March 1 , 1999 ( 1999 - 03 - 01 ) 8 8 `` Fool on the Ed / A Boy and His Ed '' Danny Antonucci Jono Howard & Danny Antonucci Fool on the Hill / A Boy and His Dog March 8 , 1999 ( 1999 - 03 - 08 ) 9 9 `` It 's Way Ed / Laugh Ed Laugh '' Danny Antonucci Jono Howard & Danny Antonucci It 's Way Cool / Laugh Clown Laugh March 15 , 1999 ( 1999 - 03 - 15 ) 10 10 `` A Glass of Warm Ed / Flea - Bitten Ed '' Danny Antonucci Jono Howard & Danny Antonucci A Glass of Warm Milk / Flea - Bitten Dog April 12 , 1999 ( 1999 - 04 - 12 ) 11 11 `` Who , What , Where , Ed ! / Keeping Up with the Eds '' Danny Antonucci Mike Kubat & Danny Antonucci Who , What , Where , When / Keeping Up with the Jones April 19 , 1999 ( 1999 - 04 - 19 ) 12 12 `` Eds - Aggerate / Oath to an Ed '' Danny Antonucci Jono Howard & Danny Antonucci Exaggerate / Oath to ( Blank ) April 26 , 1999 ( 1999 - 04 - 26 ) 13 13 `` Button Yer Ed / Avast Ye Eds '' Danny Antonucci Jono Howard & Danny Antonucci / Mike Kubat & Danny Antonucci Button Yer Yap / Avast Ye Hearties June 11 , 1999 ( 1999 - 06 - 11 ) Season 2 ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Main article : Ed , Edd n Eddy ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Storyboard by Title Reference Original air date 14 `` Know it All Ed / Dear Ed '' Danny Antonucci Jono Howard & Danny Antonucci `` Big '' Jim Miller & Jason Surridge / James `` Wootie '' Wootton & Joel Dickie Know it All Man / Dear John November 26 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 26 ) 15 `` Knock Knock , Who 's Ed ? / One + One = Ed '' Danny Antonucci Jono Howard & Danny Antonucci Leah Waldron & Rob Boutilier / Scott `` Diggs '' Underwood & Pat Pakula Knock Knock ! Who 's There ? / One + One = Two February 11 , 2000 ( 2000 - 02 - 11 ) 16 `` Eeny , Meeny , Miney , Ed / Ready , Set ... Ed ! '' Danny Antonucci Jono Howard & Danny Antonucci `` Big '' Jim Miller & Jason Surridge / Scott `` Diggs '' Underwood & Pat Pakula Eeny , Meeny , Miney , Moe / Ready , Set ... Go ! March 3 , 2000 ( 2000 - 03 - 03 ) 17 `` Hands Across Ed / Floss Your Ed '' Danny Antonucci Jono Howard & Danny Antonucci Leah Waldron & Rob Boutilier / Timothy Packford & Scott `` Diggs '' Underwood Hands Across America / Floss Your Teeth March 24 , 2000 ( 2000 - 03 - 24 ) 18 5 `` In Like Ed / Who Let the Ed In ? '' Danny Antonucci Jono Howard & Danny Antonucci / Jono Howard , Mike Kubat & Danny Antonucci `` Big '' Jim Miller & Jason Surridge / Mauro Casalese & Scott `` Diggs '' Underwood In Like Flint / Who Let the Dog In ? April 7 , 2000 ( 2000 - 04 - 07 ) 19 6 `` Home Cooked Eds / Rambling Ed '' Danny Antonucci Mike Kubat & Danny Antonucci / Jono Howard & Danny Antonucci Tout Le Monde / James `` Wootie '' Wootton & Scott `` Diggs '' Underwood Home Cooked Meals / Rambling Man May 12 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 12 ) 20 7 `` To Sir with Ed / Key to My Ed '' Danny Antonucci Robert Leighton , Jono Howard & Danny Antonucci / Jono Howard , Mike Kubat & Danny Antonucci `` Big '' Jim Miller , Scott `` Diggs '' Underwood & Rob Boutilier / Rob Boutilier & Joel Dickie To Sir with Love / Key to My Future June 23 , 2000 ( 2000 - 06 - 23 ) 21 8 `` Urban Ed / Stop , Look and Ed '' Danny Antonucci Jono Howard & Danny Antonucci Leah Waldron & Timothy Packford / Timothy Packford , Leah Waldron & Scott `` Diggs '' Underwood Urban Living / Stop , Look and Listen July 21 , 2000 ( 2000 - 07 - 21 ) 22 9 `` Honor Thy Ed / Scrambled Ed '' Danny Antonucci Mike Kubat & Danny Antonucci Joel Dickie & James `` Wootie '' Wootton / `` Big '' Jim Miller , Rob Boutilier & Scott `` Diggs '' Underwood Honor Thy Wife / Scrambled Eggs August 4 , 2000 ( 2000 - 08 - 04 ) 23 10 `` Rent - a-Ed / Shoo Ed '' Danny Antonucci Jono Howard & Danny Antonucci / Mike Kubat & Danny Antonucci James `` Wootie '' Wootton & Joel Dickie / `` Big '' Jim Miller Rent - a - ( Blank ) / Shoo Fly August 18 , 2000 ( 2000 - 08 - 18 ) 24 11 `` Ed in a Half Shell / Mirror , Mirror , on the Ed '' Danny Antonucci Jono Howard & Danny Antonucci Rob Boutilier / Scott `` Diggs '' Underwood , Rob Boutilier & `` Big '' Jim Miller Nut in a Half Shell / Mirror , Mirror , on the Wall September 8 , 2000 ( 2000 - 09 - 08 ) 25 12 `` Hot Buttered Ed / High Heeled Ed '' Danny Antonucci Jono Howard & Danny Antonucci Leah Waldron / Leah Waldron & Timothy Packford Hot Buttered Toast / High Heeled Shoes October 27 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 27 ) 26 13 `` Fa - La - La - La - Ed / Cry Ed '' Danny Antonucci Jono Howard & Danny Antonucci / Mike Kubat , Jono Howard & Danny Antonucci , James `` Wootie '' Wootton & Joel Dickie / Tout Le Monde Fa - La - La - La - La / Cry Baby December 22 , 2000 ( 2000 - 12 - 22 ) Season 3 ( 2001 -- 02 ) Main article : Ed , Edd n Eddy ( season 3 ) No . overall No. in season Title Written by Storyboard by Title Reference Original air date 27 `` Wish You Were Ed / Momma 's Little Ed '' Jono Howard & Danny Antonucci / Marlowe Weisman , Jono Howard & Danny Antonucci James `` Wootie '' Wootton / Leah Waldron Wish You Were Here / Momma 's Little Boy / Girl April 6 , 2001 ( 2001 - 04 - 06 ) 28 `` Once Upon an Ed / For Your Ed Only '' Jono Howard & Danny Antonucci Joel Dickie / Timothy Packford Once Upon a Time / For Your Eyes Only May 25 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 25 ) 29 `` It Came from Outer Ed / 3 Squares and an Ed '' Jono Howard & Danny Antonucci `` Big '' Jim Miller / Joel Dickie It Came from Outer Space / 3 Square Meals and a Bed October 19 , 2001 ( 2001 - 10 - 19 ) 30 `` Dueling Eds / Dim Lit Ed '' John Mein , Jono Howard & Danny Antonucci / Jono Howard & Danny Antonucci Scott `` Diggs '' Underwood / Rob Boutilier & Vern Marcus Dueling Banjos / Dim Lit Bulb December 14 , 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 14 ) 31 5 `` Will Work for Ed / Ed , Ed and Away '' Mike Kubat & Danny Antonucci / Jono Howard & Danny Antonucci James `` Wootie '' Wootton / Leah Waldron Will Work for Food / Up , Up and Away January 4 , 2002 ( 2002 - 01 - 04 ) 32 6 `` X Marks the Ed / From Here to Ed '' Marlowe Weisman , Jono Howard & Danny Antonucci / Jono Howard & Danny Antonucci Joel Dickie / Leah Waldron X Marks the Spot / From Here to There January 25 , 2002 ( 2002 - 01 - 25 ) 33 7 `` Boys Will Be Eds / Ed or Tails '' Jono Howard & Danny Antonucci Scott `` Diggs '' Underwood & Timothy Packford / James `` Wootie '' Wootton Boys Will Be Boys / Head or Tails February 15 , 2002 ( 2002 - 02 - 15 ) 34 8 `` Gimme , Gimme Never Ed / My Fair Ed '' Jono Howard & Danny Antonucci Joel Dickie / Scott `` Diggs '' Underwood & Timothy Packford Gimme , Gimme Never Gets / My Fair Lady March 8 , 2002 ( 2002 - 03 - 08 ) 35 9 `` Rock - a-Bye - Ed / O - Ed - Eleven '' Jono Howard & Danny Antonucci / Mike Kubat & Danny Antonucci `` Big '' Jim Miller Rock - a-Bye Baby / Ocean 's Eleven March 22 , 2002 ( 2002 - 03 - 22 ) 36 10 `` The Luck of the Ed / Ed ... Pass It On ... '' Geoff Berner & Danny Antonucci / Mike Kubat & Danny Antonucci Leah Waldron & D. Brad Gibson / Joel Dickie The Luck of the Irish / ( Blank ) ... Pass It On ... June 21 , 2002 ( 2002 - 06 - 21 ) 37 11 `` Brother , Can You Spare an Ed ? / The Day the Ed Stood Still '' Jono Howard & Danny Antonucci / Mike Kubat & Danny Antonucci Timothy Packford & Kent Webb / Todd Demong & Werner Marcus Brother , Can You Spare a Dime ? / The Day the Earth Stood Still June 28 , 2002 ( 2002 - 06 - 28 ) 38 12 `` An Ed in the Bush / See No Ed '' Mike Kubat , Jono Howard & Danny Antonucci / Jono Howard & Danny Antonucci `` Big '' Jim Miller / Scott `` Diggs '' Underwood & Timothy Packford A Snake in the Bush / See No Evil July 5 , 2002 ( 2002 - 07 - 05 ) 39 13 `` Is There an Ed in the House ? / An Ed is Born '' Jono Howard & Danny Antonucci / Geoff Berner & Danny Antonucci Leah Waldron / James `` Wootie '' Wootton Is There a Doctor in the House ? / A Star is Born July 12 , 2002 ( 2002 - 07 - 12 ) Season 4 ( 2002 -- 04 ) Main article : Ed , Edd n Eddy ( season 4 ) No . overall No. in season Title Written by Storyboard by Title Reference Original air date 40 `` If It Smells Like an Ed '' Geoff Berner , Jono Howard & Danny Antonucci James `` Wootie '' Wootton If It Smells Like a Rat September 27 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 27 ) 41 `` Do n't Rain on My Ed / Once Bitten , Twice Ed '' Geoff Berner & Danny Antonucci / Jono Howard & Danny Antonucci Todd Demong & Werner Marcus / Joel Dickie Do n't Rain on My Parade / Once Bitten , Twice Shy November 1 , 2002 ( 2002 - 11 - 01 ) 42 `` One Size Fits Ed / Pain in the Ed '' Brent Miller , Aaron Maclaughlan , Jono Howard & Danny Antonucci / Geoff Berner , Jono Howard & Danny Antonucci James `` Wootie '' Wootton / Scott Underwood One Size Fits All / Pain in the Butt / Neck November 15 , 2002 ( 2002 - 11 - 15 ) 43 `` Ed Overboard / One of Those Eds '' Jono Howard & Danny Antonucci / Mike Kubat & Danny Antonucci Timothy Packford & Kent Webb / Scott Underwood & Charlie Chien Man Overboard / One of Those Days August 24 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 24 ) 44 5 `` They Call Him Mr. Ed / For the Ed , by the Ed '' Mike Kubat & Danny Antonucci Timothy Packford & Kent Webb / Leah Waldron They Call Him Mr. Tibbs / For the People , by the People November 10 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 10 ) 45 6 `` Little Ed Blue / A Twist of Ed '' Jono Howard & Danny Antonucci Timothy Packford & Kent Webb / Tout Le Monde Little Boy Blue / A Twist of Fate November 17 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 17 ) 46 7 `` Your Ed Here / The Good Ol ' Ed '' Jono Howard & Danny Antonucci Leah Waldron & Timothy Packford / Scott `` Diggs '' Underwood Your Name / Signature Here / The Good Ol ' Days January 23 , 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 23 ) 47 8 `` Thick as an Ed / Sorry , Wrong Ed '' Jono Howard & Danny Antonucci / Geoff Berner & Danny Antonucci Tout Le Monde / James `` Wootie '' Wootton Thick as a Brick / Sorry , Wrong Number January 30 , 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 30 ) 48 9 `` Robbin ' Ed / A Case of Ed '' Mike Kubat & Danny Antonucci / Jono Howard & Danny Antonucci James `` Wootie '' Wootton / Leah Waldron Robin Hood / A Case of ( Blank ) February 6 , 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 06 ) 49 10 `` Stiff Upper Ed / Here 's Mud in Your Ed '' Geoff Berner & Danny Antonucci / Jono Howard & Danny Antonucci Tout Le Monde Stiff Upper Lip / Here 's Mud in Your Eye February 13 , 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 13 ) 50 11 `` Postcards from the Ed / Stuck in Ed '' Jono Howard & Danny Antonucci Tout Le Monde / Leah Waldron Postcards from the Edge / Stuck in Mud February 20 , 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 20 ) 51 12 `` Hand Me Down Ed / Run for Your Ed '' Jono Howard & Danny Antonucci / Mike Kubat & Danny Antonucci Tout Le Monde Hand Me Down / Run for Your Life February 27 , 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 27 ) 52 13 `` Take This Ed and Shove It '' Mike Kubat , Jono Howard & Danny Antonucci Tout Le Monde Take This Job & Shove It November 5 , 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 05 ) Season 5 ( 2005 -- 07 ) Main article : Ed , Edd n Eddy ( season 5 ) No . overall No. in season Title Written by Storyboard by Title Reference Original air date 56 `` Out with the Old ... in with the Ed '' Jono Howard , Mike Kubat & Danny Antonucci Sabrina Alberghetti , Sherann Johnson , Simon Piniel & Andrew Park Out with the Old , in with the New November 4 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 04 ) 57 `` Mission Ed - Possible / Every Which Way but Ed '' Mike Kubat & Danny Antonucci / Jono Howard & Danny Antonucci Lih Liau & Steve LeCouilliard / Sabrina Alberghetti & Simon Piniel Mission : Impossible / Every Which Way but Loose November 11 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 11 ) 58 `` Boom Boom Out Goes the Ed / Cleanliness Is Next to Edness '' Keith Giffen & Danny Antonucci / Rachel Connor & Danny Antonucci Sabrina Alberghetti & Ben Meinhardt / Andrew Park & Sherann Johnson Boom Boom Out Goes the Light / Cleanliness Is Next to Godliness November 18 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 18 ) 59 `` I Am Curious Ed / No Speak Da Ed '' Jono Howard & Danny Antonucci / Rachel Connor & Danny Antonucci Steve Garcia & John Young / Lih Liau & Steve LeCouilliard I Am Curious Yellow / No Speak Da Ingles November 25 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 25 ) 60 5 `` Cool Hand Ed / Too Smart for His Own Ed '' Jono Howard & Danny Antonucci / Mike Kubat , Rachel Connor & Danny Antonucci Steve Garcia , Sabrina Alberghetti , Sherann Johnson & John Young / Sherann Johnson & Andrew Park Cool Hand Luke / Too Smart for His Own Head March 31 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 31 ) 61 6 `` Who 's Minding the Ed ? / Pick an Ed '' Jono Howard , Mike Kubat & Danny Antonucci / Keith Giffen & Danny Antonucci Sherann Johnson & Sabrina Alberghetti / Steve Garcia & Andrew Park Who 's Minding the Store ? / Pick a Card June 28 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 28 ) 62 7 `` Truth or Ed / This Wo n't Hurt an Ed '' Michael Hockney , Rachel Connor & Danny Antonucci / Rachel Connor & Danny Antonucci Raven Molisee & James `` Wootie '' Wootton / Raven Molisee , Steve LeCouilliard & John Young Truth or Dare / This Wo n't Hurt a Bit July 3 , 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 03 ) 63 8 `` Tinker Ed / The Good , the Bad and the Ed '' Rachel Connor & Danny Antonucci / Jono Howard , Rachel Connor & Danny Antonucci Raven Molisee / Steve Garcia & Tom Sales Tinker Bell / The Good , the Bad and the Ugly August 14 , 2006 ( 2006 - 08 - 14 ) 64 9 `` Tight End Ed / ' Tween a Rock and an Ed Place '' Rachel Connor , Danny Antonucci & Jono Howard / Rachel Connor & Danny Antonucci Tom Sales & Steve Garcia / Sherann Johnson & Sabrina Alberghetti Tight End Team / ' Tween a Rock and a Hard Place August 28 , 2006 ( 2006 - 08 - 28 ) 65 10 `` All Eds are Off / Smile for the Ed '' Rachel Connor , Jono Howard & Danny Antonucci / Rachel Connor , Michael Hockney & Danny Antonucci Sherann Johnson & Sabrina Alberghetti / Simon Piniel & Steve LeCouilliard All Bets are Off / Smile for the Camera April 13 , 2007 ( 2007 - 04 - 13 ) 66 11 `` Run Ed Run / A Town Called Ed '' Michael Hockney , Rachel Connor & Danny Antonucci / Rachel Connor & Danny Antonucci Steve LeCouilliard & Simon Piniel / Tom Sales & Steve Garcia Run Forrest Run / A Town Called Malice April 20 , 2007 ( 2007 - 04 - 20 ) 67 12 `` A Fistful of Ed '' Michael Hockney , Danny Antonucci & Scott `` Diggs '' Underwood Raven Molisee & `` Big Jim '' Miller A Fistful of Dollars April 28 , 2007 ( 2007 - 04 - 28 ) Season 6 ( 2008 ) No . overall No. in season Title Written by Storyboard by Title Reference Original air date 69 `` May I Have This Ed ? / Look Before You Ed '' Stacy Warnick & Danny Antonucci / Stacy Warnick , Rachel Connor & Danny Antonucci Raven Molisee & Sabrina Alberghetti / Scott Underwood & Steve Garcia May I Have This Dance ? / Look Before You Cross / Leap June 29 , 2008 ( 2008 - 06 - 29 ) May I Have This Ed ? : The Peach Creek Jr . High school dance is coming up - while Eddy is excited about it , Edd is not looking forward to it . Look Before You Ed : Edd and Jimmy decide to run a safety club to curb wintertime hazards . Note : This episode is in memory of Paul Boyd . Specials No . overall No. in season Title Written by Storyboard by Title Reference Original air date 53 `` Ed , Edd n Eddy 's Jingle Jingle Jangle '' Jono Howard , Mike Kubat & Danny Antonucci `` Big '' Jim Miller , Scott `` Diggs '' Underwood & Leah Waldron Jingle , Jangle , Jingle ( Song ) December 3 , 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 03 ) Disappointed by his gifts at home on Christmas Eve , Eddy decides that if one of the other cul - de-sac children `` adopts '' him , he could get their presents . 54 `` Ed , Edd n Eddy 's Hanky Panky Hullabaloo '' Jono Howard , Mike Kubat & Danny Antonucci `` Big '' Jim Miller , Scott `` Diggs '' Underwood & Leah Waldron none February 11 , 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 11 ) On Valentine 's Day , two cupids are set to fire arrows of love at all the cul - de-sac children at their school , Peach Creek Jr . High . 55 `` Ed , Edd n Eddy 's Boo Haw Haw '' Danny Antonucci , Jono Howard & Mike Kubat `` Big '' Jim Miller , Scott `` Diggs '' Underwood & Joel Dickie Brew - Haw - Haw October 28 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 28 ) Eddy receives a map from his brother to a location known as Spook - E-Ville , where the Eds plan to go trick - or - treating . 68 `` The Eds are Coming , the Eds are Coming '' Rachel Connor , Mike Kubat & Danny Antonucci James `` Wootie '' Wootton & `` Big Jim '' Miller The British are Coming May 11 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 11 ) After Jimmy has a nightmare where alien spaceships invade the cul - de-sac , he becomes convinced it will happen in real life . Television film Main article : Ed , Edd n Eddy 's Big Picture Show References General `` Ed , Edd n Eddy , Season 1 '' . iTunes Store . Apple . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . `` Ed , Edd n Eddy , Season 2 '' . iTunes Store . Apple . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . `` Ed , Edd n Eddy , Season 3 '' . iTunes Store . Apple . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . `` Ed , Edd n Eddy , Season 4 '' . iTunes Store . Apple . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . `` Ed , Edd n Eddy , Season 5 '' . iTunes Store . Apple . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . `` Ed , Edd n Eddy 's Big Picture Show '' . iTunes Store . Apple . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . `` Ed , Edd n Eddy Episodes on Cartoon Network '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 11 , 2012 . `` Ed , Edd n Eddy : Episode Guide '' . MSN . Microsoft . Retrieved June 11 , 2012 . Specific ^ Jump up to : Kapko , Matt ( November 16 , 2009 ) . `` Ed , Edd ' n Eddy 's Big Picture Show Premiers in the U.S '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network Greenlights 26 New Ed , Edd n Eddys '' . Animation World Network . June 15 , 2004 . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ DeVries , Jack ( November 1 , 2007 ) . `` Ed , Edd ' n Eddy : Scam of the Century Review '' . IGN . News Corporation . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Danny Antonucci ( October 10 , 2006 ) . Ed , Edd n Eddy : The Complete First Season -- Interview with the Creator ( DVD ) . Warner Home Video . Event occurs at 0 : 22 -- 2 : 34 . Jump up ^ `` Ed , Edd ' n ' Eddy -- Season 1 , Vol. 1 ( 1999 ) '' . Amazon.com . ASIN B0007MSU2G . Jump up ^ `` Ed , Edd And Eddy -- Volume 1 Edifying Ed - ventures ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . ASIN B000B7KXCC . Jump up ^ `` Ed , Edd ' n ' Eddy , Vol. 2 -- Fools Par - Ed - Ise ( 1999 ) '' . Amazon.com . ASIN B000CQM4II . Jump up ^ Cartoon Network Halloween Volume 1 : 9 Creepy Capers ( August 10 , 2004 ) -- `` Dawn of the Eds '' Cartoon Network Christmas Volume 1 : Yuletide Follies ( October 5 , 2004 ) -- `` Fa La - La - La - La Ed '' Cartoon Network Halloween Volume 2 : Grossest Halloween Ever ( August 9 , 2005 ) -- `` Honor Thy Ed '' Cartoon Network Christmas Volume 2 : Christmas Rocks ( October 4 , 2005 ) -- `` Jingle Jingle Jangle '' Cartoon Network Halloween Volume 3 : Sweet Sweet Fear ( September 12 , 2006 ) -- `` Do n't Rain On My Ed '' Cartoon Network Christmas Volume 3 ( October 3 , 2006 ) -- `` In Like Ed '' Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network 's Super Scary Showcase '' . iTunes Store . Apple . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ed , Edd n Eddy '' . Netflix ( DVDs ) . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ed , Edd n Eddy '' . Netflix . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Crum , Chris ( March 28 , 2014 ) . `` Here 's What 's About To Hit Netflix ( You Will Lose ) '' . WebProNews . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ed , Edd n Eddy '' . Google Play . Google . Retrieved August 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ed , Edd n Eddy Season 3 '' . Amazon.com . ASIN B00APA9CYU . Jump up ^ Shumway , Matt ; Wayne , Lamont ( June 1999 ) . `` Ed , Edd n Eddy : A Unique Approach '' . Animation World Magazine ( 4.3 ) . Retrieved July 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Cornelius , David ( April 24 , 2007 ) . `` DVD Talk Review : Ed , Edd ' n ' Eddy -- The Complete Second Season '' . DVD Talk . Internet Brands . Retrieved July 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Animation World News : Awards '' . Animation World Magazine ( 4.3 ) . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 Winners '' . Leo Awards . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Winners '' . Leo Awards . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 20th Annual SOCAN Awards Toronto 2009 - Winners List '' . Society of Composers , Authors and Music Publishers of Canada . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2012 . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` List of Nominees and Winners '' . Leo Awards . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2001 . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Leo Awards 2004 Nominees -- Animation Program or Series '' . Leo Awards . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2004 . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Animation Program or Series '' . Leo Awards . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2006 . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees 2007 '' . Leo Awards . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Legacy : 29th Annual Annie Award Nominees and Winners ( 2001 ) '' . Annie Awards . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2012 . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Nickelodeon Host / Nominees Release '' . Nickelodeon . Viacom . February 8 , 2005 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2012 . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Host & Nominees Release '' . Nickelodeon . Viacom . February 7 , 2008 . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Grove , Chris ( June 15 , 2007 ) . `` CN / D3 Unleash New Ed , Edd n Eddy Game '' . Animation Magazine . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ed , Edd n Eddy , Season 2 '' . iTunes Store . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ed , Edd n Eddy , Season 3 '' . iTunes Store . Apple . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ed , Edd n Eddy , Season 4 '' . iTunes Store . Apple . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . External links List of Ed , Edd n Eddy episodes at TV.com List of Ed , Edd n Eddy episodes at epguides ( hide ) Ed , Edd n Eddy Characters Seasons `` The Ed - touchables '' / `` Nagged to Ed '' 5 6 Film Ed , Edd n Eddy 's Big Picture Show Video games Jawbreakers ! ( 2003 ) The Mis - Edventures ( 2005 ) Scam of the Century ( 2007 ) Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Ed,_Edd_n_Eddy_episodes&oldid=802819788 '' Categories : Cartoon Network - related lists Ed , Edd n Eddy Lists of American animated television series episodes Lists of Canadian animated television series episodes Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Featured lists Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Български Dansk Español Français Italiano Norsk Português Română Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 28 September 2017 , at 17 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Ed%2C%20Edd%20n%20Eddy%20episodes
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where will the next world athletics championships be held
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2019 World Championships in athletics
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2019 world championships in athletics
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The seventeenth edition of the IAAF World Championships is scheduled to be held between 28 September and 6 October 2019 in Doha , Qatar at the renovated multi-purpose Khalifa International Stadium .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Host selection 2 Venue 3 Media coverage 4 Notes and references 5 External links Host selection ( edit ) Three cities applied for organising the event : Barcelona , Spain Doha , Qatar Eugene ( Oregon ) , United States . The final selection of the host city was carried out on November 18 , 2014 in Monaco . Venue ( edit ) The Khalifa International Stadium in 2010 Media coverage ( edit ) In the United States , NBCUniversal holds rights to the event . Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Richards , Alex ( 18 November 2014 ) . `` Night - time marathon in Doha ? Qatar to host 2019 World Athletics Championships '' . Mirror Online . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . Jump up ^ BARCELONA , DOHA AND EUGENE -- CANDIDATE CITIES FOR 2019 IAAF WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS Jump up ^ `` Iaaf WC 2019 will be held in Doha , Qatar ! '' , Queen Atletica Jump up ^ `` IAAF and Universal Sports Network extend USA broadcasting agreement through to 2019 '' . IAAF. 22 July 2014 . Retrieved 14 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBCUniversal acquires Universal Sports programming from World Championship Sports Network '' . NBC Sports Group . 6 July 2017 . Retrieved 14 September 2016 . External links ( edit ) Doha 2019 bid Website ( hide ) IAAF World Championships in Athletics Editions 1976 1980 1991 1995 1999 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 Lists Championships records Doping Medalists Men Women Medal sweeps Medal table Nations Event history 100 m 200 m 400 m 800 m 1500 m 5000 m 10,000 m 4 × 100 m relay 4 × 400 m relay Sprint hurdles 400 m hurdles Steeplechase Marathon Race walking Shot put Discus throw Hammer throw Javelin throw Pole vault High jump Long jump Triple jump Combined events Athletics portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_World_Championships_in_Athletics&oldid=831032267 '' Categories : World Championships in Athletics 2019 in athletics ( track and field ) Scheduled sports events Sports competitions in Doha International athletics competitions hosted by Qatar 2019 in Qatari sport September 2019 sports events October 2019 sports events Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Magyar 日本 語 Polski Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 March 2018 , at 09 : 52 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%20World%20Championships%20in%20Athletics
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green bay packers season ticket holder waiting list
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NFL season ticket waiting lists
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nfl season ticket waiting lists
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The National Football League has enjoyed success in selling out many of their venues from season ticket sales alone . Out of 32 teams in the league , 24 claim to have waiting lists from under 1,000 people to over 150,000 . For some fans , this means a wait not just of years , but decades . This is due mostly to the NFL 's short window of play ; there are only eight regular - season home games , forcing the most devoted fans into a desperate and sometimes costly search for a limited number of events .
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From 1973 to 2014 , the waiting lists also had the by - product of preventing any home games of certain teams from being blacked out on local television . Under the league 's blackout policy , home games were required to be sold out within 72 hours of kickoff before a telecast was allowed , and the longest waiting lists have ensured every home game of the applicable teams being locally televised . Prior to 1973 , home games could not be locally televised even if they were sold out . Four teams have had the benefit of not seeing any blackouts at all since 1972 ( excluding playoff games , which are not covered under season ticket purchases ) . This restriction was lifted by the FCC in October 2014 , and the league followed suit by suspending its blackout policy for 2015 . Contents 1 Personal seat licenses ( PSLs ) 2 Criticism related to waiting lists 3 Lengthiest waiting lists 4 Waiting lists 5 References Personal seat licenses ( psls ) ( edit ) A personal seat license ( PSL ) is a license which grants the holder the right to buy season tickets for a particular team . PSLs were first used in the NFL by the expansion Carolina Panthers in 1993 to help finance their new stadium . Since that time , several teams have used the mechanism to finance new stadium projects including the Chicago Bears remodel of Soldier Field and more recently the Dallas Cowboys . The New York Jets and the New York Giants used PSL programs to finance the construction of the New Meadowlands Stadium , now MetLife Stadium . Criticism related to waiting lists ( edit ) In 2003 , the New York Jets changed their waiting list policy to require a $50 annual maintenance fee to remain on the waiting list . However , due to the long list of names and high renewal rates among existing ticket holders , there was uncertainty about the fees a person may possibly have to pay if they remained on the list for many years . After attention from the media and the New York Attorney General 's Office , the Jets agreed to cap the maintenance fees at $500 , allow the transfer of the waiting list position if the person moved out of state and provide at least 80 % of non-renewed season tickets to waiting list members . In 2008 , the Jets sent notices to those on the waiting list that the $50 annual maintenance fee would be waived and any money already accrued would be either refunded or credited toward the purchase of Jets merchandise . In 2004 , the New England Patriots , who have a substantial season ticket waiting list , received media attention for not allowing the son of a deceased season ticket holder to retain his father 's season tickets . The following year , the New England Patriots introduced the `` Pass It On '' transfer program , which allows season ticket holders to transfer season tickets to immediate family members for $2,000 to $5,000 per ticket , depending on the location of the seat . The NFL requires that season ticket purchasers not only purchase the regular season games , but also typically two preseason games whether they want the exhibition games or not . The legality of requiring the purchase of the preseason games has been challenged all the way to the Supreme Court but it has not resulted in a change of policy for the NFL . Lengthiest waiting lists ( edit ) Annual postcard sent out by the Green Bay Packers organization to those on the waiting list for season tickets The Green Bay Packers have the longest waiting list , with more than 100,000 names . The team 's website says the wait is 30 years . It is a common custom in Green Bay and other Wisconsin cities to put a baby 's name on the list as soon as the birth certificate is obtained . Transfer of standing to surviving relatives is permitted by the Packers . The Washington Redskins were reported to have the longest waiting list , with more than 150,000 names . However , recent investigations question whether a waiting list exists at all , which would seem to be contradicted by the fact that FedExField demolished 10,000 seats heading into the 2011 season , and has since removed many upper deck sections . The New York Giants , New York Jets , Philadelphia Eagles , Pittsburgh Steelers , and Denver Broncos historically have also maintained long waiting lists for season tickets . Waiting lists ( edit ) Team Year waiting list was started Approx . number of names on waiting list Approx . wait time Personal Seat License Arizona Cardinals N / A No Waiting List None No Atlanta Falcons 2008 No Waiting List Unknown Yes Baltimore Ravens 3000 20 years Yes Buffalo Bills N / A 0 None No Carolina Panthers N / A No Waiting List None Yes Chicago Bears 1985 Unknown Unknown Yes , PSL purchase optional Cincinnati Bengals N / A No waiting list None Yes Cleveland Browns N / A No waiting list None No Dallas Cowboys N / A No waiting list None Yes AT&T Stadium only Denver Broncos Unknown 84,000 + 15 years No Detroit Lions N / A No waiting list None No Green Bay Packers 1960 133,000 30 years Yes ( One - time , $2,100 per seat -- Green Package . One - time , $900 per seat -- Gold Package . ) Houston Texans 2002 28,000 4 years Yes Indianapolis Colts 2013 Unknown Unknown No Jacksonville Jaguars N / A No waiting list None No Kansas City Chiefs N / A No waiting list None No Los Angeles Chargers 2017 Unknown Unknown No Los Angeles Rams N / A No waiting list None Yes Miami Dolphins N / A No waiting list None No Minnesota Vikings 2013 unknown 1 year Yes New England Patriots 60,000 15 years No New Orleans Saints 2006 100,000 Unknown No New York Giants 1976 70,000 N / A Yes , MetLife Stadium only New York Jets N / A No waiting list None Yes , upper level has no PSLs MetLife Stadium only Oakland Raiders 2016 Unknown Unknown No Philadelphia Eagles 2002 90,000 Unknown Yes Pittsburgh Steelers 1972 Unknown Unknown Yes San Francisco 49ers N / A No waiting list None Yes , Levi 's Stadium only Seattle Seahawks 2012 68,000 50 - 100 years Yes Tampa Bay Buccaneers N / A No waiting list None No Tennessee Titans Unknown 22,000 2 years Yes Washington Redskins N / A None None No References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Sherman , Lauren ( 2007 - 09 - 07 ) . `` Toughest NFL Waiting Lists - Forbes.com '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Mascarenhas , Rohan ( 2010 - 08 - 17 ) . `` New Meadowlands Stadium opens to Giants , Jets fans in East Rutherford '' . The Star - Ledger . Newark . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Mohl , Bruce ( 2005 - 02 - 25 ) . `` Season ticket transfer fees irk fans '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Angelo F. Coniglio v. Highwood Services , Inc. , 495 F. 2d 1286 ( 2d Cir. 1974 - 04 - 17 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Packers.com FAQ '' . Jump up ^ Packers.com - Fan Zone - Faq - Tickets Archived 2010 - 03 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ File : Waitlist Postcard. jpg Jump up ^ `` SI.com - Be the 74,659 th In Line ! - Oct 9 , 2007 '' . CNN . 2007 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Farmer , Liz ( 2011 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Redskins season ticket waiting list is a mystery to fans , sports experts '' . The Washington Examiner . Jump up ^ `` NFL Season Ticket Waiting Lists : Which Teams Have Them & Which Wish They Did '' . seatacular.com. 2017 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ http://www.seasonticketwaitinglist.com/2008/01/atlanta-falcons-season-tickets-waiting.html Jump up ^ `` Falcons ' PSL sales reach $233 million '' . ajc.com. 2017 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ http://www.baltimoreravens.com/gameday/tickets/psls-season-tickets/buy-sell-psls.html Jump up ^ http://forum.russellstreetreport.com/showthread.php?149535-Ravens-Wait-List Jump up ^ The Bills ' waiting list takes effect when 60,000 tickets have been sold. ( 1 ) , ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Bills sell 58,500 season tickets Jump up ^ http://www.denverbroncos.com/tickets-and-stadium/season-tickets/waiting-list.html Jump up ^ http://gnb.247sports.com/Bolt/Packers-season-ticket-waiting-list-grows-44208181 Jump up ^ http://www.houstontexans.com/news/article-2/Houston-Texans-announce-2014-ticket-prices/75eee730-0b05-4ecb-af6c-b28aeb5996b0 Jump up ^ The Wall Street Journal https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303561504577495083707417526 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.seasonticketwaitinglist.com/2010/03/new-england-patriots-season-tickets.html Jump up ^ http://www.theadvocate.com/new_orleans/sports/saints/article_9e1d6a4e-5de9-11e8-a740-67a003a93485.html Jump up ^ https://www.forbes.com/2007/09/07/nfl-football-tickets-forbeslife-cx_ls_0907tickets_slide_4.html Jump up ^ `` Oakland Raiders 2018 Season Ticket Priority Waitlist '' . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Seahawks request road game in London because of long wait for season ticket '' . seahawks.com. 2016 - 03 - 08 . 13 https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/09/01/AR2009090103984_pf.html www.packers.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NFL_season_ticket_waiting_lists&oldid=860262285 '' Categories : National Football League Tickets Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles needing additional references from August 2008 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 September 2018 , at 13 : 18 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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who plays the big orc in lord of the rings
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Lawrence Makoare
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lawrence makoare
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Lawrence Makoare ( born 20 November 1968 ) is a New Zealand Māori actor .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Filmography 3 References 4 External links Career ( edit ) Makoare was a road construction builder who drifted into acting after he accompanied a girlfriend to a drama class and was picked out by the teacher to perform because of his impressive height . He began his career performing as a stuntman . Makoare is probably best known for his roles in The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit film trilogies . In The Fellowship of the Ring , he portrayed the Uruk - hai leader Lurtz , and in The Return of the King , he portrayed the Witch - king of Angmar as well as Gothmog , the Orc commander at the Battle of the Pelennor Fields . In The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug , he portrayed the Orc commander Bolg , son of Azog . Due to filming commitments on Marco Polo , Makoare was unavailable during the pick - ups shooting of The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies , in which Bolg is portrayed by John Tui instead . Makoare is also popular among Xena : Warrior Princess fans , having played two memorable characters in the third season : a Barbarian leader in episode `` The Quill Is Mightier ... '' ; and Maecanus ( a minion of Aphrodite ) in episode `` Fins , Femmes and Gems '' . In 2002 , he portrayed Mr. Kil in the James Bond film Die Another Day . The director of The Dead Lands , Toa Fraser , was not enthusiastic about using Makoare as the warrior , but was won over by the way he managed , after a few directing hints , to turn in a performance that made him weep . Makoare with a fan cosplaying as Lurtz , his character from The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Rapa Nui Atta 1999 What Becomes of the Broken Hearted ? Grunt Greenstone Rameka TV Series 2000 The Feathers of Peace Pemako The Price of Milk Nephew Crooked Earth Kahu Bastion The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring Lurtz 2002 The Maori Merchant of Venice Pirihina o Morako ( The Prince of Morocco ) Die Another Day Mr Kil 2003 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Witch - King of Angmar / Gothmog 2007 The Ferryman Snake 2012 L'oncle Charles Ratu Fundamental J.T. 2013 The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug Bolg 2014 Marco Polo Za Bing TV Series The Dead Lands The Warrior References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stephen Dowling , ' Taking a break with a Rings monster , ' BBC News 17 September 2003 Jump up ^ Steohen Saito , ' Interview : Toa Fraser on Bringing His Life to `` The Dead Lands '' , ' The Moveable Fest 11 December 2014 . External links ( edit ) Lawrence Makoare on IMDb VIAF : 76006105 LCCN : no2003059626 This article about a New Zealand actor or actress is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This article about a New Zealand artist is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Makoare&oldid=814261926 '' Categories : 1968 births Living people New Zealand male film actors New Zealand male Māori actors New Zealand Māori carvers New Zealand actor stubs New Zealand artist stubs Hidden categories : EngvarB from November 2013 Use dmy dates from November 2013 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano Māori Nederlands Norsk Polski Suomi Svenska 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 December 2017 , at 19 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence%20Makoare
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when did the 100 season 3 come out
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Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Viewers ( millions ) 13 March 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 19 ) June 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 11 ) 150 2.59 16 October 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 22 ) March 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 11 ) 157 2.46 16 January 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 21 ) May 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 19 ) 165 1.94 13 February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) 158 1.47 5 13 April 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 24 ) August 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 07 ) 182 1.61
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January 21 , 2016
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List of the 100 episodes
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list of the 100 episodes
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The 100 ( pronounced `` The Hundred '' ) is an American post-apocalyptic science fiction drama television series developed by Jason Rothenberg , which premiered on March 19 , 2014 , on The CW . It is loosely based on a 2013 book of the same name , the first in a book series by Kass Morgan . The series follows a group of teens as they become the first people from a space habitat to return to Earth after a devastating nuclear apocalypse . As of August 7 , 2018 , 71 episodes of The 100 have aired , concluding the fifth season . In May 2018 , the series was renewed for a sixth season . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2014 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2016 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2017 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2018 ) 3 Ratings 3.1 Season 1 ( 2014 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2016 ) 3.4 Season 4 ( 2017 ) 3.5 Season 5 ( 2018 ) 3.6 Summary 4 References 5 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Viewers ( millions ) 13 March 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 19 ) June 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 11 ) 150 2.59 16 October 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 22 ) March 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 11 ) 157 2.46 16 January 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 21 ) May 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 19 ) 165 1.94 13 February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) 158 1.47 5 13 April 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 24 ) August 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 07 ) 182 1.61 Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Bharat Nalluri Jason Rothenberg March 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 19 ) 296843 2.73 Set in an indeterminate year in the distant future , 97 years after a nuclear apocalypse has devastated the surface of Earth , all known humans are residents of merged orbiting space stations known as `` The Ark '' . Equipped with vital - monitoring wristbands and instructions to proceed directly to Mount Weather , upon landing , 100 juvenile delinquents are sent to the surface to test its habitability . Among them is 17 - year - old Clarke Griffin ( Eliza Taylor ) , the daughter of The Ark 's chief medical officer , Dr. Abby ( Paige Turco ) . The 100 discover a lush Earth filled with new wonders and dangers . Clarke and four others search for the former Mount Weather Emergency Operations Center , a possible site of supplies . Ultimately , they discover that there are hostile survivors on the ground when Jasper , one of their party , is speared . The other delinquents remain at the landing site and , under the leadership of Bellamy ( Bob Morley ) , celebrate their new world . Back on The Ark , Chancellor Jaha ( Isaiah Washington ) has been shot , causing the merciless and unsympathetic Councilman Kane ( Henry Ian Cusick ) to take charge . `` Earth Skills '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg March 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 26 ) 2J7052 2.27 Chancellor Jaha recovers and learns of his son Wells ' supposed fate on the ground . Abby recruits Raven , a zero - gravity mechanic , to fix a drop pod to send herself to the ground . Meanwhile on Earth , Clarke , Wells , Murphy , and Bellamy set out to rescue Jasper , who was taken by the grounders after being attacked . They find Jasper tied to a tree and manage to return to camp with him , in addition to a panther they killed prior his rescue . Bellamy forces the 100 to trade their wristbands for food . Clarke manages to keep hers . As the Ark watches more wristbands going offline believing they are dying , a figure watches the 100 from above the camp . `` Earth Kills '' Dean White Elizabeth Craft & Sarah Fain April 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 02 ) 2J7053 1.90 In flashbacks , Clarke 's engineer father Jake discovers a life support problem with The Ark , and is arrested for threatening to tell the people and `` floated '' by Jaha . In the present , Clarke , Finn , and Wells search for antibiotic seaweed to treat Jasper 's wounds . Bellamy assembles a hunting group who are followed by Charlotte , a troubled 13 - year - old . A lethal acidic fog hits , forcing Clarke , Finn , and Wells to seek shelter . The three talk , and Clarke berates Wells for his apparent part in her father 's execution believing he told his father of Clarke 's father 's intent to commit treason . Bellamy and Charlotte take refuge from the fog ; he comforts her when she has a nightmare . Clarke discovers her mother 's culpability in her father 's death , learning that she actually told Thelonious , knowing her father would be floated . Clarke and Wells reconcile . Later , Charlotte 's misinterpretation of Bellamy 's advice leads her to kill Wells . `` Murphy 's Law '' P.J. Pesce T.J. Brady & Rasheed Newson April 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 09 ) 2J7054 1.69 Monty attempts to use the wristbands to contact The Ark . Octavia and Jasper discover Murphy 's knife outside the wall with two fingers , which are Wells ' . Clarke publicly accuses Murphy , inciting a mob that begins hanging him . Overwhelmed , Charlotte confesses and Murphy is cut down . Charlotte flees camp with Clarke and Finn , and they take refuge in a bunker , pursued by a revenge - seeking Murphy . Feeling guilty , Charlotte attempts to turn herself in , but Bellamy intercepts her . The whole group ends up at a dead - end cliff where Charlotte jumps off and commits suicide , and Bellamy banishes Murphy . Monty accidentally fries all of the wristbands . Finn runs to the bunker in frustration , Clarke follows , and they have sex . On The Ark , Abby and Raven go to great lengths to acquire a pressure regulator , but Kane finds out and has Abby arrested . Raven launches off The Ark alone and prepares to enter the atmosphere . 5 5 `` Twilight 's Last Gleaming '' Milan Cheylov Bruce Miller April 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 16 ) 2J7055 1.80 Raven , unconscious , has made it to the ground . Bellamy reaches her pod first and throws away her radio . Clarke and Finn follow , and help Raven , who is revealed to be Finn 's girlfriend , leaving Clarke devastated . They catch up with Bellamy and tell him of the 300 people to be culled from The Ark to preserve oxygen . He helps locate the radio , but it can not be repaired in time , so they devise a plan to fire `` flare '' rockets that The Ark will see , confirming that Earth is survivable . On The Ark , the approved plan calls for sealing off and deoxygenating Section 17 . A desperate Abby reveals her husband 's discovery to The Ark , causing some residents to volunteer for the culling . After the culling , Abby , imprisoned , and Jaha watch in surprise as the `` flare '' rockets appear in the viewport above Abby 's cell . Meanwhile , Octavia is captured by a grounder . 6 6 `` His Sister 's Keeper '' Wayne Rose Tracy Bellomo & Dorothy Fortenberry April 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 23 ) 2J7056 1.97 In flashbacks , Bellamy witnesses Octavia 's birth ; he names her after Augustus ' sister Octavia the Younger . Due to The Ark 's one child rule , Octavia is forced to live beneath the floor of her family 's quarters . To ensure her daughter 's safety , her mother resorts to prostitution in order to gain notice of guard 's inspections . When Octavia is 16 , Bellamy takes her to a masked ball for Unity Day . She is caught , and their mother is floated ( execution by being blown out of an airlock ) . A year later , Commander Shumway convinces Bellamy to assassinate Jaha , in exchange for a place on the dropship with his sister . In the present , Bellamy combs the camp looking for Octavia , to no avail . He assembles a search party , and they leave for the woods . Meanwhile , Clarke and Raven travel to Finn 's bunker in hopes of finding a radio transmitter with which to contact The Ark , and Raven discovers Finn 's involvement with Clarke . Bellamy , Finn , and Jasper rescue Octavia , and Finn is stabbed in the process . 7 7 `` Contents Under Pressure '' John Showalter Akela Cooper & Kira Snyder April 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 30 ) 2J7057 1.88 In the midst of a hurricane on the ground , Finn is near death from a poisoned stab wound . Bellamy , having captured the grounder who stabbed Finn , tortures him for the antidote but he does not speak . Raven successfully connects with The Ark ; Abby assists Clarke with treating Finn . Octavia convinces the grounder to reveal the antidote by poisoning herself with the same blade . On The Ark , Abby is released but is removed from the Council . Replacing her is the former chancellor , Diana Sydney , whose intentions are questionable . After learning that Earth is habitable , The Ark begins preparations for Project Exodus : their re-colonization of Earth . However , their drop ships can only carry about 25 % of The Ark 's population . In addition , residual tension from the culling causes mistrust in the Council . 8 8 `` Day Trip '' Matt Barber Story by : Andrei Haq Teleplay by : Elizabeth Craft & Sarah Fain May 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 07 ) 2J7058 1.64 Video connection is established with The Ark . The Ark informs the 100 of a nearby underground depot that may serve as a winter home . Bellamy and Clarke investigate , and discover a stockpile of weapons and supplies . Dax , whom Commander Shumway is coercing to kill Bellamy , follows them . Octavia takes advantage of the camp 's suffering from the effects of hallucinogenic nuts gathered as rations and frees the grounder , whose name is Lincoln . Bellamy , also hallucinating , is wracked with guilt for the culling and almost killed by Dax . Now , coming to terms with his actions , he speaks to Jaha and is pardoned in exchange for information about the assassination attempt . This leads to the arrest and imprisonment of Shumway . He is visited by Diana Sydney , and it is revealed that Jaha 's assassination was her idea . Diana then has Shumway killed in his cell . 9 9 `` Unity Day '' John Behring Kim Shumway & Kira Snyder May 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 14 ) 2J7059 1.73 `` Unity Day '' arrives , when the joining of the orbiting space stations is celebrated . As the 100 celebrate , they find their video link interrupted when a bomb explodes during the ceremony on The Ark . Diana engineers a mutiny in order to hijack the first dropship . As the ship launches , it is not fully disconnected from The Ark 's main systems , causing an Ark - wide power outage and disabling every dropship . On the ground , in an effort to initiate peace , Finn arranges a meeting with the local grounder leader through Lincoln . Clarke represents the group and goes to the meeting , where she meets Anya , a grounder leader . Jasper , who along with Bellamy is monitoring the meeting from cover , believes he sees the grounder spotters in the trees about to shoot , he opens fire , and the meeting dissolves into battle . That night , Clarke and Bellamy see the dropship descending . It comes in too fast with no parachute , and violently crashes in the distance . 10 10 `` I Am Become Death '' Omar Madha T.J. Brady & Rasheed Newson May 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 21 ) 2J7060 1.46 Murphy returns to the dropship after being captured and tortured by the grounders for information about the group . Soon , a deadly virus spreads thanks to Murphy , who was used by the grounders as an agent of biological warfare . Bellamy , Raven and Clarke all contract the disease . Octavia learns from Lincoln that this is his people 's way of softening the battlefield . To delay the incoming attack , Raven builds a bomb to stop the grounders from crossing the bridge featured in the previous episode . Bellamy tasks Jasper with detonating the bomb , and he does so just as the raiding party reaches the bridge . Later , Murphy smothers Connor as revenge for his part in Murphy 's hanging . Raven breaks up with Finn . 11 11 `` The Calm '' Mairzee Almas Bruce Miller May 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 28 ) 2J7061 1.71 After a fire destroys most of the food supply , the group sends out hunting parties to restock . Clarke , Finn , and Myles go out together , but Clarke and Finn are captured and brought to the grounder camp . Anya instructs Clarke to save Tris , her second , a young girl who was injured in the bomb blast . Clarke tries to save her but is unsuccessful . In revenge , Finn is taken away to be executed . Clarke escapes by killing her guard and runs . Bellamy , Raven , Octavia , and Monty search for the missing party and find Myles , hurt in the woods . Monty mysteriously disappears after hearing a strange signal on their hand radios . Kane awakens on a devastated Ark . He searches for survivors and realizes Jaha is alive in the Earth Monitoring Station and trying to bring systems online . With over half The Ark 's populace likely dead , they discover that there are survivors in an access bay to the exodus ship . Kane braves the extreme heat in a maintenance tunnel to reach the survivors -- including Abby . 12 12 `` We Are Grounders -- Part I '' Dean White Tracy Bellmo & Akela Cooper June 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 04 ) 2J7062 1.58 Clarke is recaptured by Anya , and they encounter a grounder named Tristan , who assumes command . Clarke is saved by Lincoln and taken to a very much alive Finn . Lincoln leads the two through a network of tunnels occupied by the reapers , cannibalistic humanoids the grounders themselves are afraid of . Lincoln seemingly sacrifices himself so Clarke and Finn can live to warn the others , including Octavia . Back at the dropship , Murphy has taken Jasper hostage . Bellamy trades himself for Jasper . While Raven attempts to open the dropship door , Murphy prepares to hang Bellamy . She is successful as Bellamy is dangling , and Murphy retreats to the upper level . Murphy shoots his gun aimlessly at the floor and accidentally shoots Raven . Murphy blows a hole in the ship with gunpowder and escapes with a radio . A returned Clarke convinces the group to flee the camp for the ocean where they 'll be safe . On The Ark , with the dropships no longer functional , Jaha realizes the only way to save the rest of the citizens is by bringing The Ark and its people to the ground . 13 13 `` We Are Grounders -- Part II '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg June 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 11 ) 2J7063 1.68 The 100 are ambushed by grounder scouts and forced to retreat to camp . Meanwhile , the remaining citizens of The Ark prepare to return to Earth . After a technical failure to jettison requires manual intervention , Jaha remains on The Ark . The Mecha Station , with Abby and Kane , makes it to the ground . Back at the dropship , Tristan leads the grounders ' attack . The 100 mount their defense . Octavia is injured and leaves with Lincoln . Most of the 100 retreat into the dropship ; Anya leaps in after them . As previously planned , Jasper manages to activate its rockets , and the massive fireball kills all 300 of the grounders , and apparently Finn and Bellamy . When the 100 emerge from the dropship , gas grenades drop at their feet , and they all pass out . Clarke wakes up in a white room . Through the window in her door she sees Monty locked in an identical room across the hallway . A sign next to his door reads `` Mount Weather Quarantine Ward '' . Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 14 `` The 48 '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg October 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 22 ) 3J5251 1.54 Finding Monty gone from his cell , Clarke breaks out and discovers she is trapped in an underground complex inside Mount Weather . She discovers an entire population of humans has survived , but is unable to go outside because they have never built up the resistance to radiation that the grounders and the 100 have from space and adaptation . After meeting their leader , President Dante Wallace , she is invited to stay along with the 47 surviving teenagers out of the original 100 that landed on Earth . Distrusting him , she makes a break for freedom but is stopped by Jasper . Clarke secretly plots an escape . Meanwhile , grounders capture Finn and Bellamy , before Abby , Kane , and the rest of The Ark 's survivors find them and free them . After heading to the crash site , they discover an injured Raven and Murphy . Bellamy attacks Murphy , and Kane arrests him . The group returns to the newly established Camp Jaha , the remains of the crashed Ark . Separated from everyone else , Lincoln tries to save a poisoned Octavia , but with no antidote , he is forced to take her to his village , knowing it will mean certain death if he is caught . 15 `` Inclement Weather '' John F. Showalter Michael Angeli October 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 29 ) 3J5252 1.48 Chancellor Jaha discovers a baby left on The Ark and plans to take him to Earth . While a suspicious Clarke confronts Dante , Octavia is healed by Nyko , a friend of Lincoln 's . Octavia holds Nyko hostage and leverages him to Indra , the village leader , in order to get Lincoln back . Abby performs surgery on Raven to remove the bullet from her spine without any anaesthesia . Jaha learns that the baby is an hallucination of his son , who convinces him to continue living his life ; he crash lands a missile to Earth . During the prisoner exchange , Octavia is attacked by the reapers , who capture Lincoln . Clarke learns that Anya -- the leader of the grounders -- is being held in Mount Weather with other prisoners being forced to supply blood to heal the mountain residents . 16 `` Reapercussions '' Dean White Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre November 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 05 ) 3J5253 1.68 Clarke and Anya escape Mount Weather into the reaper tunnels . Abby is punished for supplying guns to Finn , Bellamy and the others leave Camp Jaha to search for their friends . Octavia joins Indra 's hunting party in order to follow the reapers and retrieve Lincoln , but he is not among the grounders they intercept . In Mount Weather , Jasper and Monty worry about Clarke 's whereabouts . Kane goes after Finn , Bellamy , and the others , and appoints Abby chancellor in his absence . Clarke and Anya risk their lives to escape the tunnels ; Anya takes Clarke hostage . Lincoln is shown to be in Mount Weather , and it is revealed that the reapers work with the mountain men , bringing prisoners to Mount Weather and being fed with dead grounders . 17 `` Many Happy Returns '' P.J. Pesce Kim Shumway November 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 12 ) 3J5254 1.75 Chancellor Jaha is found in a desert and rescued by a boy named Zoran , living with his parents who left their people in search of a place in the `` dead zone '' called the `` City of Light '' . Searching for their friends , Finn , Bellamy , and the others find a survivor from The Ark -- Mel -- who is saved by Bellamy after Sterling dies while trying to rescue her . While Clarke and Anya are on the run from mountain men who follow them , Raven starts working in the camp again alongside Wick , who has made her a brace for her leg . Octavia finally reunites with Bellamy and the others . Chancellor Jaha is forced to leave Zoran and his parents when Zoran 's father trades him for a horse . On their way out of the woods , Clarke and Anya arrive at Camp Jaha . At the end , Ark soldiers shoot and kill Anya and knock out Clarke , after mistaking her for a hostile grounder . 18 5 `` Human Trials '' Ed Fraiman Charlie Craig November 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 19 ) 3J5255 1.64 Clarke is brought into Camp Jaha and , after receiving medical attention from Abby , is reunited with Bellamy , Octavia , and Raven . They go after Finn and Murphy . Kane is hoping to find peace with the grounders but instead is imprisoned at the grounder camp , where he discovers Jaha is also a prisoner . Meanwhile , Lincoln is being held at Mount Weather where he is the subject of experimentation involving a red drug that turns grounders into reapers . Jasper takes extreme measures to save Maya from radiation exposure by allowing a blood transfusion conducted by Dr. Tsing . After Maya 's successful treatment , Dr. Tsing and Cage -- Dante 's son and Lincoln 's torturer -- ask President Wallace for permission to move forward with trials on the 47 . He refuses . Elsewhere , Finn holds an entire grounder village hostage while searching for Clarke . Clarke , Bellamy , and Octavia arrive in time to see Finn gun down 18 grounders . 19 6 `` Fog of War '' Steven DePaul Kira Snyder December 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 03 ) 3J5256 1.86 Two days after the massacre , Raven discovers that Mount Weather has jammed communications . Leaving camp to investigate , Bellamy and Octavia discover that Lincoln has become a reaper . Clarke still has not spoken to Finn . Raven manages to listen in on Mount Weather 's radio broadcasts and discovers the previously encountered acid fog is a weapon of the mountain . In Mount Weather , Wallace wants Jasper to find volunteers to provide blood for the mountain residents , but he is unsuccessful . Maya discovers the radiation leak she was caught in was no accident and confides in Jasper about the mountain 's caged grounders . In captivity , Jaha and Kane are told that one of them must kill the other to gain an audience with the Commander . Kane attempts to take his own life rather than kill Jaha , but a grounder witness , named Lexa , reveals herself to be the Commander and says that she believes their wish for peace is sincere . She sends Jaha to Camp Jaha with a message ; leave within two days , or die . 20 7 `` Long Into an Abyss '' Antonio Negret James Thorpe December 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 10 ) 3J5257 1.62 With the grounders ' deadline imminent , Abby and Jaha disagree over what the survivors are to do ; Jaha wishes to evacuate to the so called `` City of Light '' , while Abby wants to remain behind to rescue the 47 . Clarke , Octavia , and Bellamy hold the reaper - state Lincoln in the dropship , and learn he was drugged and experimented on . Lincoln 's heart stops but is restarted by Clarke , who believes there is a way to cure reapers -- information they can leverage to the grounders . When Abby is successful in curing Lincoln , Lexa grants Clarke the truce but demands Finn 's execution for the massacre before it can begin . In Mount Weather , Jasper , Monty , Miller , and Harper discover that there are Ark survivors on the ground . Dr. Tsing learns that for the mountain residents to live on the surface , they would have to kill the 47 for their bone marrow . Though Wallace vetoes the plan , his son Cage goes behind his back and begins the process with Harper . 21 8 `` Spacewalker '' John F. Showalter Bruce Miller December 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 17 ) 3J5258 1.40 Clarke returns to camp with knowledge of the only way the grounders will accept a truce . Opinions are divided when Clarke reveals the grounders will cease their attack if they are given Finn . Flashbacks to The Ark reveal that Finn was imprisoned because he took the fall for Raven 's illegal spacewalking . At Camp Jaha , Abby and a returned Kane think they can bargain with the grounders by offering to put Finn on trial , but such plans are for naught , as Finn ultimately turns himself in . In a last - ditch effort to save Finn , Clarke goes to meet with Lexa . When Lexa refuses clemency Clarke asks to say goodbye . She approaches Finn , kisses him , and tells him that she loves him while stabbing him to death , saving him the brutal torture / execution of grounder custom . 22 9 `` Remember Me '' Omar Madha Dorothy Fortenberry January 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 21 ) 3J5259 1.48 Clarke and a group from The Ark accompany Finn 's body to a grounder camp to complete their agreement for a truce . Clarke is haunted by visions of Finn . Bellamy tries to convince Clarke to let him go to Mount Weather as a inside man ; she refuses . At the village , Finn 's corpse is burned along with those of the massacre victims . Kane gifts Lexa a bottle of liquor , which when tested appears poisoned , leading to the belief it was an assassination attempt by the Sky People . The grounders accuse and prepare to execute Raven , but Clarke and Bellamy pinpoint Gustus , Lexa 's right hand , as the true culprit . Later , Clarke changes her mind and sends Bellamy , along with Lincoln , to infiltrate Mount Weather . 23 10 `` Survival of the Fittest '' Dean White Akela Cooper January 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 28 ) 3J5260 1.53 Clarke and Lexa encounter a gigantic mutated gorilla after one of the grounder council members drives Clarke into the forest with the intent to kill her . They escape it but become temporarily trapped in its cage , and Lexa is injured . Clarke figures out a way to escape and has an idea about freeing the grounders inside Mount Weather to act as an insider army . Bellamy and Lincoln plan their infiltration of Mount Weather en route to the reaper tunnels , but upon arrival Lincoln is overcome by his addiction , leaving Bellamy to a questionable fate . Murphy helps Jaha confront his past , while Jaha persuades Murphy that the Sky People have nothing to offer him and that his best option is to search for the mystical `` City of Light '' . Jaha then leaves the camp with over a dozen Ark survivors , with Murphy tagging along , to search for the `` City of Light '' . After witnessing Octavia 's determination and unwavering spirit to fight , Indra offers to make Octavia her second in command , but Kane warns Octavia that once the war ends it is likely that the grounders and Sky People will end up breaking their alliance . 24 11 `` Coup de Grace '' P.J. Pesce Charlie Craig February 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 04 ) 3J5261 1.51 Bellamy is caged in Mount Weather along with numerous grounders . Jasper 's search for Monty and Harper remains fruitless , so he confronts the President about their disappearance . Cage sends snipers to assassinate Clarke and Lexa ; they are intercepted , and one is captured for questioning . Maya discovers Bellamy being harvested for blood and saves him ; he makes contact with Clarke . President Wallace and Jasper discover Dr. Tsing 's illegal experiments on Harper and Monty . Cage replaces his father as President by force and orders a lockdown for the surviving 47 teens . Realizing she has to draw attention to the outside for Bellamy 's sake , Clarke sends Emerson , their captive , back to Mount Weather with a message boasting that the army that is coming for them . 25 12 `` Rubicon '' Mairzee Almas Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre February 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 11 ) 3J5262 1.36 An unmasked Cage rescues Emerson on the surface , revealing the success of the bone marrow experiments . In the dormitory , Jasper tells the others of Bellamy 's presence . Meanwhile , Jaha , Murphy , and his group encounter a strange woman , a scavenger and drifter named Emori , who offers to serve as guide to the City of Light through the `` dead zone '' desert . But Emori is not who she appears to be . In Mount Weather , Bellamy seeks a way to help his friends . When Bellamy makes radio contact , Clarke and Raven overhear Cage 's plan to bomb the planned peace conference in Tondc . Clarke races to the village , where she explains the danger to Lexa . Lexa convinces Clarke that an evacuation would expose Bellamy 's presence in the mountain ; the two secretly escape . As they leave , Clarke sees her mother arrive in the village and returns to try to rescue Abby as the missile hits the village . 26 13 `` Resurrection '' Dean White Bruce Miller February 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 18 ) 3J5263 1.42 Clarke and Abby survive the missile strike on Tondc , but Abby is horrified to realize that Clarke knew it was coming and did not evacuate the village . She goes back to help survivors , while Lexa and Clarke set off to find and kill the spotter who called in the strike and is still shooting . Lincoln saves Indra 's life , while Octavia leads the other seconds in an effort to dig out survivors . Abby finds Kane pinned below rubble and struggles to free him , while they wonder whether they deserve to survive at all . Clarke finds and kills the spotter with Lincoln 's help , and realizes that the spotter 's lack of a hazmat suit means the mountain men have started harvesting her friends . Inside Mount Weather , Jasper and the others fight back and find refuge with those in Mount Weather who do not agree with Cage . 27 14 `` Bodyguard of Lies '' Uta Briesewitz Kim Shumway February 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 25 ) 3J5264 1.55 Lexa decides to kill Octavia to protect the secret that she and Clarke knew about the missile strike in advance . Clarke stops her and Lexa reveals that she has feelings for Clarke . Meanwhile , Bellamy , Raven , and Wick find a way to disable the acid fog ; Bellamy soon discovers it was a trick but radio contact has been cut and he has no way to warn the others . Lexa agrees to trust Clarke and not hurt Octavia , and Clarke notes there is more to life than survival . Lexa kisses Clarke who says that she is n't ready for a relationship . On Raven 's signal that the fog is disabled , Clarke and Lexa lead the army to Mount Weather . Bellamy manages to destroy the acid fog system just as the mountain men are deploying it . Elsewhere , Jaha , Murphy , and crew continue to search for the City of Light . They take casualties crossing a minefield and reach a lake where a mysterious boat appears . 28 15 `` Blood Must Have Blood , Part One '' Omar Madha Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre March 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 04 ) 3J5265 1.49 Bellamy is letting the grounders imprisoned inside Mount Weather out of their cages as Cage starts to raid the complex for the 47 . Some of them are temporarily captured but freed again by Bellamy , Jasper , and Maya , who bring them to the harvest chamber . Soldiers soon raid the harvest chamber too , taking the 47 prisoner once again . Meanwhile , Cage visits his father , desperately hoping he will tell him a way to stop the incoming attack . Raven and Wick destroy the mountain 's generators , and the lock on Mount Weather 's door is disabled . When they pull the door open however , Lexa commands her people to stand down -- she has made a deal with Emerson , her people will be freed if the grounder army retreats leaving the Sky People left for dead . It is later learned that this was Dante 's suggestion . When the grounders retreat , almost all the Sky People accept defeat and soon leave too , leaving behind only Clarke at the front door and Octavia in the tunnels . 29 16 `` Blood Must Have Blood , Part Two '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg March 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 11 ) 3J5266 1.34 Clarke joins Octavia in the tunnels and is let into Mount Weather by Bellamy . With the 47 waiting for bone marrow extraction , Clarke and Bellamy take Dante hostage . When Cage still refuses to stop , Clarke shoots his father , which leads Cage to begin bone marrow extraction on Abby . Seeing no other option , Clarke has Monty hack into Mount Weather 's air filtration system , and she and Bellamy irradiate the mountain , killing the entire population , including Maya . Cage escapes but comes upon Lincoln , who injects Cage with the reaper drug , killing him , leaving Emerson , who also escaped , as the last Mountain Man . Everyone returns to Camp Jaha , but Clarke , wracked with guilt over the deaths of hundreds of people , leaves . Meanwhile , Jaha and Murphy arrive at an island where they separate . Murphy finds a lighthouse inside of which he watches a video recording ( dated May 10 , 2052 ) of the previous occupant who says she `` got the launch codes '' , before shooting himself . In the final scene , Jaha finds a well kept mansion , surrounded by flying drones , where he meets an A.I. , named `` A.L.I.E. '' , in the hologram form of an attractive dark - haired woman wearing a red dress , who thanks him for his `` gift '' : the nuclear warhead from the missile he used to land on Earth . Season 3 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 30 `` Wanheda : Part One '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg January 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 21 ) 3J5751 1.88 For the past three months , Clarke has been living on her own in the woods . At a grounder trading post , Clarke sleeps with the post owner , Niylah , and is caught by a bounty hunter while leaving the next morning . At Camp Jaha , renamed Arkadia , Lincoln -- unable to leave camp due to a kill order put on him by Lexa -- tries to fit in with the Sky People , much to Octavia 's distaste . Bellamy , with several others , goes on patrol and encounters scouts from another grounder clan called the Ice Nation . Jasper is injured , and part of the group returns to Arkadia . The rest meet up with Kane and Indra , from whom they learn there is a bounty on Clarke ( who is known in the grounder circles as `` Wanheda '' ; the Commander of Death ) for the mass killings of the population of Mount Weather . They leave to search for Clarke , but the solar powered Rover ATV they are using gets trapped by a deliberately felled tree . Meanwhile , Murphy is released from his bunker and finds Jaha and A.L.I.E. at the mansion . Murphy refuses to be a part of Jaha 's mission but decides to leave the island with him when he sees that Emori is part of the boat crew . 31 `` Wanheda : Part Two '' Mairzee Almas Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre January 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 28 ) 3J5752 1.63 The attackers of the Rover ATV turn out to be fellow Ark members from Farm Station who landed separately , including Monty 's mother , and under the control of Pike . Conflicts with the Ice Nation , in whose territory they landed , have reduced their numbers to 63 . Pike and his group accept Kane 's offer to come to Arkadia . Part of the group continues their search for Clarke , but after Bellamy is injured by the bounty hunter who has captured Clarke , the group is forced to return to base . Indra returns to the grounder city of Polis where the bounty hunter -- revealed to be Prince Roan of Ice Nation -- delivers Clarke to Lexa . Meanwhile , Jaha continues his mission for A.L.I.E. While Otan distracts Jaha , Emori and ( unwittingly ) Murphy kill Gideon and steal a backpack containing A.L.I.E. 's portable nuclear powered hardware . When Otan returns he appears to be brainwashed , and Murphy throws the pack into the water . Emori and Murphy escape on the boat , while Jaha and Otan scramble to save the bag . A.L.I.E. reveals that no one can die in the City of Light , showing them Gideon -- alive and unscarred -- in the city . 32 `` Ye Who Enter Here '' Antonio Negret Kim Shumway February 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 04 ) 3J5753 1.57 Lexa reveals to Clarke that she intends to initiate the Sky People into her Coalition . Meanwhile , Bellamy , his girlfriend Gina , Octavia , and Raven arrive at Mount Weather with supplies for the Farm Station refugees . There , Echo , the grounder Bellamy first freed from the cages beneath the mountain , appears and speaks of an Ice Nation plot to attack the summit in Polis . Bellamy , Pike , and Octavia leave for Polis . As they reach the summit , it is revealed there is no imminent threat to those present ; the `` warning '' was a ruse to lure them away . Meanwhile , an assassin infiltrates Mount Weather , kills Gina , and punches in the self - destruct codes . After a fight between the assassin on one hand , and Sinclair and Raven on the other , Mount Weather detonates , killing all 36 members of the Farm Station ; only Raven and Sinclair survive . It is revealed that Echo is working with Queen Nia of the Ice Nation , who is helped by Emerson , the last survivor of Mount Weather , in carrying out its destruction . 33 `` Watch the Thrones '' Ed Fraiman Dorothy Fortenberry February 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 11 ) 3J5754 1.32 In a fight to the death for the right to the throne , Queen Nia chooses her son Roan to fight Lexa . At Arkadia , Bellamy , wracked with guilt , resigns from the guard . Monty and Jasper leave camp , and Monty confronts his grieving friend . Pike publicly confronts Kane and Abby , questioning them about the grounder army surrounding Arkadia , sent as protection by Lexa . Pike convinces Bellamy to supply him with guns and help massacre the grounder army . Lincoln , Abby , and Kane stop them at the last minute . Pike 's name is then suggested for inclusion on the ballot for the upcoming Chancellor vote . Back at Polis , Lexa bests Roan but kills Nia instead of him , and pronounces Roan the king of Ice Nation . Back at Arkadia , Pike is the elected Chancellor . Pike then frees himself , his supporters , and Bellamy , and they leave to finish what they started . 34 5 `` Hakeldama '' Tim Scanlan Charlie Craig February 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 18 ) 3J5755 1.36 Clarke , Lexa , and other grounders from Polis discover the fallen army of grounders , slain by Pike and his followers . Indra is found wounded and claims Bellamy persuaded Pike to let her live in order to tell Lexa that the Sky People reject the newly - formed coalition . Lexa allows Clarke 's return to Arkadia to tell Bellamy and the others to step down . Clarke fails to convince Bellamy , but instead induces Lexa to end the cycle of violence in hopes of peace . Meanwhile , Murphy and Emori set up traps to steal from passersby . Murphy is caught , and one of the grounders spots the pill Jaha gave him earlier in the season ; he demands to know where Murphy found it . After arriving in Arkadia , Jaha and A.L.I.E. set out to recruit more people into the City of Light by giving out the pills . Devastated by her chronic agony , Raven decides to take the pill , which successfully removes her pain . She then sees A.L.I.E. for the first time . 35 6 `` Bitter Harvest '' Dean White Kira Snyder February 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 25 ) 3J5756 1.41 When Roan has Emerson , the last Mountain Man , delivered to Polis , Clarke must decide his fate . Ultimately , she decides to let Lexa banish him . Octavia and Kane find out Pike intends to clear a nearby grounder village and utilize their fertile soil for crops , so Octavia rides to alert the village . The village set a deadly trap for the incoming Sky People , which Octavia manages to warn Bellamy about just in time . Meanwhile , Abby confiscates the City of Light chips from Jaha when it becomes clear he has no recollection of his son . A.L.I.E. enlists Raven 's help to search The Ark for her second iteration , A.L.I.E. 2.0 . They are unable to find it , which leads to the realization that it may be on the mythical 13th station , named Polaris , that got shot out of orbit before joining the rest of The Ark . Titus , the Flamekeeper , tortures Murphy for information , alongside an escape pod with two letters clearly scorched off from re-entry that , with the other marked letters , spells Polaris . 36 7 `` Thirteen '' Dean White Javier Grillo - Marxuach March 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 03 ) 3J5757 1.39 Murphy convinces Titus to tell him more about the origin of his religion , speculating that the first Commander was from the 13th station rather than born on the ground . Flashbacks to 97 years earlier reveal that after A.L.I.E. causes the nuclear apocalypse by hacking all of the world 's computer launch codes , Becca -- A.L.I.E. 's creator and avatar template -- attempted to create A.L.I.E. 2.0 to interface more directly with humanity . When The Ark destroyed her research station Polaris , Becca injected herself with an unknown black substance while implanting the A.L.I.E. 2.0 in her neck , and traveled to Earth in an escape pod . In the present , Clarke and Lexa sleep together for the first time as they prepare to part ways in response to Lexa 's decision to blockade Arkadia until Pike is removed from leadership . Titus attempts to ensure that the Sky People are destroyed by shooting Clarke and blaming Murphy for it , only he shoots Lexa accidentally . After Lexa dies , it is revealed that the A.L.I.E. 2.0 computer has been implanted in the back of her neck ; Titus describes it as the spirit of the Commander . 37 8 `` Terms and Conditions '' John Showalter Charlie Craig March 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 10 ) 3J5758 1.20 Two grounders inform Arkadia of the blockade and note that it will only be lifted if Pike is surrendered to them . In response , Pike begins to plan for war , while Kane plans to hand Pike over to the grounders . To this end , Sinclair allows himself to be arrested . He and an interned Lincoln stage an argument in lock - up , creating a distraction for Kane to capture Pike . Bellamy and other guards intercept him at the gate . Meanwhile , Raven convinces Jasper to help her break into Pike 's office to recover the confiscated chip manufacturer . Jasper , mentioning Finn , prompts a realisation that Raven has no recollection of him at all , and they leave the device where it is . As Jaha reflects on his future plans , Pike decides to sentence Kane to death for treason , forcing Bellamy and Monty to re-evaluate which side they are truly on in the ever - escalating tensions towards war . 38 9 `` Stealing Fire '' Uta Briesewitz Heidi Cole McAdams March 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 31 ) 3J5759 1.23 In Polis , a conclave is held to decide the new Commander . Ontari , Nia 's bodyguard , arrives and murders the other Nightbloods , declaring herself Commander . Titus names Clarke the new Flamekeeper and she takes the A.L.I.E. 2.0 computer chip , known to the grounders as `` the Flame '' , to find Luna , a Nightblood friend of Lincoln . Titus kills himself to ensure Ontari can not use him against Clarke , and Ontari swears Roan and Murphy to secrecy about the missing Flame . Meanwhile , Bellamy goes to Octavia for help to save Kane , Lincoln , and Sinclair from execution , but is captured by Octavia and Indra . Abby , Octavia , Miller , and Harper stage an elaborate rescue , with last - minute help from Monty , whose betrayal of Pike is covered up by his mother . When Pike threatens to execute the interned grounders , Lincoln surrenders to save them , while the others escape Arkadia . Octavia watches from a distance as Pike executes Lincoln . 39 10 `` Fallen '' Matt Barber Charmaine DeGrate & Javier Grillo - Marxuach April 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 07 ) 3J5760 1.13 Acting as a fake Flamekeeper , Murphy helps Ontari convince the grounders to submit to her rule ; she later rapes him . Pike discovers Monty 's betrayal , forcing him to flee Arkadia . Monty rejoins Kane , Octavia , and a captive Bellamy at the dropship , but Pike 's men capture them , and Bellamy offers to lead them to the rest of Kane 's insurgents . Instead , he leads them to the grounder blockade and hands Pike over to them . Kane goes with the grounders to Polis . Meanwhile , A.L.I.E. 's influence spreads throughout Arkadia as more people fall under the mind - controlling influence , and Raven enlists Abby and Jasper to help her destroy the chip inside her . A.L.I.E. restores Raven 's pain to torture her into submission , and then uses her to coerce Abby to take the chip . Jasper , finding the whole of Arkadia in A.L.I.E. 's thrall , manages to escape with an unconscious Raven , encountering Clarke on the way out . 40 11 `` Nevermore '' Ed Fraiman Kim Shumway April 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 14 ) 3J5761 1.08 Clarke and Jasper regroup with Bellamy , Octavia , Monty , and Sinclair . They decide to carry out Raven 's original plan to free herself from A.L.I.E. 's control : by building an electromagnetic pulse device ( EMP ) from one of The 100 's old wristbands and frying the chip inside her . Clarke leads the group to Niylah 's trading post , where there is a salvaged bracelet . Monty and Octavia return to the dropship to retrieve additional components for the EMP , but they are attacked by Monty 's mother Hannah , now under A.L.I.E. 's control . Monty fatally shoots his mother to save Octavia , and they return to Niylah 's , where they are able to destroy the chip inside Raven using the EMP and Clarke cuts out its liquefied remains using Titus ' Flamekeeper kit . Raven reveals to the group that the Flame is the only thing that can stop A.L.I.E. 41 12 `` Demons '' P.J. Pesce Justine Juel Gillmer April 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 21 ) 3J5762 1.15 Clarke 's group finds Arkadia abandoned , and retrieve Lincoln 's journal , which contains a map to Luna 's location . A mysterious masked figure attacks Harper , Miller , and his boyfriend Bryan before they can reach Arkadia and then targets Clarke , who unmasks him as Carl Emerson . Emerson kills Sinclair , and traps everyone else in the airlock planning to force Clarke to watch them suffocate . Clarke uses the Flame to kill him and saves her friends . The group hold a funeral for Lincoln and Sinclair , after which Clarke , Bellamy , Octavia , and Jasper embark on a journey to find Luna , while the others remain to use the Arkadia 's mainframe to hack A.L.I.E. Meanwhile , Emori arrives in Polis and reunites with Murphy . Jaha arrives with knowledge of Ontari 's deception , revealing that Emori is under A.L.I.E. 's control . Ontari has Murphy arrested , and Jaha convinces her to take a chip . With Ontari in her thrall , A.L.I.E. now has mastery of both the Sky People and the grounders . 42 13 `` Join or Die '' Dean White Julie Benson & Shawna Benson April 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 28 ) 3J5763 1.27 Flashbacks depict Pike giving The 100 an Earth Skills crash - course in the two weeks prior to the events of the pilot episode . Realising the teens were being sent to the ground and failing to persuade Jaha to let him go with them , Pike beats Murphy in front of the class to incite them to fight for their survival . In the present , Kane and Pike arrive in an A.L.I.E. - controlled Polis and are taken prisoner by Ontari . While incarcerated , Pike is tortured by fellow prisoner Indra in revenge for the massacre of her people , but Murphy convinces her they must unite against A.L.I.E. 's followers . Jaha threatens Abby 's life to coerce Kane into taking the chip . Meanwhile , Clarke , Bellamy , Octavia , and Jasper arrive at the shore of a vast ocean and send a signal to Luna 's people . After being drugged , they awaken aboard a disused oil rig and meet Luna of the ' boat people ' clan , who refuses to take the Flame . 43 14 `` Red Sky at Morning '' P.J. Pesce Lauren Muir & Kira Snyder May 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 05 ) 3J5764 1.13 At Arkadia , Harper and Monty sleep together while Raven hacks into the City of Light . She breaks through the firewalls but is blocked by the spirit of Hannah . Monty erases his mother 's code , but A.L.I.E. removes herself from Arkadia before Raven can destroy her code . Meanwhile , Murphy , Indra , and Pike escape the Polis dungeons and destroy A.L.I.E. 's core processor , but she has already migrated to the computer system on The Ark , still orbiting Earth . At the oil rig , Clarke plans to implant the Flame into Luna against her will , but is unsuccessful . Some of Luna 's people return from the mainland having been taken over by A.L.I.E. , and capture Jasper and Luna . After breaking free and killing her captors , Luna , knowing Clarke will stop at nothing to get her to accept the Flame , drugs Clarke and her companions , and has them returned to the mainland . 44 15 `` Perverse Instantiation -- Part One '' Ed Fraiman Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) 3J5765 1.17 Clarke encounters Roan in the woods , and he agrees to help her infiltrate Polis to implant the Flame into Ontari as a last resort . In Arkadia , Jasper is revealed to have been put under A.L.I.E. 's control at the oil rig , and traps Monty and Raven , and takes Harper hostage . At Polis , Roan is shot by Kane and dragged away , while Clarke is captured and tortured by Abby . Murphy , Pike , and Indra rescue Bellamy and the rest of the group . Bellamy and Murphy then attempt to rescue Clarke while the others fight A.L.I.E. 's acolytes , during which Kane is almost killed in an explosion but is tackled aside by Indra , who is captured . Bellamy and Murphy arrive in time to save Clarke , but Jaha prevents them from using Ontari by inflicting a severe head wound that leaves her brain - dead . 45 16 `` Perverse Instantiation -- Part Two '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg May 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 19 ) 3J5766 1.29 At Arkadia , Monty rescues Harper and captures Jasper . At the Polis tower , freed from A.L.I.E. 's control , Abby transfuses the near - dead Ontari 's Nightblood into Clarke so she can be implanted with the Flame . While Pike and the others fend off A.L.I.E. 's acolytes , Clarke takes a chip and enters the City of Light . She is protected by Lexa 's spirit and aided by Raven 's hacking against A.L.I.E. 's minions , and is led to Becca 's spirit who shows her A.L.I.E. 's kill switch . To stop Clarke , A.L.I.E. claims that the world 's abandoned nuclear power plants are melting down and releasing radiation , meaning Earth will be uninhabitable in the next six months , and City of Light is the only salvation . Clarke decides to pull the switch despite this , destroying A.L.I.E. and freeing all her subjugates . In the aftermath , Octavia brutally executes Pike to avenge Lincoln 's death . Season 4 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 46 `` Echoes '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) T27. 13251 1.21 Picking up immediately after destroying A.L.I.E. , Clarke confides in Bellamy about A.L.I.E. 's warning of the nuclear power plants melting down and the human race surviving only six more months . In the aftermath of the battle , it turns out that the people Lexa killed to protect Clarke in the City of Light are actually dead , leading the people of Polis to declare both Wanheda and Skaikru their enemies . During these events , Echo leads the Ice Nation warriors against Skaikru and begins to take the city by force ; in order to stop her , Clarke and Abby go to King Roan to save him from his bullet wound . When Roan awakens , Echo attempts to convince him to kill Clarke , but Clarke gives Roan the Flame and he declares himself ruler of the thirteen clans until the Flame chooses another commander and announces their peace with Skaikru . Murphy and Emori run away from everyone to be together . Clarke , Bellamy , and Jaha leave Polis to return to Arkadia to decide their next move in their fight against the radiation that 's coming . Elsewhere at Arkadia , Raven attempts to determine exactly what kind of damage the radiation will deliver while Jasper 's suicide attempt is unknowingly interrupted by Monty . 47 `` Heavy Lies the Crown '' Ed Fraiman Justine Juel Gillmer February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) T27. 13252 1.01 Ilian , a grounder who was under A.L.I.E. 's influence , kills his family to convince his mother to take the chip . Soon after when his mother dies , she tells him to avenge her . In Polis , Ambassador Raphael and Ilian plan to challenge Roan . Roan prepares for battle despite being too weak from his injury . Kane and Octavia attempt to deter Raphael , but he refuses , Octavia later assassinates him . At Arkadia , Raven , Clarke , Bellamy , Monty , Harper , Bryan , and Miller devise a plan to restore Alpha Station to survive the radiation and acquire a hydro - generator for water from Farm Station which is in the Ice Nation . Grounders meet them there and eventually agree to give them the generator . However , they find many of their own as slaves and vote amongst them to use the generator to make an explosion to free them . Everyone returns to Arkadia but with no way of supplying water for everyone . Clarke tells the people of the radiation crisis and they all agree to work together . Kane and Abby sleep together in Polis . 48 `` The Four Horsemen '' P.J. Pesce Heidi Cole McAdams February 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) T27. 13253 1.05 A possible lead from Jaha for a safe place for when the radiation comes turns out to be false hope . A group of grounders arrive at Arkadia with signs of Acute Radiation Syndrome ( A.R.S ) from eating contaminated fish , including Nyko and Luna . Abby wants to use their radiation medicine , but Raven who 's now in charge of rationing , stops her . Murphy steals it and gives it to Abby anyway . The new Flamekeeper , Gaia , steals the Flame from King Roan , but before Octavia kills her Indra stops her , stating that she is her estranged daughter . Using a decoy , Octavia tells Roan the Flame was destroyed . Arkadia can only house 100 people for the next 5 years to ride out the radiation . Clarke writes a list and includes Bellamy as number 99 , and he writes her name for the 100th spot . Luna is the only person who does not die from the A.R.S , which makes Abby realize that Luna 's body is rejecting the radiation because of her Nightblood . 49 `` A Lie Guarded '' Ian Samoil Kim Shumway February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) T27. 13254 1.00 In Polis , Kane and Bellamy are sentenced to die when Roan ends the alliance with both Skaikru and Trikru . Meanwhile , Abby , Raven , Murphy and Luna return to A.L.I.E. 's island to discover how they can use Luna 's Nightblood to save the human race from the radiation . Drones fire on them , resulting in Nyko 's death and driving Luna to her breaking point . Echo hunts down Octavia and after a sword fight , Octavia is stabbed and falls off a cliff , but survives . Also , Monty and Jasper discover and expose Clarke 's list of 100 names forcing Jaha to resolve the conflict . 50 5 `` The Tinder Box '' John F. Showalter Morgan Gendel March 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 01 ) T27. 13255 1.02 Raven and Abby discover that because they were released from A.L.I.E. 's control via EMP instead of when Clarke pulled the kill switch , that they have leftover knowledge from Becca / A.L.I.E. in their brains . They learn that Becca was making Nightblood on the Ark and after they find a rocket , they prepare to go back to the Ark to make Nightblood for the survival of the human race . Meanwhile , Ilian brings Octavia to Arkadia to sneak his way in . Octavia warns them of Roan 's planned takeover of the ship and Clarke goes to negotiate with him . They eventually agree to share Arkadia 50 -- 50 until Ilian blows up the ship and they all watch their last chance of survival burn to the ground . 51 6 `` We Will Rise '' Dean White Charmaine DeGrate March 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 15 ) T27. 13256 0.98 Clarke , Bellamy , and Roan go on a road trip to deliver ten barrels of hydrazine fuel to Raven for her trip to space to make Nightblood . Meanwhile , the residents of Arkadia band against Ilian and want to execute him for destroying the ship but Kane tries to resolve the conflict peacefully . However , Octavia holds a gun to Ilian 's head but is stopped at the last minute by Kane who points out that Lincoln had been murdered in a similar fashion ; she has an emotional breakdown and leaves . Also , Clarke lets her lover , Niylah , stay at Arkadia for the time being . During the drive , a Trikru attack on Clarke , Bellamy , and Roan results in one of the hydrazine barrels being pierced by an arrow and emptied . Later as Raven hears the news , she suffers a seizure . 52 7 `` Gimme Shelter '' Tim Scanlan Terri Hughes Burton & Ron Milbauer March 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 22 ) T27. 13257 0.90 The black rain begins to fall , and as the Sky People shelter in the remains of Arkadia , Bellamy tries to rescue a father and son trapped outside , but is unable to reach them . Meanwhile , Octavia and Ilian take refuge in a cave , but when he tries to get her to open up about Lincoln , she tries to go into the black rain and kill herself , but he stops her . They have sex , and she decides to go with him back to his family 's abandoned farm . At the underground lab on Becca 's island , Abby tells Clarke her new plan to implant Luna 's bone marrow into a test subject to see if it can create immunity , but to test this they would need to use a huge dose of radiation on the subject , which could kill them . When a grounder thief breaks into Becca 's mansion and is captured , Emori identifies him as her nemesis Baylis . She intends to kill him , but Clarke decides to use him as the test subject . Emori later admits to Murphy that the thief is not Baylis , and that she lied to save herself from being sacrificed . 53 8 `` God Complex '' Omar Madha Lauren Muir March 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 29 ) T27. 13258 0.97 After the first test kills the thief , Emori 's lie is discovered and she is taken prisoner , with the intention of using her as the next subject . Murphy also has to be tied up when he tries to stop them , and Luna is knocked out by Roan when she tries to leave . Clarke changes her mind and injects herself with Luna 's bone marrow , becoming a Nightblood , but before she can subject herself to the radiation , Abby destroys the machine , with her hallucinations having convinced her that Clarke would die . In Arkadia , Jaha overhears Niylah use a phrase associated with the cult who built the shelter , and believes that the shelter he found was a decoy . Suspecting Gaia may have information that could lead to the real shelter , he , Kane and Monty go to Polis , where the Tree People are fighting the Ice Nation for control . Gaia helps them deduce that the shelter is beneath Polis , and they find it using a talisman found at the decoy shelter . 54 9 `` DNR '' Mairzee Almas Miranda Kwok April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) T27. 13260 0.81 Clarke struggles to keep the peace in Polis after word of Jaha 's discovery of the shelter spreads , which makes other clans , including Roan 's and Indra 's , want a part of the shelter for their own people . At Arkadia , Jasper and Bellamy get into an argument when Jasper and other like - minded youth of the original 100 want to stay behind to celebrate the end of the world , while Bellamy wants to lead the remainder of Arkadia 's 400 - plus population to the shelter before the death wave arrives in less than six days and wipes out all life . Meanwhile , Raven decides to stay behind at the lab as she is haunted by Becca 's hallucination urging her to continue the space rocket repairs as Murphy and Emori decide to head out to the shelter . Elsewhere , Octavia struggles to adjust to living at Ilian 's farm until a brutal and lethal encounter with three hostile grounders make her realize that she can not run away from her past . 55 10 `` Die All , Die Merrily '' Dean White Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre May 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 03 ) T27. 13259 0.85 The clans hold a fight to the death at Polis to determine which clan will receive the shelter . Octavia , Roan , and Ilian represent their respective clans . Luna also fights , but explains she will not let anyone into the shelter if she wins . During the fight , Echo is discovered to be cheating without Roan 's knowledge and is subsequently banished by Roan as punishment . Octavia decides to ally with Ilian , but he is killed with an arrow to his neck . Later , only three warriors are left ; Octavia teams up with Roan to take on Luna , but a storm of black rain arrives which puts both of them at a disadvantage against Luna , who is a Nightblood . Although Luna kills Roan , Octavia eventually defeats Luna and becomes the winning champion . She decides to share the shelter equally with the clans , allowing 100 survivors from each clan . It is then discovered that members of Skaikru settled in the bunker during the battle and sealed the door . 56 11 `` The Other Side '' Henry Ian Cusick Julie Benson & Shawna Benson May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) T27. 13261 0.86 With little sense of the situation outside the bunker , Clarke and Jaha refuse to open the door and risk the future of humanity . Abby helps Bellamy unlock the door and Clarke is unable to use force to stop him from opening it . Echo is stopped from exposing Skaikru 's treachery when Octavia threatens to reveal her cheating and banishment . Octavia bars Echo from the bunker . By Octavia 's decision , Clarke is left with 12 hours to banish over 300 of her people to the surface , possibly leaving too few skilled workers to maintain the bunker . At Arkadia , Monty tries to save the others by explaining how horribly they 'll die , which convinces them to blissfully overdose -- except for Harper who decides that she loves Monty enough to live . Raven has hallucinations of Sinclair which convince her to undertake a risky procedure to stop her mental deterioration and live . 57 12 `` The Chosen '' Alex Kalymnios Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre May 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 17 ) T27. 13262 0.83 Jaha and Kane disagree over how to handle their grim reality when they must choose only 100 out of their 400 people to shelter at the Second Dawn bunker to make room for the rest of the 1,200 grounders who want to place their own survivors there as well . It all leads to holding a lottery which threatens to tear the fragile plans apart . Abby asks Kane to let her give up her place to make space for others . Meanwhile , Clarke leads Bellamy , Murphy , and Emori , to save Raven , who still is at the lab . However , they run into a grounder clan , which wreck their truck until Echo appears to save them . With no time to return to Polis , Monty and Harper are called to transport the group to the lab , where they decide to go to space before the death wave reaches them . 58 13 `` Praimfaya '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) T27. 13263 0.91 As the death wave hits Polis and the Second Dawn bunker , Clarke , Bellamy , Raven , Murphy , Emori , Monty , Harper and Echo gather at the lab to ready the rocket to travel to the remains of the Ark . Monty is incapacitated after going out with Murphy to obtain an oxygen generator for installation in the Ark . With only 90 minutes before the radioactive pyroclastic wave of the death wave hits , Clarke decides to stay behind to climb to the top of an antenna tower to realign the dish in order to program power for the Ark prior to launch . The rocket 's launch is successful , and Raven spacewalks to the Ark to dock the rocket pod . After programming power for the Ark , Clarke runs to the lab with the death wave right behind her , but upon arriving , she is revealed to have been affected by the radiation . On the Ark , the group almost runs out of air before the oxygen generator is installed . Six years and seven days later , Clarke is revealed to have survived the death wave along with a young Nightblood girl . While Clarke tries to make contact with the Ark , a spacecraft lands on Earth . Season 5 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 59 `` Eden '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg April 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 24 ) T27. 13551 1.43 In a flashback to six weeks after Praimfaya , Clarke searches for food and water in the rover , first going to Polis where she tries to dig out the bunker , then to Arkadia where she finds Maya 's MP3 player among other people 's possessions as well as Jasper 's goggles and a suicide letter addressed to Monty . She then drives to the Dead Zone , where the rover breaks down in a storm . She follows a bird , at one stage considering suicide , and discovers the Shallow Valley . She finds a room of dead people , then a young Nightblood girl who runs from her . Clarke follows her and tries to get acquainted with her , which does not work until Clarke draws a sketch of her . The time jumps back to six years after Praimfaya , where Clarke and the Nightblood , Madi , are living together . Raven and the other six on the Go - Sci Ring try to boost signals to contact the Bunker , when they see the Eligius ship . Clarke watches the passengers de-board the ship , where they roam the area and almost kill Madi , before Clarke jumps in . Echo tells Bellamy she is afraid of returning to the ground . Octavia watches over Wonkru warriors fighting to the death . 60 `` Red Queen '' P.J. Pesce Terri Hughes Burton May 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 01 ) T27. 13552 1.02 Shortly after Praimfaya , the clan delegates discuss punishment for a thief . Kane and Abby hear Clarke knocking on the bunker , and when they try to open it , they discover it has been sealed shut due to the rubble from Polis . A Skaikru rebel stages a coup and locks several Skaikru members in the farm area . While grounders gather the remaining Skaikru not in the farm area , Jaha is stabbed . Octavia spares him due to his expertise as an engineer . With Jaha , Indra , and Gaia 's help , Octavia resolves the problem of opening the farm area door and proves herself to be a capable leader . When many grounders question her leadership , she kills them , telling them they are Wonkru , or they are against Wonkru . Those remaining bow before her . After opening the door , Octavia , Kane , and Abby rush to Jaha 's aid . As Kane recites the Skaikru prayer , Jaha dies of his injuries . As punishment for Kara and the guilty Skaikru involved in the coup , Octavia instructs them to fight to the death . Kara emerges victorious . Six years later , Octavia and her advisers watch over Wonkru warriors fighting to the death . The next batch of combatants are brought in , Kane among them . 61 `` Sleeping Giants '' Tim Scanlan Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre May 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 08 ) T27. 13553 1.08 Clarke and Madi hide from the Eligius crew , while Diyoza sends McCreary to find them and interrogate them . He captures Clarke and brings her to Diyoza . To make Clarke talk , she orders Madi shot on sight . Clarke promises to tell her everything . Raven and the others board the Eligius IV ship in space and find a way to Earth . Monty and Murphy argue over returning to Earth , when Echo finds a lab of cryogenically frozen prisoners . One prisoner is remotely woken up by the prisoners on the ground and attacks Bellamy , who kills him . In order to leverage the frozen prisoners against Diyoza , Raven stays behind . Bellamy objects until Raven tells him of an escape pod that she can use to go to Earth . Bellamy , Echo , Monty , Harper and Emori safely make their way back to the ground . Murphy stays behind with Raven and learns that there is no escape pod and they are trapped . The Eligius men find Bellamy and the others . Shortly after , Madi kills the Eligius men and guides them to Clarke . McCreary uses a shock collar on Clarke . Bellamy arrives , telling Diyoza that 283 frozen people will be killed if they do not release Clarke . 62 `` Pandora 's Box '' Dean White Charmaine DeGrate May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) T27. 13554 1.07 Octavia punishes Kane for stealing medicine , which is a crime against Wonkru . Bellamy and Clarke reunite after he brokers a deal with Diyoza . Diyoza outwardly accepts the deal but still tries to hack into the Eligius mainframe . Bellamy and Clarke , with the help of Diyoza and McCreary , break into the bunker and rescue everyone inside . Octavia is the first to be lifted onto the ground . Miles opens the docking bay doors to Eligius 4 in an attempt to kill Raven and Murphy , but they counter by waking up the frozen prisoners . The Eligius warriors on the ground break the deal and take Kane and Abby . As they attempt to fire missiles at Wonkru , they find that the launch codes have been changed . Miles tells them it must be Raven . They fly to retrieve Raven while Octavia tells Wonkru to prepare for war . 63 5 `` Shifting Sands '' Omar Madha Nick Bragg May 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 22 ) T27. 13555 0.94 Diyoza orders Kane and Abby to help and cure Vinson , while Octavia takes her people to march in the Shallow Valley . McCreary tortures Raven and threatens to kill Murphy to find out how to turn their weapons system back on ; Miles stops him with a gun to his head and reveals to Raven and Murphy that he was the one who disabled them . Abby tells Diyoza she does not know if she can help Vinson . Murphy escapes with Miles ' help and Echo finds him . She , Murphy , Harper , Emori , Monty and Madi set out to find Bellamy , but McCreary activates Murphy 's shock collar , leaving him with Emori while the rest keep on the journey . A Wonkru warrior dies and worms pop out of his chest . Octavia and Wonkru retreat , as the four in the van arrive . Octavia angrily witness Bellamy and Echo 's reunion , as do a reconciling Madi and Clarke . 64 6 `` Exit Wounds '' Michael Blundell Drew Lindo June 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 05 ) T27. 13556 0.92 Octavia confronts Bellamy over his relationship with Echo and reiterates the latter 's banishment . Diyoza 's ship arrives , delivering apples and offering free passage to any Wonkru defectors . Octavia offers Echo a deal ; spy on her people and report anyone that plans to defect in exchange for her banishment to be lifted . Monty eventually deduces that he will need to access the firewall from the inside ; Echo , who has decided against Octavia 's plan , offers to instead go undercover as a defector so that she can breach Diyoza 's camp . Octavia agrees , but has Cooper to shoot fleeing defectors , ostensibly for appearances . Murphy and Emori work to remove his shock collar and decide to use his collar to set up an explosive trap . During which time they discuss and rekindle their relationship . The two find McCreary survived the explosion and take him hostage . Clarke believing that Octavia will figure out and kill Madi for her natural Nightblood status , plans to leave with the defectors . Madi objects , fearing for Clarke 's safety , and reveals her status to Octavia . Octavia tells Clarke that nothing bad will happen to Madi and that Madi will train as a Wonkru warrior . Echo successfully infiltrates Diyoza 's camp . 65 7 `` Acceptable Losses '' Mairzee Almas Jeff Vlaming June 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 19 ) T27. 13557 0.83 Kane finds Abby huddled on the floor by a dead patient and deduces she was high on pills during the surgery despite her denials . Later , Kane gives Abby an ultimatum ; him or the pills . Diyoza interviews the Wonkru defectors to determine their use and trustworthiness . In order to gain Diyoza 's trust , Echo reports Shaw as the one to shutdown the systems despite Raven 's initial protests . Echo uses Raven 's demonstration about the shutdown to Diyoza to install Monty 's backdoor into the prisoner 's system . A bloodied , collared Shaw later appears in the defector 's room . In the bunker , Clarke and Bellamy discover Cooper 's human experimentation to breed the parasitic worms as a weapon . Octavia reveals her plan to release the worms with the next group of Defectors . Diyoza reveals her pregnancy to Abby . Madi , at the urging of Clarke and Gaia , initially hides her aptitude in hand - to - hand combat , but drops the charade during a class presentation to Octavia and is designated Octavia 's second . Clarke attempts to negotiate a nonviolent settlement of the valley with Diyoza . The only term Diyoza will agree to is Wonkru 's unconditional surrender , to which Octavia will never agree . Clarke declares the need to assassinate Octavia . 66 8 `` How We Get to Peace '' Antonio Negret Lauren Muir June 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 26 ) T27. 13558 0.73 Octavia is ready to prepare for an all - out war against Diyoza which Clarke opposes . Despite perfecting the algae , Monty 's request to end the war and forget about the valley is ignored . Monty , sick of the unending violence , resolves to not go with his friends to the valley . Due to Octavia 's unwillingness to listen to reason , Clarke and Bellamy decide to sabotage Wonkru 's plan to attack the valley . Clarke and Bellamy enlist the help of Indra to sabotage Octavia 's plan . They use the worms to kill Cooper , and attempt to make her death look like an accident . At the camp , Diyoza reveals to Kane that she is pregnant while the two discuss their plans for a better world . Raven finds out about Abby 's addiction to pills , and feels betrayed when Abby tricks her into creating a device that can cure the lung disease of the Eligius prisoners . Later , Octavia finds Cooper 's body , and immediately deduces Cooper was murdered and she reveals to Indra that she had planned to use the worm 's eggs on the camp instead of the worms . Octavia arrests Clarke for treason and plans to have her executed . Bellamy and Octavia have dinner where Bellamy uses Monty 's algae to poison her food . 67 9 `` Sic Semper Tyrannis '' Ian Samoil Miranda Kwok July 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 10 ) T27. 13559 0.89 Indra announces her intentions to surrender to Diyoza to Wonkru , only to be challenged by Miller for leadership . Wonkru takes Miller 's side and Indra tells Bellamy that Madi ascending is the only way that they can stop the war . Clarke opposes the plan but Bellamy leaves her chained up to carry it out . In Eden , Murphy successfully starts a civil war by telling McCreary that Diyoza has a cure for the lung disease . A battle breaks out , and McCreary takes over the valley with Diyoza escaping . Raven , Emori , Echo , and Shaw escape while Kane and Murphy stay behind to find Abby and Diyoza . Octavia wakes up and reports Bellamy 's betrayal , but Indra secures the room and will not let her leave . Niylah eventually rescues Clarke who goes to kill Octavia . Octavia convinces her that neither of them want Madi to ascend . However , Gaia performs the ascension on Madi ; Clarke then shows up and escapes with Madi in the rover . Octavia arrests Bellamy , Indra , and Gaia and sentences them to fight in the arena . Then , behind closed doors , Octavia sheds a tear . 68 10 `` The Warriors Will '' Henry Ian Cusick Julie Benson & Shawna Benson July 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 17 ) T27. 13560 0.86 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Clarke goes on the run with Madi and tells her she will remove the flame , but Madi insists that she needs to go back , because the flame is giving her visions of the previous commanders , specially Becca Pramheda . Bell tells Octavia that they must be shown what happens if they do n't march by making Bellamy , Indra and Gaia fight in the arena . Octavia goes to Indra to try and come up with another way , which Indra denies . She also says that if they fight , she will kill Bellamy and then ensure that Gaia kills her . Octavia remembers her childhood with Bellamy when she cut herself and was terrified someone would find her by the blood , but Bellamy was always there to help . She then asks how that led to him poisoning her and he states that was to protect her too . Octavia tells Bellamy of a weakness of Indra 's - because she still does n't want him to die . Monty shows Octavia that the Hydrofarm is working again and they could grow crops elsewhere than the Shallow Valley , but it makes no difference , she still makes Indra , Bellamy and Gaia fight . McCreary takes Abby 's pills away in order to make her cure him - sure she will break before she dies , so she enlists Vinson to get them back for her under the pretense of 2 hourly check - ups . By the time Vinson is back with the pills , he attacks the other guards , while Abby takes too many pills . Clarke and Madi find Diyoza 's men burying bodies in the woods and convince one to tell them where Abby is , where they find her unconscious . Monty stops the fight between Bellamy , Gaia and Indra by revealing the truth about the Hydrofarm to Wonkru , as well as Octavia 's knowledge of it . They turn against her , so she burns the Hydrofarm down , leaving everybody with one choice , stay behind and die , or march with her and live . 69 11 `` The Dark Year '' Alex Kalymnios Heidi Cole McAdams July 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 24 ) T27. 13561 0.85 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Clarke helps Abby after her overdose and McCreary orders her to get her mother operating again , and says that if she still refuses to cure them , they can both watch their daughters die . Raven , Emori , Murphy and Echo head out to scout ways into the valley ( Octavia 's army will arrive in 5 days ) . Raven tells Shaw to stay behind . Shaw follows the scouting group , and after Murphy suggests they steal the ammo rather than just scouting , they get ambushed , and Shaw saves them . The truth of the dark year in the bunker is revealed - they do not have enough protein until another year , so they have to get it from the fighting pits . Clarke and Abby cure McCreary 's people and Madi confronts Clarke , telling her they are on the wrong side of the war . Bellamy tells Octavia about the safe way into the valley , as long as she agrees to his terms - accept McCreary 's surrender and share the valley - to which Octavia agrees . Diyoza and Kane go to McCreary and tell him that Wonkru will win because they know every move he is going to make before he makes it but they will tell him how to win the war . 70 12 `` Damocles -- Part One '' Dean White Justine Juel Gillmer July 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 31 ) T27. 13562 0.88 McCreary 's men ambush Wonkru at the gorge , causing many fatalities and trapping Bellamy , Octavia , Indra , and Gaia . Madi hears the attack over the radio and tries to help , but Clarke forcibly detains her . The surviving Wonkru retreat to the wasteland and descend into disarray . Echo , Raven , and Shaw go into McCreary 's camp to recover Madi so she can lead Wonkru , however Clarke betrays them to McCreary . Vinson attacks Kane and grievously injures him , however Vinson is slain by Abby . Recalling Lexa 's memories from the flame , Madi sways Clarke to her side . Clarke kills McCreary 's guards and stays to prevent the launch of the transport ship while Madi and Echo return to Wonkru . Back at the gorge Octavia decides to draw the fire of McCreary 's men so that Bellamy and Indra can flee with Gaia , but before she gets gunned down they 're saved by the Rover carrying Bellamy 's group and Madi . 71 13 `` Damocles -- Part Two '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg August 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 07 ) T27. 13563 0.99 Bellamy 's group along with Madi , Octavia , Gaia , and Indra return to Wonkru . Octavia publicly submits to Madi , unifying Wonkru under Madi 's command . Madi consults the previous commanders with Gaia 's help and devises a strategy to take the gorge . Clarke frees Diyoza and holds her and McCreary 's unborn child hostage , grounding the transport ship . Bellamy 's group freely enter the gorge and take out its defenses , clearing the way for Wonkru . Bellamy convinces Madi to spare the remainder of McCreary 's men . McCreary triggers a protocol that will destroy the valley before he 's killed by Clarke . Everyone on Earth flees the planet aboard the Eligius transport ship and head towards the mother ship before the valley is destroyed . Due to the limited rations , everyone decides to enter cryogenic sleep for 10 years in order to give Earth time to recuperate . Clarke and Bellamy are the first to awake and are greeted by a 27 - year old man named Jordan , Harper and Monty 's son , who informs them 125 years have passed . He shows them a series of video diaries recorded by Monty and Harper , in which Monty gives updates on Earth 's condition , their lives , and their son . As years go by , it became clear to him that Earth would not recuperate , so he put his son to sleep as well . Over decades , he managed to crack the Eligius III data and found a new planet to sustain the survivors , although Harper 's death due to her genetic illness and his own age left him unwilling to put himself to sleep . Bellamy and Clarke stare outside the ship 's window to the new planet , hoping that this time , things will be different . Ratings ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) `` Pilot '' March 19 , 2014 0.9 / 3 2.73 N / A N / A `` Earth Skills '' March 26 , 2014 0.7 / 2 2.27 0.5 `` Earth Kills '' April 2 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.90 0.4 1.0 `` Murphy 's Law '' April 9 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.69 0.4 0.9 5 `` Twilight 's Last Gleaming '' April 16 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.80 N / A N / A 6 `` His Sister 's Keeper '' April 23 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.97 0.4 1.0 7 `` Contents Under Pressure '' April 30 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.88 N / A N / A 8 `` Day Trip '' May 7 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.64 N / A N / A 9 `` Unity Day '' May 14 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.73 0.3 0.9 10 `` I Am Become Death '' May 21 , 2014 0.5 / 1 1.46 N / A N / A 11 `` The Calm '' May 28 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.71 N / A N / A 12 `` We Are Grounders -- Part I '' June 4 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.58 N / A N / A 13 `` We Are Grounders -- Part II '' June 11 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.68 N / A N / A Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) `` The 48 '' October 22 , 2014 0.5 / 1 1.54 0.3 0.8 `` Inclement Weather '' October 29 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.48 N / A N / A `` Reapercussions '' November 5 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.68 0.4 0.9 `` Many Happy Returns '' November 12 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.75 0.4 0.9 5 `` Human Trials '' November 19 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.64 N / A N / A 6 `` Fog of War '' December 3 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.86 0.4 1.0 7 `` Long Into an Abyss '' December 10 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.62 0.4 1.0 8 `` Spacewalker '' December 17 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.40 N / A N / A 9 `` Remember Me '' January 21 , 2015 0.5 / 2 1.48 0.4 0.9 10 `` Survival of the Fittest '' January 28 , 2015 0.5 / 2 1.53 0.4 0.9 11 `` Coup de Grace '' February 4 , 2015 0.5 / 2 1.51 0.4 0.9 12 `` Rubicon '' February 11 , 2015 0.5 / 2 1.36 0.4 0.9 13 `` Resurrection '' February 18 , 2015 0.5 / 1 1.42 0.4 0.9 14 `` Bodyguard of Lies '' February 25 , 2015 0.5 / 1 1.55 0.3 0.8 15 `` Blood Must Have Blood , Part One '' March 4 , 2015 0.5 / 1 1.49 0.4 0.9 16 `` Blood Must Have Blood , Part Two '' March 11 , 2015 0.4 / 1 1.34 0.4 0.8 Season 3 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Wanheda : Part One '' January 21 , 2016 0.7 / 2 1.88 0.4 1.01 2.89 `` Wanheda : Part Two '' January 28 , 2016 0.6 / 2 1.63 0.4 0.9 1.0 2.54 `` Ye Who Enter Here '' February 4 , 2016 0.6 / 2 1.57 N / A 0.92 N / A 2.48 `` Watch the Thrones '' February 11 , 2016 0.5 / 2 1.32 N / A 0.89 N / A 2.21 5 `` Hakeldama '' February 18 , 2016 0.5 / 2 1.36 0.4 0.96 0.9 2.32 6 `` Bitter Harvest '' February 25 , 2016 0.6 / 2 1.41 N / A 0.88 N / A 2.29 7 `` Thirteen '' March 3 , 2016 0.5 / 2 1.39 N / A 0.80 N / A 2.19 8 `` Terms and Conditions '' March 10 , 2016 0.4 / 1 1.20 0.4 0.92 0.8 2.13 9 `` Stealing Fire '' March 31 , 2016 0.4 / 2 1.23 0.4 0.76 0.8 1.99 10 `` Fallen '' April 7 , 2016 0.4 / 1 1.13 0.4 0.79 0.8 1.98 11 `` Nevermore '' April 14 , 2016 0.4 / 1 1.08 0.3 0.75 0.7 1.83 12 `` Demons '' April 21 , 2016 0.4 / 1 1.15 0.3 0.74 0.7 1.89 13 `` Join or Die '' April 28 , 2016 0.4 / 1 1.27 0.4 0.75 0.8 2.02 14 `` Red Sky at Morning '' May 5 , 2016 0.4 / 2 1.13 0.3 0.75 0.7 1.88 15 `` Perverse Instantiation -- Part One '' May 12 , 2016 0.4 / 1 1.17 0.3 0.72 0.7 1.89 16 `` Perverse Instantiation -- Part Two '' May 19 , 2016 0.5 / 2 1.29 0.3 0.79 0.8 2.08 Season 4 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Echoes '' February 1 , 2017 0.4 / 2 1.21 0.3 0.75 0.7 1.97 `` Heavy Lies the Crown '' February 8 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.01 0.3 0.78 0.7 1.79 `` The Four Horsemen '' February 15 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.05 0.3 0.76 0.7 1.80 `` A Lie Guarded '' February 22 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.00 0.3 0.70 0.7 1.69 5 `` The Tinder Box '' March 1 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.02 N / A N / A N / A N / A 6 `` We Will Rise '' March 15 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.98 0.4 0.73 0.7 1.72 7 `` Gimme Shelter '' March 22 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.90 0.3 0.74 0.6 1.63 8 `` God Complex '' March 29 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.97 0.3 0.68 0.6 1.65 9 `` DNR '' April 26 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.81 N / A N / A N / A N / A 10 `` Die All , Die Merrily '' May 3 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.85 0.3 0.54 0.6 1.42 11 `` The Other Side '' May 10 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.86 0.3 0.66 0.6 1.52 12 `` The Chosen '' May 17 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.83 0.2 0.57 0.5 1.40 13 `` Praimfaya '' May 24 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.91 0.3 0.59 0.6 1.50 Season 5 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Eden '' April 24 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.43 0.4 0.91 0.8 2.34 `` Red Queen '' May 1 , 2018 0.3 / 1 1.02 0.4 0.93 0.7 1.95 `` Sleeping Giants '' May 8 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.08 0.3 0.89 0.7 1.97 `` Pandora 's Box '' May 15 , 2018 0.3 / 1 1.07 0.4 0.77 0.7 1.84 5 `` Shifting Sands '' May 22 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.94 0.3 0.88 0.6 1.82 6 `` Exit Wounds '' June 5 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.92 0.4 0.94 0.7 1.87 7 `` Acceptable Losses '' June 19 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.83 0.3 0.87 0.6 1.70 8 `` How We Get to Peace '' June 26 , 2018 0.2 / 1 0.73 0.4 0.86 0.6 1.59 9 `` Sic Semper Tyrannis '' July 10 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.89 0.3 0.80 0.6 1.69 10 `` The Warriors Will '' July 17 , 2018 0.2 / 1 0.86 0.4 0.76 0.6 1.62 11 `` The Dark Year '' July 24 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.85 0.3 0.70 0.6 1.56 12 `` Damocles -- Part One '' July 31 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.88 0.2 0.62 0.5 1.50 13 `` Damocles -- Part Two '' August 7 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.99 0.3 0.74 0.6 1.73 Summary ( edit ) The 100 : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Episode number 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 2.73 2.27 1.90 1.69 1.80 1.97 1.88 1.64 1.73 1.46 1.71 1.58 1.68 N / A 1.54 1.48 1.68 1.75 1.64 1.86 1.62 1.40 1.48 1.53 1.51 1.36 1.42 1.55 1.49 1.34 1.88 1.63 1.57 1.32 1.36 1.41 1.39 1.20 1.23 1.13 1.08 1.15 1.27 1.13 1.17 1.29 1.21 1.01 1.05 1.00 1.02 0.98 0.90 0.97 0.81 0.85 0.86 0.83 0.91 N / A 5 1.43 1.02 1.08 1.07 0.94 0.92 0.83 0.73 0.89 0.86 0.85 0.88 0.99 N / A Audience measurement performed by Nielsen Media Research . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ellis , Kate . `` Dangerous planet Earth : The CW 's new sci - fi drama ' The 100 ' premieres '' . TV Media . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` The CW Sets Midseason Schedule & New Series Premiere Dates ; ' The Tomorrow People ' Moving to Monday '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ James Hibberd ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` CW orders 3 new sci - fi shows '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` UPDATE : CW 's ' The Tomorrow People ' , ' The 100 ' , ' Reign ' & ' Oxygen ' Ordered To Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cynthia Littleton ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` CW Orders 4 Dramas ; Renews ' Carrie Diaries , ' ' Nikita ' '' . Variety . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 100 , THE ( CW ) '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Turchiano , Danielle ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' The 100 ' Renewed for Season 6 by CW '' . Variety . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 -- 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 22 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Full 2014 -- 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 -- 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` 2017 - 18 TV Series Ratings Rankings : NFL Football , ' Big Bang ' Top Charts '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 20 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' The 100 ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 27 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mixology ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' , ' Suburgatory ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up ; ' CSI ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 10 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Law and Order : SVU ' & ' Mixology ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' The 100 ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ' Adjusted Down '' . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 24 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' , ' Suburgatory ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 1 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Revolution ' & ' CSI ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' Arrow ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' Law & Order : SVU ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Revolution ' , ' Arrow ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Suburgatory ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago P.D. ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' Survivor ' Reunion Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : No Adjustments to ' The 100 ' or ' So You Think You Can Dance ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Motive ' Adjusted Up + Final Ratings for Stanley Cup Finals : Game 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Motive ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment to ' The 100 ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' The Goldbergs ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up ; ' black - ish ' Adjusted Down + Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 30 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Goldbergs ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Stalker ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down & Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2014 . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' , ' The Mysteries of Laura ' & ' Chicago P.D. ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ′ Adjusted Down - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ′ Adjusted Down - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Stalker ' Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for ' The 100 ' , ' Red Band Society ' or ' Nashville ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : No Adjustment for ' Arrow ' , ' Modern Family ' or ' The 100 ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 11 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' , ' Hell 's Kitchen ' & ' Chicago P.D. ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' Reunion Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for ' The 100 ' or ' The Sing - Off ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 Adjusted Down - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Stalker ' & ' The 100 ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for ' Empire ' '' . TVbytheNumbers . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up , ' Fresh Off the Boat ' & ' The 100 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' Arrow ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Goldbergs ' , ' The 100 ' , ' The Mentalist ' , ' The Mysteries of Laura ' , ' black - ish ' & ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' Arrow ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ' & ' Stalker ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Suvivor ' & ' Arrow ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ' , ' black - ish ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' Adjusted Up '' . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' CSI : Cyber ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Blacklist ' adjusts up , CW premieres hold , ' My Diet ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Apocalypse ' premiere and all other shows hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Life in Pieces ' and ' Mom ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Mom ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Scandal ' and ' How to Get Away with Murder ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Life in Pieces ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' American Idol ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Scandal ' adjusts up , 4 CBS shows adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Scandal , ' ' Life in Pieces ' and ' The 100 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Odd Couple ' and ' The 100 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Blacklist ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Bones ' adjust up , ' 2 Broke Girls ' and ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' adjust up ; ' Odd Couple , ' ' Mom ' and ' The 100 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Mom ' and ' Rush Hour ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Catch ' and ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Bones ' adjusts up , ' The Catch ' finale and ' Game of Silence ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' rerun adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Goldbergs , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Blindspot ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Speechless ' adjusts up , ' SVU ' and ' Blindspot ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Criminal Minds ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Survivor ' and ' Chicago PD ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' and ' Black - ish ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Chicago PD ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Criminal Minds ' finale , ' Chicago PD ' & ' Speechless ' all adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Blindspot ' finale adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' finale and ' Dirty Dancing ' adjust up , ' Survivor ' reunion adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Chicago Med , ' ' LA to Vegas ' adjust up , ' Rise ' and ' Deception ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' Bull ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Middle , ' NCIS , ' ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' and ' NCIS ' finales adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' World of Dance ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' World of Dance ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' 20 / 20 ' adjusts up , ' The Outpost ' and ' World of Dance ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' and all shows hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Last Defense ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Outpost ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Making It ' and ' The Outpost ' adjust down , ' Beat Shazam ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 14 , 2014 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest 18 - 49 Ratings Gain , ' The Following ' , ' Enlisted ' , ' The Tomorrow People ' & ' Hart of Dixie ' Top Percentage Gains , ' The Blacklist ' Gains Most Viewers in Week 27 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 21 , 2014 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest 18 - 49 Ratings Gain , ' Hart of Dixie ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Gains Most Viewers in Week 28 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 28 , 2014 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest 18 - 49 Ratings & Viewership Gain , ' Parenthood ' & ' Reign ' Top Percentage Gains in Week 29 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 12 , 2014 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' & ' The Blacklist ' Have Biggest 18 - 49 Ratings Gain , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewership Gain , ' Hart of Dixie ' Top Percentage Gainer in Week 31 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 2 , 2014 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest 18 - 49 Ratings & Viewership Gain , ' Glee ' Top Percentage Gains in Week 34 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' America 's Next Top Model ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 5 Ending October 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 24 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' The Originals ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 7 Ending November 9 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' The Vampire Diaries ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 8 Ending November 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 22 , 2014 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings & Viewership Increase ; ' Constantine ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Top Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 11 Ending December 7 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings & Viewership Increase ; ' Elementary ' Tops Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 12 Ending December 14 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` ' Empire ' Notches Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Increase , ' Revenge ' Leads Percentage Gainers & ' Elementary ' Tops Viewership Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 18 Ending January 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Notches Biggest Adults 18 - 49 & Viewership Increase , ' Hart of Dixie ' Top Percentage Gainers in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 18 Ending February 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 & Viewership Gains , ' Glee ' Tops Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 20 Ending February 8 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Gains , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Percentage Increases & Viewer Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 21 Ending February 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 9 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 & Viewership Gains + ' The Blacklist ' Tops Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 22 Ending February 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Gains +'Glee ' Tops Percentage Increases , ' The Blacklist ' Wins in Viewer Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 23 Ending March 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Empire ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 & Viewership Gains + ' Glee ' & ' Hart of Dixie ' Top Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 24 Ending March 8 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 30 , 2015 ) . `` ' Empire ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 & Viewership Gains + ' The Originals ' Tops Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 25 Ending March 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' X-Files ' premiere dominates week 18 , ' Limitless ' doubles '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Lucifer ' premiere shows solid growth in week 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' gains the most , ' Vampire Diaries ' and ' Shades of Blue ' double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' How to Get Away with Murder ' , 5 other shows double in a DVR - heavy week 21 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Blacklist ' and ' The Big Bang Theory ' lead week 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' has biggest week 23 gain , ' Jane the Virgin ' and 3 others double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Blindspot , ' ' Jane ' and ' Quantico ' top week 24 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Quantico ' lead week 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Empire ' lead the week of March 28 -- April 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' stay on top for April 4 -- 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' have biggest gains , 4 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' lead for April 18 -- 24 , 5 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' lead for April 25 -- May 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' tops total gains , ' Vampire Diaries ' and 9 others double in 18 -- 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' finale and ' Empire ' share lead for May 9 -- 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' finales lead the week May 16 -- 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Agents of SHIELD ' benefit the most in week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' on top again : Week 22 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finale , ' Designated Survivor ' top week 26 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Designated Survivor ' score in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' scores again , 7 shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Big Bang ' gain the most , 10 shows double : Week 33 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' finale lead week 34 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Designated Survivor ' finales make biggest gains in week 35 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Bull ' season finales lead week 36 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 13 more shows double in week 31 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' The Originals ' on CW More Than Doubles its Live Plus Same Day Figures in Delayed Viewing '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Chicago PD ' wins the Windy City battle in week 33 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ABC Finale of ' Designated Survivor ' Tops Broadcast Network Telecasts ' Viewers Percentage Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' finale tops the week 35 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Originals ' triples in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for June 4 -- 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( July 3 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' Code Black ' Gains Nearly 3 Million More Viewers to Again Dominate Scripted Telecasts '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( July 10 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' Code Black ' the Lone Telecast to Rise At Least 3 Million Viewers , Also Tops Scripted Fare in Adults 18 - 49 Raw Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( July 24 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' Code Black ' Earns Third Straight Week of Broadcast Network Scripted Leadership in Delayed Viewing Boosts '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' and ' The Bachelorette ' lead in 18 - 49 broadcast Live + 7 ratings for July 16 - 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Shades of Blue ' doubles in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for July 23 - 29 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( August 14 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' The Originals ' Series Finale Telecast Ranks as Fourth - Largest Percentage Gainer Among Broadcast Network Entries '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( August 21 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : Both ' Elementary ' Airings on CBS Lead in Percentage Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ For the first season , see `` The 100 : Season One Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 13 , 2014 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . For the second season , see `` The 100 : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . March 12 , 2015 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . For the third season , see `` The 100 : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 20 , 2016 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . For the fourth season , see `` The 100 : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . For the fifth season , see `` The 100 : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale. April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of The 100 episodes on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_100_episodes&oldid=856889389 '' Categories : The 100 Lists of American drama television series episodes Lists of American science fiction television series episodes Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Use mdy dates from April 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from July 2018 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español Français Magyar मराठी Polski Português Русский Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 05 : 39 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20The%20100%20episodes
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where do they film the new lost in space
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Production on the first season began in February 2017 , in Vancouver , British Columbia , and concluded in July 2017 .
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Vancouver , British Columbia
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Lost in Space ( 2018 TV series )
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lost in space ( 2018 tv series )
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Lost in Space is an American science fiction television series based on a reimagining of the 1965 series of the same name ( itself a reimagining of the 1812 novel The Swiss Family Robinson ) , following the adventures of a family of space colonists whose spaceship veers off course .
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Produced by Legendary Television , Synthesis Entertainment , Clickety - Clack Productions , and Applebox Entertainment , the show is written by Matt Sazama and Burk Sharpless , with Zack Estrin serving as showrunner . Netflix released the series on April 13 , 2018 , renewing it for a second season the following month . Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Filming 5 Release 6 Reception 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) In the aftermath of an impact event that threatens the survival of humanity , the Robinson family is selected for the 24th mission of the Resolute , an interstellar spacecraft carrying selected families to colonize the Alpha Centauri star system . Before they reach their destination , an alien robot breaches the Resolute 's hull . Forced to evacuate the mothership in short - range Jupiter spacecraft , scores of colonists , among them the Robinsons , crash on a nearby habitable planet . There they must contend with a strange environment and battle their own personal demons as they search for a way back to the Resolute . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Molly Parker as mission commander Maureen Robinson , an aerospace engineer taking her family on the mission to colonize Alpha Centauri in hopes of building a new life on a better world . Married to John Robinson , she is the biological mother of Judy , Penny , and Will Robinson . Toby Stephens as John Robinson , former U.S. Navy SEAL and husband to Maureen . He is adoptive father to Judy and biological father to Penny and Will . Maxwell Jenkins as 11 - year - old Will Robinson , who forms a tight bond with the Robot , which he saves from destruction during a forest fire . Taylor Russell as 18 - year - old Judy Robinson , who serves as mission doctor , having received accelerated medical training . Mina Sundwall as 15 - year - old Penny Robinson . Ignacio Serricchio as Don West , ship 's mechanic and smuggler of luxury goods . He is accompanied by Debbie , which he calls his lucky chicken . Parker Posey as June Harris , a criminal and psychopath who assumes the identity of her sister Jessica to take her place on the colony ship and subsequently impersonates Dr. Zachary Smith during the attack to take his seat on an evacuating Jupiter ship . After landing on the planet , Harris attempts to sabotage the colonists ' chances of rescue by the Resolute , all the while manipulating and gaslighting other survivors to avoid prosecution for her crimes . The theft of the doctor 's identity is a reference to the corresponding character of Dr. Smith in the original television series . Brian Steele as the Robot , an alien robot being that Will encounters following the crash . The robot has a different form from the ones that appeared in the previous series and film . Sibongile Mlambo as Angela Goddard , , a fellow survivor struggling with post traumatic stress disorder in the wake of her husband 's death during the attack on the Resolute . Recurring ( edit ) Raza Jaffrey as Victor Dhar , an officious politician whose arrogance and impatience mask an underlying sense of insecurity . Ajay Friese as Vijay Dhar , Victor 's son and Penny 's love interest Cary - Hiroyuki Tagawa as Hiroki Watanabe , scientist and friend of Maureen Kiki Sukezane as Aiko Watanabe , Hiroki 's daughter Yukari Komatsu as Naoko Watanabe , Hiroki 's wife Veenu Sandhu as Prisha Dhar , Victor 's wife Adam Greydon Reid as Peter Beckert Amelia Burstyn as Diane Iain Belcher as Evan Shaun Parkes as Captain Radic , commander of the Resolute Guest ( edit ) Selma Blair as Jessica Harris , June 's wealthy younger sister Bill Mumy as Dr. Zachary Smith , the real Dr. Smith , whose identity June steals Episodes ( edit ) This section 's plot summaries may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve them by removing unnecessary details and making them more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Impact '' Neil Marshall Matt Sazama & Burk Sharpless April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) The spacecraft Resolute , a large ferris wheel style ship , is carrying colonists , including the Robinson family , to Alpha Centauri . The Resolute is attacked and colonists escape in their `` family home '' Jupiter landing crafts but are hurled into a wormhole , crash - landing on an Earth - like planet . The Robinsons ' craft , Jupiter 2 , crashes into a glacial bed . The family evacuates with some supplies before their craft sinks in rapidly freezing water . Eldest Robinson child , Judy , a doctor , dives to the ship to retrieve power equipment . She becomes encased in ice , and with five hours of oxygen left in Judy 's suit , John and son , Will , set out to collect magnesium that will melt the ice . Judy guides her sister , Penny , through a medical procedure to treat their injured mother , Maureen . Inside a cave , Will falls down a chasm , landing at the edge of a forest . John radios Will , saying he will return after saving Judy . Alone , Will finds a crashed alien ship and a dismembered robot that he helps to self - repair . In return , it saves Will as a forest fire nearly engulfs them . The family attempt to free Judy , but a sudden rainstorm hinders their progress . Will and the Robot arrive , and the Robot rescues Judy . In a flashback scene , a woman steals the identity of Dr. Zachary Smith and boards a Jupiter landing craft , along with Don West and Tam Roughneck . `` Diamonds in the Sky '' Neil Marshall Matt Sazama & Burk Sharpless April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) Don West , Smith , and Debbie the chicken survive the Jupiter 18 landing . While looking for other survivors , they find Angela Goddard , who is barely alive . When a storm approaches , Don and Angela take cover while Smith heads out . Meanwhile , the robot melts more ice to allow the Robinsons to start the process of recovering the Jupiter 2 . Maureen , John , Will and the robot hike to another Jupiter crash site and then later to the robot 's ship . They leave Penny and Judy behind , instructing them how to carefully raise the ship out of the ice . Inside the alien ship , a holographic map of the planet is activated , showing John and Maureen they are in an unidentified galaxy . Outside , the robot touches the ship 's hull , creating a mental connection to Will who learns what really happened on the Resolute . He decides to say nothing to his parents about the vision . When Penny sees the storm approaching and is unable to reach her parents to warn them , she raises the Jupiter 2 enough that the garage can be opened . She drives the ship 's Chariot all - terrain vehicle to reach her family just in front of the storm . As they head back to Jupiter 2 , they pass Don who sees them only to discover his flare gun is missing . The Robinsons see a flare and find Smith , who claims to be alone , returning with her to the Jupiter 2 . `` Infestation '' Tim Southam Zack Estrin April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) In a flashback , Dr. Smith is revealed to be June Harris , the older , ex-con sister of Jess Harris , a successful businesswoman . Jess offers June her entire estate as she is leaving Earth , but June drugs Jess and assumes her sister 's identity . Aboard the Resolute , she bumps into her sister 's lover and there is a struggle ending in him getting blown out an airlock . June is arrested but escapes during the robot 's attack . In the present , Maureen explains they are trillions of light years from Earth . At night , the ice layer over Jupiter 2 cracks , endangering the ship . They rush to complete repairs , but the engines are losing fuel . When Will and the robot discover large eel - like creatures in the conduits , the robot locks Will , along with Smith , in the storeroom for safety . The glacier shifts , which forces the crew to make an emergency take - off after flushing the eels from the engines . They escape with just enough fuel to land near a forest region . Comms pick up radio communication from other Jupiter survivors and also from Resolute , who are searching for survivors . Somebody hacks the onboard 3D printer to make a gun . Will finds it , and hides the gun under his mattress , unaware Smith is watching . `` The Robinsons Were Here '' Alice Troughton Katherine Collins April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) Stuck without fuel , the family initiates Jupiter 2 's colonization expansion protocol . Smith and Will discuss the robot , who does Will 's bidding . Don West and Angela are rescued by the Watanabe family ; Hiroki Watanabe reunites with John and Maureen at Jupiter 11 where Judy treats Angela . She tells Judy about the attack on Resolute . The Robinsons learn none of the other surviving families can fly due to the giant eels consuming fuel . John notices that one crash site is not a Jupiter ship . Maureen , John , and Don go there and discover the Resolute 's comm dish . They realize the Resolute can not hear them . Maureen also discovers contraband whiskey that Don smuggled aboard . Judy confronts Will about the robot , and he reveals he knew it attacked the Resolute . They decide to hide the robot in a nearby cave , unaware Smith is following them . On the way , they are spotted by Vijay Dhar , the son of another survivor group . Penny blackmails him to say nothing about the robot , having found and keeping an item he dropped . While away , Maureen and John discuss their marital problems . The next morning , the kids return to Jupiter 2 before their parents arrive . Smith talks to the robot inside the cave , attempting to instill distrust in it about Will . When John and Maureen return home , the kids tell them that the robot wandered away . 5 `` Transmission '' Deborah Chow Kari Drake April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) The surviving colonists build a light tower to try to signal the Resolute . Maureen , noticing strange weather phenomena , conducts an experiment using a weather balloon . She discovers the sun is paired with a deadly black hole , and that the disturbances will only get worse until the planet is entirely unhabitable . Will ignores Penny and Judy 's advice to tell their father about the Robot . Penny develops a crush on Vijay , flirting with him as they move supplies . Don confronts Dr. Smith about the stolen flare gun , though she claims she took it by mistake . In a flashback , Maureen and the kids discuss pros versus cons of going to Alpha Centauri . Judy and Don discuss his smuggling activities . He also reveals his suspicions about Dr. Smith 's identity . Judy confronts Dr. Smith about this , but she lies and instead casts doubt on Don . When the colonists activate the light signal , Dr. Smith sneaks away and shuts off the perimeter fence , allowing a large reptilian creature to enter the camp and destroy the light tower . Smith tells John about the kids hiding the robot . When another creature shows up , Dr. Smith tells Will to call the robot . It does save the survivors , but only after Will tells it to defend itself against the creatures . It assumes its original multi-limb form to do this . The colonists witness all of this and recognize the robot from the attack on the Resolute . 6 `` Eulogy '' Vincenzo Natali Ed McCardie April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) Maureen tells her family about the black hole but is afraid the other colonists might panic . John has a heated argument with the other survivors about the robot . In the end , despite an enraged Angela claiming it killed her husband , John convinces the community to allow the robot to stay and takes Will on a hike to discuss Will 's responsibility for the robot 's actions . He has Will fetch 27 large stones to build a memorial to the casualties . Don takes the community leader and Vijay 's father , Victor Dhar , to his Jupiter which crashed in the desert where there are none of the eel - like creatures , and wants money for its fuel . Don also retrieves identification of the real Dr. Smith , later showing Judy . Maureen learns that Hiroki also knows the planet is dying . Penny tells Vijay about the black hole but swears him to secrecy , and they share a kiss . Back at camp , Dr. Smith makes the distraught Angela recount the horrifying details of the robot attack . The emotional Angela enters the hub with the gun Dr. Smith has taken from Will 's bunk and arranged for her to find . When she shoots at the robot it goes into attack mode and accidentally injures John before Will gets it to stop . Distraught , Will takes the robot to a cliff and orders it to walk off . He then places a stone on the memorial for the robot . 7 `` Pressurized '' Tim Southam Vivian Lee April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) While driving back to Jupiter 2 , Judy is about to tell Dr. Smith she knows the truth about her when Don stops her . When Will is confronted by his mother , he confirms the robot 3D - printed the gun and that he hid it . Anyone could have taken the gun , though . Dr. Smith refuses blame for Angela 's attack , and suggests Victor Dhar might have taken the gun . John and Maureen 's rover gets stuck in a tar pit . As they sink to the bottom , Maureen admits to doctoring Will 's test results . To escape the vehicle , Maureen uses the helium weather balloon to create a shielded path to the surface . Meanwhile , Smith locates the destroyed robot , but can not get it to reassemble . Don 's group speeds through a dangerous geyser field but a tube shakes loose and when Evan fixes the problem , a geyser blast flips the tanker on top of him . Victor realizes that a rock has punctured the tanker and if they move it they 'll lose most of the fuel . Despite this Don reluctantly sides with Judy and lifts the tanker , spilling the fuel , but Evan dies anyway . Back on Jupiter 2 , Dr. Smith finally manages to reactivate the robot . When Victor returns home , Vijay tells him about the planet 's coming demise . Victor decides to use what fuel they did retrieve to launch their own Jupiter 4 . 8 `` Trajectory '' Stephen Surjik Katherine Collins & Kari Drake April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) Maureen can not talk Victor out of launching , but John sneaks aboard the Dhar 's Jupiter 4 and triggers the emergency shut down . Later , he explains to the gathered colonists how the planet is about to become uninhabitable . Penny breaks off with Vijay for him telling his father . Maureen has a plan on how to launch despite the limited fuel , stripping out non-essential modules , and relying on old - school manual piloting . Judy tells Maureen the truth about the real Dr. Smith aboard Don 's Jupiter . Returning to Jupiter 2 , Maureen confines Dr. Smith to a holding cell . Dr. Smith now claims she is really Jessica Harris , a physicist . Maureen tells John about Smith , and he tells her that Don believes the Jupiter 4 is still too heavy to take off . With life support also removed , the pilot now needs a spacesuit and will need to withstand extreme G - forces . They select John , but not even he can regain consciousness fast enough to make all the maneuvers alone . When the Resolute sends a message that due to Hawking radiation they must leave the planet 's orbit within 24 hours , Don reluctantly agrees to help pilot the ship . With his assistance the test run is a success . As John and Don launch in the Jupiter 4 , Dr. Smith tricks Will and escapes to knock out Maureen right when John needs her instructions . With everyone watching , the ship explodes mid-air and John and Don are presumed dead . 9 `` Resurrection '' Tim Southam Story by : Daniel McLellan Teleplay by : Kari Drake April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) Will tries to signal his father using his radio , convinced he survived the explosion . Dr. Smith drives Maureen to the alien wreck , where she tells Maureen she did not know Maureen was needed for the ship launch , and when she knocked her out , the ship exploded . She does promise to help Maureen get her children off the planet , if she in return helps Dr. Smith with the alien ship . Will discovers that the rocks he collected in the cave are petrified biomass that can fuel the Jupiter ships to reach the Resolute . While the colonists gather to harvest the biomass , Judy leaves to find Maureen . The colonists find enough biomass to power all the Jupiters , but they must sneak it out quietly so as to not wake winged predators roosting in the cave . When John manages to send a signal , Penny and others are trapped inside the cave after the creatures wake up . Throughout the episode , flashbacks reveal the Christmas Star not to be a meteor but an alien craft , and that its engine was used to build The Resolute . The robot 's attack was an attempt to retrieve the stolen engine . The group trapped in the cave manage to narrowly escape . Judy tracks Smith and Maureen . She manages to disable Dr. Smith , but the robot reactivates and is revealed to obey the Doctor 's commands . 10 `` Danger , Will Robinson '' David Nutter Matt Sazama & Burk Sharpless April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) John and Don survived the explosion and are clinging to ship wreckage in orbit , with only a few hours of oxygen left . Will is upset to learn the robot now serves Dr. Smith . John responds to Will , confirming that he and Don are still alive . Will tries to bond with the robot again but is rejected . Victor Dhar hails them from the Resolute , telling them it will leave in just over an hour . Maureen traps Dr Smith and the robot in order to search for John and Don . Just as they are about to retrieve them , Dr Smith and the robot escape . Maureen leads the robot into the garage , as an alien ship arrives to retrieve the engine . When the alien robot is about to kill Will , his robot remembers him and attacks the alien robot , saving Will . In the fight , both robots are flung out into space and the garage ramp is damaged . Will goes outside the hull to manually close the hatch . Afterwards , he loses his grip but is saved by his father , who was rescued by Dr. Smith . With everyone safely back on the Jupiter , Maureen is grateful to Dr. Smith , but still locks her up . Before they can dock with the Resolute , the alien engine aboard the Jupiter 2 sends it and the Robinsons to a different galaxy . Will recognizes its shape from the robot 's sand drawing : Danger . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In October 2014 , it was announced that Legendary Television and Synthesis Entertainment were developing a new reboot of Lost in Space and had hired screenwriting duo Matt Sazama and Burk Sharpless to pen the pilot episodes . In November 2015 , Netflix landed the project . On June 29 , 2016 , Netflix ordered a full 10 episode season of Lost in Space , with Zack Estrin as executive producer and showrunner . Sazama , Sharpless , Kevin Burns , Jon Jashni , Neil Marshall , and Marc Helwig also serve as executive producers . Filming ( edit ) Production on the first season began in February 2017 , in Vancouver , British Columbia , and concluded in July 2017 . Release ( edit ) The series was released on April 13 , 2018 , on Netflix . On March 31 , 2018 , the series pilot was screened at Awesome Con in Washington , D.C. . Reception ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 68 % approval rating with an average rating of 6.21 / 10 , based on 65 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads : `` Lost in Space 's production values are ambitious enough to attract sci - fi adventure fans , while the story 's large heart adds an emotional anchor to all the deep space derring - do . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a normalized score of 58 out of 100 based on 27 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . David Griffin of IGN gave the first season a rating of 8.5 / 10 , calling it `` an excellent sci - fi adventure with a slight villain problem , '' giving particular praise to the Robinson family , while criticizing Parker Posey 's Dr. Smith as an unsophisticated and one - dimensional character who lacks redeeming qualities . In contrast , Jen Chaney of Vulture characterized Posey 's performance as providing `` understated , sly comedic touches '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Otterson , Joe ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Netflix Reveals Lost in Space Reboot Premiere Date , First Trailer '' . Variety . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Lost in Space ' Reboot Renewed for Season 2 at Netflix '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Lost In Space : Molly Parker To Star In Netflix Series Remake '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Transmission '' . Lost in Space ( 2018 ) . Series 1 . Episode 5 . 13 April 2018 . Event occurs at 00 : 18 : 46 . Netflix . He came into the picture after I was born . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Toby Stephens To Topline Lost in Space Netflix Remake , Maxwell Jenkins To Co-Star '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/tv/2018/04/12/5-things-help-you-take-off-netflixs-new-lost-space/505788002/ ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( September 16 , 2016 ) . `` Lost in Space : Netflix Remake Casts Falling Skies Alum as Judy Robinson '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` Lost In Space : Mina Sundwall To Play Penny Robinson In Netflix Remake '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Lost In Space : Ignacio Serricchio To Play Don West In Netflix Remake '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What Dr. Smith Is Hiding On Netflix 's Lost in Space '' . 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` Lost In Space : Parker Posey Joins Netflix Series Remake '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Debnath , Neela ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` Lost in Space 2018 robot actor : Who plays the robot in Lost in Space 2018 ? '' . Daily Express . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Estrin , Zack ( November 11 , 2017 ) . `` Not quite 50 shades of grey , but ... Testing metal colors for The Robot at # SpectralMotion . # LostInSpace # Netflix '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( June 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Lost In Space ' : Sibongile Mlambo Upped To Series Regular For Season 2 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Lost In Space : Raza Jaffrey Set To Recur In Netflix Series Remake '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 9 , 2014 ) . `` Lost In Space Series Reboot In Works At Legendary TV With Dracula Writers '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` Lost In Space TV Series Remake In Works At Netflix '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , Brett ; Ching , Albert ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` Lost in Space Remake in Development at Netflix '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` Lost In Space Remake Picked Up To Series By Netflix '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Craig ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` Vancouver Screen Scene : Lost in Space , Van Helsing , and more '' . Inside Vancouver . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Ian ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Vancouver 's TV boom starts to fizzle as some shows move to California '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hildebrand , David ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` Netflix gave a first look of their Lost in Space remake at Awesome Con '' . Adventures in Poor Taste . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lost in Space : Season 1 ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lost in Space ( 2018 ) : Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix 's Lost in Space : Season 1 ( 2018 ) '' . IGN . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.vulture.com/2018/04/lost-in-space-review.html External links ( edit ) Lost in Space on Netflix Lost in Space on IMDb Lost in Space Original series Episodes `` No Place to Hide '' Robot Discography Remakes Lost in Space ( film ) Lost in Space ( 2018 TV series ) Netflix original current series Since 2013 House of Cards Orange Is the New Black Since 2014 BoJack Horseman Since 2015 Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Chef 's Table Daredevil Grace and Frankie Club de Cuervos Dinotrux Jessica Jones F Is for Family Making a Murderer Real Rob Since 2016 Degrassi : Next Class Fuller House Lego Friends : The Power of Friendship Flaked The Ranch Kong : King of the Apes Voltron : Legendary Defender Word Party World of Winx Stranger Things Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh Last Chance U Beat Bugs Ask the StoryBots Kulipari : An Army of Frogs Easy Luke Cage Skylanders Academy The Crown 3 % Luna Petunia The OA Travelers Since 2017 One Day at a Time A Series of Unfortunate Events Frontier Santa Clarita Diet Ultimate Beastmaster Legend Quest 21 Thunder Iron Fist Julie 's Greenroom Ingobernable 13 Reasons Why Mystery Science Theater 3000 : The Return Bill Nye Saves the World Dear White People Cable Girls Buddy Thunderstruck Spirit Riding Free Anne with an E El Chapo Free Rein GLOW The Standups Castlevania Friends from College Ozark The Worst Witch Atypical True and the Rainbow Kingdom Greenhouse Academy The Confession Tapes American Vandal Neo Yokio Jack Whitehall : Travels with My Father Big Mouth The Magic School Bus Rides Again Suburra Mindhunter Super Monsters Cuando conocí al Chapo : La historia de Kate del Castillo Beyond Stranger Things The Punisher Shot in the Dark Stretch Armstrong and the Flex Fighters She 's Gotta Have It Dark Wormwood The Toys That Made Us Since 2018 The End of the F * * * ing World My Next Guest Needs No Introduction with David Letterman Trolls : The Beat Goes On ! Llama Llama The New Legends of Monkey Altered Carbon Dirty Money Queer Eye The Joel McHale Show with Joel McHale Ugly Delicious B : The Beginning Flint Town Girls Incarcerated A.I.C.O. - Incarnation - Nailed It ! On My Block Wild Wild Country Alexa & Katie The Mechanism Requiem Sword Gai : The Animation Lost Song Troy : Fall of a City The Boss Baby : Back in Business Fastest Car Lost in Space Aggretsuko ReBoot : The Guardian Code Spy Kids : Mission Critical The Letdown Luis Miguel A Little Help with Carol Burnett Busted ! The Rain Safe The Who Was ? Show The Break with Michelle Wolf The Hollow The Ballad of Hugo Sánchez Harvey Street Kids Kiss Me First Samantha ! Sacred Games The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants Sugar Rush Dark Tourist Cupcake & Dino : General Services Treehouse Detectives All About the Washingtons Insatiable La casa de las flores Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lost_in_Space_(2018_TV_series)&oldid=853084029 '' Categories : 2010s American science fiction television series 2018 American television series debuts English - language television programs Lost in Space Netflix original programming Space adventure television series Television series produced in Vancouver Television series set in the 2040s Television series reboots Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from May 2018 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Português Русский Suomi Українська 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 August 2018 , at 09 : 50 ( UTC ) . 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what's the state of new york city
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The City of New York , often called New York City or simply New York , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2017 population of 8,622,698 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km ) , New York City is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous metacities , with an estimated 20.3 million people in its 2017 Metropolitan Statistical Area and 23.7 million residents in its Combined Statistical Area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , and sports . The city 's fast pace defines the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy .
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the state of New York
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New York City
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new york city
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Bronx , Kings ( Brooklyn ) , New York ( Manhattan ) , Queens , Richmond ( Staten Island )
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Historic colonies New Netherland Province of New York Settled 1624 Consolidated 1898 Named for James , Duke of York Government Type Mayor -- Council Body New York City Council Mayor Bill de Blasio ( D ) Area Total 468.484 sq mi ( 1,213.37 km ) Land 302.643 sq mi ( 783.84 km ) Water 165.841 sq mi ( 429.53 km ) Metro 13,318 sq mi ( 34,490 km ) Elevation 33 ft ( 10 m ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 8,175,133 Estimate ( 2017 ) 8,622,698 Rank 1st , U.S. Density 28,491 / sq mi ( 11,000 / km ) MSA ( 2017 ) 20,320,876 ( 1st ) CSA ( 2016 ) 23,689,255 ( 1st ) Demonym ( s ) New Yorker Time zone Eastern ( EST ) ( UTC − 5 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC − 4 ) ZIP Codes 100xx -- 104xx , 11004 -- 05 , 111xx -- 114xx , 116xx Area code ( s ) 212 / 646 / 332 , 718 / 347 / 929 , 917 FIPS code 36 - 51000 GNIS feature ID 975772 Largest borough by area Queens -- 109 square miles ( 280 km ) Largest borough by population Brooklyn ( 2,636,735 -- 2015 est ) Website NYC.gov Part of a series on Regions of New York Downstate New York ( hide ) New York City Long Island Hudson Valley ( Lower ) Upstate New York ( hide ) Hudson Valley ( Middle and Upper ) Capital District North Country Southern Tier Mohawk Valley Central New York Finger Lakes Western New York Administrative divisions ( show ) Counties Cities Towns Indian reservations Villages Census - designated places Places ( including hamlets ) Timelines of town creation ( show ) Downstate New York Hudson Valley Capital District North Country Central New York Southern Tier Western New York The City of New York , often called New York City or simply New York , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2017 population of 8,622,698 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km ) , New York City is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous metacities , with an estimated 20.3 million people in its 2017 Metropolitan Statistical Area and 23.7 million residents in its Combined Statistical Area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , and sports . The city 's fast pace defines the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs -- Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island -- were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to more than 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign - born population of any city in the world . In 2013 , the tri-state New York Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA ) produced a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of nearly US $1.4 trillion . If greater New York City were a sovereign state , it would have the 12th highest GDP in the world . New York City traces its origins to a trading post founded by colonists from the Dutch Republic in 1624 on Lower Manhattan ; the post was named New Amsterdam in 1626 . The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother , the Duke of York . New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790 . It has been the country 's largest city since 1790 . The Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a world symbol of the United States and its ideals of liberty and peace . In the 21st century , New York has emerged as a global node of creativity and entrepreneurship , social tolerance , and environmental sustainability , and as a symbol of freedom and cultural diversity . Many districts and landmarks in New York City are well known , and the city received a record 61 million tourists in 2016 , hosting three of the world 's ten most visited tourist attractions in 2013 . Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world . Times Square , iconic as the world 's `` heart '' and its `` Crossroads '' , is the brightly illuminated hub of the Broadway Theater District , one of the world 's busiest pedestrian intersections , and a major center of the world 's entertainment industry . The names of many of the city 's bridges , skyscrapers , and parks are known around the world . Anchored by Wall Street in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan , New York City has been called both the most economically powerful city and the leading financial center of the world , and the city is home to the world 's two largest stock exchanges by total market capitalization , the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ . Manhattan 's real estate market is among the most expensive in the world . Manhattan 's Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere , with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city . Providing continuous 24 / 7 service , the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide , with 472 stations in operation . Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City , including Columbia University , New York University , and Rockefeller University , which have been ranked among the top universities in the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Etymology 1.2 Early history 1.3 Dutch rule 1.4 English rule 1.5 American Revolution 1.6 Nineteenth century 1.7 Modern history 2 Geography 2.1 Cityscape 2.2 Architecture 2.3 Boroughs 2.4 Climate 2.5 Parks 2.5. 1 National parks 2.5. 2 State parks 2.5. 3 City parks 2.6 Military installations 3 Demographics 3.1 Population density 3.2 Race and ethnicity 3.3 Sexual orientation and gender identity 3.3. 1 Transgender contribution 3.4 Religion 3.5 Income 4 Economy 4.1 City economic overview 4.2 Wall Street 4.3 Silicon Alley 4.4 Tourism 4.5 Media and entertainment 5 Human resources 5.1 Education and scholarly activity 5.1. 1 Primary and secondary education 5.1. 2 Higher education and research 5.1. 3 Public library system 5.2 Public health 5.3 Public safety 5.3. 1 Police and law enforcement 5.3. 2 Firefighting 6 Culture and contemporary life 6.1 Arts 6.1. 1 Performing arts 6.1. 2 Visual arts 6.2 Cuisine 6.3 Parades 6.4 Accent and dialect 6.5 Sports 7 Transportation 7.1 Rapid transit 7.1. 1 Rail 7.1. 2 Buses 7.2 Air 7.3 Ferries 7.4 Taxis , transport startups , and trams 7.5 Streets and highways 7.5. 1 River crossings 8 Environment 8.1 Environmental impact reduction 8.2 Water purity and availability 8.3 Environmental revitalization 9 Government and politics 9.1 Government 9.2 Politics 10 Notable people 11 Global outreach 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links History Main articles : History of New York City and Timeline of New York City Etymology In 1664 , the city was named after the Duke of York , who would become King James II . James 's older brother , King Charles II of England , had appointed the Duke proprietor of the former territory of New Netherlands , including the city of New Amsterdam , which England had recently seized from the Dutch . Early History During the Wisconsinan glaciation , the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet ( 300 m ) in depth . The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of regolith , leaving the bedrock that serves as the geologic foundation for much of New York City today . Later on , movement of the ice sheet contributed to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island . In the precolonial era , the area of present - day New York City was inhabited by Algonquian Native Americans , including the Lenape , whose homeland , known as Lenapehoking , included Staten Island ; the western portion of Long Island , including the area that would become Brooklyn and Queens ; Manhattan ; the Bronx ; and the Lower Hudson Valley . The first documented visit into New York Harbor by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano , a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown . He claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême ( New Angoulême ) . Peter Minuit is credited with the purchase of the island of Manhattan in 1626 . A Spanish expedition led by captain Estêvão Gomes , a Portuguese sailing for Emperor Charles V , arrived in New York Harbor in January 1525 and charted the mouth of the Hudson River , which he named Río de San Antonio ( Saint Anthony 's River ) . The Padrón Real of 1527 , the first scientific map to show North America 's east coast continuously , was informed by Gomes ' expedition and labeled the northeastern United States as Tierra de Esteban Gómez in his honor . In 1609 , the English explorer Henry Hudson rediscovered the New York Harbor while searching for the Northwest Passage to the Orient for the Dutch East India Company . He proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River ( now the Hudson River ) , named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice , Prince of Orange . Hudson 's first mate described the harbor as `` a very good Harbour for all windes '' and the river as `` a mile broad '' and `` full of fish . '' Hudson sailed roughly 150 miles north , past the site of present - day Albany , in the belief that it might be an oceanic tributary before the river became too shallow to continue . He made a ten - day exploration of the area and claimed the region for the Dutch East India Company . In 1614 , the area between Cape Cod and Delaware Bay was claimed by the Netherlands and called Nieuw - Nederland ( New Netherland ) . The first non-Native American inhabitant of what would eventually become New York City was Juan Rodriguez ( transliterated to Dutch as Jan Rodrigues ) , a merchant from Santo Domingo . Born in Santo Domingo of Portuguese and African descent , he arrived in Manhattan during the winter of 1613 -- 1614 , trapping for pelts and trading with the local population as a representative of the Dutch . Broadway , from 159th Street to 218th Street in Upper Manhattan , is named Juan Rodriguez Way in his honor . New Amsterdam , centered in the eventual Lower Manhattan , in 1664 , the year England took control and renamed it `` New York '' . Dutch rule A permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 -- making New York the 12th oldest continuously occupied European - established settlement in the continental United States -- with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island . In 1625 , construction was started on a citadel and Fort Amsterdam , later called Nieuw Amsterdam ( New Amsterdam ) , on present - day Manhattan Island . The colony of New Amsterdam was centered at the site which would eventually become Lower Manhattan . In 1626 , the Dutch colonial Director - General Peter Minuit , acting as charged by the Dutch West India Company , purchased the island of Manhattan from the Canarsie , a small Lenape band , for 60 guilders ( about $1,000 in 2006 ) . A disproved legend claims that Manhattan was purchased for $24 worth of glass beads . Following the purchase , New Amsterdam grew slowly . To attract settlers , the Dutch instituted the patroon system in 1628 , whereby wealthy Dutchmen ( `` patroons '' , or patrons ) who brought 50 colonists to New Netherland would be awarded swathes of land , along with local political autonomy and rights to participate in the lucrative fur trade . This program had little success . Since 1621 , the Dutch West India Company had operated as a monopoly in New Netherland , on authority granted by the Dutch States General . In 1639 -- 1640 , in an effort to bolster economic growth , the Dutch West India Company relinquished its monopoly over the fur trade , leading to growth in the production and trade of food , timber , tobacco , and slaves ( particularly with the Dutch West Indies ) . In 1647 , Peter Stuyvesant began his tenure as the last Director - General of New Netherland . During his tenure , the population of New Netherland grew from 2,000 to 8,000 . Stuyvesant has been credited with improving law and order in the colony ; however , he also earned a reputation as a despotic leader . He instituted regulations on liquor sales , attempted to assert control over the Dutch Reformed Church , and blocked other religious groups ( including Quakers , Jews , and Lutherans ) from establishing houses of worship . The Dutch West India Company would eventually attempt to ease tensions between Stuyvesant and residents of New Amsterdam . English rule In 1664 , unable to summon any significant resistance , Stuyvesant surrendered New Amsterdam to English troops , led by Colonel Richard Nicolls , without bloodshed . The terms of the surrender permitted Dutch residents to remain in the colony and allowed for religious freedom . The English promptly renamed the fledgling city `` New York '' after the Duke of York ( the future King James II of England ) . The transfer was confirmed in 1667 by the Treaty of Breda , which concluded the Second Anglo - Dutch War . On August 24 , 1673 , during the Third Anglo - Dutch War , Dutch captain Anthony Colve seized the colony of New York from England at the behest of Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest and rechristened it `` New Orange '' after William III , the Prince of Orange . The Dutch would soon return the island to England under the Treaty of Westminster of November 1674 . Several intertribal wars among the Native Americans and some epidemics brought on by contact with the Europeans caused sizable population losses for the Lenape between the years 1660 and 1670 . By 1700 , the Lenape population had diminished to 200 . New York experienced several yellow fever epidemics in the 18th century , losing ten percent of its population to the disease in 1702 alone . New York grew in importance as a trading port while under British rule in the early 1700s . It also became a center of slavery , with 42 % of households holding slaves by 1730 , the highest percentage outside Charleston , South Carolina . Most slaveholders held a few or several domestic slaves , but others hired them out to work at labor . Slavery became integrally tied to New York 's economy through the labor of slaves throughout the port , and the banks and shipping tied to the American South . Discovery of the African Burying Ground in the 1990s , during construction of a new federal courthouse near Foley Square , revealed that tens of thousands of Africans had been buried in the area in the colonial years . The 1735 trial and acquittal in Manhattan of John Peter Zenger , who had been accused of seditious libel after criticizing colonial governor William Cosby , helped to establish the freedom of the press in North America . In 1754 , Columbia University was founded under charter by King George II as King 's College in Lower Manhattan . American Revolution The Battle of Long Island , the largest battle of the American Revolution , took place in Brooklyn in 1776 . The Stamp Act Congress met in New York in October 1765 , as the Sons of Liberty , organized in the city , skirmished over the next ten years with British troops stationed there . The Battle of Long Island , the largest battle of the American Revolutionary War , was fought in August 1776 within the modern - day borough of Brooklyn . After the battle , in which the Americans were defeated , the British made the city their military and political base of operations in North America . The city was a haven for Loyalist refugees and escaped slaves who joined the British lines for freedom newly promised by the Crown for all fighters . As many as 10,000 escaped slaves crowded into the city during the British occupation . When the British forces evacuated at the close of the war in 1783 , they transported 3,000 freedmen for resettlement in Nova Scotia . They resettled other freedmen in England and the Caribbean . The only attempt at a peaceful solution to the war took place at the Conference House on Staten Island between American delegates , including Benjamin Franklin , and British general Lord Howe on September 11 , 1776 . Shortly after the British occupation began , the Great Fire of New York occurred , a large conflagration on the West Side of Lower Manhattan , which destroyed about a quarter of the buildings in the city , including Trinity Church . In 1785 , the assembly of the Congress of the Confederation made New York City the national capital shortly after the war . New York was the last capital of the U.S. under the Articles of Confederation and the first capital under the Constitution of the United States . In 1789 , the first President of the United States , George Washington , was inaugurated ; the first United States Congress and the Supreme Court of the United States each assembled for the first time , and the United States Bill of Rights was drafted , all at Federal Hall on Wall Street . By 1790 , New York had surpassed Philadelphia as the largest city in the United States . Nineteenth century Broadway follows the Native American Wickquasgeck Trail through Manhattan . Under New York State 's gradual abolition act of 1799 , children of slave mothers were to be eventually liberated but to be held in indentured servitude until their mid-to - late twenties . Together with slaves freed by their masters after the Revolutionary War and escaped slaves , a significant free - black population gradually developed in Manhattan . Under such influential United States founders as Alexander Hamilton and John Jay , the New York Manumission Society worked for abolition and established the African Free School to educate black children . It was not until 1827 that slavery was completely abolished in the state , and free blacks struggled afterward with discrimination . New York interracial abolitionist activism continued ; among its leaders were graduates of the African Free School . The city 's black population reached more than 16,000 in 1840 . In the 19th century , the city was transformed by development relating to its status as a trading center , as well as by European immigration . The city adopted the Commissioners ' Plan of 1811 , which expanded the city street grid to encompass all of Manhattan . The 1825 completion of the Erie Canal through central New York connected the Atlantic port to the agricultural markets and commodities of the North American interior via the Hudson River and the Great Lakes . Local politics became dominated by Tammany Hall , a political machine supported by Irish and German immigrants . Several prominent American literary figures lived in New York during the 1830s and 1840s , including William Cullen Bryant , Washington Irving , Herman Melville , Rufus Wilmot Griswold , John Keese , Nathaniel Parker Willis , and Edgar Allan Poe . Public - minded members of the contemporaneous business elite lobbied for the establishment of Central Park , which in 1857 became the first landscaped park in an American city . Manhattan 's Little Italy , Lower East Side , circa 1900 . The Great Irish Famine brought a large influx of Irish immigrants , of whom over 200,000 were living in New York by 1860 , upwards of a quarter of the city 's population . There was also extensive immigration from the German provinces , where revolutions had disrupted societies , and Germans comprised another 25 % of New York 's population by 1860 . Democratic Party candidates were consistently elected to local office , increasing the city 's ties to the South and its dominant party . In 1861 , Mayor Fernando Wood called upon the aldermen to declare independence from Albany and the United States after the South seceded , but his proposal was not acted on . Anger at new military conscription laws during the American Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) , which spared wealthier men who could afford to pay a $300 ( equivalent to $5,963 in 2017 ) commutation fee to hire a substitute , led to the Draft Riots of 1863 , whose most visible participants were ethnic Irish working class . The situation deteriorated into attacks on New York 's elite , followed by attacks on black New Yorkers and their property after fierce competition for a decade between Irish immigrants and black people for work . Rioters burned the Colored Orphan Asylum to the ground , with more than 200 children escaping harm due to efforts of the New York City Police Department , which was mainly made up of Irish immigrants . According to historian James M. McPherson ( 2001 ) , at least 120 people were killed . In all , eleven black men were lynched over five days , and the riots forced hundreds of blacks to flee the city for Williamsburg , Brooklyn , and New Jersey ; the black population in Manhattan fell below 10,000 by 1865 , which it had last been in 1820 . The white working class had established dominance . Violence by longshoremen against black men was especially fierce in the docks area . It was one of the worst incidents of civil unrest in American history . Modern History A construction worker on top of the Empire State Building as it was being built in 1930 . The Chrysler Building is below and behind him . In 1898 , the modern City of New York was formed with the consolidation of Brooklyn ( until then a separate city ) , the County of New York ( which then included parts of the Bronx ) , the County of Richmond , and the western portion of the County of Queens . The opening of the subway in 1904 , first built as separate private systems , helped bind the new city together . Throughout the first half of the 20th century , the city became a world center for industry , commerce , and communication . In 1904 , the steamship General Slocum caught fire in the East River , killing 1,021 people on board . In 1911 , the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire , the city 's worst industrial disaster , took the lives of 146 garment workers and spurred the growth of the International Ladies ' Garment Workers ' Union and major improvements in factory safety standards . UN Secretary General Dag Hammarskjöld in front of the United Nations Headquarters building , completed in 1952 New York 's non-white population was 36,620 in 1890 . New York City was a prime destination in the early twentieth century for African Americans during the Great Migration from the American South , and by 1916 , New York City had become home to the largest urban African diaspora in North America . The Harlem Renaissance of literary and cultural life flourished during the era of Prohibition . The larger economic boom generated construction of skyscrapers competing in height and creating an identifiable skyline . New York became the most populous urbanized area in the world in the early 1920s , overtaking London . The metropolitan area surpassed the 10 million mark in the early 1930s , becoming the first megacity in human history . The difficult years of the Great Depression saw the election of reformer Fiorello La Guardia as mayor and the fall of Tammany Hall after eighty years of political dominance . Returning World War II veterans created a post-war economic boom and the development of large housing tracts in eastern Queens . New York emerged from the war unscathed as the leading city of the world , with Wall Street leading America 's place as the world 's dominant economic power . The United Nations Headquarters was completed in 1952 , solidifying New York 's global geopolitical influence , and the rise of abstract expressionism in the city precipitated New York 's displacement of Paris as the center of the art world . The Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village , a designated U.S. National Historic Landmark and National Monument , as the site of the 1969 Stonewall riots . The Stonewall riots were a series of spontaneous , violent demonstrations by members of the gay community against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of June 28 , 1969 , at the Stonewall Inn in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan . They are widely considered to constitute the single most important event leading to the gay liberation movement and the modern fight for LGBT rights in the United States . In the 1970s , job losses due to industrial restructuring caused New York City to suffer from economic problems and rising crime rates . While a resurgence in the financial industry greatly improved the city 's economic health in the 1980s , New York 's crime rate continued to increase through that decade and into the beginning of the 1990s . By the mid 1990s , crime rates started to drop dramatically due to revised police strategies , improving economic opportunities , gentrification , and new residents , both American transplants and new immigrants from Asia and Latin America . Important new sectors , such as Silicon Alley , emerged in the city 's economy . New York 's population reached all - time highs in the 2000 Census and then again in the 2010 Census . United Airlines Flight 175 hits the South Tower of the original World Trade Center on September 11 , 2001 . The city and surrounding area suffered the bulk of the economic damage and largest loss of human life in the aftermath of the September 11 , 2001 attacks when 10 of the 19 terrorists associated with Al - Qaeda piloted American Airlines Flight 11 into the North Tower of the World Trade Center and United Airlines Flight 175 into the South Tower of the World Trade Center , and later destroyed them , killing 2,192 civilians , 343 firefighters , and 71 law enforcement officers who were in the towers and in the surrounding area . The North Tower was subsequently the tallest building ever to be destroyed and still is . The rebuilding of the area , has created a new One World Trade Center , and a 9 / 11 memorial and museum along with other new buildings and infrastructure . The World Trade Center PATH station , which opened on July 19 , 1909 as the Hudson Terminal , was also destroyed in the attack . A temporary station was built and opened on November 23 , 2003 . An 800,000 - square - foot ( 74,000 m ) permanent station designed by Santiago Calatrava , the World Trade Center Transportation Hub , the city 's third - largest hub , was completed in 2016 . The new One World Trade Center is the tallest skyscraper in the Western Hemisphere and the fourth - tallest building in the world by pinnacle height , with its spire reaching a symbolic 1,776 feet ( 541.3 m ) in reference to the year of U.S. independence . The Occupy Wall Street protests in Zuccotti Park in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan began on September 17 , 2011 , receiving global attention and popularizing the Occupy movement against social and economic inequality worldwide . Geography Main articles : Geography of New York City and Geography of New York Harbor Satellite imagery illustrating the core of the New York City Metropolitan Area , with Manhattan Island at its center New York City is situated in the Northeastern United States , in southeastern New York State , approximately halfway between Washington , D.C. and Boston . The location at the mouth of the Hudson River , which feeds into a naturally sheltered harbor and then into the Atlantic Ocean , has helped the city grow in significance as a trading port . Most of New York City is built on the three islands of Long Island , Manhattan , and Staten Island . The Hudson River flows through the Hudson Valley into New York Bay . Between New York City and Troy , New York , the river is an estuary . The Hudson River separates the city from the U.S. state of New Jersey . The East River -- a tidal strait -- flows from Long Island Sound and separates the Bronx and Manhattan from Long Island . The Harlem River , another tidal strait between the East and Hudson Rivers , separates most of Manhattan from the Bronx . The Bronx River , which flows through the Bronx and Westchester County , is the only entirely fresh water river in the city . The city 's land has been altered substantially by human intervention , with considerable land reclamation along the waterfronts since Dutch colonial times ; reclamation is most prominent in Lower Manhattan , with developments such as Battery Park City in the 1970s and 1980s . Some of the natural relief in topography has been evened out , especially in Manhattan . The city 's total area is 468.484 square miles ( 1,213.37 km ) , including 302.643 sq mi ( 783.84 km ) of land and 165.841 sq mi ( 429.53 km ) of this is water . The highest point in the city is Todt Hill on Staten Island , which , at 409.8 feet ( 124.9 m ) above sea level , is the highest point on the Eastern Seaboard south of Maine . The summit of the ridge is mostly covered in woodlands as part of the Staten Island Greenbelt . Places adjacent to New York City Bergen County , NJ North Westchester County , NY Long Island Sound Hudson County , NJ New York City Nassau County , NY Middlesex County , NJ Monmouth County , NJ South Atlantic Ocean Cityscape Ten - mile Manhattan panorama from 120th Street to the Battery , taken February 21 , 2018 , from Weehawken , New Jersey . Riverside Church Time Warner Center 220 Central Park South Central Park Tower One57 432 Park Avenue 53W53 Chrysler Building Bank of America Tower Conde Nast Building The New York Times Building Empire State Building Manhattan West a : 55 Hudson Yards , b : 35 Hudson Yards , c : 10 Hudson Yards , d : 15 Hudson Yards 56 Leonard Street 8 Spruce Street Woolworth Building 70 Pine Street 30 Park Place Trump Building Three World Trade Center Four World Trade Center One World Trade Center View of Midtown Manhattan at night , from across the Hudson River in Weehawken , New Jersey . View of Lower Manhattan at sunset , from Jersey City , New Jersey . One World Trade Center is the tallest skyscraper in the Western Hemisphere . Architecture Further information : Architecture of New York City and List of tallest buildings in New York City Modernist architecture juxtaposed with classical architecture is seen often in New York City . The Chrysler Building , above , built in 1930 , is an example of the Art Deco style , with ornamental hub caps and a spire . The Empire State Building is a solitary icon of New York . It was the world 's tallest building 1931 -- 70 and is defined by its setbacks , Art Deco details and the spire . Landmark 19th - century rowhouses , including brownstones , on tree - lined Kent Street in the Greenpoint Historic District , Brooklyn . New York has architecturally noteworthy buildings in a wide range of styles and from distinct time periods , from the saltbox style Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House in Brooklyn , the oldest section of which dates to 1656 , to the modern One World Trade Center , the skyscraper at Ground Zero in Lower Manhattan and the most expensive office tower in the world by construction cost . Manhattan 's skyline , with its many skyscrapers , is universally recognized , and the city has been home to several of the tallest buildings in the world . As of 2011 , New York City had 5,937 high - rise buildings , of which 550 completed structures were at least 330 feet ( 100 m ) high , both second in the world after Hong Kong , with over 50 completed skyscrapers taller than 656 feet ( 200 m ) . These include the Woolworth Building , an early example of Gothic Revival architecture in skyscraper design , built with massively scaled Gothic detailing ; completed in 1913 , for 17 years it was the world 's tallest building . The 1916 Zoning Resolution required setbacks in new buildings and restricted towers to a percentage of the lot size , to allow sunlight to reach the streets below . The Art Deco style of the Chrysler Building ( 1930 ) and Empire State Building ( 1931 ) , with their tapered tops and steel spires , reflected the zoning requirements . The buildings have distinctive ornamentation , such as the eagles at the corners of the 61st floor on the Chrysler Building , and are considered some of the finest examples of the Art Deco style . A highly influential example of the international style in the United States is the Seagram Building ( 1957 ) , distinctive for its façade using visible bronze - toned I - beams to evoke the building 's structure . The Condé Nast Building ( 2000 ) is a prominent example of green design in American skyscrapers and has received an award from the American Institute of Architects and AIA New York State for its design . The character of New York 's large residential districts is often defined by the elegant brownstone rowhouses and townhouses and shabby tenements that were built during a period of rapid expansion from 1870 to 1930 . In contrast , New York City also has neighborhoods that are less densely populated and feature free - standing dwellings . In neighborhoods such as Riverdale ( in the Bronx ) , Ditmas Park ( in Brooklyn ) , and Douglaston ( in Queens ) , large single - family homes are common in various architectural styles such as Tudor Revival and Victorian . Stone and brick became the city 's building materials of choice after the construction of wood - frame houses was limited in the aftermath of the Great Fire of 1835 . A distinctive feature of many of the city 's buildings is the wooden roof - mounted water tower . In the 1800s , the city required their installation on buildings higher than six stories to prevent the need for excessively high water pressures at lower elevations , which could break municipal water pipes . Garden apartments became popular during the 1920s in outlying areas , such as Jackson Heights . According to the United States Geological Survey , an updated analysis of seismic hazard in July 2014 revealed a `` slightly lower hazard for tall buildings '' in New York City than previously assessed . Scientists estimated this lessened risk based upon a lower likelihood than previously thought of slow shaking near the city , which would be more likely to cause damage to taller structures from an earthquake in the vicinity of the city . Boroughs Main articles : Boroughs of New York City and Neighborhoods in New York City The five boroughs of New York City : 1 . Manhattan 2 . Brooklyn 3 . Queens 4 . Bronx 5 . Staten Island New York City 's five boroughs Jurisdiction Population Land area Density Borough County Estimate ( 2016 ) square miles square km persons / sq. mi persons / sq. km Manhattan New York 1,643,734 22.83 59.1 72,033 27,826 The Bronx Bronx 1,455,720 42 110 34,653 13,231 Brooklyn Kings 2,629,150 71 180 37,137 14,649 Queens Queens 2,333,054 109 280 21,460 8,354 Staten Island Richmond 476,015 58.5 152 8,112 3,132 City of New York 8,537,673 303.33 781.1 28,188 10,947 State of New York 19,745,289 47,214 122,284 416.4 159 Sources : see individual borough articles New York City is often referred to collectively as the five boroughs , and in turn , there are hundreds of distinct neighborhoods throughout the boroughs , many with a definable history and character to call their own . If the boroughs were each independent cities , four of the boroughs ( Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , and the Bronx ) would be among the ten most populous cities in the United States ( Staten island would be ranked 37th ) ; these same boroughs are coterminous with the four most densely populated counties in the United States ( New York ( Manhattan ) , Kings ( Brooklyn ) , Bronx , and Queens ) . Manhattan ( New York County ) is the geographically smallest and most densely populated borough , is home to Central Park and most of the city 's skyscrapers , and may be locally known simply as The City . Manhattan 's ( New York County 's ) population density of 72,033 people per square mile ( 27,812 / km2 ) in 2015 makes it the highest of any county in the United States and higher than the density of any individual American city . Manhattan is the cultural , administrative , and financial center of New York City and contains the headquarters of many major multinational corporations , the United Nations Headquarters , Wall Street , and a number of important universities . Manhattan is often described as the financial and cultural center of the world . Most of the borough is situated on Manhattan Island , at the mouth of the Hudson River . Several small islands also compose part of the borough of Manhattan , including Randall 's Island , Wards Island , and Roosevelt Island in the East River , and Governors Island and Liberty Island to the south in New York Harbor . Manhattan Island is loosely divided into Lower , Midtown , and Uptown regions . Uptown Manhattan is divided by Central Park into the Upper East Side and the Upper West Side , and above the park is Harlem . The borough also includes a small neighborhood on the United States mainland , called Marble Hill , which is contiguous with The Bronx . New York City 's remaining four boroughs are collectively referred to as the outer boroughs . Brooklyn ( Kings County ) , on the western tip of Long Island , is the city 's most populous borough . Brooklyn is known for its cultural , social , and ethnic diversity , an independent art scene , distinct neighborhoods , and a distinctive architectural heritage . Downtown Brooklyn is the largest central core neighborhood in the outer boroughs . The borough has a long beachfront shoreline including Coney Island , established in the 1870s as one of the earliest amusement grounds in the country . Marine Park and Prospect Park are the two largest parks in Brooklyn . Since 2010 , Brooklyn has evolved into a thriving hub of entrepreneurship and high technology startup firms , and of postmodern art and design . Queens ( Queens County ) , on Long Island north and east of Brooklyn , is geographically the largest borough , the most ethnically diverse county in the United States , and the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world . Historically a collection of small towns and villages founded by the Dutch , the borough has since developed both commercial and residential prominence . Downtown Flushing has become one of the busiest central core neighborhoods in the outer boroughs . Queens is the site of Citi Field , the baseball stadium of the New York Mets , and hosts the annual U.S. Open tennis tournament at Flushing Meadows - Corona Park . Additionally , two of the three busiest airports serving the New York metropolitan area , John F. Kennedy International Airport and LaGuardia Airport , are located in Queens . ( The third is Newark Liberty International Airport in Newark , New Jersey . ) Staten Island ( Richmond County ) is the most suburban in character of the five boroughs . Staten Island is connected to Brooklyn by the Verrazano - Narrows Bridge , and to Manhattan by way of the free Staten Island Ferry , a daily commuter ferry which provides unobstructed views of the Statue of Liberty , Ellis Island , and Lower Manhattan . In central Staten Island , the Staten Island Greenbelt spans approximately 2,500 acres ( 10 km ) , including 28 miles ( 45 km ) of walking trails and one of the last undisturbed forests in the city . Designated in 1984 to protect the island 's natural lands , the Greenbelt comprises seven city parks . The Bronx ( Bronx County ) is New York City 's northernmost borough and the only New York City borough with a majority of it a part of the mainland United States . It is the location of Yankee Stadium , the baseball park of the New York Yankees , and home to the largest cooperatively owned housing complex in the United States , Co-op City . It is also home to the Bronx Zoo , the world 's largest metropolitan zoo , which spans 265 acres ( 1.07 km ) and houses over 6,000 animals . The Bronx is also the birthplace of rap and hip hop culture . Pelham Bay Park is the largest park in New York City , at 2,772 acres ( 1,122 ha ) . Climate Avenue C in Manhattan after flooding caused by Hurricane Sandy on October 29 , 2012 . Under the Köppen climate classification , using the 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) isotherm , New York City features a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ) , and is thus the northernmost major city on the North American continent with this categorization . The suburbs to the immediate north and west lie in the transitional zone between humid subtropical and humid continental climates ( Dfa ) . Annually , the city averages 234 days with at least some sunshine . The city lies in the USDA 7b plant hardiness zone . Winters are cold and damp , and prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore temper the moderating effects of the Atlantic Ocean ; yet the Atlantic and the partial shielding from colder air by the Appalachians keep the city warmer in the winter than inland North American cities at similar or lesser latitudes such as Pittsburgh , Cincinnati , and Indianapolis . The daily mean temperature in January , the area 's coldest month , is 32.6 ° F ( 0.3 ° C ) ; temperatures usually drop to 10 ° F ( − 12 ° C ) several times per winter , and reach 60 ° F ( 16 ° C ) several days in the coldest winter month . Spring and autumn are unpredictable and can range from chilly to warm , although they are usually mild with low humidity . Summers are typically warm to hot and humid , with a daily mean temperature of 76.5 ° F ( 24.7 ° C ) in July . Nighttime conditions are often exacerbated by the urban heat island phenomenon , while daytime temperatures exceed 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) on average of 17 days each summer and in some years exceed 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) . Extreme temperatures have ranged from − 15 ° F ( − 26 ° C ) , recorded on February 9 , 1934 , up to 106 ° F ( 41 ° C ) on July 9 , 1936 . The average water temperature of the nearby Atlantic Ocean ranges from 39.7 ° F ( 4.3 ° C ) in February to 74.1 ° F ( 23.4 ° C ) in August . The city receives 49.9 inches ( 1,270 mm ) of precipitation annually , which is relatively evenly spread throughout the year . Average winter snowfall between 1981 and 2010 has been 25.8 inches ( 66 cm ) ; this varies considerably from year to year . Hurricanes and tropical storms are rare in the New York area . Hurricane Sandy brought a destructive storm surge to New York City on the evening of October 29 , 2012 , flooding numerous streets , tunnels , and subway lines in Lower Manhattan and other areas of the city and cutting off electricity in many parts of the city and its suburbs . The storm and its profound impacts have prompted the discussion of constructing seawalls and other coastal barriers around the shorelines of the city and the metropolitan area to minimize the risk of destructive consequences from another such event in the future . ( hide ) Climate data for New York ( Belvedere Castle , Central Park ) , 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1869 -- present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 72 ( 22 ) 78 ( 26 ) 86 ( 30 ) 96 ( 36 ) 99 ( 37 ) 101 ( 38 ) 106 ( 41 ) 104 ( 40 ) 102 ( 39 ) 94 ( 34 ) 84 ( 29 ) 75 ( 24 ) 106 ( 41 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 59.6 ( 15.3 ) 60.7 ( 15.9 ) 71.5 ( 21.9 ) 83.0 ( 28.3 ) 88.0 ( 31.1 ) 92.3 ( 33.5 ) 95.4 ( 35.2 ) 93.7 ( 34.3 ) 88.5 ( 31.4 ) 78.8 ( 26 ) 71.3 ( 21.8 ) 62.2 ( 16.8 ) 97.0 ( 36.1 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 38.3 ( 3.5 ) 41.6 ( 5.3 ) 49.7 ( 9.8 ) 61.2 ( 16.2 ) 70.8 ( 21.6 ) 79.3 ( 26.3 ) 84.1 ( 28.9 ) 82.6 ( 28.1 ) 75.2 ( 24 ) 63.8 ( 17.7 ) 53.8 ( 12.1 ) 43.0 ( 6.1 ) 62.0 ( 16.7 ) Daily mean ° F ( ° C ) 32.6 ( 0.3 ) 35.3 ( 1.8 ) 42.5 ( 5.8 ) 53.0 ( 11.7 ) 62.4 ( 16.9 ) 71.4 ( 21.9 ) 76.5 ( 24.7 ) 75.2 ( 24 ) 68.0 ( 20 ) 56.9 ( 13.8 ) 47.7 ( 8.7 ) 37.5 ( 3.1 ) 55.0 ( 12.8 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 26.9 ( − 2.8 ) 28.9 ( − 1.7 ) 35.2 ( 1.8 ) 44.8 ( 7.1 ) 54.0 ( 12.2 ) 63.6 ( 17.6 ) 68.8 ( 20.4 ) 67.8 ( 19.9 ) 60.8 ( 16 ) 50.0 ( 10 ) 41.6 ( 5.3 ) 32.0 ( 0 ) 47.9 ( 8.8 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) 9.2 ( − 12.7 ) 12.8 ( − 10.7 ) 18.5 ( − 7.5 ) 32.3 ( 0.2 ) 43.5 ( 6.4 ) 52.9 ( 11.6 ) 60.3 ( 15.7 ) 58.8 ( 14.9 ) 48.6 ( 9.2 ) 38.0 ( 3.3 ) 27.7 ( − 2.4 ) 15.6 ( − 9.1 ) 7.0 ( − 13.9 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 6 ( − 21 ) − 15 ( − 26 ) ( − 16 ) 12 ( − 11 ) 32 ( 0 ) 44 ( 7 ) 52 ( 11 ) 50 ( 10 ) 39 ( 4 ) 28 ( − 2 ) 7 ( − 14 ) − 13 ( − 25 ) − 15 ( − 26 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 3.65 ( 92.7 ) 3.09 ( 78.5 ) 4.36 ( 110.7 ) 4.50 ( 114.3 ) 4.19 ( 106.4 ) 4.41 ( 112 ) 4.60 ( 116.8 ) 4.44 ( 112.8 ) 4.28 ( 108.7 ) 4.40 ( 111.8 ) 4.02 ( 102.1 ) 4.00 ( 101.6 ) 49.94 ( 1,268.5 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 7.0 ( 17.8 ) 9.2 ( 23.4 ) 3.9 ( 9.9 ) 0.6 ( 1.5 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.3 ( 0.8 ) 4.8 ( 12.2 ) 25.8 ( 65.5 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 10.4 9.2 10.9 11.5 11.1 11.2 10.4 9.5 8.7 8.9 9.6 10.6 122.0 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 4.0 2.8 1.8 0.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 2.3 11.4 Average relative humidity ( % ) 61.5 60.2 58.5 55.3 62.7 65.2 64.2 66.0 67.8 65.6 64.6 64.1 63.0 Mean monthly sunshine hours 162.7 163.1 212.5 225.6 256.6 257.3 268.2 268.2 219.3 211.2 151.0 139.0 2,534.7 Percent possible sunshine 54 55 57 57 57 57 59 63 59 61 51 48 57 Source : NOAA ( relative humidity and sun 1961 -- 1990 ) See Geography of New York City for additional climate information from the outer boroughs . See or edit raw graph data . Parks Flushing Meadows -- Corona Park was used in the 1964 New York World 's Fair , with the Unisphere as its centerpiece . The City of New York has a complex park system , with various lands operated by the National Park Service , the New York State Office of Parks , Recreation and Historic Preservation , and the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation . In its 2013 ParkScore ranking , the Trust for Public Land reported that the park system in New York City was the second best park system among the 50 most populous US cities , behind the park system of Minneapolis . ParkScore ranks urban park systems by a formula that analyzes median park size , park acres as percent of city area , the percent of city residents within a half - mile of a park , spending of park services per resident , and the number of playgrounds per 10,000 residents . National Parks Main article : National Park Service The Statue of Liberty on Liberty Island in New York Harbor is a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom , democracy , and opportunity . Gateway National Recreation Area contains over 26,000 acres ( 10,521.83 ha ) in total , most of it surrounded by New York City , including the Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge . In Brooklyn and Queens , the park contains over 9,000 acres ( 36 km ) of salt marsh , wetlands , islands , and water , including most of Jamaica Bay . Also in Queens , the park includes a significant portion of the western Rockaway Peninsula , most notably Jacob Riis Park and Fort Tilden . In Staten Island , Gateway National Recreation Area includes Fort Wadsworth , with historic pre-Civil War era Battery Weed and Fort Tompkins , and Great Kills Park , with beaches , trails , and a marina . The Statue of Liberty National Monument and Ellis Island Immigration Museum are managed by the National Park Service and are in both the states of New York and New Jersey . They are joined in the harbor by Governors Island National Monument , in New York . Historic sites under federal management on Manhattan Island include Castle Clinton National Monument ; Federal Hall National Memorial ; Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site ; General Grant National Memorial ( `` Grant 's Tomb '' ) ; African Burial Ground National Monument ; and Hamilton Grange National Memorial . Hundreds of private properties are listed on the National Register of Historic Places or as a National Historic Landmark such as , for example , the Stonewall Inn , part of the Stonewall National Monument in Greenwich Village , as the catalyst of the modern gay rights movement . State Parks Main article : New York State Parks There are seven state parks within the confines of New York City , including Clay Pit Ponds State Park Preserve , a natural area that includes extensive riding trails , and Riverbank State Park , a 28 - acre ( 110,000 m ) facility that rises 69 feet ( 21 m ) over the Hudson River . City Parks Reindeer at the Bronx Zoo , the world 's largest metropolitan zoo . See also : Parks and recreation in New York City New York City has over 28,000 acres ( 110 km ) of municipal parkland and 14 miles ( 23 km ) of public beaches . The largest municipal park in the city is Pelham Bay Park in the Bronx , with 2,772 acres ( 1,122 ha ) . Central Park , an 843 - acre ( 3.41 km ) park in middle - upper Manhattan , is the most visited urban park in the United States and one of the most filmed locations in the world , with 40 million visitors in 2013 . The park contains a wide range of attractions ; there are several lakes and ponds , two ice - skating rinks , the Central Park Zoo , the Central Park Conservatory Garden , and the 106 - acre ( 0.43 km ) Jackie Onassis Reservoir . Indoor attractions include Belvedere Castle with its nature center , the Swedish Cottage Marionette Theater , and the historic Carousel . On October 23 , 2012 , hedge fund manager John A. Paulson announced a $100 million gift to the Central Park Conservancy , the largest ever monetary donation to New York City 's park system . Washington Square Park is a prominent landmark in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan . The Washington Square Arch at the northern gateway to the park is an iconic symbol of both New York University and Greenwich Village . Prospect Park in Brooklyn has a 90 - acre ( 360,000 m ) meadow , a lake , and extensive woodlands . Within the park is the historic Battle Pass , prominent in the Battle of Long Island . Flushing Meadows -- Corona Park in Queens , with its 897 acres ( 363 ha ) making it the city 's fourth largest park , was the setting for the 1939 World 's Fair and the 1964 World 's Fair and is host to the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center and the annual United States Open Tennis Championships tournament . Over a fifth of the Bronx 's area , 7,000 acres ( 28 km ) , is given over to open space and parks , including Pelham Bay Park , Van Cortlandt Park , the Bronx Zoo , and the New York Botanical Gardens . In Staten Island , the Conference House Park contains the historic Conference House , site of the only attempt of a peaceful resolution to the American Revolution which was conducted in September 1775 , attended by Benjamin Franklin representing the Americans and Lord Howe representing the British Crown . The historic Burial Ridge , the largest Native American burial ground within New York City , is within the park . Central Park , as seen from Rockefeller Center , is the most visited city park in the United States . Military Installations New York City is home to Fort Hamilton , the U.S. military 's only active duty installation within the city . Established in 1825 in Brooklyn on the site of a small battery utilized during the American Revolution , it is one of America 's longest serving military forts . Today Fort Hamilton serves as the headquarters of the North Atlantic Division of the United States Army Corps of Engineers and for the New York City Recruiting Battalion . It also houses the 1179th Transportation Brigade , the 722nd Aeromedical Staging Squadron , and a military entrance processing station . Other formerly active military reservations still utilized for National Guard and military training or reserve operations in the city include Fort Wadsworth in Staten Island and Fort Totten in Queens . Demographics Main articles : Demographics of New York City , New York City ethnic enclaves , and Demographic profile of New York City ( show ) City compared to State & U.S. 2010 Census NY City NY State U.S. Total population 8,175,133 19,378,102 308,745,538 Population change , 2000 to 2010 + 2.1 % + 2.1 % + 9.7 % Population density ( people / sqmi ) 27,012.5 411.2 87.4 Median household income ( 2015 ) $53,373 $59,269 $53,889 Bachelor 's degree or higher 35.7 % 34.2 % 29.8 % Foreign born 37.2 % 22.5 % 13.2 % White ( non-Hispanic ) 44.0 % 65.7 % 72.4 % Black 25.5 % 15.9 % 12.6 % Hispanic ( any race ) 28.6 % 17.6 % 16.3 % Asian 12.7 % 7.3 % 4.8 % ( hide ) Racial composition 1990 1970 1940 White 44.0 % 52.3 % 76.6 % 93.6 % -- Non-Hispanic 33.3 % 43.2 % 62.9 % 92.0 % Black or African American 25.5 % 28.7 % 21.1 % 6.1 % Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) 28.6 % 24.4 % 16.2 % 1.6 % Asian 12.7 % 7.0 % 1.2 % − New York City had an estimated population density of 28,491 people per square mile ( 11,000 / km2 ) in 2017 , with Manhattan alone at 72,918 / sq mi ( 28,154 / km2 ) . Historical population Year Pop . ± % 1698 4,937 -- 1712 5,840 + 18.3 % 1723 7,248 + 24.1 % 1737 10,664 + 47.1 % 1746 11,717 + 9.9 % 1756 13,046 + 11.3 % 1771 21,863 + 67.6 % 1790 49,401 + 126.0 % 1800 79,216 + 60.4 % 1810 119,734 + 51.1 % 1820 152,056 + 27.0 % 1830 242,278 + 59.3 % 1840 391,114 + 61.4 % 1850 696,115 + 78.0 % 1860 1,174,779 + 68.8 % 1870 1,478,103 + 25.8 % 1880 1,911,698 + 29.3 % 1890 2,507,414 + 31.2 % 1900 3,437,202 + 37.1 % 1910 4,766,883 + 38.7 % 1920 5,620,048 + 17.9 % 1930 6,930,446 + 23.3 % 1940 7,454,995 + 7.6 % 1950 7,891,957 + 5.9 % 1960 7,781,984 − 1.4 % 1970 7,894,862 + 1.5 % 1980 7,071,639 − 10.4 % 1990 7,322,564 + 3.5 % 2000 8,008,278 + 9.4 % 8,175,133 + 2.1 % 2017 8,622,698 + 5.5 % Note : Census figures ( 1790 -- 2010 ) cover the present area of all five boroughs , before and after the 1898 consolidation . For New York City itself before annexing part of the Bronx in 1874 , see Manhattan # Demographics . Sources : 1698 -- 1771 , 1790 -- 1890 , 1900 -- 1990 , 2000 and 2010 , 2017 Census estimate . Source : U.S. Decennial Census New York City is the most populous city in the United States , with an estimated record high of 8,622,698 residents as of 2017 , incorporating more immigration into the city than outmigration since the 2010 United States Census . More than twice as many people live in New York City as in the second-most populous U.S. city ( Los Angeles ) , and within a smaller area . New York City gained more residents between April 2010 and July 2014 ( 316,000 ) than any other U.S. city . New York City 's population is about 43 % of New York State 's population and about 36 % of the population of the New York metropolitan area . Population density In 2017 , the city had an estimated population density of 28,491 people per square mile ( 11,000 / km2 ) , rendering it the most densely populated of all municipalities housing over 100,000 residents in the United States , with several small cities ( of fewer than 100,000 ) in adjacent Hudson County , New Jersey having greater density , as per the 2010 Census . Geographically co-extensive with New York County , the borough of Manhattan 's 2017 population density of 72,918 inhabitants per square mile ( 28,154 / km ) makes it the highest of any county in the United States and higher than the density of any individual American city . Race and ethnicity Further information : Chinese in New York City , Fuzhounese in New York City , Indians in New York City , Koreans in New York City , Filipinos in New York City , Bangladeshis in New York City , Japanese in New York City , Russians in New York City , Ukrainians in New York City , Irish in New York City , Italians in New York City , Caribbeans in New York City , and Puerto Ricans in New York City The city 's population in 2010 was 44 % white ( 33.3 % non-Hispanic white ) , 25.5 % black ( 23 % non-Hispanic black ) , 0.7 % Native American , and 12.7 % Asian . Hispanics of any race represented 28.6 % of the population , while Asians constituted the fastest - growing segment of the city 's population between 2000 and 2010 ; the non-Hispanic white population declined 3 percent , the smallest recorded decline in decades ; and for the first time since the Civil War , the number of blacks declined over a decade . Clockwise , from upper left : the Manhattan Chinatown ; Manhattan 's Little Italy ; Spanish Harlem ; and Manhattan 's Koreatown Throughout its history , the city has been a major port of entry for immigrants into the United States ; more than 12 million European immigrants were received at Ellis Island between 1892 and 1924 . The term `` melting pot '' was first coined to describe densely populated immigrant neighborhoods on the Lower East Side . By 1900 , Germans constituted the largest immigrant group , followed by the Irish , Jews , and Italians . In 1940 , whites represented 92 % of the city 's population . Approximately 37 % of the city 's population is foreign born and more than half of all children are born to mothers who are immigrants . In New York , no single country or region of origin dominates . The ten largest sources of foreign - born individuals in the city as of 2011 were the Dominican Republic , China , Mexico , Guyana , Jamaica , Ecuador , Haiti , India , Russia , and Trinidad and Tobago , while the Bangladeshi - born immigrant population has become one of the fastest growing in the city , counting over 74,000 by 2011 . Asian Americans in New York City , according to the 2010 Census , number more than one million , greater than the combined totals of San Francisco and Los Angeles . New York contains the highest total Asian population of any U.S. city proper . The New York City borough of Queens is home to the state 's largest Asian American population and the largest Andean ( Colombian , Ecuadorian , Peruvian , and Bolivian ) populations in the United States , and is also the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world . The Chinese population constitutes the fastest - growing nationality in New York State ; multiple satellites of the original Manhattan Chinatown , in Brooklyn , and around Flushing , Queens , are thriving as traditionally urban enclaves -- while also expanding rapidly eastward into suburban Nassau County on Long Island , as the New York metropolitan region and New York State have become the top destinations for new Chinese immigrants , respectively , and large - scale Chinese immigration continues into New York City and surrounding areas , with the largest metropolitan Chinese diaspora outside Asia , including an estimated 812,410 individuals in 2015 . In 2012 , 6.3 % of New York City was of Chinese ethnicity , with nearly three - fourths living in either Queens or Brooklyn , geographically on Long Island . A community numbering 20,000 Korean - Chinese ( Chaoxianzu or Joseonjok ) is centered in Flushing , Queens , while New York City is also home to the largest Tibetan population outside China , India , and Nepal , also centered in Queens . Koreans made up 1.2 % of the city 's population , and Japanese 0.3 % . Filipinos were the largest Southeast Asian ethnic group at 0.8 % , followed by Vietnamese , who made up 0.2 % of New York City 's population in 2010 . Indians are the largest South Asian group , comprising 2.4 % of the city 's population , with Bangladeshis and Pakistanis at 0.7 % and 0.5 % , respectively . Queens is the preferred borough of settlement for Asian Indians , Koreans , Filipinos , and Malaysians and other Southeast Asians ; while Brooklyn is receiving large numbers of both West Indian and Asian Indian immigrants . Map of racial distribution in New York , 2010 U.S. Census . Each dot is 25 people : White , Black , Asian , Hispanic or Other ( yellow ) New York City has the largest European and non-Hispanic white population of any American city . At 2.7 million in 2012 , New York 's non-Hispanic white population is larger than the non-Hispanic white populations of Los Angeles ( 1.1 million ) , Chicago ( 865,000 ) , and Houston ( 550,000 ) combined . The non-Hispanic white population was 6.6 million in 1940 . The non-Hispanic white population has begun to increase since 2010 . The European diaspora residing in the city is very diverse . According to 2012 Census estimates , there were roughly 560,000 Italian Americans , 385,000 Irish Americans , 253,000 German Americans , 223,000 Russian Americans , 201,000 Polish Americans , and 137,000 English Americans . Additionally , Greek and French Americans numbered 65,000 each , with those of Hungarian descent estimated at 60,000 people . Ukrainian and Scottish Americans numbered 55,000 and 35,000 , respectively . People identifying ancestry from Spain numbered 30,838 total in 2010 . People of Norwegian and Swedish descent both stood at about 20,000 each , while people of Czech , Lithuanian , Portuguese , Scotch - Irish , and Welsh descent all numbered between 12,000 -- 14,000 people . Arab Americans number over 160,000 in New York City , with the highest concentration in Brooklyn . Central Asians , primarily Uzbek Americans , are a rapidly growing segment of the city 's non-Hispanic white population , enumerating over 30,000 , and including over half of all Central Asian immigrants to the United States , most settling in Queens or Brooklyn . Albanian Americans are most highly concentrated in the Bronx . The wider New York City metropolitan statistical area , with over 20 million people , about 50 % greater than the second - place Los Angeles metropolitan area in the United States , is also ethnically diverse , with the largest foreign - born population of any metropolitan region in the world . The New York region continues to be by far the leading metropolitan gateway for legal immigrants admitted into the United States , substantially exceeding the combined totals of Los Angeles and Miami . It is home to the largest Jewish and Israeli communities outside Israel , with the Jewish population in the region numbering over 1.5 million in 2012 and including many diverse Jewish sects from around the Middle East and Eastern Europe . The metropolitan area is also home to 20 % of the nation 's Indian Americans and at least 20 Little India enclaves , and 15 % of all Korean Americans and four Koreatowns ; the largest Asian Indian population in the Western Hemisphere ; the largest Russian American , Italian American , and African American populations ; the largest Dominican American , Puerto Rican American , and South American and second - largest overall Hispanic population in the United States , numbering 4.8 million ; and includes multiple established Chinatowns within New York City alone . Ecuador , Colombia , Guyana , Peru , and Brazil were the top source countries from South America for legal immigrants to the New York City region in 2013 ; the Dominican Republic , Jamaica , Haiti , and Trinidad and Tobago in the Caribbean ; Egypt , Ghana , and Nigeria from Africa ; and El Salvador , Honduras , and Guatemala in Central America . Amidst a resurgence of Puerto Rican migration to New York City , this population had increased to approximately 1.3 million in the metropolitan area as of 2013 . Sexual Orientation and gender identity Main article : LGBT culture in New York City The scene at the 2011 LGBT Pride March . New York City is home to the largest LGBTQ community in the United States and one of the world 's largest . The New York metropolitan area is home to a prominent self - identifying gay and bisexual community estimated at nearly 570,000 individuals , the largest in the United States and one of the world 's largest . Same - sex marriages in New York were legalized on June 24 , 2011 and were authorized to take place beginning 30 days thereafter . Charles Kaiser , author of The Gay Metropolis : The Landmark History of Gay Life in America , wrote that in the era after World War II , `` New York City became the literal gay metropolis for hundreds of thousands of immigrants from within and without the United States : the place they chose to learn how to live openly , honestly and without shame . '' The annual New York City Pride March ( or gay pride parade ) traverses southward down Fifth Avenue and ends at Greenwich Village in Lower Manhattan ; the parade rivals the Sao Paulo Gay Pride Parade as the largest pride parade in the world , attracting tens of thousands of participants and millions of sidewalk spectators each June . Transgender contribution Wayne R. Dynes , author of the Encyclopedia of Homosexuality , wrote that drag queens were the only `` transgender folks around '' during the June 1969 Stonewall riots . `` None of them in fact made a major contribution to the movement . '' Others say the transgender community in New York City played a significant role in fighting for LGBT equality during the period of the Stonewall riots and thereafter . New York City is home to the largest transgender population in the United States , estimated at 25,000 in 2016 . However , until the Stonewall riots , this community had felt marginalized and neglected by the gay community . Religion Christianity ( 59 % ) -- made up of Roman Catholicism ( 33 % ) , Protestantism ( 23 % ) , and other Christians ( 3 % ) -- is the most prevalent religion in New York , as of 2014 . It is followed by Judaism , with approximately 1.1 million adherents , over half of whom live in Brooklyn . The Jewish population makes up 18.4 % of the city . Islam ranks third in New York City , with official estimates ranging between 600,000 and 1,000,000 observers , including 10 % of the city 's public school children . These three largest groups are followed by Hinduism , Buddhism , and a variety of other religions , as well as atheism . In 2014 , 24 % of New Yorkers self - identified with no organized religious affiliation . Religious affiliations in New York City The landmark Neo-Gothic Roman Catholic St. Patrick 's Cathedral , Midtown Manhattan Ultra-Orthodox Jewish residents in Brooklyn . Brooklyn has the largest Jewish community in the United States , with approximately 600,000 individuals . The Islamic Cultural Center of New York in Upper Manhattan , the first mosque built in New York City . Ganesh Temple in Flushing , Queens , the oldest Hindu temple in the U.S. Mahayana Buddhist Temple in Chinatown , Manhattan Atheism , promoted on an electronic billboard in Times Square , is observed by a significant proportion of New Yorkers . Income New York City has a high degree of income disparity as indicated by its Gini Coefficient of 0.5 for the city overall and 0.6 for Manhattan . In the first quarter of 2014 , the average weekly wage in New York County ( Manhattan ) was $2,749 , representing the highest total among large counties in the United States . As of 2017 , New York City had the highest number of billionaires of any city in the world at 82 , with a combined net worth of US $398 billion , including former Mayor Michael Bloomberg . New York also had the highest density of millionaires per capita among major U.S. cities in 2014 , at 4.6 % of residents . New York City is one of the relatively few American cities levying an income tax ( currently about 3 % ) on its residents . Economy Main article : Economy of New York City City economic Overview Top publicly traded companies in New York City ( ranked by 2015 revenues ) with City and U.S. ranks NYC corporation US Verizon Communications 13 JPMorgan Chase 23 Citigroup 29 MetLife 40 5 American International Group 49 6 Pfizer ( pharmaceuticals ) 55 7 New York Life 61 8 Goldman Sachs 74 9 Morgan Stanley 78 10 TIAA ( Teachers Ins . & Annuity ) 82 11 INTL FCStone 83 12 American Express 85 Every firm 's revenue exceeded $30 billion Financial services firms in green Full table at Economy of New York City Source : Fortune 500 New York is a global hub of business and commerce . The city is a major center for banking and finance , retailing , world trade , transportation , tourism , real estate , new media , traditional media , advertising , legal services , accountancy , insurance , theater , fashion , and the arts in the United States ; while Silicon Alley , metonymous for New York 's broad - spectrum high technology sphere , continues to expand . The Port of New York and New Jersey is also a major economic engine , handling record cargo volume in the first half of 2014 . In February 2017 , New York City 's unemployment rate fell to 4.3 % , the lowest in the city 's recorded history , with the city achieving the status of what many economists refer to as full employment . Many Fortune 500 corporations are headquartered in New York City , as are a large number of multinational corporations . One out of ten private sector jobs in the city is with a foreign company . New York City has been ranked first among cities across the globe in attracting capital , business , and tourists . This ability to attract foreign investment helped New York City top the FDi Magazine American Cities of the Future ranking for 2013 . Real estate is a major force in the city 's economy , as the total value of all New York City property was assessed at US $1.072 trillion for the 2017 fiscal year , an increase of 10.6 % from the previous year with 89 % of the increase coming from market effects . The Time Warner Center is the property with the highest - listed market value in the city , at US $1.1 billion in 2006 . New York City is home to some of the nation 's -- and the world 's -- most valuable real estate . 450 Park Avenue was sold on July 2 , 2007 for US $510 million , about $1,589 per square foot ( $17,104 / m2 ) , breaking the barely month - old record for an American office building of $1,476 per square foot ( $15,887 / m2 ) set in the June 2007 sale of 660 Madison Avenue . According to Forbes , in 2014 , Manhattan was home to six of the top ten ZIP Codes in the United States by median housing price . Fifth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan commands the highest retail rents in the world , at US $3,000 per square foot ( $32,000 / m ) in 2017 . As of 2013 , the global advertising agencies of Omnicom Group and Interpublic Group , both based in Manhattan , had combined annual revenues of approximately US $21 billion , reflecting New York City 's role as the top global center for the advertising industry , which is metonymously referred to as `` Madison Avenue '' . The city 's fashion industry provides approximately 180,000 employees with $11 billion in annual wages . Other important sectors include medical research and technology , non-profit institutions , and universities . Manufacturing accounts for a significant but declining share of employment , although the city 's garment industry is showing a resurgence in Brooklyn . Food processing is a US $5 billion industry that employs more than 19,000 residents . Chocolate is New York City 's leading specialty - food export , with up to US $234 million worth of exports each year . Entrepreneurs were forming a `` Chocolate District '' in Brooklyn as of 2014 , while Godiva , one of the world 's largest chocolatiers , continues to be headquartered in Manhattan . Wall Street Main article : Wall Street The New York Stock Exchange on Wall Street , the world 's largest stock exchange per total market capitalization of its listed companies . New York City 's most important economic sector lies in its role as the headquarters for the U.S. financial industry , metonymously known as Wall Street . The city 's securities industry , enumerating 163,400 jobs in August 2013 , continues to form the largest segment of the city 's financial sector and an important economic engine , accounting in 2012 for 5 percent of the city 's private sector jobs , 8.5 percent ( US $3.8 billion ) of its tax revenue , and 22 percent of the city 's total wages , including an average salary of US $360,700 . Many large financial companies are headquartered in New York City , and the city is also home to a burgeoning number of financial startup companies . Lower Manhattan is home to the New York Stock Exchange , on Wall Street , and the NASDAQ , at 165 Broadway , representing the world 's largest and second largest stock exchanges , respectively , when measured both by overall average daily trading volume and by total market capitalization of their listed companies in 2013 . Investment banking fees on Wall Street totaled approximately $40 billion in 2012 , while in 2013 , senior New York City bank officers who manage risk and compliance functions earned as much as $324,000 annually . In fiscal year 2013 -- 14 , Wall Street 's securities industry generated 19 % of New York State 's tax revenue . New York City remains the largest global center for trading in public equity and debt capital markets , driven in part by the size and financial development of the U.S. economy . In July 2013 , NYSE Euronext , the operator of the New York Stock Exchange , took over the administration of the London interbank offered rate from the British Bankers Association . New York also leads in hedge fund management ; private equity ; and the monetary volume of mergers and acquisitions . Several investment banks and investment managers headquartered in Manhattan are important participants in other global financial centers . New York is also the principal commercial banking center of the United States . Many of the world 's largest media conglomerates are also based in the city . Manhattan contained over 500 million square feet ( 46.5 million m ) of office space in 2015 , making it the largest office market in the United States , while Midtown Manhattan , with nearly 400 million square feet ( 37.2 million m ) in 2015 , is the largest central business district in the world . Silicon Alley Main article : Silicon Alley Further information : Tech companies in New York City and Biotech companies in New York City Silicon Alley , once centered around the Flatiron District , is now metonymous for New York 's high tech sector , which has since expanded beyond the area . Silicon Alley , centered in Manhattan , has evolved into a metonym for the sphere encompassing the New York City metropolitan region 's high technology industries involving the Internet , new media , telecommunications , digital media , software development , biotechnology , game design , financial technology ( `` FinTech '' ) , and other fields within information technology that are supported by its entrepreneurship ecosystem and venture capital investments . In 2015 , Silicon Alley generated over US $7.3 billion in venture capital investment across a broad spectrum of high technology enterprises , most based in Manhattan , with others in Brooklyn , Queens , and elsewhere in the region . High technology startup companies and employment are growing in New York City and the region , bolstered by the city 's position in North America as the leading Internet hub and telecommunications center , including its vicinity to several transatlantic fiber optic trunk lines , New York 's intellectual capital , and its extensive outdoor wireless connectivity . Verizon Communications , headquartered at 140 West Street in Lower Manhattan , was at the final stages in 2014 of completing a US $3 billion fiberoptic telecommunications upgrade throughout New York City . As of 2014 , New York City hosted 300,000 employees in the tech sector . The biotechnology sector is also growing in New York City , based upon the city 's strength in academic scientific research and public and commercial financial support . On December 19 , 2011 , then Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg announced his choice of Cornell University and Technion - Israel Institute of Technology to build a US $2 billion graduate school of applied sciences called Cornell Tech on Roosevelt Island with the goal of transforming New York City into the world 's premier technology capital . By mid-2014 , Accelerator , a biotech investment firm , had raised more than US $30 million from investors , including Eli Lilly and Company , Pfizer , and Johnson & Johnson , for initial funding to create biotechnology startups at the Alexandria Center for Life Science , which encompasses more than 700,000 square feet ( 65,000 m ) on East 29th Street and promotes collaboration among scientists and entrepreneurs at the center and with nearby academic , medical , and research institutions . The New York City Economic Development Corporation 's Early Stage Life Sciences Funding Initiative and venture capital partners , including Celgene , General Electric Ventures , and Eli Lilly , committed a minimum of US $100 million to help launch 15 to 20 ventures in life sciences and biotechnology . Tourism Main article : Tourism in New York City Times Square is the hub of the Broadway theater district and a media center . It also has one of the highest annual attendance rates of any tourist attraction in the world , estimated at 50 million . The I Love New York logo , designed by Milton Glaser in 1977 Tourism is a vital industry for New York City , which has witnessed a growing combined volume of international and domestic tourists , receiving a seventh consecutive annual record of approximately 61 million visitors in 2016 . Tourism had generated an all - time high US $61.3 billion in overall economic impact for New York City in 2014 , pending 2015 statistics . Approximately 12 million visitors to New York City were from outside the United States , with the highest numbers from the United Kingdom , Canada , Brazil , and China . In 2016 , New York City tourism attained a record high for the sixth year in a row . I Love New York ( stylized I ❤ NY ) is both a logo and a song that are the basis of an advertising campaign and have been used since 1977 to promote tourism in New York City , and later to promote New York State as well . The trademarked logo , owned by New York State Empire State Development , appears in souvenir shops and brochures throughout the city and state , some licensed , many not . The song is the state song of New York . Major tourist destinations include Times Square ; Broadway theater productions ; the Empire State Building ; the Statue of Liberty ; Ellis Island ; the United Nations Headquarters ; museums such as the Metropolitan Museum of Art ; greenspaces such as Central Park and Washington Square Park ; Rockefeller Center ; the Manhattan Chinatown ; luxury shopping along Fifth and Madison Avenues ; and events such as the Halloween Parade in Greenwich Village ; the Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade ; the lighting of the Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree ; the St. Patrick 's Day parade ; seasonal activities such as ice skating in Central Park in the wintertime ; the Tribeca Film Festival ; and free performances in Central Park at Summerstage . Major attractions in the boroughs outside Manhattan include Flushing Meadows - Corona Park and the Unisphere in Queens ; the Bronx Zoo ; Coney Island , Brooklyn ; and the New York Botanical Garden in the Bronx . The New York Wheel , a 630 - foot ferris wheel , was under construction at the northern shore of Staten Island in 2015 , overlooking the Statue of Liberty , New York Harbor , and the Lower Manhattan skyline . Manhattan was on track to have an estimated 90,000 hotel rooms at the end of 2014 , a 10 % increase from 2013 . In October 2014 , the Anbang Insurance Group , based in China , purchased the Waldorf Astoria New York for US $1.95 billion , making it the world 's most expensive hotel ever sold . Media and entertainment Main article : Media in New York City Rockefeller Center is home to NBC Studios . New York is a prominent location for the American entertainment industry , with many films , television series , books , and other media being set there . As of 2012 , New York City was the second largest center for filmmaking and television production in the United States , producing about 200 feature films annually , employing 130,000 individuals ; the filmed entertainment industry has been growing in New York , contributing nearly US $9 billion to the New York City economy alone as of 2015 , and by volume , New York is the world leader in independent film production -- one - third of all American independent films are produced in New York City . The Association of Independent Commercial Producers is also based in New York . In the first five months of 2014 alone , location filming for television pilots in New York City exceeded the record production levels for all of 2013 , with New York surpassing Los Angeles as the top North American city for the same distinction during the 2013 / 2014 cycle . New York City is additionally a center for the advertising , music , newspaper , digital media , and publishing industries and is also the largest media market in North America . Some of the city 's media conglomerates and institutions include Time Warner , the Thomson Reuters Corporation , the Associated Press , Bloomberg L.P. , the News Corporation , The New York Times Company , NBCUniversal , the Hearst Corporation , AOL , and Viacom . Seven of the world 's top eight global advertising agency networks have their headquarters in New York . Two of the top three record labels ' headquarters are in New York : Sony Music Entertainment and Warner Music Group . Universal Music Group also has offices in New York . New media enterprises are contributing an increasingly important component to the city 's central role in the media sphere . More than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have an office in the city , and the publishing industry employs about 25,000 people . Two of the three national daily newspapers in the United States are New York papers : The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times , which has won the most Pulitzer Prizes for journalism . Major tabloid newspapers in the city include : The New York Daily News , which was founded in 1919 by Joseph Medill Patterson and The New York Post , founded in 1801 by Alexander Hamilton . The city also has a comprehensive ethnic press , with 270 newspapers and magazines published in more than 40 languages . El Diario La Prensa is New York 's largest Spanish - language daily and the oldest in the nation . The New York Amsterdam News , published in Harlem , is a prominent African American newspaper . The Village Voice , historically the largest alternative newspaper in the United States , announced in 2017 that it would cease publication of its print edition and convert to a fully digital venture . The television and radio industry developed in New York and is a significant employer in the city 's economy . The three major American broadcast networks are all headquartered in New York : ABC , CBS , and NBC . Many cable networks are based in the city as well , including MTV , Fox News , HBO , Showtime , Bravo , Food Network , AMC , and Comedy Central . The City of New York operates a public broadcast service , NYCTV , that has produced several original Emmy Award - winning shows covering music and culture in city neighborhoods and city government . WBAI , with news and information programming , is one of the few socialist radio stations operating in the United States . New York is also a major center for non-commercial educational media . The oldest public - access television channel in the United States is the Manhattan Neighborhood Network , founded in 1971 . WNET is the city 's major public television station and a primary source of national Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) television programming . WNYC , a public radio station owned by the city until 1997 , has the largest public radio audience in the United States . Human Resources Education and scholarly activity Main article : Education in New York City Primary and secondary Education The New York City Public Schools system , managed by the New York City Department of Education , is the largest public school system in the United States , serving about 1.1 million students in more than 1,700 separate primary and secondary schools . The city 's public school system includes nine specialized high schools to serve academically and artistically gifted students . The city government pays the Pelham Public Schools to educate a very small , detached section of the Bronx . Butler Library at Columbia University , described as one of the most beautiful college libraries in the United States . The Washington Square Arch , an unofficial icon of both New York University ( NYU ) and its Greenwich Village neighborhood . The New York City Charter School Center assists the setup of new charter schools . There are approximately 900 additional privately run secular and religious schools in the city . Higher Education and research Over 600,000 students are enrolled in New York City 's over 120 higher education institutions , the highest number of any city in the United States , including over half million in the City University of New York ( CUNY ) system alone in 2014 . In 2005 , three out of five Manhattan residents were college graduates , and one out of four had a postgraduate degree , forming one of the highest concentrations of highly educated people in any American city . New York City is home to such notable private universities as Barnard College , Columbia University , Cooper Union , Fordham University , Mercy College , New York University , New York Institute of Technology , Pace University , Rockefeller University , and Yeshiva University ; several of these universities are ranked among the top universities in the world . The public CUNY system is one of the largest universities in the nation , comprising 24 institutions across all five boroughs : senior colleges , community colleges , and other graduate / professional schools . The public State University of New York ( SUNY ) system serves New York City , as well as the rest of the state . The city also has other smaller private colleges and universities , including many religious and special - purpose institutions , such as St. John 's University , The Juilliard School , Manhattan College , The College of Mount Saint Vincent , Fashion Institute of Technology , Parsons School of Design , The New School , Pratt Institute , The School of Visual Arts , The King 's College , and Wagner College . Much of the scientific research in the city is done in medicine and the life sciences . New York City has the most postgraduate life sciences degrees awarded annually in the United States , with 127 Nobel laureates having roots in local institutions as of 2005 ; while in 2012 , 43,523 licensed physicians were practicing in New York City . Major biomedical research institutions include Memorial Sloan -- Kettering Cancer Center , Rockefeller University , SUNY Downstate Medical Center , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Mount Sinai School of Medicine , and Weill Cornell Medical College , being joined by the Cornell University / Technion - Israel Institute of Technology venture on Roosevelt Island . The graduates of SUNY Maritime College in the Bronx earned the highest average annual salary of any university graduates in the United States , US $144,000 as of 2017 . Public Library system The Stephen A. Schwarzman Headquarters Building of the New York Public Library , at 5th Avenue and 42nd Street . The New York Public Library , which has the largest collection of any public library system in the United States , serves Manhattan , the Bronx , and Staten Island . Queens is served by the Queens Borough Public Library , the nation 's second largest public library system , while the Brooklyn Public Library serves Brooklyn . Public Health Main article : New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation New York - Presbyterian Hospital , white complex at center , the largest hospital and largest private employer in New York City and one of the world 's busiest . The New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation ( HHC ) operates the public hospitals and clinics in New York City . A public benefit corporation with $6.7 billion in annual revenues , HHC is the largest municipal healthcare system in the United States serving 1.4 million patients , including more than 475,000 uninsured city residents . HHC was created in 1969 by the New York State Legislature as a public benefit corporation ( Chapter 1016 of the Laws 1969 ) . HHC operates 11 acute care hospitals , five nursing homes , six diagnostic and treatment centers , and more than 70 community - based primary care sites , serving primarily the poor and working class . HHC 's MetroPlus Health Plan is one of the New York area 's largest providers of government - sponsored health insurance and is the plan of choice for nearly half million New Yorkers . HHC 's facilities annually provide millions of New Yorkers services interpreted in more than 190 languages . The most well - known hospital in the HHC system is Bellevue Hospital , the oldest public hospital in the United States . Bellevue is the designated hospital for treatment of the President of the United States and other world leaders if they become sick or injured while in New York City . The president of HHC is Ramanathan Raju , MD , a surgeon and former CEO of the Cook County health system in Illinois . In August 2017 , Mayor Bill de Blasio signed legislation outlawing pharmacies from selling cigarettes once their existing licenses to do so expired , beginning in 2018 . Public safety Police and law enforcement Main articles : New York City Police Department and Law enforcement in New York City Further information : Crime in New York City The New York City Police Department ( NYPD ) represents the largest police force in the United States . The New York City Police Department ( NYPD ) has been the largest police force in the United States by a significant margin , with over 35,000 sworn officers . Members of the NYPD are frequently referred to by politicians , the media , and their own police cars by the nickname , New York 's Finest . Crime has continued an overall downward trend in New York City since the 1990s . In 2012 , the NYPD came under scrutiny for its use of a stop - and - frisk program , which has undergone several policy revisions since then . In 2014 , New York City had the third lowest murder rate among the largest U.S. cities , having become significantly safer after a spike in crime in the 1970s through 1990s . Violent crime in New York City decreased more than 75 % from 1993 to 2005 , and continued decreasing during periods when the nation as a whole saw increases . By 2002 , New York City 's crime rate was similar to that of Provo , Utah , and was ranked 197th in crime among the 216 U.S. cities with populations greater than 100,000 . In 2005 , the homicide rate was at its lowest level since 1966 , and in 2007 , the city recorded fewer than 500 homicides for the first time ever since crime statistics were first published in 1963 . In 2015 , 50.5 % of New York City misdemeanor assault suspects were black , 33.3 % Hispanic , 11.1 % white , 4.8 % Asian / Pacific Islander and 0.3 % Native American . New York City experienced 352 homicides in 2015 , its second lowest number on record . In 2016 the murder rate fell to 3.9 per 100,000 residents , , significantly below the US average of 5.3 , and was projected to drop significantly in 2017 . Sociologists and criminologists have not reached consensus on the explanation for the dramatic decrease in the city 's crime rate . Some attribute the phenomenon to new tactics used by the NYPD , including its use of CompStat and the broken windows theory . Others cite the end of the crack epidemic and demographic changes , including from immigration . Another theory is that widespread exposure to lead pollution from automobile exhaust , which can lower intelligence and increase aggression levels , incited the initial crime wave in the mid-20th century , most acutely affecting heavily trafficked cities like New York . A strong correlation was found demonstrating that violent crime rates in New York and other big cities began to fall after lead was removed from American gasoline in the 1970s . Another theory cited to explain New York City 's falling homicide rate is the inverse correlation between the number of murders and the increasingly wetter climate in the city . Organized crime has long been associated with New York City , beginning with the Forty Thieves and the Roach Guards in the Five Points in the 1820s . The 20th century saw a rise in the Mafia , dominated by the Five Families , as well as in gangs , including the Black Spades . The Mafia and gang presence has declined in the city in the 21st century . Firefighting Main article : New York City Fire Department The New York City Fire Department ( FDNY ) is the largest municipal fire department in the United States . The New York City Fire Department ( FDNY ) , provides fire protection , technical rescue , primary response to biological , chemical , and radioactive hazards , and emergency medical services for the five boroughs of New York City . The New York City Fire Department is the largest municipal fire department in the United States and the second largest in the world after the Tokyo Fire Department . The FDNY employs approximately 11,080 uniformed firefighters and over 3,300 uniformed EMTs and paramedics . The FDNY 's motto is New York 's Bravest . The New York City Fire Department faces multifaceted firefighting challenges in many ways unique to New York . In addition to responding to building types that range from wood - frame single family homes to high - rise structures , there are many secluded bridges and tunnels , as well as large parks and wooded areas that can give rise to brush fires . New York is also home to one of the largest subway systems in the world , consisting of hundreds of miles of tunnel with electrified track . The FDNY headquarters is located at 9 MetroTech Center in Downtown Brooklyn , and the FDNY Fire Academy is located on Randalls Island . There are three Bureau of Fire Communications alarm offices which receive and dispatch alarms to appropriate units . One office , at 11 Metrotech Center in Brooklyn , houses Manhattan / Citywide , Brooklyn , and Staten Island Fire Communications . The Bronx and Queens offices are in separate buildings . Culture and contemporary Life Further information : Culture of New York City and List of people from New York City New York City has been described as the cultural capital of the world by the diplomatic consulates of Iceland and Latvia and by New York 's Baruch College . A book containing a series of essays titled New York , Culture Capital of the World , 1940 -- 1965 has also been published as showcased by the National Library of Australia . In describing New York , author Tom Wolfe said , `` Culture just seems to be in the air , like part of the weather . '' Numerous major American cultural movements began in the city , such as the Harlem Renaissance , which established the African - American literary canon in the United States . The city was a center of jazz in the 1940s , abstract expressionism in the 1950s , and the birthplace of hip hop in the 1970s . The city 's punk and hardcore scenes were influential in the 1970s and 1980s . New York has long had a flourishing scene for Jewish American literature . The city is the birthplace of many cultural movements , including the Harlem Renaissance in literature and visual art ; abstract expressionism ( also known as the New York School ) in painting ; and hip hop , punk , salsa , disco , freestyle , Tin Pan Alley , and jazz in music . New York City has been considered the dance capital of the world . The city is also frequently the setting for novels , movies ( see List of films set in New York City ) , and television programs . New York Fashion Week is one of the world 's preeminent fashion events and is afforded extensive coverage by the media . New York has also frequently been ranked the top fashion capital of the world on the annual list compiled by the Global Language Monitor . Arts New York City has more than 2,000 arts and cultural organizations and more than 500 art galleries of all sizes . The city government funds the arts with a larger annual budget than the National Endowment for the Arts . Wealthy business magnates in the 19th century built a network of major cultural institutions , such as the famed Carnegie Hall and the Metropolitan Museum of Art , that would become internationally established . The advent of electric lighting led to elaborate theater productions , and in the 1880s , New York City theaters on Broadway and along 42nd Street began featuring a new stage form that became known as the Broadway musical . Strongly influenced by the city 's immigrants , productions such as those of Harrigan and Hart , George M. Cohan , and others used song in narratives that often reflected themes of hope and ambition . New York City itself is the subject or background of many plays and musicals . Performing Arts Main articles : Broadway theatre and Music of New York City Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts Broadway theatre is one of the premier forms of English - language theatre in the world , named after Broadway , the major thoroughfare that crosses Times Square , also sometimes referred to as `` The Great White Way '' . Forty - one venues in Midtown Manhattan 's Theatre District , each with at least 500 seats , are classified as Broadway theatres . According to The Broadway League , Broadway shows sold approximately US $1.27 billion worth of tickets in the 2013 -- 2014 season , an 11.4 % increase from US $1.139 billion in the 2012 -- 2013 season . Attendance in 2013 -- 2014 stood at 12.21 million , representing a 5.5 % increase from the 2012 -- 2013 season 's 11.57 million . Performance artists displaying diverse skills are ubiquitous on the streets of Manhattan . Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts , anchoring Lincoln Square on the Upper West Side of Manhattan , is home to numerous influential arts organizations , including the Metropolitan Opera , New York City Opera , New York Philharmonic , and New York City Ballet , as well as the Vivian Beaumont Theater , the Juilliard School , Jazz at Lincoln Center , and Alice Tully Hall . The Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute is in Union Square , and Tisch School of the Arts is based at New York University , while Central Park SummerStage presents free music concerts in Central Park . The Metropolitan Museum of Art , part of Museum Mile , is one of the largest museums in the world . Visual Arts Main article : List of museums and cultural institutions in New York City New York City is home to hundreds of cultural institutions and historic sites , many of which are internationally known . Museum Mile is the name for a section of Fifth Avenue running from 82nd to 105th streets on the Upper East Side of Manhattan , in an area sometimes called Upper Carnegie Hill . The Mile , which contains one of the densest displays of culture in the world , is actually three blocks longer than one mile ( 1.6 km ) . Ten museums occupy the length of this section of Fifth Avenue . The tenth museum , the Museum for African Art , joined the ensemble in 2009 , although its museum at 110th Street , the first new museum constructed on the Mile since the Guggenheim in 1959 , opened in late 2012 . In addition to other programming , the museums collaborate for the annual Museum Mile Festival , held each year in June , to promote the museums and increase visitation . Many of the world 's most lucrative art auctions are held in New York City . Cuisine Main article : Cuisine of New York City Smorgasburg opened in 2011 as an open - air food market and is part of the Brooklyn Flea . New York City 's food culture includes an array of international cuisines influenced by the city 's immigrant history . Central European and Italian immigrants brought bagels , cheesecake , and New York - style pizza into the city , while Chinese and other Asian restaurants , sandwich joints , trattorias , diners , and coffeehouses have become ubiquitous . Some 4,000 mobile food vendors licensed by the city , many immigrant - owned , have made Middle Eastern foods such as falafel and kebabs examples of modern New York street food . The city is home to `` nearly one thousand of the finest and most diverse haute cuisine restaurants in the world '' , according to Michelin . The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene assigns letter grades to the city 's 24,000 restaurants based upon their inspection results . Clockwise , from upper left : the annual Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade , the world 's largest parade ; the annual Halloween Parade in Greenwich Village ; the annual Philippine Independence Day Parade ; and the ticker - tape parade for the Apollo 11 astronauts Parades New York City is well known for its street parades , which celebrate a broad array of themes , including holidays , nationalities , human rights , and major league sports team championship victories . The majority of parades are held in Manhattan . The primary orientation of the annual street parades is typically from north to south , marching along major avenues . The annual Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade is the world 's largest parade , beginning alongside Central Park and processing southward to the flagship Macy 's Herald Square store ; the parade is viewed on telecasts worldwide and draws millions of spectators in person . Other notable parades including the annual St. Patrick 's Day Parade in March , the LGBT Pride March in June , the Greenwich Village Halloween Parade in October , and numerous parades commemorating the independence days of many nations . Ticker - tape parades celebrating championships won by sports teams as well as other heroic accomplishments march northward along the Canyon of Heroes on Broadway from Bowling Green to City Hall Park in Lower Manhattan . Accent and dialect Main articles : New York City English and New York accent The New York area has historically been home to a distinctive regional speech pattern called the New York dialect , alternatively known as Brooklynese or New Yorkese . It has generally been considered one of the most recognizable accents within American English . The classic version of this dialect is centered on middle and working - class people of European descent . The influx of non-European immigrants in recent decades has led to changes in this distinctive dialect , and the traditional form of this speech pattern is no longer as prevalent among general New Yorkers as in the past . The traditional New York area accent is characterized as non-rhotic , so that the sound ( ɹ ) does not appear at the end of a syllable or immediately before a consonant ; therefore the pronunciation of the city name as `` New Yawk . '' There is no ( ɹ ) in words like park ( pɑək ) or ( pɒək ) ( with vowel backed and diphthongized due to the low - back chain shift ) , butter ( bʌɾə ) , or here ( hiə ) . In another feature called the low back chain shift , the ( ɔ ) vowel sound of words like talk , law , cross , chocolate , and coffee and the often homophonous ( ɔr ) in core and more are tensed and usually raised more than in General American English . In the most old - fashioned and extreme versions of the New York dialect , the vowel sounds of words like `` girl '' and of words like `` oil '' became a diphthong ( ɜɪ ) . This is often misperceived by speakers of other accents as a reversal of the er and oy sounds , so that girl is pronounced `` goil '' and oil is pronounced `` erl '' ; this leads to the caricature of New Yorkers saying things like `` Joizey '' ( Jersey ) , `` Toidy - Toid Street '' ( 33rd St . ) and `` terlet '' ( toilet ) . The character Archie Bunker from the 1970s sitcom All in the Family ( played by Carroll O'Connor ) was an example of having used this pattern of speech , which continues to fade in its overall presence . Sports The New York Marathon is the largest marathon in the world . The US Open Tennis Championships are held every August and September in Flushing Meadows - Corona Park , Queens . Citi Field , also in Flushing Meadows - Corona Park , has been home to the New York Mets since 2009 . Main article : Sports in New York City New York City is home to the headquarters of the National Football League , Major League Baseball , the National Basketball Association , the National Hockey League , and Major League Soccer . The New York metropolitan area hosts the most sports teams in these five professional leagues . Participation in professional sports in the city predates all professional leagues , and the city has been continuously hosting professional sports since the birth of the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1882 . The city has played host to over forty major professional teams in the five sports and their respective competing leagues , both current and historic . Four of the ten most expensive stadiums ever built worldwide ( MetLife Stadium , the new Yankee Stadium , Madison Square Garden , and Citi Field ) are located in the New York metropolitan area . Madison Square Garden , its predecessor , the original Yankee Stadium and Ebbets Field , are sporting venues located in New York City , the latter two having been commemorated on U.S. postage stamps . New York has been described as the `` Capital of Baseball '' . There have been 35 Major League Baseball World Series and 73 pennants won by New York teams . It is one of only five metro areas ( Los Angeles , Chicago , Baltimore -- Washington , and the San Francisco Bay Area being the others ) to have two baseball teams . Additionally , there have been 14 World Series in which two New York City teams played each other , known as a Subway Series and occurring most recently in 2000 . No other metropolitan area has had this happen more than once ( Chicago in 1906 , St. Louis in 1944 , and the San Francisco Bay Area in 1989 ) . The city 's two current Major League Baseball teams are the New York Mets , who play at Citi Field in Queens , and the New York Yankees , who play at Yankee Stadium in the Bronx . These teams compete in six games of interleague play every regular season that has also come to be called the Subway Series . The Yankees have won a record 27 championships , while the Mets have won the World Series twice . The city also was once home to the Brooklyn Dodgers ( now the Los Angeles Dodgers ) , who won the World Series once , and the New York Giants ( now the San Francisco Giants ) , who won the World Series five times . Both teams moved to California in 1958 . There are also two Minor League Baseball teams in the city , the Brooklyn Cyclones and Staten Island Yankees . The city is represented in the National Football League by the New York Giants and the New York Jets , although both teams play their home games at MetLife Stadium in nearby East Rutherford , New Jersey , which hosted Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014 . The city is represented in the National Hockey League by three teams : the New York Rangers , one of the Original Six teams of the league , play at Madison Square Garden in Manhattan , the New York Islanders , who play at Barclays Center in Brooklyn and the New Jersey Devils , who play at Prudential Center in nearby Newark , New Jersey . The city 's National Basketball Association teams are the Brooklyn Nets and the New York Knicks , while the New York Liberty is the city 's Women 's National Basketball Association team . The first national college - level basketball championship , the National Invitation Tournament , was held in New York in 1938 and remains in the city . The city is well known for its links to basketball , which is played in nearly every park in the city by local youth , many of whom have gone on to play for major college programs and in the NBA . In soccer , New York City is represented by New York City FC of Major League Soccer , who play their home games at Yankee Stadium . The New York Red Bulls play their home games at Red Bull Arena in nearby Harrison , New Jersey . Historically , the city is known for the New York Cosmos , the highly successful former professional soccer team which was the American home of Pelé . A new version of the New York Cosmos was formed in 2010 , and began play in the second division North American Soccer League in 2013 . The Cosmos play their home games at James M. Shuart Stadium on the campus of Hofstra University , just outside the New York City limits in Hempstead , New York . The annual United States Open Tennis Championships is one of the world 's four Grand Slam tennis tournaments and is held at the National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows - Corona Park , Queens . The New York City Marathon , which courses through all five boroughs , is the world 's largest running marathon , with 51,394 finishers in 2016 and 98,247 applicants for the 2017 race . The Millrose Games is an annual track and field meet whose featured event is the Wanamaker Mile . Boxing is also a prominent part of the city 's sporting scene , with events like the Amateur Boxing Golden Gloves being held at Madison Square Garden each year . The city is also considered the host of the Belmont Stakes , the last , longest and oldest of horse racing 's Triple Crown races , held just over the city 's border at Belmont Park on the first or second Sunday of June . The city also hosted the 1932 U.S. Open golf tournament and the 1930 and 1939 PGA Championships , and has been host city for both events several times , most notably for nearby Winged Foot Golf Club . The Gaelic games are played in Riverdale , Bronx at Gaelic Park , home to the New York GAA , the only North American team to compete at the senior inter-county level . Transportation New York City is home to the two busiest rail stations in the US , including Grand Central Terminal . Main article : Transportation in New York City New York City 's comprehensive transportation system is both complex and extensive . Rapid transit Main article : Mass transit in New York City Mass transit in New York City , most of which runs 24 hours a day , accounts for one in every three users of mass transit in the United States , and two - thirds of the nation 's rail riders live in the New York City Metropolitan Area . Rail The New York City Subway is the world 's largest rapid transit system by length of routes and by number of stations . The iconic New York City Subway system is the largest rapid transit system in the world when measured by stations in operation , with 472 , and by length of routes . Nearly all of New York 's subway system is open 24 hours a day , in contrast to the overnight shutdown common to systems in most cities , including Hong Kong , London , Paris , Seoul , and Tokyo . The New York City Subway is also the busiest metropolitan rail transit system in the Western Hemisphere , with 1.76 billion passenger rides in 2015 , while Grand Central Terminal , also referred to as `` Grand Central Station '' , is the world 's largest railway station by number of train platforms . Public transport is essential in New York City. 54.6 % of New Yorkers commuted to work in 2005 using mass transit . This is in contrast to the rest of the United States , where about 90 % of commuters drive automobiles to their workplace . According to the New York City Comptroller , workers in the New York City area spend an average of 6 hours and 18 minutes getting to work each week , the longest commute time in the nation among large cities . New York is the only US city in which a majority ( 52 % ) of households do not have a car ; only 22 % of Manhattanites own a car . Due to their high usage of mass transit , New Yorkers spend less of their household income on transportation than the national average , saving $19 billion annually on transportation compared to other urban Americans . New York City 's commuter rail network is the largest in North America . The rail network , connecting New York City to its suburbs , consists of the Long Island Rail Road , Metro - North Railroad , and New Jersey Transit . The combined systems converge at Grand Central Terminal and Pennsylvania Station and contain more than 250 stations and 20 rail lines . In Queens , the elevated AirTrain people mover system connects JFK International Airport to the New York City Subway and the Long Island Rail Road ; a separate AirTrain system is planned alongside the Grand Central Parkway to connect LaGuardia Airport to these transit systems . For intercity rail , New York City is served by Amtrak , whose busiest station by a significant margin is Pennsylvania Station on the West Side of Manhattan , from which Amtrak provides connections to Boston , Philadelphia , and Washington , D.C. along the Northeast Corridor , and long - distance train service to other North American cities . The Staten Island Railway rapid transit system solely serves Staten Island , operating 24 hours a day . The Port Authority Trans - Hudson ( PATH train ) links Midtown and Lower Manhattan to northeastern New Jersey , primarily Hoboken , Jersey City , and Newark . Like the New York City Subway , the PATH operates 24 hours a day ; meaning three of the six rapid transit systems in the world which operate on 24 - hour schedules are wholly or partly in New York ( the others are a portion of the Chicago ' L ' , the PATCO Speedline serving Philadelphia , and the Copenhagen Metro ) . Multibillion - dollar heavy rail transit projects under construction in New York City include the Second Avenue Subway , the East Side Access project , and the 7 Subway Extension . Buses The Port Authority Bus Terminal , the world 's busiest bus station , at 8th Avenue and 42nd Street . New York City 's public bus fleet is the largest in North America , and the Port Authority Bus Terminal , the main intercity bus terminal of the city , serves 7,000 buses and 200,000 commuters daily , making it the busiest bus station in the world . Air John F. Kennedy Airport in Queens , the busiest international air passenger gateway to the United States . New York 's airspace is the busiest in the United States and one of the world 's busiest air transportation corridors . The three busiest airports in the New York metropolitan area include John F. Kennedy International Airport , Newark Liberty International Airport , and LaGuardia Airport ; 130.5 million travelers used these three airports in 2016 , and the city 's airspace is the busiest in the nation . JFK and Newark Liberty were the busiest and fourth busiest U.S. gateways for international air passengers , respectively , in 2012 ; as of 2011 , JFK was the busiest airport for international passengers in North America . Plans have advanced to expand passenger volume at a fourth airport , Stewart International Airport near Newburgh , New York , by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey . Plans were announced in July 2015 to entirely rebuild LaGuardia Airport in a multibillion - dollar project to replace its aging facilities . Other commercial airports in or serving the New York metropolitan area include Long Island MacArthur Airport , Trenton -- Mercer Airport and Westchester County Airport . The primary general aviation airport serving the area is Teterboro Airport . Ferries The Staten Island Ferry shuttles commuters between Manhattan and Staten Island . The Staten Island Ferry is the world 's busiest ferry route , carrying over 23 million passengers from July 2015 through June 2016 on the 5.2 - mile ( 8.4 km ) route between Staten Island and Lower Manhattan and running 24 hours a day . Other ferry systems shuttle commuters between Manhattan and other locales within the city and the metropolitan area . NYC Ferry , a NYCEDC initiative with routes planned to travel to all five boroughs , was launched in 2017 , with second graders choosing the names of the ferries . Meanwhile , Seastreak ferry announced construction of a 600 - passenger high - speed luxury ferry in September 2016 , to shuttle riders between the Jersey Shore and Manhattan , anticipated to start service in 2017 ; this would be the largest vessel in its class . Taxis , transport startups , and trams Other features of the city 's transportation infrastructure encompass more than 12,000 yellow taxicabs ; various competing startup transportation network companies ; and an aerial tramway that transports commuters between Roosevelt Island and Manhattan Island . Ride - sharing services have become significant competition for cab drivers in New York . Streets and highways 8th Avenue , looking northward ( `` uptown '' ) . Most streets and avenues in Manhattan 's grid plan incorporate a one - way traffic configuration . Despite New York 's heavy reliance on its vast public transit system , streets are a defining feature of the city . Manhattan 's street grid plan greatly influenced the city 's physical development . Several of the city 's streets and avenues , like Broadway , Wall Street , Madison Avenue , and Seventh Avenue are also used as metonyms for national industries there : the theater , finance , advertising , and fashion organizations , respectively . New York City also has an extensive web of expressways and parkways , which link the city 's boroughs to each other and to northern New Jersey , Westchester County , Long Island , and southwestern Connecticut through various bridges and tunnels . Because these highways serve millions of outer borough and suburban residents who commute into Manhattan , it is quite common for motorists to be stranded for hours in traffic jams that are a daily occurrence , particularly during rush hour . River crossings The Verrazano - Narrows Bridge , one of the world 's longest suspension bridges , connects Brooklyn and Staten Island across The Narrows . The George Washington Bridge , connecting Upper Manhattan ( background ) from Fort Lee , New Jersey across the Hudson River , is the world 's busiest motor vehicle bridge . New York City is located on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , and the boroughs of Manhattan and Staten Island are ( primarily ) coterminous with islands of the same names , while Queens and Brooklyn are located at the west end of the larger Long Island , and The Bronx is located at the southern tip of New York State 's mainland . This situation of boroughs separated by water led to the development of an extensive infrastructure of well - known bridges and tunnels . The George Washington Bridge is the world 's busiest motor vehicle bridge , connecting Manhattan to Bergen County , New Jersey . The Verrazano - Narrows Bridge is the longest suspension bridge in the Americas and one of the world 's longest . The Brooklyn Bridge is an icon of the city itself . The towers of the Brooklyn Bridge are built of limestone , granite , and Rosendale cement , and their architectural style is neo-Gothic , with characteristic pointed arches above the passageways through the stone towers . This bridge was also the longest suspension bridge in the world from its opening until 1903 , and is the first steel - wire suspension bridge . The Queensboro Bridge is an important piece of cantilever architecture . The Manhattan Bridge , opened in 1909 , is considered to be the forerunner of modern suspension bridges , and its design served as the model for many of the long - span suspension bridges around the world ; the Manhattan Bridge , Throgs Neck Bridge , Triborough Bridge , and Verrazano - Narrows Bridge are all examples of Structural Expressionism . Manhattan Island is linked to New York City 's outer boroughs and New Jersey by several tunnels as well . The Lincoln Tunnel , which carries 120,000 vehicles a day under the Hudson River between New Jersey and Midtown Manhattan , is the busiest vehicular tunnel in the world . The tunnel was built instead of a bridge to allow unfettered passage of large passenger and cargo ships that sailed through New York Harbor and up the Hudson River to Manhattan 's piers . The Holland Tunnel , connecting Lower Manhattan to Jersey City , New Jersey , was the world 's first mechanically ventilated vehicular tunnel when it opened in 1927 . The Queens - Midtown Tunnel , built to relieve congestion on the bridges connecting Manhattan with Queens and Brooklyn , was the largest non-federal project in its time when it was completed in 1940 . President Franklin D. Roosevelt was the first person to drive through it . The Hugh L. Carey Tunnel runs underneath Battery Park and connects the Financial District at the southern tip of Manhattan to Red Hook in Brooklyn . Environment Main article : Environmental issues in New York City As of July 2010 , the city had 3,715 hybrid taxis in service , the largest number of any city in North America . Environmental impact reduction New York City has focused on reducing its environmental impact and carbon footprint . Mass transit use in New York City is the highest in the United States . Also , by 2010 , the city had 3,715 hybrid taxis and other clean diesel vehicles , representing around 28 % of New York 's taxi fleet in service , the most of any city in North America . New York 's high rate of public transit use , over 200,000 daily cyclists as of 2014 , and many pedestrian commuters make it the most energy - efficient major city in the United States . Walk and bicycle modes of travel account for 21 % of all modes for trips in the city ; nationally the rate for metro regions is about 8 % . In both its 2011 and 2015 rankings , Walk Score named New York City the most walkable large city in the United States . Citibank sponsored the introduction of 10,000 public bicycles for the city 's bike - share project in the summer of 2013 . Research conducted by Quinnipiac University showed that a majority of New Yorkers support the initiative . New York City 's numerical `` in - season cycling indicator '' of bicycling in the city hit an all - time high in 2013 . The city government was a petitioner in the landmark Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency Supreme Court case forcing the EPA to regulate greenhouse gases as pollutants . The city is a leader in the construction of energy - efficient green office buildings , including the Hearst Tower among others . Mayor Bill de Blasio has committed to an 80 % reduction in greenhouse gas emissions between 2014 and 2050 to reduce the city 's contributions to climate change , beginning with a comprehensive `` Green Buildings '' plan . Water purity and availability Main articles : Food and water in New York City and New York City water supply system New York City is supplied with drinking water by the protected Catskill Mountains watershed . As a result of the watershed 's integrity and undisturbed natural water filtration system , New York is one of only four major cities in the United States the majority of whose drinking water is pure enough not to require purification by water treatment plants . The city 's municipal water system is the largest in the United States , moving over one billion gallons of water per day . The Croton Watershed north of the city is undergoing construction of a US $3.2 billion water purification plant to augment New York City 's water supply by an estimated 290 million gallons daily , representing a greater than 20 % addition to the city 's current availability of water . The ongoing expansion of New York City Water Tunnel No. 3 , an integral part of the New York City water supply system , is the largest capital construction project in the city 's history , with segments serving Manhattan and The Bronx completed , and with segments serving Brooklyn and Queens planned for construction in 2020 . In 2018 , New York City announced a US $1 billion investment to protect the integrity of its water system and to maintain the purity of its unfiltered water supply . Environmental revitalization Newtown Creek , a 3.5 - mile ( 6 - kilometer ) a long estuary that forms part of the border between the boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens , has been designated a Superfund site for environmental clean - up and remediation of the waterway 's recreational and economic resources for many communities . One of the most heavily used bodies of water in the Port of New York and New Jersey , it had been one of the most contaminated industrial sites in the country , containing years of discarded toxins , an estimated 30 million US gallons ( 110,000 m ) of spilled oil , including the Greenpoint oil spill , raw sewage from New York City 's sewer system , and other accumulation . Government and politics Main articles : Government of New York City and Politics of New York City Government New York City Hall is the oldest City Hall in the United States that still houses its original governmental functions . New York City has been a metropolitan municipality with a mayor -- council form of government since its consolidation in 1898 . In New York City , the city government is responsible for public education , correctional institutions , public safety , recreational facilities , sanitation , water supply , and welfare services . The Mayor and council members are elected to four - year terms . The City Council is a unicameral body consisting of 51 council members whose districts are defined by geographic population boundaries . Each term for the mayor and council members lasts four years and has a three consecutive - term limit , which is reset after a four - year break . The New York City Administrative Code , the New York City Rules , and the City Record are the code of local laws , compilation of regulations , and official journal , respectively . The New York County Courthouse houses the New York Supreme Court and other offices . Each borough is coextensive with a judicial district of the state Unified Court System , of which the Criminal Court and the Civil Court are the local courts , while the New York Supreme Court conducts major trials and appeals . Manhattan hosts the First Department of the Supreme Court , Appellate Division while Brooklyn hosts the Second Department . There are also several extrajudicial administrative courts , which are executive agencies and not part of the state Unified Court System . Uniquely among major American cities , New York is divided between , and is host to the main branches of , two different US district courts : the District Court for the Southern District of New York , whose main courthouse is on Foley Square near City Hall in Manhattan and whose jurisdiction includes Manhattan and the Bronx ; and the District Court for the Eastern District of New York , whose main courthouse is in Brooklyn and whose jurisdiction includes Brooklyn , Queens , and Staten Island . The US Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and US Court of International Trade are also based in New York , also on Foley Square in Manhattan . Politics Bill de Blasio , the current and 109th Mayor of New York City The present mayor is Bill de Blasio , the first Democrat since 1993 . He was elected in 2013 with over 73 % of the vote , and assumed office on January 1 , 2014 . The Democratic Party holds the majority of public offices . As of April 2016 , 69 % of registered voters in the city are Democrats and 10 % are Republicans . New York City has not been carried by a Republican in a statewide or presidential election since President Calvin Coolidge won the five boroughs in 1924 . In 2012 , Democrat Barack Obama became the first presidential candidate of any party to receive more than 80 % of the overall vote in New York City , sweeping all five boroughs . Party platforms center on affordable housing , education , and economic development , and labor politics are of importance in the city . New York is the most important source of political fundraising in the United States , as four of the top five ZIP Codes in the nation for political contributions are in Manhattan . The top ZIP Code , 10021 on the Upper East Side , generated the most money for the 2004 presidential campaigns of George W. Bush and John Kerry . The city has a strong imbalance of payments with the national and state governments . It receives 83 cents in services for every $1 it sends to the federal government in taxes ( or annually sends $11.4 billion more than it receives back ) . City residents and businesses also spent an additional $4.1 billion in the 2009 -- 2010 fiscal year to the state of New York than the city received in return . Notable people Main article : List of people from New York City Global outreach In 2006 , the Sister City Program of the City of New York , Inc. was restructured and renamed New York City Global Partners . Through this program , New York City has expanded its international outreach to a network of cities worldwide , promoting the exchange of ideas and innovation between their citizenry and policymakers . New York 's historic sister cities are denoted below by the year they joined New York City 's partnership network . ( show ) New York City Global Partners network Africa Accra , Ghana Addis Ababa , Ethiopia Cairo , Egypt ( 1982 ) Cape Town , South Africa Lagos , Nigeria Libreville , Gabon Johannesburg , South Africa ( 2003 ) Nairobi , Kenya Asia ( East ) Bangkok , Thailand Beijing , People 's Republic of China ( 1980 ) Biên Hòa , Vietnam Changwon , South Korea Chongqing , People 's Republic of China Guangzhou , People 's Republic of China Ho Chi Minh City , Vietnam Hong Kong , People 's Republic of China Jakarta , Indonesia Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia Manila , Philippines Seoul , South Korea Shanghai , People 's Republic of China Shenyang , People 's Republic of China Singapore , Singapore Taipei , Taiwan Tokyo , Japan ( 1960 ) ( South ) Bangalore , India Delhi , India Dhaka , Bangladesh Karachi , Pakistan Mumbai , India ( West ) Dubai , United Arab Emirates Istanbul , Turkey ( transcontinental ) Jerusalem , Israel ( 1993 ) Tel Aviv , Israel Australia Melbourne , Australia Sydney , Australia Europe ( Central ) Berlin , Germany Bucharest , Romania Budapest , Hungary ( 1992 ) Düsseldorf , Germany Geneva , Switzerland Hamburg , Germany Heidelberg , Germany Munich , Germany Prague , Czech Republic Vienna , Austria Warsaw , Poland ( East ) Istanbul , Turkey ( transcontinental ) Kiev , Ukraine Moscow , Russia St. Petersburg , Russia ( North ) Copenhagen , Denmark Helsinki , Finland Oslo , Norway Stockholm , Sweden ( South ) Barcelona , Spain Lisbon , Portugal Madrid , Spain ( 1982 ) Milan , Italy Pristina , Kosovo Rome , Italy ( 1992 ) ( West ) Amsterdam , Netherlands Antwerp , Belgium Belfast , United Kingdom Brussels , Belgium Dublin , Ireland Edinburgh , United Kingdom Glasgow , United Kingdom London , United Kingdom ( 2001 ) Luxembourg City , Luxembourg Lyon , France Paris , France Rotterdam , Netherlands The Hague , Netherlands North America ( Canada ) Calgary , Alberta , Canada Edmonton , Alberta , Canada Montreal , Quebec , Canada Ottawa , Ontario , Canada Quebec City , Quebec , Canada Toronto , Ontario , Canada Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada Victoria , British Columbia , Canada Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada ( Mexico , Central America , and Caribbean ) Cuernavaca , Morales , Mexico Mexico City , Distrito Federal , Mexico Monterrey , Nuevo León , Mexico Panama City , Panama Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic ( 1983 ) ( United States ) Baltimore , Maryland , United States Boston , Massachusetts , United States Chicago , Illinois , United States Los Angeles , California , United States Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , United States South America Bogotá , Colombia Brasilia , Brazil ( 2004 ) Buenos Aires , Argentina Caracas , Venezuela Córdoba , Argentina Curitiba , Brazil Lima , Peru Medellín , Colombia Rio de Janeiro , Brazil Santiago , Chile São Paulo , Brazil Notes Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima ( i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month ) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010 . Jump up ^ Official weather observations for Central Park were conducted at the Arsenal at Fifth Avenue and 64th Street from 1869 to 1919 , and at Belvedere Castle since 1919 . References ^ Jump up to : `` US Gazetteer files : 2010 , 2000 , and 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . February 12 , 2011 . Retrieved April 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ the Mayor , New York City Office of ( January 8 , 2010 ) . `` Biography '' . New York , City of . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2010 . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . October 25 , 2007 . Retrieved January 31 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2017 -- Metropolitan Statistical Area ; and for Puerto Rico -- 2017 Population Estimates '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2016 -- Combined Statistical Area ; and for Puerto Rico -- 2016 Population Estimates '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Community Facts for New York city , New York , United States Census Bureau . Accessed May 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bureau , U.S. Census . `` American FactFinder -- Results '' . factfinder.census.gov . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` State & County QuickFacts -- Kings County ( Brooklyn Borough ) , New York '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2016 . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` New York City 's Population Hits a Record 8.6 Million '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Quick Facts for New York city , New York , United States Census Bureau . Accessed February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stormwater Archived January 25 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine. , New York City Department of Environmental Protection . Accessed February 9 , 2017 . `` These impervious surfaces cover approximately 72 % of New York City 's 305 square miles in land area and generate a significant amount of stormwater . '' Jump up ^ Mike Maciag ( October 2 , 2013 ) . `` Mapping the Nation 's Most Densely Populated Cities '' . Governing -- The States and Localities . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2016 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World Urban Areas '' ( PDF ) . Demographia. 2018 . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World 's Largest Urban Areas ( Ranked by Urban Area Population ) '' . Rhett Butler . 2003 -- 2006 . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2009 . Retrieved April 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Largest Cities of the World -- ( by metro population ) '' . Woolwine - Moen Group d / b / a Graphic Maps . Retrieved April 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Global Power City Index 2009 '' ( PDF ) . The Mori Memorial Foundation . Retrieved June 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Felix Richter ( March 11 , 2015 ) . `` New York Is The World 's Media Capital '' . Statista . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dawn Ennis ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ABC will broadcast New York 's pride parade live for the first time '' . LGBTQ Nation . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Consulate General of Iceland New York Culture '' . Consulate General of Iceland New York . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2013 . Retrieved February 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Consulate of Latvia in New York '' . Consulate of Latvia . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2013 . Retrieved February 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Introduction to Chapter 14 : New York City ( NYC ) Culture '' . The Weissman Center for International Business Baruch College / CUNY 2011 . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2013 . Retrieved February 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` New York , Culture Capital of the World , 1940 -- 1965 / edited by Leonard Wallock ; essays by Dore Ashton ... ( et al . ) '' . NATIONAL LIBRARY OF AUSTRALIA . Retrieved February 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 8 Cities by GDP : China vs. The U.S. '' Business Insider , Inc . July 31 , 2011 . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . For instance , Shanghai , the largest Chinese city with the highest economic production , and a fast - growing global financial hub , is far from matching or surpassing New York , the largest city in the U.S. and the economic and financial super center of the world . `` PAL sets introductory fares to New York '' . Philippine Airlines . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Poliak , Shira . `` Adjusting To New York City '' . Sun Sentinel . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2015 . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . Additionally , the fast - paced lifestyle of New York City demands adjusting . Jump up ^ Stephen Miller . `` Walking New York : Reflections of American Writers from Walt Whitman to Teju Cole pp. 46 , 50 , 131 '' . Oxford University Press -- Google Books . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dictionary -- Full Definition of NEW YORK MINUTE '' . Merriam - Webster . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Plan your visit Archived March 14 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine. , United Nations . Accessed February 9 , 2017 . `` The Headquarters of the United Nations is located in New York City , along the East River . When you pass through the gates of the United Nations visitors ' entrance , you enter an international territory . This 18 - acre site does not belong to just one country , but to all countries that have joined the Organization ; currently , the United Nations has 193 Member States . '' Jump up ^ `` NYC Mayor 's Office for International Affairs '' . The City of New York . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2015 . Retrieved June 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New York City '' . A&E Television Networks , LLC . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Port in a Storm : The Port of New York in World War II '' . New York State Museum . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Boroughs of New York City '' . Ben Cahoon. 2002 . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2012 . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A 5 - Borough Centennial Preface for Katharine Bement Davis Mini-History '' . The New York City Department of Correction. 1997 . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2011 . Retrieved October 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Supplemental Table 2 . Persons Obtaining Lawful Permanent Resident Status by Leading Core Based Statistical Areas ( CBSAs ) of Residence and Region and Country of Birth : Fiscal Year 2014 '' . U.S. Department of Homeland Security . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2016 . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Endangered Language Alliance '' . 2012 . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Linguistics - Say what ? '' . The Economist . September 10 , 2011 . Retrieved May 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kleinfield , N.R. ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` New Yorkers , Self - Assured and Opinionated , Defend Their Values '' . The New York Times on MSN . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Sam ( April 28 , 2010 ) . `` Listening to ( and Saving ) the World 's Languages '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Turin , Mark ( August 9 , 2013 ) . `` The World 's Most Linguistically Diverse Location ? New York City '' . PopAnth . Retrieved May 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Place of Birth by Year of Entry by Citizenship Status for the Foreign - Born Population -- Universe : Foreign - born population 2015 American Community Survey 1 - Year Estimates New York City '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` More Foreign - Born Immigrants Live In NYC Than There Are People In Chicago '' . The Huffington Post . December 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gross Metropolitan Product ( GMP ) of the United States in 2013 , by metropolitan area ( in billion current U.S. dollars ) '' . Statista . Retrieved September 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Metro Economies ( note CSA 2012 GMP total includes sum of New York , Bridgeport , New Haven , Allentown , Trenton , Poughkeepsie , and Kingston MSA 2012 GMP values cited ) '' ( PDF ) . IHS Global Insight , The United States Conference of Mayors , and The Council on Metro Economies and the New American City . November 2013 . pp. 9 through 18 in Appendix Tables . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 5 , 2015 . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` United States History -- History of New York City , New York '' . Retrieved September 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` KINGSTON Discover 300 Years of New York History DUTCH COLONIES '' . National Park Service , U.S. Department of the Interior . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Nine Capitals of the United States '' . United States Senate . Retrieved September 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rank by Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places , Listed Alphabetically by State : 1790 -- 1990 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . June 15 , 1998 . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty '' . A&E Television Networks , LLC . Retrieved May 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty '' . World Heritage . UNESCO World Heritage Centre 1992 -- 2011 . Retrieved October 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Venture Investment -- Regional Aggregate Data '' . National Venture Capital Association and PricewaterhouseCoopers . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matt Flegenheimer ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz Deplores ' Liberal , Left - Wing Values ' While Lobbying for New York Votes '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Latest : China Hopes US Joins Climate Deal Quickly '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . April 22 , 2016 . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lisa Foderaro ( September 21 , 2014 ) . `` Taking a Call for Climate Change to the Streets '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kristine Phillips ( July 8 , 2017 ) . `` New York mayor on Germany trip : The world should know that Americans do n't align with Trump '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ginia Bellafante ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` How Much Tourism Is Too Much ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Shields , Ann ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` The World 's 50 Most Visited Tourist Attractions -- No. 3 : Times Square , New York City -- Annual Visitors : 50,000,000 '' . Travel + Leisure . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . No. 3 Times Square , ... No. 4 ( tie ) Central Park , ... No. 10 Grand Central Terminal , New York City Jump up ^ `` The 10 Most Photographed Cities In The World '' . The Crazy Tourist . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Neill , Sean ( June 12 , 2011 ) . `` The 25 most photographed places on Earth '' . NBCNews.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Remnick , Noah ; Schlossberg , Tatiana ( August 24 , 2015 ) . `` New York Today : Transforming Times Square '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Times Square -- The Official Site of Times Square '' . Times Square District Management Association , Inc . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Times Square '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` World 's Most - Visited Tourist Attractions No. 3 : Times Square , New York City '' . Travel and Leisure . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Most Jivin ' Streetscapes in the World '' . Luigi Di Serio. 2010 . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2014 . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Architecture Images - Midtown Times Square '' . 2011 nyc - architecture . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Buildings in New York City Archived February 17 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine. , Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat . Accessed February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Meaney , Thomas ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` Michael Bloomberg 's One Percent Foreign - Policy Doctrine '' . FP . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Florida , Richard ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` Sorry , London : New York Is the World 's Most Economically Powerful City '' . The Atlantic Monthly Group . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Our new ranking puts the Big Apple firmly on top . Jump up ^ `` The Global Financial Centres Index 17 '' ( PDF ) . Long Finance . March 23 , 2015 . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` NYSE Listings Directory '' . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2013 . Retrieved June 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2013 WFE Market Highlights '' ( PDF ) . World Federation of Exchanges . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 27 , 2014 . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Manhattan , New York -- Some of the Most Expensive Real Estate in the World Overlooks Central Park '' . The Pinnacle List . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Morgan ( March 22 , 2013 ) . `` The World 's Most Expensive Billionaire Cities '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Waxman , Sarah . `` The History of New York 's Chinatown '' . Mediabridge Infosystems , Inc . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chinatown New York City Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . explorechinatown.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hesser , Amanda ( May 2 , 2001 ) . `` A Hungry Explorer in New York 's 3 Chinatowns '' . New York Times . New York . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kadet , Anne ( April 18 , 2014 ) . `` Metro Money : Comparing Three of New York City 's Chinatowns '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Baker , Al ; Pérez - Peña , Richard ( December 20 , 2005 ) . `` With Terrorism Concerns in Mind , Police Prepare to Guard a Shuttered System '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How to Ride the Subway '' . mta.info . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 25 Most Extensive Metro Systems in the World '' . list25.com . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2013 . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NYC Subway 101 '' . Walks of New York . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2014 . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Academic Ranking of World Universities 2017 '' . ShanghaiRanking Consultancy . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` CWUR 2016 -- World University Rankings '' . Center for World University Rankings . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Remnants of an Ice Age , The Wisconsin Ice Sheet Continues Its Journey '' . The City of New York . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Evan T. Pritchard : Native New Yorkers : the legacy of the Algonquin people of New York , p. 27 ( 2002 ) ; ISBN 1 - 57178 - 107 - 2 Jump up ^ Rankin , Rebecca B. ; Rodgers , Cleveland ( 1948 ) . New York : The World 's Capital City , Its Development and Contributions to Progress . Harper . Jump up ^ Wpa Writer 's Project : A Maritime History of New York , p. 246 ; Going Coastal Productions ( 2004 ) ISBN 0 - 9729803 - 1 - 8 ^ Jump up to : `` The Hudson River '' . New Netherland Institute . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Henry Hudson '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Sam ( October 2 , 2012 ) . `` Honoring a Very Early New Yorker '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Juan Rodriguez monograph . Ccny.cuny.edu . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Briney , Amanda . `` 15 Oldest Cities in the United States '' . About.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dutch Colonies , National Park Service . Accessed May 19 , 2007 . `` Sponsored by the West India Company , 30 families arrived in North America in 1624 , establishing a settlement on present - day Manhattan . '' Jump up ^ GovIsland Park - to - Tolerance : through Broad Awareness and Conscious Vigilance , Tolerance Park . Accessed February 9 , 2017 . See Legislative Resolutions Senate No. 5476 and Assembly No. 2708 . Jump up ^ Frederick M. Binder , David M. Reimers : All the Nations Under Heaven : An Ethnic and Racial History of New York City , p. 4 ; ( 1996 ) ISBN 0 - 231 - 07879 - X Jump up ^ Pieter Schaghen Letter 1626 : `` ... hebben t'eylant Manhattes van de wilde gekocht , voor de waerde van 60 gulden : is groot 11000 morgen ... `` ( '' ... They have purchased the Island Manhattes from the Indians for the value of 60 guilders . It is 11,000 morgens in size ... ) Jump up ^ `` Value of the Guilder / Euro '' . International Institute of Social History . Retrieved August 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Letter describing purchase by Pieter Schaghen from Dutch National Archive , The Hague , with transcription '' . Nnp.org . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2010 . Retrieved October 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Miller , Christopher L ; Hamell , George R ( September 1986 ) . `` A New Perspective on Indian - White Contact : Cultural Symbols and Colonial Trade '' . The Journal of American History . Organization of American Historians. 73 ( 2 ) : 311 -- 328 . doi : 10.2307 / 1908224 . JSTOR 1908224 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dutch Colonies '' . National Park Service . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Patroon System '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Story of New Amsterdam '' . New Amsterdam History Center . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Jaap ( 2009 ) . The Colony of New Netherland : A Dutch Settlement in Seventeenth - Century America . Cornell University Press . p. 32 . Jump up ^ Eisenstadt , Peter ; Moss , Laura - Eve ; Huxley , Carole F. ( 2005 ) . The Encyclopedia of New York State . Syracuse University Press . p. 1051 . ^ Jump up to : `` Peter Stuyvesant '' . New - York Historical Society . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Peter Stuyvesant '' . New Netherland Institute . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The surrender of New Netherland , 1664 '' . Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Homberger , Eric ( 2005 ) . The Historical Atlas of New York City : A Visual Celebration of 400 Years of New York City 's History . Owl Books . p. 34 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7842 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Treaty of Breda '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van Luling , Todd ( April 17 , 2014 ) . `` 8 Things Even New Yorkers Do n't Know About New York City '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Peter Douglas . `` The Man Who Took Back New Netherland '' ( PDF ) . New Netherland Institute . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Native Americans '' . Penn Treaty Museum . Jump up ^ `` Gotham Center for New York City History '' Timeline 1700 -- 1800 Jump up ^ `` The Early History of Yellow Fever '' ( PDF ) . Pedro Nogueira , Thomas Jefferson University . 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline of Yellow Fever in America '' . Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) . Jump up ^ Oltman , Adele ( October 24 , 2005 ) . `` The Hidden History of Slavery in New York '' . The Nation . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Linder , Doug ( 2001 ) . `` The Trial of John Peter Zenger : An Account '' . Jump up ^ Moore , Nathaniel Fish ( 1876 ) . An Historical Sketch of Columbia College , in the City of New York , 1754 -- 1876 . Columbia College . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Trinity Church bicentennial celebration , May 5 , 1897 By Trinity Church ( New York , N.Y. ) p. 37 Jump up ^ `` The People 's Vote : President George Washington 's First Inaugural Speech ( 1789 ) '' . U.S. News and World Report . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2008 . Retrieved September 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Shorto , Russell ( February 9 , 2004 ) . `` The Streets Where History Lives '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Negro Slavery in New York '' ( L. 1799 , Ch. 62 ) Jump up ^ Harper , Douglas ( 2003 ) . `` Slavery in the North -- Emancipation in New York '' . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : New York Divided : Slavery and the Civil War online exhibit , New - York Historical Society , ( November 17 , 2006 to September 3 , 2007 , physical exhibit ) , accessed May 10 , 2012 Jump up ^ Leslie M. 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ISBN 0077430352 . Jump up ^ Cook , Adrian ( 1974 ) . The Armies of the Streets : The New York City Draft Riots of 1863 . pp. 193 -- 195 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Year Anniversary of the Consolidation of the 5 Boroughs into New York City '' . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved October 28 , 2010 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , New York City . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 Jump up ^ Cornell University Library : Triangle Factory Fire , Cornell University . Accessed February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ira Rosenwaike ( 1972 ). Population History of New York City , p. 78 . Jump up ^ `` New York Urbanized Area : Population & Density from 1800 ( Provisional ) '' . Demographia.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Allen , Oliver E. ( 1993 ) . `` Chapter 9 : The Decline '' . The Tiger -- The Rise and Fall of Tammany Hall . Addison - Wesley Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 201 - 62463 - X . Jump up ^ Burns , Ric ( August 22 , 2003 ) . `` The Center of the World -- New York : A Documentary Film ( Transcript ) '' . PBS . Retrieved September 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Workforce Diversity The Stonewall Inn , National Historic Landmark National Register Number : 99000562 '' . National Park Service , U.S. Department of the Interior . Retrieved May 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eli Rosenberg ( June 24 , 2016 ) . `` Stonewall Inn Named National Monument , a First for the Gay Rights Movement '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brief History of the Gay and Lesbian Rights Movement in the U.S. '' University of Kentucky . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nell Frizzell ( June 28 , 2013 ) . `` Feature : How the Stonewall riots started the LGBT rights movement '' . Pink News UK . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stonewall riots '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : U.S. National Park Service ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` Civil Rights at Stonewall National Monument '' . Department of the Interior . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Obama inaugural speech references Stonewall gay - rights riots '' . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2013 . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tannenbaum , Allan . `` New York in the 70s : A Remembrance '' . The Digital Journalist . Retrieved December 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Effgen , Christopher ( September 11 , 2001 ) . `` New York Crime Rates 1960 -- 2009 '' . Disastercenter.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Missing Doctor Added to List of 9 / 11 Victims '' . TWO SL LLC , New York , NY . Associated Press . July 2008 . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ World Trade Center Transportation Hub , World Trade Center . Accessed February 9 , 2017 . `` The state - of - the - art World Trade Center Transportation Hub , completed in 2016 , serves 250,000 Port Authority Trans - Hudson ( PATH ) daily commuters and millions of annual visitors from around the world . At approximately 800,000 square feet , the Hub , designed by internationally acclaimed architect Santiago Calatrava , is the third largest transportation center in New York City . '' Jump up ^ Hetter , Katia ( November 12 , 2013 ) . `` It 's official : One World Trade Center to be tallest U.S. skyscraper '' . CNN . Retrieved March 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New York City Skyscraper Diagram '' . Skyscraper Source Media . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ One World Trade Center Archived June 5 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , SkyscraperPage.com . Accessed February 9 , 2017 . `` The roof height is the same as original One World Trade Center . The building is topped out by a 124 - meter ( 408 - foot ) spire . So the tower rises 1,776 feet ( 541 - meter ) which marks the year of the American declaration of Independence . '' Jump up ^ Matthews , Laura ( April 30 , 2012 ) . `` One World Trade Center On Top As Tallest Building In New York City '' . The International Business Times . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lesser , Benjamin ( April 30 , 2012 ) . `` It 's official : 1 World Trade Center is now New York 's tallest skyscraper '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nocera , Joe . `` Two Days in September '' , The New York Times , September 14 , 2012 . Accessed May 6 , 2017 . `` On the left , that anger led , a year ago , to the rise of the Occupy Wall Street movement . Thus , Anniversary No. 2 : Sept. 17 , 2011 , was the date Occupy Wall Street took over Zuccotti Park in Lower Manhattan , which soon led to similar actions in cities across the country . The movement 's primary issue was income inequality -- ' We are the 99 percent , ' they used to chant . '' Jump up ^ Washington , D.C. is 228 miles ( 367 km ) driving distance from New York , and Boston is 217 miles ( 349 km ) driving distance from New York . -- Google Maps Jump up ^ `` Information About the Hudson River Estuary '' . Life.bio.sunysb.edu . Retrieved August 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Berger , Joseph ( July 19 , 2010 ) . `` Reclaimed Jewel Whose Attraction Can Be Perilous '' . New York Times . Retrieved July 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gillespie , Angus K. ( 1999 ) . Twin Towers : The Life of New York City 's World Trade Center . Rutgers University Press . p. 71 . ISBN 0 - 7838 - 9785 - 5 . Jump up ^ Lopate , Phillip ( 2004 ) . Waterfront : A Walk Around Manhattan . Anchor Press . ISBN 0 - 385 - 49714 - 8 . Jump up ^ New York State Gazetteer from 2010 United States Census , United States Census Bureau . Accessed February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Sam ( May 22 , 2008 ) . `` It 's Still a Big City , Just Not Quite So Big '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lundrigan , Margaret ( 2004 ) . Staten Island : Isle of the Bay , NY . Arcadia Publishing . p. 10 . ISBN 0 - 7385 - 2443 - 3 . Jump up ^ Howard , David ( 2002 ) . Outside Magazine 's Urban Adventure New York City . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 35 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 32212 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` As One World Trade Center soars , so do its costs '' . msnbc.com . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2012 . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Emporis Skyline Ranking '' . Emporis Corporation . Retrieved October 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Skyline Ranking , Emporis . Accessed February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff . `` Alchemy borrows $220 M for Woolworth conversion '' Archived February 11 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine. , Real Estate Weekly , June 15 , 2016 . Accessed February 9 , 2017 . `` The neo-gothic Woolworth Building was commissioned by Frank W. Woolworth in 1910 as his eponymous company 's new headquarters and designed by renowned architect Cass Gilbert . The building was completed in 1913 and was for 17 years the tallest building in the world . '' Jump up ^ Fischler , Raphael ( 1998 ) . `` The Metropolitan Dimension of Early Zoning : Revisiting the 1916 New York City Ordinance '' . Journal of the American Planning Association . 64 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ `` Favorites ! 100 Experts Pick Their top 10 New York Towers '' . The Skyscraper Museum . January 22 , 2006 . Retrieved September 1 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Pogrebin , Robin ( April 16 , 2006 ) . `` 7 World Trade Center and Hearst Building : New York 's Test Cases for Environmentally Aware Office Towers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Plunz , Richard A. ( 1990 ) . `` Chapters 3 ( Rich and Poor ) & 4 ( Beyond the Tenement ) '' . History of Housing in New York City : Dwelling Type and Change in the American Metropolis . Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 06297 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` If You 're Thinking of Living In / Riverdale , the Bronx ; A Community Jealous of Its Open Space '' . The New York Times . March 1 , 1998 . Retrieved February 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New York Metro : 6 Affordable Neighborhoods '' . Nymag.com . September 17 , 2001 . Retrieved February 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` If You 're Thinking of Living In / Douglaston , Queens ; Timeless City Area , With a Country Feel '' . The New York Times . February 8 , 2004 . Retrieved February 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lankevich ( 1998 ) , pp. 82 -- 83 ; Wilson , Rufus Rockwell ( 1902 ) . New York : Old & New : Its Story , Streets , and Landmarks . J.B. Lippincott . p. 354 . Jump up ^ Elliot , Debbie ( December 2 , 2006 ) . `` Wondering About Water Towers '' . National Public Radio . Retrieved September 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hood , Clifton ( 2004 ) . 722 Miles : The Building of the Subways and How They Transformed New York . Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. 175 -- 177 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 5244 - 7 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Jessica ; Petersen , Mark ( July 17 , 2014 ) . `` New Insight on the Nation 's Earthquake Hazards '' . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Current Population Estimates : NYC '' . NYC.gov . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jen Carlson ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` Do You Refer To Manhattan As `` The City '' ? `` . Gothamist . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mann , Camille ; Valera , Stephanie . `` World 's Most Crowded Islands '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barry , Dan ( October 11 , 2001 ) . `` A Nation challenged : in New York ; New York Carries On , but Test of Its Grit Has Just Begun '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . A roaring void has been created in the financial center of the world . Jump up ^ Sorrentino , Christopher ( September 16 , 2007 ) . `` When He Was Seventeen '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . In 1980 there were still the remains of the various downtown revolutions that had reinvigorated New York 's music and art scenes and kept Manhattan in the position it had occupied since the 1940s as the cultural center of the world . Jump up ^ Immerso , Michael ( 2002 ) . Coney Island : The People 's Playground . Rutgers University Press . p. 3 . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 3138 - 1 . Jump up ^ Hughes , C.J. ( August 21 , 2016 ) . `` Marine Park , Brooklyn : Block Parties , Bocce and Salt Air '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . The neighborhood of Marine Park , a compact enclave in southeast Brooklyn , has a major claim to fame . It sits next to the borough 's largest park , Marine Park Jump up ^ `` 19 Reasons Why Brooklyn Is New York 's New Startup Hotspot '' . CB Insights . October 19 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Vanessa Friedman ( April 30 , 2016 ) . `` Brooklyn 's Wearable Revolution '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexandria Symonds ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` One Celebrated Brooklyn Artist 's Futuristic New Practice '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Donnell , Michelle ( July 4 , 2006 ) . `` In Queens , It 's the Glorious 4th , and 6th , and 16th , and 25th ... '' New York Times . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Christine Kim ; Demand Media . `` Queens , New York , Sightseeing '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andrew Weber ( April 30 , 2013 ) . `` Queens '' . NewYork.com . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2015 . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Staten Island Greenbelt New York - New Jersey Trail Conference '' . Nynjtc.org . Retrieved October 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Frazier , Ian ( June 26 , 2006 ) . `` Utopia , the Bronx '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved September 1 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bronx Zoo Animals & Exhibits '' . Wildlife Conservation Society . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2015 . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ward , Candace ( 2000 ) . New York City Museum Guide . Dover Publications . p. 72 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 41000 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Toop , David ( 1992 ) . Rap Attack 2 : African Rap to Global Hip Hop . Serpents Tail . ISBN 1 - 85242 - 243 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Foderaro , Lisa W. ( May 31 , 2013 ) . `` How Big Is That Park ? City Now Has the Answer '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Mary ( October 29 , 2012 ) . `` VIDEO : Dramatic Explosion at East Village Con Ed Plant '' . DNAinfo.com . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2012 . Retrieved November 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Peel , M.C. ; Finlayson , B.L. ; McMahon , T.A. `` World Map of Köppen - Geiger climate classification '' . The University of Melbourne . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2015 . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` New York Polonia Polish Portal in New York '' . NewYorkPolonia.com . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` New York Central Park , NY Climate Normals 1961 − 1990 '' . NOAA . Jump up ^ `` USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map '' . Agricultural Research Center , PRISM Climate Group Oregon State University . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2014 . Retrieved February 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Accessed November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Climate of New York '' . New York State Climate Office . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2008 . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ltd , Copyright Global Sea Temperatures - A-Connect . `` New York City Sea Temperature - United States - Sea Temperatures '' . World Sea Temperatures . Jump up ^ Dolnick , Sam ( August 28 , 2011 ) . `` Damage From Irene Largely Spares New York -- Recovery Is Slower in New York Suburbs '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Superstorm Sandy blamed for at least 11 U.S. deaths as it slams East Coast '' . CNN . October 29 , 2012 . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stone , Jeff ; Gallucci , Maria ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` Hurricane Sandy Anniversary 2014 : Fortifying New York -- How Well Armored Are We For The Next Superstorm ? '' . International Business Times . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Eshelman , Robert S. ( November 15 , 2012 ) . `` ADAPTATION : Political support for a sea wall in New York Harbor begins to form '' . E&E Publishing , LLC . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Belvedere Castle at NYC Parks Jump up ^ `` NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Station Name : NY NEW YORK CNTRL PK TWR '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Foderado , Lisa W. ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` New York Parks Rank No. 2 in a Survey of 50 U.S. cities '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty '' . World Heritage . UNESCO . Retrieved July 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Discover the truly wild side of New York 's metropolitan area '' . nps.gov . Retrieved June 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New York State Office of Parks , Recreation and Historic Preservation , New York City Region '' . Nysparks.state.ny.us . Retrieved October 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mayor Giuliani Announces Amount of Parkland in New York City has Passed 28,000 - acre ( 110 km ) Mark '' . New York City Mayor 's Office . February 3 , 1999 . Retrieved September 1 , 2008 . ; `` Beaches '' . New York City Department of Parks & Recreation . Retrieved September 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pelham Bay Park '' . City of New York . Retrieved June 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ann Shields ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` The World 's 50 Most Visited Tourist Attractions -- No. 4 ( tie ) Central Park , New York City -- Annual Visitors : 40,000,000 '' . Travel + Lesiure . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Rservoir , CentralPark.com . Accessed October 20 , 2017 . `` Officially named the Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Reservoir in 1994 , the Reservoir is famed for the 1.58 mile track that encircles the 106 - acre body of water . '' Jump up ^ Foderaro , Lisa W. ( October 23 , 2012 ) . `` A $100 Million Thank - You for a Lifetime 's Central Park Memories '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Park History , Prospect Park Alliance . Accessed February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foderaro , Lisa W . `` How Big Is That Park ? City Now Has the Answer '' , New York Times , May 31 , 2013 . Accessed February 9 , 2017 . `` But the biggest loser was clearly Flushing Meadows . Previously the third - largest park in the city , it dropped to fourth place after the new analysis put its actual acreage at 897 ( 897.62 to be precise ) , down from 1,255 acres . '' Jump up ^ ( Flushing Meadows Corona Park World 's Fair Legacy ; Celebrating the 50th & 75th Anniversaries of the 1939 & 1964 Fairs ) , New York City Department of Parks and Recreation . Accessed February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ National Tennis Center Strategic Vision Project , New York City Department of Parks and Recreation . Accessed February 9 , 2017 . `` The 42 - acre NTC is located within Flushing Meadows Corona Park on parkland leased by NYC Parks to USTA and is one of the world 's largest public recreational tennis facilities . For 11 months of the year , NTC facilities are open to the public for indoor and outdoor tennis . The NTC is also host to the US Open , one of the sport 's four Grand Slam championship tennis tournaments . '' Jump up ^ via Associated Press . `` Ladies and gentlemen , the Bronx is blooming ! '' , NBC News , July 2 , 2008 . Accessed February 9 , 2017 . `` Despite its urban image , the Bronx has 7,000 acres of park land , about 25 percent of its total area . In addition to Yankee Stadium and the Bronx Zoo , the borough 's green spaces include the New York Botanical Garden ; a 19th century garden overlooking the Hudson River called Wave Hill ; and Van Cortlandt and Pelham Bay parks , where you can bird - watch , play golf and ride horses . '' Jump up ^ Conference House Park , New York City Department of Parks and Recreation . Accessed February 9 , 2017 . `` On September 11 , 1776 , this house was the site of a conference between British Lord Admiral Richard Howe and Founding Fathers Benjamin Franklin , John Adams , and Edward Rutledge . The talks occurred just two months after the Declaration of Independence had been signed . With the British controlling New York City , Long Island , and Staten Island , the Americans seemed headed for defeat . Lord Howe offered to end the conflict peacefully if the American colonies would return to British control , but the Americans refused to give up their struggle for independence . '' Jump up ^ Jerome Jacobson , Mary Harris , James V. Taylor , Albert J. Anderson , William A. Ritchie , Robert E. Funk . Burial Ridge , Tottenville , Staten Island , N. Y , Staten Island Institute of Arts & Sciences , 1980 , at The Digital Archaeological Record . Accessed February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Map of Military Installations in the Contiguous US '' ( PDF ) . NPS.gov . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Kenneth T. , ed. ( 2010 ) . The History of New York City , 2nd Edition . New Haven : Yale University Press . p. 30 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 11465 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : QuickFacts for New York City / New York State / United States , United States Census Bureau . Accessed February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ New York City Population Projections by Age / Sex & Borough , 2010 -- 2040 , New York City Department of City Planning , December 2013 . Accessed February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places : Earliest Census to 1990 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : From 15 % sample ^ Jump up to : The Encyclopedia of New York City , ed . Kenneth T. Jackson ( Yale 1995 , ISBN 0 - 300 - 05536 - 6 ) , page 923 , citing `` U.S. Department of Commerce , Bureau of the Census , Census of Population 1960 ( vol. 1 , part A , table 28 ) , 1970 , 1980 , 1990 '' . After annexing part of the Bronx in 1874 , the population of the then - New York City was 1,206,299 in 1880 and 1,515,301 in 1890 . Jump up ^ Harrington , Greene and ( 1932 ) . American Population Before the Federal Census of 1790 . New York . Jump up ^ Rosenwaike , Ira ( 1972 ) . Population History of New York City . Syracuse , N.Y. : Syracuse University Press . p. 8 . ISBN 0 - 8156 - 2155 - 8 . Jump up ^ U.S. Census , from The World Almanac and Book of Facts , 1929 ( reprinted in 1971 by American Heritage Press and Workman Publishing , ISBN 0 - 07 - 071881 - 4 ) , page 503 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Campbell . Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States : 1790 to 1990 , United States Census Bureau , June 1998 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ DP - 1 : Profile of General Demographic Characteristics : 2000 from the Census 2000 Summary File 1 ( SF 1 ) 100 - Percent Data for New York city , New York , United States Census Bureau . Accessed February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ DP - 1 : Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics : 2010 from the 2010 Demographic Profile Data for New York city , New York , United States Census Bureau . Accessed February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Sam ( March 24 , 2011 ) . `` City Population Barely Grew in the ' 00s , Census Finds '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Retrieved June 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sherry , Virginia N. ( March 27 , 2014 ) . `` Staten Island population at all - time high of 473,000 ; NYC 's soars to record 8.4 million '' . Staten Island Advance . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Sam ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` Fewer People Are Abandoning the Bronx , Census Data Show '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Accessed June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Accessed June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ GCT - PH1 : Population , Housing Units , Area , and Density : 2010 -- State -- County Subdivision from the 2010 Census Summary File 1 for New Jersey , United States Census Bureau . Accessed February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ GCT - PH1 : Population , Housing Units , Area , and Density : 2010 -- County -- County Subdivision and Place from the 2010 Census Summary File 1 for New York County , New York , United States Census Bureau . Accessed February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Guide to State and Local Census Geography , United States Census Bureau . Accessed February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Highest Density , United States Census Bureau . Accessed February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mann , Camille ; Valera , Stephanie . `` World 's Most Crowded Islands '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Saul , Michael Howard ( March 27 , 2014 ) . `` New York City Population Hits Record High '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Sam ( March 24 , 2011 ) . `` New York City 's Population Barely Rose in the Last Decade , the Census Finds '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jones , Charisse ( September 24 , 2008 ) . `` Ellis Island strives to tell more complete immigration story '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` New York City # Population '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 19 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 617 . ^ Jump up to : Semple , Kirk ( June 8 , 2013 ) . `` City 's Newest Immigrant Enclaves , From Little Guyana to Meokjagolmok '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Newest New Yorkers : 2013 , New York City Department of City Planning , December 2013 . Accessed February 9 , 2017 . `` The immigrant share of the population has also doubled since 1965 , to 37 percent . With foreign - born mothers accounting for 51 percent of all births , approximately 6 - in - 10 New Yorkers are either immigrants or the children of immigrants . '' Jump up ^ Semple , Kirk ( December 18 , 2013 ) . `` Immigration Remakes and Sustains City , a Report Concludes '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Joseph ( November 28 , 2013 ) . `` Bangladeshis Build Careers in New York Traffic '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Semple , Kirk ( June 23 , 2011 ) . `` Asian New Yorkers Seek Power to Match Numbers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 5 , 2011 . Asians , a group more commonly associated with the West Coast , are surging in New York , where they have long been eclipsed in the city 's kaleidoscopic racial and ethnic mix . For the first time , according to census figures released in the spring , their numbers have topped one million -- nearly 1 in 8 New Yorkers -- which is more than the Asian population in the cities of San Francisco and Los Angeles combined . Jump up ^ `` Asian American Statistics '' . Améredia Incorporated . Retrieved July 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` State & County QuickFacts Nassau County , New York QuickLinks '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2014 . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shao , Heng ( April 10 , 2014 ) . `` Join The Great Gatsby : Chinese Real Estate Buyers Fan Out To Long Island 's North Shore '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yearbook of Immigration Statistics : 2011 Supplemental Table 2 '' . U.S. Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Yearbook of Immigration Statistics : 2013 Lawful Permanent Residents Supplemental Table 2 '' . U.S. Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Yearbook of Immigration Statistics : 2013 Lawful Permanent Residents Supplemental Table 1 '' . U.S. Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Yearbook of Immigration Statistics : 2010 Supplemental Table 2 '' . U.S. Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Marzulli , John ( May 9 , 2011 ) . `` Malaysian man smuggled illegal Chinese immigrants into Brooklyn using Queen Mary 2 : authorities '' . New York : The New York Daily News . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese New Year 2012 in Flushing '' . QueensBuzz.com . January 25 , 2012 . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SELECTED POPULATION PROFILE IN THE UNITED STATES 2015 American Community Survey 1 - Year Estimates New York - Newark , NY - NJ - CT - PA CSA Chinese alone '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Fact Finder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Most Significant Unreached People Group Communities in Metro NY '' . GLOBAL GATES . July 17 , 2012 . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Table SF1 - P9 NYC : Total Asian Population by Selected Subgroups , New York City Department of City Planning . Accessed February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Queens County , New York QuickFacts '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2014 . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Roleke , John . `` A Growing Chinatown in Elmhurst '' . About.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder -- Results '' . U.S. Department of Commerce . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Census Statistics On Population Totals By Race , 1790 to 1990 , and By Hispanic Origin , 1970 to 1990 '' . Population Division Working Paper . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Census Estimates Show Another Increase in New York City 's Non-Hispanic White Population '' . The New York Times . July 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hispanic or Latino by Type : 2010 '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder -- Results '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Community of Many Worlds : Arab Americans in New York City '' . Allied Media Corp . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2014 . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Yearbook of Immigration Statistics : 2013 Lawful Permanent Residents Supplemental Table 2 '' . U.S. Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ragaru , Nadège ; Dymi , Amilda . `` The Albanian - American Community in the United States : A Diaspora Coming to Visibility '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Ian ; Travers , Tony ; Whitehead , Christine ; London School of Economics and Political Science ( July 2007 ) . `` The Impact of Recent Immigration on the London Economy '' ( PDF ) . The City of London Corporation . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics : 2010 Demographic Profile Data Geography : New York - Newark - Bridgeport , NY - NJ - CT - PA CSA '' . Retrieved September 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics : 2010 Demographic Profile Data Geography : United States '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved September 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Semple , Kirk ( June 23 , 2011 ) . `` Asian New Yorkers Seek Power to Match Numbers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Persons Obtaining Lawful Permanent Resident Status by Leading Core Based Statistical Areas ( CBSAs ) of Residence and Region and Country of Birth : Fiscal Year 2013 '' . United States Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott M. Stringer , New York City Comptroller ( June 2015 ) . `` LGBTQ Lesbian , Gay , Bisexual , Transgender & Queer Guide of Services and Resources '' ( PDF ) . City of New York . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gates , Gary J. `` Same - sex Couples and the Gay , Lesbian , Bisexual Population : New Estimates from the American Community Survey '' ( PDF ) . The Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Silverman , Brian ; Chauvin , Kelsy ( 2013 ) . `` Frommer 's New York City 2013 '' . Frommer -- Google Books . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gates , Gary J. `` Same - sex Couples and the Gay , Lesbian , Bisexual Population : New Estimates from the American Community Survey '' ( PDF ) . The Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 ... Jump up ^ Silverman , Brian ; Chauvin , Kelsy ( 2013 ) . `` Frommer 's New York City 2013 '' . Frommer -- Google Books . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 ... Jump up ^ Confessore , Nicholas ; Barbaro , Michael ( June 24 , 2011 ) . `` New York Allows Same - Sex Marriage , Becoming Largest State to Pass Law '' . The New York Times Company . Retrieved September 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kaiser , p. xiv Accessed March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Revelers Take To The Streets For 48th Annual NYC Pride March '' . CBS New York . June 25 , 2017 . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . A sea of rainbows took over the Big Apple for the biggest pride parade in the world Sunday . ^ Jump up to : Cristan Williams . `` '' So , what was Stonewall ? `` '' . The TransAdvocate . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Fermino ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` De Blasio : NYC toilets wo n't discriminate by gender identity '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Major U.S. metropolitan areas differ in their religious profiles , Pew Research Center , Accessed July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Jewish Population '' . SimpleToRemember.com -- Judaism Online . Retrieved September 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jewish Community Study of New York : 2011 Comprehensive Report '' ( PDF ) . UJA - Federation of New York . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Weichselbaum , Simone ( June 26 , 2012 ) . `` Nearly one in four Brooklyn residents are Jews , new study finds '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved May 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Josh Nathan - Kazis ( June 12 , 2012 ) . `` N.Y. Jewish Population Grows to 1.5 M : Study '' . Jump up ^ Santora , Marc ; Otterman , Sharon ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` New York City Adds 2 Muslim Holy Days to Public School Calendar '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Inequality '' ( PDF ) . harvard.edu. page 2 , introduction . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 16 , 2014 . Retrieved March 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` County Employment and Wages Summary '' . Bureau of Labor Statistics , U.S. Department of Labor . September 18 , 2014 . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ryan Salchert ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Where The Wealthiest Live : Cities With The Most Billionaires '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Bloomberg '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Gregory ( August 4 , 2014 ) . `` Want to meet a millionaire ? Here 's where to go '' . CNN . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Moreno , Tonya ( 2017 - 02 - 02 ) . `` U.S. Cities That Levy Income Taxes '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 20 . Fourteen states and the District of Columbia allow cities , counties , and municipalities to levy their own separate individual income taxes in addition to state income taxes . Jump up ^ `` Personal Income Tax & Non-resident NYC Employee Payments '' . City of New York . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New York City tax rate schedule '' ( PDF ) . New York City . 2017 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ Fortune , Volume 173 , Number 8 ( June 15 , 2016 ) , page F - 40 Jump up ^ Strunsky , Steve ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` Port reports record container volume for first half of 2014 '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Greg David ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` New York City reaches the Holy Grail of ' full employment ' -- The jobless rate is now down to 4.3 % , the lowest ever '' . Crain 's New York Business . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fortune 500 web site ( cities ) , retrieved July 21 , 2011 ; Fortune , Vol. 163 , no . 7 ( May 23 , 2011 ) , page F - 45 Jump up ^ Wylde , Kathryn ( January 23 , 2006 ) . `` Keeping the Economy Growing '' . Gotham Gazette . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2008 . Retrieved September 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Simon ( April 13 , 2014 ) . `` Beijing Breaks Into Top Ten in Rankings by A.T. Kearney '' . Bloomberg L.P . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kaske , Michelle . `` New York City Tops Global Competitiveness Rankings , Economist Report Says '' , Bloomberg.com , March 12 , 2012 , backed up by the Internet Archive as of March 12 , 2012 . Accessed February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walls , Jacqueline ( April 8 , 2013 ) . `` American Cities of the Future 2013 -- 14 '' . fDiIntelligence.com . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Department of Finance Publishes Fiscal Year 2017 Tentative Assessment Roll , New York City Department of Finance , January 15 , 2016 . `` Today , Jacques Jiha , Commissioner for the Department of Finance , announced the publication of the Tentative Property Assessment Roll for fiscal year 2017 , which shows the total Market Value for the upcoming year at about $1.072 trillion , an increase of $102.5 billion , or 10.6 percent from the 2016 Fiscal Year . '' Jump up ^ Quirk , James . `` Bergen offices have plenty of space '' . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2007 . , The Record ( Bergen County ) , July 5 , 2007 . Accessed July 5 , 2007 . `` On Monday , a 26 - year - old , 33 - story office building at 450 Park Ave . sold for a stunning $1,589 per square foot , or about , 10 million . The price is believed to be the most ever paid for a U.S. office building on a per - square - foot basis . That broke the previous record -- set four weeks earlier -- when 660 Madison Ave . sold for $1,476 a square foot . '' Jump up ^ Carlyle , Erin ( October 8 , 2014 ) . `` New York Dominates 2014 List of America 's Most Expensive ZIP Codes '' . Forbes . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Janette Sadik - Khan ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` A plea for Fifth Avenue '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Definition of Metonymy '' . Chegg , Inc . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2016 . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fermino , Jennifer ( February 7 , 2014 ) . `` Mayor de Blasio announces $3 M in grants for New York City 's fashion industry '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yang , Catherine ( July 19 , 2014 ) . `` The Garment District , Brooklyn Style '' . Epoch Times . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2014 . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` More Than a Link in the Food Chain '' ( PDF ) . The Mayor 's Office for Industrial and Manufacturing Business . February 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 31 , 2008 . Retrieved September 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Potkewitz , Hilary ( November 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Chocolate district ' in the making in Brooklyn '' . Crain Communications Inc . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Godiva Chocolatier INC . Company Information '' . Hoover 's Inc . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ DiNapoli , Thomas P. ( New York State Comptroller ) ; Bleiwas , Kenneth B. ( New York State Deputy Comptroller ) ( October 2013 ) . `` The Securities Industry in New York City '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Choudhury , Ambereen ; Martinuzzi , Elisa ; Moshinsky , Ben ( November 26 , 2012 ) . `` London Bankers Bracing for Leaner Bonuses Than New York '' . Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on August 4 , 2014 . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . 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Jump up ^ Chaudhuri , Saabira ( September 15 , 2014 ) . `` Ranking the Biggest U.S. Banks : A New Entrant in Top 5 '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson , Andrew . `` Top CBDs See Solid Growth in 2nd Quarter , US -- Canada Performance Diverges '' ( PDF ) . Colliers International . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Understanding The Manhattan Office Space Market '' . Officespaceseeker.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Marketbeat United States CBD Office Report 2Q11 '' ( PDF ) . Cushman & Wakefield , Inc . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 8 , 2013 . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lahlou , Karim . `` Startups move to co-shared offices amid high real estate prices '' . The Midtown Gazette . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2014 . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dickey , Megan Rose ; D'Onfro , Jillian ( October 24 , 2013 ) . `` SA 100 2013 : The Coolest People In New York Tech '' . Business Insider . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Telecommunications and Economic Development in New York City : A Plan for Action '' ( PDF ) . New York City Economic Development Corporation . March 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Ivan ( December 10 , 2013 ) . `` City opens nation 's largest continuous Wi - Fi zone in Harlem '' . amNewYork / Newsday . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brodkin , Jon ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` Verizon will miss deadline to wire all of New York City with FiOS '' . Condé Nast . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ S3 Partners ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` 5 signs NYC 's tech scene is growing up -- NYC tech sector hits 300,000 '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Eugenios , Jillian ; Hargreaves , Steve ; Rawlins , Aimee ( October 7 , 2014 ) . `` The most innovative cities in America '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . 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Jump up ^ Hargreaves , Steve ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` Visa - seeking Chinese fund giant NY Ferris wheel '' . CNN . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Peltz , Jennifer ; Associated Press ( September 28 , 2012 ) . `` NYC to get ' world 's largest ' Ferris wheel '' . NBC News . Associated Press . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2012 . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dailey , Jessica ( October 9 , 2013 ) . `` Number Of Manhattan Hotel Rooms To Increase 10 % In 2014 '' . Vox Media . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Frank , Robert ( October 6 , 2014 ) . `` Waldorf becomes most expensive hotel ever sold : $1.95 billion '' . CNBC . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Santora , Marc ( February 26 , 2014 ) . `` Four Marvel TV Shows to Film in New York '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mayor De Blasio Announces Increased Growth of New York City 's Entertainment Industry Brings $8.7 billion into the Local Economy '' . City of New York Mayor 's Office of Media and Entertainment . October 15 , 2015 . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New York Film Academy , New York City '' . New York Film Academy . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2012 . Retrieved February 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Request for Expressions of Interest '' ( PDF ) . The Governors Island Preservation & Education Corporation . 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 2 , 2008 . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AICP Staff & National Offices '' . Association of Independent Commercial Producers . Retrieved February 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goundry , Nick ( June 6 , 2014 ) . `` New York half - year location filming surpasses record for whole of 2013 '' . Location Guide . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goundry , Nick ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` New York surpasses Los Angeles for TV drama pilot filming '' . Location Guide . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay 12th Largest Media Market Now '' ( Press release ) . Tampa Bay Partnership . August 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2008 . Retrieved September 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Top 10 Consolidated Agency Networks : Ranked by 2006 Worldwide Network Revenue , Advertising Age Agency Report 2007 Index ( April 25 , 2007 ) . Retrieved June 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Media and Entertainment '' . New York City Economic Development Corporation . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2008 . Retrieved September 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` New York Daily News ( American newspaper ) '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Allan Nevins , The Evening Post : Century of Journalism , Boni and Liveright , 1922 , page 17 . Jump up ^ `` Ethnic Press Booms In New York City '' . Editor & Publisher . July 10 , 2002 . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2008 . Retrieved September 1 , 2008 . 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Alper Unveil Plans to Develop Commercial Bioscience Center in Manhattan '' ( Press release ) . New York City Economic Development Corporation . November 18 , 2004 . Retrieved September 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Horner , Blair ; Levin , Arthur ; Mattei , Suzanne ; Casey , Ciceron ( contributor ) ( August 2014 ) . `` The Doctor Is In : New York 's Increasing Number of Doctors -- p. 13 , Appendix 1 : Comparison Of The Numbers Of New York Doctors By County , As Of 12 / 31 / 2004 And 12 / 31 / 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gary M. Stern ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` The Young Mariners of Throgs Neck '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nation 's Largest Libraries '' . LibrarySpot . Retrieved September 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NewYork -- Presbyterian '' . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` HHC Website '' . Jump up ^ `` The History of New York City 's Municipal Hospitals , '' . HHC Foundation . 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Jump up ^ `` New York City Police Department '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Table 8 -- New York '' . Jump up ^ `` NYC Murder Rate Drops To New Historic Low In 2014 '' . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Crime in New York , New York ( NY ) : murders , rapes , robberies , assaults , burglaries , thefts , auto thefts , arson , law enforcement employees , police officers , crime map '' . www.city-data.com . Jump up ^ Effgen , Christopher . `` United States Crime Rates 1960 - 2016 '' . www.disastercenter.com . Jump up ^ `` City expected to finish year with fewer than 300 homicides : Officials '' . Jump up ^ https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/nypd/downloads/pdf/crime_statistics/cs-en-us-city.pdf Jump up ^ `` Livingstone to follow methods of the NYPD '' . Telegraph . January 17 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Staying a beat ahead of crime '' . Theage.com.au . November 5 , 2002 . 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ISBN 9781136475368 . Retrieved July 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dillon , Susan ( 2011 ) . The Fundamentals of Fashion Management . A&C Black . p. 115 . ISBN 9782940411580 . Retrieved July 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New York retakes Top Global Fashion Capital Title from London , edging past Paris '' . Languagemonitor.com . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2014 . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Creative New York '' ( PDF ) . Center for an Urban Future . December 2005 . Retrieved September 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Welsh , Anne Marie ( June 6 , 2004 ) . `` 2 plays + 9 nominations = good odds for locals '' . San Diego Union - Tribune . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2008 . Retrieved September 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ McBeth , VR . `` The Great White Way '' on TimesSquare.com . Quote : `` Coined in 1901 by O.J. Gude , the designer of many prominent advertising displays , to describe the new light show that beckoned along Broadway , The Great White Way is a phrase known worldwide to describe Broadway 's profusion of theaters in Times Square . '' Jump up ^ Tell , Darcy . Times Square spectacular : lighting up Broadway New York : HarperCollins , 2007 Jump up ^ Allen , Irving Lewis . The City in Slang : New York Life and Popular Speech . New York : Oxford University Press , 1995 . Quote : `` By 1910 , the blocks of Broadway just above 42nd Street were at the very heart of the Great White Way . The glow of Times Square symbolized the center of New York , if not of the world . '' Jump up ^ `` Broadway Calendar - Year Statistics '' . The Broadway League . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About Summer Stage '' . City Parks Foundation . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2012 . Retrieved June 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Metropolitan Museum of Art General Information '' . The Metropolitan Museum of Art . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Museum Mile Festival '' . Official site . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kusisto , Laura ( October 21 , 2011 ) . `` Reaching High on Upper 5th Avenue '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2011 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Museums on the Mile '' . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2012 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chan , Sewell ( February 9 , 2007 ) . `` Museum for African Art Finds its Place '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Drive Promoting 5th Ave. 's ' Museum Mile ' '' . The New York Times . June 27 , 1979 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Robin Pogrebin and Scott Reyburn ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Leonardo da Vinci Painting Sells for $450.3 Million , Shattering Auction Highs '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Christ painting by Leonardo da Vinci sells for record $450 M '' . Associated Press , on MSN . November 15 , 2017 . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2017 . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Strand , Oliver ( July 5 , 2011 ) . `` Brooklyn Market : Woodstock of Eating '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bleyer , Jennifer ( May 14 , 2006 ) . `` Kebabs on the Night Shift '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 27,479 restaurants selected by the Michelin Guide -- Top Destinations '' . Michelin . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Restaurant Inspection Results ( Letter Grades ) '' . The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2014 . Retrieved January 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Millions Of Revelers Marvel Over Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade '' . CBS Broadcasting Inc . November 24 , 2016 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hilarey Wojtowicz . `` Guide to the 2016 Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade '' . The Independent Traveler , Inc . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Newman , Michael ( 2005 ) . `` New York Talk '' . In Wolfram , Walt ; Ward , Ben . American Voices . Blackwell . pp. 82 -- 87 . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 2109 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Sontag , Deborah ( February 14 , 1993 ) . `` Oy Gevalt ! New Yawkese An Endangered Dialect ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kit Fox ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 New York City Marathon Entrants By the Numbers -- Applications for the world 's largest race were at an all - time high for 2017 '' . Runner 's World -- Rodale Inc . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National Football League Company Information '' . Hoover 's , Inc . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Major League Baseball Company Information '' . Hoover 's , Inc . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National Basketball Association , Inc . Company Information '' . Hoover 's , Inc . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National Hockey League Company Information '' . Hoover 's , Inc . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Major League Soccer , L.L.C. Company Information '' . Hoovers , Inc . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Esteban ( October 27 , 2011 ) . `` 11 Most Expensive Stadiums In The World '' . Total Pro Sports . Retrieved September 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Baseball : A Film by Ken Burns ; Inning 7 : The Capital of Baseball ( Television Documentary ) . PBS . Jump up ^ `` New York Mets -- TeamReport '' . Chicago Tribune . May 30 , 2012 . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2000S '' . Newyork Yankees . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees : Facts , History , Stats , and Resources '' . The free sources . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How Mets , Colt . 45s Grew Up To Beat The Bullies '' . Chicago Tribune . October 8 , 1986 . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dodgers Timeline '' . Los Angeles Dodgers . Retrieved September 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Moments '' . Dodgers Giants . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Major League Baseball , Police Athletic League and the Brooklyn Cyclones to host free MLB Umpire Camp '' . MLB Press Release . May 30 , 2012 . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New ownership group for Staten Island Yankees talks about future plans '' . Silive . May 31 , 2012 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Preparations Different for a Home - and - Home Contest '' . New York Times . December 22 , 2011 . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Owners warm up to New York / New Jersey as Super Bowl XLVIII host '' . NFL.com . Associated Press . May 26 , 2010 . Retrieved May 27 , 2010 . It 's the first time the league has gone to a cold - weather site that does n't have a dome ... the NFL will wait and see how this foray into the great outdoors in winter goes . Then the league might OK another bid Jump up ^ Anderson , Dave ( May 14 , 1995 ) . `` Sports of The Times ; At Boston Garden , There 's Much More Gold Than Green '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Islanders Moving to Brooklyn '' . October 24 , 2012 . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Devils ' dance with Kings in Stanley Cup Finals gives Newark a spotlight '' . Nj.com . May 31 , 2012 . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Postseason Overview '' . National Invitation Tournament . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2008 . Retrieved September 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ ( 6 ) Accessed May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Picture - perfect opening for $200 M Red Bull Arena in Harrison '' . Associated Press . March 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` US Open 2015 '' . United States Tennis Association . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TCS New York City Marathon '' . New York Road Runners . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxer Johnny Tapia 's ' crazy life ' ends '' . CNN . May 31 , 2012 . Retrieved May 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The MTA Network : Public Transportation for the New York Region '' . Metropolitan Transportation Authority . Retrieved August 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pisarski , Alan ( October 16 , 2006 ) . `` Commuting in America III : Commuting Facts '' ( PDF ) . Transportation Research Board . Retrieved August 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Service Hours '' . MTR . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tsuen Wan Line '' . TravelChinaGuide.com . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Train Time Table -- Search station '' . Seoul Metropolitan Rapid Transit Corporation . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2012 . Retrieved August 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Subway map '' . Seoul Metropolitan Rapid Transit Corporation . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2012 . Retrieved August 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Subway Ridership '' . Metropolitan Transit Authority . Retrieved May 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Christie , Les ( June 29 , 2007 ) . `` New Yorkers are Top Transit Users '' . CNNMoney.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NHTS 2001 Highlights Report , BTS03 - 05 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of Transportation , Bureau of Transportation Statistics . 2001 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 14 , 2005 . Retrieved September 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ The Hardest Working Cities ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Office of the New York City Comptroller . March 2015 . Jump up ^ Weinberger , Rachel ; Kaehny , John ; Rufo , Matthew ( 2010 ) . `` U.S. Parking Policies : An Overview of Management Strategies '' ( PDF ) . Institute for Transportation and Development Policy . p. 62 . Retrieved June 11 , 2011 . New York City is the largest , densest and most transit - and pedestrian - oriented city in the United States . It is the only U.S. city in which a majority of households do not have a car . Despite this , New York City is very much an American city in the way it under prices and under uses curbside parking meters . Meter rates are far lower than in other leading world cities , and New York suffers from high levels of cruising and double parking ( p 62 ) ... Nationally 90 % of households own automobiles . New Yorkers own fewer at 48 % with only 22 % of Manhattan residents owning automobiles ( page 78 ) Jump up ^ `` New York City 's Green Dividend '' . CEOs for Cities . Retrieved January 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Durkin , Erin ( January 20 , 2015 ) . `` Andrew Cuomo announces $450 M plan to build AirTrain connecting LaGuardia Airport to the subway '' . NYDailyNews.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Honan , Katie . `` Cuomo Announces AirTrain to LaGuardia Airport from Subway , LIRR '' . DNAinfo . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2015 . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` National Fact Sheet Fiscal Year 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Amtrak . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 10 , 2015 . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dobnik , Verena ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` NYC Transit Projects : East Side Access , Second Avenue Subway , And 7 Train Extension ( PHOTOS ) '' . Huffington Post . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2013 . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Architect Chosen for Planned Office Tower Above Port Authority Bus Terminal 's North Wing '' ( Press release ) . Port Authority of New York and New Jersey . November 17 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2009 . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Transit Bus Fleets , page 4 '' ( PDF ) . Metro Magazine . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Port Authority of NY and NJ 2016 Air Traffic Report '' ( PDF ) . The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey . April 14 , 2017 . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Year - to - date International Passenger Traffic ( as of December 2011 ) '' . Airports Council International . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2010 . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Strunsky , Steve ( May 31 , 2012 ) . `` Stewart International Airport upgrade approved as Port Authority aims to increase passenger traffic '' . New Jersey On - Line LLC . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McGeehan , Patrick ( July 27 , 2015 ) . `` La Guardia Airport to Be Overhauled by 2021 , Cuomo and Biden Say '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anna Sanders ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Staten Island Ferry ridership breaks record '' . SILive.com . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Zoe Rosenberg ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` First of New York 's citywide ferries arrives in Brooklyn Bridge Park '' . Curbed New York , Vox Media . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Larry Higgs ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` This is the new high - speed ferry coming to New Jersey in 2017 '' . NJ Advance Media for NJ.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The State of the NYC Taxi '' ( PDF ) . New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission . March 9 , 2006 . Retrieved September 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Winnie Hu ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` The Downside of Ride - Hailing : More New York City Gridlock '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Karen DeWitt ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Cuomo pushes for ride - sharing services outside NYC '' . North Country Public Radio . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Myths and Metaphors of Music and Dance Singin ' in the Rain '' . Hofstra University . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2006 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nordquist , Richard . `` Grammar & Composition metonymy '' . About.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Metonymy vs Synecdoche '' . 2012 Buzzle.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ George Washington Bridge turns 75 years old : Huge flag , cake part of celebration , Times Herald - Record , October 24 , 2006 . `` The party , however , will be small in comparison to the one that the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey organized for 5,000 people to open the bridge to traffic in 1931 . And it wo n't even be on what is now the world 's busiest bridge for fear of snarling traffic . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Longest Suspension Bridges in the World '' . Pearson Education . Retrieved September 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Verrazano - Narrows Bridge '' . Eastern Roads . Retrieved September 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Port Authority of New York and New Jersey -- George Washington Bridge '' . The Port Authority of New York & New Jersey . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bod Woodruff ; Lana Zak & Stephanie Wash ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` GW Bridge Painters : Dangerous Job on Top of the World 's Busiest Bridge '' . ABC News . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ New York Harbor Video -- How the Earth Was Made . HISTORY.com . Retrieved on April 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Port Authority of New York and New Jersey -- George Washington Bridge '' . The Port Authority of New York & New Jersey . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Woodruff , Bod ; Zak , Lana ; Wash , Stephanie ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` GW Bridge Painters : Dangerous Job on Top of the World 's Busiest Bridge '' . ABC News . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ New York Architecture Images - Manhattan Bridge . Nyc-architecture.com ( December 31 , 1909 ) . Retrieved on April 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ New York Architecture Images . Nyc-architecture.com . Retrieved on April 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lincoln Tunnel Historic Overview '' . Eastern Roads . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Holland Tunnel ( I - 78 ) . Nycroads.com . Retrieved on April 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Holland Tunnel '' . National Historic Landmark Quicklinks . National Park Service . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Queens - Midtown Tunnel Historic Overview '' . Eastern Roads . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` President the ' First ' to Use Midtown Tube ; Precedence at Opening Denied Hundreds of Motorists '' , The New York Times , November 9 , 1940 . p. 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mayor de Blasio Commits to 80 Percent Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions by 2050 , Starting with Sweeping Green Buildings Plan '' . City of New York . Retrieved October 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Newman , Andy ( July 27 , 2010 ) . `` Appeals Court Rejects Effort to Create Hybrid Taxi Fleet '' . New York Times . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bicycling in New York City : Know the Facts '' . Transportation Alternatives . Retrieved October 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jervey , Ben ( 2006 ) . The Big Green Apple : Your Guide to Eco-Friendly Living in New York City . Globe Pequot Press . ISBN 0 - 7627 - 3835 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 National Household Travel Survey : Summary of Travel Trends '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of Transportation . December 2004 . Retrieved September 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Florida , Richard ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` 2015 's Most Walkable U.S. Cities '' . The Atlantic . MSN . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NYC tops list of most walkable cities in America -- video narrative by Mara Montalbano '' . Buzz60 , on MSN . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 Most Walkable U.S. Cities '' . MarketWatch. 2011 . Retrieved July 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hamblin , James ( June 28 , 2013 ) . `` The Summer Bicycles Took Control '' . The Atlantic Monthly . The Atlantic Monthly Group . Retrieved June 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Pat ; Maurice Carroll ( June 27 , 2013 ) . `` New York City Voters Back Mayor 's Storm Plan 4 -- 1 , Quinnipiac University Poll Finds ; Slim Majority Backs Food Recycling , Bike Rentals '' . Quinnipiac University Poll . Quinnipiac University . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 3 , 2013 . Retrieved June 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NYC In - Season Cycling Indicator , page 3 '' ( PDF ) . City of New York . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 1 , 2014 . Retrieved October 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Current Reservoir Levels '' . New York City Department of Environmental Protection . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lustgarten , Abrahm ( August 6 , 2008 ) . `` City 's Drinking Water Feared Endangered ; $10 B Cost Seen '' . The New York Sun . Retrieved August 9 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Winnie Hu ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` A Billion - Dollar Investment in New York 's Water '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dunlap , David W. ( July 23 , 2014 ) . `` Quiet Milestone in Project to Bring Croton Water Back to New York City '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Flegenheimer , Matt ( October 16 , 2013 ) . `` After Decades , a Water Tunnel Can Now Serve All of Manhattan '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jim Dwyer ( April 6 , 2016 ) . `` De Blasio Adding Money for Water Tunnel in Brooklyn and Queens '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Navarro , Mireya ( September 27 , 2010 ) . `` Newtown Creek Is Declared a Superfund Site '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Newtown Creek Clean - Up Efforts '' . The City Concealed . Thirteen ( WNET.org ) . December 12 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2009 . Retrieved June 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Forms of Municipal Government '' . National League of Cities . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2012 . Retrieved February 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About the Council '' . New York City Council . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2007 . Retrieved June 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Chan , Sewell ; Hicks , Jonathan P. ( October 23 , 2008 ) . `` Council Votes , 29 to 22 , to Extend Term Limits '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Ellen M. ; Manz , William H. ( 2004 ) . Gibson 's New York Legal Research Guide ( PDF ) ( 3rd ed . ) . Wm . S. Hein Publishing . pp. 450 , 458 , 473 . ISBN 1 - 57588 - 728 - 2 . LCCN 2004042477 . OCLC 54455036 . Jump up ^ Durkin , Erin ( May 26 , 2014 ) . `` Councilman Ben Kallos wants city to publish government notices on its website '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ Barbaro , Michael ; Chen , David W. ( November 5 , 2013 ) . `` De Blasio Is Elected New York City Mayor '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NYSVoter Enrollment by County , Party Affiliation and Status '' ( PDF ) . New York State Board of Elections. April 2016 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 30 , 2016 . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Election Overview : Top Zip Codes '' . Opensecrets.org . Retrieved September 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Downstate Pays More , Upstate Gets More : Does It Matter ? '' . The Nelson A. Rockefeller Institute of Government -- The Public Policy Research Arm of the State University of New York . December 2011 . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NYC 's Partner Cities '' . The City of New York . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2013 . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` K1084 - 2011 : Recognizing Yunnan Province and Chongqing Municipality of the People 's Republic of China as a `` Sister City '' with New York City `` . New York State Senate . Retrieved December 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` KL 's Sister Cities '' . poskod.my . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ( Israel ) Sister Cities '' . Tel Aviv . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2013 . Retrieved May 4 , 2013 . Further reading Belden , E. Porter ( 1849 ) . New York , Past , Present , and Future : Comprising a History of the City of New York , a Description of its Present Condition , and an Estimate of its Future Increase . New York : G.P. Putnam . From Google Books . Burgess , Anthony ( 1976 ) . New York . New York : Little , Brown & Co . ISBN 90 - 6182 - 266 - 1 . Burrows , Edwin G. & Wallace , Mike ( 1999 ) , Gotham : A History of New York City to 1898 , New York : Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 195 - 11634 - 8 Federal Writers ' Project ( 1939 ) . The WPA Guide to New York City ( 1995 reissue ed . ) . New York : The New Press . ISBN 1 - 56584 - 321 - 5 . Jackson , Kenneth T. , ed. ( 1995 ) , The Encyclopedia of New York City , New Haven : Yale University Press , ISBN 0300055366 Jackson , Kenneth T. ; Dunbar , David S. , eds. ( 2005 ) . Empire City : New York Through the Centuries . Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 10909 - 1 . Lankevich , George L. ( 1998 ) . American Metropolis : A History of New York City . NYU Press . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 5186 - 5 . White , E.B. ( 1949 ) . Here is New York ( 2000 reissue ed . ) . Little Bookroom . White , Norval & Willensky , Elliot ( 2000 ) , AIA Guide to New York City ( 4th ed . ) , New York : Three Rivers Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8129 - 3107 - 5 Whitehead , Colson ( 2003 ) . The Colossus of New York : A City in 13 Parts . New York : Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 50794 - 1 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to New York City . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for New York City . Official website NYC Go , official tourism website of New York City New York City at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Geographic data related to New York City at OpenStreetMap . Collections , 145,000 NYC photographs at Museum of the City of New York `` The New New York Skyline '' . Interactive . National Geographic . Nov 2015 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20York%20City
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who is the goddess of light in greek mythology
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List of Greek mythological figures
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list of greek mythological figures
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The following is a list of gods , goddesses and many other divine and semi-divine figures from Ancient Greek mythology and Ancient Greek religion . ( The list does not include creatures ; for these , see List of Greek mythological creatures . )
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Immortals 1.1 Major gods and goddesses 1.2 Primordial deities 1.3 Titans and Titanesses 1.4 Gigantes and other `` giants '' 1.4. 1 Gigantes 1.4. 2 Other `` giants '' 1.5 Personified concepts 1.6 Chthonic deities 1.7 Sea deities 1.8 Sky deities 1.9 Rustic deities 1.10 Agricultural deities 1.11 Health deities 1.12 Other deities 2 Mortals 2.1 Deified mortals 2.2 Heroes 2.3 Notable women 2.4 Kings 2.5 Seers / oracles 2.6 Amazons 2.7 Inmates of Tartarus 2.8 Minor figures 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Immortals ( edit ) The Greeks created images of their deities for many purposes . A temple would house the statue of a god or goddess , or multiple deities , and might be decorated with relief scenes depicting myths . Divine images were common on coins . Drinking cups and other vessels were painted with scenes from Greek myths . Major gods and goddesses ( edit ) Deity Description Aphrodite ( Ἀφροδίτη , Aphroditē ) Goddess of beauty , love , desire , and pleasure . In Hesiod 's Theogony ( 188 -- 206 ) , she was born from sea - foam and Uranus 's severed genitals ; in Homer 's Illiad ( 5.370 -- 417 ) , she is daughter of Zeus and Dione . She was married to Hephaestus , but bore him no children . She had many lovers , most notably Ares , to whom she bore Harmonia , Phobos , and Deimos . She was also a lover to Adonis and Anchises , to whom she bore Aeneas . She is usually depicted as a naked or semi-nude beautiful woman . Her symbols include myrtle , roses , and the scallop shell . Her sacred animals include doves and sparrows . Her Roman counterpart is Venus . Apollo ( Ἀπόλλων , Apóllōn ) God of music , arts , knowledge , healing , plague , prophecy , poetry , manly beauty , and archery . He is the son of Zeus and Leto , and the twin brother of Artemis . Both Apollo and Artemis use a bow and arrow . Apollo is depicted as young , beardless , handsome and athletic . In myth , he can be cruel and destructive , and his love affairs are rarely happy . He is often accompanied by the Muses . His most famous temple is in Delphi , where he established his oracular shrine . His signs and symbols include the laurel wreath , bow and arrow , and lyre . His sacred animals include roe deer , swans , and pythons . Some late Roman and Greek poetry and mythography identifies him as a sun - god , equivalent to Roman Sol and Greek Helios . Ares ( Ἄρης , Árēs ) God of war , bloodshed , and violence . The son of Zeus and Hera , he was depicted as a beardless youth , either nude with a helmet and spear or sword , or as an armed warrior . Homer portrays him as moody and unreliable , and as being the most unpopular god on earth and Olympus ( Iliad 5.890 -- 1 ) . He generally represents the chaos of war in contrast to Athena , a goddess of military strategy and skill . Ares is known for cuckolding his brother Hephaestus , conducting an affair with his wife Aphrodite . His sacred animals include vultures , venomous snakes , dogs , and boars . His Roman counterpart Mars by contrast was regarded as the dignified ancestor of the Roman people . Artemis ( Ἄρτεμις , Ártemis ) Virgin goddess of the hunt , wilderness , animals , young girls , childbirth , and plague . In later times , Artemis became associated with bows and arrows . She is the daughter of Zeus and Leto , and twin sister of Apollo . In art she is often depicted as a young woman dressed in a short knee - length chiton and equipped with a hunting bow and a quiver of arrows . Her attributes include hunting spears , animal pelts , deer and other wild animals . Her sacred animals include deer , bears , and wild boars . Her Roman counterpart is Diana . Athena ( Ἀθηνᾶ , Athēnâ ) Goddess of reason , wisdom , intelligence , skill , peace , warfare , battle strategy , and handicrafts . According to most traditions , she was born from Zeus 's forehead , fully formed and armored . She is depicted as being crowned with a crested helm , armed with shield and spear , and wearing the aegis over a long dress . Poets describe her as `` grey - eyed '' or having especially bright , keen eyes . She is a special patron of heroes such as Odysseus . She is the patron of the city Athens ( which was named after her ) and is attributed to various inventions in arts and literature . Her symbol is the olive tree . She is commonly shown as being accompanied by her sacred animal , the owl . Her Roman counterpart is Minerva . Demeter ( Δημήτηρ , Dēmētēr ) Goddess of grain , agriculture , harvest , growth , and nourishment . Demeter is a daughter of Cronus and Rhea , and a sister of Zeus , by whom she bore Persephone . Demeter is one of the main deities of the Eleusinian Mysteries , in which her power over the life cycle of plants symbolizes the passage of the human soul through life and into the afterlife . She is depicted as a mature woman , often crowned and holding sheafs of wheat and a torch . Her symbols are the cornucopia , wheat - ears , the winged serpent , and the lotus staff . Her sacred animals include pigs and snakes . Her Roman counterpart is Ceres . Dionysus ( Διόνυσος , Diónysos ) / Bacchus ( Βάκχος , Bákkhos ) God of wine , fruitfulness , parties , festivals , madness , chaos , drunkenness , vegetation , and ecstasy . In art he is depicted as either an older bearded god or an effeminate , long - haired youth . His attributes include the thyrsus , a drinking cup , the grape vine , and a crown of ivy . He is often in the company of his thiasos , a group of attendants including satyrs , maenads , and his old tutor Silenus . The consort of Dionysus was Ariadne . His sacred animals include dolphins , serpents , tigers , and donkeys . A later addition to the Olympians , in some accounts he replaced Hestia . Bacchus was another name for him in Greek , and came into common usage among the Romans . Hades ( ᾍδης , Hádēs ) / Pluto ( Πλούτων , Ploutōn ) God of the underworld and the dead . His consort is Persephone . His attributes are the drinking horn or cornucopia , key , sceptre , and the three - headed dog Cerberus . His sacred animals include the screech owl . He was one of three sons of Cronus and Rhea , and thus sovereign over one of the three realms of the universe , the underworld . As a chthonic god , however , his place among the Olympians is ambiguous . In the mystery religions and Athenian literature , Pluto ( `` the Rich '' ) was his preferred name , with Hades referring to the underworld itself . The Romans translated Plouton as Dis Pater ( `` the Rich Father '' ) or Pluto . Hephaestus ( Ἥφαιστος , Hḗphaistos ) God of fire , metalworking , and crafts . Either the son of Zeus and Hera or Hera alone , he is the smith of the gods and the husband of the adulterous Aphrodite . He was usually depicted as a bearded , crippled man with hammer , tongs , and anvil , and sometimes riding a donkey . His sacred animals include the donkey , the guard dog , and the crane . Among his creations was the armor of Achilles . Hephaestus used the fire of the forge as a creative force , but his Roman counterpart Vulcan was feared for his destructive potential and associated with the volcanic power of the earth . Hera ( Ἥρα , Hḗra ) Queen of the gods , and goddess of marriage , women , childbirth , heirs , kings , and empires . She is the wife and sister of Zeus , and the daughter of Cronus and Rhea . She was usually depicted as a regal woman in the prime of her life , wearing a diadem and veil and holding a lotus - tipped staff . Although she is the goddess of marriage , Zeus 's many infidelities drive her to jealousy and vengefulness . Her sacred animals include the heifer , the peacock , and the cuckoo . Her Roman counterpart is Juno . Hermes ( Ἑρμῆς , Hērmēs ) God of boundaries , travel , communication , trade , language , and writing . The son of Zeus and Maia , Hermes is the messenger of the gods , and a psychopomp who leads the souls of the dead into the afterlife . He was depicted either as a handsome and athletic beardless youth , or as an older bearded man . His attributes include the herald 's wand or caduceus , winged sandals , and a traveler 's cap . His sacred animals include the tortoise . His Roman counterpart is Mercury . Hestia ( Ἑστία , Hestía ) Virgin goddess of the hearth , home , and chastity . She is a daughter of Rhea and Cronus , and a sister of Zeus . Not often identifiable in Greek art , she appeared as a modestly veiled woman . Her symbols are the hearth and kettle . In some accounts , she gave up her seat as one of the Twelve Olympians in favor of Dionysus , and she plays little role in Greek myths . Her Roman counterpart Vesta , however , was a major deity of the Roman state . Poseidon ( Ποσειδῶν , Poseidōn ) God of the sea , rivers , floods , droughts , and earthquakes . He is a son of Cronus and Rhea , and the brother of Zeus and Hades . He rules one of the three realms of the universe , as king of the sea and the waters . In art he is depicted as a mature man of sturdy build , often with a luxuriant beard , and holding a trident . His sacred animals include the horse and the dolphin . His wedding with Amphitrite is often presented as a triumphal procession . In some stories he rapes Medusa , leading to her transformation into a hideous Gorgon and also to the birth of their two children , Pegasus and Chrysaor . His Roman counterpart is Neptune . Zeus ( Ζεύς , Zeus ) King of the gods , ruler of Mount Olympus , and god of the sky , weather , thunder , lightning , law , order , and justice . He is the youngest son of Cronus and Rhea . He overthrew Cronus and gained the sovereignty of heaven for himself . In art he is depicted as a regal , mature man with a sturdy figure and dark beard . His usual attributes are the royal scepter and the lightning bolt . His sacred animals include the eagle and the bull . His Roman counterpart is Jupiter , also known as Jove . Primordial deities ( edit ) Ancient Greek name English name Description Ἀχλύς ( Akhlýs ) Achlys The goddess of poisons and the `` Death - Mist '' , and personification of misery and sadness . Said to have existed before Chaos itself . Αἰών ( Aiôn ) Aion The god of eternity , personifying cyclical and unbounded time . Sometimes equated with Chronos . Αἰθήρ ( Aithḗr ) Aether The god of light and the upper atmosphere . Ἀνάγκη ( Anánkē ) Ananke The goddess of inevitability , compulsion , and necessity . Χάος ( Cháos ) Chaos The personification of nothingness from which all of existence sprang . Depicted as a void . Initially genderless , later on described as female . Χρόνος ( Chrónos ) Chronos The god of empirical time , sometimes equated with Aion . Not to be confused with the Titan Cronus ( Kronos ) , the father of Zeus . Ἔρεβος ( Érebos ) Erebus The god of darkness and shadow . Ἔρως ( Eros ) Eros The god of love and attraction . Ἡμέρα ( Hēméra ) Hemera The goddess of day . Ὕπνος ( Hypnos ) Hypnos The personification of sleep . Γαῖα ( Gaîa ) Gaia ( Gaea ) Personification of the Earth ( Mother Earth ) ; mother of the Titans . Νέμεσις ( Némesis ) Nemesis The goddess of retribution . Nῆσοι ( Nē̂soi ) The Nesoi The goddesses of the islands and sea . Νύξ ( Nýx ) Nyx The goddess of night . Οὐρανός ( Ouranós ) Uranus The god of the heavens ( Father Sky ) ; father of the Titans . Οὔρεα ( Oúrea ) The Ourea The gods of mountains . Φάνης ( Phánēs ) Phanes The god of procreation in the Orphic tradition . Πόντος ( Póntos ) Pontus The god of the sea , father of the fish and other sea creatures . Τάρταρος ( Tártaros ) Tartarus The god of the deepest , darkest part of the underworld , the Tartarean pit ( which is also referred to as Tartarus itself ) . Θάλασσα ( Thálassa ) Thalassa Personification of the sea and consort of Pontus . Θάνατος ( Thánatos ) Thanatos God of Death . Brother to Hypnos ( Sleep ) and in some cases Moros ( Doom ) Titans and Titanesses ( edit ) The Titans and Titanesses are depicted in Greek art less commonly than the Olympians . Eos ( Dawn ) and the hero Memnon ( 490 -- 480 BC ) Helios in his four - horse chariot ( 3rd century BC ) Themis , from the Temple of Nemesis ( ca . 300 BC ) Oceanus wearing crab - claw horns , with Tethys ( Roman - era mosaic ) Athena watches Prometheus create humans ( 3rd century AD ) Greek name English name Description The Twelve Titans Κοῖος ( Koîos ) Coeus Titan of intellect and the axis of heaven around which the constellations revolved . Κρεῖος ( Kreîos ) Crius The least individualized of the Twelve Titans , he is the father of Astraeus , Pallas , and Perses . Implied to be the Titan of constellations . Κρόνος ( Kronos ) Cronus Titan of harvests and personification of destructive time . The leader of the Titans , who overthrew his father Uranus only to be overthrown in turn by his son , Zeus . Not to be confused with Chronos . Ὑπερίων ( Hyperíōn ) Hyperion Titan of light . With Theia , he is the father of Helios ( the sun ) , Selene ( the moon ) , and Eos ( the dawn ) . Ἰαπετός ( Iapetós ) Iapetus Titan of mortality and father of Prometheus , Epimetheus , Menoetius , and Atlas . Mνημοσύνη ( Mnēmosýnē ) Mnemosyne Titaness of memory and remembrance , and mother of the Nine Muses . Ὠκεανός ( Ōceanós ) Oceanus Titan of the all - encircling river Oceans around the earth , the fount of all the Earth 's fresh - water . Φοίβη ( Phoíbē ) Phoebe Titaness of the `` bright '' intellect and prophecy , and consort of Koios . Ῥέα ( Rhéa ) Rhea Titaness of fertility , motherhood and the mountain wilds . She is the sister and consort of Cronus , and mother of Zeus , Hades , Poseidon , Hera , Demeter , and Hestia . Τηθύς ( Tēthýs ) Tethys Titaness of fresh - water , and the mother of the rivers , springs , streams , fountains , and clouds . Θεία ( Theía ) Theia Titaness of sight and the shining light of the clear blue sky . She is the consort of Hyperion , and mother of Helios , Selene , and Eos . Θέμις ( Thémis ) Themis Titaness of divine law and order . Other Titans Ἀστερία ( Astería ) Asteria Titaness of nocturnal oracles and falling stars . Ἀστραῖος ( Astraîos ) Astraeus Titan of dusk , stars , and planets , and the art of astrology . Ἄτλας ( Átlas ) Atlas Titan forced to carry the heavens upon his shoulders by Zeus . Also Son of Iapetus . Αὔρα ( Aúra ) Aura Titaness of the breeze and the fresh , cool air of early morning . Κλυμένη ( Clyménē ) Clymene Titaness of renown , fame , and infamy , and wife of Iapetus . Διώνη ( Diṓnē ) Dione Titaness of the oracle of Dodona . Ἥλιος ( Hḗlios ) Helios Titan of the sun and guardian of oaths . Σελήνη ( Selḗnē ) Selene Titaness of the moon . Ἠώς ( Ēṓs ) Eos Titaness of the dawn . Ἐπιμηθεύς ( Epimētheús ) Epimetheus Titan of afterthought and the father of excuses . Εὐρυβία ( Eurybía ) Eurybia Titaness of the mastery of the seas and consort of Krios . Εὐρυνόμη ( Eurynómē ) Eurynome Titaness of water - meadows and pasturelands , and mother of the three Charites by Zeus . Λήλαντος ( Lēlantos ) Lelantos Titan of air and the hunter 's skill of stalking prey . He is the male counterpart of Leto . Λητώ ( Lētṓ ) Leto Titaness of motherhood and mother of the twin Olympians , Artemis and Apollo . Μενοίτιος ( Menoítios ) Menoetius Titan of violent anger , rash action , and human mortality . Killed by Zeus . Μῆτις ( Mē̂tis ) Metis Titaness of good counsel , advice , planning , cunning , craftiness , and wisdom . Mother of Athena . Ὀφίων ( Ophíōn ) Ophion An elder Titan , in some versions of the myth he ruled the Earth with his consort Eurynome before Cronus overthrew him . Another account describes him as a snake , born from the `` World Egg '' Πάλλας ( Pállas ) Pallas Titan of warcraft . He was killed by Athena during the Titanomachy . Πέρσης ( Pérsēs ) Perses Titan of destruction . Προμηθεύς ( Promētheús ) Prometheus Titan of forethought and crafty counsel , and creator of mankind . Στύξ ( Stýx ) Styx Titaness of the Underworld river Styx and personification of hatred . Gigantes and other `` giants '' ( edit ) Gigantes ( edit ) Athena ( left ) fighting Enceladus ( inscribed retrograde ) on an Attic red - figure dish , c. 550 -- 500 BC ( Louvre CA3662 ) . The Gigantes were the offspring of Gaia ( Earth ) , born from the blood that fell when Uranus ( Sky ) was castrated by their Titan son Cronus , who fought the Gigantomachy , their war with the Olympian gods for supremecy of the cosmos , they include : Agrius ( Ἄγριος ) , he was killed by the Moirai . Alcyoneus ( Ἀλκυονεύς ) , a giant usually considered to be one of the Gigantes , slain by Heracles . Chthonius ( Χθονιος ) . Clytius ( Κλυτίος ) , killed by Hecate with her torches . Enceladus ( Ἐγκέλαδος ) , typically slain by Athena , said to be buried under Mount Etna in Sicily . Ephialtes ( Ἐφιάλτης ) , according to Apollodorus , he was blinded by arrows from Apollo and Heracles . Eurymedon ( Ευρυμέδων ) , he was a king of the Giants and father of Periboea . Eurytus ( Εὔρυτος ) , he was killed by Dionysus with his thyrsus . Gration ( Γρατίων ) , he was killed by Artemis . Hippolytus ( Ἱππόλυτος ) , he was killed by Hermes , who was wearing Hades ' helmet , which made its wearer invisible . Leon ( Λεων ) , possibly one of the Gigantes , killed by Heracles . Mimas ( Μίμας ) , according to Apollodorus , he was killed by Hephaestus , or by others Zeus or Ares . Pallas ( Πάλλας ) , according to Apollodorus , he was flayed by Athena , who used his skin as a shield . Polybotes ( Πολυβώτης ) , typically slain by Poseidon . Porphyrion ( Πορφυρίων ) , one of the leaders of the Gigantes , typically slain by Zeus . Thoas / Thoon ( Θοων ) , he was killed by the Moirai . Other `` giants '' ( edit ) Aloadae ( Ἀλῳάδαι ) , twin giants who attempted to climb to Olympus by piling mountains on top of each other . Otus or Otos ( Ότος ) Ephialtes ( Εφιάλτης ) Anax ( Αναξ ) was a giant of the island of Lade near Miletos in Lydia , Anatolia . Antaeus ( Ἀνταῖος ) , a Libyan giant who wrestled all visitors to the death until he was slain by Heracles Antiphates ( Ἀντιφάτης ) , the king of the man - eating giants known as Laestrygones which were encountered by Odysseus on his travels . Argus Panoptes ( Ἄργος Πανόπτης ) , a hundred - eyed giant tasked with guarding over Io Asterius ( Αστεριος ) , a Lydian giant . Cacus ( Κακος ) , a fire - breathing Latin giant slain by Heracles . Cyclopes ( Elder ) , three one - eyed giants who forged the lightning - bolts of Zeus , Trident of Poseidon and Helmet of Hades Arges ( Ἄργης ) Brontes ( Βρόντης ) Steropes ( Στερόπης ) Cyclopes ( Younger ) , a tribe of one - eyed , man - eating giants who herded flocks of sheep on the island of Sicily Polyphemus ( Πολύφημος ) , a cyclops who briefly captured Odysseus and his men , only to be overcome and blinded by the hero The Gegenees ( Γηγενέες ) , a tribe of six - armed giants fought by the Argonauts on Bear Mountain in Mysia Geryon ( Γηρυων ) , a three - bodied giant who dwelt on the sunset isle at the ends of the earth . He was slain by Heracles when the hero arrived to fetch the giant 's cattle as one of his twelve labours . The Hekatonkheires ( Ἑκατόγχειρες ) , or Centimanes ( Latin ) , the Hundred - Handed Ones , giant gods of violent storms and hurricanes . Three sons of Uranus and Gaia , each with their own distinct characters . Briareus ( Βριάρεως ) or Aigaion ( Αἰγαίων ) , The Vigorous Cottus ( Κόττος ) , The Furious Gyges ( Γύγης ) , The Big - Limbed The Laestrygonians ( Λαιστρυγόνες ) , a tribe of man - eating giants encountered by Odysseus on his travels Orion ( Ὠρίων ) , a giant huntsman whom Zeus placed among the stars as the constellation of Orion Talos ( Τάλως ) , a giant forged from bronze by Hephaestus , and given by Zeus to his lover Europa as her personal protector Tityos ( Τίτυος ) , a giant slain by Apollo and Artemis when he attempted to violate their mother Leto . Typhon ( Τυφῶν ) , a monstrous immortal storm - giant who attempted to launch an attack on Mt . Olympus but was defeated by the Olympians and imprisoned in the pits of Tartarus Personified concepts ( edit ) Achlys ( Ἀχλύς ) , spirit of the death - mist , personification of sadness , misery and poison Adephagia ( Ἀδηφαγία ) , spirit of satiety and gluttony Adikia ( Ἀδικία ) , spirit of injustice and wrongdoing Aergia ( Ἀεργία ) , spirit of idleness , laziness , indolence and sloth Agathodaemon ( Ἀγαθοδαίμων ) , spirit of the vineyards and grainfields . Ensuring good luck , health , and wisdom . Agon ( Ἀγών ) , spirit of contest , who possessed an altar at Olympia , site of the Olympic Games . Aidos ( Αἰδώς ) , spirit of modesty , reverence and respect Aisa ( Αἴσα ) , personification of lot and fate Alala ( Ἀλαλά ) , spirit of the war cry Alastor ( Ἀλάστωρ ) , spirit of blood feuds and vengeance Aletheia ( Ἀλήθεια ) , spirit of truth , truthfulness and sincerity The Algea ( Ἄλγεα ) , spirits of pain and suffering Achos ( Ἄχος ) `` trouble , distress '' Ania ( Ἀνία ) `` ache , anguish '' Lupe ( Λύπη ) `` pain , grief , sadness '' Alke ( Ἀλκή ) , spirit of prowess and courage Amechania ( Ἀμηχανία ) , spirit of helplessness and want of means The Amphilogiai ( Ἀμφιλογίαι ) , spirits of disputes , debate , and contention Anaideia ( Ἀναίδεια ) , spirit of ruthlessness , shamelessness , and unforgivingness The Androktasiai ( Ἀνδροκτασίαι ) , spirits of battlefield slaughter Angelia ( Ἀγγελία ) , spirit of messages , tidings and proclamations Apate ( Ἀπάτη ) , spirit of deceit , guile , fraud and deception Apheleia ( Ἀφέλεια ) , spirit of simplicity Aporia ( Ἀπορία ) , spirit of difficulty , perplexity , powerlessness , and want of means The Arae ( Ἀραί ) , spirits of curses Arete ( Ἀρετή ) , spirit of virtue , excellence , goodness , and valour Atë ( Ἄτη ) , spirit of delusion , infatuation , blind folly , recklessness , and ruin Bia ( Βία `` Violence '' ) , the personification of force and raw energy Caerus ( Καιρός ) , spirit of opportunity Corus ( Κόρος ) , spirit of surfeit Deimos ( Δεῖμος ) , spirit of fear , dread , and terror Dikaiosyne ( Δικαιοσύνη ) , spirit of justice and righteousness Dike ( Δίκη ) , spirit of justice , fair judgement , and the rights established by custom and law Dolos ( Δόλος ) , spirit of trickery , cunning deception , craftiness , treachery , and guile Dysnomia ( Δυσνομία ) , spirit of lawlessness and poor civil constitution Dyssebeia ( Δυσσέβεια ) , spirit of impiety Eirene ( Εἰρήνη ) , goddess of peace Ekecheiria ( Ἐκεχειρία ) , spirit of truce , armistice , and the cessation of all hostilities ; honoured at the Olympic Games Eleos ( Ἔλεος ) , spirit of mercy , pity , and compassion Elpis ( Ἐλπίς ) , spirit of hope and expectation Epiphron ( Ἐπίφρων ) , spirit of prudence , shrewdness , thoughtfulness , carefulness , and sagacity Eris ( Ἔρις ) , spirit of strife , discord , contention , and rivalry Eros The Erotes ( ἔρωτες ) Anteros ( Ἀντέρως ) , god of requited love Eros ( Ἔρως ) , god of love and sexual intercourse Hedylogos ( Ἡδύλογος ) , god of sweet talk and flattery Hermaphroditus ( Ἑρμαφρόδιτος ) , god of hermaphrodites , effeminate men and androgyny Himeros ( Ἵμερος ) , god of sexual desire Hymen ( Ὑμήν ) or Hymenaeus ( Ὑμεναιος ) , god of marriage ceremonies , inspiring feasts and song Pothos ( Πόθος ) , god of sexual longing , yearning , and desire Eucleia ( Εὔκλεια ) , spirit of good repute and glory Eulabeia ( Εὐλάβεια ) , spirit of discretion , caution , and circumspection Eunomia ( Εὐνομία ) , goddess of good order and lawful conduct Eupheme ( Εὐφήμη ) , spirit of words of good omen , acclamation , praise , applause , and shouts of triumph Eupraxia ( Eὐπραξία ) , spirit of well - being Eusebeia ( Eὐσέβεια ) , spirit of piety , loyalty , duty , and filial respect Euthenia ( Εὐθενία ) , spirit of prosperity , abundance , and plenty Gelos ( Γέλως ) , spirit of laughter Geras ( Γῆρας ) , spirit of old age Harmonia ( Ἁρμονία ) , goddess of harmony and concord Hebe ( Ήβη ) , goddess of youth Hedone ( Ἡδονή ) , spirit of pleasure , enjoyment , and delight Heimarmene ( Εἵμαρμένη ) , personification of share destined by fate Homados ( Ὅμαδος ) , spirit of the din of battle Homonoia ( Ὁμόνοια ) , spirit of concord , unanimity , and oneness of mind Horkos ( Ὅρκος ) , spirit of oaths Horme ( Ὁρμή ) , spirit of impulse or effort ( to do a thing ) , eagerness , setting oneself in motion , and starting an action Hybris ( Ὕβρις ) , spirit of outrageous behaviour Hypnos ( Ὕπνος ) , god of sleep Hermes watches Hypnos and Thanatos carry the dead Sarpedon from the battlefield at Troy ( Euphronios krater ) The Hysminai ( Ὑσμῖναι ) , spirits of fighting and combat Ioke ( Ἰωκή ) , spirit of pursuit in battle Kakia ( Kακία ) , spirit of vice and moral badness Kalokagathia ( Καλοκαγαθία ) , spirit of nobility The Keres ( Κῆρες ) , spirit of violent or cruel death Koalemos ( Κοάλεμος ) , spirit of stupidity and foolishness Kratos ( Κράτος ) , spirit of strength , might , power , and sovereign rule Kydoimos ( Κυδοιμός ) , spirit of the din of battle , confusion , uproar , and hubbub Lethe ( Λήθη ) , spirit of forgetfulness and oblivion , and of the river of the same name Limos ( Λιμός ) , spirit of hunger and starvation The Litae ( Λιταί ) , spirits of prayer Lyssa ( Λύσσα ) , spirit of rage , fury and rabies in animals The Machai ( Μάχαι ) , spirits of fighting and combat Mania ( Μανία ) , spirit or spirits of madness , insanity , and frenzy The Moirai , or `` Fates '' ( Μοίραι ) Clotho ( Κλωθώ ) , the spinner of the life thread Lachesis ( Λάχεσις ) , the measurer of the life thread Atropos ( Άτροπος ) , the severer of the life thread Momus ( Μῶμος ) , spirit of mockery , blame , censure and stinging criticism Moros ( Μόρος ) , spirit of doom The Neikea ( τὰ Νείκη ) , spirits of quarrels , feuds and grievances Nemesis ( Νέμεσις ) , goddess of revenge , balance , righteous indignation , and retribution Nike ( Νίκη ) , goddess of victory Nomos ( Νόμος ) , spirit of law Oizys ( Ὀϊζύς ) , spirit of woe and misery The Oneiroi ( Ὄνειροι ) , spirits of dreams Epiales ( Ἐπιάλης ) , spirit of nightmares Morpheus ( Μορφεύς ) , god of dreams , who takes shape of humans Phantasos ( Φάντασος ) spirit of dreams of fantasy , who takes shape of inanimate objects Phobetor ( Φοβήτωρ ) or Icelos ( Ἴκελος ) , spirit of nightmares , who takes shape of animals Palioxis ( Παλίωξις ) , spirit of backrush , flight and retreat from battle Peitharchia ( Πειθαρχία ) , spirit of obedience Peitho ( Πειθώ ) , spirit of persuasion and seduction Penia ( Πενία ) , spirit of poverty and need Penthus ( Πένθος ) , spirit of grief , mourning , and lamentation Pepromene ( Πεπρωμένη ) , personification of the destined share , similar to Heimarmene Pheme ( Φήμη ) , spirit of rumour , report , and gossip Philophrosyne ( Φιλοφροσύνη ) , spirit of friendliness , kindness , and welcome Philotes ( Φιλότης ) , spirit of friendship , affection , and sexual intercourse Phobos ( Φόβος ) , spirit of panic fear , flight , and battlefield rout The Phonoi ( Φόνοι ) , spirits of murder , killing , and slaughter Phrike ( Φρίκη ) , spirit of horror and trembling fear Phthonus ( Φθόνος ) , spirit of envy and jealousy Pistis ( Πίστις ) , spirit of trust , honesty , and good faith Poine ( Ποίνη ) , spirit of retribution , vengeance , recompense , punishment , and penalty for the crime of murder and manslaughter Polemos ( Πόλεμος ) , personification of war Ponos ( Πόνος ) , spirit of hard labour and toil Poros ( Πόρος ) , spirit of expediency , the means of accomplishing or providing , contrivance and device Praxidike ( Πραξιδίκη ) , spirit of exacting justice Proioxis ( Προίωξις ) , spirit of onrush and battlefield pursuit Prophasis ( Πρόφασις ) , spirit of excuses and pleas Ptocheia ( Πτωχεία ) , spirit of beggary Roma , a female deity who personified the city of Rome Soter ( Σωτήρ ) , male spirit of safety , preservation , and deliverance from harm Soteria ( Σωτηρία ) , female personification of safety , preservation , and deliverance from harm Sophrosyne ( Σωφροσύνη ) , spirit of moderation , self - control , temperance , restraint , and discretion Techne ( Τέχνη ) , personification of art and skill Thanatos ( Θάνατος ) , spirit of death and mortality Thrasos ( Θράσος ) , spirit of boldness Tyche ( Τύχη ) , goddess of fortune , chance , providence , and fate Zelos ( Ζῆλος ) , spirit of eager rivalry , emulation , envy , jealousy , and zeal Chthonic deities ( edit ) Amphiaraus ( Ἀμφιάραος ) , a hero of the war of the Seven Against Thebes who became an oracular spirit of the Underworld after his death Angelos ( Ἄγγελος ) , a daughter of Zeus and Hera who became an underworld goddess Askalaphos ( Ἀσκάλαφος ) , the son of Acheron and Orphne who tended the Underworld orchards before being transformed into a screech owl by Demeter Cerberus ( Κέρβερος ) , the three - headed hound who guarded the gates of Hades Charon ( Χάρων ) , ferryman of Hades Empusa ( Ἔμπουσα ) , a monstrous underworld spirit or spirits with flaming hair , the leg of a goat and a leg of bronze . They are also servants of Hecate . Erebos ( Ἔρεβος ) , the primeval god of darkness , his mists encircled the underworld and filled the hollows of the earth The Erinyes ( Ἐρινύες ) , the Furies , goddesses of retribution , known as `` The Kindly Ones '' Alecto ( Ἀληκτώ ) , the unceasing one Tisiphone ( Τισιφόνη ) , avenger of murder Megaera ( Μέγαιρα ) , the jealous one Hecate ( Ἑκάτη ) , goddess of magic , witchcraft , the night , moon , ghosts , and necromancy Judges of the Dead Aiakos ( Αἰακός ) , former mortal king of Aegina , guardian of the keys of Hades and judge of the men of Europe Minos ( Μίνως ) , former mortal king of Crete and judge of the final vote Rhadamanthys ( Ῥαδάμανθυς ) , former mortal lawmaker and judge of the men of Asia Keuthonymos ( Κευθόνυμος ) , an Underworld spirit and father of Menoetes Cronus ( Κρόνος ) , deposed king of the Titans ; after his release from Tartarus he was appointed king of the Island of the Blessed Lamia ( Λάμια ) , a vampiric Underworld spirit or spirits in the train of Hecate Lampades ( Λαμπάδες ) , torch - bearing Underworld nymphs Gorgyra ( Γοργύρα ) Orphne ( Ορφνη ) , a Lampad nymph of Hades , mother of Askalaphos Macaria ( Μακαρία ) , daughter of Hades and goddess of blessed death ( not to be confused with the daughter of Heracles ) Melinoe ( Μελινόη ) , daughter of Persephone and Zeus who presided over the propitiations offered to the ghosts of the dead Menoetes ( Μενοίτης ) , an Underworld spirit who herded the cattle of Hades Mormo ( Μορμώ ) , a fearsome Underworld spirit or spirits in the train of Hecate Nyx ( Νύξ ) , the primeval goddess of night Hades ( _̈ Αδης ) God of underworld and all things beneath the earth Persephone ( Περσεφόνη ) , queen of the underworld , wife of Hades and goddess of spring growth Rivers of the Underworld Acheron ( Αχέρων ) , the river of woe Kokytos ( Kωκυτός ) , the river of wailing Lethe ( Λήθη ) , the river of forgetfulness Phlegethon ( Φλεγέθων ) , the river of fire Styx ( Στύξ ) , the river of hatred and oaths Tartarus ( Τάρταρος ) , the primeval god of the dark , stormy pit of Hades Thanatos ( Θάνατος ) , spirit of death and minister of Hades Sea deities ( edit ) Aegaeon ( Αιγαίων ) , god of violent sea storms and ally of the Titans Achelous ( Αχελώος ) , shark - shaped sea spirit Amphitrite ( Αμφιτρίτη ) , sea goddess and consort of Poseidon Benthesikyme ( Βενθεσικύμη ) , daughter of Poseidon , who resided in Ethiopia Brizo ( Βριζώ ) , patron goddess of sailors , who sent prophetic dreams Ceto ( Κῆτώ ) , goddess of the dangers of the ocean and of sea monsters Charybdis ( Χάρυβδις ) , a sea monster and spirit of whirlpools and the tide Cymopoleia ( Κυμοπόλεια ) , a daughter of Poseidon married to the Giant Briareus Delphin ( Δέλφιν ) , the leader of the dolphins , Poseidon placed him in the sky as the constellation Delphin Eidothea ( Ειδοθέα ) , prophetic sea nymph and daughter of Proteus Glaucus ( Γλαῦκος ) , the fisherman 's sea god and oracle Gorgons ( Γοργόνες ) , three monstrous sea spirits Stheno ( Σθεννώ ) Euryale ( Εὐρυάλη ) Medusa ( Μέδουσα ) , the only mortal of the three The Graeae ( Γραῖαι ) , three ancient sea spirits who personified the white foam of the sea ; they shared one eye and one tooth between them Deino ( Δεινώ ) Enyo ( Ενυώ ) Pemphredo ( Πεμφρεδώ ) The Harpies ( Ηάρπυιαι ) , winged spirits of sudden , sharp gusts of wind Aello ( Αελλώ ) or Aellope ( Αελλώπη ) or Aellopous ( Αελλόπους ) Ocypete ( Ωκυπέτη ) or Ocypode ( Ωκυπόδη ) or Ocythoe ( Ωκυθόη ) Podarge ( Ποδάργη ) or Podarke ( Ποδάρκη ) Celaeno ( Κελαινώ ) Nicothoe ( Νικοθόη ) Hippocampi ( _́ Ιππόκαμπος ) , horses of the sea that have the upper - body of a horse and the lower - body of a fish The Ichthyocentaurs ( Ιχθυοκένταυροι ) , a race of centaurine sea - gods with the upper bodies of men , the lower fore - parts of horses , ending in the serpentine tails of fish Bythos ( Βύθος ) `` sea depth '' Aphros ( Άφρος ) `` sea foam '' Karkinos ( Καρκίνος ) , a giant crab who allied itself with the Hydra against Heracles . When it died , Hera placed it in the sky as the constellation Cancer . Ladon ( Λάδων ) , a hundred - headed sea serpent who guarded the western reaches of the sea , and the island and golden apples of the Hesperides Leucothea ( Λευκοθέα ) , a sea goddess who aided sailors in distress Nereides ( Νηρηίδες ) , sea nymphs Thetis ( Θέτις ) , leader of the Nereids who presided over the spawning of marine life in the sea Arethusa ( Αρετούσα ) , a daughter of Nereus who was transformed into a fountain Galene ( Γαλήνη ) , goddess of calm seas Psamathe ( Πσαμάθη ) , goddess of sand beaches Nereus ( Νηρέας ) , the old man of the sea , and the god of the sea 's rich bounty of fish Nerites ( Νερίτης ) , a sea spirit who was transformed into a shell - fish by Aphrodite Nilus ( Νείλος ) , the god of the Nile river Oceanides ( Ωκεανίδες ) , sea nymphs , and patronesses of bodies of fresh water Some notable Oceanides include : Idyia ( Ίδυια ) , wife of the Colchian king Aeetes , mother of Medea Metis , Zeus ' first wife , whom Zeus impregnated with Athena and then swallowed . Styx , goddess of the river Styx For a more complete list , see List of Oceanids Oceanus ( Ὠκεανός ) , Titan god of the Earth - encircling river Oceanus ( the ocean ) , the fountain of all the Earth 's fresh water Palaemon ( Παλαίμων ) , a young sea god who aided sailors in distress Phorcys ( Φόρκυς ) , god of the hidden dangers of the deep Pontos ( Πόντος ) , primeval god of the sea , father of the fish and other sea creatures Poseidon and Amphitrite framed by erotes and riding in a chariot drawn by hippocamps ; below them are fishermen at work , with nymphs and creatures of the sea in the waters ( color - enhanced Roman - era mosaic ) Proteus ( Πρωτεύς ) , a shape - shifting , prophetic old sea god , and the herdsman of Poseidon 's seals Poseidon ( Ποσειδῶν ) , king of the sea and lord of the sea gods ; also god of rivers , flood and drought , earthquakes , and horses Sangarius ( Σαγγάριος ) , a river - god Scylla ( Σκύλλα ) , monstrous sea goddess The Sirens ( Σειρῆνες ) , sea nymphs who lured sailors to their death with their song Aglaope ( Αγλαόπη ) or Aglaophonos ( Αγλαόφωνος ) or Aglaopheme ( Αγλαοφήμη ) Himerope ( Ίμερόπη ) Leucosia ( Λευκοσία ) Ligeia ( Λιγεία ) Molpe ( Μολπή ) Parthenope ( Παρθενόπη ) Peisinoe ( Πεισινόη ) or Peisithoe ( Πεισιθόη ) Raidne ( Ραίδνη ) Teles ( Τέλης ) Thelchtereia ( Θελχτήρεια ) Thelxiope ( Θελξιόπη ) or Thelxiepeia ( Θελξιέπεια ) The Telchines ( Τελχινες ) , sea spirits native to the island of Rhodes ; the gods killed them when they turned to evil magic Actaeus ( Ακταίος ) Argyron ( Αργυρών ) Atabyrius ( Αταβύριος ) Chalcon ( Χαλκών ) Chryson ( Χρυσών ) Damon ( Δαμων ) or Demonax ( Δημώναξ ) Damnameneus ( Δαμναμενεύς ) Dexithea ( Δεξιθέα ) , mother of Euxanthios by Minos Lycos ( Λύκος ) or Lyktos ( Λύκτος ) Lysagora ( Λυσαγόρα ) ? Makelo ( Μακελώ ) Megalesius ( Μεγαλήσιος ) Mylas ( Μύλας ) Nikon ( Νίκων ) Ormenos ( Ορμενος ) Simon ( Σίμων ) Skelmis ( Σκελμις ) Tethys ( Τηθύς ) , Titan goddess of the sources of fresh water , and the mother of the rivers , springs , streams , fountains , and clouds Thalassa ( Θάλασσα ) , primeval goddess of the sea and consort of Pontos Thaumas ( Θαῦμας ) , god of the wonders of the sea Thoosa ( Θόοσα ) , goddess of swift currents Triteia ( Τριτεια ) , daughter of Triton and companion of Ares Triton ( Τρίτων ) , fish - tailed son and herald of Poseidon Tritones ( Τρίτωνες ) , fish - tailed spirits in Poseidon 's retinue Sky deities ( edit ) Achelois ( Ἀχελωΐς ) , `` she who washes pain away '' , a minor moon goddess Aeolus ( Aiolos ) ( Αίολος ) , god of the winds . Aether ( Αιθήρ ) , primeval god of the upper air Alectrona ( Αλεκτρονα ) , solar goddess of the morning or waking up Aparctias ( Απαρκτίας ) , another name for the north wind ( not identified with Boreas ) Apheliotes ( Αφηλιώτης ) , god of the east wind ( when Eurus is considered southeast ) Argestes ( Αργέστης ) , another name for the west or northwest wind Caicias ( Καικίας ) , god of the northeast wind Circios ( Κίρκιος ) or Thraskias ( Θρασκίας ) , god of the north - northwest wind Euronotus ( Ευρονότος ) , god of the southeast wind Lips ( Λίψ ) , god of the southwest wind Skeiron ( Σκείρων ) , god of the northwest wind Zeus ( Ζεύς ) , King of Heaven and god of the sky , clouds , thunder , and lightning Hera ( Ήρα ) , Queen of Heaven and goddess of the air and starry constellations Apollo , ( Απόλλων ) , Olympian God of the sun , light , knowledge , music , healing , and the arts Artemis , ( _́ Αρτεμις ) , Olympian Goddess of virgins and young women , of the moon , nature , hunt and the wild animals Arke ( Άρκη ) , messenger of the Titans and twin sister of Iris Astraios ( Ἀστραῖος ) , Titan god of stars and planets , and the art of astrology The Astra Planeti ( Αστρα Πλανετοι ) , gods of the five wandering stars or planets Stilbon ( Στιλβών ) , god of Hermaon , the planet Mercury Eosphorus ( Ηωσφόρος ) , god of Venus the morning star Hesperus ( Ἓσπερος ) , god of Venus the evening star Pyroeis ( Πυρόεις ) , god of Areios , the planet Mars Phaethon ( Φαέθων ) , god of Dios , the planet Jupiter Phaenon ( Φαίνων ) , god of Kronion , the planet Saturn Aurai ( Αὖραι ) , nymphs of the cooling breeze Aura ( Αὖρα ) , goddess of the breeze and the fresh , cool air of early morning Chaos ( Χάος ) , the nothingness from which all else sprang , she also represented the lower atmosphere which surrounded the earth Chione ( Χιόνη ) , goddess of snow and daughter of Boreas Uranus ( Ουρανός ) , primeval god of the heavens Helios ( Ἥλιος ) , Titan god of the sun and guardian of oaths Sabazios ( Σαβάζιος ) , the nomadic horseman and sky father god of the Phrygians and Thracians Selene ( Σελήνη ) , Titan goddess of the moon Eos ( Ἠώς ) , Titan goddess of the dawn Hemera ( Ημέρα ) , primeval goddess of the day Men ( Μήν ) , a lunar deity worshiped in the western interior parts of Anatolia . Nyx , ( Νύξ ) , goddess of the night The Hesperides , ( _́ Εσπερίδες ) , nymphs that represented a star cluster in the constellation Taurus ( Pleiades ) and were associated with rain Iris ( Ίρις ) , goddess of the rainbow and divine messenger Nephelai ( Νεφέλαι ) , cloud nymphs Pandia ( Πανδία ) , daughter of Selene and Zeus Ersa ( Ἕρση ) , goddess of the morning dew Anemoi , ( Άνεμοι ) , gods of the winds Boreas ( Βορέας ) , god of the north wind and of winter Eurus ( Εύρος ) , god of the unlucky east or southeast wind Notus ( Νότος ) god of the south wind Zephyrus ( Ζέφυρος ) , god of the west wind The Pleiades ( Πλειάδες ) , goddesses of the constellation Pleiades and were associated with rain Alcyone ( Αλκυόνη ) Sterope ( Στερόπη ) Celaeno ( Κελαινώ ) Electra ( Ηλέκτρα ) Maia ( Μαία ) Merope ( Μερώπη ) Taygete ( Ταϋγέτη ) Rustic deities ( edit ) Aetna ( Αἴτνη ) , goddess of the volcanic Mount Etna in Sicily Amphictyonis ( Αμφικτυονίς ) , goddess of wine and friendship between nations , a local form of Demeter Anthousai ( Ανθούσαι ) , flower nymphs Aristaeus ( Ἀρισταῖος ) , god of bee - keeping , cheese - making , herding , olive - growing , and hunting Attis ( Άττις ) , vegetation god and consort of Cybele Britomartis ( Βριτόμαρτις ) , Cretan goddess of hunting and nets used for fishing , fowling and the hunting of small game Cabeiri ( Κάβειροι ) , gods or spirits who presided over the Mysteries of the islands of Lemnos and Samothrace Aitnaios ( Αιτναιος ) Alkon ( Αλκων ) Eurymedon ( Ευρυμεδών ) Onnes ( Όννης ) Tonnes ( Τόννης ) Centaurs ( Κένταυροι ) , a race of half - man , half - horse beings Asbolus ( Άσβολος ) Chariclo ( Χαρικλώ ) , wife of the centaur Chiron Chiron ( Χείρων ) , the eldest and wisest of the Centaurs Eurytion ( Ευρυτιων ) Nessus ( Νέσσος ) , a ferryman at the river Euenus Pholus ( Φώλος ) The Cercopes ( Κέρκοπες ) , a pair of monkey - like thieves who plagued the land of Lydia in western Anatolia Akmon ( Ακμών ) Passalos ( Πάσσαλος ) Chloris ( Χλωρίς ) , goddess of flowers and wife of Zephyrus Comus ( Κόμος ) , god of revelry , merrymaking , and festivity Corymbus ( Κόρυμβος ) , god of the fruit of the ivy The Curetes ( Κουρέτες ) , guardians of infant Zeus on Mount Ida , barely distinguished from the Dactyls and the Corybantes Cybele ( Κυβέλη ) , a Phrygian mountain goddess associated with Rhea Dindymene , is one of the names of Cybele The Dactyls ( Δάκτυλοι ) `` fingers '' , minor deities originally representing fingers of a hand Acmon ( Ακμών ) Damnameneus ( Δαμναμενεύς ) Delas ( Δήλας ) Epimedes ( Επιμήδης ) Heracles ( not to be confused with the hero Heracles ) Iasios ( Ιάσιος ) Kelmis ( Κελμις ) Skythes ( Σκύθης ) companions of Cybele Titias ( Τιτίας ) Cyllenus ( Κύλληνος ) Dionysus ( Διόνυσος ) , god of wine , drunken orgies , and wild vegetation Dryades ( Δρυάδες ) , tree and forest nymphs Gaia ( Γαία ) , primeval goddess of the earth Epimeliades ( Επιμελίδες ) , nymphs of highland pastures and protectors of sheep flocks Hamadryades ( Αμαδρυάδες ) , oak tree dryades Hecaterus ( Ηεκατερος ) , minor god of the hekateris -- a rustic dance of quickly moving hands -- and perhaps of the skill of hands in general Hephaestus ( Ήφαιστος ) , god of metalworking Hermes ( Ερμής ) , god of herds and flocks , of roads and boundary stones , and the god of thieves . The Horae ( Ώρες ) , The Hours , the goddesses of natural order Eunomia ( Ευνομία ) , spirit of good order , and springtime goddess of green pastures Dike ( Δίκη ) , spirit of justice , may have represented springtime growth Eirene ( Ειρήνη ) , spirit of peace and goddess of the springtime The goddesses of springtime growth Thallo ( Θαλλώ ) , goddess of spring buds and shoots , identified with Eirene Auxo ( Αυξώ ) , goddess of spring growth Karpo ( Καρπώ ) , goddess of the fruits of the earth The goddesses of welfare Pherousa ( Φέρουσα ) `` the bringer '' Euporie ( Ευπορίη ) `` abundance '' Orthosie ( Ορθοσίη ) `` prosperity '' The goddesses of the natural portions of time and the times of day Auge ( Αυγή ) , first light of the morning Anatole ( Ανατολή ) or Anatolia ( Ανατολία ) , sunrise Mousika or Musica ( Μουσική ) , the morning hour of music and study Gymnastika , Gymnastica ( Γυμναστίκή ) or Gymnasia ( Γυμνασία ) , the morning hour of gymnastics / exercise Nymphe ( Νυμφή ) , the morning hour of ablutions ( bathing , washing ) Mesembria ( Μεσημβρία ) , noon Sponde ( Σπονδή ) , libations poured after lunch Elete , prayer , the first of the afternoon work hours Akte , Acte ( Ακτή ) or Cypris ( Κυπρίς ) , eating and pleasure , the second of the afternoon work hours Hesperis ( Έσπερίς ) , evening Dysis ( Δύσις ) , sunset Arktos ( Άρκτος ) , night sky , constellation The goddesses of seasons of the year Eiar ( Είαρ ) , spring Theros ( Θέρος ) , summer Pthinoporon ( Φθινόπωρον ) , autumn Cheimon ( Χειμών ) , winter Korybantes ( Κορύβαντες ) , the crested dancers who worshipped Cybele Damneus ( Δαμνεύς ) `` the one who tames ( ? ) '' Idaios ( Ιδαίος ) `` of Mount Ida '' Kyrbas ( Κύρβας ) , whose name is probably a variant of Korybas , singular for `` Korybantes '' Okythoos ( Ωκύθοος ) `` the one running swiftly '' Prymneus ( Πρυμνεύς ) `` of lower areas ( ? ) '' Pyrrhichos ( Πυρῥιχος ) , god of the rustic dance Ma , a local goddess at Comana in Cappadocia Maenades ( μαινάδες ) , crazed nymphs in the retinue of Dionysus Methe ( Μέθη ) , nymph of drunkenness Meliae ( Μελίαι ) , nymphs of honey and the ash tree Naiades ( Ναιάδες ) , fresh water nymphs Daphne ( Δάφνη ) Metope ( Μετώπη ) Minthe ( Μίνθη ) The Nymphai Hyperboreioi ( Νύμφαι Υπερβόρειοι ) , who presided over aspects of archery Hekaerge ( Εκαέργη ) , represented distancing Loxo ( Λοξώ ) , represented trajectory Oupis ( Ουπις ) , represented aim Oreades ( Ὀρεάδες ) , mountain nymphs Adrasteia ( Αδράστεια ) , a nursemaid of the infant Zeus Echo ( Ηχώ ) , a nymph cursed never to speak except to repeat the words of others The Ourea ( Ούρος ) , primeval gods of mountains The Palici ( Παλικοί ) , a pair of rustic gods who presided over the geysers and thermal springs in Sicily Pan ( Πάν ) , god of shepherds , pastures , and fertility Potamoi ( Ποταμοί ) , river gods Achelous ( Αχέλους ) Acis ( Άκις ) Acheron ( Αχέρων ) Alpheus ( Αλφειός ) Asopus ( Ασωπός ) Cladeus ( Κλάδεος ) Eurotas ( Ευρώτας ) Cocytus ( Kωκυτός ) Lethe ( λήθη ) Peneus ( Πηνειός ) Phlegethon ( Φλεγέθων ) Styx ( Στύξ ) Scamander ( Σκάμανδρος ) Priapus ( Πρίαπος ) , god of garden fertility Rhea ( Ῥέα ) , the great mother and queen of the mountain wilds Satyrs ( Σάτυροι ) / Satyress , rustic fertility spirits Krotos ( Κρότος ) , a great hunter and musician who kept the company of the Muses on Mount Helicon Silenus ( Σειληνός ) , an old rustic god of the dance of the wine - press Telete ( Τελέτη ) , goddess of initiation into the Bacchic orgies Zagreus ( Ζαγρεύς ) , in the Orphic mysteries , the first incarnation of Dionysus Agricultural deities ( edit ) Adonis ( Άδωνις ) , a life - death - rebirth deity Aphaea ( Αφαία ) , minor goddess of agriculture and fertility Carme ( Κάρμη ) , a Cretan spirit who presided over the harvest festival Carmanor ( Καρμάνωρ ) , a Cretan harvest god Chrysothemis ( Χρυσόθεμις ) , goddess of the `` Golden Custom '' , a harvest festival , daughter of Demeter and Carmanor Cyamites ( Κυαμίτης ) , demi - god of the bean Demeter ( Δημήτηρ ) , goddess of fertility , agriculture , grain , and harvest Despoina ( Δέσποινη ) , daughter of Poseidon and Demeter , goddess of mysteries in Arcadia Dionysus ( Διόνυσος ) , god of viticulture and wine Eunostus ( Εύνοστος ) , goddess of the flour mill Hestia ( Ἑστία ) , maiden goddess of the hearth who presided over the baking of bread , mankind 's staple food Persephone ( Περσεφόνη ) , queen of the underworld , wife of Hades and goddess of spring growth Philomelus ( Φιλόμελος ) , agricultural demi - god inventor of the wagon and the plough Plutus ( Πλοῦτος ) , god of wealth , including agricultural wealth , son of Demeter Triptolemus ( Τριπτόλεμος ) , god of farming and agriculture , he brought agriculture to Greece Health deities ( edit ) Apollo , god of healing and medicine Asclepius ( Ασκληπιός ) , god of medicine Aceso ( Ἀκεσώ ) , goddess of the healing of wounds and the curing of illnesses Aegle ( Αἴγλη ) , goddess of radiant good health Epione ( Ἠπιόνη ) , goddess of the soothing of pain Hygieia ( Ὑγεία ) , goddess of cleanliness and good health Iaso ( Ἰασώ ) , goddess of cures , remedies , and modes of healing Panacea ( Πανάκεια ) , goddess of healing Telesphorus ( Τελεσφόρος ) , demi - god of convalescence , who `` brought to fulfillment '' recuperation from illness or injury Other deities ( edit ) Acratopotes ( Ἀκρατοπότης ) , god of unmixed wine Adrastea ( Αδράστεια ) , a daughter of Ares and Aphrodite , or an epithet of Nemesis Agdistis ( Ἄγδιστις ) , Phrygian hermaphroditic deity Alexiares and Anicetus ( Αλεξιαρης and Ανικητος ) , twin sons of Heracles who presided over the defence of fortified towns and citadels Aphroditus ( Ἀφρόδιτος ) , Cyprian hermaphroditic Aphrodite Astraea ( Αστραία ) , virgin goddess of justice Auxesia ( Αυξησία ) and Damia ( Δαμία ) , two local fertility goddesses Charites ( Χάριτες ) , goddesses of charm , beauty , nature , human creativity , and fertility Aglaea ( Αγλαΐα ) , goddess of beauty , adornment , splendor and glory Euphrosyne ( Εὐφροσύνη ) , goddess of good cheer , joy , mirth , and merriment Thalia ( Θάλεια ) , goddess of festive celebrations and rich and luxurious banquets Hegemone ( Ηγεμόνη ) `` mastery '' Antheia ( Άνθεια ) , goddess of flowers and flowery wreaths Pasithea ( Πασιθέα ) , goddess of rest and relaxation Cleta ( Κλήτα ) `` the glorious '' Phaenna ( Φαέννα ) `` the shining '' Eudaimonia ( Ευδαιμονία ) `` happiness '' Euthymia ( Ευθυμία ) `` good mood '' Calleis ( Καλλείς ) `` beauty '' Paidia ( Παιδία ) `` play , amusement '' Pandaisia ( Πανδαισία ) `` banquet for everyone '' Pannychis ( Παννυχίς ) `` all - night ( festivity ) '' Ceraon ( Κεραων ) , demi - god of the meal , specifically the mixing of wine Chrysus ( Χρύσος ) , spirit of gold Circe ( Κίρκη ) , goddess - witch of Aeaea Daemones Ceramici ( Δαίμονες Κεραμικοί ) , five malevolent spirits who plagued the craftsman potter Syntribos ( Σύντριβος ) , the shatterer Smaragos ( Σμάραγος ) , the smasher Asbetos ( Ασβετος ) , the charrer Sabaktes ( Σαβάκτης ) , the destroyer Omodamos ( Ωμόδαμος ) , crudebake Deipneus ( Δειπνεύς ) , demi - god of the preparation of meals , specifically the making of bread Eiresione ( Ειρεσιώνη ) , personification of the olive branch Eileithyia ( Εἰλείθυια ) , goddess of childbirth Enyalius ( Ενυάλιος ) , minor god of war Enyo ( Ἐνυώ ) , goddess of destructive war Glycon ( Γλύκων ) , a snake god Harpocrates ( Ἁρποκράτης ) , god of silence Hermaphroditus ( Ἑρμάφρόδιτός ) , god of hermaphrodites and effeminate men Hymenaios ( Ὑμέναιος ) , god of marriage and marriage feasts Ichnaea ( Ιχναία ) , goddess of tracking Iynx ( Ιύνξ ) , goddess of the love charm Matton ( Μάττων ) , demi - god of the meal , specifically the kneading of dough Muses ( Μούσαι ) , goddesses of music , song and dance , and the source of inspiration to poets Titan Muses , daughters of Uranus and Gaia Aoide ( Ἀοιδή ) , muse of song Arche ( Αρχή ) , muse of origins Melete ( Μελέτη ) , muse of meditation and practice Mneme ( Μνήμη ) , muse of memory Thelxinoe ( Θελξινόη ) , muse `` charmer of minds '' Olympian Muses , daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne Calliope ( Καλλιόπη ) , muse of epic poetry Clio ( Κλειώ ) , muse of history Euterpe ( Ευτέρπη ) , muse of musical poetry Erato ( Ερατώ ) , muse of lyric poetry Melpomene ( Μελπομένη ) , muse of tragedy Polyhymnia ( Πολυμνία ) or ( Πολύμνια ) , muse of sacred poetry Terpsichore ( Τερψιχόρη ) , muse of dance and choral poetry Thalia ( Θάλεια ) , muse of comedy and bucolic poetry Urania ( Ουρανία ) , muse of astronomy Muses worshiped at Delphi , daughters of Apollo Cephisso ( Κεφισσώ ) Apollonis ( Απολλωνίς ) Borysthenis ( Βορυσθενίς ) Hypate ( Υπάτη ) `` the upper ( chord of the lyre ) '' Mese ( Μέση ) `` the middle ( chord of the lyre ) '' Nete ( Νήτη ) `` the lowest ( chord of the lyre ) '' Muses worshiped at Sicyon Polymatheia ( Πολυμάθεια ) , muse of knowledge Palaestra ( Παλαίστρα ) , goddess of wrestling Rhapso ( Ραψώ ) , minor goddess or nymph whose name apparently refers to sewing Taraxippus ( Ταράξιππος ) , ghost that frightened horses Mortals ( edit ) Deified mortals ( edit ) Achilles ( Ἀχιλλεύς ) , hero of the Trojan War Aiakos ( Αἰακός ) , a king of Aegina , appointed as a Judge of the Dead in the Underworld after his death Aeolus ( Αἴολος ) , a king of Thessaly , made the immortal king of the winds by Zeus Alabandus ( Ἀλάβανδος ) , he was the founder of the town of Alabanda Amphiaraus ( Ἀμφιάραος ) , a hero of the war of the Seven Against Thebes who became an oracular spirit of the Underworld after his death Ariadne ( Αριάδνη ) , a Cretan princess who became the immortal wife of Dionysus Aristaeus ( Ἀρισταῖος ) , a Thessalian hero , his inventions saw him immortalised as the god of bee - keeping , cheese - making , herding , olive - growing , and hunting Asclepius ( Ἀσκληπιός ) , a Thessalian physician who was struck down by Zeus , to be later recovered by his father Apollo Attis ( Ἄττις ) , a consort of Cybele , granted immortality as one of her attendants Bolina ( Βολίνα ) , a mortal woman transformed into an immortal nymph by Apollo The Dioscuri ( Διόσκουροι ) , divine twins Castor ( Κάστωρ ) Pollux ( Πολυδεύκης ) Endymion ( Ἐνδυμίων ) , lover of Selene , granted eternal sleep so as never to age or die Ganymede ( Γανυμήδης ) , a handsome Trojan prince , abducted by Zeus and made cup - bearer of the gods Glaucus ( Γλαῦκος ) , the fisherman 's sea god , made immortal after eating a magical herb Hemithea ( Ἡμιθέα ) and Parthenos ( Παρθένος ) , princesses of the Island of Naxos who leapt into the sea to escape their father 's wrath ; Apollo transformed them into demi - goddesses Heracles ( Ἡρακλῆς ) , ascended hero Athena pouring a drink for Heracles , who wears the skin of the Nemean Lion Lampsace ( Λαμψάκη ) , a semi-historical Bebrycian princess honored as goddess for her assistance to the Greeks Minos ( Μίνως ) , a king of Crete , appointed as a Judge of the Dead in the Underworld after his death Ino ( Ἰνώ ) , a Theban princess who became the sea goddess Leucothea Tenes ( Τέννης ) , was a hero of the island of Tenedos The Leucippides ( Λευκιππίδες ) , wives of the Dioscuri Phoebe ( Φοίβη ) , wife of Pollux Hilaera ( Ἱλάειρα ) , wife of Castor Orithyia ( Ὠρείθυια ) , an Athenian princess abducted by Boreas and made the goddess of cold , gusty mountain winds Palaemon ( Παλαίμων ) , a Theban prince , made into a sea god along with his mother , Ino Phylonoe ( Φυλονόη ) , daughter of Tyndareus and Leda , made immortal by Artemis Psyche ( Ψυχή ) , goddess of the soul Semele ( Σεμελη ) , mortal mother of Dionysus , who later was made the goddess Thyone ( Θυωνη ) Heroes ( edit ) Abderus , aided Heracles during his eighth labour and was killed by the Mares of Diomedes Achilles ( Αχιλλεύς or Αχιλλέας ) , hero of the Trojan War and a central character in Homer 's Iliad Aeneas ( Αινείας ) , a hero of the Trojan War and progenitor of the Roman people Ajax the Great ( Αίας ο Μέγας ) , a hero of the Trojan War and king of Salamis Ajax the Lesser ( Αίας ο Μικρός ) , a hero of the Trojan War and leader of the Locrian army Amphitryon ( Αμφιτρύων ) , Theban general who rescued Thebes from the Teumessian fox ; his wife was Alcmene , mother of Heracles Antilochus ( Ἀντίλοχος ) , Son of Nestor sacrificed himself to save his father in the Trojan War along with other deeds of valor Bellerophon , hero who slew the Chimera Castor , the mortal Dioscuri twin ; after Castor 's death , his immortal brother Pollux shared his divinity with him in order that they might remain together Chrysippus , a divine hero of Elis Daedalus , creator of the labyrinth and great inventor , until King Minos trapped him in his own creation . Diomedes , a king of Argos and hero of the Trojan War Eleusis , eponymous hero of the town of Eleusis Eunostus , a Boeotian hero Ganymede , Trojan hero and lover of Zeus , who was given immortality and appointed cup - bearer to the gods Hector , hero of the Trojan War and champion of the Trojan people Icarus , the son of the master craftsman Daedalus Iolaus , nephew of Heracles who aided his uncle in one of his Labors Jason , leader of the Argonauts Meleager , a hero who sailed with the Argonauts and killed the Calydonian Boar Odysseus , a hero and king of Ithaca whose adventures are the subject of Homer 's Odyssey ; he also played a key role during the Trojan War Orpheus , a legendary musician and poet who attempted to retrieve his dead wife from the Underworld Pandion , the eponymous hero of the Attic tribe Pandionis , usually assumed to be one of the legendary Athenian kings Pandion I or Pandion II . Perseus ( Περσεύς ) , son of Zeus and the founder - king of Mycenae and slayer of the Gorgon Medusa Theseus , son of Poseidon and a king of Athens and slayer of the Minotaur Notable women ( edit ) Alcestis ( Άλκηστις ) , daughter of Pelias and wife of Admetus , who was known for her devotion to her husband Amymone , the one daughter of Danaus who refused to murder her husband , thus escaping her sisters ' punishment Andromache ( Ανδρομάχη ) , wife of Hector Andromeda ( Ανδρομέδα ) , wife of Perseus , who was placed among the constellations after her death Antigone ( Αντιγόνη ) , daughter of Oedipus and Jocasta Arachne ( Αράχνη ) , a skilled weaver , transformed by Athena into a spider for her blasphemy Ariadne ( Αριάδνη ) , daughter of Minos , king of Crete , who aided Theseus in overcoming the Minotaur and became the wife of Dionysus Atalanta ( Αταλάντη ) , fleet - footed heroine who participated in the Calydonian Boar hunt Briseis , a princess of Lyrnessus , taken by Achilles as a war prize Caeneus , formerly Caenis , a woman who was transformed into a man and became a mighty warrior Cassandra , a princess of Troy cursed to see the future but never to be believed Cassiopeia ( Κασσιόπεια ) , queen of Æthiopia and mother of Andromeda Clytemnestra , sister of Helen and unfaithful wife of Agamemnon Danaë , the mother of Perseus by Zeus Deianeira , the third wife and unwitting killer of Heracles Electra , daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra , she aided her brother Orestes in plotting revenge against their mother for the murder of their father Europa , a Phoenician woman , abducted by Zeus Hecuba ( Ἑκάβη ) , wife of Priam , king of Troy , and mother of nineteen of his children Helen , daughter of Zeus and Leda , whose abduction brought about the Trojan War Hermione ( Ἑρμιόνη ) , daughter of Menelaus and Helen ; wife of Neoptolemus , and later Orestes Iphigenia , daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra ; Agamemnon sacrificed her to Artemis in order to appease the goddess Ismene , sister of Antigone Jocasta , mother and wife of Oedipus Medea , a sorceress and wife of Jason , who killed her own children to punish Jason for his infidelity Medusa , a mortal woman transformed into a hideous gorgon by Athena Niobe , a daughter of Tantalus who declared herself to be superior to Leto , causing Artemis and Apollo to kill her fourteen children Pandora , the first woman Penelope , loyal wife of Odysseus Phaedra , daughter of Minos and wife of Theseus Polyxena , the youngest daughter of Priam , sacrificed to the ghost of Achilles Semele , mortal mother of Dionysus Thrace , the daughter of Oceanus and Parthenope , and sister of Europa Kings ( edit ) Abas , a king of Argos Acastus , a king of Iolcus who sailed with the Argonauts and participated in the Calydonian Boar hunt Acrisius , a king of Argos Actaeus , first king of Attica Admetus ( Άδμητος ) , a king of Pherae who sailed with the Argonauts and participated in the Calydonian Boar hunt Adrastus ( Άδραστος ) , a king of Argos and one of the Seven Against Thebes Aeacus ( Αιακός ) , a king of the island of Aegina in the Saronic Gulf ; after he died , he became one of the three judges of the dead in the Underworld Aeëtes , a king of Colchis and father of Medea Aegeus ( Αιγεύς ) , a king of Athens and father of Theseus Aegimius , a king of Thessaly and progenitor of the Dorians Aegisthus ( Αίγισθος ) , lover of Clytemnestra , with whom he plotted to murder Agamemnon and seized the kingship of Mycenae Aegyptus ( Αίγυπτος ) , a king of Egypt Aeson , father of Jason and rightful king of Iolcus , whose throne was usurped by his half - brother Pelias Aëthlius , first king of Elis Aetolus ( Αιτωλός ) , a king of Elis Agamemnon ( Ἀγαμέμνων ) , a king of Mycenae and commander of the Greek armies during the Trojan War Agasthenes , a king of Elis Agenor ( Αγήνωρ ) , a king of Phoenicia Alcinous ( Αλκίνους or Ἀλκίνοος ) , a king of Phaeacia Alcmaeon , a king of Argos and one of the Epigoni Aleus , a king of Tegea Amphiaraus ( Ἀμφιάραος ) , a seer and king of Argos who participated in the Calydonian Boar hunt and the war of the Seven Against Thebes Amphictyon ( Ἀμφικτύων ) , a king of Athens Amphion and Zethus , twin sons of Zeus and kings of Thebes , who constructed the city 's walls Amycus , son of Poseidon and king of the Bebryces Anaxagoras ( Ἀναξαγόρας ) , a king of Argos Anchises ( Αγχίσης ) , a king of Dardania and father of Aeneas Arcesius , a king of Ithaca and father of Laertes Argeus , a king of Argos Argus , a son of Zeus and king of Argos after Phoroneus Assaracus , a king of Dardania Asterion , a king of Crete Athamas ( Ἀθάμας ) , a king of Orchomenus Atreus ( Ἀτρεύς ) , a king of Mycenae and father of Agamemnon and Menelaus Augeas ( Αυγείας ) , a king of Elis Autesion , a king of Thebes Bias , a king of Argos Busiris , a king of Egypt Cadmus , founder - king of Thebes Car , a king of Megara Catreus , a king of Crete , prophesied to die at the hands of his own son Cecrops , an autochthonous king of Athens Ceisus , a king of Argos Celeus , a king of Eleusis Cephalus , a king of Phocis who accidentally killed his own wife Cepheus , a king of Ethiopia Cepheus , a king of Tegea and an Argonaut Charnabon , a king of the Getae Cinyras , a king of Cyprus and father of Adonis Codrus , a king of Athens Corinthus , founder - king of Corinth Cranaus , a king of Athens Creon , a king of Thebes , brother of Jocasta and uncle of Oedipus Creon , a king of Corinth who was hospitable towards Jason and Medea Cres , an early Cretan king Cresphontes , a king of Messene and descendent of Heracles Cretheus , founder - king of Iolcus Criasus , a king of Argos Cylarabes , a king of Argos Cynortas , a king of Sparta Cyzicus , king of the Dolionians , mistakenly killed by the Argonauts Danaus , a king of Egypt and father of the Danaides Dardanus , founder - king of Dardania , and son of Zeus and Electra Deiphontes , a king of Argos Demophon of Athens , a king of Athens Diomedes , a king of Argos and hero of the Trojan War Echemus , a king of Arcadia Echetus , a king of Epirus Eetion , a king of Cilician Thebe and father of Andromache Electryon , a king of Tiryns and Mycenae ; son of Perseus and Andromeda Elephenor , a king of the Abantes of Euboea Eleusis , eponym and king of Eleusis , Attica Epaphus , a king of Egypt and founder of Memphis , Egypt Epopeus , a king of Sicyon Erechtheus , a king of Athens Erginus , a king of Minyean Orchomenus in Boeotia Erichthonius , a king of Athens , born of Hephaestus ' attempt to rape Athena Eteocles , a king of Thebes and son of Oedipus ; he and his brother Polynices killed each other Eteocles , son of Andreus , a king of Orchomenus Eurotas , a king of Sparta Eurystheus , a king of Tiryns Euxantius , a king of Ceos , son of Minos and Dexithea Gelanor , a king of Argos Haemus , a king of Thrace Helenus , seer and twin brother of Cassandra , who later became king of Epirus Hippothoön , a king of Eleusis Hyrieus , a king of Boeotia Ilus , founder - king of Troy Ixion , a king of the Lapiths who attempted to rape Hera and was bound to a flaming wheel in Tartarus Laërtes , father of Odysseus and king of the Cephallenians ; he sailed with the Argonauts and participated in the Calydonian Boar hunt Laomedon , a king of Troy and father of Priam Lycaon of Arcadia , a deceitful Arcadian king who was transformed by Zeus into a wolf Lycurgus of Arcadia , a king of Arcadia Lycurgus of Nemea , a king of Nemea Makedon , a king of Macedon Megareus of Onchestus , a king of Onchestus in Boeotia Megareus of Thebes , a king of Thebes Melampus , a legendary soothsayer and healer , and king of Argos Melanthus , a king of Messenia Memnon , a king of Ethiopia who fought on the side of Troy during the Trojan War Menelaus , a king of Sparta and the husband of Helen Menestheus , a king of Athens who fought on the side of the Greeks during the Trojan War Midas , a king of Phrygia granted the power to turn anything to gold with a touch Minos , a king of Crete ; after his death , became one of the judges of the dead in the Underworld Myles , a king of Laconia Nestor , a king of Pylos who sailed with the Argonauts , participated in the Calydonian Boar hunt and fought with the Greek armies in the Trojan War Nycteus , a king of Thebes Odysseus , a hero and king of Ithaca whose adventures are the subject of Homer 's Odyssey ; he also played a key role during the Trojan War Oebalus , a king of Sparta Oedipus , a king of Thebes fated to kill his father and marry his mother Oeneus , a king of Calydon Oenomaus , a king of Pisa Oenopion , a king of Chios Ogygus , a king of Thebes Oicles , a king of Argos Oileus , a king of Locris Orestes , a king of Argos and a son of Clytemnestra and Agamemnon ; he killed his mother in revenge for her murder of his father Oxyntes , a king of Athens Pandion I , a king of Athens Pandion II , a king of Athens Peleus , king of the Myrmidons and father of Achilles ; he sailed with the Argonauts and participated in the Calydonian Boar hunt Pelias , a king of Iolcus and usurper of Aeson 's rightful throne Pelops , a king of Pisa and founder of the House of Atreus Pentheus , a king of Thebes who banned the worship of Dionysus and was torn apart by Maenads Periphas , legendary king of Attica who Zeus turned into an eagle . Perseus ( Περσεύς ) , founder - king of Mycenae and slayer of the Gorgon Medusa Phineus , a king of Thrace Phlegyas , a king of the Lapiths Phoenix , son of Agenor , founder - king of Phoenicia Phoroneus , a king of Argos Phyleus , a king of Elis Pirithoös , king of the Lapiths and husband of Hippodamia , at whose wedding the Battle of Lapiths and Centaurs occurred Pittheus , a king of Troezen and grandfather of Theseus Polybus of Corinth , a king of Corinth Polybus of Sicyon , a king of Sicyon and son of Hermes Polybus of Thebes , a king of Thebes Polynices , a king of Thebes and son of Oedipus ; he and his brother Eteocles killed each other Priam , king of Troy during the Trojan War Proetus , a king of Argos and Tiryns Pylades , a king of Phocis and friend of Orestes Rhadamanthys , a king of Crete ; after his death , he became a judge of the dead in the Underworld Rhesus , a king of Thrace who sided with Troy in the Trojan War Sarpedon , a king of Lycia and son of Zeus who fought on the side of the Greeks during the Trojan War Sisyphus , a king of Thessaly who attempted to cheat death and was sentenced to an eternity of rolling a boulder up a hill , only to watch it roll back down Sithon , a king of Thrace Talaus , a king of Argos who sailed with the Argonauts Tegyrios , a king of Thrace Telamon , a king of Salamis and father of Ajax ; he sailed with the Argonauts and participated in the Calydonian Boar hunt Telephus , a king of Mysia and son of Heracles Temenus , a king of Argos and descendent of Heracles Teucer , founder - king of Salamis who fought alongside the Greeks in the Trojan War Teutamides , a king of Larissa Teuthras , a king of Mysia Thersander , a king of Thebes and one of the Epigoni Theseus , a king of Athens and slayer of the Minotaur Thyestes , a king of Mycenae and brother of Atreus Tisamenus , a king of Argos , Mycenae , and Sparta Tyndareus , a king of Sparta Seers / oracles ( edit ) Amphilochus ( Ἀμφίλοχος ) , a seer and brother of Alcmaeon who died in the war of the Seven Against Thebes Anius , son of Apollo who prophesied that the Trojan War would be won in its tenth year Asbolus , a seer Centaur Bakis Branchus , a seer and son of Apollo Calchas , an Argive seer who aided the Greeks during the Trojan War Carnus , an Acarnanian seer and lover of Apollo Carya , a seer and lover of Dionysus Cassandra , a princess of Troy cursed to see the future but never to be believed Ennomus , a Mysian seer , killed by Achilles during the Trojan War Halitherses , an Ithacan seer who warned Penelope 's suitors of Odysseus ' return Helenus , seer and twin brother of Cassandra , who later became king of Epirus Iamus , a son of Apollo possessing the gift of prophecy , he founded the Iamidai Idmon , a seer who sailed with the Argonauts Manto , seer and daughter of Tiresias Melampus , a legendary soothsayer and healer , and king of Argos Mopsus , the name of two legendary seers Polyeidos , a Corinthian seer who saved the life of Glaucus Pythia , the oracle of Delphi Telemus , a seer who foresaw that the Cyclops Polyphemus would be blinded by Odysseus Theoclymenus , an Argive seer Tiresias , blind prophet of Thebes Amazons ( edit ) Achilles and Penthesileia ( Lucanian red - figure bell - krater , late 5th century BC ) Aegea , a queen of the Amazons Aella ( Ἄελλα ) , an Amazon who was killed by Heracles Alcibie ( Ἀλκιβίη ) , an Amazonian warrior , killed by Diomedes at Troy Antandre ( Ἀντάνδρη ) , an Amazonian warrior , killed by Achilles at Troy Antiope ( Ἀντιόπη ) , a daughter of Ares and sister of Hippolyta Areto ( Ἀρετώ ) , an Amazon Asteria ( Ἀστερία ) , an Amazon who was killed by Heracles Bremusa ( Βρέμουσα ) , an Amazonian warrior , killed by Idomeneus at Troy Celaeno ( Κελαινώ ) , an Amazonian warrior , killed by Heracles Eurypyle ( Εὐρυπύλη ) , an Amazon leader who invaded Ninus and Babylonia Hippolyta ( Ἱππολύτη ) , a queen of Amazons and daughter of Ares Hippothoe ( Ἱπποθόη ) , an Amazonian warrior , killed by Achilles at Troy Iphito ( Ἰφιτώ ) , an Amazon who served under Hippolyta Lampedo ( Λαμπεδώ ) , an Amazon queen who ruled with her sister Marpesia Marpesia ( Μαρπεσία ) , an Amazon queen who ruled with her sister Lampedo Melanippe ( Μελανίππη ) , a daughter of Ares and sister of Hippolyta and Antiope Molpadia ( Μολπαδία ) , an Amazon who killed Antiope Myrina ( Μύρινα ) , a queen of the Amazons Orithyia ( Ὠρείθυια ) , an Amazon queen Otrera ( Ὀτρήρα ) , an Amazon queen , consort of Ares and mother of Hippolyta Pantariste ( Πανταρίστη ) , an Amazon who fought with Hippolyta against Heracles Penthesilea ( Πενθεσίλεια ) , an Amazon queen who fought in the Trojan War on the side of Troy Thalestris ( Θάληστρις ) , a queen of the Amazons Inmates of Tartarus ( edit ) The Danaides , forty - nine daughters of Danaus who murdered their husbands and were condemned to an eternity of carrying water in leaky jugs Ixion , a king of the Lapiths who attempted to rape Hera and was bound to a flaming wheel in Tartarus Sisyphus , a king of Thessaly who attempted to cheat death and was sentenced to an eternity of rolling a boulder up a hill , only to watch it roll back down Tantalus , a king of Anatolia who butchered his son Pelops and served him as a meal to the gods ; he was punished with the torment of starvation , food and drink eternally dangling just out of reach Minor figures ( edit ) See List of minor Greek mythological figures See also ( edit ) Hellenismos portal Classical mythology Family tree of the Greek gods List of deities List of Greek mythological creatures List of Trojan War characters List of Roman deities References ( edit ) Jump up ^ March , Jennifer ( 2014 ) . Dictionary of classical mythology . Aphrodite . ISBN 9781782976356 . Jump up ^ March , Jennifer ( 2014 ) . Dictionary of classical mythology . Apollo . ISBN 9781782976356 . Jump up ^ March , Jennifer ( 2014 ) . Dictionary of classical mythology . Ares . ISBN 9781782976356 . Jump up ^ March , Jennifer ( 2014 ) . Dictionary of classical mythology . Artemis . ISBN 9781782976356 . Jump up ^ March , Jennifer ( 2014 ) . Dictionary of classical mythology . Athena . ISBN 9781782976356 . Jump up ^ Beazley Archive 200059 , LIMC Gigantes 342 . Jump up ^ Guirand , Felix , ed. ( 16 December 1987 ) . New Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology . Crescent Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 00404 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Mythology of Greece at Wikimedia Commons Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` List of Greek mythological figures '' dated 2009 - 01 - 19 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Ancient Greek religion and mythology Classical religious forms Ancient Greek religion Gnosticism Paleo - Balkan mythology Hellenistic religion Magic Alchemy Orphism Pythagoreanism Mystery religions and Sacred mysteries Dionysian Mysteries Eleusinian Mysteries Imbrian Mysteries Mithraism Samotracian Mysteries Main beliefs Apotheosis Euhemerism Greek Heroic Age Paganism Paradoxography Monism Polytheism Mythology Theism Mythical beings Greek mythological creatures Greek mythological figures List of minor Greek mythological figures Mythical tribes Amazons Anthropophage Atlantians Bebryces Curetes Dactyls Gargareans Halizones Korybantes Lapiths Lotus - eaters Myrmidons Pygmies Telchines Primordial deities Aether Aion Ananke Chaos Chronos Erebus Eros Gaia Hemera Nyx Phanes Pontus Thalassa Tartarus Uranus Titans First generation Coeus Crius Cronus Hyperion Iapetus Mnemosyne Oceanus Phoebe Rhea Tethys Theia Themis Second generation Asteria Astraeus Atlas Eos Epimetheus Helios Lelantos Leto Menoetius Metis Pallas Perses Prometheus Selene Third generation Hecate Hesperus Phosphorus Olympians Zeus Hera Aphrodite Apollo Ares Artemis Athena Demeter Dionysus Hephaestus Hermes Hestia Poseidon Aquatic deities Poseidon Amphitrite Alpheus Ceto Glaucus Nereus Phorcys Potamoi Potamides Proteus Scamander Styx Thaumas Thetis Triton Oceanids Love deities Erotes Anteros Eros Hedylogos Hermaphroditus Himeros Hymen / Hymenaeus Pothos Aphrodite Aphroditus Philotes Peitho War deities Adrestia Alala Alke Amphillogiai Androktasiai Ares Athena Bia Deimos Enyalius Enyo Eris Gynaecothoenas Homados Hysminai Ioke Keres Kratos Kydoimos Makhai Nike Palioxis Pallas Perses Phobos Phonoi Polemos Proioxis Other major deities Asclepius Circe Eileithyia Harmonia Hebe Iris Momus Morpheus Nemesis Paean Pan Zelus Heroes / Heroines Achilles Actaeon Argonauts Ajax the Great Ajax the Lesser Atalanta Autolycus Bellerophon Cadmus Daedalus Diomedes Dioscuri ( Castor and Pollux ) Echetlus Heracles Icarus Iolaus Jason Meleager Odysseus Oedipus Orpheus Peleus Perseus Theseus Triptolemus Storage containers / Cups Amphora Chalice Ciborium Cotyla Hydria Hydriske Kalathos Kalpis Kylix Kantharos Lebes Lekythos Loutrophoros Oenochoe Pelike Pithos Skyphos Stamnos Musical Instruments Aulos Barbiton Chelys Cithara Cochilia Crotalum ( Castanets ) Epigonion Lyre Pan flute Pandura Phorminx Psaltery Salpinx Sistrum Tambourine Trigonon Tympanum Water organ Rites and practices Amphictyonic League Amphidromia Animal sacrifice Apotheosis Apotropaic magic Baptes Curse tablet Daduchos Delphinion Funeral and burial practices Hymns Hero cult Heroon Hierophany Hierophant Hierophylakes Hieros gamos Iatromantis Interpretatio graeca Libations Mystagogue Nekyia Necromancy Necromanteion Nymphaeum Panegyris Pharmakos Prayers Sacrifices Temenos Temples Votive offerings Games Panhellenic Games Olympic Games Pythian Games Nemean Games Isthmian Games Agon Panathenaic Games Rhieia Festivals / Feasts Actia Adonia Agrionia Amphidromia Anthesteria Apellai Apaturia Aphrodisia Arrhephoria Ascolia Bendidia Boedromia Brauronia Buphonia Chalceia Diasia Delphinia Dionysia Ecdysia Elaphebolia Gamelia Haloa Heracleia Hermaea Hieromenia Iolaia Kronia Lenaia Lykaia Metageitnia Munichia Oschophoria Pamboeotia Pandia Plynteria Pyanopsia Skira Synoikia Soteria Tauropolia Thargelia Theseia Thesmophoria Sacred places Athenian sacred ships Cave of Zeus Cretea Delphi Delos Dodona Eleusis Hiera Orgas Olympia Olympus Psychro Cave Sacred Way Texts / Epic poems Argonautica Bibliotheca Cyranides Derveni papyrus Ehoiai Greek Magical Papyri Homeric Hymns Iliad Odyssey Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis Telegony Theogony Works and Days Epic Cycle Theban Cycle Oracles / Seers Aesacus Aleuas Amphiaraus Amphilochus Ampyx Anius Asbolus Bakis Branchus Calchas Carnus Carya Cassandra Elatus Ennomus Halitherses Helenus Iamus Idmon Manto Melampus Mopsus Munichus Phineus Polyeidos Polypheides Pythia Sibyl Telemus Theiodamas Theoclymenus Tiresias Mythical realms Atlantis Hyperborea Panchaea Themiscyra Underworld Entrances to the underworld Rivers Acheron Cocytus Eridanos Lethe Phlegethon Styx Lakes / Swamps Acherusia Avernus Lake Lerna Lake Caves Cave at Cape Matapan Cave Charonium Cave at Lake Avernus Cave at Heraclea Pontica Ploutonion Pluto 's Gate Places Elysium Erebus Fields of Asphodel Fields of Punishment Isles of the Blessed Tartarus Judges of the underworld Aeacus Minos Rhadamanthus Guards Cerberus Ferryman Charon Charon 's obol Chthonic deities Psychopomps Hermes Thanatos Hades / Pluto Persephone Achlys Angelos Hecate Hypnos Keres Lampad Macaria Melinoe Symbols - Objects Bident Cap of invisibility Animals - Daemons / Spirits Ascalaphus Ceuthonymus Eurynomos Hade 's cattle Mythological wars Amazonomachy Attic War Centauromachy Gigantomachy Theomachy Titanomachy Trojan War Mythological and Religious objects Adamant Aegis Ambrosia Apple of Discord Ara Argo Baetylus Caduceus Cornucopia Dragon 's teeth Galatea Golden apple Golden Fleece Gorgoneion Greek terracotta figurines Harpe Ichor Lotus tree Minoan sealstone Moly Necklace of Harmonia Omphalos Orichalcum Palladium Panacea Pandora 's box Petasos ( Winged helmet ) Philosopher 's stone Ring of Gyges Rod of Asclepius Sacrificial tripod Sceptre Shield of Achilles Shirt of Nessus Sword of Damocles Talaria Thunderbolt Thymiaterion Thyrsus Trident Trojan Horse Winnowing Oar Wheel of Fortune Xoanon Symbols Labrys Ouroboros Owl of Athena Mythological powers Anthropomorphism Divination Eternal youth Evocation Fortune - telling Immortality Language of the birds Nympholepsy Magic Shamanism Shapeshifting Weather modification Modern offshoot religions Discordianism Gaianism Hellenismos Decline of Greco - Roman polytheism Modern popular culture Greek mythology in popular culture Lists of mythological figures By geography Afghan ( pre-Islamic ) African Arabian ( pre-Islamic ) Armenian Anglo - Saxon Australian Aboriginal Aztec Buddhist Canaanite Celtic Chinese Egyptian Estonian Etruscan Georgian Germanic Greek Guanche Haudenosaunee Hawaiian Hebridean Hindu Hittite Indonesian Inuit Irish Japanese Komi Korean Lakota Lithuanian Māori Mā'ohi Maya Mesopotamian Micronesian Mycenaean Native American Ossetian Persian Philippine Roman Sami Samoan Slavic Turkic Tuvaluan Vainakh Yoruba By association Art Chaos Death Fate and time Fertility Fire Health Hunting King of the Gods Knowledge Light Love or lust Moon Nations Nature Night Rain Sky Smithing Sun Thresholds Thunder Tree Trickery Vegetation War Water Weather Wind Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Greek_mythological_figures&oldid=804980192 '' Categories : Greek gods Greek goddesses Lists of deities Mythology - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Greek%20mythological%20figures
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who plays ethan in a dog's purpose
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Dennis Quaid as Ethan Montgomery ( adult ) KJ Apa as teenage Ethan Montgomery Bryce Gheisar as eight - year old Ethan Montgomery
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Dennis Quaid|KJ Apa|Bryce Gheisar
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A Dog 's Purpose ( film )
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a dog's purpose ( film )
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A Dog 's Purpose is a 2017 American comedy - drama film directed by Lasse Hallström and written by W. Bruce Cameron , Cathryn Michon , Audrey Wells , Maya Forbes and Wally Wolodarsky , based on the 2010 novel of the same name by Cameron . The film stars Britt Robertson , KJ Apa , Juliet Rylance , John Ortiz , Kirby Howell - Baptiste , Peggy Lipton , Dennis Quaid and Josh Gad .
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A week prior to the film 's release , a video surfaced on TMZ showing footage taken from the set of the film , which showed a German Shepherd dragged and dipped into rushing water while visibly resisting . After initial backlash , it was determined the video had been deliberately edited to mislead viewers . The film is a co-production between Amblin Entertainment , Reliance Entertainment , Walden Media and Pariah Entertainment Group . It was released by Universal Pictures on January 27 , 2017 , and grossed $201 million worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 4.3 Home media 5 Animal abuse allegations 5.1 Initial reaction 5.2 Validity of the video 6 Sequel 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In the 1950s , a feral puppy named Toby is whisked away to the dog pound and quickly euthanized , wondering if `` fun '' truly is life 's purpose . His strong spirit is reborn and reincarnated as a newborn Retriever puppy in 1961 , Toby leaves his cage at a puppy mill and is found by two garbage men who plan to sell him for their own profit . They leave to drink and Toby is spotted locked inside their pick - up truck by a young boy named Ethan and his mother , who rescue him from the brink of death by heatstroke . After they convince Ethan 's father , the dog is allowed to stay and renamed Bailey . Bailey and Ethan bond quickly , especially over the summer when the family visits Ethan 's maternal grandparents ' farm , and Bailey now believes Ethan alone is his purpose . Years pass and after several attempts at advancing in his job failed , Ethan 's father has become a deadbeat alcoholic , though teenage Ethan still tries to respect him - inviting him to a football game now that he has been named starting quarterback . Over the summer , Ethan goes to a fair with Bailey and meets Hannah , who he quickly begins dating , with Bailey referring to her as `` part of the pack '' . Ethan and Hannah spend their summer happy together though their senior years are upcoming , but they plan to go to the same school ; popular Ethan getting a football scholarship and Hannah following him on an academic one . When he goes home one night though , Ethan 's father is drunk and shouting at Ethan 's mother . He turns on Ethan then and when his mother tries to keep them separated , he shoves her to the ground . Ethan orders his father to leave and never come back , and becomes `` the leader of the pack . '' Later , at a game watched by scouts , Ethan is offered a full 4 - year scholarship to Michigan State , but that night a vindictive classmate named Todd throws a lit firecracker into Ethan 's house as a prank , which unintentionally results in a house fire . Bailey alerts Ethan , who goes to save his mother . Unable to get out of the door , they head out through his mother 's bedroom window upstair . Ethan first lowers her with her sheets to the neighbors below , then Bailey -- but when trying to jump himself , Ethan badly fractures his leg , ending his dreams of an athletic scholarship . Bailey attacks Todd , who is apprehended by the police . Instead Ethan must go to an agricultural school where he will learn to take over his grandparents ' farm . Falling into depression , self - pity and bitterness , he grudgingly breaks off his romance with Hannah before leaving for college . Sometime afterwards , an aged Bailey slowly expires at the veterinarian 's office after sharing an eleventh - hour teary goodbye with Ethan . Bailey reincarnates into another dog life , a female German Shepherd Police dog named Ellie , sometime in the late 1970s / early 1980s , while possessing full memories and experiences of his past lives . Ellie is partnered with a widowed officer named Carlos from the Chicago Police Department , and works hard at `` showing '' and `` finding '' , now seeing the job as life 's purpose . The two form a close relationship which ends after Ellie jumps into a rushing river and saves a kidnapped girl from drowning , and is then fatally shot during a struggle with the armed kidnapper who was a moment away from killing an unsuspecting Carlos . Reborn again in the mid-1980s as a Pembroke Welsh Corgi , he forms a bond with an Atlanta college student named Maya who names him Tino . Maya is lonely , which Tino , having bonded closely with the girl , realizes , and makes his purpose to find her some happiness . She starts a relationship with another classmate named Al who she begins seeing after Tino falls for Al 's dog , a black and white Landseer named Roxie , and allows her to open up to him . Maya and Al marry and have 3 children who all love the Corgi . In love with Roxie ( though she does not seem to reciprocate the romance ) , Tino is permanently heartbroken when one day she does not return from the vet . As he lies dying of old age in the late 1990s , Tino thanks Maya for giving him one of his best lives . Bailey is again reborn and reincarnated , this time , as a St. Bernard - Australian Shepherd mix , sometime during the next decade , only to be taken in by an abusive and neglectful urban couple who name him Waffles . Waffles is eventually dumped in an abandoned lot and reluctantly sets off in search of a new life . Walking past a dog park and remembering how long it had been since he played , Waffles meets a dog and her human who hold a familiar scent to him , though he knows neither of them . He gradually makes his way to the country area where he spent summers as Bailey without even realizing at first where he is headed . He joyfully reunites with his old master Ethan , who is now somewhere in his 50s , living a lonely life and apparently broken in spirit at his Grandparents ' old farm , which he now owns and runs . Ethan , of course , initially has no idea who this wandering dog really is and hands him over to the local animal shelter . But he soon has a change of heart and reclaims him , naming him Buddy . Buddy , sensing that he has finally found the true purpose of life that has long evaded him , finds a way to reunite Ethan with a widowed Hannah , and they eventually get married . Buddy finally convinces Ethan that he is his beloved childhood pet by performing some tricks and responding to key phrases that were known only to the two of them all those many , many long years ago . The dog in voiceover tells the viewer that life is about having fun ; saving others ; not getting caught in the past or regrets ; finding someone to be with ; and living for today . Cast ( edit ) Josh Gad as the voice of Toby , Bailey , Ellie , Tino , Waffles and Buddy . Dennis Quaid as Ethan Montgomery ( adult ) KJ Apa as teenage Ethan Montgomery Bryce Gheisar as eight - year old Ethan Montgomery Juliet Rylance as Elizabeth Montgomery , Ethan 's mother . Peggy Lipton as Hannah ( adult ) Britt Robertson as young Hannah John Ortiz as Carlos Ruiz Kirby Howell - Baptiste as Maya Pooch Hall as Al Luke Kirby as Jim Montgomery , Ethan 's father Michael Bofshever as Bill , Ethan 's grandfather Gabrielle Rose as Fran , Ethan 's grandmother Logan Miller as Todd , the vindictive classmate Production ( edit ) In 2015 , DreamWorks acquired the film rights for Cameron 's novel . On May 8 , 2015 , it was announced Lasse Hallström would direct the film . On August 5 , 2015 , Britt Robertson and Dennis Quaid joined the cast . On September 18 , 2015 , Pooch Hall was cast in the film . On October 15 , 2015 , Bradley Cooper joined the cast to play the dog 's inner voice . He was eventually replaced by Josh Gad . Principal photography began on August 17 , 2015 . Release ( edit ) In December 2015 , the film switched from a DreamWorks Pictures release to under the Amblin Entertainment banner as per Amblin Partners ' newly enacted branded strategy . The film was released by Universal Pictures on January 27 , 2017 . Universal also distributed it overseas , except for countries where Mister Smith Entertainment handled international sales . Box office ( edit ) A Dog 's Purpose has grossed $64.3 million in the United States and Canada and $136.7 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $201 million , against a production budget of $22 million . In North America was released alongside Resident Evil : The Final Chapter and Gold , and was projected to gross $18 -- 22 million from 3,050 theaters in its opening weekend , slightly lower than initial $27 million tracking had the film debuting to before boycotts against the film were called for . It made $466,000 from Thursday night previews and $5.3 million on its first day . It ended up debuting to $18.2 million , finishing second at the box office behind the second weekend of Universal 's own Split . The film dropped 40.6 % in its second weekend , grossing $10.8 million and finishing third at the box office . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 30 % based on 121 reviews , and an average rating of 4.7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` A Dog 's Purpose offers an awkward blend of sugary sentiment and canine suffering that tugs at animal - loving audiences ' heartstrings with shameless abandon . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating , the film has a score 43 out of 100 , based on 32 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Home Media ( edit ) A Dog 's Purpose was released on digital HD on April 18 , 2017 , and was followed by a release on Blu - ray and DVD on May 2 , 2017 , from Universal Studios Home Entertainment . The film topped the home video sales chart for the week ending on May 7 , 2017 . Animal abuse Allegations ( edit ) Initial reaction ( edit ) On January 18 , 2017 , a video surfaced on TMZ showing footage taken from the set of the film , which shows a German Shepherd named Hercules being dragged and dipped into rushing water while visibly resisting . After a cut in the video , the next clip shows the dog being submerged in the water at the other end of the tank while a voice on set can be heard shouting `` CUT IT ! '' , and various people are then seen rushing towards the dog . The American Humane Association , which ensures that animals are not harmed in entertainment productions , announced that its representative on set had been suspended over the incident , and that the incident is under further investigation . PETA called for a boycott of the film . Actor Josh Gad , who voices the dog in the movie , was not on set during the making of the film , but stated that he was `` shaken and sad to see any animal put in a situation against its will '' . Due to the release of the video , Universal Pictures cancelled the film 's scheduled January 19 Los Angeles premiere . Director Lasse Hallström stated on Twitter that he `` did not witness '' the actions in the video , and was `` very disturbed '' by the footage . Validity of the video ( edit ) Amblin Entertainment released a statement in regards to the incident , saying that `` on the day of the shoot , Hercules did not want to perform the stunt portrayed on the tape so the Amblin production team did not proceed with filming that shot '' , and that `` Hercules is happy and healthy '' . Dennis Quaid also came out against the TMZ video , stating that the video did not tell the whole story , saying : My experience is that the animals were treated great . There was no animal abuse . That video that someone took and sold for money and held on to for a year and a half until right before the film 's coming out , does not tell the whole story . First of all , it 's been edited and manipulated . And I think it 's a scam , to tell you the truth . What they ( the viewers of the video ) saw was completely out of context . It was edited ... and all of the footage I saw , the dog was going into the water happily and had to be restrained , actually , from going into the water many times during that day . Quaid also said that the video was shot towards the end of the day and I would not say , in real context , that the dog was frightened . The dog was acting like a dog who was kind of tired of taking a bath and was ready to get out . And , in fact , that 's what happened . They took the dog out . On February 4 , 2017 , the American Humane Association reported that an independent third - party animal - cruelty expert had concluded that safety measures on the set of the film were in place and the video had been deliberately edited to mislead the public . The film was released with AHAD approval number 06202 . Sequel ( edit ) On June 21 , 2017 , CEO of Amblin Entertainment Michael Wright announced that a sequel was in development . See also ( edit ) Oh ! Heavenly Dog ( 1980 film ) Fluke ( 1995 film ) Quigley ( 2003 film ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Rachel Portman Scoring Lasse Hallstrom 's ' A Dog 's Purpose ' - Film Music Reporter '' . filmmusicreporter.com . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/dogs-purpose-2017 ^ Jump up to : `` A Dog 's Purpose ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Box Office : Can ' A Dog 's Purpose ' Still Win the Weekend After Canine Controversy ? '' . Variety . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Third Party Investigation Finds No Animal Injuries , Cruelty on Set of ' A Dog 's Purpose ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . February 4 , 2017 . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scheck , Frank ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' A Dog 's Purpose ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Production companies : Amblin Entertainment , Reliance Entertainment , Walden Media , Pariah Entertainment Group Distributor : Universal Pictures Jump up ^ Barker , Andrew ( January 24 , 2016 ) . `` Film Review : ' A Dog 's Purpose ' '' . Variety . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . A Universal Pictures release of an Amblin Entertainment and Reliance Entertainment presentation in association with Walden Media of a Pariah production ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys . `` Britt Robertson , Dennis Quaid Join DreamWorks ' ' A Dog 's Purpose ' ( Exclusive ) '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Lincoln , Ross A. ( 2015 - 09 - 18 ) . `` Pooch Hall Joins ' A Dog 's Purpose ' , Doug McKeon Will Run With ' LBJ ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( September 16 , 2016 ) . `` Bradley Cooper in Talks to Voice ' A Dog 's Purpose ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) . `` ' A Dog 's Purpose ' Set At DreamWorks With Lasse Hallstrom To Direct '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( 2015 - 10 - 15 ) . `` ' A Dog 's Purpose ' : Bradley Cooper in Talks to Voice '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Josh Gad is Reincarnated Over and Over in the A Dog 's Purpose Trailer '' . 2016 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` On the Set for 8 / 21 / 15 : Eddie Redmayne Starts Fantastic Beasts , Russo Brothers Wrap Up Captain America : Civil War '' . SSN Insider. 2015 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` It 's Official : Spielberg , DreamWorks , Participant , eOne , Others Pact For Amblin Partners '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( 2015 - 09 - 22 ) . `` ' A Dog 's Purpose ' Movie Based On Best - Selling Book To Unleash In 2017 '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Is Controversy Impacting ' A Dog 's Purpose ' At The Box Office ? '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` ' Split ' Dings ' Rings ' ; Auds Keep Distance From ' Space ' ; ' Comedian ' Bombs : Sunday Update '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` A Dog 's Purpose ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Dog 's Purpose reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ A Dog 's Purpose ( 2017 ) DVD Release Dates , Retrieved April 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ A Dog 's Purpose Blu - ray Blu-ray.com , Retrieved April 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ Thomas K. Arnold ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' A Dog 's Purpose ' Leads the Pack in DVD , Blu - ray Disc Sales '' . Variety . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leigh Blickley ( 18 January 2017 ) . `` Leaked Video From ' A Dog 's Purpose ' Set Calls Film 's Treatment Of Animals Into Question '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' A Dog 's Purpose ' Video Shows Terrified German Shepherd Forced to Film '' . tmz.com . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' A Dog 's Purpose ' Video Triggers Suspension '' . TMZ . January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Catherine Garcia ( 18 January 2017 ) . `` Investigation opened into ' disturbing ' treatment of German shepherd on set of A Dog 's Purpose '' . The Week . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PETA Calls for Boycott of ' A Dog 's Purpose ' After Disturbing Video Surfaces '' , Dave McNary . Variety . January 18 , 2017 . Accessed January 18 , 2017 Jump up ^ Sandra Gondalez ( 19 January 2017 ) . `` ' A Dog 's Purpose ' faces backlash after ' disturbing ' video surfaces '' . CNN.com . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Pictures cancels premiere of ' A Dog 's Purpose ' '' . 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Bryan Alexander ( 19 January 2017 ) . `` ' A Dog 's Purpose ' reels after outrage over disturbing set video '' . USA Today . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Karen Mizoguchi ( 19 January 2017 ) . `` A Dog 's Purpose Releases Statement Following Controversial Video : We ' Foster an Ethical , Safe Environment for Animals ' '' . People . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ John Boone ( 23 January 2017 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Dennis Quaid Shuts Down ' A Dog 's Purpose ' Abuse Allegations : ' I Would Have Walked ' '' . ETOnline . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.slashfilm.com/a-dogs-purpose-sequel/ External links ( edit ) Official website A Dog 's Purpose on IMDb A Dog 's Purpose at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) Films directed by Lasse Hallström A Guy and a Gal ( 1975 ) ABBA : The Movie ( 1977 ) Father to Be ( 1979 ) Tuppen ( 1981 ) Happy We ( 1983 ) My Life as a Dog ( 1985 ) The Children of Noisy Village ( 1986 ) More About the Children of Noisy Village ( 1987 ) Once Around ( 1991 ) What 's Eating Gilbert Grape ( 1993 ) Something to Talk About ( 1995 ) The Cider House Rules ( 1999 ) Chocolat ( 2000 ) The Shipping News ( 2001 ) An Unfinished Life ( 2005 ) Casanova ( 2005 ) The Hoax ( 2007 ) Hachi : A Dog 's Tale ( 2009 ) Dear John ( 2010 ) Salmon Fishing in the Yemen ( 2011 ) The Hypnotist ( 2012 ) Safe Haven ( 2013 ) The Hundred - Foot Journey ( 2014 ) A Dog 's Purpose ( 2017 ) The Nutcracker and the Four Realms ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Dog%27s_Purpose_(film)&oldid=807079090 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2010s comedy - drama films American films American comedy - drama films Films about dogs Films about reincarnation Films set in the 1960s Films set in the 1970s Films set in the 1980s Films set in the 1990s Films set in the 2000s Films set in Chicago Films set in Michigan Amblin Entertainment films Reliance Entertainment films Universal Pictures films Walden Media films Films directed by Lasse Hallström Films based on American novels Screenplays by Audrey Wells Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 19 : 28 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Dog%2527s%20Purpose%20%28film%29
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which is not an accurate description of serfdom in europe during the medieval period
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Feudalism
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feudalism
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Feudalism was a combination of legal and military customs in medieval Europe that flourished between the 9th and 15th centuries . Broadly defined , it was a way of structuring society around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labour . Although derived from the Latin word feodum or feudum ( fief ) , then in use , the term feudalism and the system it describes were not conceived of as a formal political system by the people living in the Middle Ages . In its classic definition , by François - Louis Ganshof ( 1944 ) , feudalism describes a set of reciprocal legal and military obligations among the warrior nobility revolving around the three key concepts of lords , vassals and fiefs .
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A broader definition of feudalism , as described by Marc Bloch ( 1939 ) , includes not only the obligations of the warrior nobility but also those of all three estates of the realm : the nobility , the clergy , and the peasantry bound by manorialism ; this is sometimes referred to as a `` feudal society '' . Since the publication of Elizabeth A.R. Brown 's `` The Tyranny of a Construct '' ( 1974 ) and Susan Reynolds 's Fiefs and Vassals ( 1994 ) , there has been ongoing inconclusive discussion among medieval historians as to whether feudalism is a useful construct for understanding medieval society . Contents 1 Definition 2 Etymology 3 History 3.1 Classic feudalism 3.2 Vassalage 3.3 The `` Feudal Revolution '' in France 3.4 End of European feudalism ( 1500 -- 1850s ) 4 Feudal society 5 Historiography 5.1 Evolution of the concept 5.2 Karl Marx 5.3 Later studies 5.4 Challenges to the feudal model 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 8.1 Historiographical works 8.2 End of feudalism 8.2. 1 France 9 External links Definition ( edit ) There is no commonly accepted modern definition of feudalism , at least among scholars . The adjective feudal was coined in the 17th century , and the noun feudalism , often used in a political and propaganda context , was not coined until the 19th century , from the French féodalité ( feudality ) , itself an 18th - century creation . In a classic definition by François - Louis Ganshof ( 1944 ) , feudalism describes a set of reciprocal legal and military obligations among the warrior nobility , revolving around the three key concepts of lords , vassals and fiefs , though Ganshof himself noted that his treatment related only to the `` narrow , technical , legal sense of the word '' . A broader definition , as described in Marc Bloch 's Feudal Society ( 1939 ) , includes not only the obligations of the warrior nobility but those of all three estates of the realm : the nobility , the clergy , and those living by their labour , most directly the peasantry bound by manorialism ; this order is often referred to as `` feudal society '' , echoing Bloch 's usage . Since the publication of Elizabeth A.R. Brown 's `` The Tyranny of a Construct '' ( 1974 ) and Susan Reynolds 's Fiefs and Vassals ( 1994 ) , there has been ongoing inconclusive discussion among medieval historians as to whether feudalism is a useful construct for understanding medieval society . Outside a European context , the concept of feudalism is often used only by analogy ( called semi-feudal ) , most often in discussions of feudal Japan under the shōguns , and sometimes medieval and Gondarine Ethiopia . However , some have taken the feudalism analogy further , seeing feudalism ( or traces of it ) in places as diverse as Spring and Autumn period in China , ancient Egypt , the Parthian empire , the Indian subcontinent and the Antebellum and Jim Crow American South . The term feudalism has also been applied -- often inappropriately or pejoratively -- to non-Western societies where institutions and attitudes similar to those of medieval Europe are perceived to prevail . Some historians and political theorists believe that the term feudalism has been deprived of specific meaning by the many ways it has been used , leading them to reject it as a useful concept for understanding society . Etymology ( edit ) Herr Reinmar von Zweter , a 13th - century Minnesinger , was depicted with his noble arms in Codex Manesse . The term `` féodal '' was used in 17th - century French legal treatises ( 1614 ) and translated into English legal treatises as an adjective , such as `` feodal government '' . In the 18th century , Adam Smith , seeking to describe economic systems , effectively coined the forms `` feudal government '' and `` feudal system '' in his book Wealth of Nations ( 1776 ) . In the 19th century the adjective `` feudal '' evolved into a noun : `` feudalism '' . The term feudalism is recent , first appearing in French in 1823 , Italian in 1827 , English in 1839 , and in German in the second half of the 19th century . The term `` feudal '' or `` feodal '' is derived from the medieval Latin word feodum . The etymology of feodum is complex with multiple theories , some suggesting a Germanic origin ( the most widely held view ) and others suggesting an Arabic origin . Initially in medieval Latin European documents , a land grant in exchange for service was called a beneficium ( Latin ) . Later , the term feudum , or feodum , began to replace beneficium in the documents . The first attested instance of this is from 984 , although more primitive forms were seen up to one - hundred years earlier . The origin of the feudum and why it replaced beneficium has not been well established , but there are multiple theories , described below . The most widely held theory was proposed by Johan Hendrik Caspar Kern in 1870 , being supported by , amongst others , William Stubbs and Marc Bloch . Kern derived the word from a putative Frankish term * fehu - ôd , in which * fehu means `` cattle '' and - ôd means `` goods '' , implying `` a moveable object of value . '' Bloch explains that by the beginning of the 10th century it was common to value land in monetary terms but to pay for it with moveable objects of equivalent value , such as arms , clothing , horses or food . This was known as feos , a term that took on the general meaning of paying for something in lieu of money . This meaning was then applied to land itself , in which land was used to pay for fealty , such as to a vassal . Thus the old word feos meaning movable property changed little by little to feus meaning the exact opposite : landed property . Another theory was put forward by Archibald R. Lewis . Lewis said the origin of ' fief ' is not feudum ( or feodum ) , but rather foderum , the earliest attested use being in Astronomus 's Vita Hludovici ( 840 ) . In that text is a passage about Louis the Pious that says annona militaris quas vulgo foderum vocant , which can be translated as `` Louis forbade that military provender ( which they popularly call `` fodder '' ) be furnished ... '' Another theory by Alauddin Samarrai suggests an Arabic origin , from fuyū ( the plural of fay , which literally means `` the returned '' , and was used especially for ' land that has been conquered from enemies that did not fight ' ) . Samarrai 's theory is that early forms of ' fief ' include feo , feu , feuz , feuum and others , the plurality of forms strongly suggesting origins from a loanword . The first use of these terms is in Languedoc , one of the least Germanic areas of Europe and bordering Muslim Spain . Further , the earliest use of feuum ( as a replacement for beneficium ) can be dated to 899 , the same year a Muslim base at Fraxinetum ( La Garde - Freinet ) in Provence was established . It is possible , Samarrai says , that French scribes , writing in Latin , attempted to transliterate the Arabic word fuyū ( the plural of fay ) , which was being used by the Muslim invaders and occupiers at the time , resulting in a plurality of forms -- feo , feu , feuz , feuum and others -- from which eventually feudum derived . Samarrai , however , also advises to handle this theory with care , as Medieval and Early Modern Muslim scribes often used etymologically `` fanciful roots '' in order to claim the most outlandish things to be of Arabian or Muslim origin . History ( edit ) English feudalism Harold Sacramentum Fecit Willelmo Duci ( Bayeux Tapestry ) Fief Overlord Vassal Enfeoffment Subinfeudation Feoffee Feudal land tenure in England Fealty Homage Feudalism Feudalism , in its various forms , usually emerged as a result of the decentralization of an empire : especially in the Carolingian empires , which lacked the bureaucratic infrastructure necessary to support cavalry without the ability to allocate land to these mounted troops . Mounted soldiers began to secure a system of hereditary rule over their allocated land and their power over the territory came to encompass the social , political , judicial , and economic spheres . These acquired powers significantly diminished unitary power in these empires . Only when the infrastructure existed to maintain unitary power -- as with the European monarchies -- did feudalism begin to yield to this new power structure and eventually disappear . Classic feudalism ( edit ) See also Feudalism in England , Feudalism in the Holy Roman Empire and Examples of feudalism The classic François - Louis Ganshof version of feudalism describes a set of reciprocal legal and military obligations among the warrior nobility , revolving around the three key concepts of lords , vassals and fiefs . A lord was in broad terms a noble who held land , a vassal was a person who was granted possession of the land by the lord , and the land was known as a fief . In exchange for the use of the fief and the protection of the lord , the vassal would provide some sort of service to the lord . There were many varieties of feudal land tenure , consisting of military and non-military service . The obligations and corresponding rights between lord and vassal concerning the fief form the basis of the feudal relationship . Vassalage ( edit ) Homage of Clermont - en - Beauvaisis Before a lord could grant land ( a fief ) to someone , he had to make that person a vassal . This was done at a formal and symbolic ceremony called a commendation ceremony , which was composed of the two - part act of homage and oath of fealty . During homage , the lord and vassal entered into a contract in which the vassal promised to fight for the lord at his command , whilst the lord agreed to protect the vassal from external forces . Fealty comes from the Latin fidelitas and denotes the fidelity owed by a vassal to his feudal lord . `` Fealty '' also refers to an oath that more explicitly reinforces the commitments of the vassal made during homage . Such an oath follows homage . Once the commendation ceremony was complete , the lord and vassal were in a feudal relationship with agreed obligations to one another . The vassal 's principal obligation to the lord was to `` aid '' , or military service . Using whatever equipment the vassal could obtain by virtue of the revenues from the fief , the vassal was responsible to answer calls to military service on behalf of the lord . This security of military help was the primary reason the lord entered into the feudal relationship . In addition , the vassal could have other obligations to his lord , such as attendance at his court , whether manorial , baronial , both termed court baron , or at the king 's court . France in the late 15th century : a mosaic of feudal territories It could also involve the vassal providing `` counsel '' , so that if the lord faced a major decision he would summon all his vassals and hold a council . At the level of the manor this might be a fairly mundane matter of agricultural policy , but also included sentencing by the lord for criminal offences , including capital punishment in some cases . Concerning the king 's feudal court , such deliberation could include the question of declaring war . These are examples ; depending on the period of time and location in Europe , feudal customs and practices varied ; see examples of feudalism . The `` feudal Revolution '' in France ( edit ) In its origin , the feudal grant of land had been seen in terms of a personal bond between lord and vassal , but with time and the transformation of fiefs into hereditary holdings , the nature of the system came to be seen as a form of `` politics of land '' ( an expression used by the historian Marc Bloch ) . The 11th century in France saw what has been called by historians a `` feudal revolution '' or `` mutation '' and a `` fragmentation of powers '' ( Bloch ) that was unlike the development of feudalism in England or Italy or Germany in the same period or later : Counties and duchies began to break down into smaller holdings as castellans and lesser seigneurs took control of local lands , and ( as comital families had done before them ) lesser lords usurped / privatized a wide range of prerogatives and rights of the state , most importantly the highly profitable rights of justice , but also travel dues , market dues , fees for using woodlands , obligations to use the lord 's mill , etc. ( what Georges Duby called collectively the `` seigneurie banale '' ) . Power in this period became more personal . This `` fragmentation of powers '' was not , however , systematic throughout France , and in certain counties ( such as Flanders , Normandy , Anjou , Toulouse ) , counts were able to maintain control of their lands into the 12th century or later . Thus , in some regions ( like Normandy and Flanders ) , the vassal / feudal system was an effective tool for ducal and comital control , linking vassals to their lords ; but in other regions , the system led to significant confusion , all the more so as vassals could and frequently did pledge themselves to two or more lords . In response to this , the idea of a `` liege lord '' was developed ( where the obligations to one lord are regarded as superior ) in the 12th century . End of European feudalism ( 1500 -- 1850s ) ( edit ) Further information : Abolition of feudalism in France Feudalism itself decayed and effectively disappeared in most of Western Europe by about 1500 , partly since the military power of kings shifted from armies consisting of the nobility to professional fighters ( effectively reducing the nobility 's power ) , but also because the Black Death reduced the nobility 's hold on the lower classes . The system lingered on in parts of Central and Eastern Europe as late as the 1850s . Russia finally abolished serfdom in 1861 . However , even when the original feudal relationships had disappeared , there were many institutional remnants of feudalism left in place . Historian Georges Lefebvre explains how at an early stage of the French Revolution , on just one night of August 4 , 1789 , France abolished the long - lasting remnants of the feudal order . It announced , `` The National Assembly abolishes the feudal system entirely . '' Lefebvre explains : Without debate the Assembly enthusiastically adopted equality of taxation and redemption of all manorial rights except for those involving personal servitude -- which were to be abolished without indemnification . Other proposals followed with the same success : the equality of legal punishment , admission of all to public office , abolition of venality in office , conversion of the tithe into payments subject to redemption , freedom of worship , prohibition of plural holding of benefices ... Privileges of provinces and towns were offered as a last sacrifice . Originally the peasants were supposed to pay for the release of seigneurial dues ; these dues affected more than a fourth of the farmland in France and provided most of the income of the large landowners . The majority refused to pay and in 1793 the obligation was cancelled . Thus the peasants got their land free , and also no longer paid the tithe to the church . Feudal society ( edit ) Main article : Manorialism Depiction of socage on the royal demesne in feudal England , c. 1310 The phrase `` feudal society '' as defined by Marc Bloch offers a wider definition than Ganshof 's and includes within the feudal structure not only the warrior aristocracy bound by vassalage , but also the peasantry bound by manorialism , and the estates of the Church . Thus the feudal order embraces society from top to bottom , though the `` powerful and well - differentiated social group of the urban classes '' came to occupy a distinct position to some extent outside the classical feudal hierarchy . Historiography ( edit ) The idea of feudalism was unknown and the system it describes was not conceived of as a formal political system by the people living in the Medieval Period . This section describes the history of the idea of feudalism , how the concept originated among scholars and thinkers , how it changed over time , and modern debates about its use . Evolution of the concept ( edit ) The concept of a feudal state or period , in the sense of either a regime or a period dominated by lords who possess financial or social power and prestige , became widely held in the middle of the 18th century , as a result of works such as Montesquieu 's De L'Esprit des Lois ( 1748 ; published in English as The Spirit of the Laws ) , and Henri de Boulainvilliers 's Histoire des anciens Parlements de France ( 1737 ; published in English as An Historical Account of the Ancient Parliaments of France or States - General of the Kingdom , 1739 ) . In the 18th century , writers of the Enlightenment wrote about feudalism to denigrate the antiquated system of the Ancien Régime , or French monarchy . This was the Age of Enlightenment when writers valued reason and the Middle Ages were viewed as the `` Dark Ages '' . Enlightenment authors generally mocked and ridiculed anything from the `` Dark Ages '' including feudalism , projecting its negative characteristics on the current French monarchy as a means of political gain . For them `` feudalism '' meant seigneurial privileges and prerogatives . When the French Constituent Assembly abolished the `` feudal regime '' in August 1789 this is what was meant . Adam Smith used the term `` feudal system '' to describe a social and economic system defined by inherited social ranks , each of which possessed inherent social and economic privileges and obligations . In such a system wealth derived from agriculture , which was arranged not according to market forces but on the basis of customary labour services owed by serfs to landowning nobles . Karl Marx ( edit ) Karl Marx also used the term in the 19th century in his analysis of society 's economic and political development , describing feudalism ( or more usually feudal society or the feudal mode of production ) as the order coming before capitalism . For Marx , what defined feudalism was the power of the ruling class ( the aristocracy ) in their control of arable land , leading to a class society based upon the exploitation of the peasants who farm these lands , typically under serfdom and principally by means of labour , produce and money rents . Marx thus defined feudalism primarily by its economic characteristics . He also took it as a paradigm for understanding the power - relationships between capitalists and wage - labourers in his own time : ' in pre-capitalist systems it was obvious that most people did not control their own destiny -- under feudalism , for instance , serfs had to work for their lords . Capitalism seems different because people are in theory free to work for themselves or for others as they choose . Yet most workers have as little control over their lives as feudal serfs ' . Some later Marxist theorists ( e.g. Eric Wolf ) have applied this label to include non-European societies , grouping feudalism together with Imperial Chinese and pre-Columbian Incan societies as ' tributary ' . Later Studies ( edit ) In the late 19th and early 20th centuries , John Horace Round and Frederic William Maitland , both historians of medieval Britain , arrived at different conclusions as to the character of English society before the Norman Conquest in 1066 . Round argued that the Normans had brought feudalism with them to England , while Maitland contended that its fundamentals were already in place in Britain before 1066 . The debate continues today , but a consensus viewpoint is that England before the Conquest had commendation ( which embodied some of the personal elements in feudalism ) while William the Conqueror introduced a modified and stricter northern French feudalism to England incorporating ( 1086 ) oaths of loyalty to the king by all who held by feudal tenure , even the vassals of his principal vassals ( Holding by feudal tenure meant that vassals must provide the quota of knights required by the king or a money payment in substitution ) . In the 20th century , two outstanding historians offered still more widely differing perspectives . The French historian Marc Bloch , arguably the most influential 20th - century medieval historian. , approached feudalism not so much from a legal and military point of view but from a sociological one , presenting in Feudal Society ( 1939 ; English 1961 ) a feudal order not limited solely to the nobility . It is his radical notion that peasants were part of the feudal relationship that sets Bloch apart from his peers : while the vassal performed military service in exchange for the fief , the peasant performed physical labour in return for protection -- both are a form of feudal relationship . According to Bloch , other elements of society can be seen in feudal terms ; all the aspects of life were centered on `` lordship '' , and so we can speak usefully of a feudal church structure , a feudal courtly ( and anti-courtly ) literature , and a feudal economy . In contradistinction to Bloch , the Belgian historian François - Louis Ganshof defined feudalism from a narrow legal and military perspective , arguing that feudal relationships existed only within the medieval nobility itself . Ganshof articulated this concept in Qu'est - ce que la féodalité ? ( `` What is feudalism ? '' , 1944 ; translated in English as Feudalism ) . His classic definition of feudalism is widely accepted today among medieval scholars , though questioned both by those who view the concept in wider terms and by those who find insufficient uniformity in noble exchanges to support such a model . Although he was never formally a student in the circle of scholars around Marc Bloch and Lucien Febvre that came to be known as the Annales School , Georges Duby was an exponent of the Annaliste tradition . In a published version of his 1952 doctoral thesis entitled La société aux XIe et XIIe siècles dans la région mâconnaise ( Society in the 11th and 12th centuries in the Mâconnais region ) , and working from the extensive documentary sources surviving from the Burgundian monastery of Cluny , as well as the dioceses of Mâcon and Dijon , Duby excavated the complex social and economic relationships among the individuals and institutions of the Mâconnais region and charted a profound shift in the social structures of medieval society around the year 1000 . He argued that in early 11th century , governing institutions -- particularly comital courts established under the Carolingian monarchy -- that had represented public justice and order in Burgundy during the 9th and 10th centuries receded and gave way to a new feudal order wherein independent aristocratic knights wielded power over peasant communities through strong - arm tactics and threats of violence . Challenges to the feudal model ( edit ) In 1974 , U.S. historian Elizabeth A.R. Brown rejected the label feudalism as an anachronism that imparts a false sense of uniformity to the concept . Having noted the current use of many , often contradictory , definitions of feudalism , she argued that the word is only a construct with no basis in medieval reality , an invention of modern historians read back `` tyrannically '' into the historical record . Supporters of Brown have suggested that the term should be expunged from history textbooks and lectures on medieval history entirely . In Fiefs and Vassals : The Medieval Evidence Reinterpreted ( 1994 ) , Susan Reynolds expanded upon Brown 's original thesis . Although some contemporaries questioned Reynolds 's methodology , other historians have supported it and her argument . Reynolds argues : Too many models of feudalism used for comparisons , even by Marxists , are still either constructed on the 16th - century basis or incorporate what , in a Marxist view , must surely be superficial or irrelevant features from it . Even when one restricts oneself to Europe and to feudalism in its narrow sense it is extremely doubtful whether feudo - vassalic institutions formed a coherent bundle of institutions or concepts that were structurally separate from other institutions and concepts of the time . The term feudal has also been applied to non-Western societies in which institutions and attitudes similar to those of medieval Europe are perceived to have prevailed ( See Examples of feudalism ) . Japan has been extensively studied in this regard . Friday notes that in the 21st century historians of Japan rarely invoke feudalism ; instead of looking at similarities , specialists attempting comparative analysis concentrate on fundamental differences . Ultimately , critics say , the many ways the term feudalism has been used have deprived it of specific meaning , leading some historians and political theorists to reject it as a useful concept for understanding society . Richard Abels notes that `` Western Civilization and World Civilization textbooks now shy away from the term ' feudalism ' . '' See also ( edit ) Bastard feudalism Cestui que Examples of feudalism English feudal barony Feudal duties Feudalism in the Holy Roman Empire Lehnsmann Majorat Neo-feudalism Nulle terre sans seigneur Protofeudalism Quia Emptores Scottish feudal barony Statutes of Mortmain Suzerainty Vassal Military : Knights Medieval warfare Non-European : Fengjian ( Chinese ) Hacienda Feudal Japan Feudalism in Pakistan Indian feudalism Mandala ( political model ) Ziamet Zemene Mesafint References ( edit ) Jump up ^ feodum -- see The Cyclopedic Dictionary of Law , by Walter A. Shumaker , George Foster Longsdorf , pg. 365 , 1901 . Jump up ^ Noble , Thomas ( 2002 ) . ( 36 ) chapter - format = requires chapter - url = ( help ) . The foundations of Western civilization . Chantilly , VA : Teaching Co . ISBN 978 - 1565856370 . ^ Jump up to : François Louis Ganshof ( 1944 ) . Qu'est - ce que la féodalité . Translated into English by Philip Grierson as Feudalism , with a foreword by F.M. Stenton , 1st ed. : New York and London , 1952 ; 2nd ed : 1961 ; 3rd ed. : 1976 . ^ Jump up to : `` Feudalism '' , by Elizabeth A.R. Brown . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Elizabeth A.R. ( October 1974 ) . `` The Tyranny of a Construct : Feudalism and Historians of Medieval Europe '' . The American Historical Review . 79 ( 4 ) : 1063 -- 88 . doi : 10.2307 / 1869563 . JSTOR 1869563 . ^ Jump up to : Reynolds , Susan , Fiefs and Vassals : The Medieval Evidence Reinterpreted . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1994 ISBN 0 - 19 - 820648 - 8 ^ Jump up to : `` Feudalism ? '' , by Paul Halsall . Internet Medieval Sourcebook . ^ Jump up to : `` The Problem of Feudalism : An Historiographical Essay '' , by Robert Harbison , 1996 , Western Kentucky University . Jump up ^ Charles West , Reframing the Feudal Revolution : Political and Social Transformation Between Marne and Moselle , c. 800 -- c. 1100 ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2013 ) . ^ Jump up to : Bloch , Marc , Feudal Society . Tr . L.A. Manyon . Two volume . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1961 ISBN 0 - 226 - 05979 - 0 ^ Jump up to : `` Reader 's Companion to Military History '' . Archived from the original on 2004 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Cf . for example : McDonald , Hamish ( 2007 - 10 - 17 ) . `` Feudal Government Alive and Well in Tonga '' . Sydney Morning Herald . ISSN 0312 - 6315 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Feudal ( n.d. ) '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved September 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cantor , Norman F. The Civilization of the Middle Ages . Harper Perennial , 1994 . ^ Jump up to : Fredric L. Cheyette . `` FEUDALISM , EUROPEAN . '' in New Dictionary of the History Of Ideas , Vol. 2 , ed . Maryanne Cline Horowitz , Thomas Gale 2005 , ISBN 0 - 684 - 31379 - 0 . pp. 828 -- 831 ^ Jump up to : Meir Lubetski ( ed . ) . Boundaries of the ancient Near Eastern world : a tribute to Cyrus H. Gordon . `` Notices on Pe'ah , Fay ' and Feudum '' by Alauddin Samarrai . Pg. 248 -- 250 , Continuum International Publishing Group , 1998 . Jump up ^ `` fee , n. 2 . '' OED Online . Oxford University Press , June 2017 . Web . 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ H. Kern , ' Feodum ' , De taal - en letterbode , 1 ( 1870 ) , pp. 189 - 201 . Jump up ^ William Stubbs . The Constitutional History of England ( 3 volumes ) , 2nd edition 1875 -- 78 , Vol. 1 , pg. 251 , n . 1 ^ Jump up to : Marc Bloch . Feudal Society , Vol. 1 , 1964 . pp. 165 -- 66 . ^ Jump up to : Marc Bloch . Feudalism , 1961 , pg. 106 . Jump up ^ Archibald R. Lewis . The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society 718 -- 1050 , 1965 , pp. 76 -- 77 . ^ Jump up to : Alauddin Samarrai . `` The term ' fief ' : A possible Arabic origin '' , Studies in Medieval Culture , 4.1 ( 1973 ) , pp. 78 -- 82 . ^ Jump up to : Gat , Azar . War in Human Civilization , New York : Oxford University Press , 2006 . pp. 332 -- 343 Jump up ^ Medieval Feudalism Archived 2012 - 02 - 09 at the Wayback Machine. , by Carl Stephenson . Cornell University Press , 1942 . Classic introduction to Feudalism . Jump up ^ Encyc . Brit . op. cit . It was a standard part of the feudal contract ( fief ( land ) , fealty ( oath of allegiance ) , faith ( belief in God ) ) that every tenant was under an obligation to attend his overlord 's court to advise and support him ; Sir Harris Nicolas , in Historic Peerage of England , ed . Courthope , p. 18 , quoted by Encyc . Brit , op. cit. , p. 388 : `` It was the principle of the feudal system that every tenant should attend the court of his immediate superior '' Jump up ^ Chris Wickham , The Inheritance of Rome , p. 522 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Wickham , The Inheritance of Rome , p. 518 . Jump up ^ Wickham , The Inheritance of Rome , p. 522 . Jump up ^ Wickham , p. 523 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth M. Hallam . Capetian France 987 -- 1328 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ `` The End of Feudalism '' in J.H.M. Salmon , Society in Crisis : France in the Sixteenth Century ( 1979 ) pp 19 -- 26 Jump up ^ Charles McLean Andrews ( 1912 ) . Short history of England . p. 174 . Jump up ^ John Merriman , A History of Modern Europe : From the Renaissance to the Age of Napoleon ( 1996 ) pp 12 -- 13 Jump up ^ Jerzy Topolski , Continuity and discontinuity in the development of the feudal system in Eastern Europe ( Xth to XVIIth centuries ) '' Journal of European Economic History ( 1981 ) 10 # 2 pp : 373 -- 400 . Jump up ^ Lefebvre , Georges ( 1962 ) . The French Revolution : Vol. 1 , from Its Origins To 1793 . Columbia U.P , . p. 130 . Jump up ^ Robert Forster , `` The survival of the nobility during the French Revolution . '' Past and Present ( 1967 ) : 71 -- 86 in JSTOR . Jump up ^ Paul R. Hanson , The A to Z of the French Revolution ( 2013 ) pp 293 -- 94 Jump up ^ Robert Bartlett . `` Perspectives on the Medieval World '' in Medieval Panorama , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 89236 - 642 - 7 Jump up ^ Richard Abels . `` Feudalism '' . usna.edu . ^ Jump up to : Philip Daileader , `` Feudalism '' , The High Middle Ages , Course No. 869 , The Teaching Company , ISBN 1 - 56585 - 827 - 1 Jump up ^ Peter Singer , Marx : A Very Short Introduction ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2000 ) ( first published 1980 ) , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , p 11 Jump up ^ John Whitney Hall , `` Feudalism in Japan -- a reassessment , '' Comparative studies in Society and History ( 1962 ) 5 # 1 pp : 15 -- 51 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Karl Friday , `` The Futile Paradigm : In Quest of Feudalism in Early Medieval Japan , '' History Compass 8.2 ( 2010 ) : 179 -- 196 . Jump up ^ Richard Abels , `` The Historiography of a Construct : ' Feudalism ' and the Medieval Historian . '' History Compass ( 2009 ) 7 # 3 pp : 1008 -- 1031 . Further reading ( edit ) Bloch , Marc , Feudal Society . Tr . L.A. Manyon . Two volumes . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1961 ISBN 0 - 226 - 05979 - 0 Ganshof , François Louis ( 1952 ) . Feudalism . London ; New York : Longmans , Green . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 7158 - 9 . Guerreau , Alain , L'avenir d'un passé incertain . Paris : Le Seuil , 2001 . ( Complete history of the meaning of the term . ) Poly , Jean - Pierre and Bournazel , Eric , The Feudal Transformation , 900 -- 1200. , Tr . Caroline Higgitt . New York and London : Holmes and Meier , 1991 . Reynolds , Susan , Fiefs and Vassals : The Medieval Evidence Reinterpreted . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1994 ISBN 0 - 19 - 820648 - 8 Skwarczyński , P . `` The Problem of Feudalism in Poland up to the Beginning of the 16th Century . '' The Slavonic and East European Review ( 1956 ) : 292 -- 310 . in JSTOR Historiographical works ( edit ) Abels , Richard . `` The Historiography of a Construct : ' Feudalism ' and the Medieval Historian . '' History Compass ( 2009 ) 7 # 3 pp : 1008 -- 1031 . DOI : 10.1111 / j. 1478 - 0542.2009. 00610. x Brown , Elizabeth , ' The Tyranny of a Construct : Feudalism and Historians of Medieval Europe ' , American Historical Review , 79 ( 1974 ) , pp. 1063 -- 8 . Cantor , Norman F. , Inventing the Middle Ages : The Lives , Works , and Ideas of the Great Medievalists of the Twentieth century . Quill , 1991 . Friday , Karl . `` The Futile Paradigm : In Quest of Feudalism in Early Medieval Japan , '' History Compass ( 2010 ) 8 # 2 pp : 179 -- 196 . DOI : 10.1111 / j. 1478 - 0542.2009. 00664. x Harbison , Robert . `` The Problem of Feudalism : An Historiographical Essay '' , 1996 , Western Kentucky University . online End of feudalism ( edit ) Bean , J.M.W. Decline of English Feudalism , 1215 -- 1540 ( 1968 ) Davitt , Michael . The fall of feudalism in Ireland : Or , The story of the land league revolution ( 1904 ) Hall , John Whitney . `` Feudalism in Japan -- a reassessment . '' Comparative studies in Society and History ( 1962 ) 5 # 1 pp : 15 -- 51 ; compares Europe and Japan Nell , Edward J. `` Economic Relationships in the Decline of Feudalism : An Examination of Economic Interdependence and Social Change . '' History and Theory ( 1967 ) : 313 -- 350 . in JSTOR Okey , Robin . Eastern Europe 1740 -- 1985 : feudalism to communism ( Routledge , 1986 ) France ( edit ) Herbert , Sydney . The Fall of Feudalism in France ( 1921 ) full text online free Mackrell , John Quentin Colborne . The Attack on Feudalism in Eighteenth - century France ( Routledge , 2013 ) Markoff , John . Abolition of Feudalism : Peasants , Lords , and Legislators in the French Revolution ( Penn State Press , 2010 ) Sutherland , D.M.G. `` Peasants , Lords , and Leviathan : Winners and Losers from the Abolition of French Feudalism , 1780 -- 1820 , '' Journal of Economic History ( 2002 ) 62 # 1 pp 1 -- 24 in JSTOR External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Feudalism . `` Feudalism '' , by Elizabeth A.R. Brown . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . `` Feudalism ? '' , by Paul Halsall . Internet Medieval Sourcebook . Medieval Feudalism , by Carl Stephenson . Cornell University Press , 1942 . Classic introduction to Feudalism . `` The Problem of Feudalism : An Historiographical Essay '' at the Wayback Machine ( archived February 26 , 2009 ) , by Robert Harbison , 1996 , Western Kentucky University . 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where does the phrase kick the bucket come from
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Kick the bucket
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kick the bucket
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To kick the bucket is an English idiom , considered a euphemistic , informal , or slang term meaning ' to die ' . Its origin remains unclear , though there have been several theories .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin theories 2 American variations 3 See also 4 References Origin theories ( edit ) A common theory is that the idiom refers to hanging , either as a method of execution or suicide . However , there is no evidence to support this . Its earliest appearance is in the Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue ( 1785 ) , where it is defined as ' to die ' . In John Badcock 's slang dictionary of 1823 , the explanation is given that `` One Bolsover having hung himself from a beam while standing on a pail , or bucket , kicked this vessel away in order to pry into futurity and it was all UP with him from that moment : Finis '' . The theory favoured by the OED relates to the alternative definition of a bucket as a beam or yoke that can be used to hang or carry things on . The `` bucket '' may refer to the beam on which slaughtered pigs are suspended . The animals may struggle on the bucket , hence the expression . The word `` bucket '' still can be used today to refer to such a beam in the Norfolk dialect . It is thought that this definition came from the French word trébuchet or buque , meaning balance . William Shakespeare used the word in this sense in his play Henry IV Part II where he says : Swifter than he that gibbets on the Brewers Bucket . -- William Shakespeare , Henry IV Part II A third theory suggests that the origin of the phrase comes from the Catholic custom of holy - water buckets : After death , when a body had been laid out ... the holy - water bucket was brought from the church and put at the feet of the corpse . When friends came to pray ... they would sprinkle the body with holy water ... it is easy to see how such a saying as `` kicking the bucket '' came about . Many other explanations of this saying have been given by persons who are unacquainted with Catholic custom -- The Right Reverend Abbot Horne , Relics of Popery Alternatively , in the moment of death a person stretches his legs ( in Spanish Estirar la pata means ' to die ' ) and so might kick the bucket placed there . Yet another theory seeks to extend the saying beyond its earliest use in the 16th century with reference to the Latin proverb Capra Scyria , the goat that is said to kick over the pail after being milked ( 920 in Erasmus ' Adagia ) . Thus a promising beginning is followed by a bad ending or , as Andrea Alciato phrased it in the Latin poem accompanying the drawing in his Emblemata ( 1524 ) , ' Because you have spoilt your fine beginnings with a shameful end and turned your service into harm , you have done what the she - goat does when she kicks the bucket that holds her milk and with her hoof squanders her own riches ' . Here it is the death of one 's reputation that is in question . American variations ( edit ) At one time the American and Caribbean expression ' kickeraboo ' used to be explained as a deformed version of ' kick the bucket ' . The expression occurs as the title of a mid-19th century American minstrel ballad with the ending ' Massa Death bring one bag and we Kickeraboo ' . However , it is now thought that it may have derived from a native word in one of the West African creoles . The expression ' kek ( e ) rebu ' is first recorded in 1721 with the meaning ' to die ' in the Krio language of Sierra Leone . Earlier still ' Kickativoo ' is recorded in Ghana ( then known as the Gold or Slave Coast ) . In 1680 it referred to the capsizing of a canoe but also had the meaning ' to die ' . Whatever African American usage might have been in the 19th century , by the 20th century they were using the idiom ' kick the bucket ' . It occurs in the jazz classic Old Man Mose , recorded by Louis Armstrong in the USA in 1935 , and in the West Indies it figured in the title of the reggae hit `` Long Shot kick de bucket '' , recorded by The Pioneers in 1969 . In the case of the latter , the song refers to the death of a horse . In North America , a variation of the idiom is ' kick off ' . A related phrase is to `` hand in one 's dinner pail '' , a bucket that contains a worker 's dinner . Another variation , ' bucket list ' , or a list of things to do before one dies , is derived from to kick the bucket , popularized by the 2007 film The Bucket List . See also ( edit ) List of expressions related to death References ( edit ) Look up kick the bucket in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Jump up ^ Oxford Advanced Dictionary of Current English , 4th Ed . ( 1989 ) ^ Jump up to : The Phrase Finder Jump up ^ Slang : a dictionary of the turf , the ring , the chase , the pit , of bon - ton , and the varieties of life , London 1823 , p. 18 ^ Jump up to : `` Bucket . '' The Oxford English Dictionary . 2nd ed. 1989 . ^ Jump up to : Oxford Dictionary of Idioms , p. 159 Jump up ^ `` Relics of Popery '' , Catholic Truth Society London Jump up ^ Emblem 160 Jump up ^ John Camden Hotton , The Slang Dictionary , London 1865 , pp 164 - 5 Jump up ^ Lubrano broadside ballad collection 68 Jump up ^ On the Anglophone Creole item kekrebu , American English 30 / 3 , 1985 , pp. 281 - 3 Jump up ^ Magnus Huber , Ghanaian Pidgin English in Its West African Context , John Benjamins Publishing Co. 1999 , p. 24 Jump up ^ Cambridge Advanced Learner 's Dictionary , p. 787 Jump up ^ `` Definition of bucket list '' . Merriam - Webster . Retrieved 21 March 2014 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kick_the_bucket&oldid=798529858 '' Categories : English phrases English - language idioms Cultural aspects of death Euphemisms Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 September 2017 , at 11 : 46 . About Wikipedia
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approximately what part of the american flag is blue explain
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United States Navy
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united states navy
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U.S. Department of Defense
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Dept. of the Navy ( since 1798 ) Headquarters The Pentagon Arlington County , Virginia , U.S. Motto ( s ) `` Semper Fortis '' ( English : `` Always Courageous '' ) , ( official ) `` Non sibi sed patriae '' ( English : `` Not for self but for country '' ) ( unofficial ) Colors Blue , Gold March `` Anchors Aweigh '' Play ( help info ) Equipment see Equipment section below Engagements See list ( show ) American Revolutionary War Quasi-War First Barbary War War of 1812 Second Barbary War West Indies Anti-Piracy Operations Seminole Wars African Anti-Slavery Operations Aegean Sea Anti-Piracy Operations First Sumatran expedition United States exploration expedition Patriot War Second Sumatran expedition Ivory Coast Expedition Capture of Monterey Mexican -- American War Bombardment of Greytown Battle of Ty - ho Bay First Fiji Expedition Filibuster War Second Opium War Second Fiji Expedition Reform War Paraguay expedition American Civil War Bombardment of Qui Nhon Shimonoseki Campaign Formosa Expedition United States expedition to Korea Egyptian Expedition ( 1882 ) Bering Sea Anti-Poaching Operations Kingdom of Hawaii overthrowal Second Samoan Civil War Banana Wars Spanish -- American War Negro Rebellion Occupation of Nicaragua Occupation of Haiti Occupation of the Dominican Republic ( 1916 ) Philippine -- American War Boxer Rebellion World War I Bombardment of Samsun World War II Korean War 1958 Lebanon crisis Vietnam War Occupation of the Dominican Republic ( 1965 ) Iranian Hostage Rescue Multinational Force in Lebanon Invasion of Grenada Bombing of Libya ( 1986 ) Tanker War Earnest Will Prime Chance Eager Glacier Nimble Archer Praying Mantis Invasion of Panama Gulf War Iraqi no - fly zones Somali Civil War Bosnian War Kosovo War International Force for East Timor Operation Enduring Freedom Afghanistan ( 2001 -- 2014 ) Philippines Horn of Africa Pankisi Gorge Trans Sahara Caribbean and Central America Iraq War Operation Burnt Frost Operation Odyssey Dawn 2014 Intervention against ISIL Operation Inherent Resolve War in Afghanistan ( 2015 -- present ) 2017 Shayrat missile strike Decorations Presidential Unit Citation Navy Unit Commendation Meritorious Unit Commendation Website www.navy.mil Commanders Commander - in - Chief President Donald Trump Secretary of Defense James Mattis Secretary of the Navy Richard V. Spencer Chief of Naval Operations ADM John M. Richardson Vice Chief of Naval Operations ADM William F. Moran Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy MCPON Steven S. Giordano Insignia Flag Seal of the Department of the Navy Jack Pennant Roundel Anchor , Constitution , and Eagle The United States Navy ( USN ) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States . The U.S. Navy is the largest and most capable navy in the world , with the highest combined battle fleet tonnage . The U.S. Navy has the world 's largest aircraft carrier fleet , with eleven in service , and two new carriers under construction . With 322,421 personnel on active duty and 107,577 in the Navy Reserve , the Navy is the third largest of the service branches . It has 280 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of January 2018 . The U.S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy , which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter . The U.S. Navy played a major role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy and seizing control of its rivers . It played the central role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan . The 21st century U.S. Navy maintains a sizable global presence , deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific , the Mediterranean , and the Indian Ocean . It is a blue - water navy with the ability to project force onto the littoral regions of the world , engage in forward deployments during peacetime and rapidly respond to regional crises , making it a frequent actor in U.S. foreign and military policy . The Navy is administratively managed by the Department of the Navy , which is headed by the civilian Secretary of the Navy . The Department of the Navy is itself a division of the Department of Defense , which is headed by the Secretary of Defense . The Chief of Naval Operations ( CNO ) is the most senior naval officer serving in the Department of the Navy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Mission 2 History 2.1 Origins 2.2 From re-establishment to the Civil War 2.3 20th century 2.3. 1 World War I and interwar years 2.3. 2 World War II 2.3. 3 Cold War 2.4 21st century 3 Organization 3.1 Operating forces 3.2 Shore establishments 3.3 Relationships with other service branches 3.3. 1 United States Marine Corps 3.3. 2 United States Coast Guard 4 Personnel 4.1 Uniforms 4.1. 1 Commissioned officers 4.1. 2 Commissioned warrant officer ranks 4.1. 3 Enlisted 4.1. 4 Badges of the United States Navy 5 Bases 5.1 Eastern United States 5.2 Western United States and Hawaii 5.3 United States territories 5.4 Foreign countries 6 Equipment 6.1 Ships 6.1. 1 Aircraft carriers 6.1. 2 Amphibious warfare vessels 6.1. 3 Cruisers 6.1. 4 Destroyers 6.1. 5 Frigates and Littoral combat ships 6.1. 6 Mine countermeasures ships 6.1. 7 Patrol boats 6.1. 8 Submarines 6.2 Aircraft 6.3 Weapons 7 Naval jack 8 Notable sailors 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Mission ( edit ) The mission of the Navy is to maintain , train and equip combat - ready Naval forces capable of winning wars , deterring aggression and maintaining freedom of the seas . -- Mission statement of the United States Navy The U.S. Navy is a seaborne branch of the military of the United States . The Navy 's three primary areas of responsibility : The preparation of naval forces necessary for the effective prosecution of war . The maintenance of naval aviation , including land - based naval aviation , air transport essential for naval operations , and all air weapons and air techniques involved in the operations and activities of the Navy . The development of aircraft , weapons , tactics , technique , organization , and equipment of naval combat and service elements . U.S. Navy training manuals state that the mission of the U.S. Armed Forces is `` to prepare and conduct prompt and sustained combat operations in support of the national interest . `` As part of that establishment , the U.S. Navy 's functions comprise sea control , power projection and nuclear deterrence , in addition to `` sealift '' duties . History ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States Navy Origins ( edit ) It follows then as certain as that night succeeds the day , that without a decisive naval force we can do nothing definitive , and with it , everything honorable and glorious . -- George Washington The Navy was rooted in the colonial seafaring tradition , which produced a large community of sailors , captains , and shipbuilders . In the early stages of the American Revolutionary War , Massachusetts had its own Massachusetts Naval Militia . The rationale for establishing a national navy was debated in the Second Continental Congress . Supporters argued that a navy would protect shipping , defend the coast , and make it easier to seek out support from foreign countries . Detractors countered that challenging the British Royal Navy , then the world 's preeminent naval power , was a foolish undertaking . Commander in Chief George Washington resolved the debate when he commissioned the ocean - going schooner USS Hannah to interdict British merchant ships , and reported the captures to the Congress . On 13 October 1775 , the Continental Congress authorized the purchase of two vessels to be armed for a cruise against British merchant ships ; this resolution created the Continental Navy and is considered the first establishment of the U.S. Navy . The Continental Navy achieved mixed results ; it was successful in a number of engagements and raided many British merchant vessels , but it lost twenty - four of its vessels and at one point was reduced to two in active service . In August 1785 , after the Revolutionary War had drawn to a close , Congress had sold Alliance , the last ship remaining in the Continental Navy due to a lack of funds to maintain the ship or support a navy . In 1972 , the Chief of Naval Operations , Admiral Elmo Zumwalt , authorized the Navy to celebrate its birthday on 13 October to honor the establishment of the Continental Navy in 1775 . From re-establishment to the Civil War ( edit ) USS Constellation vs L'Insurgente during the Quasi-War The United States was without a navy for nearly a decade , a state of affairs that exposed U.S. maritime merchant ships to a series of attacks by the Barbary pirates . The sole armed maritime presence between 1790 and the launching of the U.S. Navy 's first warships in 1797 was the U.S. Revenue Cutter Service ( USRCS ) , the primary predecessor of the U.S. Coast Guard . Although the USRCS conducted operations against the pirates , their depredations far outstripped its abilities and Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 that established a permanent standing navy on 27 March 1794 . The Naval Act ordered the construction and manning of six frigates and , by October 1797 , the first three were brought into service : USS United States , USS Constellation , and USS Constitution . Due to his strong posture on having a strong standing Navy during this period , John Adams is `` often called the father of the American Navy '' . In 1798 -- 99 the Navy was involved in an undeclared Quasi-War with France . From 1801 to 1805 , in the First Barbary War , the U.S. Navy defended U.S. ships from the Barbary pirates , blockaded the Barbary ports and executed attacks against the Barbary ' fleets . The U.S. Navy saw substantial action in the War of 1812 , where it was victorious in eleven single - ship duels with the Royal Navy . It drove all significant British forces off Lake Erie and Lake Champlain and prevented them from becoming British - controlled zones . The result was a major defeat for the British invasion of New York state , and the defeat of the military threat from the Native American allies of the British . Despite this , the U.S. Navy was unable to prevent the British from blockading its ports and landing troops . Aut after the War of 1812 ended in 1815 , the U.S. Navy primarily focused its attention on protecting American shipping assets , sending squadrons to the Caribbean , the Mediterranean , where it participated in the Second Barbary War that ended piracy in the region , South America , Africa , and the Pacific . From 1819 to the outbreak of the Civil War , the Africa Squadron operated to suppress the slave trade , seizing 36 slave ships , although its contribution was smaller than that of the much larger British Royal Navy . USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere during the War of 1812 During the Mexican -- American War the U.S. Navy blockaded Mexican ports , capturing or burning the Mexican fleet in the Gulf of California and capturing all major cities in Baja California peninsula . In 1846 -- 1848 the Navy successfully used the Pacific Squadron under Commodore Robert Stockton and its marines and blue - jackets to facilitate the capture of California with large scale land operations coordinated with the local militia organized in the California Battalion . The Navy conducted the U.S. military 's first large - scale amphibious joint operation by successfully landing 12,000 army troops with their equipment in one day at Veracruz , Mexico . When larger guns were needed to bombard Veracruz , Navy volunteers landed large guns and manned them in the successful bombardment and capture of the city . This successful landing and capture of Veracruz opened the way for the capture of Mexico City and the end of the war . The U.S. Navy established itself as a player in United States foreign policy through the actions of Commodore Matthew Perry in Japan , which resulted in the Convention of Kanagawa in 1854 . Naval power played a significant role during the American Civil War , in which the Union had a distinct advantage over the Confederacy on the seas . A Union blockade on all major ports shut down exports and the coastal trade , but blockade runners ( mostly owned and operated by British companies ) provided a thin lifeline . The Brown - water navy 's control of the river systems made internal travel difficult for Confederates and easy for the Union . The war saw ironclad warships in combat for the first time at the Battle of Hampton Roads in 1862 , which pitted USS Monitor against CSS Virginia . For two decades after the war , however , the U.S. Navy 's fleet was neglected and became technologically obsolete . 20th century ( edit ) The Great White Fleet demonstrates U.S. naval power in 1907 ; it was proof that the U.S. Navy had blue - water capability . Our ships are our natural bulwarks . -- Woodrow Wilson A modernization program beginning in the 1880s when the first steel hulled warships stimulated the American steel industry , and `` the new steel navy '' was born . This rapid expansion of the U.S. Navy and its easy victory over the Spanish Navy in 1898 brought a new respect for American technical quality . Rapid building of at first pre-dreadnoughts , then dreadnoughts brought the U.S. in line with the navies of countries such as Britain and Germany . In 1907 , most of the Navy 's battleships , with several support vessels , dubbed the Great White Fleet , were showcased in a 14 - month circumnavigation of the world . Ordered by President Theodore Roosevelt , it was a mission designed to demonstrate the Navy 's capability to extend to the global theater . By 1911 , the U.S. had begun building the super-dreadnoughts at a pace to eventually become competitive with Britain . Columbia , personification of the United States , wearing a warship bearing the words `` World Power '' as her `` Easter bonnet '' on the cover of Puck , 6 April 1901 . World War I and Interwar years ( edit ) The U.S. Navy saw little action during World War I. It concentrated on mine laying operations against German U-Boats . Hesitation by the senior command meant that naval forces were not contributed until late 1917 . Battleship Division Nine was dispatched to Britain and served as the Sixth Battle Squadron of the British Grand Fleet . Its presence allowed the British to decommission some older ships and reuse the crews on smaller vessels . Destroyers and U.S. Naval Air Force units contributed to the anti-submarine operations . The strength of the United States Navy grew under an ambitious ship building program associated with the Naval Act of 1916 . Naval construction , especially of battleships , was limited by the Washington Naval Conference of 1921 -- 22 . The aircraft carriers USS Saratoga ( CV - 3 ) and USS Lexington ( CV - 2 ) were built on the hulls of partially built battle cruisers that had been canceled by the treaty . The New Deal used Public Works Administration funds to build warships , such as USS Yorktown ( CV - 5 ) and USS Enterprise ( CV - 6 ) . By 1936 , with the completion of USS Wasp ( CV - 7 ) , the U.S. Navy possessed a carrier fleet of 165,000 tonnes displacement , although this figure was nominally recorded as 135,000 tonnes to comply with treaty limitations . Franklin Roosevelt , the number two official in the Navy Department during World War I , appreciated the Navy and gave it strong support . In return , senior leaders were eager for innovation and experimented with new technologies , such as magnetic torpedoes , and developed a strategy called War Plan Orange for victory in the Pacific in a hypothetical war with Japan that would eventually become reality . World War II ( edit ) Main articles : United States Navy in World War II and Naval history of World War II The battleship USS Idaho shells Okinawa on 1 April 1945 The U.S. Navy grew into a formidable force in the years prior to World War II , with battleship production being restarted in 1937 , commencing with USS North Carolina ( BB - 55 ) . Though ultimately unsuccessful , Japan attempted to neutralize this strategic threat with the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 . Following American entry into the war , the U.S. Navy grew tremendously as the United States was faced with a two - front war on the seas . It achieved notable acclaim in the Pacific Theater , where it was instrumental to the Allies ' successful `` island hopping '' campaign . The U.S. Navy participated in many significant battles , including the Battle of the Coral Sea , the Battle of Midway , the Solomon Islands Campaign , the Battle of the Philippine Sea , the Battle of Leyte Gulf , and the Battle of Okinawa . By war 's end in 1945 , the U.S. Navy had added hundreds of new ships , including 18 aircraft carriers and 8 battleships , and had over 70 % of the world 's total numbers and total tonnage of naval vessels of 1,000 tons or greater . At its peak , the U.S. Navy was operating 6,768 ships on V-J Day in August 1945 . Doctrine had significantly shifted by the end of the war . The U.S. Navy had followed in the footsteps of the navies of Great Britain and Germany which favored concentrated groups of battleships as their main offensive naval weapons . The development of the aircraft carrier and its devastating utilization by the Japanese against the U.S. at Pearl Harbor , however , shifted U.S. thinking . The Pearl Harbor attack destroyed or took out of action a significant number of U.S. Navy battleships . This placed much of the burden of retaliating against the Japanese on the small number of aircraft carriers . Cold War ( edit ) USS George Washington ( SSBN - 598 ) , a ballistic missile submarine The potential for armed conflict with the Soviet Union during the Cold War pushed the U.S. Navy to continue its technological advancement by developing new weapons systems , ships , and aircraft . U.S. naval strategy changed to that of forward deployment in support of U.S. allies with an emphasis on carrier battle groups . The navy was a major participant in the Vietnam War , blockaded Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis , and , through the use of ballistic missile submarines , became an important aspect of the United States ' nuclear strategic deterrence policy . The U.S. Navy conducted various combat operations in the Persian Gulf against Iran in 1987 and 1988 , most notably Operation Praying Mantis . The Navy was extensively involved in Operation Urgent Fury , Operation Desert Shield , Operation Desert Storm , Operation Deliberate Force , Operation Allied Force , Operation Desert Fox and Operation Southern Watch . The U.S. Navy has also been involved in search and rescue / search and salvage operations , sometimes in conjunction with vessels of other countries as well as with U.S. Coast Guard ships . Two examples are the 1966 Palomares B - 52 crash incident and the subsequent search for missing hydrogen bombs , and Task Force 71 of the Seventh Fleet 's operation in search for Korean Air Lines Flight 007 , shot down by the Soviets on 1 September 1983 . 21st century ( edit ) When a crisis confronts the nation , the first question often asked by policymakers is : ' What naval forces are available and how fast can they be on station ? ' -- Admiral Carlisle A.H. Trost The U.S. Navy continues to be a major support to U.S. interests in the 21st century . Since the end of the Cold War , it has shifted its focus from preparations for large - scale war with the Soviet Union to special operations and strike missions in regional conflicts . The navy participated in Operation Enduring Freedom , Operation Iraqi Freedom , and is a major participant in the ongoing War on Terror , largely in this capacity . Development continues on new ships and weapons , including the Gerald R. Ford - class aircraft carrier and the Littoral combat ship . Because of its size , weapons technology , and ability to project force far from U.S. shores , the current U.S. Navy remains a potent asset for the United States . Moreover , it is the principal means through which the U.S. maintains international global order , namely by safeguarding global trade and protecting allied nations . In 2007 , the U.S. Navy joined with the U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Coast Guard to adopt a new maritime strategy called A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower that raises the notion of prevention of war to the same philosophical level as the conduct of war . The strategy was presented by the Chief of Naval Operations , the Commandant of the Marine Corps , and Commandant of the Coast Guard at the International Sea Power Symposium in Newport , RI on 17 October 2007 . The strategy recognized the economic links of the global system and how any disruption due to regional crises ( man - made or natural ) can adversely impact the U.S. economy and quality of life . This new strategy charts a course for the Navy , Coast Guard , and Marine Corps to work collectively with each other and international partners to prevent these crises from occurring or reacting quickly should one occur to prevent negative impacts on the U.S. In 2010 , Chief of Naval Operations , Admiral Gary Roughead , noted that demands on the Navy have grown as the fleet has shrunk and that in the face of declining budgets in the future , the U.S. Navy must rely even more on international partnerships . In its 2013 budget request , the navy focused on retaining all eleven big deck carriers , at the expense of cutting numbers of smaller ships and delaying the SSBN replacement . By the next year the USN found itself unable to maintain eleven aircraft carriers in the face of the expiration of budget relief offered by the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013 and CNO Jonathan Greenert said that a ten ship carrier fleet would not be able to sustainably support military requirements . The British First Sea Lord George Zambellas said that the USN had switched from `` outcome - led to resource - led '' planning . One significant change in U.S. policymaking that is having a major effect on naval planning is the Pivot to East Asia . In response this , Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus has stated that 60 percent of the total U.S. fleet will be deployed to the Pacific by the year 2020 . The Navy 's most recent 30 - year shipbuilding plan , published in 2016 , calls for a future fleet of 350 ships in order to meet the challenges of an increasingly competitive international environment . U.S. Navy officers aboard the aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln ( CVN - 72 ) monitor defense systems during early 2010s maritime security operations exercises . The USS America Amphibious assault ship , launched in 2012 . U.S. Navy patrol boat near Kuwait Naval Base in 2009 Organization ( edit ) Main article : Structure of the United States Navy Simplified flowchart of U.S. Navy command structure The U.S. Navy falls under the administration of the Department of the Navy , under civilian leadership of the Secretary of the Navy ( SECNAV ) . The most senior naval officer is the Chief of Naval Operations ( CNO ) , a four - star admiral who is immediately under and reports to the Secretary of the Navy . At the same time , the Chief of Naval Operations is one of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , which is the second - highest deliberatory body of the armed forces after the United States National Security Council , although it only plays an advisory role to the President and does not nominally form part of the chain of command . The Secretary of the Navy and Chief of Naval Operations are responsible for organizing , recruiting , training , and equipping the Navy so that it is ready for operation under the command of the unified combat command commanders . Operating Forces ( edit ) Main article : List of units of the United States Navy There are nine components in the operating forces of the U.S. Navy : the United States Fleet Forces Command ( formerly United States Atlantic Fleet ) , United States Pacific Fleet , United States Naval Forces Central Command , United States Naval Forces Europe , Naval Network Warfare Command , Navy Reserve , United States Naval Special Warfare Command , Operational Test and Evaluation Force , and Military Sealift Command . Fleet Forces Command controls a number of unique capabilities , including Military Sealift Command , Naval Expeditionary Combat Command , and Navy Cyber Forces . The United States Navy has six active numbered fleets -- Third , Fifth , Sixth , Seventh Fleet and Tenth Fleets are each led by a vice admiral , and the Fourth Fleet is led by a rear admiral . These six fleets are further grouped under Fleet Forces Command ( the former Atlantic Fleet ) , Pacific Fleet , Naval Forces Europe - Africa , and Naval Forces Central Command , whose commander also doubles as Commander Fifth Fleet ; the first three commands being led by four - star admirals . The United States First Fleet existed after the Second World War from 1947 , but it was redesignated the Third Fleet in early 1973 . In early 2008 , the navy reactivated the United States Fourth Fleet to control operations in the area controlled by Southern Command , which consists of US assets in and around Central and South America . Shore establishments ( edit ) USS Kitty Hawk ( CV - 63 ) docks at the U.S. Navy base in Yokosuka , Japan . Shore establishments exist to support the mission of the fleet through the use of facilities on land . Among the commands of the shore establishment , as of April 2011 , are the Naval Education and Training Command , the Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command , the Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command , the Naval Facilities Engineering Command , the Naval Supply Systems Command , the Naval Air Systems Command , the Naval Sea Systems Command , the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery , the Bureau of Naval Personnel , the United States Naval Academy , the Naval Safety Center , the Naval Strike and Air Warfare Center , and the United States Naval Observatory . Official Navy websites list the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations and the Chief of Naval Operations as part of the shore establishment , but these two entities effectively sit superior to the other organizations , playing a coordinating role . Relationships with other service branches ( edit ) United States Marine Corps ( edit ) A Marine F / A-18 from VMFA - 451 prepares to launch from USS Coral Sea ( CV - 43 ) Main article : United States Marine Corps In 1834 , the United States Marine Corps came under the Department of the Navy . Historically , the Navy has had a unique relationship with the USMC , partly because they both specialize in seaborne operations . Together the Navy and Marine Corps form the Department of the Navy and report to the Secretary of the Navy . However , the Marine Corps is a distinct , separate service branch with its own uniformed service chief -- the Commandant of the Marine Corps , a four - star general . The Marine Corps depends on the Navy for medical support ( dentists , doctors , nurses , medical technicians known as corpsmen ) and religious support ( chaplains ) . Thus Navy officers and enlisted sailors fulfill these roles . When attached to Marine Corps units deployed to an operational environment they generally wear Marine camouflage uniforms , but otherwise they wear Navy dress uniforms unless they opt to conform to Marine Corps grooming standards . In the operational environment , as an expeditionary force specializing in amphibious operations , Marines often embark on Navy ships to conduct operations from beyond territorial waters . Marine units deploying as part of a Marine Air - Ground Task Force ( MAGTF ) operate under the command of the existing Marine chain of command . Although Marine units routinely operate from amphibious assault ships , the relationship has evolved over the years much as the Commander of the Carrier Air Group / Wing ( CAG ) does not work for the carrier commanding officer , but coordinates with the ship 's CO and staff . Some Marine aviation squadrons , usually fixed - wing assigned to carrier air wings train and operate alongside Navy squadrons ; they fly similar missions and often fly sorties together under the cognizance of the CAG . Aviation is where the Navy and Marines share the most common ground , since aircrews are guided in their use of aircraft by standard procedures outlined in series of publications known as NATOPS manuals . United States Coast Guard ( edit ) A U.S. Coast Guard helicopter prepares to land on the flight deck of the amphibious assault ship USS Wasp ( LHD - 1 ) . Main article : United States Coast Guard The United States Coast Guard , in its peacetime role with the Department of Homeland Security , fulfills its law enforcement and rescue role in the maritime environment . It provides Law Enforcement Detachments ( LEDETs ) to Navy vessels , where they perform arrests and other law enforcement duties during naval boarding and interdiction missions . In times of war , the Coast Guard operates as a service in the Navy . At other times , Coast Guard Port Security Units are sent overseas to guard the security of ports and other assets . The Coast Guard also jointly staffs the Navy 's naval coastal warfare groups and squadrons ( the latter of which were known as harbor defense commands until late - 2004 ) , which oversee defense efforts in foreign littoral combat and inshore areas . Personnel ( edit ) Main article : Personnel of the United States Navy Navy SEALs at one of the entrances Zhawar Kili cave complex . The United States Navy has nearly 500,000 personnel , approximately a quarter of whom are in ready reserve . Of those on active duty , more than eighty percent are enlisted sailors , and around fifteen percent are commissioned officers ; the rest are midshipmen of the United States Naval Academy and midshipmen of the Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps at over 180 universities around the country and officer candidates at the Navy 's Officer Candidate School . Enlisted sailors complete basic military training at boot camp and then are sent to complete training for their individual careers . Sailors prove they have mastered skills and deserve responsibilities by completing Personnel Qualification Standards ( PQS ) tasks and examinations . Among the most important is the `` warfare qualification '' , which denotes a journeyman level of capability in Surface Warfare , Aviation Warfare , Information Dominance Warfare , Naval Aircrew , Special Warfare , Seabee Warfare , Submarine Warfare or Expeditionary Warfare . Many qualifications are denoted on a sailor 's uniform with U.S. Navy badges and insignia . Uniforms ( edit ) See also : Uniforms of the United States Navy The uniforms of the U.S. Navy have evolved gradually since the first uniform regulations for officers were issued in 1802 on the formation of the Navy Department . The predominant colors of U.S. Navy uniforms are navy blue and white . U.S. Navy uniforms were based on Royal Navy uniforms of the time , and have tended to follow that template . Commissioned officers ( edit ) See also : United States Navy officer rank insignia and Ranks and insignia of NATO navies officers The commissioned officer ranks of the U.S. Navy are divided into three categories : junior officers , senior officers , and flag officers . Junior officers are those officers in pay grades O - 1 to O - 4 , while senior officers are those in pay grades O - 5 and O - 6 , and flag officers are those in pay grades of O - 7 and above . Pay grade Student Officer O - 1 O - 2 O - 3 O - 4 O - 5 O - 6 O - 7 O - 8 O - 9 O - 10 O - 11 ( Special ) US Navy ( Edit ) Midshipman - Officer Candidate Ensign Lieutenant ( junior grade ) Lieutenant Lieutenant Commander Commander Captain Rear Admiral ( lower half ) Rear Admiral Vice Admiral Admiral Fleet Admiral Abbrv . MIDN / OC ENS LTJG LT LCDR CDR CAPT RDML RADM VADM ADM FADM Rank in abeyance . Appointments no longer made to this rank in peacetime . Note : Pin - on insignia for paygrades O - 3 , O - 2 , and O - 1 shown above are incorrectly depicted as U.S. Army / U.S. Air Force insignia ; the U.S. Naval Services ( Navy , Marine Corps and Coast Guard ) use insignia that do not have beveled edges and the O - 3 insignia have the connecting links near the ends of the bars rather than towards the center . ( See the illustration at Lieutenant rank insignia ( Navy ) for correct depiction of bars ) Commissioned warrant officer ranks ( edit ) Pay grade W - 2 W - 3 W - 4 W - 5 Insignia Title Chief Warrant Officer Two Chief Warrant Officer Three Chief Warrant Officer Four Chief Warrant Officer Five Abbreviation CWO - 2 CWO - 3 CWO - 4 CWO - 5 Enlisted ( edit ) See also : List of United States Navy enlisted rates and Ranks and insignia of NATO navies enlisted Sailors in pay grades E-1 through E-3 are considered to be in apprenticeships . They are divided into five definable groups , with colored group rate marks designating the group to which they belong : Seaman , Fireman , Airman , Constructionman , and Hospitalman . E-4 to E-6 are non-commissioned officers ( NCOs ) , and are specifically called Petty officers in the Navy . Petty Officers perform not only the duties of their specific career field but also serve as leaders to junior enlisted personnel . E-7 to E-9 are still considered Petty Officers , but are considered a separate community within the Navy . They have separate berthing and dining facilities ( where feasible ) , wear separate uniforms , and perform separate duties . After attaining the rate of Master Chief Petty Officer , a service member may choose to further his or her career by becoming a Command Master Chief Petty Officer ( CMC ) . A CMC is considered to be the senior-most enlisted service member within a command , and is the special assistant to the Commanding Officer in all matters pertaining to the health , welfare , job satisfaction , morale , utilization , advancement and training of the command 's enlisted personnel . CMCs can be Command level ( within a single unit , such as a ship or shore station ) , Fleet level ( squadrons consisting of multiple operational units , headed by a flag officer or commodore ) , or Force level ( consisting of a separate community within the Navy , such as Subsurface , Air , Reserves ) . CMC insignia are similar to the insignia for Master Chief , except that the rating symbol is replaced by an inverted five - point star , reflecting a change in their rating from their previous rating ( i.e. , MMCM ) to CMDCM . The stars for Command Master Chief are silver , while stars for Fleet or Force Master Chief are gold . Additionally , CMCs wear a badge , worn on their left breast pocket , denoting their title ( Command / Fleet / Force ) . Pay grade E-1 E-2 E-3 E-4 E-5 E-6 E-7 E-8 E-9 U.S. Navy ( Edit ) No Insignia Seaman recruit Seaman apprentice Seaman Petty officer third class Petty officer second class Petty officer first class Chief petty officer Senior chief petty officer Command senior chief petty officer Master chief petty officer Command master chief petty officer Fleet / force master chief petty officer Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy Badges of the United States Navy ( edit ) See also : Badges of the United States Navy Insignia and badges of the United States Navy are military `` badges '' issued by the United States Department of the Navy to naval service members who achieve certain qualifications and accomplishments while serving on both active and reserve duty in the United States Navy . Most naval aviation insignia are also permitted for wear on uniforms of the United States Marine Corps . As described in Chapter 5 of U.S. Navy Uniform Regulations , `` badges '' are categorized as breast insignia ( usually worn immediately above and below ribbons ) and identification badges ( usually worn at breast pocket level ) . Breast insignia are further divided between command and warfare and other qualification . Insignia come in the form of metal `` pin - on devices '' worn on formal uniforms and embroidered `` tape strips '' worn on work uniforms . For the purpose of this article , the general term `` insignia '' shall be used to describe both , as it is done in Navy Uniform Regulations . The term `` badge '' , although used ambiguously in other military branches and in informal speak to describe any pin , patch , or tab , is exclusive to identification badges and authorized marksmanship awards according to the language in Navy Uniform Regulations , Chapter 5 . Below are just a few of the many badges maintained by the Navy . The rest can be seen in the article cited at the top of this section : Naval Aviator Badge Submarine Officer and Enlisted Surface Warfare Officer Insignia Bases ( edit ) Main article : List of United States Navy installations Map of Navy bases in the United States The size , complexity , and international presence of the United States Navy requires a large number of navy installations to support its operations . While the majority of bases are located inside the United States itself , the navy maintains a significant number of facilities abroad , either in U.S. - controlled territories or in foreign countries under a Status of Forces Agreement ( SOFA ) . Eastern United States ( edit ) The second largest concentration of installations is at Hampton Roads , Virginia , where the navy occupies over 36,000 acres ( 15,000 ha ) of land . Located at Hampton Roads are Naval Station Norfolk , homeport of the Atlantic Fleet ; Naval Air Station Oceana , a Master Jet Base ; Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek ; and Training Support Center Hampton Roads as well as a number of Navy and commercial shipyards that service navy vessels . The Aegis Training and Readiness Center is located at the Naval Support Activity South Potomac in Dahlgren , Virginia . Maryland is home to NAS Patuxent River , which houses the Navy 's Test Pilot School . Also located in Maryland is the United States Naval Academy , situated in Annapolis . NS Newport in Newport , Rhode Island is home to many schools and tenant commands , including the Officer Candidate School , Naval Undersea Warfare Center , and more , and also maintains inactive ships . There is also a naval base in Charleston , South Carolina . This is home to the Nuclear A-School , and the Nuclear Field Power school , and one of two nuclear ' Prototype ' Schools . The state of Florida is the location of three major bases , NS Mayport , the Navy 's fourth largest , in Jacksonville , Florida ; NAS Jacksonville , a Master Air Anti-submarine Warfare base ; and NAS Pensacola ; home of the Naval Education and Training Command , the Naval Air Technical Training Center that provides specialty training for enlisted aviation personnel and is the primary flight training base for Navy and Marine Corps Naval Flight Officers and enlisted Naval Aircrewmen . There is also NSA Panama City , Florida which is home to the Navy Diving and Salvage Training Center . The main U.S. Navy submarine bases on the east coast are located in Naval Submarine Base New London in Groton , Connecticut and NSB Kings Bay in Kings Bay , Georgia . The Portsmouth Naval Shipyard near Portsmouth , New Hampshire , which repairs naval submarines . NS Great Lakes , north of Chicago , Illinois is the home of the Navy 's boot camp for enlisted sailors . The Washington Navy Yard in Washington , DC is the Navy 's oldest shore establishment and serves as a ceremonial and administrative center for the U.S. Navy , home to the Chief of Naval Operations , and is headquarters for numerous commands . Western United States and Hawaii ( edit ) Underwater Demolition Team members using the casting technique from a speeding boat . Combat Camera Underwater Photo Team -- A US Navy diver during underwater photography training off the coast of Guantanamo Bay . The navy 's largest complex is Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake , California , which covers 1.1 million acres ( 4,500 km ) of land , or approximately 1 / 3 of the United States Navy 's total land holdings . Naval Base San Diego , California , is the main homeport of the Pacific Fleet ( although its headquarters is located in Pearl Harbor , Hawaii ) . NAS North Island is located on the north side of Coronado , and is home to Headquarters for Naval Air Forces and Naval Air Force Pacific , the bulk of the Pacific Fleet 's helicopter squadrons , and part of the West Coast aircraft carrier fleet . NAB Coronado is located on the southern end of the Coronado Island and is home to the navy 's west coast SEAL teams and special boat units . NAB Coronado is also home to the Naval Special Warfare Center , the primary training center for SEALs . The other major collection of naval bases on the west coast is in Puget Sound , Washington . Among them , NS Everett is one of the newer bases and the navy states that it is its most modern facility . NAS Fallon , Nevada serves as the primary training ground for navy strike aircrews , and is home to the Naval Strike Air Warfare Center . Master Jet Bases are also located at NAS Lemoore , California and NAS Whidbey Island , Washington , while the carrier - based airborne early warning aircraft community and major air test activities are located at NAS Point Mugu , California . The naval presence in Hawaii is centered on NS Pearl Harbor , which hosts the headquarters of the Pacific Fleet and many of its subordinate commands . United States territories ( edit ) USS Carl Vinson ( CVN - 70 ) pier side in Apra Harbor , Guam . Guam , an island strategically located in the Western Pacific Ocean , maintains a sizable U.S. Navy presence , including NB Guam . The westernmost U.S. territory , it contains a natural deep water harbor capable of harboring aircraft carriers in emergencies . Its naval air station was deactivated in 1995 and its flight activities transferred to nearby Andersen Air Force Base . Puerto Rico in the Caribbean formerly housed NS Roosevelt Roads , which was shut down in 2004 shortly after the controversial closure of the live ordnance training area on nearby Vieques Island . Foreign countries ( edit ) The largest overseas base is the United States Fleet Activities Yokosuka , Japan , which serves as the home port for the navy 's largest forward - deployed fleet and is a significant base of operations in the Western Pacific . European operations revolve around facilities in Italy ( NAS Sigonella and Naval Computer and Telecommunications Station Naples ) with NSA Naples as the homeport for the Sixth Fleet and Command Naval Region Europe , Africa , Southwest Asia ( CNREURAFSWA ) , and additional facilities in nearby Gaeta . There is also NS Rota in Spain and NSA Souda Bay in Greece . In the Middle East , naval facilities are located almost exclusively in countries bordering the Persian Gulf , with NSA Bahrain serving as the headquarters of U.S. Naval Forces Central Command and U.S. Fifth Fleet . NS Guantanamo Bay in Cuba is the oldest overseas facility and has become known in recent years as the location of a detention camp for suspected al - Qaeda operatives . Equipment ( edit ) Main article : Equipment of the United States Navy As of 2018 , the navy operates over 460 ships , including vessels operated by the Military Sealift Command ( MSC ) crewed by a combination of civilian contractors and a small number of uniformed Naval personnel , 3,650 + aircraft , 50,000 non-combat vehicles and owns 75,200 buildings on 3,300,000 acres ( 13,000 km ) . Ships ( edit ) Main articles : List of United States Navy ships and List of current ships of the United States Navy See also : List of currently active United States military watercraft , United States Navy ships , and United States ship naming conventions The names of commissioned ships of the U.S. Navy are prefixed with the letters `` USS '' , designating `` United States Ship '' . Non-commissioned , civilian - manned vessels of the navy have names that begin with `` USNS '' , standing for `` United States Naval Ship '' The names of ships are officially selected by the secretary of the navy , often to honor important people or places . Additionally , each ship is given a letter - based hull classification symbol ( for example , CVN or DDG ) to indicate the vessel 's type and number . All ships in the navy inventory are placed in the Naval Vessel Register , which is part of `` the Navy List '' ( required by article 29 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ) . The register tracks data such as the current status of a ship , the date of its commissioning , and the date of its decommissioning . Vessels that are removed from the register prior to disposal are said to be stricken from the register . The navy also maintains a reserve fleet of inactive vessels that are maintained for reactivation in times of need . The U.S. Navy was one of the first to install nuclear reactors aboard naval vessels ; today , nuclear energy powers all active U.S. aircraft carriers and submarines . In the case of the Nimitz - class carrier , two naval reactors give the ship almost unlimited range and provide enough electrical energy to power a city of 100,000 people . The U.S. Navy previously operated nuclear - powered cruisers , but all have been decommissioned . The U.S. Navy had identified a need for 313 combat ships in early 2010s , but under its plans at the time could only afford 232 to 243 . In March 2014 , the Navy started counting self - deployable support ships such as minesweepers , surveillance craft , and tugs in the `` battle fleet '' in order to reach a count of 272 as of October 2016 , and it includes ships that have been put in `` shrink wrap '' . Aircraft carriers ( edit ) USS Nimitz ( CVN - 68 ) , a Nimitz - class aircraft carrier . Main article : List of aircraft carriers of the United States Navy An aircraft carrier is typically deployed along with a host of additional vessels , forming a carrier strike group . The supporting ships , which usually include three or four Aegis - equipped cruisers and destroyers , a frigate , and two attack submarines , are tasked with protecting the carrier from air , missile , sea , and undersea threats as well as providing additional strike capabilities themselves . Ready logistics support for the group is provided by a combined ammunition , oiler , and supply ship . Modern carriers are named after American admirals and politicians , usually presidents . The Navy has a statutory requirement for a minimum of 11 aircraft carriers . Currently there are 10 that are deployable and one , the USS Gerald R. Ford ( CVN - 78 ) , is currently undergoing extensive systems and technologies testing until around 2021 . Amphibious warfare vessels ( edit ) USS Bataan ( LHD - 5 ) , a Wasp - class amphibious assault ship . USS San Antonio ( LPD - 17 ) , a San Antonio - class amphibious transport dock . Main article : List of United States Navy amphibious warfare ships Amphibious assault ships are the centerpieces of US amphibious warfare and fulfill the same power projection role as aircraft carriers except that their striking force centers on land forces instead of aircraft . They deliver , command , coordinate , and fully support all elements of a 2,200 - strong Marine Expeditionary Unit in an amphibious assault using both air and amphibious vehicles . Resembling small aircraft carriers , amphibious assault ships are capable of V / STOL , STOVL , VTOL , tiltrotor , and rotary wing aircraft operations . They also contain a well deck to support the use of Landing Craft Air Cushion ( LCAC ) and other amphibious assault watercraft . Recently , amphibious assault ships have begun to be deployed as the core of an expeditionary strike group , which usually consists of an additional amphibious transport dock and dock landing ship for amphibious warfare and an Aegis - equipped cruiser and destroyer , frigate , and attack submarine for group defense . Amphibious assault ships are typically named after World War II aircraft carriers . Amphibious transport docks are warships that embark , transport , and land Marines , supplies , and equipment in a supporting role during amphibious warfare missions . With a landing platform , amphibious transport docks also have the capability to serve as secondary aviation support for an expeditionary group . All amphibious transport docks can operate helicopters , LCACs , and other conventional amphibious vehicles while the newer San Antonio class of ships has been explicitly designed to operate all three elements of the Marines ' `` mobility triad '' : Expeditionary Fighting Vehicles ( EFVs ) , the V - 22 Osprey tiltrotor aircraft , and LCACs . Amphibious transport docks are typically named after U.S. cities . The dock landing ship is a medium amphibious transport that is designed specifically to support and operate LCACs , though it is able to operate other amphibious assault vehicles in the United States inventory as well . Dock landing ships are normally deployed as a component of an expeditionary strike group 's amphibious assault contingent , operating as a secondary launch platform for LCACs . All dock landing ships are named after cities or important places in U.S. and U.S. Naval history . Cruisers ( edit ) Main article : List of cruisers of the United States Navy USS Port Royal ( CG - 73 ) , a Ticonderoga - class cruiser . Cruisers are large surface combat vessels that conduct anti-air / anti-missile warfare , surface warfare , anti-submarine warfare , and strike operations independently or as members of a larger task force . Modern guided missile cruisers were developed out of a need to counter the anti-ship missile threat facing the United States Navy . This led to the development of the AN / SPY - 1 phased array radar and the Standard missile with the Aegis combat system coordinating the two . Ticonderoga - class cruisers were the first to be equipped with Aegis and were put to use primarily as anti-air and anti-missile defense in a battle force protection role . Later developments of vertical launch systems and the Tomahawk missile gave cruisers additional long - range land and sea strike capability , making them capable of both offensive and defensive battle operations . The Ticonderoga class is the only active class of cruiser . All cruisers in this class are named after battles . Destroyers ( edit ) Main article : List of destroyers of the United States Navy USS Zumwalt ( DDG - 1000 ) , a Zumwalt - class stealth guided missile destroyer . Destroyers are multi-mission medium surface ships capable of sustained performance in anti-air , anti-submarine , anti-ship , and offensive strike operations . Like cruisers , guided missile destroyers are primarily focused on surface strikes using Tomahawk missiles and fleet defense through Aegis and the Standard missile . Destroyers additionally specialize in anti-submarine warfare and are equipped with VLA rockets and LAMPS Mk III Sea Hawk helicopters to deal with underwater threats . When deployed with a carrier strike group or expeditionary strike group , destroyers and their fellow Aegis - equipped cruisers are primarily tasked with defending the fleet while providing secondary strike capabilities . With very few exceptions , destroyers are named after U.S. Navy , Marine Corps , and Coast Guard heroes . Frigates and littoral combat ships ( edit ) Main article : List of frigates of the United States Navy See also : Littoral combat ship USS Independence ( LCS - 2 ) , a Littoral combat ship . USS Freedom ( LCS - 1 ) underway in special naval camouflage . Modern U.S. frigates mainly perform anti-submarine warfare for carrier and expeditionary strike groups and provide armed escort for supply convoys and merchant shipping . They are designed to protect friendly ships against hostile submarines in low to medium threat environments , using torpedoes and LAMPS helicopters . Independently , frigates are able to conduct counterdrug missions and other maritime interception operations . As in the case of destroyers , frigates are named after U.S. Navy , Marine Corps , and Coast Guard heroes . As of autumn 2015 , the U.S. Navy has retired its most recent class of frigates , and expects that by 2020 the Littoral Combat Ships ( LCS ) will assume many of the duties the frigate had with the fleet . The LCS is a class of relatively small surface vessels intended for operations in the littoral zone ( close to shore ) . It was `` envisioned to be a networked , agile , stealthy surface combatant capable of defeating anti-access and asymmetric threats in the littorals '' . They have the capabilities of a small assault transport , including a flight deck and hangar for housing two helicopters , a stern ramp for operating small boats , and the cargo volume and payload to deliver a small assault force with fighting vehicles to a roll - on / roll - off port facility . The ship is easy to reconfigure for different roles , including anti-submarine warfare , mine countermeasures , anti-surface warfare , intelligence , surveillance and reconnaissance , homeland defense , maritime intercept , special operations , and logistics , all by swapping mission - specific modules as needed . The LCS program is still relatively new as of 2018 with only ten active ships , but the navy has announced plans for up to 32 ships . ( See : List of littoral combat ships ) The navy has announced that a further 20 vessels to be built after that will be redesignated as ' frigates ' . In addition , USS Constitution , commissioned in 1797 and one of the original six frigates of the United States Navy , remains in commission at the Charlestown Navy Yard in Boston . She serves as a tribute to the heritage of the Navy , and occasionally sails for commemorative events such as Independence Day and various victories during the War of 1812 . Constitution is currently the oldest commissioned warship afloat . HMS Victory is older , and in commission , but is in permanent drydock . Mine countermeasures ships ( edit ) Main article : List of mine warfare vessels of the United States Navy USS Warrior ( MCM - 10 ) in port Mine countermeasures vessels are a combination of minehunters , a naval vessel that actively detects and destroys individual naval mines , and minesweepers , which clear mined areas as a whole , without prior detection of the mines . The navy has approximately a dozen of these in active service , but the mine countermeasure ( MCM ) role is also being assumed by the incoming classes of littoral combat ships . MCM vessels have mostly legacy names of previous US Navy ships , especially WWII - era minesweepers . Patrol boats ( edit ) Main article : List of patrol vessels of the United States Navy USS Typhoon ( PC - 5 ) departing Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek in Virginia . A patrol boat is a relatively small naval vessel generally designed for coastal defense duties . There have been many designs for patrol boats , though the navy currently only has a single class . They may be operated by a nation 's navy or coast guard , and may be intended for marine ( `` blue water '' ) and / or estuarine or river ( `` brown water '' ) environments . The Navy has approximately a dozen in active service , which are mainly used in the littoral regions of the Persian Gulf , but have also been used for home port patrols and drug interdiction missions . The navy 's current class of patrol boats have names based on weather phenomena . Submarines ( edit ) Main article : Submarines in the United States Navy USS Kentucky ( SSBN - 737 ) , an Ohio - class ballistic missile submarine . USS Virginia ( SSN - 774 ) , a Virginia - class attack submarine . All current and planned U.S. Navy submarines are nuclear - powered , as only nuclear propulsion allows for the combination of stealth and long duration , high - speed sustained underwater movement that makes modern nuclear submarines so vital to a modern blue - water navy . The U.S. Navy operates three types : ballistic missile submarines , guided missile submarines , and attack submarines . U.S. Navy ( nuclear ) ballistic missile submarines carry the stealthiest leg of the U.S. strategic triad ( the other legs are the land - based U.S. strategic missile force and the air - based U.S. strategic bomber force ) . These submarines have only one mission : to carry and , if called upon , to launch the Trident nuclear missile . The primary missions of attack and guided missile submarines in the U.S. Navy are peacetime engagement , surveillance and intelligence , special operations , precision strikes , and control of the seas . To these , attack submarines also add the battlegroup operations mission . Attack and guided missile submarines have several tactical missions , including sinking ships and other subs , launching cruise missiles , gathering intelligence , and assisting in special operations . As with other classes of naval vessels , most U.S. submarines ( or `` boats '' ) are named according to specific conventions . The boats of the current U.S. ballistic missile submarine class , Ohio - class , are named after U.S. states . As the four current U.S. guided missile submarines are converted Ohio - class boats , they have retained their U.S. state names . The members of the oldest currently - commissioned attack submarine class , the Los Angeles class , are typically named for cities . The follow - on Seawolf - class ' three submarines -- Seawolf , Connecticut and Jimmy Carter -- share no consistent naming scheme . With the current Virginia - class class attack submarines , the U.S. Navy has extended the Ohio class ' state - based naming scheme to these submarines . Attack submarines prior to the Los Angeles class were named for denizens of the deep , while pre-Ohio - class ballistic missile submarines were named for famous Americans and foreigners with notable connections to the United States . Aircraft ( edit ) Four Navy F / A-18F Super Hornets . Main articles : List of United States naval aircraft and List of military aircraft of the United States ( naval ) See also : List of United States Navy aircraft squadrons and List of active United States military aircraft Carrier - based aircraft are able to strike air , sea , and land targets far from a carrier strike group while protecting friendly forces from enemy aircraft , ships , and submarines . In peacetime , aircraft 's ability to project the threat of sustained attack from a mobile platform on the seas gives United States leaders significant diplomatic and crisis - management options . Aircraft additionally provide logistics support to maintain the navy 's readiness and , through helicopters , supply platforms with which to conduct search and rescue , special operations , anti-submarine warfare ( ASW ) , and anti-surface warfare ( ASuW ) . The U.S. Navy began to research the use of aircraft at sea in the 1910s , with Lieutenant Theodore G. `` Spuds '' Ellyson becoming the first naval aviator on 28 January 1911 , and commissioned its first aircraft carrier , USS Langley ( CV - 1 ) , in 1922 . United States naval aviation fully came of age in World War II , when it became clear following the Attack on Pearl Harbor , the Battle of the Coral Sea , and the Battle of Midway that aircraft carriers and the planes that they carried had replaced the battleship as the greatest weapon on the seas . Leading navy aircraft in World War II included the Grumman F4F Wildcat , the Grumman F6F Hellcat , the Chance Vought F4U Corsair , the Douglas SBD Dauntless , and the Grumman TBF Avenger . Navy aircraft also played a significant role in conflicts during the following Cold War years , with the F - 4 Phantom II and the F - 14 Tomcat becoming military icons of the era . The navy 's current primary fighter and attack airplanes are the multi-mission F / A-18C / D Hornet and its newer cousin , the F / A-18E / F Super Hornet . The F - 35 Lightning II is presently under development and was scheduled to replace the C and D versions of the Hornet beginning in 2012 . Initial operational capability of the F - 35C is now expected to be February 2019 . The Navy is also looking to eventually replace its F / A-18E / F Super Hornets with the F / A-XX program . The Aircraft Investment Plan sees naval aviation growing from 30 percent of current aviation forces to half of all procurement funding over the next three decades . Weapons ( edit ) Main article : List of United States Navy weapons Current U.S. Navy shipboard weapons systems are almost entirely focused on missiles , both as a weapon and as a threat . In an offensive role , missiles are intended to strike targets at long distances with accuracy and precision . Because they are unmanned weapons , missiles allow for attacks on heavily defended targets without risk to human pilots . Land strikes are the domain of the BGM - 109 Tomahawk , which was first deployed in the 1980s and is continually being updated to increase its capabilities . For anti-ship strikes , the navy 's dedicated missile is the Harpoon Missile . To defend against enemy missile attack , the navy operates a number of systems that are all coordinated by the Aegis combat system . Medium - long range defense is provided by the Standard Missile 2 , which has been deployed since the 1980s . The Standard missile doubles as the primary shipboard anti-aircraft weapon and is undergoing development for use in theater ballistic missile defense . Short range defense against missiles is provided by the Phalanx CIWS and the more recently developed RIM - 162 Evolved Sea Sparrow Missile . In addition to missiles , the navy employs Mark 46 and Mark 50 torpedoes and various types of naval mines . Aviation Ordnancemen loading GBU - 12 bombs in 2005 . Naval fixed - wing aircraft employ much of the same weapons as the United States Air Force for both air - to - air and air - to - surface combat . Air engagements are handled by the heat - seeking Sidewinder and the radar guided AMRAAM missiles along with the M61 Vulcan cannon for close range dogfighting . For surface strikes , navy aircraft utilize a combination of missiles , smart bombs , and dumb bombs . On the list of available missiles are the Maverick , SLAM - ER and JSOW . Smart bombs include the GPS - guided JDAM and the laser - guided Paveway series . Unguided munitions such as dumb bombs and cluster bombs make up the rest of the weapons deployed by fixed - wing aircraft . Rotary aircraft weapons are focused on anti-submarine warfare ( ASW ) and light to medium surface engagements . To combat submarines , helicopters use Mark 46 and Mark 50 torpedoes . Against small watercraft , they utilize Hellfire and Penguin air to surface missiles . Helicopters also employ various types of mounted anti-personnel machine guns , including the M60 , M240 , GAU - 16 / A , and GAU - 17 / A . Nuclear weapons in the U.S. Navy arsenal are deployed through ballistic missile submarines and aircraft . The Ohio - class submarine carries the latest iteration of the Trident missile , a three - stage , submarine - launched ballistic missile ( SLBM ) with MIRV capability ; the current Trident II ( D5 ) version is expected to be in service past 2020 . The navy 's other nuclear weapon is the air - deployed B61 nuclear bomb . The B61 is a thermonuclear device that can be dropped by strike aircraft such as the F / A-18 Hornet and Super Hornet at high speed from a large range of altitudes . It can be released through free - fall or parachute and can be set to detonate in the air or on the ground . Naval jack ( edit ) U.S. Naval Jack Former U.S. Naval Jack The current naval jack of the United States is the First Navy Jack , traditionally regarded as having been used during the American Revolutionary War . On 31 May 2002 , Secretary of the Navy Gordon R. England directed all U.S. naval ships to fly the First Navy Jack for the duration of the `` War on Terror '' . Many ships chose to shift colors later that year on the first anniversary of the September 11 , 2001 attacks . The previous naval jack was a blue field with 50 white stars , identical to the canton of the ensign ( the flag of the United States ) both in appearance and size , and remains in use with vessels of the U.S. Coast Guard and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . A jack of similar design was used in 1794 , though with 13 stars arranged in a 3 -- 2 -- 3 -- 2 -- 3 pattern . When a ship is moored or anchored , the jack is flown from the bow of the ship while the ensign is flown from the stern . When underway , the ensign is raised on the mainmast . The First Naval Jack , however , has always been flown on the oldest ship in the active American fleet , which is currently USS Blue Ridge ( LCC - 19 ) . Notable sailors ( edit ) Main article : List of United States Navy people Many past and present United States historical figures have served in the navy . Notable officers include John Paul Jones , John Barry ( Continental Navy officer and first flag officer of the United States Navy ) , Edward Preble , James Lawrence ( whose last words `` do n't give up the ship '' are memorialized in Bancroft Hall at the United States Naval Academy ) , Stephen Decatur , Jr. , David Farragut , David Dixon Porter , Oliver Hazard Perry , Commodore Matthew Perry ( whose Black Ships forced the opening of Japan ) , George Dewey ( the only person in the history of the United States to have attained the rank of Admiral of the Navy ) , and the officers who attained the rank of Fleet Admiral during World War II : William D. Leahy , Ernest J. King , Chester W. Nimitz , and William F. Halsey , Jr ... The first American president who served in the navy was John F. Kennedy ( who commanded the famous PT - 109 ) . Others included Lyndon B. Johnson , Richard Nixon , Gerald Ford , Jimmy Carter , and George H.W. Bush . Both Theodore Roosevelt and Franklin D. Roosevelt were the Assistant Secretary of the Navy prior to their presidencies . Many members of Congress served in the navy , notably U.S. Senators Bob Kerrey , John McCain , and John Kerry . Other notable former members of the U.S. Navy include astronauts , entertainers , authors and professional athletes . See also ( edit ) Military of the United States portal United States Navy portal Disestablished commands of the United States Navy Ohio Replacement Submarine Spearhead - class expeditionary fast transport Bibliography of early American naval history Modern United States Navy carrier air operations Naval militia Women in the United States Navy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Establishment of the Navy , 13 October 1775 '' . Naval History and Heritage Command . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The U.S. Navy '' . 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Retrieved 19 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Yokosuka , Japan 35 ° 17'N 139 ° 40'E '' . GlobalSecurity . Retrieved 19 April 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Naval facilities outside the US '' . United States Navy . Archived from the original on 18 May 2015 . Retrieved 20 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ship Naming in the United States Navy '' . Naval History & Heritage Command . United States Navy . Retrieved 20 June 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Rourke , Ronald . ( 2013 ) . Navy Ship Names : Background For Congress . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Research Service . Jump up ^ `` CVN - 65 Enterprise '' . GlobalSecurity . Retrieved 7 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` CVN - 68 Nimitz Class '' . GlobalSecurity . Retrieved 8 April 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Vice Adm. Barry McCullough '' . Defense News . Archived from the original on 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleet Size US Navy Retrieved 17 October 2016 Jump up ^ CAVAS , CHRISTOPHER P. ( 9 March 2014 ) . `` US Navy Budget Plan : Major Questions Abound '' . defensenews.com . Gannett Government Media . Archived from the original on 9 March 2014 . Retrieved 9 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Freedberg Jr. , Sydney J. ( 11 March 2014 ) . `` Outrage on Capitol Hill As Navy Changes Ship - Counting Rules '' . breakingdefense.com . Breaking Media , Inc . Retrieved 11 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Wolf , Jim ( 6 May 2010 ) . `` US Navy to Gates : Yes , we need 11 aircraft carriers '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ LaGrone , Sam ( 18 January 2017 ) . `` Delay in Aircraft Carrier Ford Testing Could Compress Workups for First Deployment '' . USNI News . Archived from the original on 18 February 2017 . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ SNA : Modified Littoral Combat Ships to be Designated Frigates -- News.USNI.org , 15 January 2015 Jump up ^ `` Submarine Missions '' . GlobalSecurity . Retrieved 8 April 2006 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of U.S. Navy Aircraft Carriers : Part I -- The Early Years '' . The Carriers . United States Navy . Retrieved 30 June 2011 . 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Archived from the original on 23 December 2007 . ; official news `` US Navy '' . GlobalSecurity . D'Alessandro , Michael P. ( ed . ) . `` Naval Open Source Intelligence '' . `` United States Navy Official Website '' . Lanzendörfer , Tim . `` The Pacific War : The U.S. Navy '' . `` United States Navy Memorial '' . America 's Naval Hardware -- Life magazine slideshow `` Photographic History of The U.S. Navy '' . Naval History . NavSource . `` Haze Gray & Underway -- Naval History and Photography '' . HazeGray.org . `` U.S. Navy Ships '' . Military Analysis Network . Federation of America Scientists . U.S. Navy during the Cold War from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives `` United States Navy in World War I '' . World War I at Sea.net . Retrieved 3 February 2007 . ( Includes warship losses . ) `` U.S. Navy in World War II '' . World War II on the World Wide Web . Hyper War . ( Includes The Official Chronology of the U.S. Navy in World War II . ) `` Our Fighting Ships '' . U.S. WW II Newsmap . Army Orientation Course. 29 June 1942 . Hosted by the UNT Libraries Digital Collections `` Strict Neutrality -- Britain & France at War with Germany , September 1939 -- May 1940 '' . United States Navy and World War II . Naval-History.net . Archived from the original on 18 November 2006 . Retrieved 3 February 2007 . ( Chronology of the lead up of U.S. entry into World War II . ) `` The National Security Strategy of the United States of America '' . Archived from the original on 17 August 2007 . `` Naval recognition - Grand Valley State University Archives and Special Collections '' . `` US Navy SEALs Information '' . `` US Navy SEALs Directory '' . Archived from the original on 4 April 2010 . 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who introduced the color wheel to represent the organization of color
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The original color circle of Isaac Newton showed only the spectral hues and was provided to illustrate a rule for the color of mixtures of lights , that these could be approximately predicted from the center of gravity of the numbers of `` rays '' of each spectral color present ( represented in his diagram by small circles ) . The divisions of Newton 's circle are of unequal size , being based on the intervals of a Dorian musical scale . Most later color circles include the purples , however , between red and violet , and have equal - sized hue divisions . Color scientists and psychologists often use the additive primaries , red , green and blue ; and often refer to their arrangement around a circle as a color circle as opposed to a color wheel .
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Isaac Newton
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Color wheel
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color wheel
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A color wheel or colour circle is an abstract illustrative organization of color hues around a circle , which shows the relationships between primary colors , secondary colors , tertiary colors etc .
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Some sources use the terms color wheel and color circle interchangeably ; however , one term or the other may be more prevalent in certain fields or certain versions as mentioned above . For instance , some reserve the term color wheel for mechanical rotating devices , such as color tops or filter wheels . Others classify various color wheels as color disc , color chart , and color scale varieties . As an illustrative model , artists typically use red , yellow , and blue primaries ( RYB color model ) arranged at three equally spaced points around their color wheel . Printers and others who use modern subtractive color methods and terminology use magenta , yellow , and cyan as subtractive primaries . Intermediate and interior points of color wheels and circles represent color mixtures . In a paint or subtractive color wheel , the `` center of gravity '' is usually ( but not always ) black , representing all colors of light being absorbed ; in a color circle , on the other hand , the center is white or gray , indicating a mixture of different wavelengths of light ( all wavelengths , or two complementary colors , for example ) . The original color circle of Isaac Newton showed only the spectral hues and was provided to illustrate a rule for the color of mixtures of lights , that these could be approximately predicted from the center of gravity of the numbers of `` rays '' of each spectral color present ( represented in his diagram by small circles ) . The divisions of Newton 's circle are of unequal size , being based on the intervals of a Dorian musical scale . Most later color circles include the purples , however , between red and violet , and have equal - sized hue divisions . Color scientists and psychologists often use the additive primaries , red , green and blue ; and often refer to their arrangement around a circle as a color circle as opposed to a color wheel . Contents ( hide ) 1 Colors of the color wheel 2 The color circle and color vision 3 Color wheels and paint color mixing 4 Color wheel software 5 HSV color wheel 6 Color schemes 7 Gallery 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Colors of the color wheel ( edit ) A 1908 color wheel with red , green , and violet `` plus colors '' and magenta , yellow , and cyan blue `` minus colors '' The typical artists ' paint or pigment color wheel includes the blue , red , and yellow primary colors . The corresponding secondary colors are green , orange , and violet or purple . The tertiary colors are green - yellow , yellow -- orange , orange - red , red -- violet , violet - blue and blue -- green . A color wheel based on RGB ( red , green , blue ) or RGV ( red , green , violet ) additive primaries has cyan , magenta , and yellow secondaries ( cyan was previously known as cyan blue ) . Alternatively , the same arrangement of colors around a circle can be described as based on cyan , magenta , and yellow subtractive primaries , with red , green , and blue ( or violet ) being secondaries . Most color wheels are based on three primary colors , three secondary colors , and the six intermediates formed by mixing a primary with a secondary , known as tertiary colors , for a total of 12 main divisions ; some add more intermediates , for 24 named colors . Other color wheels , however , are based on the four opponent colors , and may have four or eight main colors . Goethe 's Theory of Colours provided the first systematic study of the physiological effects of color ( 1810 ) . His observations on the effect of opposed colors led him to a symmetric arrangement of his color wheel anticipating Ewald Hering 's opponent color theory ( 1872 ) . ... for the colours diametrically opposed to each other ... are those that reciprocally evoke each other in the eye . -- Goethe , Theory of Colours The color circle and color vision ( edit ) A 1917 four - way color circle related to the color opponent process A color circle based on spectral wavelengths appears with red at one end of the spectrum and is 100 % mixable violet at the other . A wedge - shaped gap represents colors that have no unique spectral frequency . These extra-spectral colors , the purples , form from additive mixture of colors from the ends of the spectrum . In normal human vision , wavelengths of between about 400 nm and 700 nm are represented by this incomplete circle , with the longer wavelengths equating to the red end of the spectrum . Complement colors are located directly opposite each other on this wheel . These complement colors are not identical to colors in pigment mixing ( such as are used in paint ) , but when lights are additively mixed in the correct proportions appear as a neutral grey or white . For example : the reason that the Wimbledon tennis tournament uses purple on the Wimbledon official logo is that purple is located almost opposite of green on the color wheel . Purple against green provides good contrast . The color circle is used for , among other purposes , illustrating additive color mixture . Combining two colored lights from different parts of the spectrum may produce a third color that appears like a light from another part of the spectrum , even though dissimilar wavelengths are involved . This type of color matching is known as metameric matching . Thus a combination of green and red light might produce a color close to yellow in apparent hue . The newly formed color lies between the two original colors on the color circle , but they are usually represented as being joined by a straight line on the circle , the location of the new color closer to the ( white ) centre of the circle indicating that the resulting hue is less saturated ( i.e. , paler ) than either of the two source colors . The combination of any two colors in this way are always less saturated than the two pure spectral colors individually . Objects may be viewed under a variety of different lighting conditions . The human visual system is able to adapt to these differences by chromatic adaptation . This aspect of the visual system is relatively easy to mislead , and optical illusions relating to color are therefore a common phenomenon . The color circle is a useful tool for examining these illusions . Arranging spectral colors in a circle to predict admixture of light stems from work by Sir Isaac Newton . Newton 's calculation of the resulting color involves three steps : First , mark on the color circle the constituent colors according to their relative weight . Second , find the barycenter of these differently weighted colors . Third , interpret the radial distance ( from the center of the circle to the barycenter ) as the saturation of the color , and the azimuthal position on the circle as the hue of the color . Thus , Newton 's color circle is a predecessor of the modern , horseshoe - shaped CIE color diagram . The psychophysical theory behind the color circle dates to the early color triangle of Thomas Young , whose work was later extended by James Clerk Maxwell and Hermann von Helmholtz . Young postulated that the eye contains receptors that respond to three different primary sensations , or spectra of light . As Maxwell showed , all hues , but not all colors , can be created from three primary colors such as red , green , and blue , if they are mixed in the right proportions . Color wheels and paint color mixing ( edit ) There is no straight - line relationship between colors mixed in pigment , which vary from medium to medium . With a psychophysical color circle , however , the resulting hue of any mixture of two colored light sources can be determined simply by the relative brightness and wavelength of the two lights . A similar calculation can not be performed with two paints . As such , a painter 's color wheel is indicative rather than predictive , being used to compare existing colors rather than calculate exact colors of mixtures . Because of differences relating to the medium , different color wheels can be created according to the type of paint or other medium used , and many artists make their own individual color wheels . These often contain only blocks of color rather than the gradation between tones that is characteristic of the color circle . Color wheel software ( edit ) Main article : Color tool A number of interactive color wheel applications are available both on the Internet and as desktop applications . These programs are used by artists and designers for picking colors for a design . HSV color wheel ( edit ) A color wheel based on HSV , labeled with HTML color keywords The HSL and HSV color spaces are simple geometric transformations of the RGB cube into cylindrical form . The outer top circle of the HSV cylinder -- or the outer middle circle of the HSL cylinder -- can be thought of as a color wheel . There is no authoritative way of labeling the colors in such a color wheel , but the six colors which fall at corners of the RGB cube are given names in the X11 color list , and are named keywords in HTML . Color schemes ( edit ) Main article : Color scheme Color schemes are logical combinations of colors on the color wheel . Moses Harris , in his book The Natural System of Colours ( 1776 ) , presented this color palette . Complementary colors are two colors directly across from each other ; for example , red and green are complementary colors . Tetradic color palettes use four colors , a pair of complementary color pairs . For example , one could use yellow , purple , red , and green . Tetrad colors can be found by putting a square or rectangle on the color wheel . In color theory , a color scheme is the choice of colors used in design for a range of media . For example , the use of a white background with black text is an example of a common default color scheme in web design . Color schemes are used to create style and appeal . Colors that create an aesthetic feeling together commonly appear together in color schemes . A basic color scheme uses two colors that look appealing together . More advanced color schemes involve several colors in combination , usually based around a single color -- for example , text with such colors as red , yellow , orange and light blue arranged together on a black background in a magazine article . Ignaz Schiffermüller , Versuch eines Farbensystems ( Vienna , 1772 ) , plate I. Color wheels can be used to create pleasing color schemes . An analogous color scheme is made up of colors next to each other on the wheel . For example , red , orange , and yellow are analogous colors . Color schemes can also contain different shades of a single color ; for example , a color scheme that mixes different shades of green , ranging from very light ( almost white ) to very dark . Analogous colors are colors next to each other on the wheel . For example , yellow and green . Monochromic colors are different shades of the same color . For example , light blue , indigo , and cyan blue . Complementary colors are colors across from each other on a color wheel . For example , blue and orange . Triadic colors are colors that are evenly across from each other , in a triangle over the color wheel . For example , the primary colors red , yellow , and blue are triadic colors . For a list of ways to construct color schemes , regarding properties such as warmness / achromiticness / complementariness , see color theory . Gallery ( edit ) Newton 's asymmetric color wheel based on musical intervals . Mixing `` rays '' in amounts given by the circles yields color `` z '' Goethe 's symmetric color wheel with ' reciprocally evoked colours ' A color circle based on additive combinations of the light spectrum , after Schiffman ( 1990 ) Human Color Wheel based on the hue and light detected on human skins , after Harbisson ( 2004 - 2009 ) RGB color wheel RYB color wheel See also ( edit ) Color theory Visual perception Psychophysics Color solid Spectral color Octave Color blind Ishihara test References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Morton , J.L. `` Basic Color Theory '' . Color Matters . Jump up ^ Simon Jennings ( 2003 ) . Artist 's Color Manual : The Complete Guide to Working With Color . Chronicle Books . ISBN 0 - 8118 - 4143 - X . Jump up ^ Faber Birren ( 1934 ) . Color Dimensions : Creating New Principles of Color Harmony and a Practical Equation in Color Definition . Chicago : The Crimson Press . ISBN 1 - 4286 - 5179 - 9 . Jump up ^ Joseph Anthony Gillet and William James Rolfe ( 1881 ) . Elements of Natural Philosophy : For the Use of Schools and Academies . New York : Potter , Ainsworth . Jump up ^ Kathleen Lochen Staiger ( 2006 ) . The Oil Painting Course You 've Always Wanted : Guided Lessons for Beginners . Watson -- Guptill . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 3259 - 0 . Jump up ^ Martha Gill ( 2000 ) . Color Harmony Pastels : A Guidebook for Creating Great Color Combinations . Rockport Publishers . ISBN 1 - 56496 - 720 - 4 . Jump up ^ Newton , Isaac ( 1704 ) . Opticks . pp. 114 -- 117 . Jump up ^ Briggs , David . `` Newton 's hue system '' . Jump up ^ Steven K. Shevell ( 2003 ) . The Science of Color . Elsevier . ISBN 0 - 444 - 51251 - 9 . Jump up ^ Linda Leal ( 1994 ) . The Essentials of Psychology . Research & Education Assoc . ISBN 0 - 87891 - 930 - 9 . Jump up ^ Krech , D. , Crutchfield , R.S. , Livson , N. , Wilson , W.A. jr. , Parducci , A. ( 1982 ) Elements of psychology ( 4th ed . ) . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . pp. 108 - 109 . Jump up ^ `` Natural Court Colors Give Way to a Kaleidoscope of Shades '' . ^ Jump up to : Schiffman , H.R. ( 1990 ) Sensation and perception : An integrated approach ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : John Wiley & Sons , pp. 252 - 253 . Jump up ^ Rodwell , J. ( 1987 ) The complete watercolour artist . London : Paul Press , pp. 94 - 95 . Jump up ^ `` Basic HTML data types '' . HTML 4.01 Specification . W3C. 24 December 1999 . Jump up ^ How to create color palettes External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Colorwheels . David Briggs ( 2007 ) . Hue in The Dimensions of Colour Interactive Color Wheel ( Color Scheme Generator ) `` Colour Wheels , Charts , and Tables Through History '' . The Public Domain Review . Illustrated history , with links to mostly public domain images from digitized historic books . Best Landscape Design Color in the Garden Design Color topics Red Orange Yellow Green Cyan Blue Indigo Violet Purple Magenta Pink Brown White Gray Black Color science Color physics Electromagnetic spectrum Light Rainbow Visible Spectral colors Chromophore Structural coloration Animal coloration On Vision and Colors Metamerism Spectral power distribution Color perception Color vision Color blindness Achromatopsia test Tetrachromacy Color constancy Color term Color depth Color photography Spot color Color printing Web colors Color mapping Color code Color management Chrominance False color Chroma key Color balance Color cast Color temperature Eigengrau Color psychology Color symbolism Color preferences Lüscher color test Kruithof curve Political color National colors Chromophobia Chromotherapy Color philosophy Color space Color model additive subtractive Color mixing Primary color Secondary color Tertiary color ( intermediate ) Quaternary color Quinary color Aggressive color ( warm ) Receding color ( cool ) Pastel colors Color gradient Color scheme Color tool Monochromatic colors Complementary colors Analogous colors Achromatic colors ( Neutral ) Polychromatic colors Impossible colors Light - on - dark Tinctures in heraldry Color theory Chromaticity diagram Color solid Color wheel Color triangle Color analysis ( art ) Color realism ( art style ) Color terms Basic terms Blue Green Red Yellow Pink Purple Orange Black Gray White Brown Cultural differences Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate Blue -- green distinction in language Color history Color in Chinese culture Traditional colors of Japan Human skin color Color dimensions Hue Dichromatism Colorfulness ( chroma and saturation ) Tints and shades Lightness ( tone and value ) Grayscale Color organizations Pantone Color Marketing Group The Color Association of the United States International Colour Authority International Commission on Illumination ( CIE ) International Color Consortium International Colour Association Lists List of colors : A -- F List of colors : G -- M List of colors : N -- Z List of colors ( compact ) List of colors by shade List of color palettes List of color spaces List of Crayola crayon colors history pencil colors marker colors Color chart List of fictional colors List of RAL colors List of web colors Related Vision Image processing Multi-primary color display Quattron Qualia Lighting Local color ( visual art ) Portal Index of color - related articles Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Poems Erlkönig Ganymed Gingo biloba Heidenröslein Hermann and Dorothea Der König in Thule Marienbad Elegy Nur wer die Sehnsucht kennt Prometheus Roman Elegies The Sorcerer 's Apprentice Welcome and Farewell Wanderer 's Nightsong West -- östlicher Divan Xenien Plays Der Bürgergeneral Clavigo Faust Faust I Faust II Egmont Erwin und Elmire Götz von Berlichingen Iphigenia in Tauris The Natural Daughter Torquato Tasso Prose Elective Affinities The Green Snake and the Beautiful Lily The Sorrows of Young Werther Wilhelm Meister 's Apprenticeship Wilhelm Meister 's Journeyman Years Autobiographical Dichtung und Wahrheit Italian Journey Journals Propyläen Natural sciences Metamorphosis of Plants Theory of Colours colour wheel Conversations Gespräche mit Goethe Related Bibliography Christine Vulpius ( wife ) Katharina Elisabeth Goethe ( mother ) Goethean science Weimar Classicism Goethe - Institut Goethe Medal Goethe House in Weimar National museum House and museum ( Frankfurt ) Goethe - Gesellschaft Goethe Monument ( Berlin ) Goethe -- Schiller Monument ( Weimar ) Goethe -- Schiller Monument ( Milwaukee ) Goethe Prize Goethe Society of North America Goetheanum Young Goethe in Love ( 2010 film ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Color_wheel&oldid=829259617 '' Categories : Color Color scales Hidden categories : Use American English from August 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 March 2018 , at 15 : 29 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color%20wheel
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absorption is a major function of the gi tract. how is absorption accomplished in the gi tract
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The largest component of secreted fluids is ions and water , which are first secreted and then reabsorbed along the tract . The ions secreted primarily consist of H , K , Cl , HCO and Na . Water follows the movement of these ions . The GI tract accomplishes this ion pumping using a system of proteins that are capable of active transport , facilitated diffusion and open channel ion movement . The arrangement of these proteins on the apical and basolateral sides of the epithelium determines the net movement of ions and water in the tract .
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active transport , facilitated diffusion
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Gastrointestinal Physiology
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gastrointestinal physiology
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Gastrointestinal physiology is the branch of human physiology that addresses the physical function of the gastrointestinal ( GI ) tract . The function of the GI tract is to process ingested food by mechanical and chemical means , extract nutrients and excrete waste products . The GI tract is composed of the alimentary canal , that runs from the mouth to the anus , as well as the associated glands , chemicals , hormones , and enzymes that assist in digestion. The major processes that occur in the GI tract are : motility , secretion , regulation , digestion and circulation . The proper function and coordination of these processes are vital for maintaining good health by providing for the effective digestion and uptake of nutrients .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Motility 1.1 Stimulation 1.2 Contraction patterns 1.2. 1 Peristalsis 1.2. 2 Segmentation 2 Secretion 2.1 Ions 2.2 Digestive enzymes 2.3 Mucus 2.4 Bile 3 Regulation 3.1 Long reflexes 3.2 Short reflexes 3.3 Gastrointestinal peptides 4 Digestion 5 Splanchnic circulation 6 External links 7 Notes and references Motility ( edit ) The gastrointestinal tract generates motility using smooth muscle subunits linked by gap junctions . These subunits fire spontaneously in either a tonic or a phasic fashion . Tonic contractions are those contractions that are maintained from several minutes up to hours at a time . These occur in the sphincters of the tract , as well as in the anterior stomach . The other type of contractions , called phasic contractions , consist of brief periods of both relaxation and contraction , occurring in the posterior stomach and the small intestine , and are carried out by the muscularis externa . Stimulation ( edit ) The stimulation for these contractions likely originates in modified smooth muscle cells called interstitial cells of Cajal . These cells cause spontaneous cycles of slow wave potentials that can cause action potentials in smooth muscle cells . They are associated with the contractile smooth muscle via gap junctions . These slow wave potentials must reach a threshold level for the action potential to occur , whereupon Ca channels on the smooth muscle open and an action potential occurs . As the contraction is graded based upon how much Ca enters the cell , the longer the duration of slow wave , the more action potentials occur . This , in turn , results in greater contraction force from the smooth muscle . Both amplitude and duration of the slow waves can be modified based upon the presence of neurotransmitters , hormones or other paracrine signaling . The number of slow wave potentials per minute varies based upon the location in the digestive tract . This number ranges from 3 waves / min in the stomach to 12 waves / min in the intestines . Contraction patterns ( edit ) The patterns of GI contraction as a whole can be divided into two distinct patterns , peristalsis and segmentation . Occurring between meals , the migrating motor complex is a series of peristaltic wave cycles in distinct phases starting with relaxation , followed by an increasing level of activity to a peak level of peristaltic activity lasting for 5 -- 15 minutes . This cycle repeats every 1.5 -- 2 hours but is interrupted by food ingestion . The role of this process is likely to clean excess bacteria and food from the digestive system . Peristalsis ( edit ) Peristalsis animation Peristalsis is one of the patterns that occur during and shortly after a meal . The contractions occur in wave patterns traveling down short lengths of the GI tract from one section to the next . The contractions occur directly behind the bolus of food that is in the system , forcing it toward the anus into the next relaxed section of smooth muscle . This relaxed section then contracts , generating smooth forward movement of the bolus at between 2 -- 25 cm per second . This contraction pattern depends upon hormones , paracrine signals , and the autonomic nervous system for proper regulation . Segmentation ( edit ) Segmentation also occurs during and shortly after a meal within short lengths in segmented or random patterns along the intestine . This process is carried out by the longitudinal muscles relaxing while circular muscles contract at alternating sections thereby mixing the food . This mixing allows food and digestive enzymes to maintain a uniform composition , as well as to ensure contact with the epithelium for proper absorption . Secretion ( edit ) Every day , seven liters of fluid are secreted by the digestive system . This fluid is composed of four primary components : ions , digestive enzymes , mucus , and bile . About half of these fluids are secreted by the salivary glands , pancreas , and liver , which compose the accessory organs and glands of the digestive system . The rest of the fluid is secreted by the GI epithelial cells . Ions ( edit ) The largest component of secreted fluids is ions and water , which are first secreted and then reabsorbed along the tract . The ions secreted primarily consist of H , K , Cl , HCO and Na . Water follows the movement of these ions . The GI tract accomplishes this ion pumping using a system of proteins that are capable of active transport , facilitated diffusion and open channel ion movement . The arrangement of these proteins on the apical and basolateral sides of the epithelium determines the net movement of ions and water in the tract . H and Cl are secreted by the parietal cells into the lumen of the stomach creating acidic conditions with a low pH of 1 . H is pumped into the stomach by exchanging it with K . This process also requires ATP as a source of energy ; however , Cl then follows the positive charge in the H through an open apical channel protein . HCO secretion occurs to neutralize the acid secretions that make their way into the duodenum of the small intestine . Most of the HCO comes from pancreatic acinar cells in the form of NaHCO in an aqueous solution . This is the result of the high concentration of both HCO and Na present in the duct creating an osmotic gradient to which the water follows . Digestive enzymes ( edit ) The second vital secretion of the GI tract is that of digestive enzymes that are secreted in the mouth , stomach and intestines . Some of these enzymes are secreted by accessory digestive organs , while others are secreted by the epithelial cells of the stomach and intestine . While some of these enzymes remain embedded in the wall of the GI tract , others are secreted in an inactive proenzyme form . When these proenzymes reach the lumen of the tract , a factor specific to a particular proenzyme will activate it . A prime example of this is pepsin , which is secreted in the stomach by chief cells . Pepsin in its secreted form is inactive ( pepsinogen ) . However , once it reaches the gastic lumen it becomes activated into pepsin by the high H+ concentration , becoming an enzyme vital to digestion . The release of the enzymes is regulated by neural , hormonal , or paracrine signals . However , in general , parasympathetic stimulation increases secretion of all digestive enzymes . Mucus ( edit ) Mucus is released in the stomach and intestine , and serves to lubricate and protect the inner mucosa of the tract . It is composed of a specific family of glycoproteins termed mucins and is generally very viscous . Mucus is made by two types of specialized cells termed mucus cells in the stomach and goblet cells in the intestines . Signals for increased mucus release include parasympathetic innervations , immune system response and enteric nervous system messengers . Bile ( edit ) Bile is secreted into the duodenum of the small intestine via the common bile duct . It is produced in liver cells and stored in the gall bladder until release during a meal . Bile is formed of three elements : bile salts , bilirubin and cholesterol . Bilirubin is a waste product of the breakdown of hemoglobin . The cholesterol present is secreted with the feces . The bile salt component is an active non-enzymatic substance that facilitates fat absorption by helping it to form an emulsion with water due to its amphoteric nature . These salts are formed in the hepatocytes from bile acids combined with an amino acid . Other compounds such as the waste products of drug degradation are also present in the bile . Regulation ( edit ) The digestive system has a complex system of motility and secretion regulation which is vital for proper function . This task is accomplished via a system of long reflexes from the central nervous system ( CNS ) , short reflexes from the enteric nervous system ( ENS ) and reflexes from GI peptides working in harmony with each other . Long reflexes ( edit ) Long reflexes to the digestive system involve a sensory neuron sending information to the brain , which integrates the signal and then sends messages to the digestive system . While in some situations , the sensory information comes from the GI tract itself ; in others , information is received from sources other than the GI tract . When the latter situation occurs , these reflexes are called feedforward reflexes . This type of reflex includes reactions to food or danger triggering effects in the GI tract . Emotional responses can also trigger GI response such as the butterflies in the stomach feeling when nervous . The feedforward and emotional reflexes of the GI tract are considered cephalic reflexes . Short reflexes ( edit ) Control of the digestive system is also maintained by ENS , which can be thought of as a digestive brain that can help to regulate motility , secretion and growth . Sensory information from the digestive system can be received , integrated and acted upon by the enteric system alone . When this occurs , the reflex is called a short reflex . Although this may be the case in several situations , the ENS can also work in conjunction with the CNS ; vagal afferents from the viscera are received by the medulla , efferents are affected by the vagus nerve . When this occurs , the reflex is called vagovagal reflex . The myenteric plexus and submucosal plexus are both located in the gut wall and receive sensory signals from the lumen of the gut or the CNS . Gastrointestinal peptides ( edit ) For further information see Gastrointestinal hormone GI peptides are signal molecules that are released into the blood by the GI cells themselves . They act on a variety of tissues including the brain , digestive accessory organs , and the GI tract . The effects range from excitatory or inhibitory effects on motility and secretion to feelings of satiety or hunger when acting on the brain . These hormones fall into three major categories , the gastrin and secretin families , with the third composed of all the other hormones unlike those in the other two families . Further information on the GI peptides is summarized in the table below . General GI peptide information Secreted by Target Effects on endocrine secretion Effects on exocrine secretion Effects on motility Other effects Stimulus for release Gastrin G Cells in stomach ECL cells ; parietal cells None Increases acid secretion , increases mucus growth Stimulates gastric contraction None Peptides and amino acids in lumen ; gastrin releasing peptide and ACh in nervous reflexes Cholecystokinin ( CCK ) Endocrine I cells of the small intestine ; neurons of the brain and gut Gallbladder , pancreas , gastric smooth muscle None Stimulates pancreatic enzyme and HCO3 - secretion Stimulates gallbladder contraction ; inhibits stomach emptying Satiety Fatty acids and some amino acids Secretin Endocrine S cells of the small intestine Pancreas , stomach None Stimulates pancreatic and hepatic HCO3 - secretion ; inhibits acid secretion ; pancreatic growth Stimulates gallbladder contraction ; Inhibits stomach emptying None Acid in small intestine Gastric inhibitory Peptide Endocrine K cells of the small intestine Beta cells of the pancreas Stimulates pancreatic insulin release Inhibits acid secretion None Satiety and lipid metabolism Glucose , fatty acid , and amino acids in small intestine Motilin Endocrine M cells in small intestine Smooth muscle of stomach and duodenum None None Stimulates migrating motor complex Action in brain , stimulates migratory motor complex Fasting : cyclic release every 1.5 -- 2 hours by neural stimulus Glucagon - like peptide - 1 Endocrine cells in small intestine Endocrine pancreas Stimulates insulin release ; inhibits glucagon release Possibly inhibits acid secretion Slows gastric emptying Satiety ; various CNS functions Mixed meals of fats and carbohydrates Digestion ( edit ) carbohydrates ( monosaccharide , disaccharide ) proteins lipids Splanchnic circulation ( edit ) Superior mesenteric artery Inferior mesenteric artery External links ( edit ) Notes at University of Bristol Digestive Physiology at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Trowers , Eugene ; Tischler , Marc ( 2014 - 07 - 19 ) . Gastrointestinal Physiology : A Clinical Approach . Springer . p. 9 . ISBN 9783319071640 . Jump up ^ `` Human Physiology / The gastrointestinal system - Wikibooks , open books for an open world '' . en.wikibooks.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Silverthorn Ph . D , Dee Unglaub ( April 2 , 2006 ) . Human Physiology : An Integrated Approach . Benjamin Cummings . ISBN 0 - 8053 - 6851 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Bowen DVM PhD , R ( July 5 , 2006 ) . `` Pathophysiology of the Digestive System '' . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Nosek PhD , T.M. `` Essentials Of Human Physiology '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Overview of Gastrointestinal Hormones '' . www.vivo.colostate.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 . ( hide ) Physiology of the gastrointestinal system GI tract Upper Exocrine Chief cells Pepsinogen Parietal cells Gastric acid Intrinsic factor Foveolar cells HCO Mucus Goblet cells Mucus Processes Swallowing Vomiting Fluids Saliva Gastric acid Lower Enteric nervous system Submucous plexus Myenteric plexus Endocrine / paracrine G cells gastrin D cells somatostatin ECL cells Histamine enterogastrone : I cells CCK K cells GIP S cells secretin Enteroendocrine cells Enterochromaffin cell APUD cell Fluids Intestinal juice Processes Segmentation contractions Migrating motor complex Borborygmus Defecation Either / both Processes Peristalsis ( Interstitial cell of Cajal Basal electrical rhythm ) Gastrocolic reflex Digestion Accessory Fluids Bile Pancreatic juice Processes Enterohepatic circulation Abdominopelvic Peritoneal fluid Biology portal Medicine portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gastrointestinal_physiology&oldid=804879958 '' Categories : Human physiology Talk Contents About Wikipedia Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 17 : 55 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal%20physiology
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where is the roman forum located in rome
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The Roman Forum , also known by its Latin name Forum Romanum ( Italian : Foro Romano ) , is a rectangular forum ( plaza ) surrounded by the ruins of several important ancient government buildings at the center of the city of Rome . Citizens of the ancient city referred to this space , originally a marketplace , as the Forum Magnum , or simply the Forum .
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at the center of the city of Rome
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Roman Forum
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roman forum
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Coordinates : 41 ° 53 ′ 32 '' N 12 ° 29 ′ 07 '' E / 41.8922 ° N 12.4852 ° E / 41.8922 ; 12.4852
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( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Roman Forum Forum Romanum ( Latin ) Surviving structures Tabularium , Gemonian stairs , Temple of Saturn , Temple of Vespasian and Titus , Arch of Septimius Severus , Curia Julia , Rostra , Basilica Aemilia , Forum Main Square , Basilica Iulia , Temple of Caesar , Regia , Temple of Castor and Pollux , Temple of Vesta Imperial comitium Curia Julia , Rostra Augusti , Umbilicus Urbi , Milliarium Aureum , Lapis Niger , Basilica of Maxentius Part of a series on Ancient Rome and the fall of the Republic Augustus Mark Antony Cleopatra VII Assassination of Julius Caesar Pompey Theatre of Pompey Cicero First Triumvirate Second Triumvirate Comitium Rostra Curia Julia Curia Hostilia The Roman Forum , also known by its Latin name Forum Romanum ( Italian : Foro Romano ) , is a rectangular forum ( plaza ) surrounded by the ruins of several important ancient government buildings at the center of the city of Rome . Citizens of the ancient city referred to this space , originally a marketplace , as the Forum Magnum , or simply the Forum . For centuries the Forum was the center of day - to - day life in Rome : the site of triumphal processions and elections ; the venue for public speeches , criminal trials , and gladiatorial matches ; and the nucleus of commercial affairs . Here statues and monuments commemorated the city 's great men . The teeming heart of ancient Rome , it has been called the most celebrated meeting place in the world , and in all history . Located in the small valley between the Palatine and Capitoline Hills , the Forum today is a sprawling ruin of architectural fragments and intermittent archaeological excavations attracting 4.5 million or more sightseers yearly . Many of the oldest and most important structures of the ancient city were located on or near the Forum . The Roman Kingdom 's earliest shrines and temples were located on the southeastern edge . These included the ancient former royal residence , the Regia ( 8th century BC ) , and the Temple of Vesta ( 7th century BC ) , as well as the surrounding complex of the Vestal Virgins , all of which were rebuilt after the rise of imperial Rome . Other archaic shrines to the northwest , such as the Umbilicus Urbis and the Vulcanal ( Shrine of Vulcan ) , developed into the Republic 's formal Comitium ( assembly area ) . This is where the Senate -- as well as Republican government itself -- began . The Senate House , government offices , tribunals , temples , memorials and statues gradually cluttered the area . Over time the archaic Comitium was replaced by the larger adjacent Forum and the focus of judicial activity moved to the new Basilica Aemilia ( 179 BC ) . Some 130 years later , Julius Caesar built the Basilica Julia , along with the new Curia Julia , refocusing both the judicial offices and the Senate itself . This new Forum , in what proved to be its final form , then served as a revitalized city square where the people of Rome could gather for commercial , political , judicial and religious pursuits in ever greater numbers . Eventually much economic and judicial business would transfer away from the Forum Romanum to the larger and more extravagant structures ( Trajan 's Forum and the Basilica Ulpia ) to the north . The reign of Constantine the Great saw the construction of the last major expansion of the Forum complex -- the Basilica of Maxentius ( 312 AD ) . This returned the political center to the Forum until the fall of the Western Roman Empire almost two centuries later . Contents 1 Description 2 History 2.1 Roman Kingdom 2.2 Roman Republic 2.3 Roman Empire 2.4 Medieval 2.5 Excavation and preservation 3 Monuments 3.1 Temple of Saturn 4 Other fora in Rome 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Description ( edit ) Unlike the later imperial fora in Rome -- which were self - consciously modelled on the ancient Greek plateia ( πλατεῖα ) public plaza or town square -- the Roman Forum developed gradually , organically , and piecemeal over many centuries . This is the case despite attempts , with some success , to impose some order there , by Sulla , Julius Caesar , Augustus and others . By the Imperial period , the large public buildings that crowded around the central square had reduced the open area to a rectangle of about 130 by 50 metres . Its long dimension was oriented northwest to southeast and extended from the foot of the Capitoline Hill to that of the Velian Hill . The Forum 's basilicas during the Imperial period -- the Basilica Aemilia on the north and the Basilica Julia on the south -- defined its long sides and its final form . The Forum proper included this square , the buildings facing it and , sometimes , an additional area ( the Forum Adjectum ) extending southeast as far as the Arch of Titus . Originally , the site of the Forum had been a marshy lake where waters from the surrounding hills drained . This was drained by the Tarquins with the Cloaca Maxima . Because of its location , sediments from both the flooding of the Tiber and the erosion of the surrounding hills have been raising the level of the Forum floor for centuries . Excavated sequences of remains of paving show that sediment eroded from the surrounding hills was already raising the level in early Republican times . As the ground around buildings rose , residents simply paved over the debris that was too much to remove . Its final travertine paving , still visible , dates from the reign of Augustus . Excavations in the 19th century revealed one layer on top of another . The deepest level excavated was 3.60 metres above sea level . Archaeological finds show human activity at that level with the discovery of carbonised wood . An important function of the Forum , during both Republican and Imperial times , was to serve as the culminating venue for the celebratory military processions known as Triumphs . Victorious generals entered the city by the western Triumphal Gate ( Porta Triumphalis ) and circumnavigated the Palatine Hill ( counterclockwise ) before proceeding from the Velian Hill down the Via Sacra and into the Forum . From here they would mount the Capitoline Rise ( Clivus Capitolinus ) up to the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on the summit of the Capitol . Lavish public banquets ensued back down on the Forum . ( In addition to the Via Sacra , the Forum was accessed by a number of storied roads and streets , including the Vicus Jugarius , Vicus Tuscus , Argiletum , and Via Nova . ) The Forum Romanum . View facing north east from above the Portico Dii Consentes . History ( edit ) Roman Kingdom ( edit ) A speculative map of Rome c. 753 BC showing the swampy situation of the early Forum between the Arx and Velia . The original , low - lying , grassy wetland of the Forum was drained in the 7th century BC with the building of the Cloaca Maxima , a large covered sewer system that emptied into the Tiber , as more people began to settle between the two hills . According to tradition , the Forum 's beginnings are connected with the alliance between Romulus , the first king of Rome controlling the Palatine Hill , and his rival , Titus Tatius , who occupied the Capitoline Hill . An alliance formed after combat had been halted by the prayers and cries of the Sabine women . Because the valley lay between the two settlements , it was the designated place for the two peoples to meet . Since the early Forum area included pools of stagnant water , the most easily accessible area was the northern part of the valley which was designated as the Comitium . It was here at the Vulcanal that , according to the story , the two parties laid down their weapons and formed an alliance . The Forum was outside the walls of the original Sabine fortress , which was entered through the Porta Saturni . These walls were mostly destroyed when the two hills were joined . The original Forum functioned as an open - air market abutting on the Comitium , but eventually outgrew its day - to - day shopping and marketplace role . As political speeches , civil trials , and other public affairs began to take up more and more space in the Forum , additional fora throughout the city began to emerge to expand on specific needs of the growing population . Fora for cattle , pork , vegetables and wine specialised in their niche products and the associated deities around them . Rome 's second king , Numa Pompilius ( r . 715 -- 673 BC ) , is said to have begun the cult of Vesta , building its house and temple as well as the Regia as the city 's first royal palace . Later Tullus Hostilius ( r . 673 -- 642 BC ) enclosed the Comitium around the old Etruscan temple where the senate would meet at the site of the Sabine conflict . He is said to have converted that temple into the Curia Hostilia close to where the Senate originally met in an old Etruscan hut . In 600 BC Tarquinius Priscus had the area paved for the first time . Roman Republic ( edit ) Map of the Roman Forum . Structures of Republican Rome are shown in red , those of Imperial Rome in black . From Platner 's Topography and Monuments of Ancient Rome , 1904 . ( Adjusted ) During the Republican period the Comitium continued to be the central location for all judicial and political life in the city . However , in order to create a larger gathering place , the Senate began expanding the open area between the Comitium and the Temple of Vesta by purchasing existing private homes and removing them for public use . Building projects of several consuls repaved and built onto both the Comitium and the adjacent central plaza that was becoming the Forum . The 5th century BC witnessed the earliest Forum temples with known dates of construction : the Temple of Saturn ( 497 BC ) and the Temple of Castor and Pollux ( 484 BC ) . The Temple of Concord was added in the following century , possibly by the soldier and statesman Marcus Furius Camillus . A long - held tradition of speaking from the elevated speakers ' Rostra -- originally facing north towards the Senate House to the assembled politicians and elites -- put the orator 's back to the people assembled in the Forum . A tribune known as Caius Licinius ( consul in 361 BC ) is said to have been the first to turn away from the elite towards the Forum , an act symbolically repeated two centuries later by Gaius Gracchus . This began the tradition of locus popularis , in which even young nobles were expected to speak to the people from the Rostra . Gracchus was thus credited with ( or accused of ) disturbing the mos maiorum ( `` custom of the fathers / ancestors '' ) in ancient Rome . When Censor in 318 BC , Gaius Maenius provided buildings in the Forum neighborhood with balconies , which were called after him maeniana , in order that the spectators might better view the games put on within the temporary wooden arenas set up there . The Tribune benches were placed on the Forum Romanum , as well . First , they stood next to the senate house ; during the late Roman Republic they were placed in front of the Basilica Porcia . The earliest basilicas ( large , aisled halls ) were introduced to the Forum in 184 BC by Marcus Porcius Cato , which began the process of `` monumentalizing '' the site . The Basilica Fulvia was dedicated on the north side of the Forum square in 179 BC . ( It was rebuilt and renamed several times , as Basilica Fulvia et Aemilia , Basilica Paulli , Basilica Aemilia ) . Nine years later , the Basilica Sempronia was dedicated on the south side . Many of the traditions from the Comitium , such as the popular assemblies , funerals nobles and games , were transferred to the Forum as it developed . Especially notable was the move of the comitia tributa , then the focus of popular politics , in 145 BC . Particularly important and unprecedented political events took place in 133 BC when , in the midst of riots in and around the Forum , the Tribune Tiberius Gracchus was lynched there by a group of Senators . In the 80s BC , during the dictatorship of Sulla , major work was done on the Forum including the raising of the plaza level by almost a meter and the laying of permanent marble paving stones . ( Remarkably , this level of the paving was maintained more or less intact for over a millennium : at least until the sack of Rome by Robert Guiscard and his Normans in 1084 , when neglect finally allowed debris to begin to accumulate unabated . ) In 78 BC , the immense Tabularium ( Records Hall ) was built at the Capitoline Hill end of the Forum by order of the consuls for that year , M. Aemilius Lepidus and Q. Lutatius Catulus . In 63 BC , Cicero delivered his famous speech denouncing the companions of the conspirator Catiline at the Forum ( in the Temple of Concord , whose spacious hall was sometimes used as a meeting place by the Senators ) . After the verdict , they were led to their deaths at the Tullianum , the nearby dungeon which was the only known state prison of the ancient Romans . Over time , the Comitium was lost to the ever - growing Curia and to Julius Caesar 's rearrangements before his assassination in 44 BC . That year , two supremely dramatic events were witnessed by the Forum , perhaps the most famous ever to transpire there : Marc Antony 's funeral oration for Caesar ( immortalized in Shakespeare 's famous play ) was delivered from the partially completed speaker 's platform known as the New Rostra and the public burning of Caesar 's body occurred on a site directly across from the Rostra around which the Temple to the Deified Caesar was subsequently built by his great - nephew Octavius ( Augustus ) . Almost two years later , Marc Antony added to the notoriety of the Rostra by publicly displaying the severed head and right hand of his enemy Cicero there . Roman Empire ( edit ) Rendering of the Roman Forum as it may have appeared during the Late Empire After Julius Caesar 's death , and the end of the subsequent Civil Wars , Augustus would finish his great - uncle 's work , giving the Forum its final form . This included the southeastern end of the plaza where he constructed the Temple of Divus Iulius and the Arch of Augustus there ( both in 29 BC ) . The Forum was witness to the assassination of a Roman Emperor in 69 AD : Galba had set out from the palace to meet rebels but was so feeble that he had to be carried in a litter . He was immediately met by a troop of his rival Otho 's cavalry near the Lacus Curtius in the Forum , where he was killed . During these early Imperial times , much economic and judicial business transferred away from the Forum to larger and more extravagant structures to the north . After the building of Trajan 's Forum ( 110 AD ) , these activities transferred to the Basilica Ulpia . The white marble Arch of Septimius Severus was added at the northwest end of the Forum close to the foot of the Capitoline Hill and adjacent to the old , vanishing Comitium . It was dedicated in 203 AD to commemorate the Parthian victories of Emperor Septimius Severus and his two sons , and is one of the most visible landmarks there today . The Emperor Diocletian ( r . 284 - 305 ) was the last of the great builders of Rome 's city infrastructure and he did not omit the Forum from his program . By his day it had become highly cluttered with honorific memorials . He refurbished and reorganized it , building anew the Temple of Saturn , Temple of Vesta and the Curia . The last had recently burned and Diocletian 's version is the one that can still be visited today . The reign of Constantine the Great saw the completion of the construction of the Basilica of Maxentius ( 312 AD ) , the last significant expansion of the Forum complex . This restored much of the political focus to the Forum until the fall of the Western Roman Empire almost two centuries later . Medieval ( edit ) The city 's estimated population fell 750 - 800,000 to 450,000 in 450 to 250,000 by 500 A.D. The populated areas contracted to the river . Strenuous efforts were made to keep the Forum ( and the palatine structures ) intact , not without some success . In the 6th century some of the old edifices within the Forum began to be transformed into Christian churches . On 1 August 608 , the Column of Phocas , a Roman monumental column , was erected before the Rostra and dedicated or rededicated in honour of the Eastern Roman Emperor Phocas . This proved to be the last monumental addition made to the Forum . The emperor Constans who visited the city in 665 A.D. stripped the lead roofs which exposed the monumental buildings to the weather and hastened deterioration . By the 8th century the whole space was surrounded by Christian churches taking the place of the abandoned and ruined temples . An anonymous 8th - century traveller from Einsiedeln ( now in Switzerland ) reported that the Forum was already falling apart in his time . During the Middle Ages , though the memory of the Forum Romanum persisted , its monuments were for the most part buried under debris , and its location was designated the `` Campo Vaccino '' or `` cattle field , '' located between the Capitoline Hill and the Colosseum . After the 8th century the structures of the Forum were dismantled , re-arranged and used to build feudal towers and castles within the local area . In the 13th century these rearranged structures were torn down and the site became a dumping ground . This , along with the debris from the dismantled medieval buildings and ancient structures , helped contribute to the rising ground level . The return of Pope Urban V from Avignon in 1367 led to an increased interest in ancient monuments , partly for their moral lesson and partly as a quarry for new buildings being undertaken in Rome after a long lapse . Excavation and preservation ( edit ) A detailed archeological layout of the Forum . ( From Platner , 1904 . ) The Roman Forum was a site for many artists and architects studying in Rome to sketch during the 17th through the 19th century . The focus of many of these works produced by visiting Northern artists was on current state of the Roman Forum , known locally as the `` Campo Vaccino '' , or `` cow field '' , due to the livestock who grazed on the largely ignored section of the city . Claude Lorrain 's 1636 `` Campo Vaccino '' shows the extent to which the building in the forum were buried under sediment . From about 1740 to his death in 1772 , the artist Giovanni Battista Piranesi worked on a series of 135 etchings depicting 18th century Rome . Renowned British artist J.M.W. Turner painted `` Modern Rome - Campo Vaccino '' in 1839 , following his final trip to the city . Claude Lorrain 's 1636 `` Campo Vaccino '' ( Louvre , Paris ) J.M.W. Turner ' s 1839 `` Modern Rome - Campo Vacino '' ( Royal Academy , London ) The excavation by Carlo Fea , who began clearing the debris from the Arch of Septimius Severus in 1803 marked the beginning of clearing the Forum . Excavations were officially begun in 1898 by the Italian government under the Minister of Public Instruction , Dr. Baccelli . The 1898 restoration had three main objectives : restore fragmented pieces of columns , bases , and cornices to their original locations in the Forum , reach the lowest possible level of the Forum without damaging existing structures , and to identify already half - excavated structures , along with the senate house and Basilica Aemilia . These state - funded excavations were led by Dr. Giacomo Boni until he died in 1925 , stopping briefly during World War I . Today , the Forum is open as a tourist destination along with the Palatine Hill and Colosseum . The excavations are open to the imperial street level , and guided tours are given in multiple languages . The Forum Museum ( Antiquarium Forense ) is found at the Colosseum end of a modern road , the Via dei Fori Imperiali . It has a significant collection of sculpture and architectural fragments . There are also reconstructions of the Forum and the nearby Imperial Fora as well as a short video in several languages . It is entered from the Forum by the side of Santa Francesca Romana ( No. 53 Piazza S. Maria Nova ) and is open from 08 : 30 to one hour before sunset . Admission is 12 euro . In 2008 heavy rains caused structural damage to the modern concrete covering holding the `` Black Stone '' marble together over the Lapis Niger in Rome . Excavations in the forum continue , with new discoveries by archeologists working in the forum since 2009 leading to questions about Rome 's exact age . One of these recent discoveries includes a tufa wall near the Lapis Niger used to channel water from nearby aquifers . Around the wall , pottery remains and food scraps allowed archeologists to date the likely construction of the wall to the 8th or 9th century BC , over a century before the traditional date of Rome 's founding . View of the Roman Forum from Palatine Hill with the Arco de Settimio Severo to the west ( left ) and the Colosseum to the east ( right ) . Monuments ( edit ) Main article : List of monuments of the Roman Forum Rome : Ruins of the Forum , Looking towards the Capitol ( 1742 ) by Canaletto The Roman Forum has been a source of inspiration for visual artists for centuries . Especially notable is Giambattista Piranesi who created ( 1748 -- 76 ) a set of 135 etchings -- the Vedute di Roma ( Views of Rome ) -- in which the Forum figured significantly . ( Many of the features documented in Piranesi 's views have now vanished . ) Notable artists of the Forum include Maerten van Heemskerck , Pirro Ligorio , Canaletto , Claude Lorrain , Giovanni Paolo Panini , Hubert Robert , J.M.W. Turner and many others . Temple of Saturn ( edit ) The Temple of Saturn was one of the more significant buildings located in the Roman Forum . It is believed to have been built in 497 BC and located in Regione VIII Forum Romanum . Little is known about when the Temple was built , as the original temple is believed to have been burnt down by the Gauls early in the fourth century . However it is understood that it was also rebuilt by Munatius Plancus in 42 BC . The eight remaining columns are all that is left of the illustrious temple . Though its exact date of completion is not known , it stands as one of the oldest buildings in the Forum Romanum . The temple originally was to be built to the god Jupiter but was replaced with Saturn ; historians are unsure why . The building was not used solely for religious practice ; the temple also functioned as a bank for the Roman Society . What remains of the Temple of Saturn The Temple stood in the forum along with four other temples . It stood with the Temple of Concord , Vesta , Castor and Pullox . At each temple , animal sacrifices and rituals were done in front of the religious sites . These acts were meant to provide good fortune to those entering and using the temple . Since the Temple of Saturn also functioned as a bank , and since Saturn was the god of the Golden Age , the sacrifices were made in hope of financial success . Inside the Temple there were multiple vaults for the public and private ones for individuals . There were also sections of the Temple for public speaking events and feasts which often followed the sacrifices . Other fora in Rome ( edit ) Other fora existed in other areas of the city ; remains of most of them , sometimes substantial , still exist . The most important of these are a number of large imperial fora forming a complex with the Forum Romanum : the Forum Iulium , Forum Augustum , the Forum Transitorium ( also : Forum Nerva ) , and Trajan 's Forum . The planners of the Mussolini era removed most of the Medieval and Baroque strata and built the Via dei Fori Imperiali road between the Imperial Fora and the Forum . There are also : The Forum Boarium , dedicated to the commerce of cattle , between the Palatine Hill and the river Tiber , The Forum Holitorium , dedicated to the commerce of herbs and vegetables , between the Capitoline Hill and the Servian walls , The Forum Piscarium , dedicated to the commerce of fish , between the Capitoline hill and the Tiber , in the area of the current Roman Ghetto , The Forum Suarium , dedicated to the commerce of pork , near the barracks of the cohortes urbanae in the northern part of the Campus Martius , The Forum Vinarium , dedicated to the commerce of wine , in the area now of the `` quartiere '' Testaccio , between Aventine Hill and the Tiber . Other markets were known but remain unidentifiable due to a lack of precise information on each site 's function . See also ( edit ) Ancient Rome portal Colossus of Constantine , colossal statue formerly in the west apse of the Basilica of Maxentius Farnese Gardens ( 1550 ) , immediately overlooking the Forum Tarpeian Rock , a traditional execution site overlooking the Forum Veduta References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Grant , Michael ( 1970 ) , The Roman Forum , London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson ; Photos by Werner Forman , pg 11 . Jump up ^ `` La Stampa - La top ten dei monumenti più visti Primo il Colosseo , seconda Pompei '' . Lastampa.it . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Watkin , David ( 2009 ) . The Roman Forum . Harvard University Press , Cambridge , Massachusetts . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 03341 - 2 . Retrieved 6 March 2010 . , pg 22 . Jump up ^ A more generous estimate , including the surrounding buildings , would be about 200 by 75 metres . Jump up ^ Grant , Op . cit. , pg 43 . Jump up ^ Lovell , Isabel ( 1904 ) . Stories in Stone from the Roman Forum . pp. 8 -- 9 . ^ Jump up to : Grant , Op . cit. , pg 16 . Jump up ^ Marucchi , Horace ( 1906 ) . The Roman Forum and the Palatine According to the Latest Discoveries . Paris : Lefebvre . pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Parker , John Henry ( 1881 ) . The Architectural History of the City of Rome . Oxford : Parker and Company . p. 122 . Jump up ^ Vasaly , Ann ( 1996 ) . Representations : Images of the World in Ciceronian Oratory . Berkeley : University of California Press . p. 61 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 07755 - 5 . Jump up ^ Young , Norwood , ed. ( 1908 ) . Handbook for Rome and the Campagna . London : John Murray . p. 95 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Richmond , Ian Archibald , et al. ( 1996 ) , Entry , `` Forum Romanum '' , In : Hornblower , Simon and Antony Spawforth ( eds . ) , The Oxford Classical Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) , Oxford University Press , pg 607 . Jump up ^ Beard , Mary ; North , John A. ; Price , Simon ( 1998 ) . Religions of Rome : A History . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 109 ( note 139 ) . ISBN 0 - 521 - 30401 - 6 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Baedeker , Karl ( 1903 ) . Italy : Handbook for Travellers . Leipzig : Karl Baedeker . p. 251 . Jump up ^ Connolly , Peter and Hazel Dodge ( 1998 ) , The Ancient City : Life in Classical Athens & Rome , Oxford University Press , pp 109 . Jump up ^ Watkin , Op . cit. , pg 106 . Jump up ^ Watkin , Op . cit. , pg 79 . Jump up ^ The close relationship between the Comitium and the Forum Romanum eventually faded from the writings of the ancients . The former is last mentioned in the reign of Septimius Severus ( c. 200 AD ) . Jump up ^ Grant , Op . cit. , pp 111 - 112 . Jump up ^ Connolly , Op . cit. , pp 250 - 251 . Jump up ^ Marucchi , Op . cit. , pg 9 . Jump up ^ Goodyear , W.H. ( 1899 ) . Roman and Medieval Art . New York : Macmillan . p. 109 . Jump up ^ http://www.getty.edu/art/collection/objects/251762/joseph-mallord-william-turner-modern-rome-campo-vaccino-british-1839/ . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Carter , Jesse Benedict ( March 1910 ) . `` A Decade of Forum Excavation and the Results for Roman History '' . The Classical Journal . 5 ( 5 ) : 202 . JSTOR 3286845 . Jump up ^ Gray , Mason D. ( March 1901 ) . `` Recent Excavations in the Roman Forum '' . The Biblical World . 17 ( 3 ) : 199 . JSTOR 3136821 . Jump up ^ Pruitt , Sarah . `` Forum Excavations Reveal Rome 's Advanced Age '' . Jump up ^ Richardson , L. ( 1980 - 01 - 01 ) . `` The Approach to the Temple of Saturn in Rome '' . American Journal of Archaeology. 84 ( 1 ) : 55 . doi : 10.2307 / 504394 . JSTOR 504394 . Jump up ^ Richardson , L. ( 1980 - 01 - 01 ) . `` The Approach to the Temple of Saturn in Rome '' . American Journal of Archaeology. 84 ( 1 ) : 52 . doi : 10.2307 / 504394 . JSTOR 504394 . Jump up ^ Richardson , L. ( 1980 - 01 - 01 ) . `` The Approach to the Temple of Saturn in Rome '' . American Journal of Archaeology. 84 ( 1 ) : 51 . doi : 10.2307 / 504394 . JSTOR 504394 . Jump up ^ Watkin , David , and Watkin , David . Wonders of the World Ser . : The Roman Forum . Cumberland , US : Harvard University Press , 2009 . ProQuest ebrary . Jump up ^ Kalas , Gregor ( 2015 ) . Ashley and Peter Larkin Series in Greek and Roman Culture : Restoration of the Roman Forum in Late Antiquity : Transforming Public Space . Austin : University of Texas Press . p. 16 . Jump up ^ Kalas , Gregor ( 2015 ) . Ashley and Peter Larkin Series in Greek and Roman Culture : Restoration of the Roman Forum in Late Antiquity : Transforming Public Space . Austin : University of Texas Press . p. 17 . Jump up ^ Richardson , L. , Jr. ( 1992 ) . A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome . JHU Press . ISBN 9780801843006 . 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Reconstruction in 3D of the Roman Forum , Circus Maximus , and the Tiber Island - www.italyrome.info Digital Roman Forum , 3D reconstructions of the Roman Forum in ca . 400 Christian Hülsen : The Roman Forum ( at LacusCurtius ; Hülsen was one of the principal excavators of the Forum ) Forum Romanum ( photo archive ) Map of the Forum in AD 100 , blank or labelled Roman Forum Basilicas Basilica Aemilia Basilica Julia Basilica of Maxentius Arches Arch of Tiberius Arch of Titus Arch of Septimius Severus Arch of Constantine Arch of Augustus Columns Column Maenia Column of Phocas Milliarium Aureum Temples Temple of Antoninus and Faustina Temple of Divus Augustus Temple of Concord Temple of Castor and Pollux Temple of Caesar Temple of Janus ( Roman Forum ) Temple of Jupiter Stator ( 8th century BC ) Temple of Saturn Shrine of Venus Cloacina Temple of Venus and Roma Temple of Vespasian and Titus Temple of Vesta Other List of monuments of the Roman Forum House of the Vestals Mamertine Prison Cloaca Maxima Comitium Curia Curia Hostilia Curia Julia Ficus Ruminalis Lacus Juturnae Lacus Curtius Lapis Niger Portico Dii Consentes Regia Rostra Gemonian stairs Tabularium Umbilicus urbis Romae Velian Hill Via Sacra Vicus Jugarius Vicus Tuscus Vulcanal Landmarks of Rome Bridges Pons Cestius Pons Fabricius Ponte Milvio Ponte Sant'Angelo Ponte Sisto Basilicas and churches St. Peter 's Basilica Sistine Chapel Archbasilica of St. John Lateran Basilica of San Clemente al Laterano Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore Basilica of Santa Maria in Ara Coeli Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls Catacombs Church of the Gesù San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane Santa Croce in Gerusalemme Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri Santa Maria in Cosmedin Santa Maria in Trastevere Santa Prassede Santa Sabina Sant'Ivo alla Sapienza Santa Maria della Vittoria Santa Maria del Popolo San Pietro in Vincoli Architecture and art Villas Villa of Livia Villa of the Quintilii Villa of the sette bassi Temples Pantheon Temple of Castor and Pollux Temple of Hercules Victor Temple of Portunus Temple of Saturn Temple of Vesta Architecture Altare della Patria Ara Pacis Aurelian Walls Baths of Caracalla Castel Sant'Angelo Circus Maximus Colosseum Column of Marcus Aurelius Comitium Imperial fora Largo di Torre Argentina Mausoleum of Augustus Obelisks Palazzo Barberini Palazzo Farnese Piazza Navona Pyramid of Cestius Roman Forum Servian Wall Spanish Steps Theatre of Marcellus Theatre of Pompey Tiber Island Torre dei Capocci Torre delle Milizie Trajan 's Column Trajan 's Market Art Apollo Belvedere Augustus of Prima Porta La Bocca della Verità Laocoön and His Sons Ecstasy of Saint Teresa Sistine Chapel ceiling Fountains Fontana dell'Acqua Felice Fontana dell'Acqua Paola Trevi Fountain Seven Hills Aventine Caelian Capitoline Esquiline Palatine Quirinal Viminal Parks and gardens Villa Ada Villa Borghese gardens Villa Doria Pamphili Villa Medici Villa Torlonia Parco degli Acquedotti Piazzas and public spaces Campo de ' Fiori Piazza Colonna Piazza d'Aracoeli Piazza del Popolo Piazza della Minerva Piazza della Repubblica Piazza Farnese Piazza Navona Piazza di Spagna Piazza Venezia Streets Appian Way Clivus Capitolinus Via del Corso Via della Conciliazione Via dei Fori Imperiali Via Sacra Via Veneto Museums Vatican Museums Galleria Borghese Doria Pamphilj Gallery Museum of Roman Civilization Capitoline Museums National Roman Museum National Museum of Oriental Art Palaces Palazzo Farnese Palazzo Colonna Palazzo Chigi Palazzo Barberini Palazzo Riario Palazzo Pamphilj Quirinal Palace Metropolitan City of Rome Capital Castello Orsini - Odescalchi Hadrian 's Villa Villa Aldobrandini Villa d'Este Villa Farnese Events and traditions Festa della Repubblica Rome Quadriennale Rome Film Festival Related Vatican City St. Peter 's Square GND : 4076810 - 7 ISNI : 0000 0001 1702 5050 SUDOC : 115566007 VIAF : 122726162 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_Forum&oldid=853251222 '' Categories : Archaeological sites in Rome Roman archaeology Roman sites in Lazio Roman Forum Ruins in Italy Archaeological parks Archaeological museums in Italy Tourist attractions in Rome Rome R. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%20Forum
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when did labor day become an official federal holiday
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Beginning in the late 19th century , as the trade union and labor movements grew , trade unionists proposed that a day be set aside to celebrate labor . `` Labor Day '' was promoted by the Central Labor Union and the Knights of Labor , which organized the first parade in New York City . In 1887 , Oregon was the first state of the United States to make it an official public holiday . By the time it became an official federal holiday in 1894 , thirty U.S. states officially celebrated Labor Day .
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Labor Day
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labor day
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Labor Day in the United States is a public holiday celebrated on the first Monday in September . It honors the American labor movement and the contributions that workers have made to the strength , prosperity , laws and well - being of the country . It is the Monday of the long weekend known as Labor Day Weekend and it is considered the unofficial end of summer in the United States . It is recognized as a federal holiday .
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Beginning in the late 19th century , as the trade union and labor movements grew , trade unionists proposed that a day be set aside to celebrate labor . `` Labor Day '' was promoted by the Central Labor Union and the Knights of Labor , which organized the first parade in New York City . In 1887 , Oregon was the first state of the United States to make it an official public holiday . By the time it became an official federal holiday in 1894 , thirty U.S. states officially celebrated Labor Day . Canada 's Labour Day is also celebrated on the first Monday of September . More than 80 countries celebrate International Workers ' Day on May 1 -- the ancient European holiday of May Day -- and several countries have chosen their own dates for Labour Day . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Celebrations 3 Unofficial end of summer 4 Labor Day sales 5 Dates 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links History ( edit ) Beginning in the late 19th century , as the trade union and labor movements grew , different groups of trade unionists chose a variety of days on which to celebrate labor . In the United States a September holiday called Labor Day was first proposed in the 1880s . An early history of the holiday dates the event 's origins to a General Assembly of the Knights of Labor convened in New York City in September 1882 . In conjunction with this clandestine Knights assembly a public parade of various labor organizations was held on September 5 under the auspices of the Central Labor Union ( CLU ) of New York . Secretary of the CLU Matthew Maguire is credited for first proposing that a national Labor Day holiday subsequently be held on the first Monday of each September in the aftermath of this successful public demonstration . An alternative thesis is maintained that Peter J. McGuire of the American Federation of Labor put forward the first proposal in May 1882 , after witnessing the annual labour festival held in Toronto , Canada . There was disagreement among labor unions at this time about when a holiday celebrating workers should be . Many advocated for May 1st . However , President Cleveland was concerned that a labor holiday on May 1st would be a commemoration of the Haymarket Affair of May 1886 , as it eventually was under the name International Workers ' Day . In 1887 , he publicly supported the September Labor Day holiday . In 1887 Oregon became the first state of the United States to make Labor Day an official public holiday . By the time it became an official federal holiday in 1894 , thirty U.S. states officially celebrated Labor Day . Following the deaths of workers at the hands of United States Army and United States Marshals Service during the Pullman Strike of 1894 in Chicago , the United States Congress unanimously voted to approve legislation to make Labor Day a national holiday and President Grover Cleveland signed it into law six days after the end of the strike . Cleveland supported the creation of the national holiday in an attempt to shore up support among trade unions following the Pullman Strike . The date of May 1 ( an ancient European holiday known as May Day ) was an alternative date , celebrated then ( and now ) as International Workers ' Day , but President Cleveland was concerned that observance of Labor Day on May 1 would encourage Haymarket - style protests and would strengthen socialist and anarchist movements that , though distinct from one another , had rallied to commemorate the Haymarket Affair on International Workers ' Day . All U.S. states , the District of Columbia , and the United States territories have made Labor Day a statutory holiday . Celebrations ( edit ) The form for the celebration of Labor Day was outlined in the first proposal for the holiday : A street parade to exhibit to the public `` the strength and esprit de corps of the trade and labor organizations '' , followed by a festival for the workers and their friends and families . This became the pattern for Labor Day celebrations . Speeches by prominent men and women were introduced later , as more emphasis was placed upon the civil significance of the holiday . Still later , by a resolution of the American Federation of Labor convention of 1909 , the Sunday preceding Labor Day was adopted as Labor Sunday and dedicated to the spiritual and educational aspects of the Labor movement . Unofficial end of summer ( edit ) Labor Day is called the `` unofficial end of summer '' because it marks the end of the cultural summer season . Many take their two - week vacations during the two weeks ending Labor Day weekend . Many fall activities , such as school and sports begin about this time . In the United States , many school districts resume classes around the Labor Day holiday weekend ( see First day of school ) . Most begin the week before , making Labor Day weekend the first three - day weekend of the school calendar , while others return the Tuesday following Labor Day , allowing families one final getaway before the school year begins . Many districts across the Midwest are opting to begin school after Labor Day . In the U.S. state of Virginia , the amusement park industry has successfully lobbied for legislation requiring most school districts in the state to have their first day of school after Labor Day , in order to give families another weekend to visit amusement parks in the state . The relevant statute has been nicknamed the `` Kings Dominion law '' after one such park . In Minnesota the State Fair ends on Labor Day . Under state law public schools normally do not begin under after the holiday . Allowing time for school children to show 4 - H projects at the Fair has been given as one reason for this timing . In U.S. sports , Labor Day weekend marks the beginning of many fall sports . National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) teams usually play their first games that weekend and the National Football League ( NFL ) traditionally play their kickoff game the Thursday following Labor Day . The Southern 500 NASCAR auto race has been held on Labor Day weekend at Darlington Raceway in Darlington , South Carolina from 1950 to 2003 and since 2015 . At Indianapolis Raceway Park , the National Hot Rod Association hold their finals of the NHRA U.S. Nationals drag race that weekend . Labor Day is the middle point between weeks one and two of the U.S. Open Tennis Championships held in Flushing Meadows , New York . In fashion , Labor Day is ( or was ) considered the last day when it is acceptable to wear white or seersucker . The `` unofficial beginning of summer '' in the U.S. is Memorial Day at the end of May . Labor Day sales ( edit ) To take advantage of large numbers of potential customers with time to shop , Labor Day has become an important weekend for discounts and allowances by many retailers in the United States , especially for back - to - school sales . Some retailers claim it is one of the largest sale dates of the year , second only to the Christmas season 's Black Friday . Dates ( edit ) Year Labor Day 1900 1928 1956 1984 2012 2040 2068 2096 September 3 1901 1929 1957 1985 2013 2041 2069 2097 September 2 1902 1930 1958 1986 2014 2042 2070 2098 September 1 1903 1931 1959 2015 2043 2071 2099 September 7 1904 1932 1960 2016 2044 2072 September 5 1905 1933 1961 2017 2045 2073 September 4 1906 1934 1962 2018 2046 2074 September 3 1907 1935 1963 1991 2019 2047 2075 September 2 1908 1936 1964 2020 2048 2076 September 7 1909 1937 1965 2021 2049 2077 September 6 1910 1938 1966 2022 2050 2078 September 5 1911 1939 1967 1995 2023 2051 2079 September 4 1912 1940 1968 2024 2052 2080 September 2 1913 1941 1969 2025 2053 2081 September 1 1914 1942 1970 1998 2026 2054 2082 September 7 1915 1943 1971 1999 2027 2055 2083 September 6 1916 1944 1972 2000 2028 2056 2084 September 4 1917 1945 1973 2029 2057 2085 September 3 1918 1946 2002 2030 2058 2086 September 2 1919 1947 2003 2031 2059 2087 September 1 1920 1948 1976 2032 2060 2088 2100 September 6 1921 1949 1977 2005 2033 2061 2089 2101 September 5 1922 1950 1978 2006 2034 2062 2090 2102 September 4 1923 1951 1979 2007 2035 2063 2091 2103 September 3 1924 1952 1980 2008 2036 2064 2092 2104 September 1 1925 1953 1981 2009 2037 2065 2093 2105 September 7 1926 1954 1982 2038 2066 2094 2106 September 6 1927 1955 2011 2039 2067 2095 2107 September 5 See also ( edit ) United States labor law Labor history of the United States Labor unions in the United States Workers ' Memorial Day Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The gap is caused by the fact that , under the Gregorian Calendar , the year 2100 is not a leap year , not being divisible by 400 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Bridgemen 's magazine . International Association of Bridge . Structural and Ornamental Iron Workers . 1921 . pp. 443 -- 44 . Retrieved 4 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Origin of Labor Day , '' Cincinnati Tribune , Sept. 1 , 1895 , Special Labor Day supplement , pg. 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` United States Department of Labor : The History of Labor Day '' . Retrieved 2 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Canadian Encyclopedia : Origins of Labour Day '' . Retrieved 5 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Knights of Labor '' . Progressive Historians. 3 September 2007 . Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` On May Day and Occupy in the USA '' . The Leading Light . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ Foner , Philip S. ( 1986 ) . May Day : A Short History of the International Workers ' Holiday , 1886 -- 1986 . New York : International Publishers . pp. 41 -- 43 . ISBN 0 - 7178 - 0624 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Online NewsHour : Origins of Labor Day -- September 2 , 1996 '' . PBS . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Brendan I. Koerner . `` Why do we get Labor Day off '' . Slate Magazine . Jump up ^ Sally Kohn ( September 1 , 2014 ) . Why Labor Day was a political move . CNN . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Labor Day marks unofficial end of rainy summer '' . WBIR - TV10 . September 2 , 2013 . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles , C.M. ; Senter , Gail W. ( 2008 ) . Elementary classroom management . Pearson / Allyn and Bacon . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 205 - 51071 - 9 . Retrieved 4 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Freed , Benjamin ( August 25 , 2014 ) . `` '' Kings Dominion Law '' Still Reigns in Virginia `` . Washingtonian . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Minneapolis Public Schools Commonly asked questions Jump up ^ Laura FitzPatrick ( September 8 , 2009 ) . `` Why We Ca n't Wear White After Labor Day '' . Time Magazine . Retrieved February 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bell , Johnathan ( May 9 , 2011 ) . `` An Introduction to Seersucker for Men '' . Guy Style Guide . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Glenn . `` Daytime wedding after Labor Day : Is it OK to wear a light beige suit to a daytime wedding after Labor Day ? '' . GQ . The Style Guy . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Labor Day Intention Still Holds Meaning '' . Tri Parish Times . August 30 , 2012 . Retrieved 31 August 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) Green , James ( 2007 ) . Death In the Haymarket : A Story of Chicago , the First Labor Movement and the Bombing that Divided Gilded Age America . Anchor . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 3322 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Labor Day in the United States . History of Labor Day , History of Artists and Writers Unions , Rare Labor Related Comic Books Labor Day is May 1 : Today is a boss 's holiday . Jacobin . September 7 , 2015 . Today Belongs to Workers . Jacobin . September 5 , 2016 . `` Labor Day '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . Federal holidays in the United States Current New Year 's Day Birthday of Martin Luther King Jr . Washington 's Birthday Memorial Day Independence Day Labor Day Columbus Day Veterans Day Thanksgiving Day Christmas Day Former The Eighth ( 1828 -- 1861 ) Victory Day ( 1948 -- 1975 ) Proposed Flag Day ( 1950 ) Election Day ( 1993 ) Malcolm X Day ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Democracy Day ( 2005 , 2014 ) Cesar Chavez Day ( 2008 ) Susan B. Anthony Day ( 2011 ) Native American Day ( 2013 ) Holidays , observances , and celebrations in the United States January New Year 's Day ( federal ) Martin Luther King Jr . 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See also : Lists of holidays , Hallmark holidays , public holidays in the United States , New Jersey , New York , Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands . Official holidays of the New York Stock Exchange Whole days New Year 's Day Martin Luther King Jr . Day Washington 's Birthday Good Friday Memorial Day Independence Day Labor Day Thanksgiving Day Christmas Day Partial days Day before Independence Day Day after Thanksgiving Christmas Eve Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Labor_Day&oldid=807189632 '' Categories : Labor in the United States Public holidays in the United States Recurring events established in 1882 Movable September observances Summer holidays 1882 establishments in the United States Federal holidays in the United States Hidden categories : Use American English from September 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Holidays and observances by scheduling ( nth weekday of the month ) Infobox holiday with missing field Infobox holiday ( other ) All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 13 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor%20Day
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what is the meaning behind garth brooks the dance
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The Dance ( song )
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the dance ( song )
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`` The Dance '' is a song written and composed by Tony Arata , and recorded by American country music singer Garth Brooks as the tenth and final track from his self - titled debut album , from which it was also released as the album 's fourth and final single in April 1990 . It is considered by many to be Brooks ' signature song . In a 2015 interview with Patrick Kielty of BBC Radio 2 , Brooks credits the back to back success of both `` The Dance '' and its follow up `` Friends in Low Places '' for his phenomenal success .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Music video 3 Chart performance 4 Release and reception 5 Track listing 6 Chart positions 6.1 Year - end charts 7 Other cover versions 8 Rockell version 9 Track listing 10 Chart positions 11 References 12 External links Background ( edit ) At the opening of the music video , Brooks explains that the song is written with a double meaning - both as a love song about the end of a passionate relationship , and a story of someone dying because of something he believes in , after a moment of glory . Key : G Major Length - 3 : 42 Music video ( edit ) The song 's music video , directed by John Lloyd Miller , shows several American icons and examples of people who died for a dream . These include archive footage of the following : Lane Frost - World Champion Bull rider , who was killed in 1989 by the bull he rode for a full eight seconds during a rodeo . Keith Whitley - Country singer who died in 1989 from alcohol poisoning . The Whitley scenes featured his then - wife Lorrie Morgan . Martin Luther King Jr . - Baptist minister who is best known for his involvement in the Civil Rights Movement and was assassinated in 1968 . The crew of the Space Shuttle Challenger , shortly before it disintegrated after its launch in 1986 . John F. Kennedy - President of the United States who was assassinated in 1963 . John Wayne - Film actor best known for his roles in Westerns . It was awarded Video of the Year at the 1990 ACM Music Awards . Chart performance ( edit ) On the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart , The Dance reached number one and remained there for three consecutive weeks until it was knocked off by `` Good Times '' by Dan Seals Release and reception ( edit ) Released near the beginning of his career , `` The Dance '' was a hit single around the world , including the United States , Europe , and Ireland , charting inside the British pop top 40 . In 1990 , it was named both Song of the Year and Video of the Year by the Academy of Country Music . It was awarded the number 14 position in the CMT 100 Greatest Songs of Country Music broadcast in 2003 and also the number 5 position on the network 's The Greatest : 100 Greatest Music Videos special in 2004 . In a 1994 Playboy interview , Brooks said , `` unless I am totally surprised , The Dance will be the greatest success as a song we will ever do . I 'll go to my grave with The Dance . It 'll probably always be my favorite song . '' In 2001 , after the death of Dale Earnhardt , Brooks was invited to the NASCAR awards ceremony that was honoring Earnhardt to play the song as a tribute . The song has been used as several country stations ' last song before changing formats . It was also the second song to be played on UK station Country 1035 , the first being another Brooks number . On 6 February 2014 , `` The Dance '' was performed by Brooks on the final episode of The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on NBC . Track listing ( edit ) US 7 - inch promotional single Capitol Nashville NR - 44629 , 1990 `` The Dance '' - 3 : 37 `` The Dance '' US 7 '' Jukebox single Liberty S7 - 17441 - A , 1990 `` The Dance '' - 3 : 41 `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' UK CD single Capitol CDCLS - 735 , 1993 Disc 1 `` The Dance '' `` Friends in Low Places '' `` Victim of the Game '' `` Kickin ' & Screamin ' Disc 2 `` The Dance '' `` Friends in Low Places '' `` The River '' ( Live acoustic version ) Chart positions ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) Europe ( Eurochart Hot 100 ) 89 Irish Singles Chart Scottish Singles Chart 31 UK Singles Chart 36 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 ) Position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 8 US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 13 Other cover versions ( edit ) Jazz musician Dave Koz recorded it for his 1999 album The Dance . Michael Ball recorded it for his 2000 album This Time It 's Personal . In 2006 , the song was recorded by Westlife and included on their album The Love Album . Mindy McCready recorded it for her 2010 album I 'm Still Here . Janelle Arthur during the twelfth season of American Idol Rockell version ( edit ) `` The Dance '' Single by Rockell from the album Instant Pleasure Released September 5 , 2000 Format CD , digital download Genre Freestyle , dance Length 4 : 04 Label Robbins Entertainment Songwriter ( s ) Tony Arata Rockell singles chronology `` When I 'm Gone '' ( 1999 ) `` The Dance '' ( 2000 ) `` What U Did 2 Me '' ( 2001 ) `` When I 'm Gone '' ( 1999 ) `` The Dance '' ( 2000 ) `` What U Did 2 Me '' ( 2001 ) `` The Dance '' is the fifth single in the overall discography of American freestyle recording artist Rockell , and a cover version of the chart single performed by Garth Brooks . ( See above . ) It is the first single she released from her second album , Instant Pleasure . There was no video made for this single . Track listing ( edit ) US CD single No . Title Length 1 . `` The Dance '' ( The Hex / Dez Radio Mix ) 4 : 09 2 . `` The Dance '' ( The Hex / Dez Club Mix ) 9 : 21 Chart positions ( edit ) Chart Peak position US Hot Dance Singles Sales 27 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brooks , Garth . `` Biography '' . Garth Brooks Official Website . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 14 . Retrieved 11 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` mvdbase.com - Garth Brooks - `` The dance '' `` . MVDBase.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zywietz , Tobias . `` The Official Zobbel Homepage '' . Zobbel.de . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ CMT 's 100 Greatest Songs of Country Music Jump up ^ CMT 's The Greatest : 100 Greatest Music Videos Jump up ^ `` Playboy Interview : Garth Brooks , by Steve Pond ~ June 1994 , PlanetGarth.com '' . PlanetGarth.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Dance - Tribute to Dale Earnhardt '' . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Tribute To Dale Earnhardt Discussion , 2014 '' . Racing Forums . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 1274 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . July 21 , 1990 . Retrieved August 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Inc , Nielsen Business Media ( 4 September 1993 ) . `` Billboard '' . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ http://www.fireballmedia.ie , Jaclyn Ward - Fireball Media Group - . `` The Irish Charts - All there is to know '' . IrishCharts.ie . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 - Official Charts Company '' . OfficialCharts.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GARTH BROOKS - full Official Chart History - Official Charts Company '' . OfficialCharts.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Garth Brooks -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Garth Brooks . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1990 '' . RPM . December 22 , 1990 . Retrieved August 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 1990 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 1990 . Retrieved August 23 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) `` The Dance '' lyrics Preceded by `` Love Without End , Amen '' by George Strait Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks number - one single July 14 -- July 28 , 1990 Succeeded by `` Good Times '' by Dan Seals RPM Country Tracks number - one single July 21 -- August 4 , 1990 Succeeded by `` He Walked on Water '' by Randy Travis Garth Brooks singles Garth Brooks `` Much Too Young ( To Feel This Damn Old ) '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' `` Not Counting You '' `` The Dance '' No Fences `` Friends in Low Places '' `` Unanswered Prayers '' `` Two of a Kind , Workin ' on a Full House '' `` The Thunder Rolls '' `` Wild Horses '' ( released in 2001 ) Ropin ' the Wind `` Rodeo '' `` Shameless '' `` What She 's Doing Now '' `` Papa Loved Mama '' `` The River '' The Chase `` We Shall Be Free '' `` Somewhere Other Than the Night '' `` Learning to Live Again '' `` That Summer '' In Pieces `` Ai n't Goin ' Down ( ' Til the Sun Comes Up ) '' `` American Honky - Tonk Bar Association '' `` Standing Outside the Fire '' `` One Night a Day '' `` Callin ' Baton Rouge '' `` The Red Strokes '' Fresh Horses `` She 's Every Woman '' `` The Fever '' `` The Beaches of Cheyenne '' `` The Change '' `` It 's Midnight Cinderella '' `` That Ol ' Wind '' Sevens `` Longneck Bottle '' `` She 's Gonna Make It '' `` Two Piña Coladas '' `` You Move Me '' `` Do What You Gotta Do '' ( released in 2000 ) The Limited Series `` To Make You Feel My Love '' Double Live `` It 's Your Song '' Greatest Hits ( as Chris Gaines ) `` Lost in You '' `` It Do n't Matter to the Sun '' `` That 's the Way I Remember It '' Scarecrow `` When You Come Back to Me Again '' ( released in 2000 ) `` Wrapped Up in You '' `` Squeeze Me In '' ( with Trisha Yearwood ) `` Thicker Than Blood '' `` Why Ai n't I Running '' The Lost Sessions `` Good Ride Cowboy '' `` Love Will Always Win '' ( with Trisha Yearwood ) `` That Girl Is a Cowboy '' The Ultimate Hits `` More Than a Memory '' `` Workin ' for a Livin ' '' ( with Huey Lewis ) `` Midnight Sun '' Man Against Machine `` People Loving People '' `` Mom '' Gunslinger `` Baby , Let 's Lay Down and Dance '' `` Ask Me How I Know '' Guest singles `` Whatcha Gonna Do with a Cowboy ( with Chris LeDoux ; uncredited ) `` In Another 's Eyes '' ( with Trisha Yearwood ) `` One Heart at a TIme '' ( charity single ) `` Burnin the Roadhouse Down '' ( with Steve Wariner ) `` Where Your Road Leads '' ( with Trisha Yearwood ) `` Katie Wants a Fast One '' ( with Steve Wariner ) `` Beer Run ( B Double E Double Are You In ? ) '' ( with George Jones ) Other songs `` Hard Luck Woman '' `` Santa Looked a Lot Like Daddy '' `` The Call '' ( with Trisha Yearwood ) Westlife singles Discography Westlife `` Swear It Again '' `` If I Let You Go '' `` Flying Without Wings '' `` I Have a Dream '' / `` Seasons in the Sun '' `` Fool Again '' Coast to Coast `` Against All Odds '' `` My Love '' `` What Makes a Man '' `` I Lay My Love on You '' `` Uptown Girl '' `` When You 're Looking Like That '' World of Our Own `` Queen of My Heart '' `` Evergreen '' `` World of Our Own '' `` Bop Bop Baby '' Unbreakable `` Unbreakable '' `` Tonight / Miss You Nights '' Turnaround `` Hey Whatever '' `` Mandy '' `` Obvious '' Allow Us to Be Frank `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head '' `` Fly Me To The Moon '' `` Smile '' Face to Face `` You Raise Me Up '' `` When You Tell Me That You Love Me '' `` Amazing '' The Love Album `` The Rose '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' Back Home `` Home '' `` Us Against the World '' `` Something Right '' Where We Are `` What About Now '' Gravity `` Safe '' Greatest Hits `` Lighthouse '' `` Beautiful World '' Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Dance_(song)&oldid=804526716 '' Categories : 1990 singles 2000 singles Garth Brooks songs Westlife songs Mindy McCready songs Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Songs written by Tony Arata Song recordings produced by Allen Reynolds Capitol Records Nashville singles Music videos directed by John Lloyd Miller 1989 songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 16 : 13 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Dance%20%28song%29
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momma gonna buy you a diamond ring lyrics
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Hush , Little Baby
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hush, little baby
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`` Hush , Little Baby '' is a traditional lullaby , thought to have been written in the Southern United States . Like most folk songs , the author and date of origin are unknown . The lyrics promise all kinds of rewards to the child if he or she is quiet . The simple structure allows more verses to be added ad lib .
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The song has been performed and recorded by many artists including Joan Baez , Regina Spektor , Nina Simone , The Weavers and the Mormon Tabernacle Choir . Additionally , the song has been adapted into pop songs such as Maurice King 's `` Hambone , '' Inez and Charlie Foxx 's `` Mockingbird '' and Bo Diddley 's eponymous song `` Bo Diddley '' , as well as Eminem 's `` Mockingbird . '' Aretha Franklin , Carly Simon , James Taylor , Etta James , Taj Mahal and Dusty Springfield have each recorded `` Mockingbird '' , which is an R&B variant of the song . `` Mockingbird '' was featured humorously as a car travel song in the films National Lampoon 's Vacation ( 1983 ) and Dumb & Dumber ( 1994 ) . `` Hush Little Baby '' has also been used in the play The Miracle Worker , about Helen Keller and Annie Sullivan . 2016 saw this song recorded by violinist Vov Dylan for the album `` World Lullabies '' which is acting as a fundraiser for Starlight Foundation . Lyrics ( edit ) There are several versions of the song , but the most common lyrics are : Hush , little baby , do n't say a word , Mama 's gon na buy you a mockingbird . And if that mockingbird do n't sing , Mama 's gon na buy you a diamond ring . And if that diamond ring turns brass , Mama 's gon na buy you a looking glass . And if that looking glass is broke , Mama 's gon na buy you a billy goat , And if that billy goat wo n't pull , Mama 's gon na buy you a cart and a bull . And if that cart and bull turn over , Mama 's gon na buy you a dog named Rover . And if that dog named Rover wo n't bark , Mama 's gon na buy you a horse and a cart . And if that horse and cart fall down , You 'll still be the sweetest little baby in town . So hush little baby , do n't you cry . Daddy loves you and so do I . Mama is sometimes substituted by Papa , Dada , etc. according to the singer 's relation to the child or personal preference . There are simple revisions to the lyrics , but all remain true to the promise of rewards for being quiet . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` World Lullabies '' . Sanity . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 27 . External links ( edit ) Hush Little Baby lyrics A sing - along version of Hush Little Baby and its illustrated lyrics Nursery rhymes ( list ) `` A-Tisket , A-Tasket '' `` Baa , Baa , Black Sheep '' `` Did You Ever See a Lassie ? '' `` Hey Diddle Diddle '' `` Hickory Dickory Dock '' `` Hot Cross Buns '' `` Humpty Dumpty '' `` I 'm a Little Teapot '' `` It 's Raining , It 's Pouring '' `` Jack and Jill '' `` Little Bo Peep '' `` Little Boy Blue '' `` Little Miss Muffet '' `` Mary Had a Little Lamb '' `` Mary , Mary , Quite Contrary '' `` Old King Cole '' `` Old MacDonald Had a Farm '' `` Old Mother Hubbard '' `` Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe '' `` Peter Piper '' `` Polly Put the Kettle On '' `` Poor Mary '' `` Pop Goes the Weasel '' `` Pussy Cat Pussy Cat '' `` Rain Rain Go Away '' `` Roses Are Red '' `` Rub - a-dub - dub '' `` Simple Simon '' `` Sticks and Stones '' `` The Grand Old Duke of York '' `` The Queen of Hearts '' `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Star '' `` Two Little Dickie Birds '' Clapping `` A Sailor Went to Sea '' `` Down Down Baby '' `` Mary Mack '' `` Miss Susie '' `` Miss Lucy '' `` Pat - a-cake '' `` Pretty Little Dutch Girl '' `` Pease Porridge Hot '' Counting `` Duck , duck , goose '' `` Eeny , meeny , miny , moe '' `` One , Two , Buckle My Shoe '' `` One , Two , Three , Four , Five '' `` This Old Man '' `` Tinker , Tailor '' Finger - plays `` Five Little Monkeys '' `` Itsy Bitsy Spider '' `` Little Robin Redbreast '' `` Round and round the garden '' `` This Little Piggy '' Games `` London Bridge '' `` The Muffin Man '' `` Mulberry Bush '' `` Oranges and Lemons '' `` Ring a Ring o ' Roses '' `` The Farmer in the Dell '' Riddle `` As I was going to St Ives '' Lullabies `` Hush , Little Baby '' `` Rock - a-bye Baby '' Rounds `` Ding Dong Bell '' `` Frère Jacques '' `` Kookaburra '' `` Row , Row , Row Your Boat '' `` Scotland 's Burning '' `` Three Blind Mice '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hush,_Little_Baby&oldid=795330413 '' Categories : Children 's songs Songs about children Lullabies List songs American nursery rhymes Dogs in literature Cattle in literature Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2010 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2017 , at 15 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hush%2C%20Little%20Baby
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when did the monarchy lose power in the uk
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The Sovereign 's role as a constitutional monarch is largely limited to non-partisan functions , such as granting honours . This role has been recognised since the 19th century . The constitutional writer Walter Bagehot identified the monarchy in 1867 as the `` dignified part '' rather than the `` efficient part '' of government .
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Monarchy of the United Kingdom
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monarchy of the united kingdom
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The monarchy of the United Kingdom , commonly referred to as the British monarchy , is the constitutional monarchy of the United Kingdom , its dependencies and its overseas territories . The current monarch and head of state , Queen Elizabeth II , ascended the throne on the death of her father , King George VI , on 6 February 1952 .
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The monarch and his or her immediate family undertake various official , ceremonial , diplomatic and representational duties . As the monarchy is constitutional , the monarch is limited to non-partisan functions such as bestowing honours and appointing the Prime Minister . The monarch is , by tradition , commander - in - chief of the British Armed Forces . Though the ultimate formal executive authority over the government of the United Kingdom is still by and through the monarch 's royal prerogative , these powers may only be used according to laws enacted in Parliament and , in practice , within the constraints of convention and precedent . The British monarchy traces its origins from the petty kingdoms of early medieval Scotland and Anglo - Saxon England , which consolidated into the kingdoms of England and Scotland by the 10th century AD . In 1066 , the last crowned Anglo - Saxon monarch , Harold Godwinson , was defeated and killed during the Norman conquest of England and the English monarchy passed to the Normans ' victorious leader , William the Conqueror , and his descendants . From the 1080s , the lordships of South Wales were held by a succession of Norman families inter-married with older Welsh houses loyal to the English throne , with many lordships also held by the English King in his own right . The process was completed in the 13th century when the north of Wales , as a principality , became a client state of the English kingdom , while Magna Carta began a process of reducing the English monarch 's political powers . From 1603 , when the Scottish monarch James VI inherited the English throne as James I , both the English and Scottish kingdoms were ruled by a single sovereign . From 1649 to 1660 , the tradition of monarchy was broken by the republican Commonwealth of England , which followed the Wars of the Three Kingdoms . The Act of Settlement 1701 excluded Roman Catholics , or those who married Catholics , from succession to the English throne . In 1707 , the kingdoms of England and Scotland were merged to create the Kingdom of Great Britain , and in 1801 , the Kingdom of Ireland joined to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . The British monarch became nominal head of the vast British Empire , which covered a quarter of the world 's surface at its greatest extent in 1921 . In the early 1920s , five - sixths of Ireland seceded from the Union as the Irish Free State , and the Balfour Declaration recognised the evolution of the dominions of the empire into separate , self - governing countries within a Commonwealth of Nations . After the Second World War , the vast majority of British colonies and territories became independent , effectively bringing the empire to an end . George VI and his successor , Elizabeth II , adopted the title Head of the Commonwealth as a symbol of the free association of its independent member states . The United Kingdom and fifteen other Commonwealth monarchies that share the same person as their monarch are called Commonwealth realms . The terms British monarchy and British monarch are frequently still employed in reference to the shared individual and institution ; however , each country is sovereign and independent of the others , and the monarch has a different , specific , and official national title and style for each realm . Contents ( hide ) 1 Constitutional role 1.1 Appointment of the Prime Minister 1.2 Dissolution of Parliament 1.3 Royal Prerogative 2 History 2.1 English monarchy 2.2 Scottish monarchy 2.3 Personal union and republican phase 2.4 After the 1707 Acts of Union 2.5 Shared monarchy 2.6 Monarchy in Ireland 2.7 Modern status 3 Religious role 4 Succession 4.1 Restrictions by gender and religion 4.2 Regency 5 Finances 6 Residences 7 Style 8 Arms 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Constitutional role ( edit ) In the uncodified Constitution of the United Kingdom , the Monarch ( otherwise referred to as the Sovereign or `` His / Her Majesty '' , abbreviated H.M. ) is the Head of State . Oaths of allegiance are made to the Queen and her lawful successors . `` God Save the Queen '' ( or `` God Save the King '' ) is the British national anthem , and the monarch appears on postage stamps , coins and banknotes . The Monarch takes little direct part in Government . The decisions to exercise sovereign powers are delegated from the Monarch , either by statute or by convention , to Ministers or officers of the Crown , or other public bodies , exclusive of the Monarch personally . Thus the acts of state done in the name of the Crown , such as Crown Appointments , even if personally performed by the Monarch , such as the Queen 's Speech and the State Opening of Parliament , depend upon decisions made elsewhere : Legislative power is exercised by the Queen - in - Parliament , by and with the advice and consent of Parliament , the House of Lords and the House of Commons . Executive power is exercised by Her Majesty 's Government , which comprises Ministers , primarily the Prime Minister and the Cabinet , which is technically a committee of the Privy Council . They have the direction of the Armed Forces of the Crown , the Civil Service and other Crown Servants such as the Diplomatic and Secret Services ( the Queen receives certain foreign intelligence reports before the Prime Minister does ) . Judicial power is vested in the Judiciary , who by constitution and statute have judicial independence of the Government . The Church of England , of which the Monarch is the head , has its own legislative , judicial and executive structures . Powers independent of government are legally granted to other public bodies by statute or Statutory Instrument such as an Order in Council , Royal Commission or otherwise . The Sovereign 's role as a constitutional monarch is largely limited to non-partisan functions , such as granting honours . This role has been recognised since the 19th century . The constitutional writer Walter Bagehot identified the monarchy in 1867 as the `` dignified part '' rather than the `` efficient part '' of government . The English Bill of Rights of 1689 curtailed the monarch 's governmental power . Appointment of the Prime Minister ( edit ) Whenever necessary , the Monarch is responsible for appointing a new Prime Minister ( who by convention appoints and may dismiss every other Minister of the Crown , and thereby constitutes and controls the government ) . In accordance with unwritten constitutional conventions , the Sovereign must appoint an individual who commands the support of the House of Commons , usually the leader of the party or coalition that has a majority in that House . The Prime Minister takes office by attending the Monarch in private audience , and after `` kissing hands '' that appointment is immediately effective without any other formality or instrument . In a hung parliament where no party or coalition holds a majority , the monarch has an increased degree of latitude in choosing the individual likely to command the most support , though it would usually be the leader of the largest party . Since 1945 , there have only been three hung parliaments . The first followed the February 1974 general election when Harold Wilson was appointed Prime Minister after Edward Heath resigned following his failure to form a coalition . Although Wilson 's Labour Party did not have a majority , they were the largest party . The second followed the May 2010 general election , in which the Conservatives ( the largest party ) and Liberal Democrats ( the third largest party ) agreed to form the first coalition government since World War II . The third occurred shortly thereafter , in June 2017 , when the Conservative Party lost its majority in a snap election , though the party remained in power as a minority government . Dissolution of Parliament ( edit ) In 1950 the King 's Private Secretary Sir Alan `` Tommy '' Lascelles , writing pseudonymously to The Times newspaper asserted a constitutional convention : according to the Lascelles Principles , if a minority government asked to dissolve Parliament to call an early election to strengthen its position , the monarch could refuse , and would do so under three conditions . When Harold Wilson requested a dissolution late in 1974 , the Queen granted his request as Heath had already failed to form a coalition . The resulting general election gave Wilson a small majority . The monarch could in theory unilaterally dismiss a Prime Minister , but a Prime Minister 's term now comes to an end only by electoral defeat , death , or resignation . The last monarch to remove a Prime Minister was William IV , who dismissed Lord Melbourne in 1834 . The Fixed - term Parliaments Act 2011 removed the monarch 's authority to dissolve Parliament ; the Act specifically retained the monarch 's power of prorogation however , which is a regular feature of the parliamentary calendar . Royal prerogative ( edit ) Main article : Royal prerogative in the United Kingdom Some of the government 's executive authority is theoretically and nominally vested in the Sovereign and is known as the royal prerogative . The monarch acts within the constraints of convention and precedent , exercising prerogative only on the advice of ministers responsible to Parliament , often through the Prime Minister or Privy Council . In practice , prerogative powers are exercised only on the Prime Minister 's advice -- the Prime Minister , and not the Sovereign , has control . The monarch holds a weekly audience with the Prime Minister . No records of these audiences are taken and the proceedings remain fully confidential . The monarch may express his or her views , but , as a constitutional ruler , must ultimately accept the decisions of the Prime Minister and the Cabinet ( providing they command the support of the House ) . In Bagehot 's words : `` the Sovereign has , under a constitutional monarchy ... three rights -- the right to be consulted , the right to encourage , the right to warn . '' Although the Royal Prerogative is extensive and parliamentary approval is not formally required for its exercise , it is limited . Many Crown prerogatives have fallen out of use or have been permanently transferred to Parliament . For example , the monarch can not impose and collect new taxes ; such an action requires the authorisation of an Act of Parliament . According to a parliamentary report , `` The Crown can not invent new prerogative powers '' , and Parliament can override any prerogative power by passing legislation . The Royal Prerogative includes the powers to appoint and dismiss ministers , regulate the civil service , issue passports , declare war , make peace , direct the actions of the military , and negotiate and ratify treaties , alliances , and international agreements . However , a treaty can not alter the domestic laws of the United Kingdom ; an Act of Parliament is necessary in such cases . The monarch is commander - in - chief of the Armed Forces ( the Royal Navy , the British Army , and the Royal Air Force ) , accredits British High Commissioners and ambassadors , and receives diplomats from foreign states . It is the prerogative of the monarch to summon and prorogue Parliament . Each parliamentary session begins with the monarch 's summons . The new parliamentary session is marked by the State Opening of Parliament , during which the Sovereign reads the Speech from the throne in the Chamber of the House of Lords , outlining the Government 's legislative agenda . Prorogation usually occurs about one year after a session begins , and formally concludes the session . Dissolution ends a parliamentary term , and is followed by a general election for all seats in the House of Commons . A general election is normally held five years after the previous one under the Fixed - term Parliaments Act 2011 , but can be held sooner if the Prime Minister loses a motion of confidence , or if two - thirds of the members of the House of Commons vote to hold an early election . Before a bill passed by the legislative Houses can become law , the royal assent ( the monarch 's approval ) is required . In theory , assent can either be granted ( making the bill law ) or withheld ( vetoing the bill ) , but since 1707 assent has always been granted . The monarch has a similar relationship with the devolved governments of Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . The Sovereign appoints the First Minister of Scotland on the nomination of the Scottish Parliament , and the First Minister of Wales on the nomination of the National Assembly for Wales . In Scottish matters , the Sovereign acts on the advice of the Scottish Government . However , as devolution is more limited in Wales , in Welsh matters the Sovereign acts on the advice of the Prime Minister and Cabinet of the United Kingdom . The Sovereign can veto any law passed by the Northern Ireland Assembly , if it is deemed unconstitutional by the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland . The Sovereign is deemed the `` fount of justice '' ; although the Sovereign does not personally rule in judicial cases , judicial functions are performed in his or her name . For instance , prosecutions are brought on the monarch 's behalf , and courts derive their authority from the Crown . The common law holds that the Sovereign `` can do no wrong '' ; the monarch can not be prosecuted for criminal offences . The Crown Proceedings Act 1947 allows civil lawsuits against the Crown in its public capacity ( that is , lawsuits against the government ) , but not lawsuits against the monarch personally . The Sovereign exercises the `` prerogative of mercy '' , which is used to pardon convicted offenders or reduce sentences . The monarch is the `` fount of honour '' , the source of all honours and dignities in the United Kingdom . The Crown creates all peerages , appoints members of the orders of chivalry , grants knighthoods and awards other honours . Although peerages and most other honours are granted on the advice of the Prime Minister , some honours are within the personal gift of the Sovereign , and are not granted on ministerial advice . The monarch alone appoints members of the Order of the Garter , the Order of the Thistle , the Royal Victorian Order and the Order of Merit . History ( edit ) English monarchy ( edit ) See also : List of English monarchs The Bayeux Tapestry depicts the Norman Conquest of 1066 . Following Viking raids and settlement in the ninth century , the Anglo - Saxon kingdom of Wessex emerged as the dominant English kingdom . Alfred the Great secured Wessex , achieved dominance over western Mercia , and assumed the title `` King of the English '' . His grandson Æthelstan was the first king to rule over a unitary kingdom roughly corresponding to the present borders of England , though its constituent parts retained strong regional identities . The 11th century saw England become more stable , despite a number of wars with the Danes , which resulted in a Danish monarchy for one generation . The conquest of England in 1066 by William , Duke of Normandy , was crucial in terms of both political and social change . The new monarch continued the centralisation of power begun in the Anglo - Saxon period , while the Feudal System continued to develop . William was succeeded by two of his sons : William II , then Henry I. Henry made a controversial decision to name his daughter Matilda ( his only surviving child ) as his heir . Following Henry 's death in 1135 , one of William I 's grandsons , Stephen , laid claim to the throne and took power with the support of most of the barons . Matilda challenged his reign ; as a result , England descended into a period of disorder known as the Anarchy . Stephen maintained a precarious hold on power , but agreed to a compromise under which Matilda 's son Henry would succeed him . Henry accordingly became the first Angevin king of England and the first monarch of the Plantagenet dynasty as Henry II in 1154 . The reigns of most of the Angevin monarchs were marred by civil strife and conflicts between the monarch and the nobility . Henry II faced rebellions from his own sons , the future monarchs Richard I and John . Nevertheless , Henry managed to expand his kingdom , forming what is retrospectively known as the Angevin Empire . Upon Henry 's death , his elder son Richard succeeded to the throne ; he was absent from England for most of his reign , as he left to fight in the Crusades . He was killed besieging a castle , and John succeeded him . John 's reign was marked by conflict with the barons , particularly over the limits of royal power . In 1215 , the barons coerced the king into issuing Magna Carta ( Latin for `` Great Charter '' ) to guarantee the rights and liberties of the nobility . Soon afterwards , further disagreements plunged England into a civil war known as the First Barons ' War . The war came to an abrupt end after John died in 1216 , leaving the Crown to his nine - year - old son Henry III . Later in Henry 's reign , Simon de Montfort led the barons in another rebellion , beginning the Second Barons ' War . The war ended in a clear royalist victory and in the death of many rebels , but not before the king had agreed to summon a parliament in 1265 . The next monarch , Edward Longshanks , was far more successful in maintaining royal power and responsible for the conquest of Wales . He attempted to establish English domination of Scotland . However , gains in Scotland were reversed during the reign of his successor , Edward II , who also faced conflict with the nobility . In 1311 , Edward II was forced to relinquish many of his powers to a committee of baronial `` ordainers '' ; however , military victories helped him regain control in 1322 . Nevertheless , in 1327 , Edward was deposed by his wife Isabella . His 14 - year - old son became Edward III . Edward III claimed the French Crown , setting off the Hundred Years ' War between England and France . His campaigns conquered much French territory , but by 1374 , all the gains had been lost . Edward 's reign was also marked by the further development of Parliament , which came to be divided into two Houses . In 1377 , Edward III died , leaving the Crown to his 10 - year - old grandson Richard II . Like many of his predecessors , Richard II conflicted with the nobles by attempting to concentrate power in his own hands . In 1399 , while he was campaigning in Ireland , his cousin Henry Bolingbroke seized power . Richard was deposed , imprisoned , and eventually murdered , probably by starvation , and Henry became king as Henry IV . Henry IV was the grandson of Edward III and the son of John of Gaunt , Duke of Lancaster ; hence , his dynasty was known as the House of Lancaster . For most of his reign , Henry IV was forced to fight off plots and rebellions ; his success was partly due to the military skill of his son , the future Henry V. Henry V 's own reign , which began in 1413 , was largely free from domestic strife , leaving the king free to pursue the Hundred Years ' War in France . Although he was victorious , his sudden death in 1422 left his infant son Henry VI on the throne and gave the French an opportunity to overthrow English rule . The unpopularity of Henry VI 's counsellors and his belligerent consort , Margaret of Anjou , as well as his own ineffectual leadership , led to the weakening of the House of Lancaster . The Lancastrians faced a challenge from the House of York , so called because its head , a descendant of Edward III , was Richard , Duke of York . Although the Duke of York died in battle in 1460 , his eldest son , Edward IV , led the Yorkists to victory in 1461 . The Wars of the Roses , nevertheless , continued intermittently during his reign and those of his son Edward V and brother Richard III . Edward V disappeared , presumably murdered by Richard . Ultimately , the conflict culminated in success for the Lancastrian branch led by Henry Tudor , in 1485 , when Richard III was killed in the Battle of Bosworth Field . Now King Henry VII , he neutralised the remaining Yorkist forces , partly by marrying Elizabeth of York , a Yorkist heir . Through skill and ability , Henry re-established absolute supremacy in the realm , and the conflicts with the nobility that had plagued previous monarchs came to an end . The reign of the second Tudor king , Henry VIII , was one of great political change . Religious upheaval and disputes with the Pope led the monarch to break from the Roman Catholic Church and to establish the Church of England ( the Anglican Church ) . Wales -- which had been conquered centuries earlier , but had remained a separate dominion -- was annexed to England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 . Henry VIII 's son and successor , the young Edward VI , continued with further religious reforms , but his early death in 1553 precipitated a succession crisis . He was wary of allowing his Catholic elder half - sister Mary I to succeed , and therefore drew up a will designating Lady Jane Grey as his heiress . Jane 's reign , however , lasted only nine days ; with tremendous popular support , Mary deposed her and declared herself the lawful sovereign . Mary I married Philip of Spain , who was declared king and co-ruler , pursued disastrous wars in France , and attempted to return England to Roman Catholicism , burning Protestants at the stake as heretics in the process . Upon her death in 1558 , the pair were succeeded by her Protestant half - sister Elizabeth I. England returned to Protestantism and continued its growth into a major world power by building its navy and exploring the New World . Scottish monarchy ( edit ) See also : List of Scottish monarchs In Scotland , as in England , monarchies emerged after the withdrawal of the Roman empire from Britain in the early fifth century . The three groups that lived in Scotland at this time were the Picts in the north east , the Britons in the south , including the Kingdom of Strathclyde , and the Gaels or Scotti ( who would later give their name to Scotland ) , of the Irish petty kingdom of Dál Riata in the west . Kenneth MacAlpin is traditionally viewed as the first king of a united Scotland ( known as Scotia to writers in Latin , or Alba to the Scots ) . The expansion of Scottish dominions continued over the next two centuries , as other territories such as Strathclyde were absorbed . Early Scottish monarchs did not inherit the Crown directly ; instead the custom of tanistry was followed , where the monarchy alternated between different branches of the House of Alpin . As a result , however , the rival dynastic lines clashed , often violently . From 942 to 1005 , seven consecutive monarchs were either murdered or killed in battle . In 1005 , Malcolm II ascended the throne having killed many rivals . He continued to ruthlessly eliminate opposition , and when he died in 1034 he was succeeded by his grandson , Duncan I , instead of a cousin , as had been usual . In 1040 , Duncan suffered defeat in battle at the hands of Macbeth , who was killed himself in 1057 by Duncan 's son Malcolm . The following year , after killing Macbeth 's stepson Lulach , Malcolm ascended the throne as Malcolm III . With a further series of battles and deposings , five of Malcolm 's sons as well as one of his brothers successively became king . Eventually , the Crown came to his youngest son , David I. David was succeeded by his grandsons Malcolm IV , and then by William the Lion , the longest - reigning King of Scots before the Union of the Crowns . William participated in a rebellion against King Henry II of England but when the rebellion failed , William was captured by the English . In exchange for his release , William was forced to acknowledge Henry as his feudal overlord . The English King Richard I agreed to terminate the arrangement in 1189 , in return for a large sum of money needed for the Crusades . William died in 1214 , and was succeeded by his son Alexander II . Alexander II , as well as his successor Alexander III , attempted to take over the Western Isles , which were still under the overlordship of Norway . During the reign of Alexander III , Norway launched an unsuccessful invasion of Scotland ; the ensuing Treaty of Perth recognised Scottish control of the Western Isles and other disputed areas . Alexander III 's unexpected death in a riding accident in 1286 precipitated a major succession crisis . Scottish leaders appealed to King Edward I of England for help in determining who was the rightful heir . Edward chose Alexander 's three - year - old Norwegian granddaughter , Margaret . On her way to Scotland in 1290 , however , Margaret died at sea , and Edward was again asked to adjudicate between 13 rival claimants to the throne . A court was set up and after two years of deliberation , it pronounced John Balliol to be king . However , Edward proceeded to treat Balliol as a vassal , and tried to exert influence over Scotland . In 1295 , when Balliol renounced his allegiance to England , Edward I invaded . During the first ten years of the ensuing Wars of Scottish Independence , Scotland had no monarch , until Robert the Bruce declared himself king in 1306 . Robert 's efforts to control Scotland culminated in success , and Scottish independence was acknowledged in 1328 . However , only one year later , Robert died and was succeeded by his five - year - old son , David II . On the pretext of restoring John Balliol 's rightful heir , Edward Balliol , the English again invaded in 1332 . During the next four years , Balliol was crowned , deposed , restored , deposed , restored , and deposed until he eventually settled in England , and David remained king for the next 35 years . David II died childless in 1371 and was succeeded by his nephew Robert II of the House of Stuart . The reigns of both Robert II and his successor , Robert III , were marked by a general decline in royal power . When Robert III died in 1406 , regents had to rule the country ; the monarch , Robert III 's son James I , had been taken captive by the English . Having paid a large ransom , James returned to Scotland in 1424 ; to restore his authority , he used ruthless measures , including the execution of several of his enemies . He was assassinated by a group of nobles . James II continued his father 's policies by subduing influential noblemen but he was killed in an accident at the age of thirty , and a council of regents again assumed power . James III was defeated in a battle against rebellious Scottish earls in 1488 , leading to another boy - king : James IV . In 1513 James IV launched an invasion of England , attempting to take advantage of the absence of the English King Henry VIII . His forces met with disaster at Flodden Field ; the King , many senior noblemen , and hundreds of soldiers were killed . As his son and successor , James V , was an infant , the government was again taken over by regents . James V led another disastrous war with the English in 1542 , and his death in the same year left the Crown in the hands of his six - day - old daughter , Mary I. Once again , a regency was established . Mary , a Roman Catholic , reigned during a period of great religious upheaval in Scotland . As a result of the efforts of reformers such as John Knox , a Protestant ascendancy was established . Mary caused alarm by marrying her Catholic cousin , Lord Darnley , in 1565 . After Lord Darnley 's assassination in 1567 , Mary contracted an even more unpopular marriage with the Earl of Bothwell , who was widely suspected of Darnley 's murder . The nobility rebelled against the Queen , forcing her to abdicate . She fled to England , and the Crown went to her infant son James VI , who was brought up as a Protestant . Mary was imprisoned and later executed by the English queen Elizabeth I . Personal Union and republican phase ( edit ) In 1603 James VI and I became the first monarch to rule over England , Scotland , and Ireland together . Elizabeth I 's death in 1603 ended Tudor rule in England . Since she had no children , she was succeeded by the Scottish monarch James VI , who was the great - grandson of Henry VIII 's older sister and hence Elizabeth 's first cousin twice removed . James VI ruled in England as James I after what was known as the `` Union of the Crowns '' . Although England and Scotland were in personal union under one monarch -- James I became the first monarch to style himself `` King of Great Britain '' in 1604 -- they remained two separate kingdoms . James I 's successor , Charles I , experienced frequent conflicts with the English Parliament related to the issue of royal and parliamentary powers , especially the power to impose taxes . He provoked opposition by ruling without Parliament from 1629 to 1640 , unilaterally levying taxes and adopting controversial religious policies ( many of which were offensive to the Scottish Presbyterians and the English Puritans ) . His attempt to enforce Anglicanism led to organised rebellion in Scotland ( the `` Bishops ' Wars '' ) and ignited the Wars of the Three Kingdoms . In 1642 , the conflict between the King and English Parliament reached its climax and the English Civil War began . The Civil War culminated in the execution of the king in 1649 , the overthrow of the English monarchy , and the establishment of the Commonwealth of England . Charles I 's son , Charles II , was proclaimed King of Great Britain in Scotland , but he was forced to flee abroad after he invaded England and was defeated at the Battle of Worcester . In 1653 , Oliver Cromwell , the most prominent military and political leader in the nation , seized power and declared himself Lord Protector ( effectively becoming a military dictator , but refusing the title of king ) . Cromwell ruled until his death in 1658 , when he was succeeded by his son Richard . The new Lord Protector had little interest in governing ; he soon resigned . The lack of clear leadership led to civil and military unrest , and for a popular desire to restore the monarchy . In 1660 , the monarchy was restored and Charles II returned to Britain . Charles II 's reign was marked by the development of the first modern political parties in England . Charles had no legitimate children , and was due to be succeeded by his Roman Catholic brother , James , Duke of York . A parliamentary effort to exclude James from the line of succession arose ; the `` Petitioners '' , who supported exclusion , became the Whig Party , whereas the `` Abhorrers '' , who opposed exclusion , became the Tory Party . The Exclusion Bill failed ; on several occasions , Charles II dissolved Parliament because he feared that the bill might pass . After the dissolution of the Parliament of 1681 , Charles ruled without a Parliament until his death in 1685 . When James succeeded Charles , he pursued a policy of offering religious tolerance to Roman Catholics , thereby drawing the ire of many of his Protestant subjects . Many opposed James 's decisions to maintain a large standing army , to appoint Roman Catholics to high political and military offices , and to imprison Church of England clerics who challenged his policies . As a result , a group of Protestants known as the Immortal Seven invited James II 's daughter Mary and her husband William III of Orange to depose the king . William obliged , arriving in England on 5 November 1688 to great public support . Faced with the defection of many of his Protestant officials , James fled the realm and William and Mary ( rather than James II 's Catholic son ) were declared joint Sovereigns of England , Scotland and Ireland . James 's overthrow , known as the Glorious Revolution , was one of the most important events in the long evolution of parliamentary power . The Bill of Rights 1689 affirmed parliamentary supremacy , and declared that the English people held certain rights , including the freedom from taxes imposed without parliamentary consent . The Bill of Rights required future monarchs to be Protestants , and provided that , after any children of William and Mary , Mary 's sister Anne would inherit the Crown . Mary died childless in 1694 , leaving William as the sole monarch . By 1700 , a political crisis arose , as all of Anne 's children had died , leaving her as the only individual left in the line of succession . Parliament was afraid that the former James II or his supporters , known as Jacobites , might attempt to reclaim the throne . Parliament passed the Act of Settlement 1701 , which excluded James and his Catholic relations from the succession and made William 's nearest Protestant relations , the family of Sophia , Electress of Hanover , next in line to the throne after his sister - in - law Anne . Soon after the passage of the Act , William III died , leaving the Crown to Anne . After the 1707 Acts of Union ( edit ) England and Scotland were united as Great Britain under Queen Anne in 1707 . See also : List of British monarchs After Anne 's accession , the problem of the succession re-emerged . The Scottish Parliament , infuriated that the English Parliament did not consult them on the choice of Sophia 's family as the next heirs , passed the Act of Security 1704 , threatening to end the personal union between England and Scotland . The Parliament of England retaliated with the Alien Act 1705 , threatening to devastate the Scottish economy by restricting trade . The Scottish and English parliaments negotiated the Acts of Union 1707 , under which England and Scotland were united into a single Kingdom of Great Britain , with succession under the rules prescribed by the Act of Settlement . In 1714 , Queen Anne was succeeded by her second cousin , and Sophia 's son , George I , Elector of Hanover , who consolidated his position by defeating Jacobite rebellions in 1715 and 1719 . The new monarch was less active in government than many of his British predecessors , but retained control over his German kingdoms , with which Britain was now in personal union . Power shifted towards George 's ministers , especially to Sir Robert Walpole , who is often considered the first British prime minister , although the title was not then in use . The next monarch , George II , witnessed the final end of the Jacobite threat in 1746 , when the Catholic Stuarts were completely defeated . During the long reign of his grandson , George III , Britain 's American colonies were lost , the former colonies having formed the United States of America , but British influence elsewhere in the world continued to grow , and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was created by the Acts of Union 1800 . The union of Great Britain and Ireland into the United Kingdom occurred in 1801 during the reign of King George III . From 1811 to 1820 , George III suffered a severe bout of what is now believed to be porphyria , an illness rendering him incapable of ruling . His son , the future George IV , ruled in his stead as Prince Regent . During the Regency and his own reign , the power of the monarchy declined , and by the time of his successor , William IV , the monarch was no longer able to effectively interfere with parliamentary power . In 1834 , William dismissed the Whig Prime Minister , William Lamb , 2nd Viscount Melbourne , and appointed a Tory , Sir Robert Peel . In the ensuing elections , however , Peel lost . The king had no choice but to recall Lord Melbourne . During William IV 's reign , the Reform Act 1832 , which reformed parliamentary representation , was passed . Together with others passed later in the century , the Act led to an expansion of the electoral franchise and the rise of the House of Commons as the most important branch of Parliament . The final transition to a constitutional monarchy was made during the long reign of William IV 's successor , Victoria . As a woman , Victoria could not rule Hanover , which only permitted succession in the male line , so the personal union of the United Kingdom and Hanover came to an end . The Victorian era was marked by great cultural change , technological progress , and the establishment of the United Kingdom as one of the world 's foremost powers . In recognition of British rule over India , Victoria was declared Empress of India in 1876 . However , her reign was also marked by increased support for the republican movement , due in part to Victoria 's permanent mourning and lengthy period of seclusion following the death of her husband in 1861 . Victoria 's son , Edward VII , became the first monarch of the House of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha in 1901 . In 1917 , the next monarch , George V , changed `` Saxe - Coburg and Gotha '' to `` Windsor '' in response to the anti-German sympathies aroused by the First World War . George V 's reign was marked by the separation of Ireland into Northern Ireland , which remained a part of the United Kingdom , and the Irish Free State , an independent nation , in 1922 . Shared monarchy ( edit ) Map of the British Empire in 1921 Map of the Commonwealth realms today During the twentieth century , the Commonwealth of Nations evolved from the British Empire . Prior to 1926 , the British Crown reigned over the British Empire collectively ; the Dominions and Crown Colonies were subordinate to the United Kingdom . The Balfour Declaration of 1926 gave complete self - government to the Dominions , effectively creating a system whereby a single monarch operated independently in each separate Dominion . The concept was solidified by the Statute of Westminster 1931 , which has been likened to `` a treaty among the Commonwealth countries '' . The monarchy thus ceased to be an exclusively British institution , although it is often still referred to as `` British '' for legal and historical reasons and for convenience . The monarch became separately monarch of the United Kingdom , monarch of Canada , monarch of Australia , and so forth . The independent states within the Commonwealth would share the same monarch in a relationship likened to a personal union . George V 's death in 1936 was followed by the accession of Edward VIII , who caused a public scandal by announcing his desire to marry the divorced American Wallis Simpson , even though the Church of England opposed the remarriage of divorcées . Accordingly , Edward announced his intention to abdicate ; the Parliaments of the United Kingdom and of other Commonwealth countries granted his request . Edward VIII and any children by his new wife were excluded from the line of succession , and the Crown went to his brother , George VI . George served as a rallying figure for the British people during World War II , making morale - boosting visits to the troops as well as to munitions factories and to areas bombed by Nazi Germany . In June 1948 George VI relinquished the title Emperor of India , although remaining head of state of the Dominion of India . At first , every member of the Commonwealth retained the same monarch as the United Kingdom , but when the Dominion of India became a republic in 1950 , it would no longer share in a common monarchy . Instead , the British monarch was acknowledged as `` Head of the Commonwealth '' in all Commonwealth member states , whether they were realms or republics . The position is purely ceremonial , and is not inherited by the British monarch as of right but is vested in an individual chosen by the Commonwealth heads of government . Member states of the Commonwealth that share the same person as monarch are known as Commonwealth realms . Monarchy in Ireland ( edit ) See also : Monarchy of Ireland In 1155 the only English pope , Adrian IV , authorised King Henry II of England to take possession of Ireland as a feudal territory nominally under papal overlordship . The pope wanted the English monarch to annex Ireland and bring the Irish church into line with Rome , despite this process already underway in Ireland by 1155 . An all - island kingship of Ireland had been created in 854 by Máel Sechnaill mac Máele Ruanaid . His last successor was Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair , who had become King of Ireland in early 1166 , and exiled Diarmait Mac Murchada , King of Leinster . Diarmait asked Henry II for help , gaining a group of Anglo - Norman aristocrats and adventurers , led by Richard de Clare , 2nd Earl of Pembroke , to help him regain his throne . Diarmait and his Anglo - Norman allies succeeded and he became King of Leinster again . De Clare married Diarmait 's daughter , and when Diarmait died in 1171 , de Clare became King of Leinster . Henry was afraid that de Clare would make Ireland a rival Norman kingdom , so he took advantage of the papal bull and invaded , forcing de Clare and the other Anglo - Norman aristocrats in Ireland and the major Irish kings and lords to recognise him as their overlord . English lords came close to colonising the entire island , but a Gaelic resurgence from the 1260s resulted in the island divided between Gaelic - Irish and Anglo - Irish lords by 1400 . Many of the latter became completely Gaelicised , and did not recognise England 's kings except perhaps nominally . Some , such as Manus O'Donnell and Conn O'Neill , 1st Earl of Tyrone , were kings themselves . By 1541 , King Henry VIII of England had broken with the Church of Rome and declared himself Supreme Head of the Church of England . The pope 's grant of Ireland to the English monarch became invalid , so Henry summoned a meeting of the Irish Parliament to change his title from Lord of Ireland to King of Ireland . However much of the island was beyond English control , resulting in the extended Tudor conquest of Ireland that only made the Kingdom of Ireland a reality in 1603 , at the conclusion of the Nine Years ' War ( Ireland ) . Nevertheless , Ireland retained its own parliament , becoming an independent state in 1642 - 1649 ( Confederate Ireland ) , and again in 1688 - 91 . Only warfare such as the Williamite War in Ireland and subsequent occupation enabled the English crown from 1692 , and successive British states from 1707 , to retain the country . In 1800 , as a result of the Irish Rebellion of 1798 , the Act of Union merged the kingdom of Great Britain and the kingdom of Ireland into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . The whole island of Ireland continued to be a part of the United Kingdom until 1922 , when what is now the Republic of Ireland won independence as the Irish Free State , a separate Dominion within the Commonwealth . The Irish Free State was renamed Éire ( or `` Ireland '' ) in 1937 , and in 1949 declared itself a republic , left the Commonwealth and severed all ties with the monarchy . Northern Ireland remained within the Union . In 1927 , the United Kingdom changed its name to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , while the monarch 's style for the next twenty years became `` of Great Britain , Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas , King , Defender of the Faith , Emperor of India '' . Modern status ( edit ) In the 1990s , Republicanism in the United Kingdom grew , partly on account of negative publicity associated with the Royal Family ( for instance , immediately following the death of Diana , Princess of Wales ) . However , polls from 2002 to 2007 showed that around 70 -- 80 % of the British public supported the continuation of the monarchy . Religious role ( edit ) The sovereign is the Supreme Governor of the established Church of England . Archbishops and bishops are appointed by the monarch , on the advice of the Prime Minister , who chooses the appointee from a list of nominees prepared by a Church Commission . The Crown 's role in the Church of England is titular ; the most senior clergyman , the Archbishop of Canterbury , is the spiritual leader of the Church and of the worldwide Anglican Communion . The monarch takes an oath to preserve Church of Scotland and he or she holds the power to appoint the Lord High Commissioner to the Church 's General Assembly , but otherwise plays no part in its governance , and exerts no powers over it . The Sovereign plays no formal role in the disestablished Church in Wales or Church of Ireland . Succession ( edit ) Main articles : Succession to the British throne and Coronation of the British monarch The relationship between the Commonwealth realms is such that any change to the laws governing succession to the shared throne requires the unanimous consent of all the realms . Succession is governed by statutes such as the Bill of Rights 1689 , the Act of Settlement 1701 and the Acts of Union 1707 . The rules of succession may only be changed by an Act of Parliament ; it is not possible for an individual to renounce his or her right of succession . The Act of Settlement restricts the succession to the legitimate Protestant descendants of Sophia of Hanover ( 1630 -- 1714 ) , a granddaughter of James I . Upon the death of a sovereign , his or her heir immediately and automatically succeeds ( hence the phrase `` The king is dead , long live the king ! '' ) , and the accession of the new sovereign is publicly proclaimed by an Accession Council that meets at St James 's Palace . Upon their accession , a new sovereign is required by law to make and subscribe several oaths : the Accession Declaration as first required by the Bill of Rights , and an oath that they will `` maintain and preserve '' the Church of Scotland settlement as required by the Act of Union . The monarch is usually crowned in Westminster Abbey , normally by the Archbishop of Canterbury . A coronation is not necessary for a sovereign to reign ; indeed , the ceremony usually takes place many months after accession to allow sufficient time for its preparation and for a period of mourning . After an individual ascends the throne , he or she reigns until death . The only voluntary abdication , that of Edward VIII , had to be authorised by a special Act of Parliament , His Majesty 's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 . The last monarch involuntarily removed from power was James VII and II , who fled into exile in 1688 during the Glorious Revolution . Restrictions by gender and religion ( edit ) See also : Succession to the Crown Act 2013 Succession was largely governed by male - preference cognatic primogeniture , under which sons inherit before daughters , and elder children inherit before younger ones of the same gender . The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , David Cameron , announced at the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 2011 that all 16 Commonwealth realms , including the United Kingdom , had agreed to abolish the gender - preference rule for anyone born after the date of the meeting , 28 October 2011 . They also agreed that future monarchs would no longer be prohibited from marrying a Roman Catholic -- a law which dated from the Act of Settlement 1701 . However , since the monarch is also the Supreme Governor of the Church of England , the law which prohibits a Roman Catholic from acceding to the throne remains . The necessary UK legislation making the changes received the royal assent on 25 April 2013 and was brought into force in March 2015 after the equivalent legislation was approved in all the other Commonwealth realms . Only individuals who are Protestants may inherit the Crown . Roman Catholics are prohibited from succeeding . An individual thus disabled from inheriting the Crown is deemed `` naturally dead '' for succession purposes , and the disqualification does not extend to the individual 's legitimate descendants . Regency ( edit ) Main articles : Regency Acts and Counsellor of State The Regency Acts allow for regencies in the event of a monarch who is a minor or who is physically or mentally incapacitated . When a regency is necessary , the next qualified individual in the line of succession automatically becomes regent , unless they themselves are a minor or incapacitated . Special provisions were made for Queen Elizabeth II by the Regency Act 1953 , which stated that the Duke of Edinburgh ( the Queen 's husband ) could act as regent in these circumstances . During a temporary physical infirmity or an absence from the kingdom , the sovereign may temporarily delegate some of his or her functions to Counsellors of State , the monarch 's spouse and the first four adults in the line of succession . The present Counsellors of State are : the Duke of Edinburgh , the Prince of Wales , the Duke of Cambridge , Prince Harry and the Duke of York . Finances ( edit ) Main article : Finances of the British royal family Until 1760 the monarch met all official expenses from hereditary revenues , which included the profits of the Crown Estate ( the royal property portfolio ) . King George III agreed to surrender the hereditary revenues of the Crown in return for the Civil List , and this arrangement persisted until 2012 . An annual Property Services Grant - in - aid paid for the upkeep of the royal residences , and an annual Royal Travel Grant - in - Aid paid for travel . The Civil List covered most expenses , including those for staffing , state visits , public engagements , and official entertainment . Its size was fixed by Parliament every 10 years ; any money saved was carried forward to the next 10 - year period . From 2012 until 2020 , the Civil List and Grants - in - Aid are to be replaced with a single Sovereign Grant , which will be set at 15 % of the revenues generated by the Crown Estate . The Crown Estate is one of the largest property owners in the United Kingdom , with holdings of £ 7.3 billion in 2011 . It is held in trust , and can not be sold or owned by the Sovereign in a private capacity . In modern times , the profits surrendered from the Crown Estate to the Treasury have exceeded the Civil List and Grants - in - Aid . For example , the Crown Estate produced £ 200 million in the financial year 2007 -- 8 , whereas reported parliamentary funding for the monarch was £ 40 million during the same period . Like the Crown Estate , the land and assets of the Duchy of Lancaster , a property portfolio valued at £ 383 million in 2011 , are held in trust . The revenues of the Duchy form part of the Privy Purse , and are used for expenses not borne by the parliamentary grants . The Duchy of Cornwall is a similar estate held in trust to meet the expenses of the monarch 's eldest son . The Royal Collection , which includes artworks and the Crown Jewels , is not owned by the Sovereign personally and is held in trust , as are the occupied palaces in the United Kingdom such as Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle . The sovereign is subject to indirect taxes such as value - added tax , and since 1993 the Queen has paid income tax and capital gains tax on personal income . Parliamentary grants to the Sovereign are not treated as income as they are solely for official expenditure . Republicans estimate that the real cost of the monarchy , including security and potential income not claimed by the state , such as profits from the duchies of Lancaster and Cornwall and rent of Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle , is £ 334 million a year . Estimates of the Queen 's wealth vary , depending on whether assets owned by her personally or held in trust for the nation are included . Forbes magazine estimated her wealth at US $450 million in 2010 , but no official figure is available . In 1993 , the Lord Chamberlain said estimates of £ 100 million were `` grossly overstated '' . Jock Colville , who was her former private secretary and a director of her bank , Coutts , estimated her wealth in 1971 at £ 2 million ( the equivalent of about £ 25 million today ) . Residences ( edit ) Buckingham Palace , the monarch 's principal residence Holyrood Palace , the monarch 's official Scottish residence Main article : List of British royal residences The Sovereign 's official residence in London is Buckingham Palace . It is the site of most state banquets , investitures , royal christenings and other ceremonies . Another official residence is Windsor Castle , the largest occupied castle in the world , which is used principally at weekends , Easter and during Royal Ascot , an annual race meeting that is part of the social calendar . The Sovereign 's official residence in Scotland is the Palace of Holyroodhouse in Edinburgh . The monarch stays at Holyrood for at least one week each year , and when visiting Scotland on state occasions . Historically , the Palace of Westminster and the Tower of London were the main residences of the English Sovereign until Henry VIII acquired the Palace of Whitehall . Whitehall was destroyed by fire in 1698 , leading to a shift to St James 's Palace . Although replaced as the monarch 's primary London residence by Buckingham Palace in 1837 , St James 's is still the senior palace and remains the ceremonial Royal residence . For example , foreign ambassadors are accredited to the Court of St James 's , and the Palace is the site of the meeting of the Accession Council . It is also used by other members of the Royal Family . Other residences include Clarence House and Kensington Palace . The palaces belong to the Crown ; they are held in trust for future rulers , and can not be sold by the monarch . Sandringham House in Norfolk and Balmoral Castle in Aberdeenshire are privately owned by the Queen . Style ( edit ) Main article : Style of the British sovereign The present Sovereign 's full style and title is `` Elizabeth the Second , by the Grace of God , of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of Her other Realms and Territories Queen , Head of the Commonwealth , Defender of the Faith '' . The title `` Head of the Commonwealth '' is held by the Queen personally , and is not vested in the British Crown . Pope Leo X first granted the title `` Defender of the Faith '' to King Henry VIII in 1521 , rewarding him for his support of the Papacy during the early years of the Protestant Reformation , particularly for his book the Defence of the Seven Sacraments . After Henry broke from the Roman Church , Pope Paul III revoked the grant , but Parliament passed a law authorising its continued use . The Sovereign is known as `` His Majesty '' or `` Her Majesty '' . The form `` Britannic Majesty '' appears in international treaties and on passports to differentiate the British monarch from foreign rulers . The monarch chooses his or her regnal name , not necessarily his or her first name -- King George VI , King Edward VII and Queen Victoria did not use their first names . If only one monarch has used a particular name , no ordinal is used ; for example , Queen Victoria is not known as `` Victoria I '' , and ordinals are not used for English monarchs who reigned before the Norman conquest of England . The question of whether numbering for British monarchs is based on previous English or Scottish monarchs was raised in 1953 when Scottish nationalists challenged the Queen 's use of `` Elizabeth II '' , on the grounds that there had never been an `` Elizabeth I '' in Scotland . In MacCormick v Lord Advocate , the Scottish Court of Session ruled against the plaintiffs , finding that the Queen 's title was a matter of her own choice and prerogative . The Home Secretary told the House of Commons that monarchs since the Acts of Union had consistently used the higher of the English and Scottish ordinals , which in the applicable four cases has been the English ordinal . The Prime Minister confirmed this practice , but noted that `` neither The Queen nor her advisers could seek to bind their successors '' . Future monarchs will apply this policy . Traditionally , the signature of the monarch includes their regnal name but not ordinal , followed by the letter R , which stands for rex or regina ( Latin for king and queen , respectively ) . The present monarch 's signature is `` Elizabeth R '' . From 1877 until 1948 reigning monarchs added the letter I to their signatures , for imperator or imperatrix ( emperor or empress in Latin ) , from their status as Emperor or Empress of India . For example , Queen Victoria signed as `` Victoria RI '' from 1877 . Arms ( edit ) Main article : Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom The Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom are `` Quarterly , I and IV Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or ( for England ) ; II Or a lion rampant within a double tressure flory - counter-flory Gules ( for Scotland ) ; III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent ( for Ireland ) '' . The supporters are the Lion and the Unicorn ; the motto is `` Dieu et mon droit '' ( French : `` God and my Right '' ) . Surrounding the shield is a representation of a Garter bearing the motto of the Chivalric order of the same name ; `` Honi soit qui mal y pense '' . ( Old French : `` Shame be to him who thinks evil of it '' ) . In Scotland , the monarch uses an alternative form of the arms in which quarters I and IV represent Scotland , II England , and III Ireland . The mottoes are `` In Defens '' ( an abbreviated form of the Scots `` In My Defens God Me Defend '' ) and the motto of the Order of the Thistle ; `` Nemo me impune lacessit '' . ( Latin : `` No - one provokes me with impunity '' ) ; the supporters are the unicorn and lion , who support both the escutcheon and lances , from which fly the flags of Scotland and England . The coat of arms of Elizabeth II in the United Kingdom . The design , in use since the accession of Queen Victoria in 1837 , features the arms of England in the first and fourth quarters , Scotland in the second , and Ireland in the third . In Scotland a separate version is used ( shown right ) whereby the Arms of Scotland take precedence . The monarch 's official flag in the United Kingdom is the Royal Standard , which depicts the Royal Arms in banner form . It is flown only from buildings , vessels and vehicles in which the Sovereign is present . The Royal Standard is never flown at half - mast because there is always a sovereign : when one dies , his or her successor becomes the sovereign instantly . The Royal Standard of the United Kingdom : The Monarch 's official flag The Royal Standard of the United Kingdom as used in Scotland When the monarch is not in residence , the Union Flag is flown at Buckingham Palace , Windsor Castle and Sandringham House , whereas in Scotland the Royal Standard of Scotland is flown at Holyrood Palace and Balmoral Castle . 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Canada , 2003 CanLII 41404 ( ON S.C. ) Jump up ^ Zines , Leslie ( 2008 ) . The High Court and the Constitution , 5th ed . Annandale , New South Wales : Federation Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86287 - 691 - 0 . p. 314 Jump up ^ Corbett , P.E. ( 1940 ) , `` The Status of the British Commonwealth in International Law '' , The University of Toronto Law Journal , 3 ( 2 ) : 348 -- 359 , JSTOR 824318 , doi : 10.2307 / 824318 Jump up ^ Scott , F.R. ( January 1944 ) , `` The End of Dominion Status '' , The American Journal of International Law , 38 ( 1 ) : 34 -- 49 , JSTOR 2192530 , doi : 10.2307 / 2192530 Jump up ^ R v Foreign Secretary ; Ex parte Indian Association , ( 1982 ) . QB 892 at 928 ; as referenced in High Court of Australia : Sue v Hill HCA 30 ; 23 June 1999 ; S179 / 1998 and B49 / 1998 Jump up ^ Matthew , H.C.G. ( September 2004 ) , `` Edward VIII '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , retrieved 20 April 2008 Jump up ^ Matthew , H.C.G. 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Republic . Retrieved 20 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Serafin , Tatiana ( 7 July 2010 ) , `` The World 's Richest Royals '' , Forbes , retrieved 13 January 2011 Jump up ^ Darnton , John ( 12 February 1993 ) , `` Tax Report Leaves Queen 's Wealth in Dark '' , The New York Times , retrieved 18 June 2010 Jump up ^ `` £ 2m estimate of the Queen 's wealth ' more likely to be accurate ' '' , The Times : 1 , 11 June 1971 Jump up ^ Pimlott , Ben ( 2001 ) . The Queen : Elizabeth II and the Monarchy . London : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 255494 - 1 , p. 401 Jump up ^ UK Consumer Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Gregory Clark ( 2016 ) , `` The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain , 1209 to Present ( New Series ) '' , MeasuringWorth.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Buckingham Palace '' , Official website of the British Monarchy , The Royal Household , archived from the original on 27 March 2010 , retrieved 14 July 2009 ^ Jump up to : `` Windsor Castle '' , Official website of the British Monarchy , The Royal Household , retrieved 14 July 2009 Jump up ^ `` The Palace of Holyroodhouse '' , Official website of the British Monarchy , The Royal Household , retrieved 14 July 2009 ^ Jump up to : `` Royal Residences : St. James 's Palace '' , Official website of the British Monarchy , The Royal Household , retrieved 14 July 2009 Jump up ^ `` Ambassadors credentials '' , Official website of the British Monarchy , The Royal Household , archived from the original on 9 March 2009 , retrieved 14 July 2009 Jump up ^ A brief history of Historic Royal Palaces , Historic Royal Palaces , archived from the original on 18 December 2007 , retrieved 20 April 2008 Jump up ^ Royal proclamation reciting the altered Style and Titles of the Crown Jump up ^ Fraser , p. 180 Jump up ^ Royal Styles : 1521 -- 1553 , Archontology , 18 August 2007 , retrieved 10 October 2008 Jump up ^ Royal Titles Bill . Hansard , 3 March 1953 , vol. 512 , col. 251 Jump up ^ Royal Style and Title . Hansard , 15 April 1953 , vol. 514 , col. 199 Jump up ^ Debrett 's , 2008 edition , p. 43 ^ Jump up to : Union Jack , The Royal Household , archived from the original on 5 November 2015 , retrieved 9 May 2011 Jump up ^ Royal Standard , Official website of the British Monarchy , archived from the original on 28 December 2009 , retrieved 18 June 2010 References ( edit ) Ashley , Mike ( 1998 ) . The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens . London : Robinson . ISBN 1 - 84119 - 096 - 9 . Bagehot , Walter ; edited by Paul Smith ( 2001 ) . The English Constitution . Cambridge University Press . Brazier , Rodney ( 1997 ) . Ministers of the Crown . Oxford University Press . Brock , Michael ( September 2004 ; online edition , January 2008 ) . `` William IV ( 1765 -- 1837 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 22 April 2008 ( subscription required ) . Castor , Helen ( 2010 ) . She - Wolves : the Women who Ruled England Before Elizabeth . Faber and Faber . Cannon , John ; Griffiths , Ralph ( 1988 ) . The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Monarchy . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 822786 - 8 Crabbe , V.C.R.A.C. ( 1994 ) . Understanding Statutes . Cavendish Publishing . Flanagan , M.T. ( 2004 ) . `` Mac Murchada , Diarmait ( c. 1110 -- 1171 ) '' and Clare , Richard fitz Gilbert de , second earl of Pembroke ( c. 1130 -- 1176 ) `` . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 14 October 2008 ( subscription required ) . Fraser , Antonia ( Editor ) ( 1975 ) . The Lives of the Kings & Queens of England . London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson . ISBN 0 - 297 - 76911 - 1 . Ives , E.W. ( September 2004 ; online edition , January 2008 ) . `` Henry VIII ( 1491 -- 1547 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 20 April 2008 ( subscription required ) . Matthew , H.C.G. ( 2004 ) . `` Edward VIII ( later Prince Edward , duke of Windsor ) ( 1894 -- 1972 ) '' and `` George VI ( 1895 -- 1952 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 14 October 2008 ( subscription required ) . Sayers , Jane E. ( 2004 ) . `` Adrian IV ( d . 1159 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 20 April 2008 ( subscription required ) . Tomkins , Adam ( 2003 ) . Public Law . N.Y. : Oxford University Press ( Clarendon Law ser . ) . Waldron , Jeremy ( 1990 ) . The Law . Routledge . Weir , Alison ( 1996 ) . Britain 's Royal Families : The Complete Genealogy . ( Revised edition ) . London : Pimlico . ISBN 0 - 7126 - 7448 - 9 . 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Overall No . Saga No . English translation Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 77 `` Let 's Do It , Zen - Oh Sama ! The All - Universe Martial Arts Tournament ! ! '' / `` Let 's Do It , Grand Zeno ! The Multi-Universe Martial Arts Tournament ! '' `` Yarou ze Zenō - sama ! Uchū ichi Budō - kai ! ! '' ( や ろう ぜ 全 王様 ! 宇宙 一 武道 会 ! ! ) February 5 , 2017 August 25 , 2018 The Present Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō are playing a game together in their realm , but both have become bored with their monotonous routine . Meanwhile , Goku heads to a local farmer 's market to sell his produce and get Chi - Chi off his back about making money . On the way home , he is ambushed by some robbers . Goku defeats them , but he is injured in the process . Deciding that he has grown rusty , Goku and Goten decide to train with Whis . They head to the Capsule Corporation building , where Bulma reveals she is pregnant with her and Vegeta 's second child . Goten remains behind to train with Trunks . Vegeta declines to accompany Goku so that he can be with Bulma when she gives birth . Goku heads to Beerus ' planet alone . While training with Whis , Goku remembers Grand Zenō 's intention to hold a multiverse martial arts tournament . Heedless of Beerus and Whis ' warnings , Goku uses Grand Zenō 's button to head to his realm and convinces Present Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to hold the tournament . When he returns to Beerus ' planet , Beerus angrily berates Goku and explains that Grand Zenō naive and innocent nature combined with his extreme power makes him a danger to the multiverse . Beerus threatens to kill Goku if he steps out of line again . Goku , Beerus , and Whis head to the Sacred World of the Kais , where the Grand Minister arrives . He tells the group to assemble their ten most powerful warriors to compete in the `` Tournament of Power '' ( 力 の 大会 , Chikara no Taikai ) . 78 `` The Gods of Every Universe in Shock ? ! Losers Erased in the Tournament of Power '' / `` Zen uchū no kami - sama mo don hiki ! ? Maketara shōmetsu `` Chikara no taikai '' '' ( 全 宇宙 の 神様 も ドン 引き ! ? 負け たら 消滅 「 力 の 大会 」 ) February 12 , 2017 TBA The Grand Minister explains the details of the `` Tournament of Power '' and states that it will be held on `` the World of Void '' . It is a place of `` infinite nothingness '' , where the competitors can fight without limits . The tournament champion will be granted a wish by the Super Dragon Balls , while the losers and their respective universes will be completely erased from existence . Everyone is horrified by this harsh penalty . Goku suggests asking Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to ignore it , but Whis advises against this . Whis tells Goku that Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō have already made up their minds and attempting to change it could be dangerous . Beerus demands that Goku takes responsibility for asking Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to hold the tournament in the first place . Goku declares that he will defeat any opponent he faces . The Grand Minister also reveals that Universes 7 and 9 are to have a smaller exhibition tournament for Future Grand Zenō 's benefit . Each universe is to name three fighters . Goku sets off to recruit teammates . After Vegeta refuses , Goku recruits Gohan and Majin Buu , who is accompanied by Mr. Satan to represent Universe 7 . Goku also explains the potential penalty to Gohan . Gohan tells Goku to keep the stakes a secret to prevent mass panic . Back at Grand Zenō 's and Future Grand Zenō 's palace , all the gods from all 12 universes gather . The Grand Minister explains the purpose of the Zen Exhibition Match . He alludes to the possibility of Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō erasing the fighters that he deems unfit for the tournament . In the first round , Majin Buu is to fight Basil ( バジル , Bajiru ) , a humanoid canine fighter from Universe 9 . 79 `` Universe 9 's Basil the Kicker VS Universe 7 's Majin Buu ! ! '' / `` Dai kyu uchū keri no Bajiru basasu Dai nana uchū Majinbū ! ! '' ( 第 9 宇宙 蹴り の バジル VS 第 7 宇宙 魔 人 ブウ ! ! ) February 19 , 2017 TBA Basil quickly gains the upper hand and beats down Majin Buu , who is not taking the fight seriously and thinks of it as a game . Goku goads Basil into showing his full power to get Majin Buu 's attention , which leads to Basil using his ultimate attack . As Roh ( ロウ , Rō ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 9 , claims victory , Majin Buu emerges with a hole in his stomach , but he is otherwise unmoved . Basil and Roh are shocked to see this . Mr. Satan is injured during the attack . He tells Majin Buu to beat Basil before falling unconscious . This enrages Majin Buu to the point , where he effortlessly beats Basil and knocks him out of the ring . However , since neither Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō is satisfied with the fight , Basil is allowed to get back into the ring . Roh gives Basil a drug that makes him far more powerful . Although Beerus demands that Basil is disqualified for obvious cheating , Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō is entertained by this and allows the fight to continue . The Grand Minister announces that the rules will be improvised as the tournament goes along . Basil overpowers Majin Buu and seemingly beats him , which causes Roh to prematurely gloat about the superiority of Universe 9 . However , Majin Buu emerges unscathed and launches a full power attack at Basil . This knocks him out and clinches Universe 7 the victory . As the Universe 9 team laments Basil 's loss , Basil 's second oldest brother Lavender ( ラベンダ , Rabenda ) says that if he is allowed to kill his opponent , which Bergamo gives him permission to do , he can win his match . Gohan volunteers to fight Lavender . 80 `` Awaken Your Sleeping Battle Spirit ! Son Gohan 's Fight ! ! '' / `` Nemutta tōshi o yobisamase ! Son Gohan no tatakai ! ! '' ( 眠っ た 闘志 を 呼び覚ませ ! 孫 悟 飯 の 闘い ! ! ) February 26 , 2017 TBA As their battle begins , Lavender spits a poison mist into Gohan 's eyes and blinds him . Shin offers Gohan a Senzu bean to cure the poison , but Gohan refuses and says he wants to fight with his strength alone . Unable to see , Gohan uses his other senses to track Lavender and scores several blows . Lavender counters by levitating , which eliminates the sound of his footsteps . Gohan responds by powering up to Super Saiyan and bouncing his own ki off of Lavender 's body , which uses it as a kind of active radar . Powering up also causes the poison to spread rapidly through Gohan 's body . Lavender mounts a comeback . In desperation , Gohan grabs hold of Lavender and launches a kamikaze attack . He drives both of their bodies into the ring at high speed . Lavender is knocked out , but Gohan is so weakened by the poison that he can not continue . With both fighters down , the match is declared a tie . After Goku feeds Gohan a Senzu bean , the Grand Minister announces to those in attendance that Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō had long believed that there were too many universes but Goku gave them a great idea : the Tournament of Power . the Grand Minister then states that all universes which lose the Tournament of Power will be erased with their respective gods as well , however , Universes 1 , 5 , 8 , and 12 will be exempt from erasure since their Mortal Levels are above 7 ; the Angels from all universes will be exempt from erasure as well . Whis then summarizes that Grand Zenō was planning to erase most of them anyway , but the tournament will afford one of the weaker universes the chance to be spared . With the announcement concluded , the ring is repaired in preparation for the final exhibition match where Goku will fight Bergamo ( ベルガモ , Berugamo ) , Basil 's oldest brother who is also a humanoid canine . 81 5 `` Bergamo the Crusher Vs Son Goku ! Which One Wields the Limitless Power ? ! '' / `` Tsubushi no Berugamo VS Son Gokū ! Aotenjō no tsuyosa wa dotchida ! ? '' ( 潰し の ベルガモ VS 孫悟空 ! 青 天井 の 強 さ は どっち だ ! ? ) March 5 , 2017 TBA Before their battle begins , Bergamo denounces Goku before the assembled gods . Bergamo pleads with Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to rescind the rule that the universes that lose the Tournament of Power be erased . Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō agree on the condition that Bergamo beats Goku in an all out battle . Grand Minister states that if Goku holds back to cancel the erasure , Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō will immediately erase all of the universes . Both Goku and Bergamo agree to the terms . When the fight begins , Bergamo invites Goku to hit him and leaves himself exposed . Goku obliges and strikes Bergamo several times , but Bergamo absorbs the energy of Goku 's attacks . He grows stronger and physically larger . Goku continues to attack , which causes Bergamo to grow so large that the ring begins to buckle under his weight . Goku transforms to Super Saiyan Blue , which shocks the gods and quickly overwhelms Bergamo with a Kaioken powered Kamehameha . Bergamo claims every universe participating in the Tournament of Power will seek vengeance on Goku for making them face erasure , but Goku relishes the idea of such a challenge . The Zen Exhibition Match comes to a close and the Tournament of Power will soon begin . The universe with the most fighters remaining or the last fighter standing will be declared the winner . Suddenly , a mysterious fighter from Universe 11 named Toppo ( トッポ ) appears and challenges Goku to a battle . Goku , who is unsatisfied after his short fight with Bergamo , agrees to fight Toppo . 82 6 `` Never Forgive Son Goku ! Toppo the Warrior of Justice Intrudes ! ! '' / `` Son Gokū yurusumaji ! Seigi no senshi Toppo ran'nyū ! ! ! '' ( 孫悟空 許す まじ ! 正義 の 戦士 トッポ 乱入 ! ! ) March 19 , 2017 TBA After obtaining Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō blessing to proceed , Goku and Toppo begin their battle . Toppo quickly gains the upper hand and dislocates Goku 's shoulder . Goku responds by attacking with a flurry of blows , but Toppo manages to grab Goku in a powerful bear hug . He begins squeezing the life out of Goku , which forces Goku to turn Super Saiyan Blue to escape . Goku gains the upper hand in this form and damages Toppo with a Kamehameha . Just as the two power up even more , the Grand Minister puts an end to the fight . As Toppo leaves , he reveals to Goku that Universe 11 has a warrior even stronger than him named Jiren ( ジレン ) . The Grand Minister begins creating a martial arts arena suitable for the Tournament of Power . In the Sacred World of the Kais , Beerus and Goku get into an argument over Goku 's constant relaxed and negligent attitude , which Whis breaks up . The group agrees to convene at the Capsule Corporation to discuss their future strategy . 83 7 `` Form the Universe 7 Representing Team ! Who are the Strongest Ten ? ! '' / `` Dai - 7 uchū daihyō chīmu o kessei seyo ! Saikyō no 10 - ri wa dareda ? '' ( 第 7 宇宙 代表 チーム を 結成 せよ ! 最強 の 10 人 は 誰 だ ! ? ) March 26 , 2017 TBA Goku and the others arrive at Capsule Corporation . They discuss who should be on the team . Goku immediately suggests Monaka , but Beerus tells him that Monaka is sick and can not participate . Goku and Gohan agree on Vegeta , Piccolo , Krillin , Master Roshi , No. 18 , and No. 17 , which would bring the total number of fighters up to nine . Trunks and Goten are ruled out due to their inexperience . They proceed to ask Vegeta , who has been thinking of a name for his second child . Vegeta refuses to participate . He says he will not fight , while Bulma is pregnant . Whis uses his time warping ability to birth the baby sooner than expected in order to get Vegeta to agree to the fight . Everyone celebrates the baby 's birth . Trunks is slightly disappointed he has a sister because he wanted to train with a younger brother . As soon as the baby is handed to Vegeta , he develops an attachment to her . Bulma names the baby Bulla even though Vegeta hoped to give her the Saiyan name Eschalot . However , Vegeta quickly accepts Bulla 's name . Goku leaves to recruit members and heads to Krillin 's house . 84 8 `` Son Goku the Recruiter Invites Krillin and No. 18 '' / `` Sukautoman Son Gokū -- Kuririn to 18 - gō o izanau '' ( スカウト マン 孫悟空 クリリン と 18 号 を 誘う ) April 2 , 2017 TBA Goku and Gohan arrive at Krillin 's house and ask him and No. 18 to join the Tournament of Power . No. 18 convinces Krillin to participate in order to put his newfound martial arts training to use . No. 18 is reluctant to join herself . She quickly suspects Goku and Gohan of hiding something from them , but Goku convinces her that the secret is a 10 million Zeni reward , which convinces her to participate . Gohan decides to test Krillin in a sparring match on the coast . After Gohan overpowers him in hand to hand combat , Krillin swiftly defeats Gohan by blinding him with his new move named Solar Flare x 100 and knocking him into the sea . Goku is excited by Krillin 's new power . He challenges him to a sparring match as well . They relocate to a building owned by Mr. Satan , where Krillin 's strategies make up for the gap in power , forcing Goku to go Super Saiyan . Goku then transforms into his Super Saiyan Blue form , and he and Krillin have a Kamehameha clash . As Goku increases his power and starts to overpower Krillin , No. 18 intervenes and blocks Goku 's Kamehameha , just as Krillin collapses from exhaustion . She justifies herself by noting that the Tournament of Power will be a battle royal and that Goku can not expect to fight one - on - one all the time . Goku concedes the match and realizes he will have to adjust his tactics in order to win the Tournament of Power . No. 18 reveals that No. 17 is currently working at a wildlife reserve , but she does not know where . Goku decides to ask Dende to find No. 17 . 85 9 `` The Universes Begin to Make Their Moves Their Individual Motives '' / `` Ugokidasu uchū -- sorezore no omowaku '' ( 動き出す 宇宙 -- それぞれ の 思惑 ) April 9 , 2017 TBA Gohan leaves to recruit Piccolo , while Goku prepares to head to the Lookout . He encounters Majin Buu and Mr. Satan training . Goku discovers that Buu has lost weight and has gotten much slimmer in appearance . The two spar together . Buu defeats Goku by overwhelming him with ki blasts and knocking him out of the fighting stage . Meanwhile , Khai ( カイ ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 11 , gathers all of the Supreme Kais involved in the tournament except for Universe 7 's , who is ostracized due to Goku 's involvement with the creation of the tournament . Khai asks his fellow Supreme Kais to request that Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō cancel the erasure of the universes , but they are all too afraid of his wrath to do so . Champa gathers all the Gods of Destruction involved in the tournament except Beerus after finding out about the Supreme Kai 's meeting , and they discuss Goku . Toppo recruits his fellow Pride Troopers Kahseral ( カーセラル , Kāseraru ) and Dyspo ( ディスポ , Disupo ) . Champa recruits Cabba and demands he find more powerful Saiyans . Goku meets Dende and Mr. Popo at the Lookout and learns No. 17 's location . Gohan prepares to train with Piccolo . 86 10 `` Fist Cross for the First Time ! Android # 17 VS Son Goku ! ! '' / `` Hajimete majiwaru kobushi ! Jinzōningen Jūnana - gō VS Son Gokū ! ! '' ( 初めて 交わる 拳 ! 人造 人間 17 号 VS 孫悟空 ! ! ) April 16 , 2017 TBA On their way to the island where No. 17 is working , Dende explains that since the conclusion of the Cell Games , No. 17 has started a family and gotten far stronger . Dende also reveals that Kid Buu has reincarnated as a young Earthling with massive fighting potential and asks Goku to train him when he is old enough . They reach the island as Goku arrives just in time to witness No. 17 defeat a group of armed poachers . As they introduce themselves to each other , a large army of poachers arrive . Goku and No. 17 team up to subdue them all . Afterwards , No. 17 explains that the poachers are after the last Minotaurus in order to steal its rare and valuable horns . The two decide to have a sparring match . No. 17 evenly matches Super Saiyan Goku , which causes him to turn Super Saiyan Blue . Goku launches a Kamehameha at No. 17 , who easily deflects it with an energy shield . The two go toe - to - toe until No. 17 ends the match in order to avoid catching the island in the crossfire . Goku and No. 17 acknowledge that they were both holding back in the fight . Afterwards , Goku attempts to convince him to join the Tournament of Power , but No. 17 is uninterested . He remains indifferent even when Goku reveals that the losing universes will be erased . Meanwhile , alien poachers arrive on Earth and they set their sights on the Minotaurus . 87 11 `` Hunt the Poachers ! Goku and No. 17 's United Front ! ! '' / `` Mitsuryō - dan o kare ! Gokū to Jūnana - gō no kyōtō ! ! '' ( 密漁 団 を 狩れ ! 悟空 と 17 号 の 共闘 ! ! ) April 23 , 2017 TBA Goku entices No. 17 with a wish on the Super Dragon Balls . As he begins to consider Goku 's offer , the alien poachers arrive and abduct all of the island 's animals . Goku uses his Instant Transmission to teleport himself and No. 17 aboard their ship before it can escape . After defeating some of the poachers , No. 17 sets off to defeat the leader , while Goku remains behind to battle the rest of the poachers . No. 17 confronts and easily defeats the leader . Goku catches up just as the leader pulls out a switch and threatens to self - destruct if he is not released immediately . No. 17 smashes him out of a window , which vents both of them into deep space . Goku manages to use his Instant Transmission to teleport all three of them to King Kai 's world . Dende contacts Goku and informs him that the leader 's threat was a bluff . Afterwards , Goku and No. 17 return the animals to their rightful homes . Jaco arrives to arrest the alien poachers . No. 17 decides to leave his island in the hands of Goten and Trunks and accepts Goku 's offer to fight in the Tournament of Power . He hopes to use the Super Dragon Balls to wish for an expensive boat and travel the world with his family . 88 12 `` Gohan and Piccolo Teacher and Pupil Clash in Max Training ! '' / `` Gohan to Pikkoro Shitei gekitotsu no Genkai shugyō ! '' ( 悟 飯 と ピッコロ 師弟 激突 の 限界 修業 ! ) April 30 , 2017 TBA Gohan and Piccolo engage in intense training . Piccolo explains that Goku has already informed him about the potential erasure of the universe and that he is going to participate in the Tournament of Power . He points out that Gohan 's over eagerness to protect his loved ones is making him reckless . Gohan transforms into a Super Saiyan , and the two continue to spar . Meanwhile , Cabba heads to the residence of his retired captain and mentor , Renso ( レンソウ ) . Cabba asks him to join Universe 6 's team for the Tournament of Power , but Renso refuses due to an injury to his leg . Renso suggests his sister , Caulifla ( カリフラ , Karifura ) , instead , who he claims is even stronger than him . Back in Universe 7 , Piccolo removes his weighted clothes to go all out and quickly defeats Gohan . Piccolo explains that Gohan has a tendency to become arrogant when he has the advantage in battle . After being encouraged by Piccolo , Gohan manages to reach the level of power he had against Super Buu . The two fight again , and Gohan successfully severs Piccolo 's arm . However , Piccolo blasts him in the back with the severed arm and defeats Gohan , which proves Piccolo 's point about Gohan 's overconfidence . That night , Piccolo vows to push Gohan to new heights of power . They both agree to work on combination moves . 89 13 `` An Unknown Beauty Appears ! The Tenshin - Style Dojo 's Mystery ? ! '' / `` Arawareta nazo no bijo ! Tenshin - ryū Dōjō no kai ! ? '' ( 現れ た 謎 の 美女 ! 天津 流 道場 の 怪 ! ? ) May 7 , 2017 TBA Goku heads to Master Roshi 's island , where Oolong informs him that Tien and Chiaotzu have started a martial arts dojo , and that Roshi has headed there to act as a special instructor . Goku decides to make Tien the tenth member of the team , and heads off to recruit him and Roshi . At Tien 's dojo , a woman named Yurin ( ユーリン , Yūrin ) with a grudge against Tien arrives and requests to join the dojo . Although Tien denies her because her motivation of beauty was unfit for his dojo , Roshi drags Yurin off to ogle her . Goku arrives and asks Tien to join the Tournament of Power , but , even after Goku bribes him with 10 million Zeni , Tien refuses . Yurin escapes Roshi 's advances and uses witchcraft to drive Tien 's students on a rampage throughout town . Goku , Tien , Chiaotzu , and Roshi arrive at the village , where Yurin confronts them . Yurin explains that she is a former classmate of Tien 's during his time at the Crane School and that she swore revenge on him after he left the school and refused to fight her . Meanwhile , Cabba sways Caulifla into joining Universe 6 's team by promising to teach her how to become a Super Saiyan . Back on Earth , while Goku , Chiaotzu , and Tien cure the students of their brainwashing , Roshi battles Yurin . He lowers his guard after catching a glimpse of Yurin 's panties , which allows her to brainwash him . The brainwashed Roshi quickly defeats Tien , but Goku intervenes . While Chiaotzu temporarily disables Yurin , Goku subdues Roshi with a Kamehameha and cures him of the brainwashing . Tien orders Yurin to apologize to everyone she hurt and offers her a place at his dojo . Tien decides to join the Tournament of Power because he believes that the 10 million Zeni Goku promised will repair the village . After hearing about the 10 million Zeni , Master Roshi quickly agrees to join as well . 90 14 `` See The Wall That Must Be Passed ! Goku vs Gohan '' / `` Koerubeki kabe o misuete ! Gokū bāsasu Gohan '' ( 超える べき 壁 を 見据え て ! 悟空 VS 悟 飯 ) May 14 , 2017 TBA As Gohan finishes training with Piccolo , they go to meet with Goku , Master Roshi , and Tien . At Gohan 's request , Goku and Tien have a fight against Gohan and Piccolo to practice for the tournament . Although Tien views this as a practice match and wants to avoid injuring anyone , Gohan and Goku take the fight seriously . As Gohan fights both his father and Tien , Piccolo spends the time charging a strong technique , which ultimately destroys the mountain fighting stage when it is launched . Tien calls the match off on the grounds that the fighting stage is now destroyed . Although Goku agrees , Gohan requests to have a one - on - one fight against his father . Goku accepts , and Gohan powers up while Goku goes Super Saiyan 2 . Although Goku has the upper hand for much of the fight , Gohan turns the tables and begins to overpower Goku . Gohan begs Goku to use his full power . Goku responds by becoming a Super Saiyan Blue and using his Kaio - Ken technique , then defeats Gohan with a single blow . Impressed with his son 's improvement , Goku assigns Gohan as the leader of their Universe 7 team . Meanwhile , Rumsshi ( ラムーシ , Ramūshi ) recruits a powerful fighter named Murichim ( ムリチム , Murichimu ) and his companions to represent Universe 10 in the tournament . 91 15 `` Which Universe Will Survive ? ! The Strongest Warriors Are Gathering ! ! '' / `` Kachinokoru no wa dono Uchū da ! ? Zokuzoku to tsudou Saikyō no senshi - tachi ! ! '' ( 勝ち残る の は どの 宇宙 だ ! ? 続々 と 集う 最強 の 戦士 たち ! ! ) May 21 , 2017 TBA Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō are suffering from extreme boredom again . They decide to observe the universes ' progress in assembling their strongest warriors . In Universe 7 , Vegeta prepares to enter the Hyperbolic Time Chamber for some intense training . Goku spars with Whis in Vegeta 's gravity chamber . Master Roshi and Puar train to remove Roshi 's weakness to seduction techniques , which fails miserably . In Universe 9 , word has spread of the potential erasure of their universe . The populace has descended into anarchy . The three canine brothers have been unable to find any other fighters . In Universe 6 , Hit tracks down the destitute Frost and forces him to join the Tournament of Power , while he relieves him of his poison needles in the process . In Universe 11 , Toppo 's comrade Kahseral is delayed from joining when he aids a cat stuck in a tree . In Universe 2 , a magical girl named Brianne de Chateau ( ブリアン ・ デ ・ シャトー , Burian de Shatō ) transforms into her alter ego named Ribrianne ( リブリアン , Riburian ) and auditions for a spot in the tournament . In Universe 10 , Murichim and his comrades record a dance video to improve team spirit . Back in Universe 7 , Mr. Satan calls and unexpectedly reveals that Majin Buu has fallen into a deep sleep and can not join the tournament , which horrifies everyone . 92 16 `` Emergency Development ! The Incomplete Ten Members ! ! '' / `` Kinkyū jitai hassei ! Sorowanai jū nin no menbā ! ! '' ( 緊急 事態 発生 ! そろわ ない 10 人 の メンバー ! ! ) May 28 , 2017 TBA Goku races to Mr. Satan 's house , where he proves unable to wake Majin Buu from his hibernation . Meanwhile , all of Universe 7 's remaining warriors except Master Roshi and No. 17 gather at the Capsule Corporation . After Krillin brings up the 10 million Zeni prize that Goku had bribed him , Piccolo and Gohan reveal to Krillin , No. 18 , and Tien that the prize of 10 million Zeni was a lie and that the universe will be erased if they lose . When Goku returns , Krillin berates him and threatens to withdraw from the team along with No. 18 . After Goku fails to convince them otherwise , Beerus swiftly threatens Krillin into staying , while Bulma agrees to pay out the promised reward . In Universe 6 , Cabba takes Caulifla to a deserted wasteland to teach her how to become a Super Saiyan . As Caulifla 's protégée , Kale ( ケール , Kēru ) , observes them , Cabba ineffectually attempts to provoke Caulifla in order to make her transform . When that fails , he teaches her to focus her energy on an area in her back . Caulifla successfully transforms into a Super Saiyan . Caulifla tests her newfound power and agrees to join Universe 6 's team for the Tournament of Power . She beckons Kale over to attempt the transformation herself . In Universe 11 , Kahseral arrives at the Pride Trooper headquarters , where he and Toppo agree to leave the universe in their trainees ' hands so they can participate in the tournament . In Universe 3 , two cyborg warriors named Nigrisshi ( ニグリシ , Nigrisshi ) and Narirama ( ナリラマ , Narirāma ) display their upgrades for the tournament to Universe 3 's God of Destruction Mosco ( モスコ , Mosuko ) , Supreme Kai Ea ( エア ) , and Angel Campari ( カンパーリ , Kanpāri ) . Back in Universe 7 , Goku and his friends are unable to figure out who can replace Buu . When Beerus claims they have no suitable fighters because Goku destroyed the Frieza Force , Goku is inspired to recruit Frieza , which shocks everyone . 93 17 `` You 're The Tenth Warrior ! Goku Goes To See Frieza ! ! '' / `` Jū ninme no senshi wa omē da ! Gokū Furīza no moto e ! ! '' ( 10 人目 の 戦士 はお め え だ ! 悟空 フリーザ の も と へ ! ! ) June 4 , 2017 TBA Goku 's idea is met with much hesitance from his comrades . He explains that he intends to have Fortuneteller Baba resurrect Frieza for 24 hours to fight in the tournament . If Frieza betrays them then either he or Vegeta can defeat him . Goku 's friends reluctantly agree , and he sets out to the afterlife . The Universe 7 team are unaware that a spy from Universe 4 is observing them . In Universe 6 , Cabba and Caulifla attempt to teach Kale how to turn into a Super Saiyan but to no avail . Kale begins to despair over her own uselessness , and it enrages her enough to trigger her transformation into an extremely powerful Berserker Super Saiyan . Kale immediately goes berserk and attacks Cabba . Caulifla quickly deduces that Kale is jealous of her and Cabba 's perceived relationship . She denies having any sort of feelings for Cabba . Kale calms down and collapses in Caulifla 's arms . Cabba , who is impressed by Kale 's power , decides to add her to Universe 6 's team . Back in Universe 7 , Goku arrives in the afterlife and receives King Yemma 's permission to visit Frieza . He explains about the Tournament of Power and asks Frieza to join them . Frieza agrees to aid him on the condition that he be properly resurrected with Earth 's Dragon Balls . When Goku hesitates to agree , Frieza goads him by playing to his desire to see how powerful Frieza can become . Goku accepts his terms . In Universe 4 , Ganos ( ガノス , Ganosu ) reports Universe 7 's latest actions to Universe 4 's God of Destruction Quitela ( キテラ , Kitera ) and Supreme Kai Kuru ( クル ) . Quitela immediately begins making plans to counter Beerus . 94 18 `` The Emperor of Evil Returns ! A Reception of Mysterious Assassins ? ! '' / `` Aku no Teiō fukkatsu ! Demukaeru Nazo no Shikaku - tachi ! ? '' ( 悪 の 帝王 復活 ! 出迎える 謎 の 刺客 たち ! ? ) June 11 , 2017 TBA Quitela contacts Universe 9 's God of Destruction Sidra ( シドラ , Shidora ) and informs him that Universe 7 is planning to use Frieza to assassinate their rivals before the tournament begins and that the only way to counter them is to kill them first . Sidra and Roh agree to have Frieza killed . Meanwhile , Goku returns to the Capsule Corporation to update everyone on his success . As Master Roshi completes his training at Korin 's tower , Krillin and No. 18 head to No. 17 's island to pick him up and drop off Goten , Trunks , and Marron . Goku goes to Fortuneteller Baba 's home , where she completes the ritual to resurrect Frieza . As Goku and Frieza prepare to depart , an army of assassins arrives to claim their heads . Despite the time pressure , Frieza wounds the assassins ' leader , transforms into his Golden form , and prepares for battle . 95 19 `` The Worst ! The Most Evil ! Frieza 's Rampage ! ! '' / `` Saikyō ! Saiaku ! Furīza Ōabare ! ! '' ( 最 凶 ! 最悪 ! フリーザ 大 暴れ ! ! ) June 18 , 2017 TBA Frieza explains to Goku that he spent his recent incarceration in Hell undergoing intense mental training to overcome the stamina issues that plagued him during his previous battles with the Z - Fighters . He quickly slaughters most of the assassins , which horrifies Goku . The assassins ' leader , who has been directly empowered by Sidra , attacks Frieza with Sidra 's power , but Frieza manages to overcome and hijack the attack . Frieza spitefully uses the attack on Goku and traps him . Frieza tortures and kills the assassins until they reveal that Roh and Sidra hired them . Frieza contacts Universe 9 and offers his services as a defector . Roh and Sidra begin arguing about whether or not to accept him . Roh fears Frieza 's psychopathic and treasonous nature , while Sidra wants his power . Sidra is confident he could kill him if he stepped out of line . Their argument buys time for Beerus and Whis to arrive and rescue Goku . Frieza cuts the connection . He begins making plans to use the Tournament of Power to manipulate the gods to suit his own ends . Goku and Frieza have a brief sparring match , which ends in a draw . Goku , Frieza , Beerus , and Whis return to the Capsule Corporation . The Universe 7 team prepare to travel to the World of Void for the Tournament of Power . 96 20 `` The Time Is Here ! To The World Of Void For The Fate Of The Universe ! ! '' / `` Toki wa kita ! Uchū no Meiun o kake Mu no Kai e ! ! '' ( 時 は きた ! 宇宙 の 命運 を かけ 無 の 界 へ ! ! ) June 25 , 2017 TBA In the World of Void , Universes 1 , 5 , and 8 's Gods of Destruction Iwne ( イワン , Iwan ) , Arack ( アラク , Araku ) , and Liquiir ( リキュール , Rikīru ) have a brief exhibition match to test the durability of the Tournament of Power 's fighting stage . Afterwards , the Grand Minister forces them all to clean up their mess and fix the stage . In Universe 7 , Gohan and Shin 's strategy is to have the team members stick together to conserve energy and use strength of numbers to defeat anyone who attacks them . This suggestion offends Goku and Vegeta 's Saiyan pride . Whis transports the team to the World of Void . All of the other universes arrive . Frieza and Frost befriend each other and agree to work together , while Goku singles out Jiren as a potential rival due to his extreme power . As the Grand Minister introduces each team , Universe 4 seemingly has only 8 warriors on their team , which confuses most of Universe 7 , except for Tien , who tells No. 18 that he can sense a faint presence . After a speech from the Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō , the 80 warriors prepare for battle . 97 21 `` Survive ! The Tournament of Power Begins at Last ! ! '' / `` Ikinokore ! Tsui ni kaimaku Chikara no Taikai ! ! '' ( 生き残れ ! ついに 開幕 「 力 の 大会 」 ! ! ) July 2 , 2017 TBA The Grand Minister reminds everyone of the rules and officially starts the tournament . A massive free - for - all ensues . Goku targets Toppo , but he is intercepted by Ganos . Disregarding Gohan 's plan as well , No. 17 , No. 18 , Vegeta , and Frieza all jump into the fray . Universe 3 gains an early advantage when Narirama unleashes a spinning attack designed to knock its opponents off the stage , but Hit and Basil disable it . Universe 10 's Lilibeu ( リリベウ , Ririberu ) attacks Basil , but Basil successfully knocks her off the stage . Meanwhile , the five Universe 7 warriors who stayed together are confronted by a gang of warriors from varying universes , but Universe 7 uses teamwork to fend them off . Basil nearly defeats Universe 10 's Napapa , but Napapa is able to push his attacks away at the last moment . As Goku is pursuing Toppo , he comes face to face with Jiren until Universe 4 's Nink ( ニンク , Ninku ) outflanks Goku by grappling and dragging him towards the edge of the stage with the intention of jumping off with him . Goku turns Super Saiyan Blue and knocks Nink off the stage . As Goku reverts back to his normal form to conserve energy , Basil , Lavender , Bergamo , and two other Universe 9 warriors surround him with 47 minutes remaining in the tournament . 98 22 `` Oh , Uncertainty ! A Universe Despairs ! ! '' / `` Ā mujou ! Zetsubō suru Uchū ! ! '' ( あぁ 無常 ! 絶望 する 宇宙 ! ! ) July 9 , 2017 TBA Roh orders his warriors to attack Goku to avenge their defeat at the Zen Exhibition Match . Goku is forced to avoid fighting at his fullest in order to conserve stamina for later in the tournament . He fights Team Universe 9 , where the Trio de Dangers brothers manage to overwhelm him thanks to their teamwork . Vegeta notices Goku 's plight and reinforces him . Roh sends over three more fighters . Team Universe 9 is able to push Goku and Vegeta to the brink until Vegeta tricks Lavender and Hop ( ソレル , Hoppu ) into accidentally hitting each other . Goku and Vegeta take advantage of the confusion to defeat five of the Universe 9 warriors . No. 18 and Frieza each defeat Sorrel ( ソレル , Soreru ) and Roselle . Only Basil , Lavender , and Bergamo remain in the tournament for Team Universe 9 . Goku and Vegeta push them to the edge of the stage . The brothers use a combination beam as a last ditch effort , but Goku and Vegeta power up to Super Saiyan Blue and knock them off the stage with a Final Kamehameha . With all 10 members defeated , Universe 9 is eliminated from the tournament . As a result , Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō erase Universe 9 , Roh , Sidra , and all of their fighters . This amuses Universe 9 's angel Mojito ( モヒイト , Mohi'ito ) and horrifies everyone else . 99 23 `` Show Them ! Krillin 's True Power ! ! '' / `` Misetsukero ! Kuririn no sokojikara ! ! '' ( 見せつけろ ! クリリン の 底力 ! ! ) July 16 , 2017 TBA As the other warriors recover from the shock of Universe 9 's erasure , No. 17 reminds No. 18 that they have infinite stamina due to their cyborg bodies and have no reason to hold back . Vegeta tries to fight Hit , but he is blocked by Botamo , who is immune to damage . Vegeta manages to pick Botamo up and nearly throws him off the stage , but Magetta stops him at the last moment . Meanwhile , Universe 10 's Jium ( ジウム , Jiumu ) attacks Gohan and his friends . Jium is swiftly defeated by Master Roshi . Universe 4 's Shosa ( ショイサ , Shōsa ) tricks No. 18 into lowering her guard by faking his own death and nearly knocks her off the stage with a barrage of ki blasts . Krillin rescues No. 18 , and the two defeat Shosa with a powerful combination attack . They are challenged by Universe 4 's Majora ( マジョラ ) , who is a blind fighter that uses his powerful sense of smell to locate his enemies in battle . Although Majora proves to be stronger than Krillin , Krillin disables his nose by throwing his smelly shoe at him and knocks him off the stage . Krillin boasts about his victory , which allows Frost to knock him off with a single blow . Beerus and Shin berate Krillin for his carelessness with 43 minutes remaining in the tournament . 100 24 `` Out Of Control ! The Savage Berserker Awakens ! ! '' / `` Daibōsō ! Mezame araburu Kyōsenshi ! ! '' ( 大 暴走 ! 目覚め 荒 ぶる 狂 戦士 ! ! ) July 23 , 2017 TBA As Universe 7 recovers from Krillin 's defeat , Cabba defeats Nigrisshi and Universe 10 's Murisam ( ムリサーム ) and confronts Vegeta . Hit blows off Narirama 's limbs and uses his time skip ability to dodge his ultimate attack . He flicks him off the stage . Meanwhile , Kale is disabled by Universe 10 's Napapa and Methiop ( メチオープ ) . They knock her unconscious and attempt to throw her off the stage , but Caulifla rescues her and defeats Napapa . The two confront Goku , and Caulifla knocks away Universe 2 's Jimeze ( ジーミズ , Jimizu ) and demands to know how to become a Super Saiyan Blue . Goku refuses , and Caulifla transforms into an Ultra Super Saiyan . However , her increased muscle mass cripples her speed and allows Goku to counterattack . With Goku 's aid , Caulifla manages to become a Super Saiyan 2 , and the two resume their fight . As Kale watches them , she is once again consumed by her feelings of uselessness and transforms into her Berserker Super Saiyan form . Hit uses his time skip to save Caulifla from getting caught in the crossfire . Kale flies into a jealous rage and attacks Goku for allegedly stealing Caulifla from her . Kale easily overwhelms Goku and forces him to power up to Super Saiyan Blue . He unleashes a powerful Kamehameha , but Kale powers through it unharmed . As Piccolo realizes she has lost control of her power , Kale begins firing ki blasts at everything in sight and defeats Methiop . When Universe 11 's Vuon ( ブーオン , Būon ) attempts to stop her , Kale defeats him as well . Jiren knocks her unconscious with a single ki blast . As Hit and Caulifla retreat with Kale , Goku challenges Jiren . 101 25 `` The Impending Warriors of Justice ! The Pride Troopers ! ! '' / `` Semari kuru seigi no senshi ! Puraido Torūpāsu ! ! '' ( 迫り くる 正義 の 戦士 ! プライド ・ トルーパス ! ! ) July 30 , 2017 TBA As Goku prepares to fight Jiren , Toppo suddenly ambushes him with a barrage of ki blasts . Toppo and Jiren decide to retreat and conserve their stamina . This leaves Goku to be dealt with by Kahseral and their fellow Pride Troopers Tupper ( タッパー , Tappā ) , Zoiray ( ゾイレー , Zoirē ) , Cocotte ( ココット , Kokotto ) , and Kettol . The five declare their intent to defeat Caulifla and Kale to avenge Vuon 's defeat . The two are forced to form a temporary alliance with Goku . Meanwhile , Master Roshi and Tien team up to defeat Universe 3 's The Preecho ( ザ ・ プリーチョ ) . They regroup with Gohan , Piccolo , Vegeta , and Frieza , where he has defeated Murichim . The Pride Troopers push Goku , Caulifla , and Kale to the brink , but No. 17 and No. 18 rescue them . No. 18 and Goku defeat Tupper , while No. 17 easily overpowers Kahseral . The remaining Pride Troopers regroup and focus their assault on the wounded Caulifla and Kale . Cocotte seals them in a separate dimension to ensure that Goku , No. 17 , and No. 18 do not interfere . As the four beat Caulifla , Kale 's self - hatred causes her to return to the Berserker Super Saiyan form , but she remains in control of herself this time . Caulifla and Kale use an extremely powerful combination ki blast to defeat Kahseral , Zoiray , and Kettol . Cocotte seals herself in a mini-dimension to avoid the blast , but No. 18 simply throws it off , eliminating Cocotte . Goku allows Caulifla and Kale to retreat so he can fight them at their full strength after they rest . The group is unaware that Brianne is observing them . 102 26 `` The Power of Love Explodes ? ! Universe 2 's Little Witch Warriors ! ! '' / `` Ai no chikara ga dai bakuhatsu ! ? dai ni uchu majo - kko senshi ! ! '' ( 愛 の 力 が 大 爆発 ! ? 第 2 宇宙 の 魔女 っ 子 戦士 ! ! ) August 6 , 2017 TBA Brianne and her companions Sanka Ku ( サンカ ・ クー , Sanka Kū ) and Su Roas ( スー ・ ロース , Sū Rōsu ) announce themselves to the other fighters and begin to transform into their magical girl alter - egos . No. 17 blasts them before they can transform , but Brianne , Goku , and Toppo berate him for his dishonorable tactics and browbeat him into allowing them to transform , much to Beerus ' dismay . They assume their alter - egos Ribrianne , Kakunsa ( カクンサ , Kakunsa ) , and Rozie ( ロージィ , Rōjī ) and barrage the arena with a powerful love - based attack that brainwashes some of the fighters . Universe 7 's mental discipline allows them to overcome its effects . Gohan 's group elects to split up and fight independently . Vegeta attacks Ribrianne , who counters with a rolling attack that knocks out Universe 10 's Jirasen ( ジラセン ) . Rozie attacks Goku with a flurry of blows that grows more powerful the longer she keeps it up , while Kakunsa battles No. 17 with her animalistic fighting style . No. 17 baits her into overextending herself and stuns her with a barrier . He attempts to knock her out of the stage , but her teammate Vikal ( ビカル , Bikaru ) rescues her . No. 17 decides to stop holding back and swiftly eliminates Vikal . He also eliminates Kakunsa with a powerful ki blast . Enraged by his actions , Ribrianne powers up and prepares to battle No. 17 . 103 27 `` Gohan , Show No Mercy ! Showdown With Universe 10 ! ! '' / `` Gohan yo hijōnare ! Dai ju uchu to no kessen ! ! '' ( 悟 飯 よ 非情 なれ ! 第 10 宇宙 と の 決戦 ! ! ) August 13 , 2017 TBA Ribrianne and No. 17 fiercely attack each other , while Rozie begins to overwhelm Goku 's defenses . She surrounds him with ki balls and attempts to blow him up , but No. 17 protects him with a barrier . Goku , who has studied Rozie 's techniques , hits her with a powerful ki blast . As he and No. 17 corner Rozie and Ribrianne , Jimeze arrives and rescues them with instant transmission . Elsewhere , Botamo challenges Gohan on Champa 's orders . As Piccolo and Goku observe , Gohan attacks with a flurry of blows , which apparently have no effect . However , Gohan 's attacks begin to lift Botamo off the ground and renders him unable to defend himself , allowing Gohan to knock him off the stage . Universe 10 's Obuni ( オブニ ) and Rubalt ( ルバルト , Rubaruto ) appear to challenge Gohan and Piccolo . Jimeze defeats Universe 10 's Jilcol ( ジルコル Jirukoru ) . With 8 warriors eliminated , Gowasu accepts his imminent demise , while Rumsshi remains defiant . Obuni shifts his ki away from his body to render himself impossible to detect and wounds Gohan . Rubalt initially has the upper hand against Piccolo , but Piccolo uses his Hellzone Grenade attack to knock out Rubalt , leaving Universe 10 with only Obuni . Obuni begins to overwhelm Gohan , which makes Gowasu want to cling to life again . Gohan powers up and powers through one of Obuni 's punches . He counterattacks Obuni 's moves by locating and hitting Obuni after he gets hit . Obuni pauses the fight to show his respect for Gohan , but refuses to lose for the sake of Universe 10 . Gohan battles and defeats Obuni with a Kamehameha . All of Universe 10 's fighters have been eliminated . Right before Universe 10 is annihilated , Gohan discovers a locket containing a picture of Obuni and his wife and child . Gohan and Universe 10 's angel , Cus ( クス , Kusu ) , mourn Universe 10 's erasure . 104 28 `` The Ultimate High Speed Battle Begins ! Goku and Hit Join Forces ! ! '' / `` Chōzetsu kōsoku batoru boppatsu ! Gokū to hitto no kyōdō sensen ! ! '' ( 超絶 光速 バトル 勃発 ! 悟空 と ヒット の 共同 戦線 ! ! ) August 20 , 2017 TBA Dyspo challenges Hit and uses his incredible speed to overwhelm Hit 's Time Skip . Everyone quickly deduces that Dyspo is listening for the sound of Hit 's body tensing up to determine when he is about to attempt to use Time Skip . Hit resorts to fighting him conventionally , but he is pushed to the edge of the stage . Toppo deduces that Hit has adjusted to Dyspo 's fighting style and is luring him into a trap . Toppo sends fellow pride trooper Kunshi ( クンシー , Kunshī ) to back him up . Before Dyspo can land the finishing blow , Hit suddenly turns intangible and sends Dyspo over the edge . However , Kunshi uses ropes made of his energy to pull Dyspo back onto the stage before he is eliminated . The two launch a renewed assault against Hit and drive him into a corner . Before they can finish him off , Goku interferes and rescues Hit . Goku uses his Super Saiyan God form to counter Dyspo 's speed , while Hit uses his assassination technique to injure Kunshi . The two switch places . Hit uses a fake Time Skip to throw Dyspo off and wound him , while Goku overwhelms Kunshi with his Super Saiyan Blue form . Hit attempts to eliminate Dyspo , but Kunshi rescues him again . Kunshi charges Hit , who turns intangible and knocks him off the stage . Dyspo retreats and regroups with his allies . Toppo abandons all notions of justice and decides to focus on survival . Hit decides not to battle Goku as thanks for lending a hand . Goku and Hit vow to settle their score if they both make it to the end of the tournament . 105 29 `` A Desperate Battle ! Master Roshi 's Sacrifice ! ! '' / `` Funsen ! Mutenroshi inochi o Moyasu ! ! '' ( 奮戦 ! 武 天 老師 命 を 燃やす ! ! ) August 27 , 2017 TBA Master Roshi quietly observes the battles from afar . He is challenged by an attractive warrior from Universe 4 , Caway ( キャウェイ , Kyauei ) , who attempts to seduce him . However , Caway 's attempts to attack him brings him back to his senses . Roshi destroys her energy weapon , powers up , and drives her to jump off the stage . Roshi is next challenged by Dercori ( ダーコリ , Dākori ) , who is a talisman - wielding warrior from Universe 4 . She uses her talismans to confound Roshi with illusions and trap him in a single spot . Roshi uses the Evil Containment Wave to seal her in a small bottle and throw her off the arena . Quitela and Beerus get into an argument about the legality of the move , which is defused when Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō rule in Roshi 's favor . Ganos , who is enraged at Roshi for eliminating his friends , challenges him and powers up into an avian form . Initially , Roshi is able to use his experience to predict , evade , and counter Ganos ' attacks . However , Ganos is able to grow more powerful the longer a fight drags on . He rallies and delivers a fierce series of blows to Roshi . Roshi attempts to hypnotize Ganos into falling asleep , but he attacks himself to wake himself up . Ganos demands that Roshi accept his limits and give up , but Roshi refuses . He unleashes a Max Power Kamehameha that defeats Ganos . However , the effort is too much for Roshi 's body to handle , and he collapses . Goku races over to him and successfully defibrillates him with his ki . Goku escorts Roshi to safety . 106 30 `` Find Him ! Death Match With An Invisible Attacker ! ! '' / `` Mikiwamero ! Sugata naki atakkā to no shitō ! ! '' ( 見極めろ ! 姿 なき アタッカー と の 死闘 ! ! ) September 3 , 2017 TBA Goku brings Master Roshi to an isolated part of the stage and leaves him to rest at his request . Gohan and Piccolo are confronted by Universe 6 's Dr. Rota ( Dr. ロタ , Dokutā Rota ) , but Rota is shot down by a sniper before he can reveal his ability . Gohan and Piccolo are unable to find the location of the sniper until they find a red orb on the ground . It is revealed that the sniper , Universe 2 's Prum ( プラン , Puran ) , can see through these orbs . The lasers ricochet off of the orbs so that his true location is a secret . Piccolo tries to create a smokescreen in order to blur the vision , but Prum can still see them via their heat signatures . Prum shoots Piccolo and destroys both of his arms , which forces him to painfully regenerate them . Gohan and Piccolo realize that the orbs depend on heat signatures and blast the surrounding area to create multiple heat signatures . Prum responds by coming out of his hiding spot and blasting the entire area . Gohan and Piccolo are forced into hiding . Tien analyzes Dr. Rota and deduces that he was hit by a sniper as Goku and Vegeta arrive . Vegeta berates Tien , who warns them about Prum , but Vegeta arrogantly brushes it off until he is almost incapacitated by one of Prum 's blasts . As Goku and Tien observe Prum , they deduce that there is another shooter from behind as Prum is merely reflecting the blasts . Vegeta and Goku go after Prum , while Tien goes to save Gohan and Piccolo . Goku and Vegeta try to attack Prum , but their ki blasts are reflected off of his body . Tien navigates through the field of blasts and confronts the true sniper , Prum 's teammate Hermila ( ハーミラ , Hāmira ) . Realizing that Prum can deflect ki blasts and not physical attacks , Vegeta and Goku throw giant boulders at him . Tien uses his Multi-form technique in order to buy himself time against Hermila , but three of his clones are shot down . The fourth and final Tien defeats Hermila . Just as Tien is about to eliminate him , Hermila shoots the ground underneath Tien 's feet and knocks him off the stage . However , Tien 's other three clones come back and drag Hermila down with them . Tien and Hermila are eliminated from the tournament . Although Beerus praises Tien for forcing the battle into a draw , Tien is noticeably upset about being defeated . As Prum is confronted by Vegeta , Dr. Rota comes back and attacks Prum as revenge for shooting him . Shortly after , Vegeta eliminates Prum and Dr. Rota from the tournament . 107 31 `` Revenge `` F '' The Cunning Trap ? ! '' / `` Fukushū no Efu ! Shikakerareta Kōkatsu na Wana ! ? '' ( 復讐 の 「 F 」 ! しかけ られ た 狡猾 な 罠 ! ? ) September 17 , 2017 TBA Frost recalls how Champa promised to pardon his crimes if he humiliated and defeated Universe 7 . Elsewhere , Universe 3 's Maji Kayo confronts Universe 11 's remaining warriors . He entraps Dyspo with his liquid body , but Jiren effortlessly defeats him with a single blow . As Master Roshi attempts to recover from his previous fights , Frost corners and attacks him . Goku sees this and tries to rush to his aid , but he is confronted by Ribrianne . Roshi hits Frost with a flurry of blows and attempts to use the Evil Containment Wave , but the strain proves too much for him . He flubs the attack . Frost barrages Roshi with ki blasts and sends an attack towards Vegeta , which provokes him . Vegeta interferes before Frost can finish Roshi . Magetta arrives to reinforce Frost , and the two battle Vegeta . Frost goads Roshi into using the Evil Containment Wave on Magetta despite the risk of killing himself . When Roshi falls for it , Frost reflects the attack and seals Vegeta into a bottle . With the last of his strength , Roshi uses a small ki blast to destroy the bottle and free Vegeta . Vegeta immediately turns Super Saiyan Blue , and Frost flees . Vegeta knocks Magetta off the stage and tells Roshi to drop out so he can receive medical attention . Roshi jumps off the stage , and he is given a Senzu Bean . Beerus admits that Roshi has earned his respect . 108 32 `` Frieza and Frost ! Conjoined Malice ? ! '' / `` Furīza to Furosuto ! Majiwaru Akui ! ? '' ( フリーザ と フロスト ! 交わる 悪意 ! ? ) September 24 , 2017 TBA As Goku battles Ribrianne , the gods of the top four universes speculate on who will win the tournament . Meanwhile , Gohan is confronted by Jimeze . Jimeze makes use of his Instant Transmission technique to confound and damage Gohan . As he prepares to finish him , Frieza intervenes . When Frieza does not immediately attack Jimeze , Universe 7 's spectators speculate he may intend to betray and defeat Gohan so he can seize the wish on the Super Dragon Balls for himself . Frieza steps aside and allows Jimeze to continue his fight with Gohan . Jimeze corners Gohan again and attempts to finish him , but Frieza destroys his attack with a ki blast . Enraged , Jimeze attacks Frieza , who swiftly tortures and eliminates him . Frost appears and declares his intention to defeat Gohan , and Frieza admits that the two intend to work together in order to exact revenge on the Saiyans . Frieza battles Gohan , who counterattacks . Frieza uses his Golden form to knock out Gohan . However , instead of eliminating him , he double - crosses and eliminates Frost . Gohan admits that he immediately figured out Frieza 's plan and played along with him . An enraged Frost attempts to attack Frieza from the spectator stands , but Grand Zenō erases him , explaining that this is forbidden and Universe 6 would be erased upon a second offence . Meanwhile , Goku continues to battle Ribrianne . 109 33 `` The Ultimate Enemy Approaches Goku ! Now , Let Loose ! The Killer Spirit Bomb ! ! '' / `` Goku ni Semaru Saikyo no Teki ! Ima Koso Hanate ! Hisassu no Genki - Dama ! ! '' ( 悟空 に 迫る 最強 の 敵 ! 今 こそ 放 て ! 必殺 の 元気 玉 ! ! ) October 8 , 2017 TBA Ribrianne declares her intention to use the wish to become a love goddess adored by all beings using the Super Dragon Balls . Goku considers using the wish to benefit his family or meet a strong opponent . Ribrianne absorbs the love of her teammates and becomes Super Ribrianne . She attacks Goku with several ki blasts , and he counters by turning Super Saiyan Blue and knocking her away . Ribrianne lands near Jiren , and Goku sees him and prepares to finally battle him . Universe 11 's God of Destruction , Belmod , telepathically orders Jiren to defeat Goku . Belmod hopes to demoralize the other universes by defeating the strongest fighter besides Jiren himself . Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue Kaioken x20 , but that proves to be no match for Jiren 's overwhelming power . Goku begins powering up a Spirit Bomb , and all of his teammates except Vegeta lend him their energy . Despite the time it takes to charge the attack , Jiren agrees to wait for him to complete it . Ribrianne attempts to attack Goku from behind , but she is stopped by Vegeta . Goku completes the Spirit Bomb and throws it , but Jiren deflects it . The two engage in a struggle to take control of the Spirit Bomb . This forces Goku to use Super Saiyan Blue Kaioken x20 to keep up . However , Jiren prevails and begins to overwhelm Goku with his own attack . 110 34 `` Son Goku Wakes ! New Level of the Awakened ! ! '' / `` Son Gokū kakusei ! Mezameshi mono no aratanaru gokui ! ! '' ( 孫悟空 覚醒 ! 目覚め し 者 の 新た なる 極意 ! ! ) October 8 , 2017 TBA Goku powers up himself and pushes the Spirit Bomb back towards Jiren , which locks him in a stalemate . Whis realizes that Jiren is at least as powerful as a God of Destruction . As the two struggle to overpower each other , the Spirit Bomb suddenly condenses into a small black hole , which absorbs Goku and causes him to vanish . The Grand Minister rules that since Goku 's own attack apparently vaporized him , Jiren will not be disqualified for destroying him . As Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō prepare to eliminate Goku , he suddenly reappears and reaches a new level of power . Goku resumes the fight , and he is able to go toe - to - toe with Jiren . Whis theorizes that the clash between the Spirit Bomb and Goku 's powers enabled him to break through his limits and triggered an ability called Ultra Instinct ( 身勝手 の 極意 '' 兆 '' , Migatte no Gokui ) . Goku uses another powerful attack in an attempt to eliminate Jiren , but he fails , and exhausts his newfound power . Jiren knocks him away , and Hit attempts to take advantage of the opportunity and attacks Jiren . Vegeta demands to know what happened to Goku before preparing to fight Ribrianne , while Frieza appears to corner Goku and aims an attack at him . 111 35 `` The Surreal Supreme Battle ! Hit vs Jiren ! ! '' / `` I jigen no kyokuchi batoru ! Hitto basasu Jiren ! ! '' ( 異 次元 の 極致 バトル ! ヒット VS ジレン ! ! ) October 15 , 2017 TBA Instead of killing the defenseless Goku , Frieza shares with him some of his energy and repays his act of mercy during their fight on Planet Namek . Meanwhile , Hit uses his time - skip powers against Jiren , but his attacks fail to connect . Goku spectates the battle , but he is ambushed by Saonel ( サオネル , Saoneru ) and Pirina ( ピリナ , Pirina ) , Namekians from Universe 6 , who are confronted by Gohan and Piccolo . Elsewhere , Vegeta fights Ribrianne , and he is easily overpowering her in his base form until Rozie interferes and retreats with Ribrianne . Ribrianne loses hope due to the gap in power , but Rozie motivates her . Meanwhile , Hit keeps attacking Jiren to no avail , but he is able to react and block most of Jiren 's punches . After being knocked back , Hit sneaks up behind Jiren and lands a strong punch on his heart . He knocks Jiren to the edge of the ring after a brief struggle . Hit uses his own time - skip powers continually on Jiren to stop his movement . Realizing that he can not hold Jiren for long , Hit urges Cabba , Caulifla , and Kale to keep fighting for Universe 6 . Hit pools all his energy in a final attack to defeat him , but Jiren stops Hit 's attack only with his glare . Jiren breaks free and eliminates Hit . As the Tournament of Power reaches its midway point , Jiren begins to meditate . He is certain that there are no other warriors strong enough to fight him . Jiren leaves the fight to Toppo and Dyspo . Viara ( ビアラ , Biara ) and Katopesla ( カトペスラ , Katopesura ) of Universe 3 attempt to attack him while meditating , but Jiren 's energy alone is enough to push them back . 112 36 `` A Saiyan 's Vow ! Vegeta 's Resolution ! ! '' / `` Saiya - jin no chikai ! Bejīta no kakugo ! ! '' ( サイヤ 人 の 誓い ! ベジータ の 覚悟 ! ! ) October 22 , 2017 TBA Despite his exhaustion and low energy , Goku is determined to keep fighting . However , he is suddenly targeted by Koitsukai ( コイツカイ , Koitukai ) , Panchia ( パンチア , Panchia ) , and Bollarator ( ボラレータ , Borarēta ) of Universe 3 . Gohan and Piccolo want to help him , but they are distracted by their own battle with Saonel and Pilina . Caulifla and Kale are discussing the battle between Goku and Jiren , when they are confronted by Monna ( モンナ , Monna ) , a female warrior from Universe 4 . Caulifla faces off against Monna , but Cabba appears and takes her place . He instructs Caulifla and Kale to retreat for now . Cabba turns Super Saiyan and battles Monna , but he is initially overpowered . Monna almost knocks Cabba off the stage , but Vegeta intervenes and catches him before he can fall . Vegeta and Cabba both promise that , if either of them wins the tournament , the winner will use the Super Dragon Balls to restore the other 's erased universe and its inhabitants . Newly inspired , Cabba fights Monna again , but he is losing until he taps into his anger and unlocks Super Saiyan 2 . With his new power , Cabba easily defeats and eliminates Monna . However , Frieza appears , fights Cabba , and easily eliminates him as well . Frieza reveals that he plans to win the tournament in order to use the Super Dragon Balls to control the gods . Meanwhile , Vegeta decides to challenge Jiren , but he is intercepted by Toppo . The two battle each other . Vegeta ends up meeting up with Goku , who is still having difficulty with his three opponents . However , Caulifla intervenes and knocks Koitsukai , Borareta , and Pancea away before powering up to Super Saiyan 2 and challenging Goku herself . 113 37 `` With Great Joy ! The Repeat Battle - Crazy Saiyan Fight ! ! '' / `` Kiki to Shite ! Sentō - kyō Saiya - jin Batoru Futatabi ! ! '' ( 嬉々 として ! 戦闘 狂 サイヤ 人 バトル 再び ! ! ) October 29 , 2017 TBA Caulifla demands that Goku fight her and teach her how to unlock Super Saiyan 3 so that she can become strong enough to win the tournament . She begins fighting Goku , who does not initially power up beyond his base form . However , Goku 's superior martial arts skills allow him to keep up with her even in her Super Saiyan 2 form . Eventually , she is able to adapt to his moves , which forces Goku to power up to Super Saiyan 2 himself . The two of them fight evenly for some time . Goku later calls in Kale to join the battle . His superior power and skill enables him to fight them both at once , but they are able to match him by working together . They land a massive combined attack on him , but Goku powers up to Super Saiyan 3 and easily deflects their attacks . However , Goku lacks the stamina to maintain that form and reverts to Super Saiyan 2 . Kale 's desire to become stronger inadvertently causes her to transform into her Berserker Super Saiyan form again . 114 38 `` Intimidating Passion ! The Birth of a New Super Warrior ! ! '' / `` Kiki semaru ! Aratana chō sen - shi no bakutan ! ! '' ( 鬼気 せまる ! 新た な 超 戦士 の 爆誕 ! ! ) November 5 , 2017 TBA Vegeta continues his battle with Toppo , while Caulifla is able to help Kale regain control of her Berserker form . Caulifla and Kale battle Goku together and are able to hold him off . Meanwhile , Frieza is confronted by Katopesla , but they are interrupted by Goku 's battle with Caulifla and Kale . Frieza wants to fight Caulifla and Kale , but Goku insists that he will fight them himself . Frieza backs down and watches the fight . The three Saiyans resume their battle . After unsuccessfully attempting to use Instant Transmission as a strategy , Goku powers up to his Super Saiyan God form and easily overpowers the two of them . As Goku prepares to eliminate Caulifla and Kale with a powerful Kamehameha , it is revealed that the girls were given a pair of Potara earrings by Fuwa , Universe 6 's Supreme Kai . They use the earrings and fuse to become a single being with immense power , who takes the name Kefla ( ケフラ , Kefura ) . 115 39 `` Goku VS Kefla ! Super Saiyan Blue Defeated ? ! '' / `` Gokū vāsasu Kefura ! Sūpāsaiya - jin Burū Yabureru ! ? '' ( 悟空 VS ケフラ ! 超 サイヤ 人 ブルー 敗れる ! ? ) November 12 , 2017 TBA As Vegeta continues to fight Toppo , Gohan and Piccolo are engaged with Saonel and Pirina . No. 18 is attacked by Katopesla , but she is saved by No. 17 . Meanwhile , Goku continues his fight with Kefla . The Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō approve Kefla 's use of the Potara earrings . The other universes consider giving the Potara to their warriors as well . Pell ( ペル , Peru ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 2 , gives his Potara to Rabanra ( ラバンラ , Rabanra ) and Zarbuto ( ザーブト , Zābuto ) , but the earrings are destroyed by Kefla charging through them to continue fighting Goku . The battle becomes intense with Kefla gaining the upper hand . Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue , but Kefla counters by powering up to Super Saiyan . However , Goku uses the Kaioken and regains the advantage . He appears to be winning , but Kefla lands a sneak attack that knocks him out of Super Saiyan Blue . She prepares to eliminate him , but Goku unexpectedly reawakens Ultra Instinct again and easily dodges her attacks . 116 40 `` The Sign of a Comeback ! Ultra Instinct 's Huge Explosion ! ! '' / `` Gyakuten no kizashi ! Migatte no gokui ga dai bakuhatsu ! ! '' ( 逆転 の 兆し ! 身勝手 の 極意 が 大 爆発 ! ! ) November 19 , 2017 TBA To counter Goku 's increase in power , Kefla powers up to Super Saiyan 2 , and the two of them face off . Goku still easily dodges Kefla 's attacks , but his own attacks are not strong enough to take her down . Whis explains that when Goku launches his attacks , it interferes with his concentration and prevents him from using Ultra Instinct to its full potential . Jiren senses the energy from the battle , which prompts him to awaken from his meditation and rejoin Toppo and Dyspo . Vegeta realizes that Ultra Instinct is the level of skill that Whis was training him and Goku to attain , and decides that he must reach it too . Goku begins running low on stamina , so he declares that he will end the fight with his next attack . Kefla panics and unleashes a multitude of deadly energy beams . Her ultimate attack devastates the ring , but Goku easily dodges her blasts while charging a Kamehameha . Goku jumps into the air , so Kefla focuses all of her power into a single blast and launches it at him , taking advantage of his apparent inability to dodge . However , he backflips and uses the charged - up energy to slide over her attack , and launches his Kamehameha at point - blank range , blasting Kefla out of the ring and eliminating her . Her Potara earrings shatter , and she splits back into Kale and Caulifla . With both of them eliminated , Saonel and Pirina are the only remaining warriors from Team Universe 6 . NOTE : This episode was dedicated in memory of Hiromi Tsuru , who passed away on November 16 , 2017 . 117 41 `` Showdown of Love ! Androids VS Universe 2 ! ! '' / `` Ai no daikessen ! Jinzōningen VS Dai ni uchū ! ! '' ( 愛 の 大 決戦 ! 人造 人間 VS 第 2 宇宙 ! ! ) November 26 , 2017 TBA Goku is left exhausted from his battle with Kefla . He is confronted by all five remaining warriors from Universe 2 . Gohan and Piccolo try to help him , but they are intercepted by Saonel and Pirina . Elsewhere , Vegeta faces off against Katopesla and tries to unlock Ultra Instinct against him . However , he is unsuccessful , and resorts to his normal fighting style . Vegeta easily overpowers Katopesla . Rozie and Ribrianne launch a combined attack at Goku , but No. 17 and No. 18 arrive in time to deflect it . The androids battle Rozie and Ribrianne . No. 17 defeats and eliminates Rozie , while No. 18 knocks Ribrianne out of her powered - up transformation . This causes her to revert into Brianne . Brianne is able to catch No. 18 in an energy trap , while her comrades from Universe 2 send their love to her . This allows Brianne to transform into a giant manifestation of her Super Ribrianne form . No. 18 almost gives up until her love for Krillin and Marron gives her the determination to break free of Ribrianne 's trap . With No. 17 's help , No. 18 blasts through Ribrianne 's giant form and eliminates her . Brianne realizes that she lost because of No. 18 's strong love for Krillin , while Goku faces off against Zirloin ( ザーロイン , Zāroin ) , Zarbuto , and Rabanra of Universe 2 . 118 42 `` Accelerated Tragedy Vanishing Universes ... '' / `` Kasokusuru Higeki Kieyuku Uchū ... '' ( 加速 する 悲劇 消え ゆく 宇宙 ... ) December 3 , 2017 TBA Goku battles against Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra from Universe 2 , while Gohan and Piccolo are fighting against Saonel and Pirina . Saonel and Pirina 's power suddenly increases , and it is revealed that they had each fused with many Namekians from their universe before coming to the tournament , which greatly increased their own powers . No. 17 and No. 18 join Goku to help in the battle against the remaining Universe 2 warriors . It is revealed that Universe 2 's angel , Sour ( サワア , Sawaa ) , has been broadcasting the tournament to the populace of their universe . Universe 2 's inhabitants channel their love to Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra , who are able to transform into forms similar to Ribrianne , Rozie , and Kakunsa 's transformed states . Goku , No. 17 , and No. 18 battle Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra , while Gohan and Piccolo continue fighting Saonel and Pirina . The Universe 2 trio unleash a legendary Universe 2 technique , the Pretty Black Hole , which traps and threatens to sink Goku , No. 17 , and No. 18 through the fighting stage . Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue and breaks through the Pretty Black Hole with a Kamehameha that eliminates Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra , while Gohan and Piccolo blast Saonel and Pirina off the ring with a powerful combined attack that eliminates them as well . With all of their fighters eliminated , both Universe 2 and Universe 6 are erased . Brianne leads the Universe 2 team in a final happy moment before their erasure , while Cabba wishes Vegeta good luck . Champa taunts Beerus before being erased . Beerus remains impassive in the face of his brother 's erasure . Vegeta faces off against Katopesla and warns him that he is in a bad mood . 119 43 `` Unavoidable ? ! The Fierce Stealth Attack ! ! '' / `` Kaihi funō ! ? Suterusu kōgeki no mōi ! ! '' ( 回避 不能 ! ? ステルス 攻撃 の 猛威 ! ! ) December 10 , 2017 TBA Vegeta overpowers Katopesla and drives him to the edge of the ring . Katopesla is able to catch himself , but he is pushed over the edge and eliminated by an unseen force . Vegeta and Gohan are attacked by the same force , but Vegeta is able to stop himself from going over the edge , while Piccolo catches Gohan . No. 18 is attacked by the invisible fighter , who is revealed to be one of the missing Universe 4 fighters , Gamisaras ( ガミサラス , Gamisarasu ) . Gohan creates a cloud of dust that coats Gamisaras , which allows Piccolo to see him . Piccolo easily eliminates Gamisaras . Undaunted , Quitela orders the remaining Universe 4 fighters to step up their game . Shantza ( シャンツァ , Shantsa ) generates a dome that envelops the Universe 7 team and manifests illusions of the defeated fighters from the erased universes . However , Piccolo spots Shantza and blasts him off the ring , which eliminates him and destroys the illusions . Universe 4 's last fighter , Damon ( ダモン , Damon ) , is also assumed to be invisible since no one can see him . Piccolo is able to sense Damon 's attacks , but he proves unable to hit Damon , who knocks him out of the ring and eliminates him . No. 17 discovers the truth and exposes Damon as a tiny bug - like creature rather than an invisible person , which explains why none of the fighters were able to hit him . To solve this problem , Goku repeatedly punches the ring and creates shock waves that launch Damon into the air , which cancels out his agility and allows No. 17 to hit him with energy blasts . No. 17 traps Damon in a miniature force field and kicks him out of the ring to eliminate him . With all of their fighters eliminated , Universe 4 is promptly erased . 120 44 `` The Perfect Survival Tactic ! Universe 3 's Menacing Assassin ! ! '' / `` Kanpeki na Seizon Senryaku ! Dai san Uchū Kyōi no Shikaku ! ! '' ( 完璧 なる 生存 戦略 ! 第 3 宇宙 脅威 の 刺客 ! ! ) December 17 , 2017 TBA Following the elimination of Universe 4 , the remaining fighters from Universe 3 take the offensive against Universe 7 . While Viara is defeated and eliminated by No. 17 and No. 18 's combined efforts , Paparoni ( パパロニ , Paparoni ) sends Panchia , Koitsukai , and Bollarator to attack Goku , Gohan , and Vegeta . To help Goku and Vegeta save their energy to confront Universe 11 , Gohan decides to face the three robots alone . He gains the upper hand until Paparoni has them combine together into a much stronger robot called Koichiarator ( コイチアレータ , Koichiarēta ) . Koichiarator overpowers Gohan until Goku and Vegeta step in . The two distract the enemy , while Gohan charges and strikes with an attack powerful enough to defeat it . With his robots defeated , Paparoni refuses to surrender and declares that he will unleash his trump card on Universe 7 . 121 45 `` All - Out War ! The Ultimate Quadruple Merge vs Universe 7 's Full - Scale Attack ! ! '' / `` Sōryokusen ! Kyūkoku no Yontai Gattai VS Dai nana Uchū Sōkōgeki ! ! '' ( 総力 戦 ! 究極 の 4 体 合体 VS 第 7 宇宙 総 攻撃 ! ! ) December 24 , 2017 TBA Paparoni and Koichiarator merge to form Anilaza ( アニラーザ , Anirāza ) , the most powerful warrior from Universe 3 . Anilaza begins to overwhelm the Saiyans , which forces No. 17 and No. 18 to reinforce them . The five attempt to coordinate their attacks to catch Anilaza off - guard , but he deflects them all . It is revealed that Anilaza can use echolocation to detect his opponents ' movements . Anilaza begins teleporting his punches , and he nearly knocks Goku off the stage until Frieza steps in and knocks him back onto the fighting stage . Realizing that the Universe 7 warriors will rescue each other from defeat , Anilaza attempts to eat No. 18 , who is rescued by Goku . Anilaza corners No. 17 and overwhelms him . He knocks him off the fighting stage , but No. 18 sacrifices herself to kick No. 17 back onto the fighting stage . She is eliminated from the tournament . With no other options , the Universe 7 warriors power up to their maximum levels and engage in a ki clash with Anilaza . They buy time for No. 17 to pierce through Anilaza 's attack and damage his energy reactor . This enables the others to overwhelm and eliminate Anilaza . With all of their warriors eliminated , Universe 3 is erased . As the Universe 7 warriors begin to celebrate , the remaining Universe 11 warriors step forward to challenge them . 122 46 `` For One 's Own Pride ! Vegeta 's Challenge to Be The Strongest ! ! '' / `` Onore no Hokori wo Kakete ! Bejīta Saikyō he no Chōsen ! ! '' ( 己 の 誇り を かけ て ! ベジータ 最強 へ の 挑戦 ! ! ) January 7 , 2018 TBA With only two universes remaining , the Grand Minister compresses the bleachers so that the remaining spectators are all close together . The final warriors begin their battle : Gohan and No. 17 battle Toppo , Frieza fights Dyspo , and Goku and Vegeta battle Jiren . Jiren overwhelms Goku with a flurry of punches , but Vegeta is able to analyze Jiren 's attack patterns and dodges his attacks . He lands a solid blow to Jiren 's midsection , but Jiren counters with a powerful blast that nearly rings Vegeta out . Meanwhile , Frieza blocks one of Dyspo 's attacks with his tail , but Dyspo uses it as leverage to injure him . Jiren disparages Vegeta for his self - righteousness , but Vegeta declares that it is the source of his strength . He powers up a Final Flash and goads Jiren into taking it head - on . However , the attack fails to damage Jiren , who acknowledges the power of Vegeta 's attack before incapacitating him . 123 47 `` Body and Soul , Full Power Release ! Goku and Vegeta ! ! '' / `` Zenshin Zenrei Zenryoku Kaihō ! Gokū to Bejīta ! ! '' ( 全身 全霊 全力 解放 ! 悟空 と ベジータ ! ! ) January 14 , 2018 TBA With Vegeta down , Goku faces off against Jiren . Meanwhile , the other battles continue . Frieza decides to start fighting Dyspo seriously , while Gohan and No. 17 are outmatched against Toppo . Outmatched in power , Goku instead uses ki blasts to create a minefield around Jiren , but it has no effect . Goku then lures Jiren onto a large rock that extends out over the edge of the fighting stage and cuts through the rock with a Destructo Disc . This causes Jiren to fall , but Jiren is able to push off the falling debris and jumps back onto the fighting stage . Angered by his near - elimination , Jiren finally shows his real power and easily overwhelms Goku with a volley of punches . Goku and Vegeta both get back up and power up to Super Saiyan Blue . Goku uses his maximum Kaioken beyond his previous limitations , while Vegeta is able to surpass his limits by tapping into more ki in his body , and attains a transformation similar to the Ascended Super Saiyan form , the Super Saiyan Blue Evolution form . Fully powered up , Goku and Vegeta attack Jiren as a team , and they are able to catch him off guard with their un-coordinated attacks . 124 48 `` The Fiercely Overwhelming Assault ! Gohan 's Last Stand ! ! '' / `` Shippū - Dotō no Mōshū ! Gohan Haisui no Jin ! ! '' ( 疾風 怒涛 の 猛襲 ! 悟 飯 背水 の 陣 ! ! ) January 21 , 2018 TBA As Goku and Vegeta continue their battle with Jiren , the battle between Dyspo and Frieza intensifies . The two seem evenly matched , until Frieza breaks off the fight and offers to help Universe 11 win the tournament if they promise to resurrect him with the Super Dragon Balls . Dyspo refuses the offer , so Frieza powers up to his Golden form and gains the advantage in the fight . Dyspo reveals his own ultimate technique , the Super Maximum Light Speed Mode , which increases his power and speed even further , and overwhelms Frieza . Gohan and No. 17 realize that Frieza is in danger of being knocked off the fighting stage , so No. 17 distracts Toppo , while Gohan goes to Frieza 's aid . Gohan and Frieza take on Dyspo as a team , but they have little success . Gohan develops a strategy that has Frieza use his energy to form a cage around Dyspo , which prevents him from using his high - speed attacks and allows Gohan to gain the upper hand . Unfortunately , Frieza runs out of energy , and the cage dissolves before Gohan can land the finishing blow . However , Gohan is able to grab Dyspo and hold him in place , while Frieza launches a blast that knocks them off the fighting stage and eliminates them both from the tournament . 125 49 `` With Imposing Presence ! God of Destruction Toppo Descends ! ! '' / `` Ifu - Dōdō ! Hakaishin Toppo Kōrin ! '' ( 威風 堂々 ! 破壊 神 トッポ 降臨 ! ! ) January 28 , 2018 TBA Goku and Vegeta continue their battle with Jiren , while No. 17 and Toppo fight . No. 17 and Toppo engage in a beam clash , which Toppo is winning . Frieza intervenes and strikes Toppo repeatedly from behind , which allows No. 17 to overpower Toppo 's blast . In the wake of the explosion , Toppo appears to have been defeated . However , he gets back up and powers up , using the same type of energy as a God of Destruction . Belmod explains that Toppo is a candidate to be Universe 11 's next God of Destruction , which is why he can wield the same kind of power . Toppo unleashes his new power , which damages the fighting stage and breaks a large portion of it . No. 17 and Frieza attack Toppo repeatedly , but his power is now far superior to theirs . Toppo easily defeats them both . Fortunately , they are able to stay on the fighting stage , but Toppo knocks Frieza unconscious and engages in another beam clash with No. 17 . 126 50 `` Surpass Even a God ! Vegeta 's Desperate Blow ! ! '' / `` Kami wo mo Koero ! Bejīta Sutemi no Ichigeki ! ! '' ( 神 を も 超えろ ! ベジータ 捨て身 の 一撃 ! ! ) February 4 , 2018 TBA Toppo easily overpowers No. 17 's blast . No. 17 is able to evade him for a while by using the broken fighting stage to his advantage , but Toppo effortlessly withstands No. 17 's attacks . Toppo prepares to eliminate No. 17 with a giant energy blast . Frieza rejoins the battle and deflects Toppo 's attack . Frieza uses his own energy attack to immobilize Toppo , which allows him and No. 17 to land numerous attacks , but none of them have any effect . Toppo is about to eliminate them both , when he is interrupted by Goku and Vegeta , who are still fighting Jiren . Frieza and No. 17 are hit by one of Jiren 's attacks , which gives Toppo the opportunity to attack Vegeta instead . Toppo overwhelms Vegeta with his new power and states that he has cast aside everything else in order to become strong enough to win the tournament . However , Vegeta is inspired by his family , his promise to Cabba , and his Saiyan pride . He refuses to cast anything aside . Vegeta unleashes his full power and overwhelms Toppo . Vegeta and Toppo both use their ultimate attacks : Toppo unleashes his Energy of Destruction , while Vegeta uses the Final Explosion technique that he used against Majin Buu . Vegeta 's attack overwhelms Toppo 's attack , blasts Toppo out of the fighting stage , and eliminates him from the tournament . This also causes even more damage to the fighting stage . Due to Vegeta being much stronger than the last time he used the Final Explosion technique , he survives the blast , but his energy is almost completely drained . No. 17 also reappears , but he has been injured by Jiren 's attack . Goku , Vegeta , and No. 17 all face off against Jiren , who begins to unleash his full power . 127 51 `` The Approaching Wall ! The Final Barrier of Hope ! ! '' / `` Semari - kuru Shōheki ! Kibō wo Takushita Saigo no Baria ! ! '' ( 迫り くる 障壁 ! 希望 を 託 した 最後 の バリア ! ! ) February 11 , 2018 TBA Jiren powers up to his maximum . Goku , Vegeta , and No. 17 all attack him simultaneously , but he easily overpowers them . However , No. 17 manages to land a sneak attack and injures Jiren . Jiren defeats Goku and Vegeta , while Frieza rejoins the fight and tries to kill Jiren in his golden form . However , Frieza is easily defeated as well . No. 17 asks Jiren what his wish on the Super Dragon Balls would be , and Belmod explains that Jiren 's endless pursuit of strength was inspired when his parents , most of his comrades , and mentor were killed by a powerful villain . However , his abandonment by his surviving friends turned Jiren into a loner who distrusted friendship , and he now focuses solely on increasing his own strength . No. 17 admires Jiren 's human qualities , but he accuses Jiren of using the rest of his universe 's team for his own ends . Jiren rebuffs him and fires a powerful energy blast down at No. 17 , Goku , and Vegeta . No. 17 uses a barrier to hold back Jiren 's blast and forms force fields around Goku and Vegeta to protect them , before self - destructing to destroy Jiren 's blast . Despite his exhausted state , Vegeta faces off against Jiren and declares that he will defeat him . 128 52 `` Noble Pride to the End ! Vegeta Falls ! ! '' / `` Kedakai Hokori Saigo Made ! Bejīta Chiru ! ! '' ( 気高い 誇り 最後 まで ! ベジータ 散る ! ! ) February 18 , 2018 TBA Vegeta prepares for a final stand against Jiren . Although Vegeta is too exhausted to turn into even a Super Saiyan , he still decides to take on Jiren . Jiren easily dodges his attacks and continues to pummel Vegeta . Jiren injures Vegeta 's left eye in the process . Vegeta is knocked to the brink of elimination , and he begins to think about the people in his life he cares about the most . He gets back up and continues to fight Jiren , who is impressed by Vegeta 's pride . Vegeta nearly rings out again . His boot catches onto a floating piece of rubble , which narrowly allows him to stay in the fight because the pieces of rubble still count as part of the fighting stage . Vegeta hears Bulma 's voice urging him to fight on , and he returns to fight Jiren once again . Jiren is unable to understand why Vegeta continues to fight him . Vegeta fires off a Final Flash , but Jiren is unfazed . Jiren knocks Vegeta out of the fighting stage and eliminates him from the tournament . Although Vegeta is upset at being unable to last until the end , he gives Goku his remaining energy at the last second before falling out of bounds . Goku turns Super Saiyan Blue and begins to fight Jiren with his remaining power . Even with Vegeta 's energy , Goku is still overwhelmed by Jiren . He is knocked back into his base form . When Goku is pushed back to the edge of the fighting stage and only one punch away from defeat , Vegeta shouts at Goku . Goku thinks about how the others have all put their faith in him . As Jiren delivers the final blow , Goku suddenly reactivates Ultra Instinct and dodges the attack . With his new power , Goku is able to effortlessly dodge Jiren 's attacks and lands a heavy blow on him . Both fighters face off and prepare for their final battle . 129 53 `` Limits Super Surpassed ! Ultra Instinct Mastered ! ! '' / `` Genkai Chōzetsu Toppa ! Migatte no Gokui Kiwamaru ! ! '' ( 限界 超絶 突破 ! 身勝手 の 極意 極まる ! ! ) March 4 , 2018 TBA Whis points out that , since Goku has no allies to help him and no time to recover from the strain caused by Ultra Instinct , this will be his last chance to end the battle . Goku and Jiren resume their battle , but Goku has the same problem he experienced with Kefla , and is unable to attack at his full potential . Goku tries the same trick he used on Kefla by powering up a Kamehameha and firing it at Jiren , but Jiren is able to punch through the blast . Belmod is confident that Goku 's incomplete Ultra Instinct will not be enough to win , but Vegeta points out that , throughout the tournament , all of the Saiyans have been able to surpass their limits and achieve higher levels of power . Jiren is able to trap Goku on a single floating rock and fires a barrage of attacks down at him in an attempt to knock him out , but Goku begins blocking Jiren 's attacks with his own punches . Jiren launches a final blast down at Goku , but Goku suddenly powers up immensely . He easily blocks Jiren 's blast and jumps back up to the fighting stage . Jiren attacks again , but this time Goku easily overpowers him with a flurry of punches . Whis reveals that Goku has completed his ascension . Goku 's hair and eyes have turned silver , and he now has full mastery over Ultra Instinct . 130 54 `` The Greatest Showdown of All Time ! The Ultimate Survival Battle ! ! '' / `` Kūzenzetsugo no Chō Kessen ! Kyūkyoku no Sabaibaru Batoru ! ! '' ( 空前 絶後 の 超 決戦 ! 究極 の サバイバル バトル ! ! ) March 18 , 2018 TBA Having mastered Ultra Instinct , Goku overpowers and corners Jiren , which forces Jiren to break through his own limits and power up even further . The two exchange attacks continuously . Despite almost being defeated twice , Goku stands up and recovers . When Jiren asks why Goku refuses to surrender , his friends claim that the source of Goku 's strength comes from the trust between him and his companions . Refusing to accept it , an enraged Jiren launches an attack on the bleachers that is repelled by a furious Goku , who finally defeats him . However , just as Goku is about to knock Jiren out , his body collapses from the strain of using Ultra Instinct for too long . Jiren takes the opportunity to knock Goku off the fighting stage , but Goku is saved by Frieza . No. 17 is also revealed to have survived Jiren 's blast . As Frieza and No. 17 prepare themselves to face Jiren , Goku writhes in pain . 131 55 `` The Miraculous Conclusion ! Farewell , Goku ! Until We Meet Again ! '' / `` Kiseki no ketchaku ! Saraba Goku ! Mataauhimade ! ! '' ( 奇跡 の 決着 ! さらば 悟空 ! また 会う 日 まで ! ! ) March 25 , 2018 TBA With Goku down , Frieza and No. 17 face off against Jiren . No. 17 manages to injure Jiren , who collapses from exhaustion . Frieza is about to eliminate Jiren , who accepts his impending defeat , but Toppo calls out to Jiren and inspires him to keep fighting despite his injuries . Jiren powers up and fires a massive blast at Frieza and No. 17 . They form a barrier to shield themselves , but Frieza is running low on energy and loses his Golden form . Before Jiren can overpower them , Goku manages to get back up and rejoins the others . Goku adds his strength to the barrier and enables them to block Jiren 's blast . Goku and Frieza take on Jiren together , while No. 17 provides cover fire . Working together , Goku and Frieza overpower Jiren and tackle him out of the ring . All three of them are eliminated from the tournament . With all of their fighters gone , Universe 11 is erased . As the only fighter remaining on the fighting stage , No. 17 is declared the winner of the Tournament of Power , and he is given the privilege of getting his wish granted from the Super Dragon Balls . After some consideration , No. 17 wishes to restore all of the universes that had been erased , which brings all their inhabitants back to life . As the erased universes are restored , the Grand Minister reveals that Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō had foresaw the outcome of a virtuous being winning the Tournament of Power who would make a selfless wish on the Super Dragon Balls . He also stated that they would have otherwise erased the entire multiverse if the winner had wished for selfish reasons , as this would have shown that the winning universe was no better than the erased universes and that the universes excluded from the tournament were not equally worthy of existing . As a reward for doing well in the tournament , Whis restores Frieza to life . In Universe 11 , Jiren establishes a real friendship with Toppo and looks forward to having a rematch with Goku someday . The group from Universe 7 return home . Frieza leaves Earth and resumes leadership of his empire . Goku vows to defeat him if he starts causing trouble again . Goku and Vegeta meet for a sparring match in the place where they first fought . Goku reveals that he can not use Ultra Instinct anymore and believes that he obtained it by accident during the tournament . Goku and Vegeta declare that they will keep finding new levels of strength . They race towards each other to fight .
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List of Dragon Ball Super episodes
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list of dragon ball super episodes
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Dragon Ball Super is a Japanese anime television series produced by Toei Animation that began airing on July 5 , 2015 on Fuji TV . It is the first Dragon Ball television series featuring a new storyline in 18 years . Storywise , the series retells the events of the last two Dragon Ball Z films , Battle of Gods and Resurrection ' F ' , which themselves follow the events of Dragon Ball Z . Afterward , the series proceeds to tell an original story about the exploration of other universes , the reemergence of Future Trunks , and new threats to the Future Earth known as Goku Black and a Supreme Kai from Universe 10 named Zamasu . Later on , Goku , Vegeta , Gohan , Krillin , Android 17 , Android 18 , Piccolo , Tien , Master Roshi , and a temporarily revived Frieza participate in a universal tournament held by Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to decide the fate of multiple universes . If they lose in the universal tournament then Universe Seven will be erased by Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō .
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Thirteen pieces of theme music are used : two opening themes and eleven ending themes . The first opening theme song for episodes 1 to 76 is `` Chōzetsu Dynamic ! '' ( 超絶 ☆ ダイナミック ! , Chōzetsu Dainamikku , `` Excellent Dynamic ! '' ) performed by Kazuya Yoshii of The Yellow Monkey . The lyrics were penned by Yukinojo Mori who has written numerous songs for the Dragon Ball series . The second opening theme song for episodes 77 to 131 is `` Limit - Break x Survivor '' ( 限界 突破 × サバイバー , Genkai Toppa x Sabaibā ) by Kiyoshi Hikawa . Mori wrote the lyrics for the rock number `` Genkai Toppa x Survivor '' . Takafumi Iwasaki composed the music . The first ending theme song for episodes 1 to 12 is `` Hello Hello Hello '' ( ハロー ハロー ハロー , Harō Harō Harō ) by Japanese rock band Good Morning America . The second ending theme song for episodes 13 to 25 is `` Starring Star '' ( スターリング スター , Sutāringu Sutā ) by Key Talk . The third ending theme song for episodes 26 to 36 is `` Usubeni '' ( 薄 紅 , `` Light Pink '' ) by Lacco Tower . The fourth ending theme song for episodes 37 to 49 is `` Forever Dreaming '' ( フォーエバー ドリーミング , Fōebā Dorīmingu ) by Czecho No Republic . The fifth ending theme song for episodes 50 to 59 is `` Yokayoka Dance '' ( よかよか ダンス , Yokayoka Dansu , `` It 's Fine Dance '' ) by idol group Batten Showjo Tai . The sixth ending theme for episodes 60 to 72 is `` Chao Han Music '' ( 炒飯 MUSIC , Chāhan Myūjikku ) by Arukara . The seventh ending theme song for episodes 73 to 83 is `` Aku no Tenshi to Seigi no Akuma '' ( 悪 の 天使 と 正義 の 悪魔 , An Evil Angel and the Righteous Devil ) by THE COLLECTORS . The eighth ending theme song for episodes 84 to 96 is `` Boogie Back '' by Miyu Innoue . The ninth ending theme song for episodes 97 to 108 is `` Haruka '' by Lacco Tower . The tenth ending theme song for episodes 109 to 121 is `` By A 70cm Square Window '' by RottenGraffty . The eleventh ending theme song for episodes 122 to 131 is `` Lagrima '' by OnePixcel . The first series set was released on Japanese Blu - ray and DVD sets that contain twelve episodes each . The first set was released on December 2 , 2015 . The second set was released on March 2 , 2016 . The third set was released on July 2 , 2016 . The fourth set was released on October 10 , 2016 . Dragon Ball Super received an English - language dub that premiered on the Toonami channel in Southeast Asia in January 2017 . The series has been aired in Israel on Nickelodeon and in Portugal on SIC . Toei Animation Europe announced that Dragon Ball Super would be broadcast in France , Italy , Spain , and English - speaking Africa in Fall 2016 . An official English sub of the series would be simulcasted legally on Crunchyroll , Daisuki.net , and Anime Lab beginning October 22 , 2016 . Funimation announced the company acquired the rights to the series and will be producing an English dub . As well as officially announcing the dub , it was also announced they will be simulcasting the series on their streaming platform , FunimationNow . Funimation 's English dub of Dragon Ball Super began airing on Adult Swim 's Toonami block starting on January 7 , 2017 . Contents 1 Seasons overview 2 Episode list 2.1 God of Destruction Beerus Saga ( 2015 ) 2.2 Golden Frieza Saga ( 2015 -- 2016 ) 2.3 Universe 6 Saga ( 2016 ) 2.4 Copy - Vegeta Saga ( 2016 ) 2.5 `` Future '' Trunks Saga ( 2016 -- 2017 ) 2.6 Universe Survival Saga ( 2017 -- 2018 ) 3 Blu - ray and DVD release 3.1 Region 1 ( North America ) 3.2 Region 2 ( Japan ) 4 Notes 5 References Seasons overview ( edit ) Saga Episodes Airdates ( Japanese ) Airdates ( English ) Season premiere Season finale Season premiere Season finale God of Destruction Beerus 14 July 5 , 2015 October 11 , 2015 January 7 , 2017 April 15 , 2017 Golden Frieza 13 October 18 , 2015 January 17 , 2016 April 22 , 2017 July 29 , 2017 Universe 6 14 January 24 , 2016 May 1 , 2016 August 5 , 2017 November 18 , 2017 Copy - Vegeta 5 May 8 , 2016 June 5 , 2016 December 2 , 2017 January 13 , 2018 5 `` Future '' Trunks 30 June 12 , 2016 January 29 , 2017 January 20 , 2018 August 18 , 2018 6 Universe Survival 55 February 5 , 2017 March 25 , 2018 August 25 , 2018 TBA Episode list ( edit ) God of Destruction Beerus Saga ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation / Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate `` The Peace Reward -- Who Will Get the 100 Million Zeni ? '' / `` A Peacetime Reward : Who Gets the 100,000,000 Zeni ? ! '' `` Heiwa no hōshū -- ichioku Zenī wa dare no te ni ! ? '' ( 平和 の 報酬 1 億 ゼニー は 誰 の 手 に ! ? ) July 5 , 2015 January 7 , 2017 After Goku defeated the dangerous Majin Buu , peace has returned to Earth . Chi - Chi wants Goku to get a job , so he works as a farmer . Goten and his friend Trunks search for a gift for his sister - in - law Videl , who is married to his older brother , Gohan . The two consider jewelry and makeup , but they are unable to afford anything . Goten and Trunks head for the hot springs in the woods to bottle up some mineral water instead . While there , they are attacked by a giant snake , which they manage to scare away . For his purported role in saving Earth from Majin Buu , Mr. Satan has been awarded with 100 million Zeni that he does not want . He decides to give the money to one of the fighters . Goku gives the money to Chi - Chi , so she would let him train . Meanwhile , somewhere in the depths of space , Beerus , the God of Destruction , has awakened from his slumber . Keen on battling the worthy opponent that appeared to him in his visions , Beerus and his attendant , Whis , set out to discover who this opponent is . `` To the Promised Resort ! Vegeta Goes on a Family Trip ? ! '' / `` To the Promised Resort ! Vegeta Takes a Family Trip ! '' `` Yakusoku no rizōto e ! Bejīta ga kazoku ryokō ! ? '' ( 約束 の リゾート へ ! ベジータ が 家族 旅行 ! ? ) July 12 , 2015 January 14 , 2017 Goku goes to King Kai 's planet to train with King Kai . Meanwhile , Vegeta , Bulma , and Trunks take a family trip to a resort . Bulma and Trunks are enjoying the family time together , while Vegeta is bothered by the fact that Goku gets to train . Fed up with what he considers a waste of time , Vegeta flies away and heads back to Capsule Corporation to train . Somewhere in space , Beerus and Whis scour an alien planet in search of dinosaur meat . They are confronted by the planet 's strongest dweller , but he proves to be no match for them . Shortly afterwards , Beerus destroys the planet in order to have another vision of his destined opponent -- the Super Saiyan God . `` Where 's the Rest of the Dream ? ! In Search of the Super Saiyan God ! '' / `` Where Does the Dream Pick Up ? Find the Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Yume no tsuzuki wa doko da ! ? Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo o sagase ! '' ( 夢 の 続き は どこ だ ! ? 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド を 探せ ! ) July 19 , 2015 January 21 , 2017 Fearing what might happen knowing that the God of Destruction is awake , the Old Supreme Kai and Supreme Kai urge King Kai to ensure that Goku never finds out about Beerus . However , Goku overhears the conversation and becomes curious . Back in his temple , Beerus and Whis continue their search for the Super Saiyan God . They soon learn of Goku and his feats . Beerus and Whis decide to pay him and King Kai a visit . Meanwhile , back on Earth , Goku 's friends and family members begin gathering on the cruise ship for Bulma 's birthday party except for Vegeta who is still training to overpower Goku and everyone else in the universe . `` Aim for the Dragon Balls ! Pilaf Gang in Action ! '' / `` Bid for the Dragon Balls ! Pilaf and Crew 's Impossible Mission ! '' `` Mezase Doragon Bōru ! Pirafu ichimi no dai - sakusen ! '' ( 目指せ ドラゴンボール ! ピラフ 一味 の 大 作戦 ! ) August 2 , 2015 January 28 , 2017 With all guests now gathered except for Goku and Vegeta , Bulma 's birthday party gets underway . Trunks shows Goten where his mother hid the bingo tournament grand prize -- the Dragon Balls . Not far off from the ship , the Pilaf Gang are now poor and hungry . They are trying to get by until they find the Dragon Balls and make their wishes come true . When his Dragon Radar picks up a signal coming from Bulma 's ship , Pilaf and his henchmen hastily board the ship with Trunks and Goten 's help . Meanwhile , on his planet , King Kai explains to Goku who and what Beerus exactly is and that for every benevolent God there must be a malevolent one in order to keep the universe in balance . Just as he finishes , Beerus and Whis arrive . 5 5 `` The Ultimate Fight on King Kai 's Planet ! Goku vs. the God of Destruction Beerus '' / `` Showdown on King Kai 's World ! Goku vs. Beerus the Destroyer ! '' `` Kaiō - sei no kessen ! Gokū VS Hakaishin Birusu '' ( 界 王 星 の 決戦 ! 悟空 VS 破壊 神 ビルス ) August 9 , 2015 February 4 , 2017 Beerus and Whis arrive on King Kai 's planet and detect Goku 's presence . While he is initially disappointed that Goku does not know what a `` Super Saiyan God '' is , he agrees to test his strength in a sparring match . Goku attempts to fight him in all of the Super Saiyan transformations , but Beerus effortlessly defeats him in two strikes . Beerus and Whis head for Earth shortly afterwards , while King Kai uses his telepathy to warn Vegeta ahead of their arrival . 6 6 `` Do n't Anger the God of Destruction ! Excitement at the Birthday Party '' / `` Do n't Anger the Destroyer ! A Heart - Pounding Birthday Party ! '' `` Hakaishin o okoraseru na ! Doki - doki tanjō pātī '' ( 破壊 神 を 怒ら せる な ! ドキドキ 誕生 パーティー ) August 16 , 2015 February 11 , 2017 Beerus and Whis arrive on Earth , where Bulma 's birthday party is underway . Initially , Vegeta is paralyzed by Beerus ' presence . He recalls a childhood encounter with the deity a long time ago when Beerus visited Planet Vegeta and threatened his father , King Vegeta . Shortly afterwards , Bulma pops up . She invites Beerus and Whis to join the party . The two gladly accept her offer and quickly become enamored with the Earth 's cuisine . They start mingling with the other guests , while Vegeta tries his best to ensure that Beerus remains calm . Whis soon learns of pudding , which he finds to be extraordinarily delicious . Whis urges Beerus to have some too . It turns out that Majin Buu had taken the remaining pudding cups for himself and refuses to share . Angered by Majin Buu 's insolence , Beerus attacks him . 7 7 `` How Dare You Hurt My Bulma ! Vegeta 's Sudden , Angry Shift ? ! '' / `` How Dare You Do That To My Bulma ! Vegeta 's Metamorphosis of Fury ? '' `` Yokumo ore no Buruma o ! Bejīta ikari no totsuzenhen'i ! ? '' ( よく も オレ の ブルマ を ! ベジータ 怒り の 突然 変異 ! ? ) August 23 , 2015 February 18 , 2017 Beerus effortlessly disposes of Majin Buu , while Vegeta stands by in awe . Vegeta tries to persuade Beerus to calm down and enjoy himself , but he refuses to listen . Trunks and Goten fuse into Gotenks and attack to no avail . Powerless to do anything else , Gotenks starts insulting Beerus for which he is promptly punished . Piccolo , Tien Shinhan , and Android 18 try taking on Beerus with little success . Majin Buu attacks again , but he is unable to land a single hit . While observing the battle , Dende realizes what Beerus actually is and immediately informs Piccolo . Before Piccolo is able to warn him , Gohan powers up and charges towards Beerus . Using Majin Buu as a weapon , Beerus repels Gohan and takes them both out . Being the last one standing , Vegeta confronts Beerus , but he is swiftly brought to the ground . Beerus tells Vegeta that he is disappointed with him since he is just as weak as his father was . Just as Beerus is about to finish Vegeta , Bulma walks up and slaps him for ruining her party . Beerus retaliates in similar fashion . Seeing Bulma struck infuriates Vegeta . He explodes and powers up immensely . 8 8 `` Goku Arrives ! A Last Chance from Beerus Sama ? ! '' / `` Goku Makes an Entrance ! A Last Chance from Lord Beerus ? '' `` Gokū kenzan ! Birusu - sama kara no rasuto chansu ! ? '' ( 悟空 見参 ! ビルス 様 から の ラスト チャンス ! ? ) August 30 , 2015 February 25 , 2017 Having powered up , Vegeta charges towards Beerus . He manages to land a few punches before Beerus , who was using only a fraction of his power , knocks him out . Just as he is about to destroy Earth , Beerus has a sudden idea . He decides to give the Earthlings another chance at saving Earth . Meanwhile , fearing for their lives , the Pilaf Gang disembark Bulma 's ship on a rowboat and sail away . Thinking he is the same as Majin Buu because of his pink hue , Beerus picks Oolong out of the crowd and challenges him to a game of rock -- paper -- scissors to decide the fate of the Earth . Oolong manages to draw twice , but Beerus eventually wins and proceeds to power up his attack . Just as Beerus is about to fire , Goku chimes in and says he has thought of a way to find out about the Super Saiyan God . He will summon and ask Shenron about it . 9 9 `` Sorry for the Wait , Beerus Sama . The Super Saiyan God Is Finally Born ! '' / `` Thanks for Waiting , Lord Beerus ! A Super Saiyan God is Born At Last ! '' `` O matase , Birusu - sama . Tsuini Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo tanjō ! '' ( お 待た せ 、 ビルス 様 . ついに 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド 誕生 ! ) September 6 , 2015 March 4 , 2017 Goku gathers the Dragon Balls together and summons Shenron , who is startled by Beerus ' presence . Shenron quickly explains that the Super Saiyan God is not a person , but it is a legendary transformation that only kindhearted Saiyans can achieve by fusing their power together . The Saiyans attempt to transform Goku , but they fail as they are one Saiyan short . Growing tired of waiting , Beerus starts preparing his attack to destroy the planet . Suddenly , Videl jumps in front of the Saiyans . She says that there is one more Saiyan who might be able to help them , who happens to be her and Gohan 's unborn child . The Saiyans and Videl attempt the transformation again and manage to transform Goku into the Super Saiyan God . 10 10 `` Unleash It , Goku ! The Power of the Super Saiyan God ! ! '' / `` Show Us , Goku ! The Power of a Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Misero Gokū ! Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo no pawā ! ! '' ( 見せろ 悟空 ! 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド の 力 ( パワー ) ! ! ) September 13 , 2015 March 11 , 2017 Goku is now a Super Saiyan God . He confronts Beerus . Goku is amazed by the immense power his body has gained with the transformation . He is initially unable to fully grasp its newfound potential . Fighting with Beerus , Goku manages to grow gradually into his new form . Seeing as how Goku might turn out to be a worthy adversary after all , Beerus decides it is time for them to unleash their true power and have a real battle of Gods . 11 11 `` Let 's Keep Going , Beerus Sama ! Our Battle of Gods ! '' / `` Let 's Keep Going , Lord Beerus ! The Battle of Gods ! '' `` Tsudukeyō ze Birusu - sama ! Kami to kami no tatakai o ! '' ( 続け よう ぜ ビルス 様 ! 神 と 神 の 戦い を ! ) September 20 , 2015 March 18 , 2017 Having somewhat got a grip on the Super Saiyan God form , Goku initially manages to keep up with Beerus . He soon realizes that his opponent is still not fighting at his maximum . It is revealed that Beerus is doing so only to motivate Goku to catch up with him . To that end , Beerus drags Goku to space , where he swiftly knocks him out . Goku comes crashing down back to Earth and ends up in an ocean . Amazed by such power , Goku gets excited and powers up , and heals himself in the process . Willing to have another go , Goku flies out of the ocean and dashes towards Beerus . 12 12 `` The Universe Crumbles ? ! Clash ! God of Destruction vs. Super Saiyan God '' / `` The Universe Will Shatter ? Clash ! Destroyer vs. Super Saiyan God '' `` Uchū ga kudakeru ! ? Gekitotsu ! Haikaishin VS Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo ! '' ( 宇宙 が 砕ける ! ? 激突 ! 破壊 神 VS 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド ! ) September 27 , 2015 March 25 , 2017 Goku and Beerus continue to fight in space . As both of them power up and clash , the universe begins to crumble under the power of the gods . Celestial bodies blow up due to the shock waves . Meanwhile , Old Supreme Kai reveals to the younger Supreme Kai that with three more blows the whole universe would be destroyed along with Beerus and Goku . When Goku lands the third clash with Beerus , he unknowingly stops the universe 's collapse by balancing Beerus ' attack with his own . Beerus gets enraged and uses his atomic bomb attack on Goku . Goku uses the Super Saiyan God energy to power up his Kamehameha attack to keep Beerus ' attack at bay . 13 13 `` Goku , Go Beyond Super Saiyan God '' / `` Goku , Surpass Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Gokū yo , Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo o koete ike ! '' ( 悟空 よ 、 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド を 越え て 行け ! ) October 4 , 2015 April 8 , 2017 The Supreme Kais are surprised that the universe is still intact following the battle , but they fear the worst is still to come . On Earth , Vegeta , Whis , and the others are still standing by while watching the battle . Whis is surprised by the Super Saiyan God 's power and its ability to keep up with his trainee . In space , Goku struggles to keep up with Beerus ' attack , which ultimately ends up in a massive explosion that blinds everyone on Earth . Shortly after , the light clears out , which reveals everything to be as it was prior to the explosion . Beerus explains that he used his full power to negate the explosion , which saved the universe . Seeing it as a perfect opportunity to boast , Mr. Satan arranges to have himself be falsely credited with saving the planet yet again . Despite being at his limit , Goku remains calm , which annoys the God of Destruction . Beerus thinks Goku might have a strategy that he has been hiding , which Goku promptly denies . Goku says that everything he had been doing was improvised as they fought . The Gods quickly power up and continue fighting , but this time both are at their limit . As soon as they start , Goku loses his Super Saiyan God aura and reverts to the ordinary Super Saiyan form . Upon noticing that , Beerus decides to quit . He thinks it is pointless to fight an ordinary Super Saiyan . However , Goku does not notice and keeps going at it . Whis is able to sense Goku 's mortal energy . Whis assumes that the battle has concluded and that Goku has lost . However , Piccolo begs to differ . Surprised that Goku is still able to hit him even after losing his Super Saiyan God form , Beerus surmises that Goku 's body has adjusted to the Super Saiyan God power . This made him stronger in his ordinary form . With or without the Super Saiyan God form , Goku proclaims that it is still him that Beerus is up against . Beerus and Goku resume their battle of Gods . Note : This episode was originally scheduled to air on April 1 , 2017 , but an unannounced change in schedule on April Fools ' Day supplanted a new Dragon Ball Super episode with the premiere of the third season of Rick and Morty , which aired repeatedly from 8 PM to midnight . 14 14 `` This Is Every Ounce of Power I Have ! The Battle of Gods ' Conclusion ! '' / `` This Is All the Power I 've Got ! A Settlement Between Gods '' `` Kore ga ora no arittake no chikarada ! Ketchaku ! Kami to kami '' ( これが オラ の ありったけ の 力 だ ! 決着 ! 神 と 神 ) October 11 , 2015 April 15 , 2017 Now with only a Super Saiyan form at his disposal , Goku powers up and attacks but to no avail , as Beerus knocks him out effortlessly . With Goku knocked out , Beerus prepares to destroy the Earth . In a final effort to stop Beerus , Goku once again powers up and charges his Kamehameha attack . Goku manages to prevent Beerus ' attack , but he completely depletes what was left of his energy in the process . He comes crashing down to Earth onto Bulma 's ship , where Vegeta manages to catch him . Beerus lands on the planet shortly after to finish what he started , but he suddenly falls asleep . Whis explains that Goku must have tired Beerus out , and that by the time he wakes up he will have forgotten about their trip to Earth . Beerus was faking his sudden sleep because the Earth 's food convinced him to spare the planet . Beerus and Whis leave for Beerus ' planet . With Earth safe again , Goku decides to relax and enjoy the party . Golden Frieza Saga ( 2015 -- 2016 ) ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation / Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 15 `` Make a Miracle , Satan the Hero ! A Challenge from Outer Space ! '' / `` Valiant Mr. Satan , Work a Miracle ! A Challenge from Outer Space ! '' `` Yūsha Satan yo kiseki o okose ! Uchū kara no chōsenjō ! ! '' ( 勇者 サタン よ 奇跡 を 起こせ ! 宇宙 から の 挑戦 状 ! ! ) October 18 , 2015 April 22 , 2017 With Earth no longer in danger , Goku and the others return to their ordinary lives . Chi - Chi tells Goku she has already spent the 100 million Zeni received from Mr. Satan . She orders Goku to leave training behind and find a job so he can support the family . Meanwhile , Mr. Satan 's self - promotion goes awry when a group of aliens land in the city . The aliens reveal that they are ambassadors who wish to thank and reward whoever defeated Beerus and thus protected their planet from destruction . Before he is given the reward , Mr. Satan is asked to demonstrate his godlike power against the alien 's mightiest champion in a sparring match . Knowing that he does not stand a chance , Mr. Satan quickly scampers away to safety and calls for help , but no one answers him . Suddenly , Goku arrives at the scene in need of Mr. Satan 's help . Mr. Satan arranges to have Goku fight for him instead . Just before the fight , Goku spots Chi - Chi and immediately runs away to avoid being scolded for disobeying her . Mr. Satan is left to confront the alien champion on his own . Suddenly , the cynophobic aliens spot Mr. Satan 's dog and run away in fear . With the aliens gone , the crowd praises Mr. Satan , whom they think saved them and Earth yet again . 16 `` Vegeta Becomes an Apprentice ? ! Winning Whis Over ! '' / `` Vegeta Becomes a Student ? ! Win Over Whis ! '' `` Bejīta ga deshi'iri ! ? Uisu o kōryakuse yo ! '' ( ベジータ が 弟子入り ! ? ウイス を 攻略 せよ ! ) October 25 , 2015 April 29 , 2017 Chi - Chi still has Goku doing work out on the farm . Instead of working , Goku decides to rest and falls asleep . Krillin flies in and wakes up Goku . Krillin is very surprised to hear that Goku is still on Earth and not training with King Kai . He reminisces about his training with Goku under Master Roshi and the power level difference between them since they were children . Curious to see how large the gap is , Krillin tells Goku to punch him with all his power . A reluctant Goku tries to change Krillin 's mind . Goku ends up punching Krillin anyway , which sends Krillin flying into a boulder . Shortly afterwards , Goku heads home . Android 18 treats Krillin 's wounds . Krillin states that he misses martial arts and wishes to start training again . Meanwhile , Vegeta is seen in the wastelands standing determined . He states his intent to surpass Goku without the aid of others . Elsewhere , Whis and Bulma are having lunch together . Whis is enjoying all the food Bulma is having her chef make . While they dine , Bulma asks Whis to protect Earth from Beerus in case he ever shows up again . Vegeta arrives and sees Whis . He asks Whis to see Beerus , but Whis refuses to do so . Whis tells Vegeta that he is Beerus ' martial arts teacher . Whis informs Vegeta that with the proper tutelage he could one day surpass Goku . Vegeta bows and kneels before Whis and begs to become his student . An unimpressed Whis walks past him . Vegeta decides to convince Whis by giving him the tastiest food on Earth . After several failed attempts , Vegeta finally impresses Whis with a cup of instant noodle . Before Vegeta heads off with Whis to train on Beerus ' planet , Bulma hands him new battle armor . Whis and Vegeta arrive on Beerus ' planet . Whis prepares to train Vegeta . 17 `` Pan Is Born ! And Goku Goes on a Training Trip ? ! '' / `` Pan is Born ! And Goku Goes on a Training Journey ? ! '' `` Pan tanjō ! Soshite Gokū wa shugyō no tabi he ! ? '' ( パン 誕生 ! そして 悟空 は 修行 の 旅 へ ! ? ) November 1 , 2015 May 6 , 2017 Pan has been born . While most of her family members and friends think that she should be taught martial arts , Chi - Chi is revolted by the very idea . She believes that Pan should be raised to be a lady and not a mindless fighter like her grandfather Goku . Everyone tries to persuade Chi - Chi to change her mind but to no avail . Bulma accidentally mentions that Vegeta has been away training with Whis for six months , which shocks Goku . After some time , Whis returns to Earth to enjoy more of the food Earth has to offer . Goku approaches Whis and asks to become his pupil . Whis accepts Goku 's plea . Whis thinks it is the perfect time for Goku to join Vegeta in training . Just as the two are about to depart , Chi - Chi runs up and stops Goku from leaving . Despite her wishes , Goku ends up leaving with Whis . Chi - Chi has a sudden change of heart . She says that Goku will return once he gets hungry anyway . 18 `` I 'm Here , Too ! Training Begins on Beerus ' Planet ! '' / `` I 'm Here , Too ! Training Commences on Beerus ' World ! '' `` Ora mo kita zo ! Birusu - sei de shugyō kaishi da ! '' ( オラ も 来 た ぞ ! ビルス 星 で 修行 開始 だ ! ) November 8 , 2015 May 13 , 2017 Goku and Whis arrive on Beerus ' planet , where Vegeta is tasked with housekeeping . Goku is surprised to learn that Vegeta has gotten considerably stronger training under Whis . Goku wants to start his training right away . Before he is allowed to train , Whis orders him to help Vegeta with the chores including changing Beerus ' bed sheets without waking him up . Goku and Vegeta promptly do their chores and start their training with Whis . Whis ' training routine quickly wears Goku out . He falls asleep . Vegeta , who is willing to surpass Goku at any cost , keeps on training . The next day , Whis decides to have a sparring match with his apprentices in order to gauge their speed . The two prove to be no match for Whis . Goku and Vegeta are too slow to land a single hit on Whis . Somewhere in space , surviving members of Frieza 's army are led by Sorbet . They continue with their effort of resurrecting their leader . Not far off , mysterious beings from a different universe named Champa ( シャンパ , Shanpa ) and Vados ( ヴァドス , Vadosu ) continue their search for Beerus . 19 5 `` Despair Rises ! The Emperor of Evil , Frieza , Resurrected ! '' / `` Despair Redux ! The Return of the Evil Emperor , Frieza ! '' `` Zetsubō futatabi ! Aku no teiō Furīza no fukkatsu ! '' ( 絶望 ふたたび ! 悪 の 帝王 ・ フリーザ の 復活 ! ) November 15 , 2015 May 20 , 2017 Goku and Vegeta continue their training under Whis on Beerus ' planet . Meanwhile , Sorbet and his assistant Tagoma ( タゴマ ) depart their ship and head for Earth in order to find the Dragon Balls , which they intend to resurrect their leader Frieza . They run into the Pilaf Gang , who had collected all seven Dragon Balls just before their arrival . Sorbet coerces Pilaf into summoning Shenron . At first , Shenron refuses to revive Frieza because he sees it as pointless given his current state , where Frieza was cut in pieces just as he was when Future Trunks killed him . Tagoma suggests using their advanced healing technology to make Frieza intact again . Sorbet has Frieza resurrected . Sorbet and Tagoma collect all of Frieza 's pieces and return to their ship . Frieza is completely renewed shortly afterwards . 20 6 `` Jaco 's Warning ! Frieza and His 1000 Troops Approach '' / `` A Warning from Jaco ! Frieza and 1,000 Soldiers Close In '' `` Jako kara no keikoku ! Semari kuru Furīza to 1000 - ri no heishi - tachi ! '' ( ジャコ から の 警告 ! 迫り 来る フリーザ と 1000 人 の 兵士 達 ) November 22 , 2015 June 3 , 2017 Once restored , Frieza plans revenge against Goku and Future Trunks . Tagoma objects to Frieza 's plans , but Frieza promptly subdues him . When Frieza finds out that Goku has gotten much stronger since they last met , he decides to train in order to become more powerful . Since Frieza 's power was inborn , he reveals that he had never felt the need to train a day in his life before now . Four months pass before Frieza and his army head for Earth . All the while , Goku and Vegeta continue their training under Whis . Jaco the Galactic Patrolman travels to Earth to inform Bulma that Frieza had been revived . Frieza will be approaching Earth shortly with an army of one thousand soldiers . With Frieza 's army fast approaching , Bulma gathers the remaining fighters to fight Frieza 's army in hopes of holding out until Goku and Vegeta make it back to Earth . 21 7 `` The Start of Revenge ! The Malice of Frieza Army Strikes Gohan ! '' / `` The Start of Vengeance ! The Frieza Force 's Malice Strikes Gohan ! '' `` Fukushū no hajimari ! Furīza - gun no akuiga satoshi Gohan outsu ! '' ( 復讐 の 始まり ! フリーザ 軍 の 悪意 が 悟 飯 を 撃つ ! ) November 29 , 2015 June 10 , 2017 Frieza and his army arrive on Earth , where Gohan , Piccolo , Krillin , Master Roshi , Tien , and Jaco have gathered to hold out until Goku and Vegeta return . Frieza says that he has waited a long time to have his revenge and that he wishes to face Goku . Seeing as how Goku is not present to help , Frieza orders his army to attack the Earthlings . His army proves to be no match for the fighters even for Krillin , who had given up fighting . Disappointed with his lackluster army , Frieza orders Sorbet to send in his elite soldier , Shisami ( シサミ ) , to take out Gohan . Suddenly , Tagoma fires a beam at Shisami and Gohan , which kills the former and badly injures the latter . Sorbet is surprised by Tagoma 's newfound power , which he had achieved through training with Frieza . Frieza promises Tagoma the command of his army if he takes out the Earthlings . He accepts and prepares to fight the Earthlings . Meanwhile , Goku and Vegeta are oblivious to what is happening on Earth . They continue their training under Whis on Beerus ' planet . 22 8 `` Change ! An Unexpected Return ! His Name is Ginyu ! ! '' `` Chēnji ! Masaka no fukkatsu ! Sono na wa Ginyū ! ! '' ( チェーンジ ! まさかの 復活 ! その 名 は ギニュー ! ! ) December 6 , 2015 June 17 , 2017 Tagoma powers up and confidently approaches his opponents . Piccolo is instantly outmatched . Gohan blasts Tagoma , which causes him to fly several yards away . As the dust settles , Tagoma reveals himself to be unharmed . Suddenly , Gotenks arrives and headbutts Tagoma . Everybody is shocked to see this . While Tagoma is struggling to recuperate from Gotenks ' attack , Captain Ginyu , who is in his frog form , pounces close to him and inscribes a message in the gravel . Tagoma accidentally sets off Ginyu 's signature move , and the two swap bodies . Ginyu rapidly adjusts to his new body 's immense power and assaults all of his rivals simultaneously . Bulma , Trunks , and Goten attempt to contact Whis , which bewilders Jaco . While fighting Gohan , Ginyu appears to have the upper hand until Gohan transforms into a Super Saiyan and defeats him . When Gohan shows mercy to Ginyu , Frieza becomes enraged and repeatedly fires multiple blasts at Gohan . Before Frieza can kill Gohan , Piccolo steps in to save him . 23 9 `` The Earth ! Gohan ! Absolute Peril ! Hurry and Get Here , Son Goku ! ! '' / `` Earth ! Gohan ! Both on the Ropes ! Hurry and Get Here , Goku ! ! '' `` Chikyū ga ! Gohan ga ! Zettaizetsumei ! Hayaku kite kure Son Gokū ! ! '' ( 地球 が ! 悟 飯 が ! 絶 体 絶命 ! 早く 来 て くれ 孫悟空 ! ! ) December 13 , 2015 June 24 , 2017 Piccolo takes Frieza 's attack to save Gohan and dies in the process . On Beerus ' planet , Beerus desires more pizza . Whis gets an invitation from Bulma for a strawberry dessert . As Whis telepathically contacts her , she reveals Frieza 's revival and Piccolo 's death to him . Initially shocked to realize that Frieza is revived , Goku and Vegeta get set to fight Frieza . As Whis says it would take some time to reach Earth , Goku resorts to instant transmission on Beerus ' advice . Goku realizes that instant transmission is impossible due to the large distance between Earth and Beerus ' planet . Nevertheless , Goku tries to search for someone 's energy on Earth . On Earth , Gohan powers up to his maximum limit . This helps Goku to identify an energy source to perform instant transmission . Goku and Vegeta arrive on Earth in the nick of time to save Gohan . Vegeta executes Ginyu . As Goku and Frieza meet after a long time , Frieza transforms into his final form in a fit to demonstrate his new power . This results in the death of all his men except for Sorbet , who is at a considerable distance . Perplexed by Frieza 's new power , Goku prepares to engage in a battle . 24 10 `` Clash ! Frieza vs. Son Goku ; This Is The Result of My Training ! '' / `` Clash ! Frieza vs. Goku ! This is the Result of My Training ! '' `` Gekitotsu ! Furīza VS Son Gokū ; Kore ga ora no shugyō no seikada ! '' ( 激突 ! フリーザ VS 孫悟空 これが オラ の 修行 の 成果 だ ! ) December 20 , 2015 July 8 , 2017 The battle between Goku and Frieza begins . They fight on even ground , and neither one is able to inflict significant damage to the other . Frieza resorts to attacking Krillin and Bulma . When Goku tries to save them , he is caught off guard when Frieza lands several blows on him . Vegeta grows impatient due to the constant rambling by both fighters . He charges at Goku in frustration and asks him to give it all he has . Goku takes Vegeta 's request into account and convinces Frieza to power up to his maximum . When Frieza calls out to Goku to show his full power , Goku transforms into a Super Saiyan Blue . 25 11 `` An All - Out Battle ! The Revenge of Golden Frieza ! '' / `` A Full - Throttle Battle ! The Vengeful Golden Frieza '' `` Zenkai Batoru ! Fukushū no Gōruden Furīza '' ( 全開 バトル ! 復讐 の ゴールデン フリーザ ) December 27 , 2015 July 15 , 2017 After briefly testing Goku 's new transformation , Frieza transforms into a new gold - colored form , tersely named as Golden Frieza . After expressing how impressed they are by each - other 's progress , Goku and Frieza engage in a fierce battle . Meanwhile , Whis informs Bulma of their arrival on Earth in a few minutes but , on their way to Earth , Beerus and Whis encounter the God of Destruction of Universe Six , Champa , and his assistant , Vados . After having a short conversation with Champa and Vados , Beerus and Whis finally arrive on the battlefield . While eating Bulma 's delicious dessert , Beerus and Whis acknowledge that Frieza has indeed become significantly stronger and that Goku seems to have a tough time keeping up with Golden Frieza . Still not use to his newest form , Goku struggles to keep up with Golden Frieza 's speed and prowess , eventually getting pummeled into the ground . 26 12 `` A Glint of Hope Shines Through in a Crisis ! Time to Fight Back , Son Goku ! '' / `` A Chance Appears in a Tight Spot ! Launch a Counteroffensive , Goku ! '' `` Dai pinchi ni shōki ga mieta ! Hangeki kaishida Son Gokū ! '' ( 大 ピンチ に 勝機 が 見え た ! 反撃 開始 だ 孫悟空 ! ) January 10 , 2016 July 22 , 2017 Frieza and Goku continue their protracted battle with Frieza landing more blows on Goku than can be returned . Unable to match Frieza 's raw power , Goku manages to withstand and dodge Frieza 's attacks . Goku and Vegeta notice that Frieza is progressively losing stamina and that his power level is dropping , though Frieza himself fails to notice this . Vegeta urges Goku to quickly finish Frieza off before he has a chance to recover , or he will step up and do so himself . After Goku and Frieza exchange some sarcastic banter , they power up again and continue their fight . Frieza still has the upper hand , but Goku realizes he only needs to stall Frieza long enough for his weakness to reappear . After a fully powered Frieza unleashes a barrage of attacks , he quickly becomes tired and starts running out of breath , with his attacks no longer hurting Goku . Frieza finally realizes his weakness ; a lack of endurance , as his Golden form exhausts more energy than he can produce . Goku explains this is because Frieza rushed to Earth immediately after achieving the Golden form without giving himself enough time to master it . Frieza agonizes over his failed chance at revenge in combat , but mouths a few inaudible words to Sorbet for assistance . Goku tells Frieza to leave Earth while he still can -- but to everyone 's surprise , a laser beam pierces Goku 's chest from behind , fired from Sorbet 's ray gun . Stomping on Goku 's chest wound to make him scream , Frieza gloats about his backup strategy to have Goku let his guard down , mocking him by claiming Goku 's overconfidence prevents him from being the strongest fighter . Before Frieza can unleash his killing shot on Goku , Vegeta fires at Frieza and announces that it is his turn to fight . 27 13 `` The Earth Explodes ? ! The Deciding Kamehameha '' / `` The Earth Explodes ? A Decisive Kamehameha ! '' `` Chikyū bakuhatsu ! ? Ketchaku no kamehameha '' ( 地球 爆発 ! ? 決着 の かめ はめ 波 ) January 17 , 2016 July 29 , 2017 Goku is critically injured , but Vegeta intervenes before Frieza can deliver a killing blow . When Krillin attempts to deliver Goku a Senzu Bean , Frieza attempts to blast him -- but Vegeta redirects the blast to Sorbet , killing him . Afterwards , Vegeta demonstrates his own ability to transform into a Super Saiyan Blue . Frieza attempts to land a hit on Vegeta but fails to do so and , already exhausted from his fight with Goku , Frieza quickly finds himself completely outmatched by Vegeta . Enraged and humiliated , Frieza refuses to accept defeat and , while Vegeta powers up a killing shot , Frieza instead fires an attack at the Earth and destroys it out from under them . Whis protects Goku and the others , but Vegeta and everyone else on the planet are killed -- with Whis suspecting Frieza survived and escaped through his ability to breathe in space . As Goku laments his failure to stop Frieza and protect Earth , Whis offers to turn back time by a couple of minutes and allow Goku one last chance . The moment is reset to the end of Vegeta and Frieza 's battle , allowing Goku just enough time to charge up a Kamehameha attack and kill Frieza , saving the world . Later , the group gathers at Capsule Corporation , where Piccolo is revived with the Namekian Dragon Balls . Shaken by his helplessness against Frieza , Gohan tells Piccolo that he intends to resume his training so that he can protect his loved ones , which Piccolo is delighted to hear . Universe 6 Saga ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 28 `` The God of Destruction from Universe 6 -- His Name Is Champa ! '' / `` The 6th Universe 's Destroyer ! His Name Is Champa ! '' `` Dai - 6 uchū no hakaishin -- Sono na wa Shanpa '' ( 第 6 宇宙 の 破壊 神 その 名 は シャンパ ) January 24 , 2016 August 5 , 2017 As Goku and Vegeta continue their vigorous training , Champa and Vados abruptly arrive on Beerus ' planet . After a small skirmish between Beerus and Champa , everyone settles down to eat some food . Formal introductions are exchanged , where Champa is introduced as Beerus ' twin brother and Vados as Whis ' older sister . An argument erupts concerning which universe 's food is superior . This leaves Goku and Vegeta bewildered . Whis explains that there are twelve universes . When two universes ' designations add up to thirteen , each universe complements the other such as the sixth and the seventh universe . After Vados discovers that Universe Six 's Earth has been destroyed through warfare , Champa proposes a tournament between Universe Six and Seven to determine who acquires the Earth of Universe Seven . Beerus protests the idea . He believes it is impossible to do so . Champa ascertains that it is doable by using the Super Dragon Balls , which the Namekian Dragon Balls were trimmed from . At the current moment , Champa has six of them . Goku informs Beerus and Champa that Bulma is capable of locating the final Super Dragon Ball necessary to perform the wish . With tensions mounted , Beerus accepts Champa 's proposal . 29 `` The Martial Arts Match Has Been Decided ! The Team Captain Is Stronger Than Goku '' / `` Combat Matches Are a Go ! The Captain Is Someone Stronger Than Goku '' `` Kakutō shiai kaisai kettei ! Shushō wa Gokū yori tsuyoi yatsu '' ( 格闘 試合 開催 決定 ! 主将 は 悟空 より も 強い ヤツ ) January 31 , 2016 August 12 , 2017 Champa decides to host the tournament on a vacated nameless planet located between Universe Six and Universe Seven . Goku suggests the rules be similar to that of the Tenkaichi Budokai tournaments held on Earth . Vegeta recommends a written exam be implemented in order to prevent insensitive beings lacking knowledge of the regulations from participating . The tournament is scheduled to begin several days after the encounter between Beerus and Champa . On Earth , Whis requests that Bulma use her Dragon Radar in order to obtain the final Super Dragon Ball . Contrary to this , Bulma believes it would be easier to simply summon Shenron to locate it instead . Shenron reveals that tracking down the Super Dragon Balls is beyond his power . Meanwhile , Vados selects a portion of the nameless planet and transforms it into the tournament 's arena . After judging Whis ' students , Champa realizes he should also enlist a Saiyan onto his team . Beerus explains that Goku is merely the second strongest opponent he has ever faced . He proceeds to take off to inform Monaka ( モナカ ) , the strongest warrior he has ever fought , of the tournament . The next morning , Bulma finishes constructing the Super Dragon Radar . She intends to collect the Super Dragon Balls of Universe Seven before Beerus can use them to wish for total annihilation of the entire world . 30 `` A Review Before the ' Martial Arts Match ' -- Who Are the Last Two Members ? ! '' / `` A Run - Through for the Competition ! Who Are the Last Two Members ? '' `` '' Kakutō '' shiai e no o sarai -- Nokori futari no menbā wa dareda ! ? '' ( 「 格闘 試合 」 へ の お さらい 残り 二 人 の メンバー は 誰 だ ! ? ) February 7 , 2016 August 19 , 2017 Goku and Vegeta meet up with Krillin , who goes with them to recruit Majin Buu as the fourth combatant of the Universe Seven team . Although Majin Buu is reluctant due to his hatred of Beerus , he agrees when Goku promises him a wish from the Super Dragon Balls , which he plans on giving to Mr. Satan . Goten and Trunks try to join , but they are denied by Vegeta because their use of fusion is illegal . The group finds Piccolo training with Gohan . They recruit Piccolo as the fifth and final member . Gohan considers joining the team , but he can not participate due to a business meeting on the day of the tournament . Beerus and the others think back over recent events . Beerus and Whis contemplate the intentions behind Champa 's plans . A series of flashbacks recapping the series is shown up to Frieza 's demise . 31 `` Off to Zuno Sama 's ! Find Out Where Super Dragon Balls Are ! '' / `` Off to See Master Zuno ! Find Out Where the Super Dragon Balls Are ! '' `` Zunō - sama no moto e ! Sūpā Doragon Bōru no arika o kikidase ! '' ( ズノー 様 の も と へ ! 超 ( スーパー ) ドラゴンボール の あり か を 聞き 出せ ! ) February 14 , 2016 August 26 , 2017 Bulma and Jaco travel to meet an omniscient alien , Master Zunō ( ズノー 様 , Zunō - sama ) , to ask him about the Super Dragon Balls . After arriving on Master Zunō 's planet , the duo encounters a spacefaring criminal named Burpman ( ゲップマン , Geppuman ) , who is wanted for leaving a restaurant without paying the bill . As a reward for subduing the criminal , Master Zunō 's attendants allow Bulma and Jaco to skip the lengthy waiting list and seek Master Zunō 's advice right away . Bulma unwittingly wastes two of her three questions , but she does glean information on the radius and other properties of the Super Dragon Balls . This includes the fact that they were formerly scattered across both Universe Six and Universe Seven . 32 5 `` The Match Begins ! Let 's All Go to the ' Nameless Planet ' ! '' / `` The Matches Begin ! We 're All Off to the ' Planet with No Name ' ! '' `` Shiaikaishi da ! Min'na de `` Namae no nai hoshi '' e ! '' ( 試合 開始 だ ! みんな で 「 名前 の ない 星 」 へ ! ) February 21 , 2016 September 9 , 2017 On Earth , everyone gathers for the trip to the tournament . Goku and Vegeta arrive after having trained in the Hyperbolic Time Chamber for three years . After stopping at Beerus ' planet to get both him and Monaka , everyone proceeds to go to the tournament . The group meets their competition who are all somewhat unusual . This includes a Saiyan with a radically different history as well as a fighter who looks like Frieza . After the written test , the Universe Seven team is left one team member down because Majin Buu falls asleep . Majin Buu is deemed unfit and disqualified . Beerus decides that Monaka will go last . After a round of rock - paper - scissors , it is decided that Goku will fight first , followed by Piccolo , and then Vegeta . Goku and his competitor named Botamo ( ボタモ ) , who is a giant bear - like creature , enter the tournament ring . 33 6 `` Behold , Universe 6 ! This Is the Super Saiyan ? Son Goku ! '' / `` Surprise , 6th Universe ! This is Super Saiyan Goku ! '' `` Odoroke Dai - 6 uchū yo ! Kore ga Sūpā Saiya - jin ・ Son Gokū da ! '' ( 驚け 第 6 宇宙 よ ! これが 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ・ 孫悟空 だ ! ) February 28 , 2016 September 16 , 2017 The fight between Goku and Botamo commences . Goku takes a while to warm up due to having overeaten during the trip . Although Goku seems faster and more well trained than Botamo , none of the hits that he lands seem to have an effect . Botamo seems content to simply take the punishment . Urged by Vegeta to think before he acts , Goku drags Botamo to the side of the ring and throws him out . This results in a win for Universe Seven . The next match begins almost immediately . The Frieza look alike named Frost ( フロスト , Furosuto ) is Goku 's next opponent . In direct contrast to Frieza , Frost is a kind and beloved hero in Universe Six who looks forward to a challenge . Goku surprises Frost with knowledge of his transformations . Frost assumes a form that mirrors Frieza 's third form . Goku mentions his ability to transform as well . He transforms into a Super Saiyan . Frost responds by transforming into his final form . Frost seems greatly outmatched by Goku even in his final transformation . Suddenly , a strange effect comes over Goku that severely weakens him and allows Frost a chance to strike . Frost knocks Goku out of the ring , which stuns everyone from Universe Seven . 34 7 `` Piccolo vs. Frost -- Put It All on the Special Beam Cannon ! '' / `` Piccolo vs. Frost -- Stake It All on the Special Beam Cannon ! '' `` Pikkoro VS Furosuto -- Makankōsappō ni subete o kakero ! '' ( ピッコロ VS フロスト 魔 貫 光 殺 砲 に すべて を かけろ ! ) March 6 , 2016 September 23 , 2017 Frost beats Goku by knocking him out of the ring . Piccolo walks up to Frost to face him next . Piccolo charges his signature attack while simultaneously evading Frost 's attacks . To buy himself time to charge his attack , Piccolo creates clones of himself to distract Frost . Frost quickly disposes of decoys and charges at Piccolo . After a bout of close combat , Frost defeats Piccolo with a power blast . Before the referee could rule in Frost 's favor , Jaco chimes in claiming that Frost had been cheating all along . The referee examines Frost and finds that he had been using a forbidden tool . Champa is initially outraged to find that Frost had cheated . Champa decides to forgive and help him in his universe if Frost continues to play by the rules . Frost reveals that he set up the attacks on the planets he saved . The referee declares Piccolo the winner until Vegeta steps in and says that he wishes to face Frost . 35 8 `` Turn Rage into Strength ! Vegeta 's Full - On Battle ! '' / `` Turn Your Anger Into Strength ! Vegeta 's Full - Bore Battle '' `` Ikari o chikara ni kaero ! Bejīta no zenkai batoru '' ( 怒り を 力 に 変えろ ! ベジータ の 全開 バトル ) March 20 , 2016 September 30 , 2017 Frost cockily announces his intent to utterly defeat Vegeta in combat with the presentation of yet another weapon . Both parties agree that the match should not be regulated by the standard rules of the tournament in order to avoid disqualification and allow the combatants to fight at their full power . Vegeta mercilessly assaults Frost and sends him flying out of the barrier . Vegeta declares that he did not kill Frost because he was not going to stoop down to the latter 's level . Beerus discovers that Goku was also affected by Frost 's weapon , and he proceeds to convince the referee to allow Goku to return to the competition . Goku protests the turn order because he desperately wants to see Monaka in combat . Beerus explains that Monaka , as his trump card , must fight last . This prompts a hushed remark from Whis concerning Monaka 's `` true colors '' . Vados generates a new barrier around the ring as the referee announces a new rule , where any contact an individual makes with the barrier automatically disqualifies them . Meanwhile , Frost attempts to steal the tournament winnings and escape in Champa 's transportation cube . Frost is stunned by a purple humanoid , Hit ( ヒット , Hitto ) , in the process . Hit takes the unconscious Frost back to the arena . The next match begins . Vegeta faces off against the robot Magetta ( マゲッタ ) . The audience begins to dispute over Magetta 's eligibility because of the fact that Magetta can spit lava . Magetta is declared eligible because the lava is just his saliva . Magetta 's volcanic fumes engulf the barrier and cause Vegeta to perspire rapidly and breathe heavily from the extreme heat . 36 9 `` An Unexpected Desperate Battle ! Vegeta 's Furious Explosion ! '' / `` An Unexpectedly Uphill Battle ! Vegeta 's Great Blast of Fury ! '' `` Masaka no dai kusen ! Bejīta ikari no dai bakuhatsu ! '' ( まさかの 大 苦戦 ! ベジータ 怒り の 大 爆発 ! ) March 27 , 2016 October 7 , 2017 Vegeta continues his battle with Magetta . He is struggling against the rising temperatures in the enclosed arena . Vegeta tries to win quickly , but Magetta endures and counters his attacks . Magetta follows it with a punch that sends Vegeta flying toward the ground . After nearly being disqualified through by going out of bounds , Vegeta powers up in anger and destroys the barrier of the arena . He blasts Magetta and forces him to the very edge of the stage . However , Vegeta is unable to knock Magetta off the stage . After Vegeta insults Magetta , he loses his will to fight . Magetta is knocked out of the ring . 37 10 `` Do n't Forget Your Saiyan Pride ! Vegeta vs. the Saiyan of Universe 6 ! '' / `` Do n't Forget Your Saiyan Pride ! Vegeta vs The 6th Universe 's Saiyan ! '' `` Saiya - jin no hokori o wasureruna ! Bejīta VS Dai - 6 uchū no Saiya - jin '' ( サイヤ 人 の 誇り を 忘れる な ! ベジータ VS 第 6 宇宙 の サイヤ 人 ) April 3 , 2016 October 14 , 2017 Vegeta faces a slim and short Saiyan from Universe Six , Cabba ( キャベ ) , in the following round . Unlike their Universe Seven counterparts , Saiyans of Universe Six are heroic and kind . They are known as benevolent galactic protectors . Vegeta and Cabba are initially equally matched . After Vegeta pushes Cabba to power up , Cabba admits he can not do it . Cabba asks for Vegeta to teach him how to transform . This seemingly enrages Vegeta . Vegeta transforms into a Super Saiyan and begins to mercilessly beat Cabba . Vegeta threatens Cabba . He says he will kill him and destroy his planet if he forfeits . An enraged Cabba suddenly transforms and goes on the offensive . Vegeta reveals the Super Saiyan transformation is unlocked through drawing on one 's inner anger . Vegeta 's actions were intended to bring about that transformation . Vegeta quickly powers up even more and knocks Cabba out with a single punch . After the fight , Cabba thanks Vegeta for telling him about his untapped potential . Vegeta brushes him off and tells him not to forget his Saiyan pride . Vegeta also tells Cabba to surpass all other Saiyans . Cabba acknowledges Vegeta 's advice and walks off the stage . With Universe Six now down to their last fighter , Champa is still unconcerned as he is certain his hit man , Hit , will be able to settle the score . 38 11 `` The Ultimate Warrior of Universe 6 ! Assassin Hit Appears ! ! '' / `` The 6th Universe 's Mightiest Warrior ! Engage the Assassin Hit ! '' `` Dai - 6 uchū saikyō no senshi ! Koroshi ya Hitto kenzan ! ! '' ( 第 6 宇宙 最強 の 戦士 ! 殺し 屋 ヒット 見参 ! ! ) April 10 , 2016 October 21 , 2017 Vegeta and Hit start their battle . To Vegeta 's surprise , he is unable to land a single blow on Hit due to his superior speed . Eventually , Vegeta is struck by a heavy blow and collapses . Hit is declared the winner of the match . Suddenly , it is revealed that Hit used a technique called `` time - skip '' , which freezes time for everyone but himself . Goku walks up to battle Hit . Initially , Hit overpowers Goku , which prompts him to ask Goku to surrender . Goku refuses and says he used the time to figure out how Hit 's technique works . Goku predicts Hit 's moves and evades his attacks . Hit claims that Goku 's foresight was just a fluke and that he will not be able to use it again . However , Goku is able to foresee Hit 's attacks and defend himself . Goku proposes that both of them fight at their full power . Hit concurs and withdraws . Shortly afterwards , both start preparing for their next fight . 39 12 `` The Advanced `` Time - Skip '' Fights Back ? ! Will It Come Forth ? Goku 's New Technique ! '' / `` A Developed `` Time Skip '' Counterstrike ? Here Comes Goku 's New Move ! '' `` Seichōshita `` toki tobashi '' no hangeki ! ? Deru ka ! ? Gokū no aratana waza ! '' ( 成長 した `` 時 とばし '' の 反撃 ! ? 出る か ! ? 悟空 の 新た な 技 ! ) April 17 , 2016 November 4 , 2017 Goku and Hit both power up before the match . Goku is finally able to counter Hit 's time - manipulating attacks , which displeases Hit . Hit tries to power up even more , but Goku prevents him . Soon after , Hit manages to counter Goku 's blows , while he simultaneously grows even stronger . Badly hurt , Goku hits the ground . Champa tells Hit to finish off Goku , but Hit refuses to obey his order . Goku manages to get back on his feet , and the two resume their fight . Goku is soon backed into a corner and resorts to his Kaiō - ken technique , which greatly increases his strength and speed . Having powered up , Goku begins pummeling and blasting Hit , who manages to evade most of the attacks with ease . 40 13 `` At Last , It Comes to an End ! Is the Winner Beerus ? Or is it Champa ? '' / `` A Decision at Last ! Is the Winner Beerus ? Or is it Champa ? '' `` Tsuini ketchaku ! Shōsha wa Birusu ? Soretomo Shanpa ? '' ( ついに 決着 ! 勝者 は ビルス ? それとも シャンパ ? ) April 24 , 2016 November 11 , 2017 Goku and Hit fight to an indecisive stalemate . Neither side is able to gain ground against the other . Goku requests that the rules of the fight be waived so that Hit can use his assassination techniques freely . Champa and Beerus argue over this decision . During their argument , Goku jumps out of the fighting stage . He forfeits the match . Goku argues that he would have been unable to continue due to the strain on his body brought on by his Kaiō - ken technique . Shortly afterwards , Monaka faces Hit . Monaka is scared to fight . Monaka punches Hit and wins the fight . Hit throws the fight as repayment for Goku enabling him to surpass his limits . With Hit defeated , the Universe Seven team is declared the winner of the tournament . Just as the festivities are about to conclude , Grand Zenō ( 全 王 ) , a mysterious `` King of Universes '' , appears in the center of the fighting stage . 41 14 `` Come , God of Dragons -- And Pretty Please Grant My Wish ! '' / `` Come Forth , Divine Dragon ! And Grant My Wish , Peas and Carrots ! '' `` Ide deyo kami no ryū -- soshite negai o kanaete chonmage ! '' ( 出 で よ 神 の 龍 そして 願い を 叶え て ちょんまげ ! ) May 1 , 2016 November 18 , 2017 Grand Zenō announces that he will organize a martial arts tournament for all twelve universes . Goku disrespectfully approaches and talks to Grand Zenō . Grand Zenō is amused , and everyone else is discomforted . Champa scolds his team for losing and orders them to train for the upcoming tournament . Shortly afterwards , Champa and his team leave . Beerus asks the Earthlings to find the Super Dragon Balls . Android 18 notices that all Super Dragon Balls are clumped together on the radar , and Monaka deduces that the planet they have been fighting on is actually the seventh Super Dragon Ball . Beerus , Goku , and the others leave for the location of all seven Super Dragon Balls . Once they are there , Whis summons Super Shenron ( スーパー シェンロン , Chāo Shénlóng ) , which is a more powerful version of Shenron . Unknown to anyone else , Beerus secretly wishes to have Universe Six 's Earth restored back to normal . Vados informs Champa what Beerus wished for . Whis leaves Beerus and Monaka on Beerus ' planet and departs for Earth . Monaka is revealed to be an ordinary mail deliveryman , who is an aspiring fighter . Beerus rewards Monaka with money for his help motivating Goku and Vegeta . Goku , Vegeta , and the others from Earth return home . Copy - Vegeta Saga ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 42 `` Trouble at the Victory Celebration ! Showdown at Last ? ! Monaka vs. Son Goku ! '' / `` A Chaotic Victory Party ! Showdown at Last ? Monaka vs. Goku ! '' `` Haran no shukushō kai ! Tsuini taiketsu ! ? Monaka VS Son Gokū ! '' ( 波乱 の 祝勝 会 ! 遂に 対決 ! ? モナカ VS 孫悟空 ) May 8 , 2016 December 2 , 2017 With the tournament completed , Bulma decides to hold a celebration party at the Capsule Corporation . She also decides to invite Monaka . Bulma considers Monaka to be the real winner of the tournament . Beerus and Whis are opposed to Bulma 's idea as they believe that Goku would want to fight Monaka if he were to attend . Ultimately , Monaka does attend . Beerus decides to tell everyone besides Goku about Monaka 's secret . Monaka is not nearly as powerful as everyone believes him to be . Goten and Trunks suggest that Beerus disguise himself as Monaka and fight Goku in Monaka 's place . Beerus agrees to the plan and disguises himself . Pu'ar also shape - shifts itself into Beerus to act as a decoy . Shortly afterwards , Goku and a disguised Beerus begin their fight . Following a brief clash , Whis interrupts the battle . Everyone carries on with the festivities . 43 `` Goku 's `` Ki '' is Out of Control ? ! Looking After Pan is A Lot of Trouble ! '' / `` Goku 's Energy is Out of Control ? The Struggle to Look After Pan '' `` Gokū no `` Ki '' ga seigyo funō ! ? Pan no osewa de shikuhakku ! '' ( 悟空 の 「 気 」 が 制御 不能 ! ? パン の お世話 で 四苦八苦 ) May 15 , 2016 December 9 , 2017 Due to overexerting himself during the tournament , Goku has problems controlling his energy . He decides to take a break and relax in order to get his strength back . While Gohan and Videl are out , Goku and his family babysit Pan . That morning , Pilaf , Shu , and Mai plan to attack Goku , while he is asleep . They end up fleeing in terror and bring Pan along with them . Inside their ship , Pilaf accidentally launches them into the stratosphere . The pressure from the launch destroys their ship , but Pan is able to fly back home with her captives in tow . On their way home , Goku 's family is relieved to find Pan even though they remain ignorant of her exploits . 44 `` Seal of Planet Potofu -- Secret of the Superhuman Water Is Unleashed ! '' / `` The Seal of Planet Pot - au - feu ; Secrets of the Unleashed Superhuman Water ! '' `` Potofu sei no fūin toki hanatareta -- `` Chōjin sui '' no himitsu ! '' ( ポトフ 星 の 封印 解き放た れ た `` 超人 水 '' の 秘密 ! ) May 22 , 2016 December 16 , 2017 While Monaka delivers a package to Bulma , Goten and Trunks sneak into his delivery truck and are accidentally taken to Planet Po - tau - feu . A group of space bandits are led by a teal humanoid called Gryll ( グリル , Guriru ) . They attempt to steal a key to an item called the Superhuman Water ( 超人 水 , Chōjin Mizu ) from an elder named Potage ( ポタジ , Potaji ) . The bandits succeed and are absorbed and cloned by the purple viscous liquid . At Bulma 's request , Vegeta and Jaco arrive on the planet to search for the children . Shortly after they arrive , the liquid absorbs and clones Vegeta . 45 `` Vegeta Disappears ? ! The Threat of Duplicated Vegeta ! '' / `` Vegeta Disappears ? ! Menace of the Duplicate Vegeta ! '' `` Bejīta ga kieru ! ? Fukusei bejīta no kyōi ! '' ( ベジータ が 消える ! ? 複製 ベジータ の 脅威 ! ) May 29 , 2016 January 6 , 2018 Vegeta is powerless due to the purple viscous liquid cloning and absorbing his powers . The liquid is revealed to be a sentient being known as Commeson ( コメソン , Komeson ) . Superhuman Water is just one of its many names known throughout the universe . Vegeta and the rest flee from the cloned Vegeta and the space bandits . They learn from Potage that the original will disappear once cloned . Goten and Trunks attempt to defeat the clone before that happens . Goku is fully recovered while training on King Kai 's planet . He senses that Goten and Trunks are in danger and teleports to Goten 's side . Goku prepares to fight the cloned Vegeta . 46 5 `` Goku vs. Duplicated Vegeta ! Who 's Gonna Win ? ! '' / `` Goku vs. the Duplicate Vegeta ! Which One is Going to Win ? '' `` Gokū VS fukusei Bejīta ! Katsu no wa dotchida ! ? '' ( 悟空 VS 複製 ベジータ ! 勝つ の は どっち だ ! ? ) June 5 , 2016 January 13 , 2018 Goku and the cloned Vegeta begin their battle . Each side holds its own . Vegeta tells Goku that he can not beat him with attacks like that . The cloned Vegeta backs Goku into a corner . Goku teleports behind his opponent and lands a blow on him , which briefly turns the battle in his favor . Vegeta starts getting frustrated that his clone is failing to dodge certain attacks and begins cheering for the clone when it knocks Goku away . Trunks reminds Vegeta that if they do not defeat the clone , Vegeta would die . Vegeta attempts to attack the clone himself , but he fails to do any damage . Frustrated , Vegeta criticizes both his clone and Goku . Goku begins wondering whose side Vegeta is on . He and the cloned Vegeta quickly power up , and the two continue their fight . Jaco points out that Vegeta is even more transparent than before . Potage tells Vegeta to use Commeson to gain time . Trunks wonders if there might be another way to save Vegeta in case their plan fails . Potage suggests that the Commeson should be destroyed to weaken the clones it had created . Trunks , Goten , Potage , and Jaco fly away to retrieve the weapon . Meanwhile , Goku manages to fight off cloned Vegeta . Vegeta is frustrated that it is Goku who is fighting the clone and not him . The fight causes a destructive shock wave . Commeson takes advantage of this and quickly attacks Trunks . Vegeta feels that Trunks is in trouble and tries to reach him . Monaka accidentally steps on Commeson 's core behind him , which damages it along with its clones . Potage notes that even though the core was destroyed , time has run out . Vegeta is disappearing . Realizing this is his last chance , Goku destroys the cloned Vegeta . As a result , Vegeta 's body regenerates . Potage reseals Commeson . Goku thanks Monaka for his help and says that he would have been beaten by the cloned Vegeta if it were not for him . With the Planet Po - tau - feu saved and the threat destroyed , Goku and the others return to Earth . Meanwhile , in an annihilated alternate timeline , Future Trunks looks to destroy a new threat that has been terrorizing his world . `` Future '' Trunks Saga ( 2016 -- 2017 ) ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 47 `` An SOS from the Future ! A Dark New Enemy Emerges ! ! '' / `` SOS from the Future : A Dark New Enemy Appears ! '' `` Mirai kara no esuōesu ! Kuroki arata na teki arawaru ! '' ( 未来 から の SOS ! 黒き 新た な 敵 現 る ! ! ) June 12 , 2016 January 20 , 2018 In an alternate timeline , Future Trunks is hiding from a mysterious enemy that has been terrorizing the Future Earth . He meets with his mother in their hideout , Future Bulma , who is relieved that he survived . She is revealed to have been working on the time machine for their trip to find help . Just as they are about to leave , an explosion destroys Future Bulma 's equipment . Seeing as they are in danger , Future Bulma urges Future Trunks to leave without her . Shortly after , a mysterious enemy demolishes the hideout . Future Bulma is killed by falling debris following the explosion , but Future Trunks manages to escape . Back in the present timeline , Goku is showing his new farm to Chi - Chi and Goten . Piccolo arrives shortly after at Goku 's request . Goku says he wants to use his work as a way to train . While Goku and Piccolo are having a harvesting competition , on Beerus ' planet , Vegeta is training with Whis . Goku notices this and teleports to them . Beerus asks if Goku brought him a gift , and Goku gives him a ball of lettuce he grabbed during his contest with Piccolo . Beerus enjoys the lettuce , but he considers it inadequate . Meanwhile , in the alternate timeline , Future Trunks meets up with Future Mai . Future Trunks tells her that his mother has sacrificed herself so he could escape and return to the past to save his world . Back on Beerus ' planet , Goku , Vegeta , Beerus , and Whis discuss Grand Zenō , who is the `` King of all Universes '' . Beerus says that Grand Zenō is the most powerful being there is . Whis says that Grand Zenō is also able to erase entire universes as there had originally been 18 universes instead of the current 12 universes . In the alternate timeline , Future Trunks and Future Mai are eating and resting . They discuss about going back 17 years in the past , where Future Trunks ' friends would be . They make their way to Capsule Corporation . They stumble upon a vortex in the sky out of which arrives the mysterious enemy that the two have been running away from . Future Trunks tells Future Mai to go on ahead as he draws his sword . He tries to face the enemy but to no avail . In order to save Future Trunks and give him a chance to escape , Future Mai acts as a decoy . Future Mai is hit by the enemy 's blast and seemingly killed on the spot . Future Trunks is enraged and looks at the enemy , who is revealed to be a Goku look - alike being named Goku Black ( ゴクウ ブラック , Gokū Burakku ) . 48 `` Hope ! ! Once More Awaken in the Present , Trunks '' / `` Hope ! Redux Awaken in the Present , Trunks '' `` Kibō ! ! Futatabi -- Imade mezame yo Torankusu '' ( HOPE ( き ぼう ) ! ! 再び 現在 で 目覚めよ トランクス ) June 19 , 2016 January 27 , 2018 Goku Black taunts Future Trunks as he could not save any of his family or friends . Future Trunks powers up to Super Saiyan to fight Goku Black , but he is outmatched . He distracts Goku Black with an energy attack and quickly boards the Time Capsule and escapes 17 years into the past . Goku Black is frustrated that he can not find Trunks in the future timeline . Meanwhile in the present timeline , Trunks is studying in class along with Pilaf 's Gang . During a recess break , Trunks feels strange and looks at the sky to observe the Time Capsule arriving with Future Trunks inside . He immediately calls for his mother . Bulma contacts Vegeta and Goku who are training on Beerus ' planet . Bulma asks Trunks to power up in order for Goku to be able to teleport himself and Vegeta to their location . Whis and Beerus also arrive to see Future Trunks . Vegeta asks Goku to get some Senzu beans . Goku goes to Korin 's place to get some Senzu beans . Future Trunks regains consciousness thanks to the Senzu bean . Upon spotting Goku , Future Trunks recalls Goku Black 's attacks and immediately charges towards Goku , which shocks everyone around . 49 `` A Message from the Future -- Goku Black Strikes ! '' / `` A Message From the Future -- The Incursion of Goku Black ! '' `` Mirai kara no messēji -- Gokū Burakku shūrai ! '' ( 未来 から の メッセージ ゴクウ ブラック 襲来 ! ) June 26 , 2016 February 3 , 2018 Goku manages to fight off Future Trunks . Bulma manages to calm down Future Trunks . Future Trunks gets clued in as to where he had ended up . He is also introduced to Beerus and Whis . Future Trunks apologizes to Goku for attacking him . Future Trunks explains that he was unaware that Goku was revived after sacrificing himself to defeat Cell , and the new enemy he is facing looks just like him . Both Goku and Vegeta are intrigued by this enemy . They decide to help him . Meanwhile in an alternate timeline , Goku Black is searching for Future Trunks . Realizing Future Trunks escaped using a time - traveling machine , Goku Black decides to go after him . Goku and Future Trunks decide to have a quick fight to determine each other 's power . Goku easily defeats Future Trunks , but Future Trunks warns Goku that Goku Black is a lot more powerful . While Goku and Future Trunks discuss more about Goku Black , a portal opens above them . Goku Black comes out of the portal and introduces himself . 50 `` Goku vs. Black ! The Closed Path to the Future '' / `` Goku vs. Black ! A Closed - Off Road to the Future '' `` Gokū VS Burakku ! Tozasareta mirai e no michi '' ( 悟空 VS ブラック ! 閉ざさ れ た 未来 へ の 道 ) July 3 , 2016 February 10 , 2018 Goku Black arrives in the past . Future Trunks decides to fight Goku Black , but Vegeta stops him . Curious to know how powerful Goku Black really is , Goku decides to fight him . Neither of them seems to be particularly interested in their fight . Goku decides to transform into a Super Saiyan . Goku Black proves to be no match for powered - up Goku . Future Trunks wonders why Goku does not simply destroy his opponent . Goku Black tries to power up but before he is able to , Goku thwarts him . While Goku and Goku Black fight , the time portal starts to disappear . It also starts dragging Goku Black towards itself . Goku Black realizes this . He destroys the Time Machine as soon as he had been dragged into it , which prevents others to return to the future . With Goku Black suddenly gone , Goku wonders where his enemy could have disappeared . Whis explains that Goku Black used a time - traveling method only Supreme Kai know about . Bulma decides to search for the other Time Machine that Cell used to travel back in time . Just as Goku Black reappears in the future timeline , Future Mai regains consciousness . 51 5 `` Feelings That Travel Beyond Time -- Trunks and Mai '' / `` Feelings That Transcend Time : Trunks and Mai '' `` Toki o koeta omoi -- Torankusu to Mai '' ( 時 を こえ た 想い トランクス と マイ ) July 10 , 2016 February 17 , 2018 Bulma finds the Time Machine that Cell used to travel to the past and promptly gathers the team to repair it . While Future Trunks is waiting for Bulma to finish the repairs , Goku heads off to King Kai 's planet to train . Future Trunks and Present Mai discuss their counterparts from alternate timelines . Future Trunks explains to Present Mai that Future Mai was a leader of Earth 's resistance movement who died fighting to protect the planet . He also mentions Goku Black 's ultimate goal , which is to eliminate all humans who are seen as inferior beings . Determined to find Goku Black , Beerus and Whis search for the villain 's energy signature . Meanwhile , Goku Black is surprised that he had grown stronger fighting Goku . He seeks to fight him again to become even stronger . 52 6 `` Teacher and Student Reunited -- Son Gohan and Future Trunks '' / `` Master and Pupil Reunited - Gohan and Future Trunks ! '' `` Shitei saikai -- Son Gohan to `` Mirai '' Torankusu '' ( 師弟 再会 孫 悟 飯 と `` 未来 '' トランクス ) July 17 , 2016 February 24 , 2018 Bulma and her team are still repairing the Time Machine . Piccolo and Krillin are mending the damages in the wake of Goku 's fight with Goku Black . Piccolo mentions that Gohan had changed since he is not the pupil he had trained years ago . He is dissatisfied with the fact that Gohan decided to abandon his training to become a scholar . Future Trunks is surprised by Piccolo 's point of view . Piccolo and Krillin suggest that Future Trunks should meet their timeline 's Gohan . Future Trunks meets Gohan at Gohan 's house , and the two discuss their shared future . Gohan introduces Future Trunks to his family . Shortly afterwards , Future Trunks leaves for the Capsule Corporation . Meanwhile , Goku , Beerus , and Whis travel to another universe , where they had detected Goku Black 's energy . 53 7 `` Uncover Black 's Identity ! To the Sacred World of the Kais ! '' / `` Uncover Black 's Identity ! Off to the 10th Universe 's World of the Kai 's ! '' `` Burakku no shōtai o abake ! Iza dai 10 uchū no kaiōshin kai e ! '' ( ブラック の 正体 を 暴け ! いざ 第 10 宇宙 の 界 王 神 界 へ ! ) July 31 , 2016 March 3 , 2018 Goku , Beerus , and Whis arrive on Universe Ten 's Sacred World of the Kais . They meet the Supreme Kai beings called Zamasu ( ザマス ) , who is an apprentice Supreme Kai , and Gowasu ( ゴワス ) , who is the Supreme Kai and Zamasu 's master . Gowasu shows himself to be a kind hearted Supreme Kai who loves all creation , while Zamasu despises mortals . Goku is excited by the idea of fighting a Supreme Kai . He asks Zamasu to spar with him . Zamasu objects to fighting Goku , but he is asked to fight by Gowasu . Zamasu is baffled to learn that he is no match for Goku . Beerus and Whis realize that the energy they had detected is actually that of Zamasu . Goku , Beerus , and Whis head back to Universe Seven 's Earth . On Earth , Krillin introduces Future Trunks to his wife , Android 18 , and his daughter , Marron . 54 8 `` The One Who Inherits the Saiyan Blood -- Trunk 's Resolve '' / `` He Who is of Saiyan Blood - Trunks 's Resolve '' `` Saiya - jin no chiohikumono -- Torankusu no ketsui '' ( サイヤ 人 の 血 を ひく 者 トランクス の 決意 ) August 7 , 2016 March 10 , 2018 Bulma and her team put the finishing touches to the rebuilt Time Machine . Meanwhile , Vegeta wants to test Future Trunks ' power to see how strong his son had become . Future Trunks proves to be no match for Vegeta at his full power . Future Trunks is outmatched in every way . However , Future Trunks finds this fact reassuring . Knowing how powerful Vegeta and Goku have become , he is certain that Goku Black will not be much of a threat . Vegeta is disappointed and angry with Future Trunks . Vegeta believes that Saiyans should continually strive to grow stronger and not only when enemies present themselves . On Beerus ' planet , Beerus and Whis are about to eat dinner . Suddenly , Grand Zenō contacts them and tells them that he wishes to meet Goku , which shocks Beerus and Whis . 55 9 `` I Want to See Son Goku -- Zen - Oh Sama 's Summoning ! '' / `` I 'd Like to See Goku , You See A Summons from Grand Zeno ! '' `` Son Gokū ni aitai no ne -- Zenō - sama kara no yobidashi ! '' ( 孫悟空 に 会 いたい の ね 全 王様 から の よびだし ! ) August 21 , 2016 March 17 , 2018 Whis and Beerus are worried over Grand Zenō 's request to meet Goku and what it could mean for their universe . They do not want Goku to meet Grand Zenō out of fear that he would come across as crude and offensive . Whis and Beerus reluctantly decide to heed Grand Zenō 's request . They tell Goku to keep quiet about their plans regarding Goku Black and time - traveling . Beerus instructs Whis to let nothing happen to the Supreme Kai of Universe Seven . It is revealed that if a Supreme Kai dies then the God of Destruction from the same universe dies as well . In Universe Ten on Planet Babari ( 惑星 ババリ , Wakusei Babari ) , Zamasu kills one of the natives after it tried to attack them . Gowasu scolds his student and says such behavior goes against his teaching of maintaining the balance between good and evil . Zamasu flouts that mindset and argues that the only way to maintain balance is to eradicate mortals . As Zamasu stands in the wind , rose petals start to whirl around him , which gives an allusion to distinctive red energy of Goku Black . Goku , Whis , and Universe Seven 's Supreme Kai arrive at Grand Zenō 's palace . Grand Zenō says that all he wanted was a friend to play with when he feels like having fun . Goku promises that he will find a better friend for him to play with . Before Goku leaves , Grand Zenō gives him a button and says to press it if Goku ever wants to summon him . Shortly afterwards , Goku , Beerus , and Whis leave for Earth , where the Time Machine has been repaired . Goku , Vegeta , and Future Trunks arrive into Future Trunks ' alternate timeline . As soon as they arrive , Goku is attacked by the Earth 's resistance forces who mistook him for Goku Black . 56 10 `` Rematch With Goku Black ! Super Saiyan Rosé Appears '' / `` Rematch with Goku Black ! Enter Super Saiyan Rosé '' `` Saisen Gokū Burakku ! Sūpā Saiya - jin Roze tōjō ! ! '' ( 再戦 ゴクウ ブラック ! 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ロゼ 登場 ! ! ) August 28 , 2016 March 24 , 2018 Future Trunks quickly pacifies the resistance fighters . He explains that he has returned with Goku and Vegeta to defeat Goku Black . The fighters reveal that Future Mai has left them with an action plan in case Goku Black appears . Future Trunks , Goku , and Vegeta leave and meet Future Mai at her hideout . Future Mai explains that after she managed to escape , she stumbled on a group of resistance members who took her in . However , their refuge was soon attacked and destroyed by Goku Black . Goku spots Future Yajirobe ( 未来 の ヤジロベー , Mirai no Yajirobē ) , who Future Trunks believed to be dead in the resistance 's ranks . Future Yajirobe reveals that his life was saved by a Senzu bean , which Korin had given him . Vegeta states that he plans to take on Goku Black alone this time . Goku suggests that they play a game of Rock - paper - scissors to decide who gets to fight first . Vegeta accepts the proposal and wins . Meanwhile , Goku Black is wandering the desolate ruins of the Future Earth . Future Trunks , Goku , and Vegeta suddenly appear near him . Vegeta powers up and engages Goku Black who seems to be completely uninterested . Goku Black transforms into a pink - haired Super Saiyan and fights Vegeta . He dubs the form Super Saiyan Rosé ( 超 サイヤ 人 ロゼ , Sūpā Saiya - jin Roze ) following Goku 's naming pattern . Goku Black tells Vegeta that their fight only made him stronger . Vegeta and Goku Black exchange a few blows . Vegeta knocks him away . Vegeta charges in to attack again . Goku Black uses his ki to form an energy blade on his hand and stabs Vegeta in the chest , which critically wounds him . Goku quickly powers up and charges at Goku Black . As the two fight , Future Trunks thinks they are evenly matched , but Vegeta notices that Goku Black has an advantage over Goku as well . Just as Goku Black begins charging his attack , Zamasu appears and stops the fight . He urges Goku Black to allow him to kill Goku just as they have agreed . 57 11 `` The God With the Immortal Body -- Zamasu Descends '' / `` A God with an Invincible Body -- The Advent of Zamasu '' `` Fujimi no karada o motsu kami -- Zamasu kōrin '' ( 不死身 の 体 を 持つ 神 ザマス 降臨 ) September 4 , 2016 March 31 , 2018 Zamasu appears unexpectedly from the sky . He states that he and Goku Black are `` kindred spirits '' who want a world without mortals . Goku challenges Zamasu to a fight and Zamasu accepts . During the fight , Goku Black suddenly comes between Goku and Zamasu and smashes Goku into a corner . Future Trunks appears and attacks Goku Black . Goku Black uses Goku 's Kamehameha blast at Goku and Future Trunks . They fail to dodge it . As Goku Black and Zamasu use their combined power to finish off Goku and Future Trunks , Vegeta steps in and saves Goku and Future Trunks . Vegeta is badly wounded . Future Yajirobe swoops in to rescue wounded Goku and Future Trunks and takes them to a safer location . Before Goku Black and Zamasu are able to finish off Vegeta , Future Mai and the resistance soldiers intervene and rescue Vegeta . Goku and the others return to their timeline using the Time Machine . Future Mai and Future Yajirobe are left behind . 58 12 `` Zamasu and Black -- The Mystery of the Two Deepens '' / `` Zamasu and Black -- The Duo 's Mystery Deepens '' `` Zamasu to Burakku -- Fukamaru futari no nazo '' ( ザマス と ブラック 深まる 二 人 の 謎 ) September 11 , 2016 April 7 , 2018 Wanting to learn more about the Super Dragon Balls , Zamasu visits Master Zuno 's planet . Under duress , Master Zuno explains exactly how the Super Dragon Balls work and where they are . At Capsule Corporation , Bulma nurses Goku , Vegeta , and Future Trunks back to health . Beerus and Whis arrive with the Universe Seven 's Supreme Kai . After listening to what happened in the alternate timeline , Whis suggests a theory as to what exactly Zamasu is planning . After losing to Goku , Whis believes Zamasu became obsessed with Goku and his incredible power . Zamasu needed an ally as powerful as Goku to achieve his goal of obliterating mortals . Goku Black was therefore supposed to be a copy of Goku and created using the Super Dragon Balls . Whis also adds his earlier theory about how Goku Black is able to time travel using Supreme Kai 's method . He believes that their timeline 's Zamasu is the one who is going to kill Gowasu and give Goku Black the time - traveling device known as the Time Ring ( 時 の 指輪 , Toki no yubiwa ) . Universe Seven 's Supreme Kai takes Goku , Beerus , and Whis to Universe Ten to warn Gowasu , while Vegeta stays behind . They arrive at the Supreme Kai Realm ( 界 王 神 界 , Kaiōshin Kai ) , where they meet Gowasu . Gowasu explains that Zamasu has left on what he called an important mission . Goku tries to warn Gowasu of what Zamasu has done in the future , but Beerus promptly silences him . They wonder if Gowasu noticed anything wrong with his apprentice . Gowasu mentions the doubts Zamasu has had regarding the role of the Supreme Kai and their relationship with mortals , but it should not be a cause for concern . Just as Gowasu finishes , Zamasu arrives . 59 13 `` Protect Supreme Kai Gowasu -- Destroy Zamasu ! '' / `` Protect The Supreme Kai Gowasu -- Destroy Zamasu ! '' `` Kaiōshin Gowasu o mamore -- Zamasu o hakai seyo ! '' ( 界 王 神 ゴワス を 守れ ザマス を 破壊 せよ ! ) September 25 , 2016 April 14 , 2018 Whis gifts Gowasu with rice cakes and says that he and the others did not mean to disturb Zamasu and him . Shortly afterwards , they leave Universe Ten 's Supreme Kai Realm . While they are in space , Whis uses his staff to eavesdrop on Gowasu and Zamasu . They watch as Zamasu kills Gowasu . Whis turns back time so that Goku can save Gowasu . Zamasu claims he did not plan on killing Gowasu , but Whis tells him otherwise . Angered that his plan has failed , Zamasu tries to destroy Goku . Beerus saves Goku and destroys Zamasu . With the present day Zamasu destroyed , Goku and the others decide to track down Goku Black . In the alternate timeline , Zamasu and Goku Black are discussing Goku Black 's power . 60 14 `` Back to the Future -- Goku Black 's Identity Is Revealed ! ! '' / `` Into the Future Once Again -- Goku Black 's True Identity Revealed ! '' `` Futatabi mirai e -- Akasareru Gokū Burakku no shōtai ! ! '' ( 再び 未来 へ 明かさ れる ゴクウ ブラック の 正体 ! ! ) October 2 , 2016 April 21 , 2018 With Zamasu defeated , Beerus is convinced that Future Trunks ' timeline has become peaceful once again . Although hesitant , Future Trunks decides to go back to his timeline to make sure that is the case . Goku , Vegeta , and Bulma accompany him . As soon as they arrive , they realize that nothing has changed . Future Zamasu and Goku Black learn of Goku and the others ' return . Shortly afterwards , the two groups meet . Goku Black reveals himself to be the version of Zamasu who successfully destroyed Gowasu and was apparently erased by Whis ' time powers . Goku Black had protected himself by using the Time Ring . Afterwards , he stole the body of Goku 's timeline with the wish granted by the Super Dragon Balls . Goku Black used its potential to grow stronger than Goku himself . 61 15 `` Zamasu 's Ambition -- The Awful `` Zero Mortal Plan '' Is Revealed '' / `` Zamasu 's Ambition - The Storied `` Project 0 Mortals '' of Terror '' `` Zamasu no yabō -- Katarareru kyōfu no `` Ningen 0 keikaku '' '' ( ザマス の 野望 語 られる 恐怖 の 『 人間 0 計画 』 ) October 9 , 2016 April 28 , 2018 Future Zamasu reveals himself to be Zamasu from Future Trunks ' alternate timeline , who used the Super Dragon Balls in this timeline to wish for immortality . Goku fights Goku Black and Future Zamasu , but he is outmatched by the two villains . Goku Black tells Goku that after taking over his body , he killed Chi - Chi and Goten just to spite him . Goku is enraged and fights Goku Black and Future Zamasu . He is initially able to hold his own , but he is soon overpowered and knocked out . With Goku defeated , Future Trunks and Vegeta are backed into a corner . Future Zamasu holds Future Trunks and his constant time - traveling responsible for thwarting his plan to eradicate all mortals . This infuriates Future Trunks , who explodes and transforms into an immensely powerful new form of Super Saiyan . 62 16 `` I 'll Protect the World ! Trunks ' Furious Super Power Explodes ! ! '' / `` I Will Defend the World ! Trunks ' Furious Burst of Super Power ! '' `` Sekai wa ore ga mamoru ! Torankusu ikari no sūpā pawā sakuretsu ! ! '' ( 世界 は オレ が 守る ! トランクス 怒り の 超 ( スーパー ) パワー 炸裂 ! ! ) October 16 , 2016 May 5 , 2018 While Future Trunks ' new form is enough to match Goku Black , Future Trunks is still unable to deal the death blow . Future Trunks tells Vegeta to take Goku back to the past , while he faces their opponents . Goku Black attempts to prevent them from escaping , but he fails to do so . Goku , Vegeta , and Bulma arrive in the present . Vegeta explains what happened in Future Trunks ' timeline and Goku Black 's origin to Beerus and Whis . Believing they had done their part , Beerus and Whis leave . Meanwhile , Chi - Chi and Gohan meet with Krillin to ask if he knows where Goku went . Krillin hesitates and dodges the question . They leave for Bulma 's house to ask her the same question . Once there , they meet Goku in bandages . With everyone present , Piccolo thinks of a new plan . He proposes using the Evil Containment Wave ( 魔 封 波 , Mafūba ) , which is an ancient technique used to seal demons in jars . Wondering what the Evil Containment Wave is , Goku quickly teleports to Kame House . Goku spends the night at Master Roshi 's house training to master the Evil Containment Wave , while Vegeta trains in the Hyberbolic Time Chamber . 63 17 `` Do n't Disrespect Saiyan Cells ! Vegeta 's Heroic Battle Begins ! ! '' / `` Do n't You Disgrace Saiyan Cells ! Vegeta 's Fierce Battle Commences ! '' `` Saiya - jin no saibō o kegasu na ! Bejīta no sōzetsu batoru kaien ! ! '' ( サイヤ 人 の 細胞 を 汚す な ! ベジータ の 壮絶 バトル 開演 ! ! ) October 23 , 2016 May 12 , 2018 Before Goku Black and Future Zamasu are able to kill him , Future Trunks is saved by the resistance . Future Yajirobe informs Future Trunks that Future Mai has found Goku Black 's hideout . Future Trunks leaves for the hideout . Future Mai tries to shoot Goku Black , but she misses her shot . Just as Goku Black and Future Zamasu try to retaliate , Future Trunks intervenes in the nick of time . Future Trunks fights the two again without success . Goku and Vegeta arrive just in time to save him . Goku Black destroys the Time Machine , but Bulma manages to salvage what was left by dousing the fire . Gowasu and the Supreme Kai of Universe Seven arrive from the past to stop Future Zamasu from going on a killing spree . Goku Black and Future Zamasu explain that they killed all of the Supreme Kais in the future timeline . During the conversation , it is revealed that Whis and those like him are actually angels . Goku Black tries to kill Gowasu , but Goku and Vegeta stop him . Goku fights Future Zamasu , while Vegeta fights Goku Black . Bulma begins repairing the Time Machine and asks Future Trunks to prepare the seal , which Goku has brought to seal Future Zamasu . Vegeta gets the upper hand over Goku Black due to his latest training , which he interprets as a tipping point in his latent power that he possesses as the Prince of all Saiyans . 64 18 `` Revere Him ! Praise Him ! Fusion Zamasu 's Explosive Birth ! ! '' / `` Worship Me ! Give Praise Unto Me ! The Explosive Birth of a Merged Zamasu ! '' `` Agameyo ! Tataeyo ! Gattai Zamasu bakutan ! ! '' ( 崇めよ ! 讃えよ ! 合体 ザマス 爆誕 ! ! ) October 30 , 2016 May 19 , 2018 Vegeta continues to overpower Goku Black . Future Zamasu attempts to intervene , but Goku cuts him off . Goku Black realizes that Vegeta 's increased power comes from his anger and uses that method to increase his own power . Goku Black distracts Goku and Vegeta by creating many energy duplicates of himself to confuse them , while Future Zamasu goes after Future Trunks , Future Mai , and Bulma . Bulma attempts to buy time for Future Trunks to prepare the Evil Containment Wave by flirting with Future Zamasu . However , he sees through her trick and knocks her out . This angers Future Trunks , who powers up to his new Super Saiyan form and uses the Evil Containment Wave on Future Zamasu . The Evil Containment Wave works on Future Zamasu , who is sealed within the jar . However , in the present , Master Roshi realizes that he forgot to give Goku the paper amulet that would make the seal permanent . As a result , the seal fails and Future Zamasu breaks out of the jar , which weakened him . Goku Black goes to help him , and Goku and Vegeta follow in pursuit . Realizing that they have underestimated their enemies , Goku Black and Future Zamasu use their Potara earrings to fuse into an immensely powerful being known as Fusion Zamasu . 65 19 `` Is This the Final Judgement ? ! The Ultimate Power of the Absolute God '' / `` Final Judgement ? The Ultimate Power of an Absolute God '' `` Saigo no shipan ka ! ? Zettai shin no kyūkyoku no pawā '' ( 最後 の 審判 か ! ? 絶対 神 の 究極 の 力 ( パワー ) ) November 6 , 2016 June 2 , 2018 Fusion Zamasu explains that he possesses the immortality of Future Zamasu as well as Goku Black 's Saiyan ability to grow stronger from each fight . He shows off his power and devastates the Earth in the process . Meanwhile , Future Trunks decides to rejoin the fight , while Future Mai and Bulma are working on the Time Machine . Goku and Vegeta fight Fusion Zamasu , but they are easily defeated . Future Trunks joins the fight , but he is also overpowered . Fusion Zamasu begins charging up an enormous ki blast known as the Holy Wrath to destroy the planet . Future Trunks uses a last - ditch Galick Gun attack to hold him off . Vegeta joins the clash with his own all - out Galick Gun . Surprisingly , their combined attack overpowers Fusion Zamasu 's attack and saves the Earth . However , Fusion Zamasu survives unscathed . Vegeta barely saves Future Trunks from a deadly attack by Fusion Zamasu . Vegeta gets knocked out by the blast . Fusion Zamasu charges a second attack , but Goku rejoins the fight and counters it with his Kamehameha attack . 66 20 `` The Climactic Battle ! The Miraculous Power of a Relentless Warrior ! '' / `` Showdown ! The Miraculous Power of Unyielding Warriors '' `` Kessen ! Akiramenai senshi - tachi no kiseki no pawā ! '' ( 決戦 ! あきらめ ない 戦士 たち の 奇跡 の 力 ( パワー ) ! ) November 13 , 2016 June 9 , 2018 Goku puts all of his power into his Kamehameha , which is able to pierce through Fusion Zamasu 's attack and stop him from destroying Earth . In the wake of the explosion , Goku is exhausted , and Fusion Zamasu is injured . When Fusion Zamasu grabs him , Goku overpowers him using his Kaio - ken technique and knocks Fusion Zamasu back temporarily . However , Goku 's use of the Kaio - ken drains all of his energy , and he collapses . Fusion Zamasu regains consciousness and powers up , but he still does not heal properly . Vegeta wonders why Fusion Zamasu is not healing . Gowasu explains that Fusion Zamasu must be mortal since Goku Black was as well . Goku decides that the only way they can win is for him and Vegeta to fuse using Universe Seven Supreme Kai 's Potara earrings . Vegeta initially refuses until Gowasu explains that a Potara fusion that does not involve a Supreme Kai only lasts for one hour . Goku and Vegeta fuse to become Vegito . Vegito powers up to Super Saiyan Blue , who dubs himself `` Vegito Blue '' , and begins fighting Fusion Zamasu . Vegito quickly gains the advantage , but Fusion Zamasu grows even stronger . Gowasu explains that Zamasu 's mutation is a result of his anger manifesting in physical form . Meanwhile , Bulma and Future Mai finish repairing the Time Machine . Future Mai gives Future Trunks his broken sword , which inspires him to keep fighting . Future Trunks uses his power to restore the sword . Vegito and Fusion Zamasu continue fighting . Vegito is winning until his fusion abruptly ends due to the strain from his immense power . Fusion Zamasu begins to pummel Goku and Vegeta until Future Trunks arrives to help . Future Trunks unknowingly begins gathering energy from all living things on Earth and creates a Spirit Bomb , which he channels into his sword . With this new power , Future Trunks runs his sword through Fusion Zamasu and cuts him in half . 67 21 `` With New Hope ! ! In Our Hearts -- Farewell , Trunks '' / `` With New Hope in His Heart - Farewell , Trunks '' `` Aratana kibō ! ! O mune ni -- saraba Torankusu '' ( 新た な HOPE ( き ぼう ) ! ! を 胸 に さらば トランクス ) November 20 , 2016 June 16 , 2018 Fusion Zamasu expresses his disbelief that a mortal could defeat him and disintegrates . However , as everyone exchanges congratulations , Fusion Zamasu 's essence returns and begins spreading over the entire planet . Gowasu explains that Zamasu has cast off his physical form , and Zamasu is trying to physically merge his spirit and energy with the entire universe . Zamasu begins raining destruction down on the Earth and annihilates everything and everyone on the planet except Goku and the others . Zamasu 's power is even felt in the present timeline , where Beerus and Whis sense it . Goku looks for another Senzu bean in his pocket , but instead he finds the button that Grand Zenō gave him in the present timeline . Goku presses the button and Future Grand Zenō appears . After Goku explains the situation , Future Grand Zenō decides to erase the future timeline due to the corruption that Zamasu has caused . Gowasu and Universe Seven Supreme Kai teleport away , while Goku and the others escape using the Time Machine . Future Grand Zenō erases the entire future timeline and Fusion Zamasu . After the others return to the present , Goku and Future Trunks return to what is left of the future timeline . They retrieve Future Grand Zenō and bring him back to the present with them . Goku , Whis , and Universe Seven Supreme Kai bring Future Grand Zenō to meet the present Grand Zenō , which fulfills Goku 's promise to provide the present Grand Zenō with a friend to play with . Whis also meets another angel , the Grand Minister ( 大 神官 , Daishinkan ) , who is revealed to be his father , and invites him to visit Universe Seven . In the aftermath , Whis devises a solution for Future Trunks and Future Mai . Whis explains that they can return to the future timeline before Zamasu became a threat , which would create a new and safe version of the future timeline with the price of there being two duplicates of both Future Trunks and Future Mai living in the new timeline . Future Trunks and Future Mai accept Whis ' solution and use the time machine to travel to their new future . 68 22 `` Come Forth , Shenron ! Whose Wish Will Be Granted ? '' `` Ideyo Shenlong ! Kanaeru negai wa dare no mono ! ? '' ( いでよ 神龍 ( シェンロン ) ! 叶える 願い は 誰 の もの ! ? ) November 27 , 2016 June 23 , 2018 Bulma is secretly trying to build a new Time Machine , but she has so far been unsuccessful . Goku decides to gather the Dragon Balls and use them to revive King Kai . However , Bulma wants to use them to acquire a rare mineral that she needs for the Time Machine , which can only be found at the Earth 's core . Wanting to taste more Earth food , Beerus and Whis return to Earth . Bulma takes them to a seafood restaurant and attempts to keep them from finding out about the Time Machine as they had previously forbidden her from making another Time Machine . Goku gathers the Dragon Balls and summons Shenron . Before Goku can make his wish , several others show up who want to make their respective wishes . As the others are all fighting over the wishes , Gohan arrives with Pan , who is sick and suffering from a severe fever . Goku and the others immediately allow Gohan to use one of the two wishes to heal Pan . After Gohan and Pan leave , the others resume fighting over the remaining wish . Bulma manages to talk everyone else out of making wishes by solving their problems herself . Goku still insists on getting his wish granted . Bulma agrees , but she convinces Goku to go to the Earth 's core and retrieve the rare mineral she needs in exchange for letting him use the wish . Beerus and Whis finish eating and leave the restaurant . They spot Shenron and promptly go to the scene . They find Goku at the Earth 's core . Having deduced that Bulma is trying to make another Time Machine , Beerus destroys the mineral and the Time Machine . Just as Goku is about to make his wish , the Dragon Balls deactivate and scatter across the Earth . Goku promises to revive King Kai as soon as the Dragon Balls reactivate . 69 23 `` Goku vs. Arale ! A Ridiculous Battle Will End the Earth ? ! '' / `` Goku vs. Arale ! An Off - the - Wall Battle Spells the End of the Earth ? '' `` Gokū VS Arare ! Hachamechabatoru de Chikyū ga owaru ! ? '' ( 悟空 VS アラレ ! ハチャメチャ バトル で 地球 が 終わる ! ? ) December 4 , 2016 June 30 , 2018 Vegeta , Bulma , and Trunks attend a science competition that Bulma is participating in , which is hosted by Mr. Satan . Goku is hired to work security for the event . Dr. Senbei Norimaki of Penguin Village , who has created a device that can create any item its user can think of out of thin air , wins the award . Dr. Norimaki 's nemesis , Dr. Mashirito , appears as a ghost , and reveals that he has used a chemical called Playtine - X to gain control over Norimaki 's powerful robot daughter named Arale Norimaki . Vegeta attempts to stop Arale , but her overwhelming strength and seeming ability to defy the laws of physics are too much for him . She sends him flying into the distance . Goku transforms into Super Saiyan Blue and begins fighting Arale . They initially seem to be evenly matched , but it becomes apparent that their battle could easily destroy the Earth . Dr. Norimaki is able to use his new invention to distract Arale temporarily . Meanwhile , Bulma uses the invention to conjure up a mass of delicious food , which immediately attracts Beerus , who had been taking a nap . Dr. Mashirito confronts Beerus , who promptly obliterates him . Beerus also easily overpowers Arale . Just as Beerus is about to destroy her , the food he has eaten causes him severe stomach pain , which prompts him to rush home with Whis immediately . Shortly afterwards , Dr. Norimaki and Arale leave and return home . Goku and Arale agree to fight again in the future . 70 24 `` Champa 's Challenge ! This Time We Fight with Baseball ! ! '' / `` A Challenge From Champa ! This Time , A Baseball Game ! '' `` Shanpa kara no chōsen - jō ! Kondo wa yakyū de shōbuda ! ! '' ( シャンパ から の 挑戦 状 ! 今度 は 野球 で 勝負 だ ! ! ) December 11 , 2016 July 7 , 2018 Champa contacts Beerus and challenges him to a game of baseball ( 野球 , Yakyū ) as a way of reconciling Universes Six and Seven . The baseball game is arranged to be held on Universe Seven 's Earth . Champa explains to Vados that he intends to use the baseball game as an opportunity to steal food from Earth . The baseball game begins with Goku initially unsuccessful as the pitcher for Beerus ' team due to his lack of experience . Yamcha , who has extensive experience playing baseball , steps up and gives the Universe Seven team an advantage . However , he is injured several times over the course of the game by Vegeta , who is playing on the Universe Six team with Champa . Champa and Beerus end up fighting , which almost destroys the Earth . Whis and Vados intervene and call the baseball game off . Vados reveals that Yamcha , despite his injuries , made it to home plate and scored a run before the baseball game was called off . This results in Universe Seven winning the baseball game . Champa and his team return to Universe Six . Champa has seemingly forgotten his goal of stealing Universe Seven 's Earth food . Champa has already become obsessed with training to prepare for a rematch . 71 25 `` The Death of Goku ! The Guaranteed Assassination Mission '' / `` Goku Dies ! An Assassination That Must Be Executed '' `` Gokū shisu ! Zettai shikkō no ansatsu ninrai ! '' ( 悟空 死す ! 絶対 執行 の 暗殺 任 頼 ) December 18 , 2016 July 14 , 2018 Goku begins acting strangely . He admits to Gohan and Goten that he thinks someone wants to kill him . Meanwhile , in Universe Six , Hit carries out an assassination mission by killing a crime boss . His next target is revealed to be Goku . Goku senses Hit coming and flies to a remote area so that their fight would not put anyone else in danger . Hit arrives to kill Goku . Goku charges at Hit , but he can not hit him . Hit seemingly kills Goku with a single blow to the chest and disappears just before Piccolo , Gohan , and Goten arrive to find Goku 's body . 72 26 `` Will There Be a Counterattack ? ! The Invisible Killing Strike ! ! '' / `` Will He Strike Back ? The Unseen Killing Technique ! '' `` Hangeki naruka ! ? Mienai koroshi no waza ! ! '' ( 反撃 なる か ! ? 見え ない 殺し の 技 ! ! ) December 25 , 2016 July 21 , 2018 Piccolo tries to revive Goku to no avail , but Goku had fired an energy blast in the air shortly before he was killed that revives him . Goku learns that Hit 's assassination technique is an invisible energy blast . Goku shocks Hit by being the first person to ever dodge this technique , but he is still unable to land a blow on Hit and remains at a disadvantage . Meanwhile , Champa and Vados come to see the fight . They are later joined by Vegeta , Beerus , and Whis . Vados explains how Hit is able to use his secret technique , which makes him seemingly untouchable . In the midst of the battle , Goku fires his Kamehameha attack , which proves to be powerful enough to knock out both Hit and himself . In the aftermath , Goku reveals to Champa , Beerus , and Vegeta that he had hired Hit because he wanted to fight him at full strength . Whis and Vados were involved in Goku 's plan to hire Hit . 73 27 `` Gohan 's Misfortune ! An Unexpected Great Saiyaman Movie ? ! '' / `` Gohan 's Plight ! The Preposterous Great Saiyaman Film Adaptation ? ! '' `` Gohan no sainan ! Gurētosaiyaman masakano eiga ka ! ? '' ( 悟 飯 の 災難 ! グレート サイヤマン まさかの 映画 化 ! ? ) January 8 , 2017 July 28 , 2018 Mr. Satan reveals to Videl and Gohan that he is starring in a new superhero film : titled `` Great Saiyaman vs. Mister Satan '' ! As Videl , Gohan , and Pan check out the film set , the lead in the film , Barry Kahn , who is a famous but self - absorbed actor , becomes enamored with Videl and tries to woo her . Videl rejects Barry in front of the entire film crew , which angers him . Seeking revenge on Videl for his humiliation , Barry convinces Gohan to take over as the main stuntman for the film in order to embarrass and potentially maim him . As Gohan is the real Great Saiyaman , he uses his powers to easily take on the role . Gohan later dons the suit again for a fight against a pair of bank robbers . When the film crew accuses Gohan of using the suit and stopping the bank robbery , Bulma bails him out . However , Gohan 's identity is accidentally revealed to Cocoa , who is a starlet in the film . Cocoa blackmails Gohan into flying her around the city . Meanwhile , Jaco chases after a being known as Watagashi ( 綿 餓死 ) , which is an extraterrestrial parasitic criminal that possesses its hosts . Suspecting that `` The Great Saiyaman '' might be the host of Watagashi , Jaco attacks Gohan with a vaporizing cannon . 74 28 `` For the Ones He Loves ! The Unbeatable Great Saiyaman ! ! '' / `` For My Beloved Ones ! The Indomitable Great Saiyaman ! '' `` Aisuru mono no tame ni ! Fukutsu no Gurēto Saiyaman ! ! '' ( 愛する ものの ため に ! 不屈 の グレート サイヤマン ! ! ) January 15 , 2017 August 4 , 2018 Gohan manages to dodge Jaco 's cannon blast and learns of Watagashi 's ability to possess its hosts . Cocoa brings Gohan back to her apartment to rehearse , but she hides the fact that she was forced by Barry to let photos be taken of the pair for the tabloids . She has a secret change of heart and does not let the photos get taken in her room . When the pair go to the roof the next morning , Barry gets the pictures of Gohan getting a kiss from Cocoa and revealing himself as Great Saiyaman . Barry immediately brings the photos to Videl in an attempt to expose Gohan as a cheater . As he tries to woo Videl again , she sees through Barry 's act and refuses his advances . Watagashi finds and turns Barry into a powerful monster in the process . The possessed Barry knocks out Gohan and kidnaps Pan . He seeks a final showdown with Gohan , but Barry proves formidable . Gohan is nearly killed in the struggle . Videl and Pan express complete faith in Gohan 's desire to protect them and call out to encourage him . Gohan transforms into `` Super Great Saiyaman '' and knocks out Barry , which separates him from Watagashi in the process . The film becomes a hit . Cocoa blackmails Barry into keeping Gohan 's secret with the knowledge that Barry was the monster that attacked the city . Now seeing him as less of a threat , Jaco lets Watagashi escape . 75 29 `` Goku and Krillin Back to the Old Training Grounds '' / `` Goku and Krillin ! Back to the Old Familiar Training Ground ! '' `` Gokū to Kuririn -- Natsukashi no shugyō no ba e '' ( 悟空 と クリリン 懐かし の 修行 の 場 へ ) January 22 , 2017 August 11 , 2018 Goku seeks a sparring partner to train with , but he laments being unable to find a suitable opponent . On Goten 's suggestion , Goku goes to ask Krillin , who is still working as a police officer . Krillin is grazed by a bullet during a shootout with a pair of burglars , but they are easily disarmed by Goku . Krillin declines Goku 's offer to spar . He knows he would be no challenge for Goku and that he has given up martial arts for good . Krillin is chastised by Android 18 , who says the strong man she fell in love with could never be harmed by a bullet . Her words lead Krillin to reconsider Goku 's offer and ultimately accepts it . The two leave for Master Roshi 's to train as they did when they were children . Krillin proves to be no match for Goku even though Goku is wearing a heavy suit as a handicap . Sensing Krillin 's self - doubt and believing that a different approach is needed , Master Roshi sends his students on a race to a heavily forested island to recover a rare herb . As a reward , Master Roshi offers to teach the winner a secret technique that can immensely increase the user 's strength . On the island , Goku and Krillin meet Fortuneteller Baba . They tell her about Master Roshi 's challenge . Interested to see what will happen , Baba decides to observe the race using her crystal ball . Goku and Krillin venture into the forest in search of the herb . As they enter , a heavy fog rolls in , where familiar foes emerge . 76 30 `` Defeat These Terrifying Enemies ! Krillin 's Fighting Spirit Returns ! '' / `` Conquer the Terrifying Foes ! Krillin 's Fighting Spirit Rebounds ! '' `` Kowa teki o uchiyabure ! Kuririn no tōshi futatabi ! '' ( 恐 敵 を 打ち破れ ! クリリン の 闘志 ふたたび ! ) January 29 , 2017 August 18 , 2018 Android 18 arrives at Master Roshi 's house and searches for Krillin . Master Roshi and Fortuneteller Baba explain that Krillin and Goku have entered the `` Forest of Terror , '' which is a place where they have to face illusions of enemies that they had battled before . Master Roshi intended this exercise as a way to help Krillin overcome his lack of confidence . In the forest , Krillin is terrified by what he sees . Among the group of illusions are Tambourine , Frieza , Dabura , and Majin Buu , where all of them previously killed or seriously wounded Krillin . Overcome with fear , Krillin attempts to abandon the race and fly out of the forest . The trees move to block the entrance , which leave Goku and Krillin stranded . The illusions attack and separate Goku and Krillin . Krillin finds himself surrounded by the illusions , but his attacks only make them stronger . After slicing one in half , he discovers that they are powered by his own energy . He heeds Master Roshi 's training and calms himself down , which weakens the illusions . As a final challenge , Fortuneteller Baba summons an illusion of Super Shenron , which immediately ensnares Goku . Krillin quickly arrives and frees him . The two of them use a combined Kamehameha blast to destroy the illusion . The illusions turn into the rare herbs that Master Roshi wanted . Goku and Krillin return to Master Roshi 's house with bags full of the herb . Master Roshi admits that there is actually no secret technique . Krillin , who has regained his confidence , disagrees . Goku and Krillin soon leave . Krillin returns home , where Android 18 shaves his head . This signals Krillin 's decision to pick up his martial arts training once again . Universe Survival Saga ( 2017 -- 2018 ) ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 77 `` Let 's Do It , Zen - Oh Sama ! The All - Universe Martial Arts Tournament ! ! '' / `` Let 's Do It , Grand Zeno ! The Multi-Universe Martial Arts Tournament ! '' `` Yarou ze Zenō - sama ! Uchū ichi Budō - kai ! ! '' ( や ろう ぜ 全 王様 ! 宇宙 一 武道 会 ! ! ) February 5 , 2017 August 25 , 2018 The Present Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō are playing a game together in their realm , but both have become bored with their monotonous routine . Meanwhile , Goku heads to a local farmer 's market to sell his produce and get Chi - Chi off his back about making money . On the way home , he is ambushed by some robbers . Goku defeats them , but he is injured in the process . Deciding that he has grown rusty , Goku and Goten decide to train with Whis . They head to the Capsule Corporation building , where Bulma reveals she is pregnant with her and Vegeta 's second child . Goten remains behind to train with Trunks . Vegeta declines to accompany Goku so that he can be with Bulma when she gives birth . Goku heads to Beerus ' planet alone . While training with Whis , Goku remembers Grand Zenō 's intention to hold a multiverse martial arts tournament . Heedless of Beerus and Whis ' warnings , Goku uses Grand Zenō 's button to head to his realm and convinces Present Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to hold the tournament . When he returns to Beerus ' planet , Beerus angrily berates Goku and explains that Grand Zenō naive and innocent nature combined with his extreme power makes him a danger to the multiverse . Beerus threatens to kill Goku if he steps out of line again . Goku , Beerus , and Whis head to the Sacred World of the Kais , where the Grand Minister arrives . He tells the group to assemble their ten most powerful warriors to compete in the `` Tournament of Power '' ( 力 の 大会 , Chikara no Taikai ) . 78 `` The Gods of Every Universe in Shock ? ! Losers Erased in the Tournament of Power '' / `` Zen uchū no kami - sama mo don hiki ! ? Maketara shōmetsu `` Chikara no taikai '' '' ( 全 宇宙 の 神様 も ドン 引き ! ? 負け たら 消滅 「 力 の 大会 」 ) February 12 , 2017 TBA The Grand Minister explains the details of the `` Tournament of Power '' and states that it will be held on `` the World of Void '' . It is a place of `` infinite nothingness '' , where the competitors can fight without limits . The tournament champion will be granted a wish by the Super Dragon Balls , while the losers and their respective universes will be completely erased from existence . Everyone is horrified by this harsh penalty . Goku suggests asking Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to ignore it , but Whis advises against this . Whis tells Goku that Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō have already made up their minds and attempting to change it could be dangerous . Beerus demands that Goku takes responsibility for asking Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to hold the tournament in the first place . Goku declares that he will defeat any opponent he faces . The Grand Minister also reveals that Universes 7 and 9 are to have a smaller exhibition tournament for Future Grand Zenō 's benefit . Each universe is to name three fighters . Goku sets off to recruit teammates . After Vegeta refuses , Goku recruits Gohan and Majin Buu , who is accompanied by Mr. Satan to represent Universe 7 . Goku also explains the potential penalty to Gohan . Gohan tells Goku to keep the stakes a secret to prevent mass panic . Back at Grand Zenō 's and Future Grand Zenō 's palace , all the gods from all 12 universes gather . The Grand Minister explains the purpose of the Zen Exhibition Match . He alludes to the possibility of Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō erasing the fighters that he deems unfit for the tournament . In the first round , Majin Buu is to fight Basil ( バジル , Bajiru ) , a humanoid canine fighter from Universe 9 . 79 `` Universe 9 's Basil the Kicker VS Universe 7 's Majin Buu ! ! '' / `` Dai kyu uchū keri no Bajiru basasu Dai nana uchū Majinbū ! ! '' ( 第 9 宇宙 蹴り の バジル VS 第 7 宇宙 魔 人 ブウ ! ! ) February 19 , 2017 TBA Basil quickly gains the upper hand and beats down Majin Buu , who is not taking the fight seriously and thinks of it as a game . Goku goads Basil into showing his full power to get Majin Buu 's attention , which leads to Basil using his ultimate attack . As Roh ( ロウ , Rō ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 9 , claims victory , Majin Buu emerges with a hole in his stomach , but he is otherwise unmoved . Basil and Roh are shocked to see this . Mr. Satan is injured during the attack . He tells Majin Buu to beat Basil before falling unconscious . This enrages Majin Buu to the point , where he effortlessly beats Basil and knocks him out of the ring . However , since neither Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō is satisfied with the fight , Basil is allowed to get back into the ring . Roh gives Basil a drug that makes him far more powerful . Although Beerus demands that Basil is disqualified for obvious cheating , Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō is entertained by this and allows the fight to continue . The Grand Minister announces that the rules will be improvised as the tournament goes along . Basil overpowers Majin Buu and seemingly beats him , which causes Roh to prematurely gloat about the superiority of Universe 9 . However , Majin Buu emerges unscathed and launches a full power attack at Basil . This knocks him out and clinches Universe 7 the victory . As the Universe 9 team laments Basil 's loss , Basil 's second oldest brother Lavender ( ラベンダ , Rabenda ) says that if he is allowed to kill his opponent , which Bergamo gives him permission to do , he can win his match . Gohan volunteers to fight Lavender . 80 `` Awaken Your Sleeping Battle Spirit ! Son Gohan 's Fight ! ! '' / `` Nemutta tōshi o yobisamase ! Son Gohan no tatakai ! ! '' ( 眠っ た 闘志 を 呼び覚ませ ! 孫 悟 飯 の 闘い ! ! ) February 26 , 2017 TBA As their battle begins , Lavender spits a poison mist into Gohan 's eyes and blinds him . Shin offers Gohan a Senzu bean to cure the poison , but Gohan refuses and says he wants to fight with his strength alone . Unable to see , Gohan uses his other senses to track Lavender and scores several blows . Lavender counters by levitating , which eliminates the sound of his footsteps . Gohan responds by powering up to Super Saiyan and bouncing his own ki off of Lavender 's body , which uses it as a kind of active radar . Powering up also causes the poison to spread rapidly through Gohan 's body . Lavender mounts a comeback . In desperation , Gohan grabs hold of Lavender and launches a kamikaze attack . He drives both of their bodies into the ring at high speed . Lavender is knocked out , but Gohan is so weakened by the poison that he can not continue . With both fighters down , the match is declared a tie . After Goku feeds Gohan a Senzu bean , the Grand Minister announces to those in attendance that Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō had long believed that there were too many universes but Goku gave them a great idea : the Tournament of Power . the Grand Minister then states that all universes which lose the Tournament of Power will be erased with their respective gods as well , however , Universes 1 , 5 , 8 , and 12 will be exempt from erasure since their Mortal Levels are above 7 ; the Angels from all universes will be exempt from erasure as well . Whis then summarizes that Grand Zenō was planning to erase most of them anyway , but the tournament will afford one of the weaker universes the chance to be spared . With the announcement concluded , the ring is repaired in preparation for the final exhibition match where Goku will fight Bergamo ( ベルガモ , Berugamo ) , Basil 's oldest brother who is also a humanoid canine . 81 5 `` Bergamo the Crusher Vs Son Goku ! Which One Wields the Limitless Power ? ! '' / `` Tsubushi no Berugamo VS Son Gokū ! Aotenjō no tsuyosa wa dotchida ! ? '' ( 潰し の ベルガモ VS 孫悟空 ! 青 天井 の 強 さ は どっち だ ! ? ) March 5 , 2017 TBA Before their battle begins , Bergamo denounces Goku before the assembled gods . Bergamo pleads with Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to rescind the rule that the universes that lose the Tournament of Power be erased . Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō agree on the condition that Bergamo beats Goku in an all out battle . Grand Minister states that if Goku holds back to cancel the erasure , Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō will immediately erase all of the universes . Both Goku and Bergamo agree to the terms . When the fight begins , Bergamo invites Goku to hit him and leaves himself exposed . Goku obliges and strikes Bergamo several times , but Bergamo absorbs the energy of Goku 's attacks . He grows stronger and physically larger . Goku continues to attack , which causes Bergamo to grow so large that the ring begins to buckle under his weight . Goku transforms to Super Saiyan Blue , which shocks the gods and quickly overwhelms Bergamo with a Kaioken powered Kamehameha . Bergamo claims every universe participating in the Tournament of Power will seek vengeance on Goku for making them face erasure , but Goku relishes the idea of such a challenge . The Zen Exhibition Match comes to a close and the Tournament of Power will soon begin . The universe with the most fighters remaining or the last fighter standing will be declared the winner . Suddenly , a mysterious fighter from Universe 11 named Toppo ( トッポ ) appears and challenges Goku to a battle . Goku , who is unsatisfied after his short fight with Bergamo , agrees to fight Toppo . 82 6 `` Never Forgive Son Goku ! Toppo the Warrior of Justice Intrudes ! ! '' / `` Son Gokū yurusumaji ! Seigi no senshi Toppo ran'nyū ! ! ! '' ( 孫悟空 許す まじ ! 正義 の 戦士 トッポ 乱入 ! ! ) March 19 , 2017 TBA After obtaining Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō blessing to proceed , Goku and Toppo begin their battle . Toppo quickly gains the upper hand and dislocates Goku 's shoulder . Goku responds by attacking with a flurry of blows , but Toppo manages to grab Goku in a powerful bear hug . He begins squeezing the life out of Goku , which forces Goku to turn Super Saiyan Blue to escape . Goku gains the upper hand in this form and damages Toppo with a Kamehameha . Just as the two power up even more , the Grand Minister puts an end to the fight . As Toppo leaves , he reveals to Goku that Universe 11 has a warrior even stronger than him named Jiren ( ジレン ) . The Grand Minister begins creating a martial arts arena suitable for the Tournament of Power . In the Sacred World of the Kais , Beerus and Goku get into an argument over Goku 's constant relaxed and negligent attitude , which Whis breaks up . The group agrees to convene at the Capsule Corporation to discuss their future strategy . 83 7 `` Form the Universe 7 Representing Team ! Who are the Strongest Ten ? ! '' / `` Dai - 7 uchū daihyō chīmu o kessei seyo ! Saikyō no 10 - ri wa dareda ? '' ( 第 7 宇宙 代表 チーム を 結成 せよ ! 最強 の 10 人 は 誰 だ ! ? ) March 26 , 2017 TBA Goku and the others arrive at Capsule Corporation . They discuss who should be on the team . Goku immediately suggests Monaka , but Beerus tells him that Monaka is sick and can not participate . Goku and Gohan agree on Vegeta , Piccolo , Krillin , Master Roshi , No. 18 , and No. 17 , which would bring the total number of fighters up to nine . Trunks and Goten are ruled out due to their inexperience . They proceed to ask Vegeta , who has been thinking of a name for his second child . Vegeta refuses to participate . He says he will not fight , while Bulma is pregnant . Whis uses his time warping ability to birth the baby sooner than expected in order to get Vegeta to agree to the fight . Everyone celebrates the baby 's birth . Trunks is slightly disappointed he has a sister because he wanted to train with a younger brother . As soon as the baby is handed to Vegeta , he develops an attachment to her . Bulma names the baby Bulla even though Vegeta hoped to give her the Saiyan name Eschalot . However , Vegeta quickly accepts Bulla 's name . Goku leaves to recruit members and heads to Krillin 's house . 84 8 `` Son Goku the Recruiter Invites Krillin and No. 18 '' / `` Sukautoman Son Gokū -- Kuririn to 18 - gō o izanau '' ( スカウト マン 孫悟空 クリリン と 18 号 を 誘う ) April 2 , 2017 TBA Goku and Gohan arrive at Krillin 's house and ask him and No. 18 to join the Tournament of Power . No. 18 convinces Krillin to participate in order to put his newfound martial arts training to use . No. 18 is reluctant to join herself . She quickly suspects Goku and Gohan of hiding something from them , but Goku convinces her that the secret is a 10 million Zeni reward , which convinces her to participate . Gohan decides to test Krillin in a sparring match on the coast . After Gohan overpowers him in hand to hand combat , Krillin swiftly defeats Gohan by blinding him with his new move named Solar Flare x 100 and knocking him into the sea . Goku is excited by Krillin 's new power . He challenges him to a sparring match as well . They relocate to a building owned by Mr. Satan , where Krillin 's strategies make up for the gap in power , forcing Goku to go Super Saiyan . Goku then transforms into his Super Saiyan Blue form , and he and Krillin have a Kamehameha clash . As Goku increases his power and starts to overpower Krillin , No. 18 intervenes and blocks Goku 's Kamehameha , just as Krillin collapses from exhaustion . She justifies herself by noting that the Tournament of Power will be a battle royal and that Goku can not expect to fight one - on - one all the time . Goku concedes the match and realizes he will have to adjust his tactics in order to win the Tournament of Power . No. 18 reveals that No. 17 is currently working at a wildlife reserve , but she does not know where . Goku decides to ask Dende to find No. 17 . 85 9 `` The Universes Begin to Make Their Moves Their Individual Motives '' / `` Ugokidasu uchū -- sorezore no omowaku '' ( 動き出す 宇宙 -- それぞれ の 思惑 ) April 9 , 2017 TBA Gohan leaves to recruit Piccolo , while Goku prepares to head to the Lookout . He encounters Majin Buu and Mr. Satan training . Goku discovers that Buu has lost weight and has gotten much slimmer in appearance . The two spar together . Buu defeats Goku by overwhelming him with ki blasts and knocking him out of the fighting stage . Meanwhile , Khai ( カイ ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 11 , gathers all of the Supreme Kais involved in the tournament except for Universe 7 's , who is ostracized due to Goku 's involvement with the creation of the tournament . Khai asks his fellow Supreme Kais to request that Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō cancel the erasure of the universes , but they are all too afraid of his wrath to do so . Champa gathers all the Gods of Destruction involved in the tournament except Beerus after finding out about the Supreme Kai 's meeting , and they discuss Goku . Toppo recruits his fellow Pride Troopers Kahseral ( カーセラル , Kāseraru ) and Dyspo ( ディスポ , Disupo ) . Champa recruits Cabba and demands he find more powerful Saiyans . Goku meets Dende and Mr. Popo at the Lookout and learns No. 17 's location . Gohan prepares to train with Piccolo . 86 10 `` Fist Cross for the First Time ! Android # 17 VS Son Goku ! ! '' / `` Hajimete majiwaru kobushi ! Jinzōningen Jūnana - gō VS Son Gokū ! ! '' ( 初めて 交わる 拳 ! 人造 人間 17 号 VS 孫悟空 ! ! ) April 16 , 2017 TBA On their way to the island where No. 17 is working , Dende explains that since the conclusion of the Cell Games , No. 17 has started a family and gotten far stronger . Dende also reveals that Kid Buu has reincarnated as a young Earthling with massive fighting potential and asks Goku to train him when he is old enough . They reach the island as Goku arrives just in time to witness No. 17 defeat a group of armed poachers . As they introduce themselves to each other , a large army of poachers arrive . Goku and No. 17 team up to subdue them all . Afterwards , No. 17 explains that the poachers are after the last Minotaurus in order to steal its rare and valuable horns . The two decide to have a sparring match . No. 17 evenly matches Super Saiyan Goku , which causes him to turn Super Saiyan Blue . Goku launches a Kamehameha at No. 17 , who easily deflects it with an energy shield . The two go toe - to - toe until No. 17 ends the match in order to avoid catching the island in the crossfire . Goku and No. 17 acknowledge that they were both holding back in the fight . Afterwards , Goku attempts to convince him to join the Tournament of Power , but No. 17 is uninterested . He remains indifferent even when Goku reveals that the losing universes will be erased . Meanwhile , alien poachers arrive on Earth and they set their sights on the Minotaurus . 87 11 `` Hunt the Poachers ! Goku and No. 17 's United Front ! ! '' / `` Mitsuryō - dan o kare ! Gokū to Jūnana - gō no kyōtō ! ! '' ( 密漁 団 を 狩れ ! 悟空 と 17 号 の 共闘 ! ! ) April 23 , 2017 TBA Goku entices No. 17 with a wish on the Super Dragon Balls . As he begins to consider Goku 's offer , the alien poachers arrive and abduct all of the island 's animals . Goku uses his Instant Transmission to teleport himself and No. 17 aboard their ship before it can escape . After defeating some of the poachers , No. 17 sets off to defeat the leader , while Goku remains behind to battle the rest of the poachers . No. 17 confronts and easily defeats the leader . Goku catches up just as the leader pulls out a switch and threatens to self - destruct if he is not released immediately . No. 17 smashes him out of a window , which vents both of them into deep space . Goku manages to use his Instant Transmission to teleport all three of them to King Kai 's world . Dende contacts Goku and informs him that the leader 's threat was a bluff . Afterwards , Goku and No. 17 return the animals to their rightful homes . Jaco arrives to arrest the alien poachers . No. 17 decides to leave his island in the hands of Goten and Trunks and accepts Goku 's offer to fight in the Tournament of Power . He hopes to use the Super Dragon Balls to wish for an expensive boat and travel the world with his family . 88 12 `` Gohan and Piccolo Teacher and Pupil Clash in Max Training ! '' / `` Gohan to Pikkoro Shitei gekitotsu no Genkai shugyō ! '' ( 悟 飯 と ピッコロ 師弟 激突 の 限界 修業 ! ) April 30 , 2017 TBA Gohan and Piccolo engage in intense training . Piccolo explains that Goku has already informed him about the potential erasure of the universe and that he is going to participate in the Tournament of Power . He points out that Gohan 's over eagerness to protect his loved ones is making him reckless . Gohan transforms into a Super Saiyan , and the two continue to spar . Meanwhile , Cabba heads to the residence of his retired captain and mentor , Renso ( レンソウ ) . Cabba asks him to join Universe 6 's team for the Tournament of Power , but Renso refuses due to an injury to his leg . Renso suggests his sister , Caulifla ( カリフラ , Karifura ) , instead , who he claims is even stronger than him . Back in Universe 7 , Piccolo removes his weighted clothes to go all out and quickly defeats Gohan . Piccolo explains that Gohan has a tendency to become arrogant when he has the advantage in battle . After being encouraged by Piccolo , Gohan manages to reach the level of power he had against Super Buu . The two fight again , and Gohan successfully severs Piccolo 's arm . However , Piccolo blasts him in the back with the severed arm and defeats Gohan , which proves Piccolo 's point about Gohan 's overconfidence . That night , Piccolo vows to push Gohan to new heights of power . They both agree to work on combination moves . 89 13 `` An Unknown Beauty Appears ! The Tenshin - Style Dojo 's Mystery ? ! '' / `` Arawareta nazo no bijo ! Tenshin - ryū Dōjō no kai ! ? '' ( 現れ た 謎 の 美女 ! 天津 流 道場 の 怪 ! ? ) May 7 , 2017 TBA Goku heads to Master Roshi 's island , where Oolong informs him that Tien and Chiaotzu have started a martial arts dojo , and that Roshi has headed there to act as a special instructor . Goku decides to make Tien the tenth member of the team , and heads off to recruit him and Roshi . At Tien 's dojo , a woman named Yurin ( ユーリン , Yūrin ) with a grudge against Tien arrives and requests to join the dojo . Although Tien denies her because her motivation of beauty was unfit for his dojo , Roshi drags Yurin off to ogle her . Goku arrives and asks Tien to join the Tournament of Power , but , even after Goku bribes him with 10 million Zeni , Tien refuses . Yurin escapes Roshi 's advances and uses witchcraft to drive Tien 's students on a rampage throughout town . Goku , Tien , Chiaotzu , and Roshi arrive at the village , where Yurin confronts them . Yurin explains that she is a former classmate of Tien 's during his time at the Crane School and that she swore revenge on him after he left the school and refused to fight her . Meanwhile , Cabba sways Caulifla into joining Universe 6 's team by promising to teach her how to become a Super Saiyan . Back on Earth , while Goku , Chiaotzu , and Tien cure the students of their brainwashing , Roshi battles Yurin . He lowers his guard after catching a glimpse of Yurin 's panties , which allows her to brainwash him . The brainwashed Roshi quickly defeats Tien , but Goku intervenes . While Chiaotzu temporarily disables Yurin , Goku subdues Roshi with a Kamehameha and cures him of the brainwashing . Tien orders Yurin to apologize to everyone she hurt and offers her a place at his dojo . Tien decides to join the Tournament of Power because he believes that the 10 million Zeni Goku promised will repair the village . After hearing about the 10 million Zeni , Master Roshi quickly agrees to join as well . 90 14 `` See The Wall That Must Be Passed ! Goku vs Gohan '' / `` Koerubeki kabe o misuete ! Gokū bāsasu Gohan '' ( 超える べき 壁 を 見据え て ! 悟空 VS 悟 飯 ) May 14 , 2017 TBA As Gohan finishes training with Piccolo , they go to meet with Goku , Master Roshi , and Tien . At Gohan 's request , Goku and Tien have a fight against Gohan and Piccolo to practice for the tournament . Although Tien views this as a practice match and wants to avoid injuring anyone , Gohan and Goku take the fight seriously . As Gohan fights both his father and Tien , Piccolo spends the time charging a strong technique , which ultimately destroys the mountain fighting stage when it is launched . Tien calls the match off on the grounds that the fighting stage is now destroyed . Although Goku agrees , Gohan requests to have a one - on - one fight against his father . Goku accepts , and Gohan powers up while Goku goes Super Saiyan 2 . Although Goku has the upper hand for much of the fight , Gohan turns the tables and begins to overpower Goku . Gohan begs Goku to use his full power . Goku responds by becoming a Super Saiyan Blue and using his Kaio - Ken technique , then defeats Gohan with a single blow . Impressed with his son 's improvement , Goku assigns Gohan as the leader of their Universe 7 team . Meanwhile , Rumsshi ( ラムーシ , Ramūshi ) recruits a powerful fighter named Murichim ( ムリチム , Murichimu ) and his companions to represent Universe 10 in the tournament . 91 15 `` Which Universe Will Survive ? ! The Strongest Warriors Are Gathering ! ! '' / `` Kachinokoru no wa dono Uchū da ! ? Zokuzoku to tsudou Saikyō no senshi - tachi ! ! '' ( 勝ち残る の は どの 宇宙 だ ! ? 続々 と 集う 最強 の 戦士 たち ! ! ) May 21 , 2017 TBA Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō are suffering from extreme boredom again . They decide to observe the universes ' progress in assembling their strongest warriors . In Universe 7 , Vegeta prepares to enter the Hyperbolic Time Chamber for some intense training . Goku spars with Whis in Vegeta 's gravity chamber . Master Roshi and Puar train to remove Roshi 's weakness to seduction techniques , which fails miserably . In Universe 9 , word has spread of the potential erasure of their universe . The populace has descended into anarchy . The three canine brothers have been unable to find any other fighters . In Universe 6 , Hit tracks down the destitute Frost and forces him to join the Tournament of Power , while he relieves him of his poison needles in the process . In Universe 11 , Toppo 's comrade Kahseral is delayed from joining when he aids a cat stuck in a tree . In Universe 2 , a magical girl named Brianne de Chateau ( ブリアン ・ デ ・ シャトー , Burian de Shatō ) transforms into her alter ego named Ribrianne ( リブリアン , Riburian ) and auditions for a spot in the tournament . In Universe 10 , Murichim and his comrades record a dance video to improve team spirit . Back in Universe 7 , Mr. Satan calls and unexpectedly reveals that Majin Buu has fallen into a deep sleep and can not join the tournament , which horrifies everyone . 92 16 `` Emergency Development ! The Incomplete Ten Members ! ! '' / `` Kinkyū jitai hassei ! Sorowanai jū nin no menbā ! ! '' ( 緊急 事態 発生 ! そろわ ない 10 人 の メンバー ! ! ) May 28 , 2017 TBA Goku races to Mr. Satan 's house , where he proves unable to wake Majin Buu from his hibernation . Meanwhile , all of Universe 7 's remaining warriors except Master Roshi and No. 17 gather at the Capsule Corporation . After Krillin brings up the 10 million Zeni prize that Goku had bribed him , Piccolo and Gohan reveal to Krillin , No. 18 , and Tien that the prize of 10 million Zeni was a lie and that the universe will be erased if they lose . When Goku returns , Krillin berates him and threatens to withdraw from the team along with No. 18 . After Goku fails to convince them otherwise , Beerus swiftly threatens Krillin into staying , while Bulma agrees to pay out the promised reward . In Universe 6 , Cabba takes Caulifla to a deserted wasteland to teach her how to become a Super Saiyan . As Caulifla 's protégée , Kale ( ケール , Kēru ) , observes them , Cabba ineffectually attempts to provoke Caulifla in order to make her transform . When that fails , he teaches her to focus her energy on an area in her back . Caulifla successfully transforms into a Super Saiyan . Caulifla tests her newfound power and agrees to join Universe 6 's team for the Tournament of Power . She beckons Kale over to attempt the transformation herself . In Universe 11 , Kahseral arrives at the Pride Trooper headquarters , where he and Toppo agree to leave the universe in their trainees ' hands so they can participate in the tournament . In Universe 3 , two cyborg warriors named Nigrisshi ( ニグリシ , Nigrisshi ) and Narirama ( ナリラマ , Narirāma ) display their upgrades for the tournament to Universe 3 's God of Destruction Mosco ( モスコ , Mosuko ) , Supreme Kai Ea ( エア ) , and Angel Campari ( カンパーリ , Kanpāri ) . Back in Universe 7 , Goku and his friends are unable to figure out who can replace Buu . When Beerus claims they have no suitable fighters because Goku destroyed the Frieza Force , Goku is inspired to recruit Frieza , which shocks everyone . 93 17 `` You 're The Tenth Warrior ! Goku Goes To See Frieza ! ! '' / `` Jū ninme no senshi wa omē da ! Gokū Furīza no moto e ! ! '' ( 10 人目 の 戦士 はお め え だ ! 悟空 フリーザ の も と へ ! ! ) June 4 , 2017 TBA Goku 's idea is met with much hesitance from his comrades . He explains that he intends to have Fortuneteller Baba resurrect Frieza for 24 hours to fight in the tournament . If Frieza betrays them then either he or Vegeta can defeat him . Goku 's friends reluctantly agree , and he sets out to the afterlife . The Universe 7 team are unaware that a spy from Universe 4 is observing them . In Universe 6 , Cabba and Caulifla attempt to teach Kale how to turn into a Super Saiyan but to no avail . Kale begins to despair over her own uselessness , and it enrages her enough to trigger her transformation into an extremely powerful Berserker Super Saiyan . Kale immediately goes berserk and attacks Cabba . Caulifla quickly deduces that Kale is jealous of her and Cabba 's perceived relationship . She denies having any sort of feelings for Cabba . Kale calms down and collapses in Caulifla 's arms . Cabba , who is impressed by Kale 's power , decides to add her to Universe 6 's team . Back in Universe 7 , Goku arrives in the afterlife and receives King Yemma 's permission to visit Frieza . He explains about the Tournament of Power and asks Frieza to join them . Frieza agrees to aid him on the condition that he be properly resurrected with Earth 's Dragon Balls . When Goku hesitates to agree , Frieza goads him by playing to his desire to see how powerful Frieza can become . Goku accepts his terms . In Universe 4 , Ganos ( ガノス , Ganosu ) reports Universe 7 's latest actions to Universe 4 's God of Destruction Quitela ( キテラ , Kitera ) and Supreme Kai Kuru ( クル ) . Quitela immediately begins making plans to counter Beerus . 94 18 `` The Emperor of Evil Returns ! A Reception of Mysterious Assassins ? ! '' / `` Aku no Teiō fukkatsu ! Demukaeru Nazo no Shikaku - tachi ! ? '' ( 悪 の 帝王 復活 ! 出迎える 謎 の 刺客 たち ! ? ) June 11 , 2017 TBA Quitela contacts Universe 9 's God of Destruction Sidra ( シドラ , Shidora ) and informs him that Universe 7 is planning to use Frieza to assassinate their rivals before the tournament begins and that the only way to counter them is to kill them first . Sidra and Roh agree to have Frieza killed . Meanwhile , Goku returns to the Capsule Corporation to update everyone on his success . As Master Roshi completes his training at Korin 's tower , Krillin and No. 18 head to No. 17 's island to pick him up and drop off Goten , Trunks , and Marron . Goku goes to Fortuneteller Baba 's home , where she completes the ritual to resurrect Frieza . As Goku and Frieza prepare to depart , an army of assassins arrives to claim their heads . Despite the time pressure , Frieza wounds the assassins ' leader , transforms into his Golden form , and prepares for battle . 95 19 `` The Worst ! The Most Evil ! Frieza 's Rampage ! ! '' / `` Saikyō ! Saiaku ! Furīza Ōabare ! ! '' ( 最 凶 ! 最悪 ! フリーザ 大 暴れ ! ! ) June 18 , 2017 TBA Frieza explains to Goku that he spent his recent incarceration in Hell undergoing intense mental training to overcome the stamina issues that plagued him during his previous battles with the Z - Fighters . He quickly slaughters most of the assassins , which horrifies Goku . The assassins ' leader , who has been directly empowered by Sidra , attacks Frieza with Sidra 's power , but Frieza manages to overcome and hijack the attack . Frieza spitefully uses the attack on Goku and traps him . Frieza tortures and kills the assassins until they reveal that Roh and Sidra hired them . Frieza contacts Universe 9 and offers his services as a defector . Roh and Sidra begin arguing about whether or not to accept him . Roh fears Frieza 's psychopathic and treasonous nature , while Sidra wants his power . Sidra is confident he could kill him if he stepped out of line . Their argument buys time for Beerus and Whis to arrive and rescue Goku . Frieza cuts the connection . He begins making plans to use the Tournament of Power to manipulate the gods to suit his own ends . Goku and Frieza have a brief sparring match , which ends in a draw . Goku , Frieza , Beerus , and Whis return to the Capsule Corporation . The Universe 7 team prepare to travel to the World of Void for the Tournament of Power . 96 20 `` The Time Is Here ! To The World Of Void For The Fate Of The Universe ! ! '' / `` Toki wa kita ! Uchū no Meiun o kake Mu no Kai e ! ! '' ( 時 は きた ! 宇宙 の 命運 を かけ 無 の 界 へ ! ! ) June 25 , 2017 TBA In the World of Void , Universes 1 , 5 , and 8 's Gods of Destruction Iwne ( イワン , Iwan ) , Arack ( アラク , Araku ) , and Liquiir ( リキュール , Rikīru ) have a brief exhibition match to test the durability of the Tournament of Power 's fighting stage . Afterwards , the Grand Minister forces them all to clean up their mess and fix the stage . In Universe 7 , Gohan and Shin 's strategy is to have the team members stick together to conserve energy and use strength of numbers to defeat anyone who attacks them . This suggestion offends Goku and Vegeta 's Saiyan pride . Whis transports the team to the World of Void . All of the other universes arrive . Frieza and Frost befriend each other and agree to work together , while Goku singles out Jiren as a potential rival due to his extreme power . As the Grand Minister introduces each team , Universe 4 seemingly has only 8 warriors on their team , which confuses most of Universe 7 , except for Tien , who tells No. 18 that he can sense a faint presence . After a speech from the Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō , the 80 warriors prepare for battle . 97 21 `` Survive ! The Tournament of Power Begins at Last ! ! '' / `` Ikinokore ! Tsui ni kaimaku Chikara no Taikai ! ! '' ( 生き残れ ! ついに 開幕 「 力 の 大会 」 ! ! ) July 2 , 2017 TBA The Grand Minister reminds everyone of the rules and officially starts the tournament . A massive free - for - all ensues . Goku targets Toppo , but he is intercepted by Ganos . Disregarding Gohan 's plan as well , No. 17 , No. 18 , Vegeta , and Frieza all jump into the fray . Universe 3 gains an early advantage when Narirama unleashes a spinning attack designed to knock its opponents off the stage , but Hit and Basil disable it . Universe 10 's Lilibeu ( リリベウ , Ririberu ) attacks Basil , but Basil successfully knocks her off the stage . Meanwhile , the five Universe 7 warriors who stayed together are confronted by a gang of warriors from varying universes , but Universe 7 uses teamwork to fend them off . Basil nearly defeats Universe 10 's Napapa , but Napapa is able to push his attacks away at the last moment . As Goku is pursuing Toppo , he comes face to face with Jiren until Universe 4 's Nink ( ニンク , Ninku ) outflanks Goku by grappling and dragging him towards the edge of the stage with the intention of jumping off with him . Goku turns Super Saiyan Blue and knocks Nink off the stage . As Goku reverts back to his normal form to conserve energy , Basil , Lavender , Bergamo , and two other Universe 9 warriors surround him with 47 minutes remaining in the tournament . 98 22 `` Oh , Uncertainty ! A Universe Despairs ! ! '' / `` Ā mujou ! Zetsubō suru Uchū ! ! '' ( あぁ 無常 ! 絶望 する 宇宙 ! ! ) July 9 , 2017 TBA Roh orders his warriors to attack Goku to avenge their defeat at the Zen Exhibition Match . Goku is forced to avoid fighting at his fullest in order to conserve stamina for later in the tournament . He fights Team Universe 9 , where the Trio de Dangers brothers manage to overwhelm him thanks to their teamwork . Vegeta notices Goku 's plight and reinforces him . Roh sends over three more fighters . Team Universe 9 is able to push Goku and Vegeta to the brink until Vegeta tricks Lavender and Hop ( ソレル , Hoppu ) into accidentally hitting each other . Goku and Vegeta take advantage of the confusion to defeat five of the Universe 9 warriors . No. 18 and Frieza each defeat Sorrel ( ソレル , Soreru ) and Roselle . Only Basil , Lavender , and Bergamo remain in the tournament for Team Universe 9 . Goku and Vegeta push them to the edge of the stage . The brothers use a combination beam as a last ditch effort , but Goku and Vegeta power up to Super Saiyan Blue and knock them off the stage with a Final Kamehameha . With all 10 members defeated , Universe 9 is eliminated from the tournament . As a result , Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō erase Universe 9 , Roh , Sidra , and all of their fighters . This amuses Universe 9 's angel Mojito ( モヒイト , Mohi'ito ) and horrifies everyone else . 99 23 `` Show Them ! Krillin 's True Power ! ! '' / `` Misetsukero ! Kuririn no sokojikara ! ! '' ( 見せつけろ ! クリリン の 底力 ! ! ) July 16 , 2017 TBA As the other warriors recover from the shock of Universe 9 's erasure , No. 17 reminds No. 18 that they have infinite stamina due to their cyborg bodies and have no reason to hold back . Vegeta tries to fight Hit , but he is blocked by Botamo , who is immune to damage . Vegeta manages to pick Botamo up and nearly throws him off the stage , but Magetta stops him at the last moment . Meanwhile , Universe 10 's Jium ( ジウム , Jiumu ) attacks Gohan and his friends . Jium is swiftly defeated by Master Roshi . Universe 4 's Shosa ( ショイサ , Shōsa ) tricks No. 18 into lowering her guard by faking his own death and nearly knocks her off the stage with a barrage of ki blasts . Krillin rescues No. 18 , and the two defeat Shosa with a powerful combination attack . They are challenged by Universe 4 's Majora ( マジョラ ) , who is a blind fighter that uses his powerful sense of smell to locate his enemies in battle . Although Majora proves to be stronger than Krillin , Krillin disables his nose by throwing his smelly shoe at him and knocks him off the stage . Krillin boasts about his victory , which allows Frost to knock him off with a single blow . Beerus and Shin berate Krillin for his carelessness with 43 minutes remaining in the tournament . 100 24 `` Out Of Control ! The Savage Berserker Awakens ! ! '' / `` Daibōsō ! Mezame araburu Kyōsenshi ! ! '' ( 大 暴走 ! 目覚め 荒 ぶる 狂 戦士 ! ! ) July 23 , 2017 TBA As Universe 7 recovers from Krillin 's defeat , Cabba defeats Nigrisshi and Universe 10 's Murisam ( ムリサーム ) and confronts Vegeta . Hit blows off Narirama 's limbs and uses his time skip ability to dodge his ultimate attack . He flicks him off the stage . Meanwhile , Kale is disabled by Universe 10 's Napapa and Methiop ( メチオープ ) . They knock her unconscious and attempt to throw her off the stage , but Caulifla rescues her and defeats Napapa . The two confront Goku , and Caulifla knocks away Universe 2 's Jimeze ( ジーミズ , Jimizu ) and demands to know how to become a Super Saiyan Blue . Goku refuses , and Caulifla transforms into an Ultra Super Saiyan . However , her increased muscle mass cripples her speed and allows Goku to counterattack . With Goku 's aid , Caulifla manages to become a Super Saiyan 2 , and the two resume their fight . As Kale watches them , she is once again consumed by her feelings of uselessness and transforms into her Berserker Super Saiyan form . Hit uses his time skip to save Caulifla from getting caught in the crossfire . Kale flies into a jealous rage and attacks Goku for allegedly stealing Caulifla from her . Kale easily overwhelms Goku and forces him to power up to Super Saiyan Blue . He unleashes a powerful Kamehameha , but Kale powers through it unharmed . As Piccolo realizes she has lost control of her power , Kale begins firing ki blasts at everything in sight and defeats Methiop . When Universe 11 's Vuon ( ブーオン , Būon ) attempts to stop her , Kale defeats him as well . Jiren knocks her unconscious with a single ki blast . As Hit and Caulifla retreat with Kale , Goku challenges Jiren . 101 25 `` The Impending Warriors of Justice ! The Pride Troopers ! ! '' / `` Semari kuru seigi no senshi ! Puraido Torūpāsu ! ! '' ( 迫り くる 正義 の 戦士 ! プライド ・ トルーパス ! ! ) July 30 , 2017 TBA As Goku prepares to fight Jiren , Toppo suddenly ambushes him with a barrage of ki blasts . Toppo and Jiren decide to retreat and conserve their stamina . This leaves Goku to be dealt with by Kahseral and their fellow Pride Troopers Tupper ( タッパー , Tappā ) , Zoiray ( ゾイレー , Zoirē ) , Cocotte ( ココット , Kokotto ) , and Kettol . The five declare their intent to defeat Caulifla and Kale to avenge Vuon 's defeat . The two are forced to form a temporary alliance with Goku . Meanwhile , Master Roshi and Tien team up to defeat Universe 3 's The Preecho ( ザ ・ プリーチョ ) . They regroup with Gohan , Piccolo , Vegeta , and Frieza , where he has defeated Murichim . The Pride Troopers push Goku , Caulifla , and Kale to the brink , but No. 17 and No. 18 rescue them . No. 18 and Goku defeat Tupper , while No. 17 easily overpowers Kahseral . The remaining Pride Troopers regroup and focus their assault on the wounded Caulifla and Kale . Cocotte seals them in a separate dimension to ensure that Goku , No. 17 , and No. 18 do not interfere . As the four beat Caulifla , Kale 's self - hatred causes her to return to the Berserker Super Saiyan form , but she remains in control of herself this time . Caulifla and Kale use an extremely powerful combination ki blast to defeat Kahseral , Zoiray , and Kettol . Cocotte seals herself in a mini-dimension to avoid the blast , but No. 18 simply throws it off , eliminating Cocotte . Goku allows Caulifla and Kale to retreat so he can fight them at their full strength after they rest . The group is unaware that Brianne is observing them . 102 26 `` The Power of Love Explodes ? ! Universe 2 's Little Witch Warriors ! ! '' / `` Ai no chikara ga dai bakuhatsu ! ? dai ni uchu majo - kko senshi ! ! '' ( 愛 の 力 が 大 爆発 ! ? 第 2 宇宙 の 魔女 っ 子 戦士 ! ! ) August 6 , 2017 TBA Brianne and her companions Sanka Ku ( サンカ ・ クー , Sanka Kū ) and Su Roas ( スー ・ ロース , Sū Rōsu ) announce themselves to the other fighters and begin to transform into their magical girl alter - egos . No. 17 blasts them before they can transform , but Brianne , Goku , and Toppo berate him for his dishonorable tactics and browbeat him into allowing them to transform , much to Beerus ' dismay . They assume their alter - egos Ribrianne , Kakunsa ( カクンサ , Kakunsa ) , and Rozie ( ロージィ , Rōjī ) and barrage the arena with a powerful love - based attack that brainwashes some of the fighters . Universe 7 's mental discipline allows them to overcome its effects . Gohan 's group elects to split up and fight independently . Vegeta attacks Ribrianne , who counters with a rolling attack that knocks out Universe 10 's Jirasen ( ジラセン ) . Rozie attacks Goku with a flurry of blows that grows more powerful the longer she keeps it up , while Kakunsa battles No. 17 with her animalistic fighting style . No. 17 baits her into overextending herself and stuns her with a barrier . He attempts to knock her out of the stage , but her teammate Vikal ( ビカル , Bikaru ) rescues her . No. 17 decides to stop holding back and swiftly eliminates Vikal . He also eliminates Kakunsa with a powerful ki blast . Enraged by his actions , Ribrianne powers up and prepares to battle No. 17 . 103 27 `` Gohan , Show No Mercy ! Showdown With Universe 10 ! ! '' / `` Gohan yo hijōnare ! Dai ju uchu to no kessen ! ! '' ( 悟 飯 よ 非情 なれ ! 第 10 宇宙 と の 決戦 ! ! ) August 13 , 2017 TBA Ribrianne and No. 17 fiercely attack each other , while Rozie begins to overwhelm Goku 's defenses . She surrounds him with ki balls and attempts to blow him up , but No. 17 protects him with a barrier . Goku , who has studied Rozie 's techniques , hits her with a powerful ki blast . As he and No. 17 corner Rozie and Ribrianne , Jimeze arrives and rescues them with instant transmission . Elsewhere , Botamo challenges Gohan on Champa 's orders . As Piccolo and Goku observe , Gohan attacks with a flurry of blows , which apparently have no effect . However , Gohan 's attacks begin to lift Botamo off the ground and renders him unable to defend himself , allowing Gohan to knock him off the stage . Universe 10 's Obuni ( オブニ ) and Rubalt ( ルバルト , Rubaruto ) appear to challenge Gohan and Piccolo . Jimeze defeats Universe 10 's Jilcol ( ジルコル Jirukoru ) . With 8 warriors eliminated , Gowasu accepts his imminent demise , while Rumsshi remains defiant . Obuni shifts his ki away from his body to render himself impossible to detect and wounds Gohan . Rubalt initially has the upper hand against Piccolo , but Piccolo uses his Hellzone Grenade attack to knock out Rubalt , leaving Universe 10 with only Obuni . Obuni begins to overwhelm Gohan , which makes Gowasu want to cling to life again . Gohan powers up and powers through one of Obuni 's punches . He counterattacks Obuni 's moves by locating and hitting Obuni after he gets hit . Obuni pauses the fight to show his respect for Gohan , but refuses to lose for the sake of Universe 10 . Gohan battles and defeats Obuni with a Kamehameha . All of Universe 10 's fighters have been eliminated . Right before Universe 10 is annihilated , Gohan discovers a locket containing a picture of Obuni and his wife and child . Gohan and Universe 10 's angel , Cus ( クス , Kusu ) , mourn Universe 10 's erasure . 104 28 `` The Ultimate High Speed Battle Begins ! Goku and Hit Join Forces ! ! '' / `` Chōzetsu kōsoku batoru boppatsu ! Gokū to hitto no kyōdō sensen ! ! '' ( 超絶 光速 バトル 勃発 ! 悟空 と ヒット の 共同 戦線 ! ! ) August 20 , 2017 TBA Dyspo challenges Hit and uses his incredible speed to overwhelm Hit 's Time Skip . Everyone quickly deduces that Dyspo is listening for the sound of Hit 's body tensing up to determine when he is about to attempt to use Time Skip . Hit resorts to fighting him conventionally , but he is pushed to the edge of the stage . Toppo deduces that Hit has adjusted to Dyspo 's fighting style and is luring him into a trap . Toppo sends fellow pride trooper Kunshi ( クンシー , Kunshī ) to back him up . Before Dyspo can land the finishing blow , Hit suddenly turns intangible and sends Dyspo over the edge . However , Kunshi uses ropes made of his energy to pull Dyspo back onto the stage before he is eliminated . The two launch a renewed assault against Hit and drive him into a corner . Before they can finish him off , Goku interferes and rescues Hit . Goku uses his Super Saiyan God form to counter Dyspo 's speed , while Hit uses his assassination technique to injure Kunshi . The two switch places . Hit uses a fake Time Skip to throw Dyspo off and wound him , while Goku overwhelms Kunshi with his Super Saiyan Blue form . Hit attempts to eliminate Dyspo , but Kunshi rescues him again . Kunshi charges Hit , who turns intangible and knocks him off the stage . Dyspo retreats and regroups with his allies . Toppo abandons all notions of justice and decides to focus on survival . Hit decides not to battle Goku as thanks for lending a hand . Goku and Hit vow to settle their score if they both make it to the end of the tournament . 105 29 `` A Desperate Battle ! Master Roshi 's Sacrifice ! ! '' / `` Funsen ! Mutenroshi inochi o Moyasu ! ! '' ( 奮戦 ! 武 天 老師 命 を 燃やす ! ! ) August 27 , 2017 TBA Master Roshi quietly observes the battles from afar . He is challenged by an attractive warrior from Universe 4 , Caway ( キャウェイ , Kyauei ) , who attempts to seduce him . However , Caway 's attempts to attack him brings him back to his senses . Roshi destroys her energy weapon , powers up , and drives her to jump off the stage . Roshi is next challenged by Dercori ( ダーコリ , Dākori ) , who is a talisman - wielding warrior from Universe 4 . She uses her talismans to confound Roshi with illusions and trap him in a single spot . Roshi uses the Evil Containment Wave to seal her in a small bottle and throw her off the arena . Quitela and Beerus get into an argument about the legality of the move , which is defused when Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō rule in Roshi 's favor . Ganos , who is enraged at Roshi for eliminating his friends , challenges him and powers up into an avian form . Initially , Roshi is able to use his experience to predict , evade , and counter Ganos ' attacks . However , Ganos is able to grow more powerful the longer a fight drags on . He rallies and delivers a fierce series of blows to Roshi . Roshi attempts to hypnotize Ganos into falling asleep , but he attacks himself to wake himself up . Ganos demands that Roshi accept his limits and give up , but Roshi refuses . He unleashes a Max Power Kamehameha that defeats Ganos . However , the effort is too much for Roshi 's body to handle , and he collapses . Goku races over to him and successfully defibrillates him with his ki . Goku escorts Roshi to safety . 106 30 `` Find Him ! Death Match With An Invisible Attacker ! ! '' / `` Mikiwamero ! Sugata naki atakkā to no shitō ! ! '' ( 見極めろ ! 姿 なき アタッカー と の 死闘 ! ! ) September 3 , 2017 TBA Goku brings Master Roshi to an isolated part of the stage and leaves him to rest at his request . Gohan and Piccolo are confronted by Universe 6 's Dr. Rota ( Dr. ロタ , Dokutā Rota ) , but Rota is shot down by a sniper before he can reveal his ability . Gohan and Piccolo are unable to find the location of the sniper until they find a red orb on the ground . It is revealed that the sniper , Universe 2 's Prum ( プラン , Puran ) , can see through these orbs . The lasers ricochet off of the orbs so that his true location is a secret . Piccolo tries to create a smokescreen in order to blur the vision , but Prum can still see them via their heat signatures . Prum shoots Piccolo and destroys both of his arms , which forces him to painfully regenerate them . Gohan and Piccolo realize that the orbs depend on heat signatures and blast the surrounding area to create multiple heat signatures . Prum responds by coming out of his hiding spot and blasting the entire area . Gohan and Piccolo are forced into hiding . Tien analyzes Dr. Rota and deduces that he was hit by a sniper as Goku and Vegeta arrive . Vegeta berates Tien , who warns them about Prum , but Vegeta arrogantly brushes it off until he is almost incapacitated by one of Prum 's blasts . As Goku and Tien observe Prum , they deduce that there is another shooter from behind as Prum is merely reflecting the blasts . Vegeta and Goku go after Prum , while Tien goes to save Gohan and Piccolo . Goku and Vegeta try to attack Prum , but their ki blasts are reflected off of his body . Tien navigates through the field of blasts and confronts the true sniper , Prum 's teammate Hermila ( ハーミラ , Hāmira ) . Realizing that Prum can deflect ki blasts and not physical attacks , Vegeta and Goku throw giant boulders at him . Tien uses his Multi-form technique in order to buy himself time against Hermila , but three of his clones are shot down . The fourth and final Tien defeats Hermila . Just as Tien is about to eliminate him , Hermila shoots the ground underneath Tien 's feet and knocks him off the stage . However , Tien 's other three clones come back and drag Hermila down with them . Tien and Hermila are eliminated from the tournament . Although Beerus praises Tien for forcing the battle into a draw , Tien is noticeably upset about being defeated . As Prum is confronted by Vegeta , Dr. Rota comes back and attacks Prum as revenge for shooting him . Shortly after , Vegeta eliminates Prum and Dr. Rota from the tournament . 107 31 `` Revenge `` F '' The Cunning Trap ? ! '' / `` Fukushū no Efu ! Shikakerareta Kōkatsu na Wana ! ? '' ( 復讐 の 「 F 」 ! しかけ られ た 狡猾 な 罠 ! ? ) September 17 , 2017 TBA Frost recalls how Champa promised to pardon his crimes if he humiliated and defeated Universe 7 . Elsewhere , Universe 3 's Maji Kayo confronts Universe 11 's remaining warriors . He entraps Dyspo with his liquid body , but Jiren effortlessly defeats him with a single blow . As Master Roshi attempts to recover from his previous fights , Frost corners and attacks him . Goku sees this and tries to rush to his aid , but he is confronted by Ribrianne . Roshi hits Frost with a flurry of blows and attempts to use the Evil Containment Wave , but the strain proves too much for him . He flubs the attack . Frost barrages Roshi with ki blasts and sends an attack towards Vegeta , which provokes him . Vegeta interferes before Frost can finish Roshi . Magetta arrives to reinforce Frost , and the two battle Vegeta . Frost goads Roshi into using the Evil Containment Wave on Magetta despite the risk of killing himself . When Roshi falls for it , Frost reflects the attack and seals Vegeta into a bottle . With the last of his strength , Roshi uses a small ki blast to destroy the bottle and free Vegeta . Vegeta immediately turns Super Saiyan Blue , and Frost flees . Vegeta knocks Magetta off the stage and tells Roshi to drop out so he can receive medical attention . Roshi jumps off the stage , and he is given a Senzu Bean . Beerus admits that Roshi has earned his respect . 108 32 `` Frieza and Frost ! Conjoined Malice ? ! '' / `` Furīza to Furosuto ! Majiwaru Akui ! ? '' ( フリーザ と フロスト ! 交わる 悪意 ! ? ) September 24 , 2017 TBA As Goku battles Ribrianne , the gods of the top four universes speculate on who will win the tournament . Meanwhile , Gohan is confronted by Jimeze . Jimeze makes use of his Instant Transmission technique to confound and damage Gohan . As he prepares to finish him , Frieza intervenes . When Frieza does not immediately attack Jimeze , Universe 7 's spectators speculate he may intend to betray and defeat Gohan so he can seize the wish on the Super Dragon Balls for himself . Frieza steps aside and allows Jimeze to continue his fight with Gohan . Jimeze corners Gohan again and attempts to finish him , but Frieza destroys his attack with a ki blast . Enraged , Jimeze attacks Frieza , who swiftly tortures and eliminates him . Frost appears and declares his intention to defeat Gohan , and Frieza admits that the two intend to work together in order to exact revenge on the Saiyans . Frieza battles Gohan , who counterattacks . Frieza uses his Golden form to knock out Gohan . However , instead of eliminating him , he double - crosses and eliminates Frost . Gohan admits that he immediately figured out Frieza 's plan and played along with him . An enraged Frost attempts to attack Frieza from the spectator stands , but Grand Zenō erases him , explaining that this is forbidden and Universe 6 would be erased upon a second offence . Meanwhile , Goku continues to battle Ribrianne . 109 33 `` The Ultimate Enemy Approaches Goku ! Now , Let Loose ! The Killer Spirit Bomb ! ! '' / `` Goku ni Semaru Saikyo no Teki ! Ima Koso Hanate ! Hisassu no Genki - Dama ! ! '' ( 悟空 に 迫る 最強 の 敵 ! 今 こそ 放 て ! 必殺 の 元気 玉 ! ! ) October 8 , 2017 TBA Ribrianne declares her intention to use the wish to become a love goddess adored by all beings using the Super Dragon Balls . Goku considers using the wish to benefit his family or meet a strong opponent . Ribrianne absorbs the love of her teammates and becomes Super Ribrianne . She attacks Goku with several ki blasts , and he counters by turning Super Saiyan Blue and knocking her away . Ribrianne lands near Jiren , and Goku sees him and prepares to finally battle him . Universe 11 's God of Destruction , Belmod , telepathically orders Jiren to defeat Goku . Belmod hopes to demoralize the other universes by defeating the strongest fighter besides Jiren himself . Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue Kaioken x20 , but that proves to be no match for Jiren 's overwhelming power . Goku begins powering up a Spirit Bomb , and all of his teammates except Vegeta lend him their energy . Despite the time it takes to charge the attack , Jiren agrees to wait for him to complete it . Ribrianne attempts to attack Goku from behind , but she is stopped by Vegeta . Goku completes the Spirit Bomb and throws it , but Jiren deflects it . The two engage in a struggle to take control of the Spirit Bomb . This forces Goku to use Super Saiyan Blue Kaioken x20 to keep up . However , Jiren prevails and begins to overwhelm Goku with his own attack . 110 34 `` Son Goku Wakes ! New Level of the Awakened ! ! '' / `` Son Gokū kakusei ! Mezameshi mono no aratanaru gokui ! ! '' ( 孫悟空 覚醒 ! 目覚め し 者 の 新た なる 極意 ! ! ) October 8 , 2017 TBA Goku powers up himself and pushes the Spirit Bomb back towards Jiren , which locks him in a stalemate . Whis realizes that Jiren is at least as powerful as a God of Destruction . As the two struggle to overpower each other , the Spirit Bomb suddenly condenses into a small black hole , which absorbs Goku and causes him to vanish . The Grand Minister rules that since Goku 's own attack apparently vaporized him , Jiren will not be disqualified for destroying him . As Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō prepare to eliminate Goku , he suddenly reappears and reaches a new level of power . Goku resumes the fight , and he is able to go toe - to - toe with Jiren . Whis theorizes that the clash between the Spirit Bomb and Goku 's powers enabled him to break through his limits and triggered an ability called Ultra Instinct ( 身勝手 の 極意 '' 兆 '' , Migatte no Gokui ) . Goku uses another powerful attack in an attempt to eliminate Jiren , but he fails , and exhausts his newfound power . Jiren knocks him away , and Hit attempts to take advantage of the opportunity and attacks Jiren . Vegeta demands to know what happened to Goku before preparing to fight Ribrianne , while Frieza appears to corner Goku and aims an attack at him . 111 35 `` The Surreal Supreme Battle ! Hit vs Jiren ! ! '' / `` I jigen no kyokuchi batoru ! Hitto basasu Jiren ! ! '' ( 異 次元 の 極致 バトル ! ヒット VS ジレン ! ! ) October 15 , 2017 TBA Instead of killing the defenseless Goku , Frieza shares with him some of his energy and repays his act of mercy during their fight on Planet Namek . Meanwhile , Hit uses his time - skip powers against Jiren , but his attacks fail to connect . Goku spectates the battle , but he is ambushed by Saonel ( サオネル , Saoneru ) and Pirina ( ピリナ , Pirina ) , Namekians from Universe 6 , who are confronted by Gohan and Piccolo . Elsewhere , Vegeta fights Ribrianne , and he is easily overpowering her in his base form until Rozie interferes and retreats with Ribrianne . Ribrianne loses hope due to the gap in power , but Rozie motivates her . Meanwhile , Hit keeps attacking Jiren to no avail , but he is able to react and block most of Jiren 's punches . After being knocked back , Hit sneaks up behind Jiren and lands a strong punch on his heart . He knocks Jiren to the edge of the ring after a brief struggle . Hit uses his own time - skip powers continually on Jiren to stop his movement . Realizing that he can not hold Jiren for long , Hit urges Cabba , Caulifla , and Kale to keep fighting for Universe 6 . Hit pools all his energy in a final attack to defeat him , but Jiren stops Hit 's attack only with his glare . Jiren breaks free and eliminates Hit . As the Tournament of Power reaches its midway point , Jiren begins to meditate . He is certain that there are no other warriors strong enough to fight him . Jiren leaves the fight to Toppo and Dyspo . Viara ( ビアラ , Biara ) and Katopesla ( カトペスラ , Katopesura ) of Universe 3 attempt to attack him while meditating , but Jiren 's energy alone is enough to push them back . 112 36 `` A Saiyan 's Vow ! Vegeta 's Resolution ! ! '' / `` Saiya - jin no chikai ! Bejīta no kakugo ! ! '' ( サイヤ 人 の 誓い ! ベジータ の 覚悟 ! ! ) October 22 , 2017 TBA Despite his exhaustion and low energy , Goku is determined to keep fighting . However , he is suddenly targeted by Koitsukai ( コイツカイ , Koitukai ) , Panchia ( パンチア , Panchia ) , and Bollarator ( ボラレータ , Borarēta ) of Universe 3 . Gohan and Piccolo want to help him , but they are distracted by their own battle with Saonel and Pilina . Caulifla and Kale are discussing the battle between Goku and Jiren , when they are confronted by Monna ( モンナ , Monna ) , a female warrior from Universe 4 . Caulifla faces off against Monna , but Cabba appears and takes her place . He instructs Caulifla and Kale to retreat for now . Cabba turns Super Saiyan and battles Monna , but he is initially overpowered . Monna almost knocks Cabba off the stage , but Vegeta intervenes and catches him before he can fall . Vegeta and Cabba both promise that , if either of them wins the tournament , the winner will use the Super Dragon Balls to restore the other 's erased universe and its inhabitants . Newly inspired , Cabba fights Monna again , but he is losing until he taps into his anger and unlocks Super Saiyan 2 . With his new power , Cabba easily defeats and eliminates Monna . However , Frieza appears , fights Cabba , and easily eliminates him as well . Frieza reveals that he plans to win the tournament in order to use the Super Dragon Balls to control the gods . Meanwhile , Vegeta decides to challenge Jiren , but he is intercepted by Toppo . The two battle each other . Vegeta ends up meeting up with Goku , who is still having difficulty with his three opponents . However , Caulifla intervenes and knocks Koitsukai , Borareta , and Pancea away before powering up to Super Saiyan 2 and challenging Goku herself . 113 37 `` With Great Joy ! The Repeat Battle - Crazy Saiyan Fight ! ! '' / `` Kiki to Shite ! Sentō - kyō Saiya - jin Batoru Futatabi ! ! '' ( 嬉々 として ! 戦闘 狂 サイヤ 人 バトル 再び ! ! ) October 29 , 2017 TBA Caulifla demands that Goku fight her and teach her how to unlock Super Saiyan 3 so that she can become strong enough to win the tournament . She begins fighting Goku , who does not initially power up beyond his base form . However , Goku 's superior martial arts skills allow him to keep up with her even in her Super Saiyan 2 form . Eventually , she is able to adapt to his moves , which forces Goku to power up to Super Saiyan 2 himself . The two of them fight evenly for some time . Goku later calls in Kale to join the battle . His superior power and skill enables him to fight them both at once , but they are able to match him by working together . They land a massive combined attack on him , but Goku powers up to Super Saiyan 3 and easily deflects their attacks . However , Goku lacks the stamina to maintain that form and reverts to Super Saiyan 2 . Kale 's desire to become stronger inadvertently causes her to transform into her Berserker Super Saiyan form again . 114 38 `` Intimidating Passion ! The Birth of a New Super Warrior ! ! '' / `` Kiki semaru ! Aratana chō sen - shi no bakutan ! ! '' ( 鬼気 せまる ! 新た な 超 戦士 の 爆誕 ! ! ) November 5 , 2017 TBA Vegeta continues his battle with Toppo , while Caulifla is able to help Kale regain control of her Berserker form . Caulifla and Kale battle Goku together and are able to hold him off . Meanwhile , Frieza is confronted by Katopesla , but they are interrupted by Goku 's battle with Caulifla and Kale . Frieza wants to fight Caulifla and Kale , but Goku insists that he will fight them himself . Frieza backs down and watches the fight . The three Saiyans resume their battle . After unsuccessfully attempting to use Instant Transmission as a strategy , Goku powers up to his Super Saiyan God form and easily overpowers the two of them . As Goku prepares to eliminate Caulifla and Kale with a powerful Kamehameha , it is revealed that the girls were given a pair of Potara earrings by Fuwa , Universe 6 's Supreme Kai . They use the earrings and fuse to become a single being with immense power , who takes the name Kefla ( ケフラ , Kefura ) . 115 39 `` Goku VS Kefla ! Super Saiyan Blue Defeated ? ! '' / `` Gokū vāsasu Kefura ! Sūpāsaiya - jin Burū Yabureru ! ? '' ( 悟空 VS ケフラ ! 超 サイヤ 人 ブルー 敗れる ! ? ) November 12 , 2017 TBA As Vegeta continues to fight Toppo , Gohan and Piccolo are engaged with Saonel and Pirina . No. 18 is attacked by Katopesla , but she is saved by No. 17 . Meanwhile , Goku continues his fight with Kefla . The Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō approve Kefla 's use of the Potara earrings . The other universes consider giving the Potara to their warriors as well . Pell ( ペル , Peru ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 2 , gives his Potara to Rabanra ( ラバンラ , Rabanra ) and Zarbuto ( ザーブト , Zābuto ) , but the earrings are destroyed by Kefla charging through them to continue fighting Goku . The battle becomes intense with Kefla gaining the upper hand . Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue , but Kefla counters by powering up to Super Saiyan . However , Goku uses the Kaioken and regains the advantage . He appears to be winning , but Kefla lands a sneak attack that knocks him out of Super Saiyan Blue . She prepares to eliminate him , but Goku unexpectedly reawakens Ultra Instinct again and easily dodges her attacks . 116 40 `` The Sign of a Comeback ! Ultra Instinct 's Huge Explosion ! ! '' / `` Gyakuten no kizashi ! Migatte no gokui ga dai bakuhatsu ! ! '' ( 逆転 の 兆し ! 身勝手 の 極意 が 大 爆発 ! ! ) November 19 , 2017 TBA To counter Goku 's increase in power , Kefla powers up to Super Saiyan 2 , and the two of them face off . Goku still easily dodges Kefla 's attacks , but his own attacks are not strong enough to take her down . Whis explains that when Goku launches his attacks , it interferes with his concentration and prevents him from using Ultra Instinct to its full potential . Jiren senses the energy from the battle , which prompts him to awaken from his meditation and rejoin Toppo and Dyspo . Vegeta realizes that Ultra Instinct is the level of skill that Whis was training him and Goku to attain , and decides that he must reach it too . Goku begins running low on stamina , so he declares that he will end the fight with his next attack . Kefla panics and unleashes a multitude of deadly energy beams . Her ultimate attack devastates the ring , but Goku easily dodges her blasts while charging a Kamehameha . Goku jumps into the air , so Kefla focuses all of her power into a single blast and launches it at him , taking advantage of his apparent inability to dodge . However , he backflips and uses the charged - up energy to slide over her attack , and launches his Kamehameha at point - blank range , blasting Kefla out of the ring and eliminating her . Her Potara earrings shatter , and she splits back into Kale and Caulifla . With both of them eliminated , Saonel and Pirina are the only remaining warriors from Team Universe 6 . NOTE : This episode was dedicated in memory of Hiromi Tsuru , who passed away on November 16 , 2017 . 117 41 `` Showdown of Love ! Androids VS Universe 2 ! ! '' / `` Ai no daikessen ! Jinzōningen VS Dai ni uchū ! ! '' ( 愛 の 大 決戦 ! 人造 人間 VS 第 2 宇宙 ! ! ) November 26 , 2017 TBA Goku is left exhausted from his battle with Kefla . He is confronted by all five remaining warriors from Universe 2 . Gohan and Piccolo try to help him , but they are intercepted by Saonel and Pirina . Elsewhere , Vegeta faces off against Katopesla and tries to unlock Ultra Instinct against him . However , he is unsuccessful , and resorts to his normal fighting style . Vegeta easily overpowers Katopesla . Rozie and Ribrianne launch a combined attack at Goku , but No. 17 and No. 18 arrive in time to deflect it . The androids battle Rozie and Ribrianne . No. 17 defeats and eliminates Rozie , while No. 18 knocks Ribrianne out of her powered - up transformation . This causes her to revert into Brianne . Brianne is able to catch No. 18 in an energy trap , while her comrades from Universe 2 send their love to her . This allows Brianne to transform into a giant manifestation of her Super Ribrianne form . No. 18 almost gives up until her love for Krillin and Marron gives her the determination to break free of Ribrianne 's trap . With No. 17 's help , No. 18 blasts through Ribrianne 's giant form and eliminates her . Brianne realizes that she lost because of No. 18 's strong love for Krillin , while Goku faces off against Zirloin ( ザーロイン , Zāroin ) , Zarbuto , and Rabanra of Universe 2 . 118 42 `` Accelerated Tragedy Vanishing Universes ... '' / `` Kasokusuru Higeki Kieyuku Uchū ... '' ( 加速 する 悲劇 消え ゆく 宇宙 ... ) December 3 , 2017 TBA Goku battles against Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra from Universe 2 , while Gohan and Piccolo are fighting against Saonel and Pirina . Saonel and Pirina 's power suddenly increases , and it is revealed that they had each fused with many Namekians from their universe before coming to the tournament , which greatly increased their own powers . No. 17 and No. 18 join Goku to help in the battle against the remaining Universe 2 warriors . It is revealed that Universe 2 's angel , Sour ( サワア , Sawaa ) , has been broadcasting the tournament to the populace of their universe . Universe 2 's inhabitants channel their love to Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra , who are able to transform into forms similar to Ribrianne , Rozie , and Kakunsa 's transformed states . Goku , No. 17 , and No. 18 battle Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra , while Gohan and Piccolo continue fighting Saonel and Pirina . The Universe 2 trio unleash a legendary Universe 2 technique , the Pretty Black Hole , which traps and threatens to sink Goku , No. 17 , and No. 18 through the fighting stage . Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue and breaks through the Pretty Black Hole with a Kamehameha that eliminates Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra , while Gohan and Piccolo blast Saonel and Pirina off the ring with a powerful combined attack that eliminates them as well . With all of their fighters eliminated , both Universe 2 and Universe 6 are erased . Brianne leads the Universe 2 team in a final happy moment before their erasure , while Cabba wishes Vegeta good luck . Champa taunts Beerus before being erased . Beerus remains impassive in the face of his brother 's erasure . Vegeta faces off against Katopesla and warns him that he is in a bad mood . 119 43 `` Unavoidable ? ! The Fierce Stealth Attack ! ! '' / `` Kaihi funō ! ? Suterusu kōgeki no mōi ! ! '' ( 回避 不能 ! ? ステルス 攻撃 の 猛威 ! ! ) December 10 , 2017 TBA Vegeta overpowers Katopesla and drives him to the edge of the ring . Katopesla is able to catch himself , but he is pushed over the edge and eliminated by an unseen force . Vegeta and Gohan are attacked by the same force , but Vegeta is able to stop himself from going over the edge , while Piccolo catches Gohan . No. 18 is attacked by the invisible fighter , who is revealed to be one of the missing Universe 4 fighters , Gamisaras ( ガミサラス , Gamisarasu ) . Gohan creates a cloud of dust that coats Gamisaras , which allows Piccolo to see him . Piccolo easily eliminates Gamisaras . Undaunted , Quitela orders the remaining Universe 4 fighters to step up their game . Shantza ( シャンツァ , Shantsa ) generates a dome that envelops the Universe 7 team and manifests illusions of the defeated fighters from the erased universes . However , Piccolo spots Shantza and blasts him off the ring , which eliminates him and destroys the illusions . Universe 4 's last fighter , Damon ( ダモン , Damon ) , is also assumed to be invisible since no one can see him . Piccolo is able to sense Damon 's attacks , but he proves unable to hit Damon , who knocks him out of the ring and eliminates him . No. 17 discovers the truth and exposes Damon as a tiny bug - like creature rather than an invisible person , which explains why none of the fighters were able to hit him . To solve this problem , Goku repeatedly punches the ring and creates shock waves that launch Damon into the air , which cancels out his agility and allows No. 17 to hit him with energy blasts . No. 17 traps Damon in a miniature force field and kicks him out of the ring to eliminate him . With all of their fighters eliminated , Universe 4 is promptly erased . 120 44 `` The Perfect Survival Tactic ! Universe 3 's Menacing Assassin ! ! '' / `` Kanpeki na Seizon Senryaku ! Dai san Uchū Kyōi no Shikaku ! ! '' ( 完璧 なる 生存 戦略 ! 第 3 宇宙 脅威 の 刺客 ! ! ) December 17 , 2017 TBA Following the elimination of Universe 4 , the remaining fighters from Universe 3 take the offensive against Universe 7 . While Viara is defeated and eliminated by No. 17 and No. 18 's combined efforts , Paparoni ( パパロニ , Paparoni ) sends Panchia , Koitsukai , and Bollarator to attack Goku , Gohan , and Vegeta . To help Goku and Vegeta save their energy to confront Universe 11 , Gohan decides to face the three robots alone . He gains the upper hand until Paparoni has them combine together into a much stronger robot called Koichiarator ( コイチアレータ , Koichiarēta ) . Koichiarator overpowers Gohan until Goku and Vegeta step in . The two distract the enemy , while Gohan charges and strikes with an attack powerful enough to defeat it . With his robots defeated , Paparoni refuses to surrender and declares that he will unleash his trump card on Universe 7 . 121 45 `` All - Out War ! The Ultimate Quadruple Merge vs Universe 7 's Full - Scale Attack ! ! '' / `` Sōryokusen ! Kyūkoku no Yontai Gattai VS Dai nana Uchū Sōkōgeki ! ! '' ( 総力 戦 ! 究極 の 4 体 合体 VS 第 7 宇宙 総 攻撃 ! ! ) December 24 , 2017 TBA Paparoni and Koichiarator merge to form Anilaza ( アニラーザ , Anirāza ) , the most powerful warrior from Universe 3 . Anilaza begins to overwhelm the Saiyans , which forces No. 17 and No. 18 to reinforce them . The five attempt to coordinate their attacks to catch Anilaza off - guard , but he deflects them all . It is revealed that Anilaza can use echolocation to detect his opponents ' movements . Anilaza begins teleporting his punches , and he nearly knocks Goku off the stage until Frieza steps in and knocks him back onto the fighting stage . Realizing that the Universe 7 warriors will rescue each other from defeat , Anilaza attempts to eat No. 18 , who is rescued by Goku . Anilaza corners No. 17 and overwhelms him . He knocks him off the fighting stage , but No. 18 sacrifices herself to kick No. 17 back onto the fighting stage . She is eliminated from the tournament . With no other options , the Universe 7 warriors power up to their maximum levels and engage in a ki clash with Anilaza . They buy time for No. 17 to pierce through Anilaza 's attack and damage his energy reactor . This enables the others to overwhelm and eliminate Anilaza . With all of their warriors eliminated , Universe 3 is erased . As the Universe 7 warriors begin to celebrate , the remaining Universe 11 warriors step forward to challenge them . 122 46 `` For One 's Own Pride ! Vegeta 's Challenge to Be The Strongest ! ! '' / `` Onore no Hokori wo Kakete ! Bejīta Saikyō he no Chōsen ! ! '' ( 己 の 誇り を かけ て ! ベジータ 最強 へ の 挑戦 ! ! ) January 7 , 2018 TBA With only two universes remaining , the Grand Minister compresses the bleachers so that the remaining spectators are all close together . The final warriors begin their battle : Gohan and No. 17 battle Toppo , Frieza fights Dyspo , and Goku and Vegeta battle Jiren . Jiren overwhelms Goku with a flurry of punches , but Vegeta is able to analyze Jiren 's attack patterns and dodges his attacks . He lands a solid blow to Jiren 's midsection , but Jiren counters with a powerful blast that nearly rings Vegeta out . Meanwhile , Frieza blocks one of Dyspo 's attacks with his tail , but Dyspo uses it as leverage to injure him . Jiren disparages Vegeta for his self - righteousness , but Vegeta declares that it is the source of his strength . He powers up a Final Flash and goads Jiren into taking it head - on . However , the attack fails to damage Jiren , who acknowledges the power of Vegeta 's attack before incapacitating him . 123 47 `` Body and Soul , Full Power Release ! Goku and Vegeta ! ! '' / `` Zenshin Zenrei Zenryoku Kaihō ! Gokū to Bejīta ! ! '' ( 全身 全霊 全力 解放 ! 悟空 と ベジータ ! ! ) January 14 , 2018 TBA With Vegeta down , Goku faces off against Jiren . Meanwhile , the other battles continue . Frieza decides to start fighting Dyspo seriously , while Gohan and No. 17 are outmatched against Toppo . Outmatched in power , Goku instead uses ki blasts to create a minefield around Jiren , but it has no effect . Goku then lures Jiren onto a large rock that extends out over the edge of the fighting stage and cuts through the rock with a Destructo Disc . This causes Jiren to fall , but Jiren is able to push off the falling debris and jumps back onto the fighting stage . Angered by his near - elimination , Jiren finally shows his real power and easily overwhelms Goku with a volley of punches . Goku and Vegeta both get back up and power up to Super Saiyan Blue . Goku uses his maximum Kaioken beyond his previous limitations , while Vegeta is able to surpass his limits by tapping into more ki in his body , and attains a transformation similar to the Ascended Super Saiyan form , the Super Saiyan Blue Evolution form . Fully powered up , Goku and Vegeta attack Jiren as a team , and they are able to catch him off guard with their un-coordinated attacks . 124 48 `` The Fiercely Overwhelming Assault ! Gohan 's Last Stand ! ! '' / `` Shippū - Dotō no Mōshū ! Gohan Haisui no Jin ! ! '' ( 疾風 怒涛 の 猛襲 ! 悟 飯 背水 の 陣 ! ! ) January 21 , 2018 TBA As Goku and Vegeta continue their battle with Jiren , the battle between Dyspo and Frieza intensifies . The two seem evenly matched , until Frieza breaks off the fight and offers to help Universe 11 win the tournament if they promise to resurrect him with the Super Dragon Balls . Dyspo refuses the offer , so Frieza powers up to his Golden form and gains the advantage in the fight . Dyspo reveals his own ultimate technique , the Super Maximum Light Speed Mode , which increases his power and speed even further , and overwhelms Frieza . Gohan and No. 17 realize that Frieza is in danger of being knocked off the fighting stage , so No. 17 distracts Toppo , while Gohan goes to Frieza 's aid . Gohan and Frieza take on Dyspo as a team , but they have little success . Gohan develops a strategy that has Frieza use his energy to form a cage around Dyspo , which prevents him from using his high - speed attacks and allows Gohan to gain the upper hand . Unfortunately , Frieza runs out of energy , and the cage dissolves before Gohan can land the finishing blow . However , Gohan is able to grab Dyspo and hold him in place , while Frieza launches a blast that knocks them off the fighting stage and eliminates them both from the tournament . 125 49 `` With Imposing Presence ! God of Destruction Toppo Descends ! ! '' / `` Ifu - Dōdō ! Hakaishin Toppo Kōrin ! '' ( 威風 堂々 ! 破壊 神 トッポ 降臨 ! ! ) January 28 , 2018 TBA Goku and Vegeta continue their battle with Jiren , while No. 17 and Toppo fight . No. 17 and Toppo engage in a beam clash , which Toppo is winning . Frieza intervenes and strikes Toppo repeatedly from behind , which allows No. 17 to overpower Toppo 's blast . In the wake of the explosion , Toppo appears to have been defeated . However , he gets back up and powers up , using the same type of energy as a God of Destruction . Belmod explains that Toppo is a candidate to be Universe 11 's next God of Destruction , which is why he can wield the same kind of power . Toppo unleashes his new power , which damages the fighting stage and breaks a large portion of it . No. 17 and Frieza attack Toppo repeatedly , but his power is now far superior to theirs . Toppo easily defeats them both . Fortunately , they are able to stay on the fighting stage , but Toppo knocks Frieza unconscious and engages in another beam clash with No. 17 . 126 50 `` Surpass Even a God ! Vegeta 's Desperate Blow ! ! '' / `` Kami wo mo Koero ! Bejīta Sutemi no Ichigeki ! ! '' ( 神 を も 超えろ ! ベジータ 捨て身 の 一撃 ! ! ) February 4 , 2018 TBA Toppo easily overpowers No. 17 's blast . No. 17 is able to evade him for a while by using the broken fighting stage to his advantage , but Toppo effortlessly withstands No. 17 's attacks . Toppo prepares to eliminate No. 17 with a giant energy blast . Frieza rejoins the battle and deflects Toppo 's attack . Frieza uses his own energy attack to immobilize Toppo , which allows him and No. 17 to land numerous attacks , but none of them have any effect . Toppo is about to eliminate them both , when he is interrupted by Goku and Vegeta , who are still fighting Jiren . Frieza and No. 17 are hit by one of Jiren 's attacks , which gives Toppo the opportunity to attack Vegeta instead . Toppo overwhelms Vegeta with his new power and states that he has cast aside everything else in order to become strong enough to win the tournament . However , Vegeta is inspired by his family , his promise to Cabba , and his Saiyan pride . He refuses to cast anything aside . Vegeta unleashes his full power and overwhelms Toppo . Vegeta and Toppo both use their ultimate attacks : Toppo unleashes his Energy of Destruction , while Vegeta uses the Final Explosion technique that he used against Majin Buu . Vegeta 's attack overwhelms Toppo 's attack , blasts Toppo out of the fighting stage , and eliminates him from the tournament . This also causes even more damage to the fighting stage . Due to Vegeta being much stronger than the last time he used the Final Explosion technique , he survives the blast , but his energy is almost completely drained . No. 17 also reappears , but he has been injured by Jiren 's attack . Goku , Vegeta , and No. 17 all face off against Jiren , who begins to unleash his full power . 127 51 `` The Approaching Wall ! The Final Barrier of Hope ! ! '' / `` Semari - kuru Shōheki ! Kibō wo Takushita Saigo no Baria ! ! '' ( 迫り くる 障壁 ! 希望 を 託 した 最後 の バリア ! ! ) February 11 , 2018 TBA Jiren powers up to his maximum . Goku , Vegeta , and No. 17 all attack him simultaneously , but he easily overpowers them . However , No. 17 manages to land a sneak attack and injures Jiren . Jiren defeats Goku and Vegeta , while Frieza rejoins the fight and tries to kill Jiren in his golden form . However , Frieza is easily defeated as well . No. 17 asks Jiren what his wish on the Super Dragon Balls would be , and Belmod explains that Jiren 's endless pursuit of strength was inspired when his parents , most of his comrades , and mentor were killed by a powerful villain . However , his abandonment by his surviving friends turned Jiren into a loner who distrusted friendship , and he now focuses solely on increasing his own strength . No. 17 admires Jiren 's human qualities , but he accuses Jiren of using the rest of his universe 's team for his own ends . Jiren rebuffs him and fires a powerful energy blast down at No. 17 , Goku , and Vegeta . No. 17 uses a barrier to hold back Jiren 's blast and forms force fields around Goku and Vegeta to protect them , before self - destructing to destroy Jiren 's blast . Despite his exhausted state , Vegeta faces off against Jiren and declares that he will defeat him . 128 52 `` Noble Pride to the End ! Vegeta Falls ! ! '' / `` Kedakai Hokori Saigo Made ! Bejīta Chiru ! ! '' ( 気高い 誇り 最後 まで ! ベジータ 散る ! ! ) February 18 , 2018 TBA Vegeta prepares for a final stand against Jiren . Although Vegeta is too exhausted to turn into even a Super Saiyan , he still decides to take on Jiren . Jiren easily dodges his attacks and continues to pummel Vegeta . Jiren injures Vegeta 's left eye in the process . Vegeta is knocked to the brink of elimination , and he begins to think about the people in his life he cares about the most . He gets back up and continues to fight Jiren , who is impressed by Vegeta 's pride . Vegeta nearly rings out again . His boot catches onto a floating piece of rubble , which narrowly allows him to stay in the fight because the pieces of rubble still count as part of the fighting stage . Vegeta hears Bulma 's voice urging him to fight on , and he returns to fight Jiren once again . Jiren is unable to understand why Vegeta continues to fight him . Vegeta fires off a Final Flash , but Jiren is unfazed . Jiren knocks Vegeta out of the fighting stage and eliminates him from the tournament . Although Vegeta is upset at being unable to last until the end , he gives Goku his remaining energy at the last second before falling out of bounds . Goku turns Super Saiyan Blue and begins to fight Jiren with his remaining power . Even with Vegeta 's energy , Goku is still overwhelmed by Jiren . He is knocked back into his base form . When Goku is pushed back to the edge of the fighting stage and only one punch away from defeat , Vegeta shouts at Goku . Goku thinks about how the others have all put their faith in him . As Jiren delivers the final blow , Goku suddenly reactivates Ultra Instinct and dodges the attack . With his new power , Goku is able to effortlessly dodge Jiren 's attacks and lands a heavy blow on him . Both fighters face off and prepare for their final battle . 129 53 `` Limits Super Surpassed ! Ultra Instinct Mastered ! ! '' / `` Genkai Chōzetsu Toppa ! Migatte no Gokui Kiwamaru ! ! '' ( 限界 超絶 突破 ! 身勝手 の 極意 極まる ! ! ) March 4 , 2018 TBA Whis points out that , since Goku has no allies to help him and no time to recover from the strain caused by Ultra Instinct , this will be his last chance to end the battle . Goku and Jiren resume their battle , but Goku has the same problem he experienced with Kefla , and is unable to attack at his full potential . Goku tries the same trick he used on Kefla by powering up a Kamehameha and firing it at Jiren , but Jiren is able to punch through the blast . Belmod is confident that Goku 's incomplete Ultra Instinct will not be enough to win , but Vegeta points out that , throughout the tournament , all of the Saiyans have been able to surpass their limits and achieve higher levels of power . Jiren is able to trap Goku on a single floating rock and fires a barrage of attacks down at him in an attempt to knock him out , but Goku begins blocking Jiren 's attacks with his own punches . Jiren launches a final blast down at Goku , but Goku suddenly powers up immensely . He easily blocks Jiren 's blast and jumps back up to the fighting stage . Jiren attacks again , but this time Goku easily overpowers him with a flurry of punches . Whis reveals that Goku has completed his ascension . Goku 's hair and eyes have turned silver , and he now has full mastery over Ultra Instinct . 130 54 `` The Greatest Showdown of All Time ! The Ultimate Survival Battle ! ! '' / `` Kūzenzetsugo no Chō Kessen ! Kyūkyoku no Sabaibaru Batoru ! ! '' ( 空前 絶後 の 超 決戦 ! 究極 の サバイバル バトル ! ! ) March 18 , 2018 TBA Having mastered Ultra Instinct , Goku overpowers and corners Jiren , which forces Jiren to break through his own limits and power up even further . The two exchange attacks continuously . Despite almost being defeated twice , Goku stands up and recovers . When Jiren asks why Goku refuses to surrender , his friends claim that the source of Goku 's strength comes from the trust between him and his companions . Refusing to accept it , an enraged Jiren launches an attack on the bleachers that is repelled by a furious Goku , who finally defeats him . However , just as Goku is about to knock Jiren out , his body collapses from the strain of using Ultra Instinct for too long . Jiren takes the opportunity to knock Goku off the fighting stage , but Goku is saved by Frieza . No. 17 is also revealed to have survived Jiren 's blast . As Frieza and No. 17 prepare themselves to face Jiren , Goku writhes in pain . 131 55 `` The Miraculous Conclusion ! Farewell , Goku ! Until We Meet Again ! '' / `` Kiseki no ketchaku ! Saraba Goku ! Mataauhimade ! ! '' ( 奇跡 の 決着 ! さらば 悟空 ! また 会う 日 まで ! ! ) March 25 , 2018 TBA With Goku down , Frieza and No. 17 face off against Jiren . No. 17 manages to injure Jiren , who collapses from exhaustion . Frieza is about to eliminate Jiren , who accepts his impending defeat , but Toppo calls out to Jiren and inspires him to keep fighting despite his injuries . Jiren powers up and fires a massive blast at Frieza and No. 17 . They form a barrier to shield themselves , but Frieza is running low on energy and loses his Golden form . Before Jiren can overpower them , Goku manages to get back up and rejoins the others . Goku adds his strength to the barrier and enables them to block Jiren 's blast . Goku and Frieza take on Jiren together , while No. 17 provides cover fire . Working together , Goku and Frieza overpower Jiren and tackle him out of the ring . All three of them are eliminated from the tournament . With all of their fighters gone , Universe 11 is erased . As the only fighter remaining on the fighting stage , No. 17 is declared the winner of the Tournament of Power , and he is given the privilege of getting his wish granted from the Super Dragon Balls . After some consideration , No. 17 wishes to restore all of the universes that had been erased , which brings all their inhabitants back to life . As the erased universes are restored , the Grand Minister reveals that Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō had foresaw the outcome of a virtuous being winning the Tournament of Power who would make a selfless wish on the Super Dragon Balls . He also stated that they would have otherwise erased the entire multiverse if the winner had wished for selfish reasons , as this would have shown that the winning universe was no better than the erased universes and that the universes excluded from the tournament were not equally worthy of existing . As a reward for doing well in the tournament , Whis restores Frieza to life . In Universe 11 , Jiren establishes a real friendship with Toppo and looks forward to having a rematch with Goku someday . The group from Universe 7 return home . Frieza leaves Earth and resumes leadership of his empire . Goku vows to defeat him if he starts causing trouble again . Goku and Vegeta meet for a sparring match in the place where they first fought . Goku reveals that he can not use Ultra Instinct anymore and believes that he obtained it by accident during the tournament . Goku and Vegeta declare that they will keep finding new levels of strength . They race towards each other to fight . Blu - ray and DVD release ( edit ) Region 1 ( North America ) ( edit ) Name Date Discs Episodes Part One July 25 , 2017 1 -- 13 Part Two October 3 , 2017 14 -- 26 Part Three February 20 , 2018 27 -- 39 Part Four June 19 , 2018 40 -- 52 Part Five October 2 , 2018 53 -- 65 Region 2 ( Japan ) ( edit ) Name Date Discs Episodes Box 1 December 2 , 2015 1 -- 12 Box 2 March 2 , 2016 13 -- 24 Box 3 July 2 , 2016 25 -- 36 Box 4 October 4 , 2016 37 -- 48 Box 5 January 6 , 2017 49 -- 60 Box 6 April 4 , 2017 61 -- 72 Box 7 August 2 , 2017 73 -- 84 Box 8 October 3 , 2017 85 -- 96 Box 9 January 6 , 2018 97 -- 108 Box 10 April 3 , 2018 109 -- 120 Box 11 July 3 , 2018 121 -- 131 Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Episodes 109 and 110 aired together as a 1 - hour television special . ^ Jump up to : English titles per Crunchyroll . ^ Jump up to : English dub titles per Funimation . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super TV Anime Debuts on July 5 '' . Anime News Network . June 4 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2016 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kazuya Yoshii , Good Morning America to Perform Theme Songs For Dragon Ball Super '' . Anime News Network . May 19 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2016 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gods And Heroes Of `` Dragon Ball Super -- Universal Survival Arc '' Gathered For New Opening Preview Shots `` . Crunchyroll . February 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super 's New Opening Sequence Previewed in Screenshots '' . Anime News Network . February 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VIDEO : KEYTALK Performs New ED Song for `` Dragon Ball Super '' `` . Crunchyroll . October 1 , 2015 . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2015 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super To Introduce A New Theme This April '' . attackofthefanboy . March 17 , 2016 . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2016 . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Batten Showjo Tai Performs New Dragon Ball Super Ending Theme '' . Anime News Network . June 19 , 2016 . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Band Arukara Performs New Dragon Ball Super Ending Theme '' . Anime News Network . September 21 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE COLLECTORS Perform New `` Dragon Ball Super '' Ending Theme `` . Crunchyroll . December 6 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spring 's `` Dragon Ball Super '' End Theme Revealed `` . Crunchyroll . March 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Miyu Inoue Sings New Dragon Ball Super Ending Theme Song '' . Anime News Network . March 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lacco Tower Returns For New `` Dragon Ball Super '' Ending `` . Crunchyroll . June 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dragon Ball Super ' To Get New Ending '' . Comicbook . September 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2017 . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RottenGraffty To Perform New `` Dragon Ball Super '' Ending `` . Crunchyroll . September 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2017 . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Announces New Ending Theme '' . Comicbook . December 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blu - ray ・ DVD 情報 ドラゴンボール 超 東映 アニメーション ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2015 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Toonami Snaps up ' Dragon Ball Super ' '' . Animation World Network . November 10 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2015 . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` DRAGON BALL SUPER , READY FOR EMEA TAKEOVER WITH TURNER '' . www.toei-animation.com . Toei Animation Europe . October 10 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2016 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barder , Ollie ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Dragon Ball Super ' Will Start Airing In Europe This Fall , Still No Word On A US Release '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Dragon Ball Super English Sub Announced '' . IGN . Ziff Davis , LLC . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super to Simulcast on Crunchyroll , Daisuki , AnimeLab ( Updated ) '' . Anime News Network . Anime News Network . October 19 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' DRAGON BALL SUPER '' SUBTITLED EPISODES BEGIN STREAMING TODAY ON FUNIMATIONNOW WITH NEW SIMULCAST EPISODES STARTING NOVEMBER 5 , 2016 . Funimation to Produce English Dub of New Series `` . Funimation . Funimation . November 4 , 2016 . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Licenses Dragon Ball Super , Plans English Dub '' . Anime News Network . Anime News Network . November 4 , 2016 . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Toonami : Hope you 're sitting down for this ... '' Facebook . December 7 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super -- Universe Survival Saga -- Official PV 1 ( SUB ) '' . Funimation . Archived from the original on 4 February 2017 . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dragon Ball Super Universe Survival arc jump festa 17 promo video '' . kanzenshuu . December 20 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kamehacon Vegeta voice actors interview ( 26 : 25 ) '' . youtube . May 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : あらすじ ドラゴンボール 超 ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2015 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Listings Grid , TV Guide and TV Schedule , Where to Watch TV Shows -- Screener '' . Archived from the original on 22 October 2017 . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Julia Alexander ( April 3 , 2017 ) , Samurai Jack gets left behind for Rick and Morty , and no one 's happy about it , archived from the original on April 3 , 2017 , retrieved April 3 , 2017 Jump up ^ Rick and Morty Twitter account ( April 1 , 2017 ) , New Episode of RICK AND MORTY airing NOW thru MIDNIGHT ( ET / PT ) and ONLINE at http://www.adultswim.com/streams , archived from the original on May 7 , 2017 , retrieved May 7 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . January 15 , 2018 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2018 . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . January 15 , 2018 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2018 . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 1 '' . FUNimation . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 2 '' . FUNimation . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 3 '' . FUNimation . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 4 '' . FUNimation . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 5 '' . FUNimation . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 1 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 2 '' ( in Urdu ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 3 '' ( in e ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 4 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 5 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 6 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 7 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 8 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 9 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . September 30 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 10 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . September 30 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 11 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . September 30 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Dragon Ball by Akira Toriyama Media Manga chapters Dragon Ball Z Dragon Ball episodes Z episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 9 GT episodes Z Kai episodes Super episodes Heroes Films and TV specials Video games Soundtracks Characters Goku Bulma Master Roshi Yamcha Krillin Tien Shinhan Piccolo Gohan Vegeta Frieza Trunks Android 17 Android 18 Cell Majin Buu Beerus Zamasu Related Dr. Slump Arale Norimaki List of Dr. Slump characters Neko Majin Episode of Bardock Jaco the Galactic Patrolman Puff Puff Portal Anime and manga portal Dragon Ball portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Dragon_Ball_Super_episodes&oldid=854636854 '' Categories : Dragon Ball episode lists Hidden categories : CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Urdu - language sources ( ur ) CS1 maint : Unrecognized language Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Galego Italiano Magyar Norsk Português ไทย Tiếng Việt 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 19 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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tales from the crypt movie thanks for the ride lady
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Creepshow 2
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creepshow 2
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Creepshow 2 is a 1987 American live - action / animated comedy horror anthology film directed by Michael Gornick , and the sequel to Creepshow . Gornick was previously the cinematographer of the first film , and the screenplay was written by Romero who was director of the original film . It was once again based upon stories by Stephen King , and features three more horror segments consisting of Old Chief Wooden Head , The Raft and The Hitchhiker .
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Unlike the first film , Creepshow 2 only contains three stories instead of five . Originally two more stories , Pinfall and Cat from Hell , were set to appear in the film , but were scrapped due to budgetary reasons ; however , the latter has been filmed for Tales from the Darkside : The Movie . Creepshow 2 was followed by a sequel in 2006 -- which had no involvement from Stephen King or George Romero -- titled Creepshow 3 . The film was also Dorothy Lamour 's last film before her death in 1996 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 Prologue 1.2 Old Chief Wood'nhead 1.3 Interlude 1 1.4 The Raft 1.5 Interlude 2 1.6 The Hitch - hiker 1.7 Epilogue 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release and Reception 5 Home video 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Prologue ( edit ) A delivery truck pulls up to a newsstand in a small town where a young boy named Billy ( named after and confused with the boy from Creepshow ) arrives eagerly waiting for it . The truck 's back shutter opens to reveal a sinister figure who drops off a package onto the sidewalk -- the latest issue of Creepshow , much to Billy 's delight . As the film momentarily turns into an animation , the package opens of its own accord , ( revealing the cover of the comic is the same as the cover in the final scene of the previous film ) . As Billy begins to read , the delivery man reveals his true identity as the Creep . Old Chief Wood'nhead ( edit ) An elderly couple named Ray and Martha Spruce ( Kennedy and Lamour ) in a small , fictional , southwestern town called Dead River , oversee a general goods store whose decor includes a cigar store Indian named `` Old Chief Wood'nhead '' ( Dan Kamin ) on the front porch . They are humbled to see their old , run - down town coming to a bitter end . The Spruces are then visited by a Native American elder named Benjamin Whitemoon from a local tribe who gives them turquoise jewellery , which are his tribe 's sacred treasures , as collateral for the debt the tribe has incurred . The elder bids them and Old Chief Wood'nhead ( who nods to him , briefly startling him ) farewell and returns to his tribe . Later that night , the Spruces are subject to a vicious robbery led by Benjamin 's estranged ne'er - do - well nephew , Sam ( Holt McCallany ) armed with a shotgun , and his two friends , Andy and Fatstuff . After ransacking the store , Sam demands that Ray hand over the turquoise . The Spruces refuse and are fatally shot by Sam . The three thugs then leave in their car and begin preparations to run away to Hollywood , California , where the vain Sam expects to become a movie star , in part due to his long , dark hair . Old Chief Wood'nhead then comes to life after they leave , and goes out on a vicious warpath to kill them and avenge the murdered Spruces . After brutally killing Fatstuff and Andy , Old Chief Wood'nhead corners Sam in his home , with Sam being unable to fight back as the shells from his shotgun have no effect on his wooden assailant . Sam attempts to lock himself in his bathroom and escape through a window , but Old Chief Wood'nhead breaks through the wall , grabs Sam by his long hair , pulls him through the wall , and scalps him . When Benjamin Whitemoon wakes up in the morning , he finds the bag containing the turquoise jewelry by his side . He visits the Spruce 's general store to find Old Chief Wood'nhead on his pedestal , holding his nephew 's bloody scalp , a blood - stained knife , and fresh war paint adorning the chief 's face . Now aware of what has happened to the Spruces and what Chief Wood'nhead has done to the killers , Benjamin wishes the old warrior a peaceful afterlife and drives away . Interlude 1 ( edit ) After reading Old Chief Wood'nhead , Billy is seen at the town post office , receiving a package from when he sent a product ad from his copy of the Creepshow magazine . Incensed by the skeptical clerk 's dismissal of paying $9.99 for a toy from the `` funny papers , '' Billy reveals that the package actually contains the bulb for a carnivorous Venus flytrap . The clerk doubts the actuality of the package and Billy sets off for home and the Creep presents another tale . The raft ( edit ) Four college students , Deke , Laverne , Randy and Rachel , go swimming in a desolate lake far from civilization . After they make their way to a wooden raft , they are terrorized by a floating black blob resembling an oil slick that grabs a hold of Rachel and consumes her . Panicked , Deke plans to swim to shore so he can bring back help . Before he can , the blob seeps through the raft 's cracks and pulls Deke through the raft , killing him . Randy and Laverne evade the creature until it gives up trying to grab them from under the raft . Randy and Laverne are afraid to fall asleep in fear that the creature will attack . They manage to sleep and Randy is the first to wake up , relieved to find that he and Laverne made it through the night . He begins caressing Laverne 's sleeping body and fondling her breasts . She awakes screaming in agony as the creature is revealed to have seeped through the cracks and has covered the right half of her face , much to Randy 's horror . As the oil - like blob pulls her off the raft and begins consuming her , Randy jumps off to swim to shore . He ultimately makes it , barely escaping the creature , and yells `` I beat you ! '' However , the creature rears up from the water like a wave and engulfs Randy . It returns to the lake , leaving no evidence of the four students ever having visited the lake , other than their still - running car . Unknown to the students , there was a `` no swimming '' sign barely visible behind some thick vegetation . Interlude 2 ( edit ) On his way back home from the post office and reading The Raft , Billy is ambushed by a gang of neighborhood bullies , who harass him and take his package from him . The gang 's leader Rhino then smashes and opens the package , finding the Venus Flytrap bulb , and throws it on the ground , crushing it with his foot . In retaliation , Billy kicks Rhino in the groin and flees , with Rhino and his gang in hot pursuit . The Creep then appears and presents another tale . The hitch - hiker ( edit ) An adulterous businesswoman named Annie Lansing ( Chiles ) gets up from bed after sleeping with a gigolo , realizing that she has to get home before her wealthy attorney husband to avoid suspicion . Annie hops into her car and heads for home several miles away . As she speeds down a dark road , she accidentally kills a hitchhiker ( Wright ) . Seeing that no one witnessed the incident , she takes off . Shortly after she leaves , the area of the incident is crowded with passersby , who report the hit - and - run to the police . Miles away from the scene , Annie thinks about what she has done and the consequences involved . She ultimately concludes that no one has anything on her and thinks that everything will be fine . Before she can continue , however , the hitchhiker she killed suddenly appears outside her window and utters `` Thanks for the ride , lady , '' a line he repeats throughout the story . Annie speeds off in terror , but everywhere she goes , the hitchhiker always reappears . She repeatedly runs him over , hurls him off the top of her car , slams his body into trees , etc. and he only gets more and more battered and bloody without dying . At one point , he pulls up his sign , reading `` You killed me '' . Annie eventually loses control of her car and drives off the road , down a hill and into a tree , knocking herself out . Annie awakens a while later , not seeing the hitchhiker anywhere and believes it to be a nightmare . She gets back on the road and drives home , succeeding in getting there before her husband . As she begins to step out of her car , the hitchhiker , gruesomely mangled from the trip , appears from under her car and attacks her . While Annie vainly attempts to fight him off , the garage door swings shut and the interior begins to fill with smoke . Later , Annie 's husband - the same man who reported the hit and run - finally arrives home to find Annie in her car , dead from carbon monoxide poisoning caused from her still - running car , with the hitchhiker 's sign saying `` DOVER '' around her neck . Epilogue ( edit ) As the Creep is about to drive away , he spots Billy still being chased by the bullies . Billy leads his pursuers into a vacant lot swarming with out - of - control plant growth . As he rides into what seems to be a dead end , the bullies move in to pummel him , only to learn that the bulb they smashed was not the first one Billy had ordered , as a quintet of Giant Flytraps emerge from the surrounding weeds and devour the thugs one by one . The spectacle is witnessed by the Creep , who cackles in glee as he drives off in his delivery truck to deliver the latest issue of Creepshow to another town . In a post-credits scene , the following text appears : `` Juvenile delinquency is the product of pent up frustrations , stored - up resentments and bottled - up fears . It is not the product of cartoons and captions . But the comics are a handy , obvious , uncomplicated scapegoat . If the adults who crusade against them would only get as steamed up over such basic causes of delinquency as parental ignorance , indifference , and cruelty , they might discover that comic books are no more a menace than Treasure Island or Jack the Giant Killer '' . Colliers magazine , 1949 Cast ( edit ) Prologue Domenick John as Billy Tom Savini as The Creep Joe Silver as The Creep ( voice ) Old Chief Wood'nhead George Kennedy as Ray Spruce Philip Dore as Curly Kaltey Napoleon as Indian # 1 Maltby Napoleon as Indian # 1 Tyrone Tonto as Indian # 2 Dorothy Lamour as Martha Spruce Frank Salsedo as Ben Whitemoon Holt McCallany as Sam Whitemoon David Holbrook as Fatstuff Gribbens Don Harvey as Andy Cavanaugh Dan Kamin as Old Chief Wood'nhead Dean Smith as Mr. Cavanaugh Shirley Sonderegger as Mrs. Cavanaugh The Raft Paul Satterfield as Deke Jeremy Green as Laverne Daniel Beer as Randy Page Hannah as Rachel The Hitchhiker Lois Chiles as Annie Lansing David Beecroft as Annie 's Lover Tom Wright as The Hitchhiker Richard Parks as George Lansing Stephen King as Truck Driver Cheré Bryson as Woman at Accident Production ( edit ) Originally , the film was planned to have five stories much like the first film , two of these consisted of Pinfall and Cat from Hell . These two segments , however , were cut from the film due to the film 's budget . `` Cat from Hell '' , which would later be used in Tales from the Darkside : The Movie , focused on a wealthy old man hiring a hitman for $100,000 to kill a black cat , which was believed to killed three other people inside the residence he lives in and fears to be next . Unbeknownst to them , the cat soon exacts cosmic revenge on the two . `` Pinfall '' , which was set to appear after Old Chief Wood'nhead , told the story of two rivalry teams consisted of the Regi - Men and the Bad News Boors competing in a bowling alley owned by an aged millionaire ; the owner is soon killed in a freak accident and the teams found out afterwards that he would award one of them $5 million for whoever got the highest score . Soon , things turn up for the worst of the Regi - Team when the Boors , after they were killed in a fiery car - crash purposely caused by the Regi - Team , return as burnt - up revenants and soon get their revenge on their killers . Unlike Cat from Hell which managed to be brought onto the screen through a different film , Pinfall was never shot and never appeared outside of the film 's original script . However , in 2014 , the segment was funded through Kickstarter by Dayle Teegarden and was successfully pledged by its backers with £ 1,231 put into the project against its £ 1,000 goal . The segment itself was also going to be put into the sequel for Tales from the Darkside : The Movie , but this never came to fruition . During `` The Raft '' segment , actor Daniel Beer cited that he had almost died from hypothermia due to the water being very cold . While the crew wanted him to continue working with his role , the director Michael Gornick brought him to the hospital as he feared the actor would leave the set and never return if they get him to keep working during his cold condition . After a full recovery , he managed to finish the segment . Release and reception ( edit ) The film was theatrically released on May 1 , 1987 . On its opening weekend , it grossed $3,584,077 and has achieved $14,000,000 during its run in theaters . Critical reception towards the film has been mixed to negative . On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , it holds a 33 % approval rating with an 4 / 10 average rating based on 21 reviews . Allmovie gave the film a negative review and cited `` This less - satisfying sequel to the 1982 George A. Romero / Stephen King anthology presents a new trio of King stories , framed in a similar EC Comics - style format -- this time featuring some rather lackluster animated segments involving horror - host `` The Creep , '' who introduces each chapter with pun - heavy gallows humor . '' Home Video ( edit ) After its theatrical release , the film was later released on VHS the same year by New World Home Video . While being released by Anchor Bay Entertainment on DVD , a special edition DVD of the film was released with the cover art being a homage to the Tales from the Crypt comic books from EC . In 2013 , the film was released on Blu - Ray by Image Entertainment on September 3 , 2013 . On December 13 , 2016 , Arrow Video released a special edition Blu - Ray in the United States . The release contains many interviews with the cast and crew along with behind the scenes footage . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Creepshow 2 ( 1987 ) - Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Creepshow 2 '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Editorials `` '' . Collier 's Weekly . July 9 , 1949 . p. 74 . Retrieved 20 March 2017 -- via unz.org . Jump up ^ `` Pinfall : The ' Creepshow 2 ' Tale That Never Was '' . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PINFALL - Lost Creepshow Story - Fan Film '' . Kickstarter . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gingold , Michael ( May 1993 ) . `` Shocker Sequel Checklist '' . Fangoria. page 71 : Starlog Communications International . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Daniel Beer . `` Shooting Creepshow 2 with my Paramedic '' . Facebook . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Creepshow 2 ( 1987 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Creepshow 2 ( 1987 ) '' . Allmovie . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Creepshow 2 on IMDb Creepshow 2 at AllMovie Creepshow 2 at Rotten Tomatoes Stephen King 's Creepshow Films Creepshow `` Weeds '' `` The Crate '' Creepshow 2 `` The Raft '' Creepshow 3 Comics Creepshow Related Tales from the Darkside ( TV series ) Monsters ( TV series ) Tales from the Darkside : The Movie Adaptations of works by Stephen King Films The Shining ( 1980 ) Cujo ( 1983 ) The Dead Zone ( 1983 ) Christine ( 1983 ) Cat 's Eye ( 1985 ) Silver Bullet ( 1985 ) The Running Man ( 1987 ) Tales from the Darkside : The Movie ( 1990 ) Graveyard Shift ( 1990 ) Misery ( 1990 ) Sleepwalkers ( 1992 ) Needful Things ( 1993 ) The Dark Half ( 1993 ) Dolores Claiborne ( 1995 ) Thinner ( 1996 ) The Night Flier ( 1997 ) The Green Mile ( 1999 ) Hearts in Atlantis ( 2001 ) Dreamcatcher ( 2003 ) Secret Window ( 2004 ) Riding the Bullet ( 2004 ) 1408 ( 2007 ) The Mist ( 2007 ) Dolan 's Cadillac ( 2009 ) A Good Marriage ( 2014 ) Mercy ( 2014 ) Cell ( 2016 ) The Dark Tower ( 2017 ) It ( 2017 ) Gerald 's Game ( 2017 ) 1922 ( 2017 ) Carrie Carrie ( 1976 ) The Rage : Carrie 2 ( 1999 ) Carrie ( 2002 ) Carrie ( 2013 ) Creepshow Creepshow ( 1982 ) Creepshow 2 ( 1987 ) Creepshow 3 ( 2007 ) Children of the Corn Disciples of the Crow ( 1983 ) Children of the Corn ( 1984 ) The Final Sacrifice ( 1992 ) Urban Harvest ( 1995 ) The Gathering ( 1996 ) Fields of Terror ( 1998 ) Isaac 's Return ( 1999 ) Revelation ( 2001 ) Children of the Corn ( 2009 ) Genesis ( 2011 ) Different Seasons Stand by Me ( 1986 ) The Shawshank Redemption ( 1994 ) Apt Pupil ( 1998 ) Firestarter Firestarter ( 1984 ) Rekindled ( 2002 ) Trucks Maximum Overdrive ( 1986 ) Trucks ( 1997 ) Pet Sematary Pet Sematary ( 1989 ) Pet Sematary Two ( 1992 ) The Mangler The Mangler ( 1995 ) The Mangler 2 ( 2002 ) The Mangler Reborn ( 2005 ) The Lawnmower Man The Lawnmower Man ( 1992 ) Beyond Cyberspace ( 1996 ) TV films , episodes , and miniseries `` Gramma '' ( 1986 ) `` Sorry , Right Number '' ( 1987 ) It ( 1990 ) The Tommyknockers ( 1993 ) The Stand ( 1994 ) The Langoliers ( 1995 ) The Shining ( 1997 ) Quicksilver Highway ( 1997 ) `` The Revelations of ' Becka Paulson '' ( 1997 ) Storm of the Century ( 1999 ) Stephen King 's Desperation ( 2006 ) Nightmares & Dreamscapes : From the Stories of Stephen King ( 2006 ) Bag of Bones ( 2011 ) Big Driver ( 2014 ) Salem 's Lot Salem 's Lot ( 1979 ) A Return to Salem 's Lot ( 1987 ) Salem 's Lot ( 2004 ) Sometimes They Come Back Sometimes They Come Back ( 1991 ) Sometimes They Come Back ... Again ( 1996 ) Sometimes They Come Back ... for More ( 1998 ) Rose Red Rose Red ( 2002 ) The Diary of Ellen Rimbauer ( 2003 ) TV series Golden Years ( 1991 ) The Dead Zone ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Kingdom Hospital ( 2004 ) Haven ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Under the Dome ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 11.22. 63 ( 2016 ) The Mist ( 2017 ) Mr. Mercedes ( 2017 -- present ) Castle Rock ( TBA ) Operas Dolores Claiborne ( 2013 ) The Shining ( 2016 ) Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Creepshow_2&oldid=807916582 '' Categories : English - language films 1987 films 1987 horror films 1980s sequel films American films American anthology films American horror films American monster movies American sequel films Films based on short fiction Films based on works by Stephen King Films set in Maine Films shot in Maine Films with live action and animation New World Pictures films Horror anthology films Adultery in films Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego Italiano Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 20 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creepshow%202
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what position did adam sandler play in waterboy
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Klein eventually convinces Bobby to play without letting Helen know . Bobby quickly becomes one of the most feared linebackers . In his first game , he causes a turnover that costs the team the win , but he helps the team win the next game ( with Klein telling him to visualize his enemies angering him and attack ) , ending their long losing streak . The Mud Dogs go on a winning streak and earn a trip to the annual Bourbon Bowl to face the Cougars and Coach Beaulieu . Bobby 's newfound fame and confidence also allow him to reconnect with his childhood crush , Vicki Vallencourt ( Fairuza Balk ) , who has been in prison multiple times . Helen forbids Bobby from seeing her , warning him that girls are `` the devil . ''
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The Waterboy
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the waterboy
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The Waterboy is a 1998 American sports comedy film directed by Frank Coraci ( who also appears in a cameo role ) , starring Adam Sandler , Kathy Bates , Fairuza Balk , Henry Winkler , Jerry Reed ( his last film role before his death in 2008 ) , Larry Gilliard , Jr. , Blake Clark , Peter Dante and Jonathan Loughran , and produced by Robert Simonds and Jack Giarraputo .
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Lynn Swann , Lawrence Taylor , Jimmy Johnson , Bill Cowher , Paul `` The Big Show '' Wight and Rob Schneider have cameo appearances . The movie was extremely profitable , earning $161.5 million in North America alone . This was Sandler 's second film to eclipse $120 million worldwide in 1998 along with The Wedding Singer . Adam Sandler 's character , Bobby Boucher ( pronounced / buːˈʃeɪ / boo - SHAY ) , bears a strong resemblance to his `` The Excited Southerner '' comedic skits from his album What the Hell Happened to Me ? The portrayal is one of a stereotypical Cajun from the bayous of South Louisiana , not the typical stereotype of a Southerner . He also shares similarities in speech and mannerism to Canteen Boy , a recurring character , also portrayed by Sandler , on Saturday Night Live . Like Bobby , Canteen Boy was a soft - spoken manchild who preferred `` purified water , right out of the old canteen , '' which he always carried with him . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Filming and production 4 Soundtrack 4.1 Track listing 5 Critical reception 5.1 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Bobby Boucher ( Adam Sandler ) is a socially inept , stuttering 31 - year - old water boy of the University of Louisiana 's football program He lives with his excessively protective mother , Helen ( Kathy Bates ) , and believes his father , Robert Sr. , died of dehydration in the Sahara while serving in the Peace Corps . As school authorities notice the players constantly bullying Boucher , the Cougars ' head coach , Red Beaulieu ( Jerry Reed ) , fires Boucher , claiming he is `` disruptive . '' Bobby approaches Coach Klein ( Henry Winkler ) of the far more austere South Central Louisiana State University Mud Dogs and is hired as the team 's water boy . The Mud Dogs are a struggling team both on and off the field . They have lost 40 consecutive games , their cheerleaders are alcoholics , and players are forced to share equipment due to budget cuts . Helen forbids Bobby from playing football , warning him of its `` evils . '' After the new team picks on him , Klein encourages Bobby to stand up for himself , leading to him tackling and knocking out the team 's quarterback . It turns out Bobby has hidden anger issues due to Helen 's excessive sheltering and years being bullied . Seeing his potential , Klein meets with Helen and tries to persuade her to let Bobby play , but she refuses . Klein eventually convinces Bobby to play without letting Helen know . Bobby quickly becomes one of the most feared linebackers . In his first game , he causes a turnover that costs the team the win , but he helps the team win the next game ( with Klein telling him to visualize his enemies angering him and attack ) , ending their long losing streak . The Mud Dogs go on a winning streak and earn a trip to the annual Bourbon Bowl to face the Cougars and Coach Beaulieu . Bobby 's newfound fame and confidence also allow him to reconnect with his childhood crush , Vicki Vallencourt ( Fairuza Balk ) , who has been in prison multiple times . Helen forbids Bobby from seeing her , warning him that girls are `` the devil . '' Beaulieu crashes the Mud Dogs ' pep rally and reveals that Bobby never finished high school ( being homeschooled by his mother ) and his high school transcript was fake , making him ineligible for college and football . This turns the team and fans against him . Klein convinces NCAA to let Bobby play if he can pass a GED exam . He apologizes to Bobby and admits to submitting the fake transcript because he was desperate to get even with Beaulieu . It is revealed that Klein and Beaulieu used to be assistant coaches at the University of Louisiana . Beaulieu took credit for Klein 's playbook , got promoted to head coach , and immediately fired Klein . The experience drove Klein to a mental breakdown , making him unable to come up with new plays . The story convinces Bobby to help Klein get revenge on Beaulieu and prove himself to everyone . While studying , Bobby inadvertently reveals to Helen that he has been playing football , going to college , and seeing Vicki . This leads to them having a fight that ends with Bobby defying his mother . Bobby passes the exam , but Helen feigns illness . Feeling he drove his mother to illness , Bobby stays in the hospital with her . Meanwhile , Vicki spreads word of Bobby passing the exam . This leads to a gathering of fans at the hospital who apologize for not supporting him and try to convince him to play . Seeing her son struggling to ignore his calling , Helen realizes the error of her ways and ends her fake illness . She tells Bobby the truth about his father , Robert Sr. , who left home to find work in New Orleans as a means to support their family . The only reason she lied about him dying in a missionary work with the Peace Corps in the Sahara is because she had to protect Bobby from the truth of his father 's actions . After Robert Sr. changed his named to Roberto , he had an affair with a voodoo priestess and willingly abandoned her while she was pregnant with Bobby . Consequently , this lead to Helen sheltering him all his life and is constantly afraid that Bobby would leave her , which was why she faked being sick in order to keep him by her side . Having seen him being happy and making new friends , she realized how selfish she had been to him . The best thing Helen can do is let Bobby go and encourages him to play in the Bourbon Bowl . Arriving at halftime , Bobby finds the Mud Dogs losing 27 - 0 . He tries to encourage the team , who apologizes for not treating him with the respect he deserves . With Bobby 's help , Coach Klein overcomes his fear of Beaulieu ( by visualizing his enemy as something he 's not afraid of ) and comes up with new plays . The Mud Dogs begin to catch up , unsettling Beaulieu , who resorts to underhanded tactics . Meanwhile , Helen helps by sobering up the team 's cheerleaders in making coffee , while Vicki fills in for Bobby 's usual waterboy duties . Eventually , the Mud Dogs win the Bourbon Bowl by a score of 30 - 27 ( like Vicki predicted ) and ending Beaulieu a `` perfect season '' with the Cougars . Bobby is named the MVP . Some time later , Bobby and Vicki get married . Robert , Sr. ( director Frank Coraci in a cameo role ) shows up and tries to convince Bobby to skip school and go to the NFL , citing the success of Tiger Woods and his father . He is tackled to the ground by an enraged Helen out of revenge for his actions , while the crowd cheers . Bobby and Vicki leave to consummate their marriage . Cast ( edit ) Adam Sandler as Robert ' Bobby ' Boucher , Jr . Kathy Bates as Helen ' Mama ' Boucher Henry Winkler as Coach Klein Fairuza Balk as Vicki Vallencourt Jerry Reed as Coach Red Beaulieu Peter Dante as Gee Grenouille Larry Gilliard , Jr. as Derek Wallace Blake Clark as Farmer Fran Jonathan Loughran as Lyle Robideaux Clint Howard as Paco Allen Covert as Walter Rob Schneider as The Townie ; Schneider reprises this role in Adam Sandler 's 2000 film Little Nicky , despite being made by New Line Cinema ; in turn , Sandler plays the same townie in Schneider 's film The Animal . Kevin Farley as Jim Simonds Frank Coraci as Robert ' Roberto ' Boucher , Sr . Paul Wight as Captain Insano Soon Hee Newbold as Mud Dog Cheerleader Dan Fouts as Himself ( ABC Sports commentator ) Brent Musburger as Himself ( ABC Sports commentator ) Lynn Swann as Himself ( ABC Sports commentator ) Chris Fowler as Himself ( ESPN commentator ) Lee Corso as Himself ( ESPN commentator ) Trevor Miller as Himself Moosie The Cocker Spaniel as Herself Dan Patrick as Himself ( ESPN SportsCenter commentator ) Lawrence Taylor as Himself ( LT 's Louisiana Lightning Training Football Camp ) Bill Cowher as Himself ( Pittsburgh Steelers coach ) Jimmy Johnson as Himself ( Miami Dolphins coach ) Jennifer Bini Taylor as Rita Filming and production ( edit ) The Waterboy was mostly filmed in the Central Florida and Orlando area as well as around Daytona Beach , DeLand , Florida , Lakeland , Florida , and surrounding areas . The Mud Dogs home games were filmed at Spec Martin Stadium in DeLand , Florida , home of the local high school team ( the DHS Bulldogs ) . The classrooms and gym where Bobby takes the GED are part of Stetson University , also located in DeLand . Stetson 's Carlton Student Union building is featured in the scene where Bobby is told his mother has been hospitalized . The scenes involving mama 's cabin were shot on Lake Louisa , in Clermont , Florida . Coach Klein 's ( Henry Winkler 's ) office was a stage built inside of the Florida Army National Guard Armory in DeLand , Florida . It is home of Btry B 1st Bn 265th ADA . If one was to look closely , in the background of the practice field scenes , they can see the Armory and some military vehicles . The initial exterior shot of the University of Louisiana stadium was EverBank Field in Jacksonville ; the interior of the stadium is actually the Citrus Bowl in Orlando , Florida . The Citrus Bowl was also the filming location for the climatic Bourbon Bowl game , while the flyover shot at the beginning of the game is of Williams - Brice Stadium at the University of South Carolina in Columbia , South Carolina . The `` medulla oblongata '' scene was filmed at Florida Southern College in Lakeland , Florida . The extras in the scene were students at the college , and the scene was shot on campus in Edge Hall . Soundtrack ( edit ) The Waterboy : Original Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Various artists Released November 3 , 1998 ( 1998 - 11 - 03 ) Length 54 : 53 Label Hollywood The soundtrack for The Waterboy was released on November 3 , 1998 by Hollywood Records . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Born on the Bayou '' Creedence Clearwater Revival 5 : 15 2 . `` More Today Than Yesterday '' Goldfinger 3 : 22 3 . `` Boom Boom '' Big Head Todd and the Monsters 3 : 33 4 . `` Feed It '' The Candyskins 3 : 35 5 . `` Peace Frog '' The Doors 2 : 57 6 . `` Let 's Groove '' Earth , Wind & Fire 5 : 38 7 . `` Always on the Run '' Lenny Kravitz 3 : 53 8 . `` Doin ' My Thang '' Incidents / Lifelong 4 : 10 9 . `` Small Town '' John Mellencamp 3 : 40 10 . `` New Year 's Eve '' Joe Walsh 4 : 00 11 . `` No One to Run With '' The Allman Brothers Band 5 : 58 12 . `` Tom Sawyer '' Rush 4 : 34 13 . `` Glowing Soul '' Candlebox 4 : 18 Total length : 54 : 53 Critical reception ( edit ) The Waterboy received mostly mixed to negative reviews from critics . Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , 35 % of the reviews were positive , with an average rating of 4.6 / 10 . The site 's consensus says `` The Waterboy is an insult to its genre with low humor and cheap gags . '' At Metacritic , the film holds a rating of 41 % , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Roger Ebert of The Chicago Sun Times gave the film a negative review , saying `` Sandler is making a tactical error when he creates a character whose manner and voice has the effect of fingernails on a blackboard , and then expects us to hang in there for a whole movie . '' Lisa Alspector of the Chicago Reader also gave the film a negative review , writing `` Geek - triumphs - after - all comedies can be charming , but in this one the triumphing begins so early it 's hard to feel for the geek . '' Michael O'Sullivan of the Washington Post described the movie as `` Another film about ... a cretinous , grating loser . '' Manhola Dargins of L.A Weekly gave the film a mixed review , writing : `` Of course it 's dumb , but every 10 minutes or so , it 's also pretty funny . '' Glen Lovell of Variety said of the film , `` This yahoos - on - the - bayou farce is neither inventive nor outrageous enough . '' . David Nusair of Reel Film Reviews also gave the film a mixed review , calling it `` an agreeable yet forgettable comedy '' . Janet Maslin of The New York Times said the film was `` so cheerfully outlandish that it 's hard to resist , and so good - hearted that it 's genuinely endearing . '' . Mark Savlov of the Austin Chronicle also gave the film a positive review and said the film was `` A mildly amusing bayou farce with plenty of ' foosball ' action to liven the sometimes plodding proceedings . '' The film grossed $185,991,646 worldwide from a $20 million budget . Awards and nominations ( edit ) For his role Sandler was nominated for a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actor . The film was also a nominee for the American Film Institute 's AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Box Office Mojo '' . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Vi - an ( July 11 , 2013 ) . `` 15 Movie Stars Who Got Their Starts on Saturday Night Live '' . Parade Magazine . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Movie / TV helmets '' . Mghelmets.com . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ http://www.allmusic.com/album/the-waterboy-mw0000601243 Jump up ^ `` The Waterboy Review '' . Retrieved 5 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Waterboy '' . metacritic.com . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 5 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` THE WATERBOY '' . rogerebert.com . Retrieved 5 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Alspector , Lisa . `` The Waterboy Review '' . Retrieved 5 June 2014 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Michael . `` The Waterboy '' . washingtonpost.com . Retrieved 5 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Dargins , Manhola . `` The Waterboy Review '' . Jump up ^ Lovell , Glen . `` Waterboy Review '' . variety.com . Retrieved 5 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Nusair , David . `` The Waterboy ( July 10 / 10 ) '' . Retrieved 5 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet . `` The Waterboy ( 1998 ) FILM REVIEW ; Md Dogs ! Mud Dogs ! Rah Rah Rah ! '' . Retrieved 5 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Savlov , Mark . `` The Waterboy '' . austinchronicle.com . Austin Chronicle Corp . Retrieved 5 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Waterboy '' . IMDb . IMDb . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 04 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Waterboy The Waterboy on IMDb The Waterboy at AllMovie The Waterboy at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) Films directed by Frank Coraci Murdered Innocence ( 1995 ) The Wedding Singer ( 1998 ) The Waterboy ( 1998 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 2004 ) Click ( 2006 ) Zookeeper ( 2011 ) Here Comes the Boom ( 2012 ) Blended ( 2014 ) The Ridiculous 6 ( 2015 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Waterboy&oldid=808354776 '' Categories : 1998 films English - language films 1990s sports comedy films American films American football films American sports comedy films Films about virginity Films directed by Frank Coraci Films set in Louisiana Films shot in Florida Pittsburgh Steelers in popular culture Screenplays by Adam Sandler Screenplays by Tim Herlihy Touchstone Pictures films Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 2 November 2017 , at 11 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Waterboy
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parts of a car that start with t
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List of auto parts
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list of auto parts
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This is a list of automotive parts mostly for vehicles using internal combustion engines which are manufactured components of automobiles :
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Contents 1 Car body and main part 1.1 Doors 1.2 Windows 2 Electrical and electronics 2.1 Audio / video devices 2.2 Cameras 2.3 Electrical supply system 2.4 Gauges and meters 2.5 Ignition electronic system 2.6 Lighting and signaling system 2.7 Sensors 2.8 Starting system 2.9 Electrical switches 2.10 Wiring harnesses 2.11 Miscellaneous 3 Interior 3.1 Floor components and parts 3.2 Other components 3.3 Car seat 4 Power - train and chassis 4.1 Braking system 4.2 Engine components and parts 4.3 Engine cooling system 4.4 Engine oil systems 4.5 Exhaust system 4.6 Fuel supply system 4.7 Suspension and steering systems 4.8 Transmission system 5 Miscellaneous auto parts 5.1 Air conditioning system ( A / C ) 5.2 Bearings 5.3 Hose 5.4 Other miscellaneous parts 6 See also 7 References Car body and main part ( edit ) Body components , including windows and trim : Bonnet / hood Bonnet / hood Bumper Unexposed bumper Exposed Bumper Cowl screen Decklid Fascia rear and support Fender ( wing or mudguard ) Front clip Front fascia and header panel Grille ( also called grill ) Pillar and hard trim Quarter panel Radiator core support Rocker Roof rack Spoiler Front spoiler ( air dam ) Rear spoiler ( wing ) Rims Hubcap Tire / Tyre Trim package Trunk / boot / hatch Trunk / boot latch Valance Welded assembly Doors ( edit ) Front Right Outer door handle Front Left Side Outer door handle Rear Right Side Outer door handle Rear Left Side Outer door handle Front Right Side Inner door handle Front Left Side Inner door handle Rear Right Side Inner door handle Rear Left Side Inner door handle Back Door Outer Door Handles Front Right Side Window motor Front Left Side Window motor Rear Right Side Window motor Rear Left Side Window motor Door control module Door seal Door water - shield Hinge Door latch Door lock and power door locks Central - locking Fuel tank ( or fuel filler ) door Windows ( edit ) Glass Front Right Side Door Glass Front Left Side Door Glass Rear Right Side Door Glass Rear Left Side Door Glass Rear Right Quarter Glass Rear Left Quarter Glass Sunroof Sunroof motor Sunroof Rail Sunroof Glass Window motor Window regulator Windshield ( also called windscreen ) Windshield washer motor Window seal Electrical and electronics ( edit ) See also : 42 - volt electrical system Audio / video devices ( edit ) Antenna assembly Antenna cable Radio and media player Speaker Tuner Subwoofer Video player Cameras ( edit ) Backup camera Dashcam Electrical supply system ( edit ) Alternator Battery Performance Battery Battery Box Battery Cable terminal Battery Cable Battery Control system Battery Plate Battery tray Battery Cap Sulphuric Acid ( H SO ) Distilled Water Voltage regulator Gauges and meters ( edit ) Ammeter Clinometer Dynamometer Fuel gauge Manometer Hydrometer Odometer ( also called milometer or mileometers ) Speedometer Tachometer ( also called rev counters ) Temperature gauge Tire pressure gauge Vacuum gauge Voltmeter Water temperature meter Oil pressure gauge Ignition electronic system ( edit ) Sparking cable Distributor Distributor Cap Electronic timing controller Ignition box Ignition coil Ignition Coil Connector Ignition coil parts Ignition magneto Spark plug Glow Plug Lighting and signaling system ( edit ) Main article : Automotive lighting Engine bay lighting Fog light ( also called foglamp ) Spotlight Headlight ( also called headlamp ) Headlight motor Interior light and lamp License plate lamp ( also called number plate lamp or registration plate lamp ) Side lighting Tail light Tail light cover Indicator light turn signal control , also called the turn signal lever , also called the `` turn signal stalk '' , typically mounted on the steering shaft behind the steering wheel Sensors ( edit ) Airbag sensors Automatic transmission speed sensor Camshaft position sensor Crankshaft position sensor Coolant temperature sensor Fuel level sensor Fuel pressure sensor Knock sensor Light sensor MAP sensor Mass airflow sensor Oil level sensor Oil pressure sensor Oxygen sensor ( o2 ) Throttle position sensor ( speed of meter sensor ) ABS Sensor Starting system ( edit ) Starter Starter drive starter pinion gear Starter motor Starter solenoid Glowplug Electrical switches ( edit ) Battery Door switch Ignition switch Power window switch Steering column switch Switch cover Switch panel Thermostat Frame switch Fan ditch Parts and functions of starter system Neutral Safety Switch Wiring harnesses ( edit ) ( wiring loom or cable loom ) Air conditioning harness Engine compartment harness Interior harness floor harness Main harness control harness Miscellaneous ( edit ) Air bag control module Alarm and siren Central locking system Chassis control computer Cruise control computer Door contact Engine computer and management system Engine control unit Fuse Fuse box Ground strap Grab Handle Navigation system / GPS navigation device Performance chip Performance monitor Relay connector Remote lock Shift improver Speed controller Speedometer calibrator Transmission computer Wiring connector Interior ( edit ) Dash Panels Floor components and parts ( edit ) Carpet and other floor material Center console ( front and rear ) Other components ( edit ) Trap ( secret compartment ) Roll cage or Exo cage Car seat ( edit ) Arm Rest Bench seat Bucket seat Children and baby car seat Fastener Headrest Seat belt Seat bracket Seat cover Seat track Other seat components Back seat Power - train and chassis ( edit ) See also : frame ( vehicle ) Braking system Anti-lock braking system ( ABS ) ABS steel pin FR Side Sensor FL Side Sensor RR Side Sensor RL Side Sensor ABS Motor Circuit Adjusting mechanism ( adjuster star wheel ) Anchor Bleed nipple Brake backing plate Brake backing pad Brake cooling duct Brake disc Brake Fluid Brake drum Brake lining Brake pad Brake pedal Brake piston Brake pump Brake roll Brake rotor Brake servo Brake shoe Brake lining Shoe web Brake warning light Calibrated friction brake Caliper Combination valve Dual circuit brake system Hold - down springs ( retainer springs ) Hose Brake booster hose Air brake nylon hose Brake duct hose Hydraulic booster unit Load - sensing valve Master cylinder Metering valve Other braking system parts Park brake lever / handle ( hand brake ) Pressure differential valve Proportioning valve Reservoir Shoe return spring Tyre Vacuum brake booster Wheel cylinder ( slave cylinder ) Wheel stud Engine components and parts ( edit ) Diesel engine , petrol engine ( gasoline engine ) Accessory belt Air duct Air intake housing Air intake manifold Camshaft Camshaft bearing Camshaft fastener Camshaft follower Camshaft locking plate Camshaft pushrod Camshaft spacer ring Camshaft phase variator Connecting rod Connecting rod bearing Connecting rod bolt Connecting rod washer Crank case Crank pulley Crankshaft Crankshaft oil seal Cylinder head Cylinder head cover Other cylinder head cover parts Cylinder head gasket Distributor Distributor cap Drive belt Engine block Engine cradle Engine shake damper and vibration absorber Engine valve Fan belt Gudgeon pin ( wrist pin ) Harmonic balancer Heater Mounting Piston Piston pin and crank pin Piston pin bush Piston ring and circlip Poppet valve PCV valve ( positive crankcase ventilation valve ) Pulley part Rocker arm Rocker cover Starter motor Starter pinion Starter ring Turbocharger and supercharger Tappet Timing tape Valve cover Valve housing Valve spring Valve stem seal Water pump pulley Engine cooling system ( edit ) Air blower Coolant hose ( clamp ) Cooling fan Fan blade Fan clutch Radiator Radiator bolt Radiator ( fan ) shroud Radiator gasket Radiator pressure cap Overflow tank Thermostat Water neck Water neck o - ring Water pipe Water pump Water pump gasket Water tank Engine oil systems ( edit ) Oil filter Oil gasket Oil pan Oil pipe Oil pump Oil strainer Exhaust system ( edit ) See also : exhaust gas re-circulation Catalytic converter Exhaust clamp and bracket Exhaust flange gasket Exhaust gasket Exhaust manifold Exhaust manifold gasket Exhaust pipe Heat shield Heat sleeving and tape Resonator Muffler ( Silencer ) Spacer ring Fuel supply system ( edit ) Air filter Carburetor Carburetor parts Choke cable EGR valve Fuel cap Fuel cell Fuel cell component Fuel cooler Fuel distributor Fuel filter Fuel filter seal Fuel injector Fuel injector nozzle Fuel line Fuel pump Fuel pump gasket Fuel pressure regulator Fuel rail Fuel tank Fuel tank cover Fuel water separator Intake manifold Intake manifold gasket LPG ( Liquefied petroleum gas ) system assembly Throttle body Suspension and steering systems ( edit ) Axle Camber arm Control arm Beam axle Idler arm Kingpin Lateral link Pan-hard rod Pit - man arm Power steering assembly and component Rack end Shock absorber Spindle Spring Air spring Coil spring Leaf and parabolic leaf spring Ball joint Rubber spring Spiral spring Stabilizer bars and link Steering arm Steering box Steering column assembly Steering rack ( a form of steering gear ; see also rack and pinion and recirculating ball ) Steering shaft Steering wheel ( driving wheel ) Strut Stub axle Suspension link and bolt Sway bar link Tie bar Tie rod Tie rod end Track Bar Toe link Trailing arm Transmission system ( edit ) Adjustable pedal Axle shaft Bell housing Universal joint Other belts Carrier assembly Chain wheel and sprocket Clutch assembly Clutch cable Clutch disk Clutch fan Clutch fork Clutch hose Clutch lever Clutch lining Clutch pedal Clutch pressure plate Clutch shoe Clutch spring Differential Differential case Pinion bearing Differential clutch Spider gears Differential casing Differential flange Differential gear Differential seal Flywheel Flywheel ring gear Gear Gear coupling Gear pump Gear ring Gear stick ( gear - stick , gear lever , selection lever , shift stick , gear shifter ) Gearbox Idler gear Knuckle Master cylinder Output shaft Pinion Planetary gear set Prop shaft ( drive shaft , propeller shaft ) Shift cable Shift fork Shift knob Shift lever Slave cylinder Speed reducer Speedometer gear Steering gear Torque converter Trans - axle housing Transfer case Transmission gear Transmission pan Transmission seal and bonded piston Transmission spring Transmission yoke Universal joint ( UJ , card - an joint ) Miscellaneous auto parts ( edit ) Air conditioning system ( a / c ) ( edit ) See also Air conditioning / Automobile air conditioners systems . A / C Clutch A / C Compressor A / C Condenser A / C Hose A / C Kit A / C Relay A / C Valve A / C Expansion Valve A / C Low - pressure Valve A / C Schroeder Valve A / C INNER PLATE A / C Cooler A / C Evaporator A / C Suction Hose Pipe A / C Discharge Hose Pipe A / C Gas Receiver A / C Condenser Filter A / C Cabin Filter Bearings ( edit ) Grooved ball bearing Needle bearing Roller bearing Sleeve bearing wheel bearing Hose ( edit ) Fuel vapour hose Reinforced hose ( high - pressure hose ) Non-reinforced hose Radiator hose Other miscellaneous parts ( edit ) Logo Adhesive tape and foil Air bag Bolt cap License plate bracket Cables Speedometer cable Cotter pin Dashboard Center console Glove compartment Drag link Dynamic seal Fastener Gasket : Flat , moulded , profiled Hood and trunk release cable Horn and trumpet horn Injection - molded parts Instrument cluster Label Mirror Phone Mount Name plate Nut Flange nut Hex nut O - ring Paint Rivet Rubber ( extruded and molded ) Screw Shim Sun visor Washer See also ( edit ) Fuel economy in automobiles Spare parts management Electric Car References ( edit ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_auto_parts&oldid=851446473 '' Categories : Auto parts Automobile - related lists Lists of parts Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Монгол 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 July 2018 , at 10 : 16 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20auto%20parts
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when was daylight savings time created in the usa
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Starting on April 30 , 1916 , the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria - Hungary were the first to use DST ( German : Sommerzeit ) as a way to conserve coal during wartime . Britain , most of its allies , and many European neutrals soon followed suit . Russia and a few other countries waited until the next year , and the United States adopted it in 1918 .
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1918
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Daylight saving time
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daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time ( abbreviated DST ) , commonly referred to as daylight savings time in speech , and known as summer time in some countries , is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months so that evening daylight lasts longer , while sacrificing normal sunrise times . Typically , regions that use daylight saving time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring and adjust them backward in the autumn to standard time .
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George Hudson proposed the idea of daylight saving in 1895 . The German Empire and Austria - Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation , starting on April 30 , 1916 . Many countries have used it at various times since then , particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s . DST is generally not observed near the equator , where sunrise times do not vary enough to justify it . Some countries observe it only in some regions ; for example , southern Brazil observes it while equatorial Brazil does not . Only a minority of the world 's population uses DST , because Asia and Africa generally do not observe it . DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel , billing , record keeping , medical devices , heavy equipment , and sleep patterns . Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically , but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates and timings may be confusing . Contents ( hide ) 1 Rationale 2 History 3 Procedure 4 Politics 5 Dispute over benefits and drawbacks 5.1 Energy use 5.2 Economic effects 5.3 Public safety 5.4 Health 5.5 Complexity 6 Terminology 7 Computing 7.1 IANA time zone database 7.2 Microsoft Windows 8 Permanent daylight saving time 9 By country and region 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Rationale ( edit ) Industrialized societies generally follow a clock - based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year . The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school , and the coordination of mass transit , for example , usually remain constant year - round . In contrast , an agrarian society 's daily routines for work and personal conduct are more likely governed by the length of daylight hours and by solar time , which change seasonally because of the Earth 's axial tilt . North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter , with the effect becoming greater the further one moves away from the tropics . By synchronously resetting all clocks in a region to one hour ahead of standard time ( one hour `` fast '' ) , individuals who follow such a year - round schedule will wake an hour earlier than they would have otherwise ; they will begin and complete daily work routines an hour earlier , and they will have available to them an extra hour of daylight after their workday activities . However , they will have one fewer hour of daylight at the start of each day , making the policy less practical during winter . While the times of sunrise and sunset change at roughly equal rates as the seasons change , proponents of Daylight Saving Time argue that most people prefer a greater increase in daylight hours after the typical `` nine to five '' workday . Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating , but the actual effect on overall energy use is heavily disputed . The manipulation of time at higher latitudes ( for example Iceland , Nunavut or Alaska ) has little impact on daily life , because the length of day and night changes more extremely throughout the seasons ( in comparison to other latitudes ) , and thus sunrise and sunset times are significantly out of phase with standard working hours regardless of manipulations of the clock . DST is also of little use for locations near the equator , because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year . The effect also varies according to how far east or west the location is within its time zone , with locations farther east inside the time zone benefiting more from DST than locations farther west in the same time zone . History ( edit ) Ancient water clock that lets hour lengths vary with season Although they did not fix their schedules to the clock in the modern sense , ancient civilizations adjusted daily schedules to the sun more flexibly than DST does , often dividing daylight into twelve hours regardless of daytime , so that each daylight hour was longer during summer . For example , the Romans kept time with water clocks that had different scales for different months of the year : at Rome 's latitude the third hour from sunrise , hora tertia , started by modern standards at 09 : 02 solar time and lasted 44 minutes at the winter solstice , but at the summer solstice it started at 06 : 58 and lasted 75 minutes . After ancient times , equal - length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal , so civil time no longer varies by season . Unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings , such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies . During his time as an American envoy to France , Benjamin Franklin , publisher of the old English proverb `` Early to bed , and early to rise , makes a man healthy , wealthy and wise '' , anonymously published a letter suggesting that Parisians economize on candles by rising earlier to use morning sunlight . This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters , rationing candles , and waking the public by ringing church bells and firing cannons at sunrise . Despite common misconception , Franklin did not actually propose DST ; 18th - century Europe did not even keep precise schedules . However , this soon changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklin 's day . George Hudson invented modern DST , proposing it first in 1895 Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson , whose shift work job gave him leisure time to collect insects and led him to value after - hours daylight . In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society proposing a two - hour daylight - saving shift , and after considerable interest was expressed in Christchurch , he followed up in an 1898 paper . Many publications credit DST proposal to the prominent English builder and outdoorsman William Willett , who independently conceived DST in 1905 during a pre-breakfast ride , when he observed with dismay how many Londoners slept through a large part of a summer day . An avid golfer , he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk . His solution was to advance the clock during the summer months , a proposal he published two years later . The proposal was taken up by the Liberal member of parliament ( MP ) Robert Pearce , who introduced the first Daylight Saving Bill to the House of Commons on February 12 , 1908 . A select committee was set up to examine the issue , but Pearce 's bill did not become law , and several other bills failed in the following years . Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915 . William Sword Frost , mayor of Orillia , Ontario , introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912 . Starting on April 30 , 1916 , the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria - Hungary were the first to use DST ( German : Sommerzeit ) as a way to conserve coal during wartime . Britain , most of its allies , and many European neutrals soon followed suit . Russia and a few other countries waited until the next year , and the United States adopted it in 1918 . Broadly speaking , daylight saving time was abandoned in the years after the war ( with some notable exceptions including Canada , the UK , France , and Ireland ) . However , it was brought back for periods of time in many different places during the following decades and commonly during World War II . It became widely adopted , particularly in North America and Europe , starting in the 1970s as a result of the 1970s energy crisis . Since then , the world has seen many enactments , adjustments , and repeals . For specific details , an overview is available at Daylight saving time by country . Procedure ( edit ) See also : Daylight saving time by country When DST begins , clocks are advanced by one hour ( as if to skip one hour ) during the very early morning at the beginning of DST . When DST ends , clocks are set back ( as if to repeat one hour ) during the very early morning . Specific times vary by jurisdiction . In the case of the United States , where a one - hour shift occurs at 02 : 00 local time , in spring the clock jumps forward from the last instant of 01 : 59 standard time to 03 : 00 DST and that day has 23 hours , whereas in autumn the clock jumps backward from the last instant of 01 : 59 DST to 01 : 00 standard time , repeating that hour , and that day has 25 hours . A digital display of local time does not read 02 : 00 exactly at the shift to summer time , but instead jumps from 01 : 59 : 59.9 forward to 03 : 00 : 00.0 . Clock shifts are usually scheduled near a weekend midnight to lessen disruption to weekday schedules . A one - hour shift is customary . Twenty - minute and two - hour shifts have been used in the past . Coordination strategies differ when adjacent time zones shift clocks . The European Union shifts all zones at the same instant , at 01 : 00 Greenwich Mean Time or 02 : 00 CET or 03 : 00 EET . The result of this procedure is that Eastern European Time is always one hour ahead of Central European Time , at the cost of the shift happening at different local times . In contrast most of North America shifts at 02 : 00 local time , so its zones do not shift at the same instant ; for example , Mountain Time is temporarily ( for one hour ) zero hours ahead of Pacific Time , instead of one hour ahead , in the autumn and two hours , instead of one , ahead of Pacific Time in the spring . In the past , Australian districts went even further and did not always agree on start and end dates ; for example , in 2008 most DST - observing areas shifted clocks forward on October 5 but Western Australia shifted on October 26 . In some cases only part of a country shifts ; for example , in the U.S. , Hawaii and most of Arizona do not observe DST . Start and end dates vary with location and year . Since 1996 , European Summer Time has been observed from the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in October ; previously the rules were not uniform across the European Union . Starting in 2007 , most of the United States and Canada observe DST from the second Sunday in March to the first Sunday in November , almost two - thirds of the year . The 2007 U.S. change was part of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 ; previously , from 1987 through 2006 , the start and end dates were the first Sunday in April and the last Sunday in October , and Congress retains the right to go back to the previous dates now that an energy - consumption study has been done . Proponents for permanently retaining November as the month for ending DST point to Halloween as a reason to delay the change -- to provide extra daylight on October 31 . In early 2008 central Brazil was one , two or three hours ahead of eastern U.S. , depending on the date . Beginning and ending dates are roughly the reverse in the southern hemisphere . For example , mainland Chile observed DST from the second Saturday in October to the second Saturday in March , with transitions at 24 : 00 local time . As a result , time difference between two regions varies along the year because of DST . Central European Time is usually six hours later than North American Eastern Time , except a few weeks in March and October / November . Likewise , the United Kingdom and mainland Chile could be five hours apart during the northern summer , three hours during the southern summer , and four hours a few weeks per year because of mismatch of changing dates . Politics ( edit ) Daylight saving has caused controversy since it began . Winston Churchill argued that it enlarges `` the opportunities for the pursuit of health and happiness among the millions of people who live in this country '' and pundits have dubbed it `` Daylight Slaving Time '' . Historically , retailing , sports , and tourism interests have favored daylight saving , while agricultural and evening entertainment interests have opposed it , and its initial adoption had been prompted by energy crises and war . The fate of Willett 's 1907 proposal illustrates several political issues involved . The proposal attracted many supporters , including Arthur Balfour , Churchill , David Lloyd George , Ramsay MacDonald , Edward VII ( who used half - hour DST at Sandringham or `` Sandringham time '' ) , the managing director of Harrods , and the manager of the National Bank . However , the opposition was stronger : it included Prime Minister H.H. Asquith , Christie ( the Astronomer Royal ) , George Darwin , Napier Shaw ( director of the Meteorological Office ) , many agricultural organizations , and theatre owners . After many hearings the proposal was narrowly defeated in a parliamentary committee vote in 1909 . Willett 's allies introduced similar bills every year from 1911 through 1914 , to no avail . The U.S. was even more skeptical : Andrew Peters introduced a DST bill to the United States House of Representatives in May 1909 , but it soon died in committee . Retailers generally favor DST . United Cigar Stores hailed a 1918 DST bill . After Germany led the way with starting DST ( German : Sommerzeit ) during World War I on April 30 , 1916 together with its allies to alleviate hardships from wartime coal shortages and air raid blackouts , the political equation changed in other countries ; the United Kingdom used DST first on May 21 , 1916 . U.S. retailing and manufacturing interests led by Pittsburgh industrialist Robert Garland soon began lobbying for DST , but were opposed by railroads . The U.S. 's 1917 entry to the war overcame objections , and DST was established in 1918 . The war 's end swung the pendulum back . Farmers continued to dislike DST , and many countries repealed it after the war . Britain was an exception : it retained DST nationwide but over the years adjusted transition dates for several reasons , including special rules during the 1920s and 1930s to avoid clock shifts on Easter mornings . Now under a European Community directive summer time begins annually on the last Sunday in March , which may be Easter Sunday ( as in 2016 ) . The U.S. was more typical : Congress repealed DST after 1919 . President Woodrow Wilson , like Willett an avid golfer , vetoed the repeal twice but his second veto was overridden . Only a few U.S. cities retained DST locally thereafter , including New York so that its financial exchanges could maintain an hour of arbitrage trading with London , and Chicago and Cleveland to keep pace with New York . Wilson 's successor Warren G. Harding opposed DST as a `` deception '' . Reasoning that people should instead get up and go to work earlier in the summer , he ordered District of Columbia federal employees to start work at 08 : 00 rather than 09 : 00 during summer 1922 . Some businesses followed suit though many others did not ; the experiment was not repeated . Since Germany 's adoption in 1916 , the world has seen many enactments , adjustments , and repeals of DST , with similar politics involved . The history of time in the United States includes DST during both world wars , but no standardization of peacetime DST until 1966 . In May 1965 , for two weeks , St. Paul , Minnesota and Minneapolis , Minnesota were on different times , when the capital city decided to join most of the nation by starting Daylight Saving Time while Minneapolis opted to follow the later date set by state law . In the mid-1980s , Clorox ( parent of Kingsford Charcoal ) and 7 - Eleven provided the primary funding for the Daylight Saving Time Coalition behind the 1987 extension to U.S. DST , and both Idaho senators voted for it based on the premise that during DST fast - food restaurants sell more French fries , which are made from Idaho potatoes . In 1992 , after a three - year trial of daylight saving in Queensland , Australia , a referendum on daylight saving was held and defeated with a 54.5 % ' no ' vote -- with regional and rural areas strongly opposed , while those in the metropolitan south - east were in favor . In 2005 , the Sporting Goods Manufacturers Association and the National Association of Convenience Stores successfully lobbied for the 2007 extension to U.S. DST . In December 2008 , the Daylight Saving for South East Queensland ( DS4SEQ ) political party was officially registered in Queensland , advocating the implementation of a dual - time zone arrangement for daylight saving in South East Queensland while the rest of the state maintains standard time . DS4SEQ contested the March 2009 Queensland state election with 32 candidates and received one percent of the statewide primary vote , equating to around 2.5 % across the 32 electorates contested . After a three - year trial , more than 55 % of Western Australians voted against DST in 2009 , with rural areas strongly opposed . On April 14 , 2010 , after being approached by the DS4SEQ political party , Queensland Independent member Peter Wellington , introduced the Daylight Saving for South East Queensland Referendum Bill 2010 into the Queensland parliament , calling for a referendum at the next state election on the introduction of daylight saving into South East Queensland under a dual - time zone arrangement . The Bill was defeated in the Queensland parliament on June 15 , 2011 . In the UK the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents supports a proposal to observe SDST 's additional hour year - round , but is opposed in some industries , such as postal workers and farmers , and particularly by those living in the northern regions of the UK . In some Muslim countries , DST is temporarily abandoned during Ramadan ( the month when no food should be eaten between sunrise and sunset ) , since the DST would delay the evening dinner . Ramadan took place in July and August in 2012 . This concerns at least Morocco , although Iran keeps DST during Ramadan . Most Muslim countries do not use DST , partially for this reason . The 2011 declaration by Russia that it would stay in DST all year long was subsequently followed by a similar declaration from Belarus . Russia 's plan generated widespread complaints due to the dark of wintertime morning , and thus was abandoned in 2014 . The country changed its clocks to Standard Time on October 26 , 2014 and intends to stay there permanently . Dispute over benefits and drawbacks ( edit ) William Willett independently proposed DST in 1907 and advocated it tirelessly . Proponents of DST generally argue that it saves energy , promotes outdoor leisure activity in the evening ( in summer ) , and is therefore good for physical and psychological health , reduces traffic accidents , reduces crime or is good for business . Groups that tend to support DST are urban workers , retail businesses , outdoor sports enthusiasts and businesses , tourism operators , and others who benefit from increased light during the evening in summer . Opponents argue that actual energy savings are inconclusive , that DST increases health risks such as heart attack , that DST can disrupt morning activities , and that the act of changing clocks twice a year is economically and socially disruptive and cancels out any benefit . Farmers have tended to oppose DST . Common agreement about the day 's layout or schedule confers so many advantages that a standard DST schedule has generally been chosen over ad hoc efforts to get up earlier . The advantages of coordination are so great that many people ignore whether DST is in effect by altering their nominal work schedules to coordinate with television broadcasts or daylight . DST is commonly not observed during most of winter , because its mornings are darker ; workers may have no sunlit leisure time , and children may need to leave for school in the dark . Since DST is applied to many varying communities , its effects may be very different depending on their culture , light levels , geography , and climate ; that is why it is hard to make generalized conclusions about the absolute effects of the practice . Some areas may adopt DST simply as a matter of coordination with others rather than for any direct benefits . Energy use ( edit ) The period of Daylight Saving Time before the longest day is shorter than the period after , in several countries including the United States and Europe . This unequal split is an energy saving measure . For example , in the U.S. the period of Daylight Saving Time is defined by the Energy Policy Act of 2005 . The period for Daylight Saving Time was extended by changing the start date from the first Sunday of April to the second Sunday of March , and the end date from the last Sunday in October to the first Sunday in November . DST 's potential to save energy comes primarily from its effects on residential lighting , which consumes about 3.5 % of electricity in the United States and Canada . Delaying the nominal time of sunset and sunrise reduces the use of artificial light in the evening and increases it in the morning . As Franklin 's 1784 satire pointed out , lighting costs are reduced if the evening reduction outweighs the morning increase , as in high - latitude summer when most people wake up well after sunrise . An early goal of DST was to reduce evening usage of incandescent lighting , once a primary use of electricity . Although energy conservation remains an important goal , energy usage patterns have greatly changed since then , and recent research is limited and reports contradictory results . Electricity use is greatly affected by geography , climate , and economics , making it hard to generalize from single studies . The United States Department of Transportation ( DOT ) concluded in 1975 that DST might reduce the country 's electricity usage by 1 % during March and April , but the National Bureau of Standards ( NBS ) reviewed the DOT study in 1976 and found no significant savings . In 2000 , when parts of Australia began DST in late winter , overall electricity consumption did not decrease , but the morning peak load and prices increased . In Western Australia during summer 2006 -- 2007 , DST increased electricity consumption during hotter days and decreased it during cooler days , with consumption rising 0.6 % overall . Although a 2007 study estimated that introducing DST to Japan would reduce household lighting energy consumption , a 2007 simulation estimated that DST would increase overall energy use in Osaka residences by 0.13 % , with a 0.02 % decrease due to less lighting more than outweighed by a 0.15 % increase due to extra cooling ; neither study examined non-residential energy use . This is probably because DST 's effect on lighting energy use is mainly noticeable in residences . A 2007 study found that the earlier start to DST that year had little or no effect on electricity consumption in California . A 2007 study estimated that winter daylight saving would prevent a 2 % increase in average daily electricity consumption in Great Britain . This paper was revised in October 2009 . A 2008 study examined billing data in Indiana before and after it adopted DST in 2006 , and concluded that DST increased overall residential electricity consumption by 1 % to 4 % , due mostly to extra afternoon cooling and extra morning heating ; the main increases came in the fall . A study estimated the overall annual cost of DST to Indiana households $9 million , with an additional $1.7 -- 5.5 million for social costs due to increased pollution . The United States Department of Energy ( DOE ) concluded in a 2008 report that the 2007 United States extension of DST saved 0.5 % of electricity usage during the extended period . This report analyzed only the extension , not the full eight months of DST , and did not examine the use of heating fuels . Several studies have suggested that DST increases motor fuel consumption . The 2008 DOE report found no significant increase in motor gasoline consumption due to the 2007 United States extension of DST . A 2018 meta - analysis of 44 studies found that DST leads to electricity savings of 0.34 % during the days when DST applies . The meta - analysis furthermore found that `` electricity savings are larger for countries farther away from the equator , while subtropical regions consume more electricity because of DST . '' Economic effects ( edit ) Retailers , sporting goods makers , and other businesses benefit from extra afternoon sunlight , as it induces customers to shop and to participate in outdoor afternoon sports . In 1984 , Fortune magazine estimated that a seven - week extension of DST would yield an additional $30 million for 7 - Eleven stores , and the National Golf Foundation estimated the extension would increase golf industry revenues $200 million to $300 million . A 1999 study estimated that DST increases the revenue of the European Union 's leisure sector by about 3 % . Conversely , DST can adversely affect farmers , parents of young children , and others whose hours are set by the sun and they have traditionally opposed the practice , although some farmers are neutral . One reason why farmers oppose DST is that grain is best harvested after dew evaporates , so when field hands arrive and leave earlier in summer their labor is less valuable . Dairy farmers are another group who complain of the change . Their cows are sensitive to the timing of milking , so delivering milk earlier disrupts their systems . Today some farmers ' groups are in favor of DST . DST also hurts prime - time television broadcast ratings , drive - ins and other theaters . Changing clocks and DST rules has a direct economic cost , entailing extra work to support remote meetings , computer applications and the like . For example , a 2007 North American rule change cost an estimated $500 million to $1 billion , and Utah State University economist William F. Shughart II has estimated the lost opportunity cost at around US $1.7 billion . Although it has been argued that clock shifts correlate with decreased economic efficiency , and that in 2000 the daylight - saving effect implied an estimated one - day loss of $31 billion on U.S. stock exchanges , the estimated numbers depend on the methodology . The results have been disputed , and the original authors have refuted the points raised by disputers . Public safety ( edit ) In 1975 the U.S. DOT conservatively identified a 0.7 % reduction in traffic fatalities during DST , and estimated the real reduction at 1.5 % to 2 % , but the 1976 NBS review of the DOT study found no differences in traffic fatalities . In 1995 the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety estimated a reduction of 1.2 % , including a 5 % reduction in crashes fatal to pedestrians . Others have found similar reductions . Single / Double Summer Time ( SDST ) , a variant where clocks are one hour ahead of the sun in winter and two in summer , has been projected to reduce traffic fatalities by 3 % to 4 % in the UK , compared to ordinary DST . However , accidents do increase by as much as 11 % during the two weeks that follow the end of British Summer Time . It is not clear whether sleep disruption contributes to fatal accidents immediately after the spring clock shifts . A correlation between clock shifts and traffic accidents has been observed in North America and the UK but not in Finland or Sweden . If this effect exists , it is far smaller than the overall reduction in traffic fatalities . A 2009 U.S. study found that on Mondays after the switch to DST , workers sleep an average of 40 minutes less , and are injured at work more often and more severely . In the 1970s the U.S. Law Enforcement Assistance Administration ( LEAA ) found a reduction of 10 % to 13 % in Washington , D.C. 's violent crime rate during DST . However , the LEAA did not filter out other factors , and it examined only two cities and found crime reductions only in one and only in some crime categories ; the DOT decided it was `` impossible to conclude with any confidence that comparable benefits would be found nationwide '' . Outdoor lighting has a marginal and sometimes even contradictory influence on crime and fear of crime . In several countries , fire safety officials encourage citizens to use the two annual clock shifts as reminders to replace batteries in smoke and carbon monoxide detectors , particularly in autumn , just before the heating and candle season causes an increase in home fires . Similar twice - yearly tasks include reviewing and practicing fire escape and family disaster plans , inspecting vehicle lights , checking storage areas for hazardous materials , reprogramming thermostats , and seasonal vaccinations . Locations without DST can instead use the first days of spring and autumn as reminders . A 2017 study in the American Economic Journal : Applied Economics estimated that `` the transition into DST caused over 30 deaths at a social cost of $275 million annually , '' primarily by increasing sleep deprivation . Health ( edit ) Clock shifts affecting apparent sunrise and sunset times at Greenwich in 2007 . Justification for Daylight Saving Time to the effect that it is a more natural adjustment for people rising with the sun . DST has mixed effects on health . In societies with fixed work schedules it provides more afternoon sunlight for outdoor exercise . It alters sunlight exposure ; whether this is beneficial depends on one 's location and daily schedule , as sunlight triggers vitamin D synthesis in the skin , but overexposure can lead to skin cancer . DST may help in depression by causing individuals to rise earlier , but some argue the reverse . The Retinitis Pigmentosa Foundation Fighting Blindness , chaired by blind sports magnate Gordon Gund , successfully lobbied in 1985 and 2005 for U.S. DST extensions . DST shifts are associated with higher rates of ischemic stroke in the first two days after the shift , though not in the week thereafter . Clock shifts were found to increase the risk of heart attack by 10 percent , and to disrupt sleep and reduce its efficiency . Effects on seasonal adaptation of the circadian rhythm can be severe and last for weeks . A 2008 study found that although male suicide rates rise in the weeks after the spring transition , the relationship weakened greatly after adjusting for season . A 2008 Swedish study found that heart attacks were significantly more common the first three weekdays after the spring transition , and significantly less common the first weekday after the autumn transition . A 2013 review found little evidence that people slept more on the night after the fall DST shift , even though it is often described as allowing people to sleep for an hour longer than normal . The same review stated that the lost hour of sleep resulting from the spring shift appears to result in sleep loss for at least a week afterward . In 2015 , two psychologists recommended that DST be abolished , citing its disruptive effects on sleep as one reason for this recommendation . The government of Kazakhstan cited health complications due to clock shifts as a reason for abolishing DST in 2005 . In March 2011 , Dmitri Medvedev , president of Russia , claimed that `` stress of changing clocks '' was the motivation for Russia to stay in DST all year long . Officials at the time talked about an annual increase in suicides . An unexpected adverse effect of daylight saving time may lie in the fact that an extra part of morning rush hour traffic occurs before dawn and traffic emissions then cause higher air pollution than during daylight hours . In 2017 , researchers at the University of Washington and the University of Virginia reported that judges who experienced sleep deprivation as a result of DST tended to issue longer sentences . Complexity ( edit ) DST 's clock shifts have the obvious disadvantage of complexity . People must remember to change their clocks ; this can be time - consuming , particularly for mechanical clocks that can not be moved backward safely . People who work across time zone boundaries need to keep track of multiple DST rules , as not all locations observe DST or observe it the same way . The length of the calendar day becomes variable ; it is no longer always 24 hours . Disruption to meetings , travel , broadcasts , billing systems , and records management is common , and can be expensive . During an autumn transition from 02 : 00 to 01 : 00 , a clock reads times from 01 : 00 : 00 through 01 : 59 : 59 twice , possibly leading to confusion . The William Willett Memorial Sundial is always on DST . Damage to a German steel facility occurred during a DST transition in 1993 , when a computer timing system linked to a radio time synchronization signal allowed molten steel to cool for one hour less than the required duration , resulting in spattering of molten steel when it was poured . Medical devices may generate adverse events that could harm patients , without being obvious to clinicians responsible for care . These problems are compounded when the DST rules themselves change ; software developers must test and perhaps modify many programs , and users must install updates and restart applications . Consumers must update devices such as programmable thermostats with the correct DST rules or manually adjust the devices ' clocks . A common strategy to resolve these problems in computer systems is to express time using the Coordinated Universal Time ( UTC ) rather than the local time zone . For example , Unix - based computer systems use the UTC - based Unix time internally . Some clock - shift problems could be avoided by adjusting clocks continuously or at least more gradually -- for example , Willett at first suggested weekly 20 - minute transitions -- but this would add complexity and has never been implemented . DST inherits and can magnify the disadvantages of standard time . For example , when reading a sundial , one must compensate for it along with time zone and natural discrepancies . Also , sun - exposure guidelines such as avoiding the sun within two hours of noon become less accurate when DST is in effect . Terminology ( edit ) As explained by Richard Meade in the English Journal of the ( American ) National Council of Teachers of English , the form daylight savings time ( with an `` s '' ) was already in 1978 much more common than the older form daylight saving time in American English ( `` the change has been virtually accomplished '' ) . Nevertheless even dictionaries such as Merriam - Webster 's , American Heritage , and Oxford , which describe actual usage instead of prescribing outdated usage ( and therefore also list the newer form ) , still list the older form first . This is because the older form is still very common in print and preferred by many editors . ( `` Although daylight saving time is considered correct , daylight savings time ( with an `` s '' ) is commonly used. `` ) The first two words are sometimes hyphenated ( daylight - saving ( s ) time ) . Merriam - Webster 's also lists the forms daylight saving ( without `` time '' ) , daylight savings ( without `` time '' ) , and daylight time . In Britain , Willett 's 1907 proposal used the term daylight saving , but by 1911 the term summer time replaced daylight saving time in draft legislation . The same or similar expressions are used in many other languages : Sommerzeit in German , zomertijd in Dutch , kesäaika in Finnish , horario de verano or hora de verano in Spanish , heure d'été in French , and hora de verão in Portuguese . In Italy the term is ora legale , `` legal time '' ( legally enforced time ) , as opposed to `` ora solare '' , `` solar time '' , in winter . The name of local time typically changes when DST is observed . American English replaces standard with daylight : for example , Pacific Standard Time ( PST ) becomes Pacific Daylight Time ( PDT ) . In the United Kingdom , the standard term for UK time when advanced by one hour is British Summer Time ( BST ) , and British English typically inserts summer into other time zone names , e.g. Central European Time ( CET ) becomes Central European Summer Time ( CEST ) . The North American English mnemonic `` spring forward , fall back '' ( also `` spring ahead ... '' , `` spring up ... '' , and `` ... fall behind '' ) helps people remember which direction to shift clocks . Computing ( edit ) A 2001 US public service advertisement reminded people to adjust clocks . Changes to DST rules cause problems in existing computer installations . For example , the 2007 change to DST rules in North America required that many computer systems be upgraded , with the greatest impact on e-mail and calendar programs . The upgrades required a significant effort by corporate information technologists . Some applications standardize on UTC to avoid problems with clock shifts and time zone differences . Likewise , most modern operating systems internally handle and store all times as UTC and only convert to local time for display . However , even if UTC is used internally , the systems still require external leap second updates and time zone information to correctly calculate local time as needed . Many systems in use today base their date / time calculations from data derived from the IANA time zone database also known as zoneinfo . IANA time zone database ( edit ) The IANA time zone database maps a name to the named location 's historical and predicted clock shifts . This database is used by many computer software systems , including most Unix - like operating systems , Java , and the Oracle RDBMS ; HP 's `` tztab '' database is similar but incompatible . When temporal authorities change DST rules , zoneinfo updates are installed as part of ordinary system maintenance . In Unix - like systems the TZ environment variable specifies the location name , as in TZ = ' : America / New_York ' . In many of those systems there is also a system - wide setting that is applied if the TZ environment variable is not set : this setting is controlled by the contents of the / etc / localtime file , which is usually a symbolic link or hard link to one of the zoneinfo files . Internal time is stored in timezone - independent epoch time ; the TZ is used by each of potentially many simultaneous users and processes to independently localize time display . Older or stripped - down systems may support only the TZ values required by POSIX , which specify at most one start and end rule explicitly in the value . For example , TZ = ' EST5EDT , M3. 2.0 / 02 : 00 , M11. 1.0 / 02 : 00 ' specifies time for the eastern United States starting in 2007 . Such a TZ value must be changed whenever DST rules change , and the new value applies to all years , mishandling some older timestamps . Microsoft Windows ( edit ) As with zoneinfo , a user of Microsoft Windows configures DST by specifying the name of a location , and the operating system then consults a table of rule sets that must be updated when DST rules change . Procedures for specifying the name and updating the table vary with release . Updates are not issued for older versions of Microsoft Windows . Windows Vista supports at most two start and end rules per time zone setting . In a Canadian location observing DST , a single Vista setting supports both 1987 -- 2006 and post-2006 time stamps , but mishandles some older time stamps . Older Microsoft Windows systems usually store only a single start and end rule for each zone , so that the same Canadian setting reliably supports only post-2006 time stamps . These limitations have caused problems . For example , before 2005 , DST in Israel varied each year and was skipped some years . Windows 95 used rules correct for 1995 only , causing problems in later years . In Windows 98 , Microsoft marked Israel as not having DST , forcing Israeli users to shift their computer clocks manually twice a year . The 2005 Israeli Daylight Saving Law established predictable rules using the Jewish calendar but Windows zone files could not represent the rules ' dates in a year - independent way . Partial workarounds , which mishandled older time stamps , included manually switching zone files every year and a Microsoft tool that switches zones automatically . In 2013 , Israel standardized its daylight saving time according to the Gregorian calendar . Microsoft Windows keeps the system real - time clock in local time . This causes several problems , including compatibility when multi booting with operating systems that set the clock to UTC , and double - adjusting the clock when multi booting different Windows versions , such as with a rescue boot disk . This approach is a problem even in Windows - only systems : there is no support for per - user timezone settings , only a single system - wide setting . In 2008 Microsoft hinted that future versions of Windows will partially support a Windows registry entry RealTimeIsUniversal that had been introduced many years earlier , when Windows NT supported RISC machines with UTC clocks , but had not been maintained . Since then at least two fixes related to this feature have been published by Microsoft . The NTFS file system used by recent versions of Windows stores the file with a UTC time stamp , but displays it corrected to local -- or seasonal -- time . However , the FAT filesystem commonly used on removable devices stores only the local time . Consequently , when a file is copied from the hard disk onto separate media , its time will be set to the current local time . If the time adjustment is changed , the timestamps of the original file and the copy will be different . The same effect can be observed when compressing and uncompressing files with some file archivers . It is the NTFS file that changes seen time . This effect should be kept in mind when trying to determine if a file is a duplicate of another , although there are other methods of comparing files for equality ( such as using a checksum algorithm ) . Permanent daylight saving time ( edit ) A move to `` permanent daylight saving time '' ( staying on summer hours all year with no time shifts ) is sometimes advocated , and has in fact been implemented in some jurisdictions such as Argentina , Chile , Iceland , Singapore , Uzbekistan , Belarus and Turkey . It could be a result of following the timezone of a neighbouring region , political will or other causes . Advocates cite the same advantages as normal DST without the problems associated with the twice yearly time shifts . However , many remain unconvinced of the benefits , citing the same problems and the relatively late sunrises , particularly in winter , that year - round DST entails . Russia switched to permanent DST from 2011 to 2014 , but the move proved unpopular because of the late sunrises in winter , so the country switched permanently back to `` standard '' or `` winter '' time in 2014 . The United Kingdom also experimented with year - round summer time between 1968 and 1971 , and put clocks forward by an extra hour during World War II . By country and region ( edit ) Time portal Daylight saving time by country Africa Asia Europe North and South America Oceania See also ( edit ) Winter time ( clock lag ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Daylight saving time and its variants : Richard A. Meade ( 1978 ) . `` Language change in this century '' . English Journal . 67 ( 9 ) : 27 . doi : 10.2307 / 815124 . Joseph P. Pickett ; et al. , eds. ( 2000 ) . `` daylight - saving time '' . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language ( 4th ed . ) . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 395 - 82517 - 2 . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2011 . or daylight - savings time CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) `` daylight saving time '' . Merriam -- Webster 's Online Dictionary . Retrieved February 13 , 2009 . called also daylight saving , daylight savings , daylight savings time , daylight time Oxford Dictionaries `` also daylight savings time '' `` 15 U.S.C. § 260a notes '' . Retrieved May 9 , 2007 . Congressional Findings ; Expansion of Daylight Saving Time ^ Jump up to : DST practices and controversies : Michael Downing ( 2005 ) . Spring Forward : The Annual Madness of Daylight Saving Time . Shoemaker & Hoard . ISBN 1 - 59376 - 053 - 1 . David Prerau ( 2005 ) . Seize the Daylight : The Curious and Contentious Story of Daylight Saving Time . Thunder 's Mouth Press . ISBN 1 - 56025 - 655 - 9 . The British version , focusing on the UK , is Saving the Daylight : Why We Put the Clocks Forward . Granta Books . ISBN 1 - 86207 - 796 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Gibbs , George . `` Hudson , George Vernon '' . Dictionary of New Zealand Biography . Ministry for Culture and Heritage . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Decretos sobre o Horário de Verão no Brasil '' ( in Portuguese ) . Time Service Dept. , National Observatory , Brazil . September 16 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Peter G. Neumann ( 1994 ) . `` Computer date and time problems '' . Computer - Related Risks . Addison -- Wesley . ISBN 0 - 201 - 55805 - X . ^ Jump up to : Tuuli A. Lahti ; Sami Leppämäki ; Jouko Lönnqvist ; Timo Partonen ( 2008 ) . `` Transitions into and out of daylight saving time compromise sleep and the rest -- activity cycles '' . BMC Physiology. 8 : 3 . doi : 10.1186 / 1472 - 6793 - 8 - 3 . PMC 2259373 . PMID 18269740 . ^ Jump up to : Stephen Tong ; Joseph Williams ( 2007 ) . `` Are you prepared for daylight saving time in 2007 ? '' . IT Professional . 9 ( 1 ) : 36 -- 41 . doi : 10.1109 / MITP. 2007.2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Daylight savings time '' . Session Weekly . Minnesota House Public Information Office . 1991 . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Single / Double Summer Time policy paper '' ( PDF ) . Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents . October 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : G.V. Hudson ( 1895 ) . `` On seasonal time - adjustment in countries south of lat. 30 ° '' . Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute . 28 : 734 . ^ Jump up to : Seize the Daylight . pp. 115 -- 118 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Gurevitz ( March 7 , 2007 ) . `` Daylight saving time '' . Order Code RS22284 . Congressional Research Service . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Handwerk , Brian . `` Permanent Daylight Saving Time ? Might Boost Tourism , Efficiency '' . National Geographic . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mikkelson , David ( March 13 , 2016 ) . `` Daylight Saving Time '' . Snopes . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 100 years of British Summer Time '' . National Maritime Museum . 2008 . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bill would do away with daylight savings time in Alaska '' . Peninsula Clarion . March 17 , 2002 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Because of our high latitudinal location , the extremities in times for sunrise and sunset are more exaggerated for Alaska than anywhere else in the country , '' Lancaster said . `` This makes Alaska less affected by savings from daylight - saving time . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Matt ( 2016 ) . `` Daylight Saving Time ( Also Known as Daylight Savings Time ) '' . About . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swanson , Anna ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Why daylight saving time is n't as terrible as people think '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Berthold ( 1918 ) . `` Daylight saving in ancient Rome '' . The Classical Journal . 13 ( 6 ) : 450 -- 451 . Jump up ^ Jérôme Carcopino ( 1968 ) . `` The days and hours of the Roman calendar '' . Daily Life in Ancient Rome : The People and the City at the Height of the Empire . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 00031 - 6 . Jump up ^ Robert Kaplan ( 2003 ) . `` The holy mountain '' . The Atlantic . 292 ( 5 ) : 138 -- 141 . Jump up ^ Hertzel Hillel Yitzhak ( 2006 ) . `` When to recite the blessing '' . Tzel HeHarim : Tzitzit . Nanuet , NY : Feldheim . pp. 53 -- 58 . ISBN 1 - 58330 - 292 - 1 . Jump up ^ Manser , Martin H. ( 2007 ) . The Facts on File dictionary of proverbs . Infobase Publishing . p. 70 . Retrieved October 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Benjamin Franklin ; William Temple Franklin ; William Duane ( 1834 ) . Memoirs of Benjamin Franklin . McCarty & Davis . p. 477 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Seymour Stanton Block ( 2006 ) . `` Benjamin Franklin : America 's inventor '' . American History . Jump up ^ Benjamin Franklin , writing anonymously ( April 26 , 1784 ) . `` Aux auteurs du Journal '' . Journal de Paris ( in French ) ( 117 ) : 511 -- 513 . Its first publication was in the journal 's `` Économie '' section , in a French translation of the English original . The revised English version ( cited February 13 , 2009 ) is commonly called `` An Economical Project '' , a title that is not Franklin 's ; see A.O. Aldridge ( 1956 ) . `` Franklin 's essay on daylight saving '' . American Literature. 28 ( 1 ) : 23 -- 29 . doi : 10.2307 / 2922719 . Jump up ^ Eviatar Zerubavel ( 1982 ) . `` The standardization of time : a sociohistorical perspective '' . The American Journal of Sociology. 88 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 23 . doi : 10.1086 / 227631 . Jump up ^ G.V. Hudson ( 1898 ) . `` On seasonal time '' . Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute . 31 : 577 -- 588 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand time '' . New Zealand Geographer. 4 ( 1 ) : 104 . 1948 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1745 - 7939.1948. tb01515. x . Jump up ^ Seize the Daylight . p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Willett pamphlet : William Willett ( 1907 ) . The waste of daylight ( 1st ed . ) . Jump up ^ `` DAYLIGHT SAVING BILL '' . Parliamentary Debates ( Hansard ) . House of Commons . February 12 , 1908 . col. 155 -- 156 . Jump up ^ Moro , Teviah ( July 16 , 2009 ) . `` Faded Memories for Sale '' . Orillia Packet and Times . Orillia , Ontario . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Seize the Daylight . pp. 51 -- 89 . Jump up ^ 15 U.S.C. § 260a . Jump up ^ `` Information for visitors '' . Lord Howe Island Tourism Association . Retrieved April 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ National Physical Laboratory ( March 31 , 2016 ) . `` At what time should clocks go forward or back for summer time ( FAQ - Time ) '' . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . The time at which summer time begins and ends is given in the relevant EU Directive and UK Statutory Instrument as 1 am . Greenwich Mean Time ( GMT ) ... All time signals are based on Coordinated Universal Time ( UTC ) , which can be almost one second ahead of , or behind , GMT so there is a brief period in the UK when the directive is not being strictly followed . ^ Jump up to : Joseph Myers ( July 17 , 2009 ) . `` History of legal time in Britain '' . Jump up ^ `` Implementation dates of daylight saving time within Australia '' . Bureau of Meteorology . September 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seize the Daylight . pp. 179 -- 180 . Jump up ^ `` Why Arizona does n't observe daylight - saving time '' . usatoday.com . Jump up ^ Tom Baldwin ( March 12 , 2007 ) . `` US gets summertime blues as the clocks go forward 3 weeks early '' . The Times . London . Jump up ^ `` Energy Policy Act of 2005 , Public Law 109 - 58 § 110 '' . August 8 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Historia de la hora oficial de Chile '' ( in Spanish ) . Chilean Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service . October 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Winston S. Churchill ( April 28 , 1934 ) . `` A silent toast to William Willett '' . Pictorial Weekly . Jump up ^ Seize the Daylight . p. 117 . Jump up ^ Seize the Daylight . p. xi . Jump up ^ Seize the Daylight . pp. 12 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Seize the Daylight . pp. 72 -- 73 . ^ Jump up to : Seize the Daylight . pp. 51 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Seize the Daylight . pp. 80 -- 101 . Jump up ^ Seize the Daylight . pp. 103 -- 110 . Jump up ^ Robert Garland ( 1927 ) . Ten years of daylight saving from the Pittsburgh standpoint . Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh . OCLC 30022847 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Spring forward . pp. 47 -- 48 . Jump up ^ David P. Baron ( 2005 ) . `` The politics of the extension of daylight saving time '' . Business and its Environment ( 5th ed . ) . Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 187355 - 5 . Jump up ^ Seize the Daylight . pp. 147 -- 155 , 175 -- 180 . Jump up ^ Ian R. Bartky ; Elizabeth Harrison ( 1979 ) . `` Standard and daylight - saving time '' . Scientific American . 240 ( 5 ) : 46 -- 53 . doi : 10.1038 / scientificamerican0579 - 46 . ISSN 0036 - 8733 . Jump up ^ May 1965 , Minnesota Mayhem . ^ Jump up to : James C. Benfield ( May 24 , 2001 ) . `` Statement to the U.S. House , Committee on Science , Subcommittee on Energy '' . Energy Conservation Potential of Extended and Double Daylight Saving Time . Serial 107 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 Queensland Daylight Saving Referendum '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved July 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Alex Beam ( July 26 , 2005 ) . `` Dim - witted proposal for daylight time '' . Boston Globe . Jump up ^ `` Daylight Saving group launched as new Qld political party '' . ABC News . December 14 , 2008 . Retrieved July 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Total Candidates Nominated for Election by Party -- 2009 State Election '' . Electoral Commission of Queensland ( ECQ ) . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2011 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Paige Taylor ( May 18 , 2009 ) . `` Daylight saving at a sunset out west '' . The Australian . Jump up ^ `` Daylight Saving for South East Queensland Referendum Bill 2010 '' ( PDF ) . April 14 , 2010 . Retrieved July 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Daylight saving silence ' deafening ' '' . June 16 , 2011 . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2011 . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Time and Date ( March 16 , 2012 ) . `` Morocco formalizes yearly Daylight Saving Time '' . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Time and Date ( September 28 , 2013 ) . `` Morocco extends DST to October 27 , 2013 '' . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Time zone in Tehran '' . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Time and Date ( September 19 , 2011 ) . `` Eternal Daylight Saving Time ( DST ) in Belarus '' . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Russia abandons year - round daylight - saving time '' . AP . July 1 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2015 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Russian clocks go back for last time '' . BBC . October 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Seize the Daylight . p. 22 . ^ Jump up to : Brian Handwerk ( December 1 , 2013 ) . `` Time to Move On ? The Case Against Daylight Saving Time '' . National Geographic News . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Daylight savings time '' . Session Weekly . Minnesota House Public Information Office . 1991 . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 ... the Minneapolis Star , Jan. 28 , 1959 ... ( stated ) ' Farmers complained that they can not get into the fields any earlier than under standard time ... because the morning sun does not dry the dew `` on daylight savings time . '' ' ^ Jump up to : Parfitt , Tom ( March 25 , 2011 ) . `` Think of the cows : clocks go forward for the last time in Russia '' . The Guardian . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Thomas C. Schelling ( 2006 ) ( 1972 ) . `` Hockey helmets , daylight saving , and other binary choices '' ( PDF ) . Micromotives and Macrobehavior . W.W. Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 32946 - 1 . Jump up ^ Daniel S. Hamermesh ; Caitlin Knowles Myers ; Mark L. Pocock ( 2008 ) . `` Cues for timing and coordination : latitude , Letterman , and longitude '' . Journal of Labor Economics . 26 ( 2 ) : 223 -- 246 . doi : 10.1086 / 525027 . ^ Jump up to : Myriam B.C. Aries ; Guy R. Newsham ( 2008 ) . `` Effect of daylight saving time on lighting energy use : a literature review '' . Energy Policy . 36 ( 6 ) : 1858 -- 1866 . doi : 10.1016 / j. enpol. 2007.05. 021 . Jump up ^ Roscoe G. Bartlett ( May 24 , 2001 ) . `` Statement to the US House , Committee on Science , Subcommittee on Energy '' . Energy Conservation Potential of Extended and Double Daylight Saving Time . Serial 107 - 30 . Jump up ^ Dilip R. Ahuja ; D.P. Sen Gupta ; V.K. Agrawal ( 2007 ) . `` Energy savings from advancing the Indian Standard Time by half an hour '' ( PDF ) . Current Science . 93 ( 3 ) : 298 -- 302 . Jump up ^ Ryan Kellogg ; Hendrik Wolff ( 2008 ) . `` Daylight time and energy : evidence from an Australian experiment '' . Journal of Environmental Economics and Management . 56 ( 3 ) : 207 -- 220 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jeem. 2008.02. 003 . An earlier version is in : Ryan Kellogg ; Hendrik Wolff ( 2007 ) . `` Does extending daylight saving time save energy ? Evidence from an Australian experiment '' . CSEMWP 163 . Center for the Study of Energy Markets . Jump up ^ `` The facts on electricity consumption and daylight saving '' ( Press release ) . Western Power . October 31 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wee - Kean Fong ; Hiroshi Matsumoto ; Yu - Fat Lun ; Ryushi Kimura ( 2007 ) . `` Energy savings potential of the Summer Time concept in different regions of Japan from the perspective of household lighting '' . Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering . 6 ( 2 ) : 371 -- 378 . doi : 10.3130 / jaabe. 6.371 . Jump up ^ Yoshiyuki Shimoda ; Takahiro Asahia ; Ayako Taniguchia ; Minoru Mizuno ( 2007 ) . `` Evaluation of city - scale impact of residential energy conservation measures using the detailed end - use simulation model '' . Energy . 32 ( 9 ) : 1617 -- 1633 . doi : 10.1016 / j. energy. 2007.01. 007 . Jump up ^ Adrienne Kandel ; Margaret Sheridan ( May 25 , 2007 ) . `` The effect of early daylight saving time on California electricity consumption : a statistical analysis '' ( PDF ) . CEC - 200 - 2007 - 004 . California Energy Commission . Jump up ^ Brendan Cronin ; Elizabeth Garnsey ( October 19 , 2007 ) . `` Daylight saving in GB ; is there evidence in favour of clock time on GMT ? '' ( PDF ) . Dept. of Engineering , University of Cambridge . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Brendan Cronin ; Elizabeth Garnsey ( October 20 , 2009 ) . `` Daylight saving in GB ; is there evidence in favour of clock time on GMT ? ( October 2009 revision ) '' ( PDF ) . Dept. of Engineering , University of Cambridge . Jump up ^ Matthew J. Kotchen ; Laura E. Grant ( 2008 ) . `` Does daylight saving time save energy ? evidence from a natural experiment in Indiana '' ( PDF ) . NBER Working Paper No. 14429 . National Bureau of Economic Research . Lay summary : Wall Street Journal , February 27 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : David B. Belzer ; Stanton W. Hadley ; Shih - Miao Chin ( 2008 ) . `` Impact of Extended Daylight Saving Time on national energy consumption : report to Congress , Energy Policy Act of 2005 , Section 110 '' ( PDF ) . US Dept. of Energy . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michael Downing ( March 13 , 2010 ) . `` Daylight saving : beat the clock '' . Huffington Post . ^ Jump up to : Havranek , Tomas ; Herman , Dominik ; Irsova , Zuzana ( 2018 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Does Daylight Saving Save Electricity ? A Meta - Analysis '' . The Energy Journal . 39 ( 2 ) . doi : 10.5547 / 01956574.39. 2. thav . ISSN 1944 - 9089 . ^ Jump up to : Irsova , Zuzana ; Havranek , Tomas ; Herman , Dominik ( 2017 - 12 - 02 ) . `` Daylight saving saves no energy '' . VoxEU.org . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Dana Knight ( April 17 , 2006 ) . `` Daylight - saving time becomes daylight - spending time for many businesses '' . Indianapolis Star . Jump up ^ Spring forward . pp. 147 -- 148 . Jump up ^ Effect on those whose hours are set by the sun : Spring forward . pp. 19 -- 33 . Seize the Daylight . pp. 103 -- 110 , 149 -- 151 , 198 . Jump up ^ `` Should we change the clocks ? '' . National Farmers Union . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2012 . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Marc . `` It 's Time For Double Daylight Saving Time '' . Washington Post . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Single / Double Summer Time '' ( PDF ) . The Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 1 , 2013 . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rick Kissell ( March 20 , 2007 ) . `` Daylight - saving dock ratings '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Todd D. Rakoff ( 2002 ) . A Time for Every Purpose : Law and the Balance of Life . Harvard University Press . p. 26 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 00910 - X . Jump up ^ Ben Arnoldy ( March 7 , 2007 ) . `` Latest computer glitch : daylight saving time '' . Christian Science Monitor . Jump up ^ Mark J. Kamstra ; Lisa A. Kramer ; Maurice D. Levi ( 2000 ) . `` Losing sleep at the market : the daylight saving anomaly '' ( PDF ) . American Economic Review . 90 ( 4 ) : 1005 -- 1011 . doi : 10.1257 / aer. 90.4. 1005 . Jump up ^ Luisa Müller ; Dirk Schiereck ; Marc W. Simpson ; Christian Voigt ( 2009 ) . `` Daylight saving effect '' . Journal of Multinational Financial Management . 19 ( 2 ) : 127 -- 138 . doi : 10.1016 / j. mulfin. 2008.09. 001 . Jump up ^ Michael J. Pinegar ( 2002 ) . `` Losing sleep at the market : Comment '' . American Economic Review . 92 ( 4 ) : 1251 -- 1256 . JSTOR 3083313 . Jump up ^ Mark J. Kamstra ; Lisa A. Kramer ; Maurice D. Levi ( 2002 ) . `` Losing sleep at the market : the daylight saving anomaly : Reply '' . American Economic Review . 92 ( 4 ) : 1257 -- 1263 . JSTOR 3083314 . Jump up ^ Linda L. Lawson ( May 24 , 2001 ) . `` Statement to the U.S. House , Committee on Science , Subcommittee on Energy '' . Energy Conservation Potential of Extended and Double Daylight Saving Time . Serial 107 - 30 . Jump up ^ Susan A. Ferguson ; David F. Preusser ; Adrian K. Lund ; Paul L. Zador ; Robert G. Ulmer ( 1995 ) . `` Daylight saving time and motor vehicle crashes : the reduction in pedestrian and vehicle occupant fatalities '' ( PDF ) . American Journal of Public Health . 85 ( 1 ) : 92 -- 95 . doi : 10.2105 / AJPH. 85.1. 92 . PMC 1615292 . PMID 7832269 . Jump up ^ Douglas Coate ; Sara Markowitz ( 2003 ) . `` The effects of daylight and daylight saving time on US pedestrian fatalities and motor vehicle occupant fatalities '' . Accident Analysis & Prevention . 36 ( 3 ) : 351 -- 357 . doi : 10.1016 / S0001 - 4575 ( 03 ) 00015 - 0 . PMID 15003579 . Jump up ^ J. Broughton ; M. Stone ( 1998 ) . `` A new assessment of the likely effects on road accidents of adopting SDST '' . TRL368 . Transport Research Laboratory . Jump up ^ Zurich Connect , ed . ( October 26 , 2009 ) . `` As the clocks go back , car accidents increase . Coincidence ? '' . Jump up ^ Alex Vincent ; Stanley Coren ( 1998 ) . `` Effects of daylight savings time on collision rates '' . New England Journal of Medicine ( Full free text ) . 339 ( 16 ) : 1167 -- 1168 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJM199810153391617 . PMID 9776656 . Data supporting Coren 's half of this exchange are in : Stanley Coren ( 1998 ) . `` Sleep deficit , fatal accidents , and the spring shift to daylight savings time '' . INABIS ' 98 . Jump up ^ Clock shifts and accidents : Jason Varughese ; Richard P. Allen ( 2001 ) . `` Fatal accidents following changes in daylight savings time : the American experience '' . Sleep Medicine . 2 ( 1 ) : 31 -- 36 . doi : 10.1016 / S1389 - 9457 ( 00 ) 00032 - 0 . PMID 11152980 . J. Alsousoua ; T. Jenks ; O. Bouamra ; F. Lecky ; K. Willett ( 2009 ) . `` Daylight savings time ( DST ) transition : the effect on serious or fatal road traffic collision related injuries '' . Injury Extra. 40 ( 10 ) : 211 -- 2 . doi : 10.1016 / j. injury. 2009.06. 241 . Tuuli A. Lahti ; Jari Haukka ; Jouko Lönnqvist ; Timo Partonen ( 2008 ) . `` Daylight saving time transitions and hospital treatments due to accidents or manic episodes '' . BMC Public Health . 8 : 74 . doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2458 - 8 - 74 . PMC 2266740 . PMID 18302734 . Mats Lambe ; Peter Cummings ( 2000 ) . `` The shift to and from daylight savings time and motor vehicle crashes '' . Accident Analysis & Prevention . 32 ( 4 ) : 609 -- 611 . doi : 10.1016 / S0001 - 4575 ( 99 ) 00088 - 3 . PMID 10868764 . Jump up ^ Christopher M. Barnes ; David T. Wagner ( 2009 ) . `` Changing to daylight saving time cuts into sleep and increases workplace injuries '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Applied Psychology . 94 ( 5 ) : 1305 -- 1317 . doi : 10.1037 / a0015320 . PMID 19702372 . Jump up ^ House Committee on Energy and Commerce , Subcommittee on Energy Conservation and Power ( April 24 , 1985 ) . Daylight saving time . Serial No. 99 - 4 . U.S. GPO . p. 26 . Jump up ^ Rachel Pain ; Robert MacFarlane ; Keith Turner ; Sally Gill ( 2006 ) . `` ' When , where , if , and but ' : qualifying GIS and the effect of streetlighting on crime and fear '' . Environment and Planning A. 38 ( 11 ) : 2055 -- 2074 . doi : 10.1068 / a38391 . Jump up ^ Clock shifts as safety reminders : `` Smoke alarms a burning issue '' . East and Bays Courier . New Zealand . April 4 , 2008 . `` CSPC and USFA encourage consumers to spring forward with fire safety in mind '' ( Press release ) . U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission ; U.S. Fire Administration . March 9 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2007 . `` Get ready : set your clocks , check your stocks '' . American Public Health Association . February 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Debby Golonka ( February 26 , 2009 ) . `` Prevent household fires '' . Healthwise . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Austin C. ( 2016 ) . `` Spring Forward at Your Own Risk : Daylight Saving Time and Fatal Vehicle Crashes '' . American Economic Journal : Applied Economics . 8 ( 2 ) : 65 -- 91 . doi : 10.1257 / app. 20140100 . ISSN 1945 - 7782 . Jump up ^ Sualeh Fatehi ( 2015 ) . `` Daylight Chart '' . Jump up ^ Michael Rosenberg ; Lisa Wood ( 2010 ) . `` The power of policy to influence behaviour change : daylight saving and its effect on physical activity '' . Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health . 34 ( 1 ) : 83 -- 88 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1753 - 6405.2010. 00479. x . Jump up ^ A.V. Parisi ; J. Turner ; D.J. Turnbull ; P. Schouten ; N. Downs ( 2008 ) . `` Influence of summer daylight saving time on scattered erythemal solar ultraviolet exposures '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B : Biology . 91 ( 1 ) : 35 -- 40 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jphotobiol. 2008.01. 010 . PMID 18321724 . Jump up ^ Henry Olders ( 2003 ) . `` Average sunrise time predicts depression prevalence '' . Journal of Psychosomatic Research . 55 ( 2 ) : 99 -- 105 . doi : 10.1016 / S0022 - 3999 ( 02 ) 00479 - 8 . PMID 12932507 . Jump up ^ Shari Roan ( March 5 , 2007 ) . `` Change in daylight saving time may affect moods '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Sipilä , JO ; Ruuskanen , JO ; Rautava , P ; Kytö , V ( 2016 ) . `` Changes in ischemic stroke occurrence following daylight saving time transitions '' . Sleep Medicine . 27 -- 28 : 20 -- 24 . doi : 10.1016 / j. sleep. 2016.10. 009 . PMID 27938913 . Jump up ^ DST and circadian rhythm : Pablo Valdez ; Candelaria Ramírez ; Aída García ( 2003 ) . `` Adjustment of the sleep -- wake cycle to small ( 1 -- 2h ) changes in schedule '' . Biological Rhythm Research . 34 ( 2 ) : 145 -- 155 . doi : 10.1076 / brhm. 34.2. 145.14494 . Thomas Kantermann ; Myriam Juda ; Martha Merrow ; Till Roenneberg ( 2007 ) . `` The human circadian clock 's seasonal adjustment is disrupted by daylight saving time '' . Current Biology . 17 ( 22 ) : 1996 -- 2000 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2007.10. 025 . PMID 17964164 . Lay summary -- ABC Science Online , Australia ( 2007 - 10 - 25 ) . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Michael Berk ; Seetal Dodd ; Karen Hallam ; Lesley Berk ; John Gleeson ; Margaret Henry ( 2008 ) . `` Small shifts in diurnal rhythms are associated with an increase in suicide : the effect of daylight saving '' . Sleep and Biological Rhythms. 6 ( 1 ) : 22 -- 25 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1479 - 8425.2007. 00331. x . Jump up ^ Imre Janszky ; Rickard Ljung ( 2008 ) . `` Shifts to and from daylight saving time and incidence of myocardial infarction '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 359 ( 18 ) : 1966 -- 1968 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMc0807104 . PMID 18971502 . Lay summary -- Los Angeles Times ( 2008 - 10 - 30 ) . Jump up ^ Harrison , Yvonne ( August 2013 ) . `` The impact of daylight saving time on sleep and related behaviours '' . Sleep Medicine Reviews . 17 ( 4 ) : 285 -- 292 . doi : 10.1016 / j. smrv. 2012.10. 001 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Christopher M. ; Drake , Christopher L. ( November 2015 ) . `` Prioritizing Sleep Health '' . Perspectives on Psychological Science . 10 ( 6 ) : 733 -- 737 . doi : 10.1177 / 1745691615598509 . Jump up ^ Nataliya Shirinskikh , translator ( March 16 , 2005 ) . `` Kazakhstan canceled shifting to the ' summer ' and ' winter ' time '' . Kazakhstan Today . Jump up ^ `` Russian clocks stay on summertime '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Int Panis , L ; Beckx , C ( 2007 ) . `` Trucks driving at night and their effect on local air pollution '' . European Transport Conference . Jump up ^ Cho , Kyoungmin ; Barnes , Christopher M. ; Guanara , Cristiano L. ( February 2017 ) . `` Sleepy Punishers Are Harsh Punishers '' . Psychological Science . 28 ( 2 ) : 242 -- 247 . doi : 10.1177 / 0956797616678437 . Jump up ^ Joey Crandall ( October 24 , 2003 ) . `` Daylight saving time ends Sunday '' . Record -- Courier . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Paul McDougall ( March 1 , 2007 ) . `` PG&E says patching meters for an early daylight - saving time will cost $38 million '' . InformationWeek . Jump up ^ `` Daylight saving time : rationale and original idea '' . 2008 ... Lord Balfour came forward with a unique concern : ' Supposing some unfortunate lady was confined with twins ... ' Jump up ^ Daniel G. Schultz ( March 29 , 2007 ) . `` Unpredictable events in medical equipment due to new daylight saving time change '' . Center for Devices and Radiological Health , Food and Drug Administration . Jump up ^ Jesse Ruderman ( November 1 , 2006 ) . `` Continuous daylight saving time '' . Jump up ^ `` Proposal for a finer adjustment of summer time ( daylight saving time ) '' . September 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Albert E. Waugh ( 1973 ) . Sundials : Their Theory and Construction . Dover . ISBN 0 - 486 - 22947 - 5 . Jump up ^ Leith Holloway ( 1992 ) . `` Atmospheric sun protection factor on clear days : its observed dependence on solar zenith angle and its relevance to the shadow guideline for sun protection '' . Photochemistry and Photobiology. 56 ( 2 ) : 229 -- 34 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1751 - 1097.1992. tb02151. x . PMID 1502267 . Jump up ^ Seize the Daylight . p. xv . Jump up ^ Steve Lohr ( March 5 , 2007 ) . `` Time change a ' mini-Y2K ' in tech terms '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ A. Gut ; L. Miclea ; Sz . Enyedi ; M. Abrudean ; I. Hoka ( 2006 ) . `` Database globalization in enterprise applications '' . 2006 IEEE International Conference on Automation , Quality and Testing , Robotics . pp. 356 -- 359 . Jump up ^ Ron Bean ( November 2000 ) . `` The Clock Mini-HOWTO '' . Jump up ^ Raymond Chen ( November 2000 ) . `` Why does Windows keep your BIOS clock on local time ? '' . Jump up ^ Paul Eggert ; Arthur David Olson ( June 30 , 2008 ) . `` Sources for time zone and daylight saving time data '' . Jump up ^ `` tztab ( 4 ) '' ( PDF ) . HP - UX Reference : HP - UX 11i Version 3 . Hewlett -- Packard Co. 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Other environment variables '' . IEEE Std 1003.1 -- 2004 . The Open Group . 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Daylight saving time help and support center '' . Microsoft Corp . September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Visual Studio and daylight saving time change '' . Microsoft Corp. 2007 . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Windows daylight savings timezones for Israel '' . Lingnu Open Source Consulting . 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft support entry regarding daylight saving time in Israel '' ( in Hebrew ) . Microsoft Corp. 2007 . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harkov , Lahav ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` Knesset votes to extend Daylight Saving Time '' . Jerusalem Post . Jerusalem . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Markus Kuhn ( February 10 , 2009 ) . `` IBM PC Real Time Clock should run in UT '' . Computer Laboratory , University of Cambridge . Jump up ^ Microsoft . `` You can not change system time if RealTimeIsUniversal registry entry is enabled in Windows '' . Jump up ^ Microsoft . `` High CPU usage during DST changeover in Windows Server 2008 , Windows 7 , or Windows Server 2008 R2 '' . Jump up ^ `` Chile keeps Daylight time '' . January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Aslaksen , Helmer . `` Why is Singapore in the `` Wrong '' Time Zone ? `` . www.math.nus.edu.sg . Jump up ^ Aslaksen , Helmer . `` Time Zones in Malaysia '' . www.math.nus.edu.sg . Jump up ^ `` Russia set to turn back the clocks with daylight - saving time shift '' . The Guardian . July 1 , 2014 . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hollingshead , Iain ( June 2006 ) . `` Whatever happened to Double Summer Time ? '' . The Guardian . Further reading ( edit ) Ian R. Bartky ( 2007 ) . One Time Fits All : The Campaigns for Global Uniformity . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 5642 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Daylight saving time '' dated 2008 - 05 - 20 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Wikimedia Commons has media related to Daylight saving time . `` Legal Time 2015 '' , Telecommunications Standardization Bureau of the ITU Information about the Current Daylight Saving Time ( DST ) Rules , U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology Sources for time zone and daylight saving time data Time measurement and standards Chronometry Orders of magnitude Metrology International standards Coordinated Universal Time offset UT ΔT DUT1 International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service ISO 31 - 1 ISO 8601 International Atomic Time 6 - hour clock 12 - hour clock 24 - hour clock Barycentric Coordinate Time Barycentric Dynamical Time Civil time Daylight saving time Geocentric Coordinate Time International Date Line Leap second Solar time Terrestrial Time Time zone 180th meridian Obsolete standards Ephemeris time Greenwich Mean Time Prime meridian Time in physics Absolute time and space Spacetime Chronon Continuous signal Coordinate time Cosmological decade Discrete time and continuous time Planck time Proper time Theory of relativity Time dilation Gravitational time dilation Time domain Time translation symmetry T - symmetry Horology Clock Astrarium Atomic clock Complication History of timekeeping devices Hourglass Marine chronometer Marine sandglass Radio clock Watch Water clock Sundial Dialing scales Equation of time History of sundials Sundial markup schema Calendar Astronomical Dominical letter Epact Equinox Gregorian Hebrew Hindu Intercalation Islamic Julian Leap year Lunar Lunisolar Solar Solstice Tropical year Weekday determination Weekday names Archaeology and geology Chronological dating Geologic time scale International Commission on Stratigraphy Astronomical chronology Galactic year Nuclear timescale Precession Sidereal time Other units of time Shake Jiffy Second Minute Moment Hour Day Week Fortnight Month Year Lustrum Decade Century Saeculum Millennium Related topics Chronology Duration music Mental chronometry Metric time System time Time value of money Timekeeper Coordinated Universal Time ( UTC ) UTC offset for standard time and Daylight saving time ( DST ) Italics : historical or unofficial 180 ° to < 90 ° W − 12 : 00 − 11 : 00 − 10 : 30 − 10 : 00 − 09 : 30 − 09 : 00 − 08 : 30 − 08 : 00 − 07 : 00 90 ° W to < 0 ° − 06 : 00 − 05 : 00 − 04 : 30 − 04 : 00 − 03 : 30 − 03 : 00 − 02 : 30 − 02 : 00 − 01 : 00 − 00 : 44 − 00 : 25 : 21 0 ° to < 90 ° E ± 00 : 00 + 00 : 20 + 00 : 30 + 01 : 00 + 01 : 24 + 01 : 30 + 02 : 00 + 02 : 30 + 03 : 00 + 03 : 30 + 04 : 00 + 04 : 30 + 04 : 51 + 05 : 00 + 05 : 30 + 05 : 40 + 05 : 45 90 ° E to < 180 ° + 06 : 00 + 06 : 30 + 07 : 00 + 07 : 20 + 07 : 30 + 08 : 00 + 08 : 30 + 08 : 45 + 09 : 00 + 09 : 30 + 09 : 45 + 10 : 00 + 10 : 30 + 11 : 00 + 11 : 30 ( 180 ° to < 90 ° W ) + 12 : 00 + 12 : 45 + 13 : 00 + 13 : 45 + 14 : 00 Time zone data sources tz database Lists of time zones Time zones by country Time zones by UTC offset tz database time zones Military time zones Time zone abbreviations Daylight saving time by country Daylight saving time ( or summer time ) By continent Daylight saving time in Africa Daylight saving time in Asia Daylight saving time in the Americas Summer Time in Europe Daylight saving time in Oceania Overviews Daylight saving time by country NDL : 00570171 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time&oldid=815684741 '' Categories : Daylight saving time Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . 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what's the difference between first second and third world countries
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Third World
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third world
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In present - day English , the Third World is `` the developing countries of Europe , Asia , Latin America , and Africa '' . Third world countries in Europe , Latin America , Asia , and Africa include Russia , Albania , Nigeria , India , Pakistan , Indonesia , Dominican Republic , Cuba , Argentina , South Africa , and Armenia . The term usually suggests poverty and low level of industrial development and thus it is the opposite of the term developed nations . This usage is considered by some to be offensive .
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The `` three worlds '' of the Cold War era , as of the period between April 1975 and August 1975 . First World : United States , United Kingdom and their allies . Second World : Soviet Union , China , and their allies . Third World : neutral and non-aligned countries . The term Third World was formulated in 1952 by French economic historian Alfred Sauvy to mean countries that were neither part of the West nor of the Iron Curtain . Thus the term originally had a political meaning as it arose during the Cold War to define countries that remained non-aligned with either NATO or the Communist Bloc . The United States , Canada , Japan , South Korea , Western European nations and their allies represented the First World , while the Soviet Union , China , Cuba and their allies represented the Second World . This terminology provided a way of broadly categorizing the nations of the Earth into three groups based on political and politically - related economic divisions . The Third World was normally seen to include many countries with colonial pasts in Africa , Latin America , Oceania , Asia , and Europe . It was also sometimes taken as synonymous with countries in the Non-Aligned Movement . In the dependency theory of thinkers like Raúl Prebisch , Walter Rodney , Theotonio dos Santos , and Andre Gunder Frank , the Third World has also been connected to the world economic division as `` periphery '' countries in the world system that is dominated by the `` core '' countries . Due to the complex history of evolving meanings and contexts , there is no clear or agreed - upon definition of the Third World . Some countries in the Communist Bloc , such as Cuba , were often regarded as `` Third World '' . Because many Third World countries were extremely poor , and non-industrialized , it became a stereotype to refer to poor countries as `` third world countries '' , yet the `` Third World '' term is also often taken to include newly industrialized countries like Brazil , South Africa , Russia , China , and India now more commonly referred to as part of BRICS . Historically , some European countries were non-aligned and a few of these were and are very prosperous , including Austria , Sweden , Finland , and Switzerland . The term Third World is still largely used interchangeably with the least developed countries , the Global South and developing countries . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Third World vs. Three Worlds 3 Third Worldism 4 History 5 Foreign aid and development 6 Great Divergence and Great Convergence 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Etymology ( edit ) French demographer , anthropologist and historian Alfred Sauvy , in an article published in the French magazine L'Observateur , August 14 , 1952 , coined the term Third World ( French : Tiers Monde ) , referring to countries that were unaligned with either the Communist Soviet bloc or the Capitalist NATO bloc during the Cold War . His usage was a reference to the Third Estate , the commoners of France who , before and during the French Revolution , opposed the clergy and nobles , who composed the First Estate and Second Estate , respectively . Sauvy wrote , `` This third world ignored , exploited , despised like the third estate also wants to be something . '' He conveyed the concept of political non-alignment with either the capitalist or communist bloc . Third World vs. three Worlds ( edit ) See also : Three World Model and Three Worlds Theory The `` Three Worlds Theory '' developed by Mao Zedong is different from the Western theory of the Three Worlds or Third World . For example , in the Western theory , China and India belong respectively to the second and third worlds , but in Mao 's theory both China and India are part of the Third World which he defined as consisting of exploited nations . Third Worldism ( edit ) Main article : Third - Worldism Third Worldism is a political movement that argues for the unity of third - world nations against first - world influence and the principle of non-interference in other countries ' domestic affairs . Groups most notable for expressing and exercising this idea are the Non-Aligned Movement ( NAM ) and the Group of 77 which provide a base for relations and diplomacy between not just the third - world countries , but between the third - world and the first and second worlds . The notion has been criticized as providing a fig leaf for human - rights violations and political repression by dictatorships . History ( edit ) Most Third World countries are former colonies . Having gained independence , many of these countries , especially smaller ones , were faced with the challenges of nation - and institution - building on their own for the first time . Due to this common background , many of these nations were `` developing '' in economic terms for most of the 20th century , and many still are . This term , used today , generally denotes countries that have not developed to the same levels as OECD countries , and are thus in the process of developing . In the 1980s , economist Peter Bauer offered a competing definition for the term `` Third World '' . He claimed that the attachment of Third World status to a particular country was not based on any stable economic or political criteria , and was a mostly arbitrary process . The large diversity of countries considered part of the Third World -- from Indonesia to Afghanistan -- ranged widely from economically primitive to economically advanced and from politically non-aligned to Soviet - or Western - leaning . An argument could also be made for how parts of the U.S. are more like the Third World . The only characteristic that Bauer found common in all Third World countries was that their governments `` demand and receive Western aid , '' the giving of which he strongly opposed . Thus , the aggregate term `` Third World '' was challenged as misleading even during the Cold War period , because it had no consistent or collective identity among the countries it supposedly encompassed . Foreign aid and development ( edit ) During the Cold War , unaligned countries of the Third World were seen as potential allies by both the First and Second World . Therefore , the United States and the Soviet Union went to great lengths to establish connections in these countries by offering economic and military support to gain strategically located alliances ( e.g. , United States in Vietnam or Soviet Union in Cuba ) . By the end of the Cold War , many Third World countries had adopted capitalist or communist economic models and continued to receive support from the side they had chosen . Throughout the Cold War and beyond , the countries of the Third World have been the priority recipients of Western foreign aid and the focus of economic development through mainstream theories such as modernization theory and dependency theory . By the end of the 1960s , the idea of the Third World came to represent countries in Africa , Europe , Asia and Latin America that were considered underdeveloped by rich countries like the USA and Japan based on a variety of characteristics ( low economic development , low life expectancy , high rates of poverty and disease , etc . ) . These countries became the targets for aid and support from governments , NGOs and individuals from wealthier nations . One popular model , known as Rostow 's stages of growth , argued that development took place in 5 stages ( Traditional Society ; Pre-conditions for Take - off ; Take - off ; Drive to Maturity ; Age of High Mass Consumption ) . W.W. Rostow argued that Take - off was the critical stage that the Third World was missing or struggling with . Thus , foreign aid was needed to help kick - start industrialization and economic growth in these countries . However , despite decades of receiving aid and experiencing different development models ( which have had very little success ) , many Third World countries ' economies are still dependent on developed countries , and are deep in debt . There is now a growing debate about why Third World countries remain impoverished and underdeveloped after all this time . Many argue that current methods of aid are not working and are calling for reducing foreign aid ( and therefore dependency ) and utilizing different economic theories than the traditional mainstream theories from the West . Historically , development and aid have not accomplished the goals they were meant to , and currently the global gap between the rich and poor is greater than ever , though not everybody agrees with this . Some scholars argue the problem of development amongst many third world states through socioeconomic perspectives which study how individuals form organizations among each other for all kinds of goals , such as economic matters . Scholars like North and Weingast claim that modern states are composed of natural states and open access order states whereby open access order states have more positive development than natural states , because in these states , legally binding institutions ( rules of the game , customs ) allow individuals to freely form impersonal organizations that can attract a large group of people who work or compete with each other economically . The more competition , the more wealth and growth is created . Examples of open access states are many Western countries like America and Germany . In contrast , a natural state ( which compromises much of the third world ) consists of political elites who try to protect their special privileges by restricting access to the ability to form organizations amongst individuals . These elites must rely on personal communication and the threat of violence to both maintain order and recruit `` desirables '' into the organizations . Such a set - up not only weakens good governance ( as leaders are less accountable ) but also leads to weak institutions , where peace is not always assured , as those in control of the means to inflict violence simply restrain themselves out of trust or loyalty , and can easily resort to violence , as has happened in the past ( e.g. , Biafra against the rest of Nigeria , Bangladesh against the rest of Pakistan ) . Over the last few decades , global population growth has largely been focused in Third World countries ( which often have higher birth rates than developed countries ) . As populations expand in poorer countries , rural people are flocking to cities in an extensive urban migration that is resulting in the creation of massive shanty towns and slums . Great Divergence and Great Convergence ( edit ) Density Function of the Worlds Income Distribution in 1970 by Continent , logarithmic scale : The division of the world into `` rich '' and `` poor '' is striking , and the world 's poverty is concentrated in India and the Indian Sub-continent countries of Bangladesh and Pakistan in Asia . Asia and Oceania Africa America Europe Density Function of the Worlds Income Distribution in 2015 by Continent , logarithmic scale : The division of the world into `` rich '' and `` poor '' was vanished , and the world 's poverty can be found mainly in Europe ( Russia and Ukraine ) , the Southeastern countries ( e.g Burma ) , Indian Sub-continent , and Africa . Asia and Oceania Africa America Europe Many times there is a clear distinction between First and Third Worlds . When talking about the Global North and the Global South , the majority of the time the two go hand in hand . People refer to the two as `` Third World / South '' and `` First World / North '' because the Global North is more affluent and developed , whereas the Global South is less developed and often poorer . To counter this mode of thought , some scholars began proposing the idea of a change in world dynamics that began in the late 1980s , and termed it the Great Convergence . As Jack A. Goldstone and his colleagues put it , `` in the twentieth century , the Great Divergence peaked before the First World War and continued until the early 1970s , then , after two decades of indeterminate fluctuations , in the late 1980s it was replaced by the Great Convergence as the majority of Third World countries reached economic growth rates significantly higher than those in most First World countries '' . Others have observed a return to Cold War - era alignments ( MacKinnon , 2007 ; Lucas , 2008 ) , this time with substantial changes between 1990 -- 2015 in geography , the world economy and relationship dynamics between current and emerging world powers ; not necessarily redefining the classic meaning of First , Second , and Third World terms , but rather which countries belong to them by way of association to which world power or coalition of countries -- such as G7 , the European Union , OECD ; G20 , OPEC , BRICS , ASEAN ; the African Union , and the Eurasian Union . See also ( edit ) Developing country Failed state First World Second World Third world Fourth World References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Third_World Jump up ^ http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/third-world Jump up ^ http://etymonline.com/index.php?term=Third+World&allowed_in_frame=0 ^ Jump up to : Tomlinson , B.R. ( 2003 ) . `` What was the Third World '' , Journal of Contemporary History , 38 ( 2 ) : 307 -- 321 . ^ Jump up to : Gregory , Derek et al. ( Eds . ) ( 2009 ) . Dictionary of Human Geography ( 5th Ed . ) , Wiley - Blackwell . Jump up ^ Literal translation from French Jump up ^ Wolf - Phillips , Leslie ( 1987 ) . `` Why ' Third World ' ? : Origin , Definition and Usage '' , Third World Quarterly , 9 ( 4 ) : 1311 - 1327 . Jump up ^ Pithouse , Richard ( 2005 ) . Report Back from the Third World Network Meeting Accra , 2005 . Centre for Civil Society : 1 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Third World America '' , MacLeans , September 14 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : Westernizing the Third World ( Ch 2 ) , Routledge Jump up ^ `` First , Second and Third World '' Jump up ^ Mehmet , Ozay , ( 1995 ) . Mainstream economic development theories have failed to come up with a model that appropriately supports development in the Third World . Westernizing the Third World ( Ch 1 ) , Routledge ^ Jump up to : Westra , Richard ( 2011 ) . `` Renewing Socialist Development in the Third World '' , Journal of Contemporary Asia , 41 ( 4 ) : 519 - 543 . ^ Jump up to : Korotayev A. , Zinkina J. On the structure of the present - day convergence . Campus - Wide Information Systems . Vol. 31 No. 2 / 3 , 2014 , pp. 139 - 152 Jump up ^ North , D.C ; Wallis , J.J ; Weingast , R. ( 2009 ) . Violence and social orders a conceptual framework for interpreting recorded human history . New York : Cambridge University Press . p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : North , D.C ; Wallis , J.J ; Weingast , R. ( 2009 ) . Violence and social orders a conceptual framework for interpreting recorded human history . New York : Cambridge University Press . p. 18 . Jump up ^ North , D.C ; Wallis , J.J ; Weingast , R. ( 2009 ) . Violence and social orders a conceptual framework for interpreting recorded human history . New York : Cambridge University Press . p. 21 . Jump up ^ Mimiko , Oluwafemi ( 2012 ) . `` Globalization : The Politics of Global Economic Relations and International Business '' . Carolina Academic Press : 49 . Jump up ^ Phases of global demographic transition correlate with phases of the Great Divergence and Great Convergence . Technological Forecasting and Social Change . Volume 95 , June 2015 , Page 163 . Further reading Aijaz , Ahmad ( 1992 ) . In theory : Classes , nations , literatures . London : Verso . Aijaz , Charles K. ( 1973 ) . The political economy of development and underdevelopment . New York : Random House . Bauer , Peter T. ( 1981 ) . Equality , the Third World , and economic delusion . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . Buchanan , Pat J. ( 2006 ) . State of emergency : The Third World invasion and conquest of America . New York : Thomas Dunne Books / St. Martin 's Press . Escobar , Arturo ( 2011 ) . Encountering development : The making and unmaking of the Third World ( revised ed . ) . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . Furtado , Celso ( 1964 ) . Development and underdevelopment . Berkeley : University of California Press . Huffington , Arianna S. ( 2010 ) . Third World America : How our politicians are abandoning the middle class and betraying the American dream . New York : Crown Publishers . Melkote , Srinivas R. & Steeves , H. Leslie . ( 1991 ) . Communication for development in the Third World : Theory and practice for Empowerment . New Delhi : SAGE Publications . Rangel , Carlos ( 1986 ) . Third World Ideology and Western Reality . New Brunswick : Transaction Books . Sheppard , Eric & Porter , Wayland P. ( 1998 ) . A world of difference : Society , nature , development . New York : Guilford Press . Smith , Brian C. ( 2013 ) . Understanding Third World Politics : Theories of Political Change and Development ( 4th ed . ) . London : Palgrave Macmillan . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Third World . Hans Rosling at TED 2006 South -- South cooperation and Third Worldism Global South Development Landlocked developing countries Least Developed Countries Heavily indebted poor countries Markets Emerging markets Newly industrialized country Transition economy Worlds Theory First World Second World Third World Fourth World Geopolitics Decolonization Cold War Neocolonialism Multipolarity World Conference against Racism Durban I Durban II Durban III Globalization BRICS Brazil -- Russia -- India -- China -- South Africa ( BRICS ) BASIC ( BRICS less Russia ) BRIC ( BRICS less South Africa ) India -- Brazil -- South Africa Dialogue Forum ( IBSA ) Finance Debt Asian Clearing Union Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank Asian Development Bank Arab Monetary Fund BancoSur Caribbean Development Bank Common Fund for Commodities Trade and development Developmental state Flying geese paradigm Infrastructure - based development Sustainable development Global System of Trade Preferences Protocol on Trade Negotiations New International Economic Order New World Information and Communication Order United Nations Conference on Trade and Development United Nations Development Programme United Nations Industrial Development Organization Public health Generic drugs biosimilar Pharmaceutical patents criticism Test data exclusivity Doha Declaration World Health Organization Organizations and groups G - 77 G - 15 D - 8 G20 developing nations ( G - 20 ) G - 24 G33 developing countries ( G - 33 ) G - 11 G - 90 Non-Aligned Movement African , Caribbean and Pacific Group African Union Afro -- Asian Conference Association of Southeast Asian Nations Colombo Plan Community of Latin American and Caribbean States International Solar Alliance Like Minded Group Melanesian Spearhead Group Next Eleven North -- South Summit Polynesian Leaders Group South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation Small Island Developing States South Centre Third World Network North -- South divide Brandt Report Global financial system International Monetary Fund World Bank World Trade Organization Fair trade Financial regulation Global digital divide Economic classification of countries Developed country Developing country Least Developed Countries World Bank high - income economy Newly industrialized country Heavily indebted poor countries Three - World Model First World Second World Third World Fourth World Gross domestic product ( GDP ) Nominal By country past and projected per capita per capita Purchasing power parity ( PPP ) By country future estimates per capita per capita per hour worked per person employed Gross national income ( GNI ) ( Nominal , Atlas method ) per capita ( PPP ) per capita Wages Average wage Europe by monthly average wage Employee compensation ( per hour ) List of countries by median wage Minimum wages Canada Europe United States Wealth Wealth per adult Other national accounts Gross National Happiness Net material product Research and development spending Human development Human Development Index by country inequality - adjusted Human Poverty Index Percentage living in poverty Social Progress Index Digital divide ICT Development Index Number of broadband Internet subscriptions Number of Internet users Smartphone penetration Net international investment position ( NIIP ) Per capita Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Third_World&oldid=806875936 '' Categories : Country classifications Political terminology Politics by region Cold War terminology Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Kreyòl ayisyen Lietuvių Magyar مصرى Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 18 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third%20World
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where is john trumbull's painting the declaration of independence
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The Declaration of Independence Artist John Trumbull Year commissioned 1817 ; purchased 1819 ; 1826 placed in the Rotunda Medium Oil - on - canvas 3.7 m × 5.5 m ( 12 ft × 18 ft ) Location U.S. Capitol , Washington , D.C. , U.S.
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U.S. Capitol , Washington , D.C. , U.S.
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Declaration of Independence ( Trumbull )
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declaration of independence ( trumbull )
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John Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence is a 12 - by - 18 - foot ( 3.7 by 5.5 m ) oil - on - canvas painting in the United States Capitol Rotunda that depicts the presentation of the draft of the Declaration of Independence to Congress . It was based on a much smaller version of the same scene , presently held by the Yale University Art Gallery . Trumbull painted many of the figures in the picture from life , and visited Independence Hall to depict the chamber where the Second Continental Congress met . The oil - on - canvas work was commissioned in 1817 , purchased in 1819 , and placed in the rotunda in 1826 .
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The painting is sometimes incorrectly described as the signing of the Declaration of Independence . In fact , the painting actually shows the five - man drafting committee presenting their draft of the Declaration to the Congress , an event that took place on June 28 , 1776 , and not the signing of the document , which took place later . The painting shows 42 of the 56 signers of the Declaration ; Trumbull originally intended to include all 56 signers but was unable to obtain likenesses for all of them . He also depicted several participants in the debate who did not sign the document , including John Dickinson , who declined to sign . Trumbull also had no portrait of Benjamin Harrison V to work with , but his son Benjamin Harrison VI was said to resemble his father , so Trumbull painted him instead . The Declaration was debated and signed over a period of time when membership in Congress changed , so the men in the painting had actually never all been in the same room at the same time . Thomas Jefferson seems to be stepping on John Adams ' foot in the painting , which many thought was supposed to symbolize their relationship as political enemies . However , upon closer examination of the painting , it can be seen that their feet are merely close together . This part of the image was correctly depicted on the two - dollar bill version . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key to historical figures depicted in the painting 2 Unpictured signers 3 On U.S. currency and postage stamps 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Key to Historical figures depicted in the painting ( edit ) Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence Clickable image : Point at a face to identify the person , click to go to the corresponding article . Click anywhere else in the image to go to the image 's file page and view a larger version . U.S government 's key to the painting The following key to the figures in the painting follows the numbering used by the U.S. government publication `` Art of the Capitol '' ( in the illustration of the key shown in this section ) but provides a different ( hopefully clearer ) description of which figure is where in the painting , so numbers are not entirely in order . Key to figures ( in each group , listed from left to right ) : Four men seated on the far left : 1 . George Wythe 2 . William Whipple 3 . Josiah Bartlett 5 . Thomas Lynch , Jr . Seated at the table on the left : 4 . Benjamin Harrison Seated together to the right of Harrison and in front of the standing figures : 6 . Richard Henry Lee 7 . Samuel Adams 8 . George Clinton Five figures standing together on the left : 9 . William Paca 10 . Samuel Chase 11 . Lewis Morris 12 . William Floyd 13 . Arthur Middleton Three seated figures in the back between the two sets of standing figures : 14 . Thomas Heyward , Jr . 15 . Charles Carroll 16 . George Walton Set of three figures standing together in the back : 23 . Stephen Hopkins ( wearing a hat ) 24 . William Ellery 25 . George Clymer Ten figures seated : 17 . Robert Morris ( first on the left at the table ) 18 . Thomas Willing 19 . Benjamin Rush 20 . Elbridge Gerry 21 . Robert Treat Paine 22 . Abraham Clark 26 . William Hooper 27 . Joseph Hewes 28 . James Wilson 29 . Francis Hopkinson Five figures standing in front ( the Committee of Five ) : 30 . John Adams 31 . Roger Sherman 32 . Robert R. Livingston 33 . Thomas Jefferson 34 . Benjamin Franklin Four background figures seated together near the right corner of the room : 35 . Richard Stockton 36 . Francis Lewis 37 . John Witherspoon 38 . Samuel Huntington Two figures standing in the right corner of the room : 39 . William Williams 40 . Oliver Wolcott Two foreground figures at the central table : 42 . Charles Thomson ( standing ) 41 . John Hancock ( seated ) Three figures standing at right : 43 . George Read 44 . John Dickinson 45 . Edward Rutledge Two figures seated at far right : 46 . Thomas McKean 47 . Philip Livingston ( Note : - Not a signer of the final Declaration of Independence but depicted in painting . Although Charles Thomson was one of two members listed by name in the earlier Dunlap Broadside as having attested to the Declaration , and many historians believe he had signed the original document that was lost . ) Unpictured signers ( edit ) There were 14 signers of the Declaration who did not appear in the painting : Matthew Thornton ( New Hampshire ) John Hart ( New Jersey ) John Morton ( Pennsylvania ) James Smith ( Pennsylvania ) George Taylor ( Pennsylvania ) George Ross ( Pennsylvania ) Caesar Rodney ( Delaware ) Thomas Stone ( Maryland ) Thomas Nelson , Jr . ( Virginia ) Francis Lightfoot Lee ( Virginia ) Carter Braxton ( Virginia ) John Penn ( North Carolina ) Button Gwinnett ( Georgia ) Lyman Hall ( Georgia ) On U.S. currency and postage stamps ( edit ) The painting was pictured on an 1869 United States 24 - cent definitive postage stamp Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence signing scene painting has been depicted several times on United States currency and postage stamps . Its first use was on the reverse side of the $100 National Bank Note issued in 1863 . The depiction was engraved by Frederick Girsch of the American Bank Note Company . The same steel engraving was used on the 24 ¢ stamp issued as part of the 1869 pictorial series of definitive U.S. postage stamps . Trumbull 's painting is presently depicted on the reverse of the two - dollar bill . Featured in it are 40 of the 47 figures from Trumbull 's painting . Cut out from the scene are : the farthest four figures on the left -- George Wythe , William Whipple , Josiah Bartlett , and Thomas Lynch , Jr. ; the farthest two figures on the right -- Thomas McKean and Philip Livingston ; and one of three figures seated in the left rear -- George Walton . Additionally , two unknown figures were added : one in between Samuel Chase and Lewis Morris and another between James Wilson and Francis Hopkinson , bringing the total number of figures shown in the presentation scene to 42 . United States 100 - dollar National Bank Note ( reverse ) United States two - dollar bill ( reverse ) See also ( edit ) Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States -- a 1940 painting depicting members of the 1787 Constitutional Convention by Howard Chandler Christy . Syng inkstand , pictured in the painting References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Yale Art Gallery page on painting . Archived 2007 - 06 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ John Hazelton , The Historical Value of Trumbull 's - Declaration of Independence , The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography - Volume 31 , ( Historical Society of Pennsylvania , 1907 ) , 38 . Jump up ^ `` History Timeline '' . Bureau of Engraving and Printing / Treasury Website . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Hessler , Gene ( 1993 ) . The Engraver 's Line -- An Encyclopedia of Paper Money & Postage Stamp Art . BNR Press . p. 137 . ISBN 0 - 931960 - 36 - 3 . Jump up ^ Forster , Jeffrey ( 2012 ) . `` The Chronicle 's Assistant Section Editor - 1869 Pictorial Issue '' . U.S. Philatelic Classics Society . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2011 . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Keys to the figures Another key to the figures Declaration of Independence Flash - based key Other `` The Declaration of Independence , July 4 , 1776 '' . Yale University Art Gallery . A web page with some information on the painting Architect of the Capitol Web page on the painting Historical documents of the United States Constitution Preamble & Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin ( State Domestic Institutions ) Child Labor Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights See also List of Constitutional Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Conventions to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bill of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility ( Emolument ) Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Signatories Convention President George Washington New Hampshire John Langdon Nicholas Gilman Massachusetts Nathaniel Gorham Rufus King Connecticut William Samuel Johnson Roger Sherman New York Alexander Hamilton New Jersey William Livingston David Brearley William Paterson Jonathan Dayton Pennsylvania Benjamin Franklin Thomas Mifflin Robert Morris George Clymer Thomas Fitzsimons Jared Ingersoll James Wilson Gouverneur Morris Delaware George Read Gunning Bedford Jr . John Dickinson Richard Bassett Jacob Broom Maryland James McHenry Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer Daniel Carroll Virginia John Blair James Madison North Carolina William Blount Richard Dobbs Spaight Hugh Williamson South Carolina John Rutledge Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Charles Pinckney Pierce Butler Georgia William Few Abraham Baldwin Convention Secretary William Jackson Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence Declaration of Independence Primary author Thomas Jefferson Signatories President of Congress John Hancock ( Massachusetts ) New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett William Whipple Matthew Thornton Massachusetts Samuel Adams John Adams Robert Treat Paine Elbridge Gerry Rhode Island Stephen Hopkins William Ellery Connecticut Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington William Williams Oliver Wolcott New York William Floyd Philip Livingston Francis Lewis Lewis Morris New Jersey Richard Stockton John Witherspoon Francis Hopkinson John Hart Abraham Clark Pennsylvania Robert Morris Benjamin Rush Benjamin Franklin John Morton George Clymer James Smith George Taylor James Wilson George Ross Delaware George Read Caesar Rodney Thomas McKean Maryland Samuel Chase William Paca Thomas Stone Charles Carroll of Carrollton Virginia George Wythe Richard Henry Lee Thomas Jefferson Benjamin Harrison Thomas Nelson Jr . Francis Lightfoot Lee Carter Braxton North Carolina William Hooper Joseph Hewes John Penn South Carolina Edward Rutledge Thomas Heyward Jr . Thomas Lynch Jr . Arthur Middleton Georgia Button Gwinett Lyman Hall George Walton See also Virginia Declaration of Rights Lee Resolution Committee of Five Document 's history signing portrait Second Continental Congress `` All men are created equal '' `` Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness '' `` Consent of the governed '' Independence Hall Syng inkstand American Revolution Articles of Confederation Signatories Primary drafter John Dickinson New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett John Wentworth Jr . Massachusetts John Hancock Samuel Adams Elbridge Gerry Francis Dana James Lovell Samuel Holten Rhode Island William Ellery Henry Marchant John Collins Connecticut Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington Oliver Wolcott Titus Hosmer Andrew Adams New York James Duane Francis Lewis William Duer Gouverneur Morris New Jersey John Witherspoon Nathaniel Scudder Pennsylvania Robert Morris Daniel Roberdeau Jonathan Bayard Smith William Clingan Joseph Reed Delaware Thomas McKean John Dickinson Nicholas Van Dyke Maryland John Hanson Daniel Carroll Virginia Richard Henry Lee John Banister Thomas Adams John Harvie Francis Lightfoot Lee North Carolina John Penn Cornelius Harnett John Williams South Carolina Henry Laurens William Henry Drayton John Mathews Richard Hutson Thomas Heyward Jr . Georgia John Walton Edward Telfair Edward Langworthy See also Continental Congress Congress of the Confederation American Revolution Perpetual Union Continental Association Signatories President of Congress Peyton Randolph New Hampshire John Sullivan Nathaniel Folsom Massachusetts Bay Thomas Cushing Samuel Adams John Adams Robert Treat Paine Rhode Island Stephen Hopkins Samuel Ward Connecticut Eliphalet Dyer Roger Sherman Silas Deane New York Isaac Low John Alsop John Jay James Duane Philip Livingston William Floyd Henry Wisner Simon Boerum New Jersey James Kinsey William Livingston Stephen Crane Richard Smith John De Hart Pennsylvania Joseph Galloway John Dickinson Charles Humphreys Thomas Mifflin Edward Biddle John Morton George Ross The Lower Counties Caesar Rodney Thomas McKean George Read Maryland Matthew Tilghman Thomas Johnson , Junr William Paca Samuel Chase Virginia Richard Henry Lee George Washington Patrick Henry , Junr Richard Bland Benjamin Harrison Edmund Pendleton North Carolina William Hooper Joseph Hewes Richard Caswell South Carolina Henry Middleton Thomas Lynch Christopher Gadsden John Rutledge Edward Rutledge See also Virginia Association First Continental Congress Carpenters ' Hall Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress United States Capitol Complex United States Capitol House Congressional office buildings : Cannon House Library Ford Longworth Rayburn O'Neill ( demolished , 2002 ) Senate Appropriations Committee Suite Senate Reception Room Senate chamber Old Senate Chamber Congressional office buildings : Dirksen Hart Mountains and Clouds Russell Senate Library Library of Congress Adams Jefferson Madison Law Library of Congress Mary Pickford Theater Individual features Dome Statue of Freedom The Apotheosis of Washington Rotunda Declaration of Independence painting Frieze of American History Surrender of General Burgoyne Surrender of Lord Cornwallis National Statuary Hall Crypt Hall of Columns Brumidi Corridors Apotheosis of Democracy First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States Revolutionary War Door Washington at Princeton Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way Vice Presidential Bust Collection President 's Room Vice President 's Room Congressional Prayer Room Old Supreme Court Chamber Washington 's Tomb Visitor Center Lincoln Catafalque Others Botanic Garden Grant Memorial Judiciary Building Power Plant Reflecting Pool Subway System Supreme Court Building Union Square Senate Page Residence Pennsylvania Avenue Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Declaration_of_Independence_(Trumbull)&oldid=802996858 '' Categories : American paintings Paintings about the American Revolution Paintings by John Trumbull 1810s paintings United States Declaration of Independence United States Capitol Paintings in Washington , D.C. Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Català Dansk Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Norsk Русский Slovenčina Edit links This page was last edited on 29 September 2017 , at 20 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration%20of%20Independence%20%28Trumbull%29
| 2,987 |
where do they kick the extra point from
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In the NFL , the line of scrimmage for a kick attempt moved back 13 yards to the 15 - yard line , effectively placing the ball the same distance from the goalposts as in the CFL . The line of scrimmage for a two - point attempt remained at the two - yard line . However , NFL defenses became able to run back failed conversion attempts for a two - point score . On December 6 , 2015 , New Orleans Saints linebacker Stephone Anthony became the first player in NFL history to do so , after New Orleans blocked an extra-point kick by the Carolina Panthers .
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15 - yard line
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Conversion ( gridiron football )
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conversion ( gridiron football )
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The conversion , try ( American football , also known as a point ( s ) after touchdown , PAT , or extra point ) , or convert ( Canadian football ) occurs immediately after a touchdown during which the scoring team is allowed to attempt to score one extra point by kicking the ball through the uprights in the manner of a field goal , or two points by bringing the ball into the end zone in the manner of a touchdown ; depending on league rules , one point may also be scored by manner of a safety .
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Attempts at a try or convert are scrimmage plays , with the ball initially placed at any point between the hash marks , at the option of the team making the attempt . The yard line that attempts are made from depends on the league and the type of try or convert being attempted . If the try or convert is scored by kicking the ball through the uprights , the team gets an additional one point for their touchdown , bringing their total for that score from six points to seven . If two points are needed or desired , a two - point conversion may be attempted by running or passing from scrimmage . A successful touchdown conversion brings the score 's total to eight . Whether a team goes for one or two points , most rules regarding scrimmage downs , including scoring touchdowns and field goals , apply as if it were a normal American fourth - down or Canadian third - down play . Exceptions , including cases where the defense forces a turnover during a conversion attempt , vary between leagues and levels of play . One thing that sets the try apart from other plays in the NFL is that , apart from the actual points , ordinary statistics are not recorded on the try as they would be on a regular scrimmage play . For example , on December 4 , 2016 , Eric Berry of the Kansas City Chiefs made an interception on a try and physically returned it 99 yards for a defensive two - point conversion . However , because it occurred on a try , Berry did not get statistical credit for the 99 yards of return yardage . Nor would a player ever be credited with passing , rushing , or receiving yardage on a try . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Duration of the play 3 Differences between leagues 3.1 Pre-2015 3.2 2015 -- present 3.3 Special college overtime rules 4 Other leagues 5 See also 6 References History ( edit ) `` A goal from touchdown . '' The try / convert is among the oldest parts of the game of gridiron football and dates to its rugby roots . In its earliest days , scoring a touchdown was not the primary objective but a means of getting a free kick at the goal ( hence why the name `` try '' , more commonly associated with rugby today , is still used in American football rule books ) , and thus early scoring rubrics for the game gave more points to the subsequent kick than the actual advancement of the ball over the goal line . The related term `` conversion '' is still used in both rugby union and rugby league to refer to extra points scored by kicking the ball through the posts after a try has been scored . By the start of the 20th century , touchdowns had become more important and the roles of touchdown and kick were reversed . By this time the point value for the after - touchdown kick had reduced to its current one - point value while the touchdown was now worth five . ( This later increased to six points in American football in 1912 and in Canadian football in 1956 . ) For much of the 20th century , a one - point conversion could be scored either by kick or by way of a scrimmage play . Beginning in 1958 , the scrimmage play method of scoring became worth two points ( a two - point conversion ) . While the American Football League adopted the college rule throughout its existence ( as did the United States Football League throughout its existence in the 1980s ) , other professional leagues did not follow suit ; all levels of Canadian football did so in 1975 , and the National Football League did not do so until 1994 . Although a successful kick is only worth one point with a very high rate of success , missed or blocked attempts can decide the outcome of the game . Perhaps the most famous example to this was the 2003 game between the New Orleans Saints and Jacksonville Jaguars where , after scoring a touchdown as time expired as a result of the multiple - lateral River City Relay , Saints kicker John Carney missed the extra point , giving the Jaguars a 20 - 19 victory . On November 11 , 1979 , the New York Jets lost to the Buffalo Bills 14 - 12 -- the difference coming from two missed extra points by place kicker Toni Linhart . Linhart , who had been cut earlier in the 1979 season by the Baltimore Colts and was signed by the Jets to fill in for the injured Pat Leahy , never played another game in the NFL . Central Michigan lines up for a PAT . Another 2003 game , this one between the Carolina Panthers and Tampa Bay Buccaneers , was sent to overtime after what would have been a game - winning extra point was blocked ; the Panthers won the game in overtime 12 - 9 . A 2005 game between the Green Bay Packers and Tampa Bay Buccaneers is another notable exception , as the Buccaneers won 17 - 16 , the difference being Ryan Longwell missing an extra point after a Packers touchdown . In the 2016 AFC Championship Game , New England Patriots placekicker Stephen Gostkowski missed an extra point in the first quarter , keeping the score at 7 -- 6 in favor of the Denver Broncos . The Patriots were forced to go for two when they scored a touchdown late in the fourth quarter . The two - point try was intercepted , putting the Broncos in Super Bowl 50 with a 20 -- 18 victory . The CFL and NFL both made major changes to the rules governing conversions prior to their respective 2015 seasons , reducing and eliminating some of the differences between the two leagues in the process as discussed below . Duration of the play ( edit ) In American high school football ( in most states ) , the play is over once the ball becomes dead or the defense takes possession . In many other levels of football , including the CFL , NFL , and American college football , the play continues after a turnover to the defense . This allows the defense to return the ball to the opponent 's end zone for two points and also allows for a one - point safety . Two states , Texas and Massachusetts , play high school football under NCAA rules and thus allow the defense to score on an extra-point attempt . Differences between leagues ( edit ) In American high school and college football , the line of scrimmage is the three - yard line . In American football , the game clock does not run during an extra-point attempt , except for some rare circumstances at the high - school level ( some state associations allow for the clock to run continuously in the second half if one team is leading the other by a large margin ) and for arena football , which runs the clock continuously except during the final minute of each half and overtime . In Canadian football , the clock runs during a conversion attempt except during the last three minutes of each half . Pre-2015 ( edit ) Prior to the 2015 season , the NFL used the two - yard line for all conversion ( P.A.T. ) attempts . In Canadian football , the line of scrimmage was from the five - yard line . San Francisco 49ers kicker Joe Nedney prepares to kick an extra point with punter Andy Lee as the holder , 2008 In the NFL , the conversion was required after a touchdown scored during the regulation game ( i.e. , not overtime ) , because point differential is used for some tiebreakers in the standings . Rarely , this can result in such an attempt having to be made at the end of the game when it can not change the outcome of the game ; two of the best - known examples of this occurred after the winning touchdown by the Philadelphia Eagles in the December 19 , 2010 game known as the Miracle at the New Meadowlands and after the controversial game - winning touchdown by the Seattle Seahawks on September 24 , 2012 . If the game is in sudden death overtime , the extra-point attempt is omitted if the winning score is a touchdown . In American high school and college football , it is likewise omitted following a touchdown on the game 's final play if a successful conversion attempt can not change the outcome of the game . There is , however , one notable exception in college football because the defense can also score two points on a return of a conversion try ( and theoretically score a one - point safety ) and the NCAA rules state that the conversion try must be run if any subsequent scoring on the play could impact the outcome of the game . Therefore , if a team scores to take the lead by one or two points as time expires , they must still attempt the conversion , although most teams will simply opt to take a knee to prevent the risk of the defense scoring . For example , on October 24 , 2009 , Iowa scored as time expired to take a 15 -- 13 lead over Michigan State . Making the conversion would have made no difference in Iowa winning the game , but Iowa still had to attempt it , so Ricky Stanzi simply knelt down , as a return by Michigan State would have tied the game and forced overtime . In Canadian football , the scoring team is entitled to a conversion play after scoring with no time on the clock , but may choose to waive it if they feel it is not needed . Because head - to - head points scored is used as a tiebreaker in the standings between teams , they often choose to take it if is against a division opponent with whom a tie in the standings is possible . As in U.S. college football , Canadian football allows defenses to score two points for the successful return of a convert attempt . 2015 -- present ( edit ) The CFL and NFL both implemented major changes to how conversions were attempted starting with their respective 2015 seasons . In the CFL , the line of scrimmage for a kick attempt moved back 20 yards to the 25 - yard line while the line of scrimmage for a two - point attempt moved forward two yards to the three - yard line . In the NFL , the line of scrimmage for a kick attempt moved back 13 yards to the 15 - yard line , effectively placing the ball the same distance from the goalposts as in the CFL . The line of scrimmage for a two - point attempt remained at the two - yard line . However , NFL defenses became able to run back failed conversion attempts for a two - point score . On December 6 , 2015 , New Orleans Saints linebacker Stephone Anthony became the first player in NFL history to do so , after New Orleans blocked an extra-point kick by the Carolina Panthers . Finally , the NFL adopted the CFL rule allowing teams to waive `` unnecessary '' extra point attempts at the end of the game . Among the first prominent uses of this rule was following the Miracle in Motown Hail Mary pass by Green Bay Packers quarterback Aaron Rodgers ; the Packers elected not to attempt the extra point , settling instead for a 27 - 23 win over the Detroit Lions . As expected , the 2015 rule changes increased the frequency of two - point conversion attempts , from a rate of about five percent to about eight percent , much of that increase coming from the Pittsburgh Steelers alone . Special college overtime rules ( edit ) In most cases in gridiron football , one point may be scored following a touchdown -- bringing the total value of the touchdown to seven points -- by place kicking the ball through the uprights . An exception occurs in overtime in college football . If the game reaches the third or subsequent period of overtime , no further one - point kicks are allowed -- only two - point conversions . Other leagues ( edit ) In 1968 , the AFL and NFL eliminated the extra-point kick for interleague preseason games , allowing only one - point scrimmage plays . The World Football League and XFL did the same in their short lives , though the XFL later implemented a variable system that allowed increasing point values for increasing the distance to the end zone on the attempt for its playoffs ; that system was later adopted by the Stars Football League and , in a reduced form , the Legends Football League . The CFL proposed to test the variable - distance scoring system during the 2015 preseason , but the proposal was rejected . In arena football , two points can also be scored by means of a drop - kicked field goal . Some youth football leagues turn the scoring upside - down to an extent , scoring one point for a running touchdown and two points for either a passing touchdown or field goal ; six - man football follows a similar convention that rewards one point for a pass or run and two points for a kick . See also ( edit ) American football Comparison of American and Canadian football # Points after touchdown Glossary of American football References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kerkhoff , Blair ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` Eric Berry 's ' pick - two ' is a phantom on stats sheet '' . The Kansas City Star . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay Buccaneers at Green Bay Packers -- September 25th , 2005 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com. 2005 - 09 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Gostkowski 's broken extra point streak proves costly '' . espn.go.com. 2016 - 01 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ Forums.nfhs.org Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` NFL moves extra point to 15 - yard line for 2015 season '' . National Football League . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Eric D. ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` NFL changes PAT rule for 2015 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dabe , Christopher ( December 6 , 2015 ) . `` Stephone Anthony makes NFL history with return of blocked kick for 2 - point conversion '' . nola.com . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stuart , Chase ( 15 November 2016 ) . `` More NFL Teams Are Going For Two -- Just As They Should Be '' . FiveThirtyEight . Retrieved 21 December 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/20/sports/football/pittsburgh-steelers-two-point-conversion.html Jump up ^ Volk , Pete ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` How does college football overtime work ? A quick explainer , plus a video version '' . Sports Blog Nation . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.lflus.com/lfl-101 Gridiron football concepts Codes American Glossary History Early Modern Rules Canadian American -- Canadian comparison Burnside rules Glossary Arena Indoor 9 - man 8 - man 6 - man Flag Touch Street / Backyard Powderpuff Wheelchair Rules of gridiron football codes Levels of play Youth / midget Pop Warner AYF High school Varsity Junior varsity College Club Sprint Professional Practice squad Women 's International Field Lines Yard lines Hash marks Goal line Sidelines Line of scrimmage Field goal range Spaces End zone Red zone Neutral zone Coffin corner Flat Gap Hole Pocket Scoring Touchdown One - point conversion Two - point conversion Field goal Safety Single ( rouge ) Turnovers Fumble Interception Muffed punt Turnover on downs Downs First down Three - and - out Fourth down conversion Dead ball Play clock Timeout Kneel Spike Time warnings 3 min . 2 min . 1 min . Clock management Running out the clock Untimed play Garbage time Statistics Carry Completion Rushing yards Passing yards Passer rating Total quarterback rating Reception Receiving yards Pass deflected Sack Return yards Total offense Yards after catch Yards from scrimmage All - purpose yardage Touchdown pass Practice Two - A-Days Oklahoma drill Three - cone drill Film session Officiating Official ( American , Canadian ) Chain crew Penalty Penalty flag Instant replay Miscellaneous Ball Coaching tree Concussions Equipment 12th man Letterman Overtime Running up the score Touchdown celebration Gatorade shower Tuck rule Uniform number Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conversion_(gridiron_football)&oldid=807682813 '' Categories : American football plays Canadian football terminology Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Italiano Polski Português Српски / srpski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2017 , at 14 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion%20%28gridiron%20football%29
| 2,988 |
in which city royal observatory greenwich is situated
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Royal Observatory Royal Observatory , Greenwich . A time ball sits atop the Octagon Room . Alternative names Royal Greenwich Observatory Observatory code 000 Location Greenwich , Royal Borough of Greenwich , United Kingdom Coordinates 51 ° 28 ′ 40 '' N 0 ° 00 ′ 05 '' W / 51.4778 ° N 0.0014 ° W / 51.4778 ; - 0.0014 Coordinates : 51 ° 28 ′ 40 '' N 0 ° 00 ′ 05 '' W / 51.4778 ° N 0.0014 ° W / 51.4778 ; - 0.0014 Website www.rmg.co.uk/royal-observatory/ Telescopes Altazimuth Pavilion At The Royal Observatory Location of Royal Observatory , Greenwich Related media on Wikimedia Commons ( edit on Wikidata )
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Greenwich
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Royal Observatory , Greenwich
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royal observatory, greenwich
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The Royal Observatory , Greenwich ( ROG ; known as the Old Royal Observatory from 1957 to 1998 , when the working Royal Greenwich Observatory , RGO , moved from Greenwich to Herstmonceux ) is an observatory situated on a hill in Greenwich Park , overlooking the River Thames . It played a major role in the history of astronomy and navigation , and is best known as the location of the prime meridian , and thereby gave its name to Greenwich Mean Time . The ROG has the IAU observatory code of 000 , the first in the list . ROG , the National Maritime Museum , the Queen 's House and Cutty Sark are collectively designated Royal Museums Greenwich .
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The observatory was commissioned in 1675 by King Charles II , with the foundation stone being laid on 10 August . The site was chosen by Sir Christopher Wren . At that time the king also created the position of Astronomer Royal , to serve as the director of the observatory and to `` apply himself with the most exact care and diligence to the rectifying of the tables of the motions of the heavens , and the places of the fixed stars , so as to find out the so much desired longitude of places for the perfecting of the art of navigation . '' He appointed John Flamsteed as the first Astronomer Royal . The building was completed in the summer of 1676 . The building was often called `` Flamsteed House '' , in reference to its first occupant . The scientific work of the observatory was relocated elsewhere in stages in the first half of the 20th century , and the Greenwich site is now maintained as a museum . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Chronology 1.2 Site 1.3 Establishment 1.4 Greenwich Meridian 1.5 Greenwich Mean Time and the time ball 1.6 Bomb attack of 1894 1.7 Early 20th century 1.8 Herstmonceux Castle 2 Observatory museum 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External links History ( edit ) Chronology ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1675 -- 22 June , Royal Observatory founded . 1675 -- 10 August , construction began . 1714 Longitude Act established the Board of Longitude and Longitude rewards . The Astronomer Royal was , until the Board was dissolved in 1828 , always an ex officio Commissioner of Longitude . 1767 Astronomer Royal Nevil Maskelyne began publication of the Nautical Almanac , based on observations made at the Observatory . 1818 Oversight of the Royal Observatory was transferred from the Board of Ordnance to the Board of Admiralty ; at that time the observatory was charged with maintaining the Royal Navy 's Marine chronometers . 1833 Daily time signals began , marked by dropping a Time ball . 1899 The New Physical Observatory ( now known as the South Building ) was completed . 1924 Hourly time signals ( Greenwich Time Signal ) from the Royal Observatory were first broadcast on 5 February . 1948 Office of the Astronomer Royal was moved to Herstmonceux . 1957 Royal Observatory completed its move to Herstmonceux , becoming the Royal Greenwich Observatory ( RGO ) . The Greenwich site is renamed the Old Royal Observatory . 1990 RGO moved to Cambridge . 1998 RGO closed . Greenwich site is returned to its original name , the Royal Observatory , Greenwich , is made part of the National Maritime Museum . 2011 The Greenwich museums , including the ROG , become collectively the Royal Museums Greenwich . Former Royal Greenwich Observatory , Herstmonceux , East Sussex Site ( edit ) Greenwich Observatory ( Latinized as `` Observatorium Anglicanum Hoc Grenovici prope Londinum '' ) , as illustrated in Doppelmayr 's map of the southern celestial hemisphere , ca . 1730 There had been significant buildings on this land since the reign of William I. Greenwich Palace , on the site of the present - day Maritime Museum , was the birthplace of both Henry VIII and his daughters Mary I and Elizabeth I ; the Tudors used Greenwich Castle , which stood on the hilltop that the Observatory presently occupies , as a hunting lodge . Greenwich Castle was reportedly a favourite place for Henry VIII to house his mistresses , so that he could easily travel from the Palace to see them . Establishment ( edit ) Laser projected from the observatory marking the Prime Meridian line Laser at night The establishment of a Royal Observatory was proposed in 1674 by Sir Jonas Moore who , in his role as Surveyor General at the Ordnance Office , persuaded King Charles II to create the observatory , with John Flamsteed installed as its director . The Ordnance Office was given responsibility for building the Observatory , with Moore providing the key instruments and equipment for the observatory at his own personal cost . Flamsteed House , the original part of the Observatory , was designed by Sir Christopher Wren , probably assisted by Robert Hooke , and was the first purpose - built scientific research facility in Britain . It was built for a cost of £ 520 ( £ 20 over budget ) out of largely recycled materials on the foundations of Duke Humphrey 's Tower , the forerunner of Greenwich Castle , which resulted in the alignment being 13 degrees away from true North , somewhat to Flamsteed 's chagrin . The original observatory at first housed the scientific instruments to be used by Flamsteed in his work on stellar tables , and over time also incorporated additional responsibilities such as marking the official time of day , and housing Her Majesty 's Nautical Almanac Office . Moore donated two clocks , built by Thomas Tompion , which were installed in the 20 foot high Octagon Room , the principal room of the building . They were of unusual design , each with a pendulum 13 feet ( 3.96 metres ) in length mounted above the clock face , giving a period of four seconds and an accuracy , then unparalleled , of seven seconds per day . Greenwich meridian ( edit ) Main article : Greenwich Meridian The 24 - hour Shepherd Gate Clock Telescope and tree Royal Observatory , Greenwich One of the hyper - accurate timekeepers at the observatory British astronomers have long used the Royal Observatory as a basis for measurement . Four separate meridians have passed through the buildings , defined by successive instruments . The basis of longitude , the meridian that passes through the Airy transit circle , first used in 1851 , was adopted as the world 's Prime Meridian at the International Meridian Conference on 22 October 1884 ( voting took place on 13 October ) . Subsequently , nations across the world used it as their standard for mapping and timekeeping . The Prime Meridian was marked by a brass ( later replaced by stainless steel ) strip in the Observatory 's courtyard once the buildings became a museum in 1960 , and , since 16 December 1999 , has been marked by a powerful green laser shining north across the London night sky . Since the first triangulation of Great Britain in the period 1783 -- 1853 , Ordnance Survey maps have been based on an earlier version of the Greenwich meridian , defined by the transit instrument of James Bradley . When the Airy circle ( 5.79 m to the east ) became the reference for the meridian , the difference resulting from the change was considered small enough to be neglected . When a new triangulation was done between 1936 and 1962 , scientists determined that in the Ordnance Survey system the longitude of the international Greenwich meridian was not 0 ° but 0 ° 00'00.417 '' ( about 8 m ) East . Besides the change of the reference line , imperfections of the surveying system added another discrepancy to the definition of the origin , so that the Bradley line itself is now 0 ° 00'00.12 '' East of the Ordnance Survey Zero Meridian ( about 2.3 m ) . This old astronomical prime meridian has been replaced by a more precise prime meridian . When Greenwich was an active observatory , geographical coordinates were referred to a local oblate spheroid called a datum known as a geoid , whose surface closely matched local mean sea level . Several datums were in use around the world , all using different spheroids , because mean sea level undulates by as much as 100 metres worldwide . Modern geodetic reference systems , such as the World Geodetic System and the International Terrestrial Reference Frame , use a single oblate spheroid , fixed to the Earth 's gravitational centre . The shift from several local spheroids to one worldwide spheroid caused all geographical coordinates to shift by many metres , sometimes as much as several hundred metres . The Prime Meridian of these modern reference systems is 102.5 metres east of the Greenwich astronomical meridian represented by the stainless steel strip , which is now 5.31 arcseconds West . The modern location of the Airy Transit is 51 ° 28 ′ 40.1 '' N 0 ° 0 ′ 5.3 '' W / 51.477806 ° N 0.001472 ° W / 51.477806 ; - 0.001472 ( Airy Transit ) International time from the end of the 19th century until UT1 was based on Simon Newcomb 's equations , giving a mean sun about 0.18 seconds behind UT1 ( the equivalent of 2.7 arcseconds ) as of 2013 ; it coincided in 2013 with a meridian halfway between Airy 's circle and the IERS origin : 51 ° 28 ′ 40.1247 '' N 0 ° 0 ′ 2.61 '' W / 51.477812417 ° N 0.0007250 ° W / 51.477812417 ; - 0.0007250 . Greenwich mean time and the time ball ( edit ) Main article : Greenwich Mean Time Greenwich Mean Time ( GMT ) was until 1954 based on celestial observations made at Greenwich , and later on observations made at other observatories . GMT was formally renamed as Universal Time in 1935 , but is still commonly referred to as GMT . It is now calculated from observations of extra-galactic radio sources . To help mariners at the port and others in line of sight of the observatory to synchronise their clocks to GMT , Astronomer Royal John Pond installed a very visible time ball that drops precisely at 1 p.m. ( 13 : 00 ) every day atop the observatory in 1833 . Initially it was dropped by an operator ; from 1852 it was released automatically via an electric impulse from the Shepherd Master Clock . The ball is still dropped daily at 13 : 00 ( GMT in winter , BST in summer ) . The ball has several dents sustained during renovations ; the builders assumed the historic ball was to be discarded and played football with it . Bomb attack of 1894 ( edit ) The Observatory underwent an attempted bombing on 15 February 1894 . This was possibly the first `` international terrorist '' incident in Britain . The bomb was accidentally detonated while being held by 26 - year - old French anarchist Martial Bourdin in Greenwich Park , near the Observatory building . Bourdin died about 30 minutes later . It is not known why he chose the observatory , or whether the detonation was intended to occur elsewhere . Novelist Joseph Conrad used the incident in his novel The Secret Agent . Early 20th century ( edit ) Standard lengths on the wall of the Royal Observatory , Greenwich , London -- 1 yard ( 3 feet ) , 2 feet , 1 foot , 6 inches ( 1 / 2 foot ) , and 3 inches . The separation of the inside faces of the marks is exact at an ambient temperature of 60 ° F ( 16 ° C ) and a rod of the correct measure , resting on the pins , will fit snugly between them . During most of the twentieth century , the Royal Greenwich Observatory was not at Greenwich . The last time that all departments were there was 1924 : in that year electrification of the railways affected the readings of the Magnetic and Meteorological Departments , and the Magnetic Observatory moved to Abinger . Prior to this , the observatory had had to insist that the electric trams in the vicinity could not use an earth return for the traction current . After the onset of World War II in 1939 , many departments were temporarily evacuated out of range of German bombers , to Abinger , Bradford on Avon , Bristol , and Bath , and activities in Greenwich were reduced to the bare minimum . On 15 October 1940 , during the Blitz , the Courtyard gates were destroyed by a direct bomb hit . The wall above the Gate Clock collapsed , and the clock 's dial was damaged . The damage was repaired after the war . Herstmonceux Castle ( edit ) After the Second World War , in 1947 , the decision was made to move to Herstmonceux Castle and 320 adjacent acres ( 1.3 km2 ) , 70 km south - southeast of Greenwich near Hailsham in East Sussex , due to light pollution in London . The Observatory was officially known as The Royal Greenwich Observatory , Herstmonceux . Although the Astronomer Royal Harold Spencer Jones moved to the castle in 1948 , the scientific staff did not move until the observatory buildings were completed , in 1957 . Shortly thereafter , other previously dispersed departments were reintegrated at Herstmonceux . The Isaac Newton Telescope was built at Herstmonceux in 1967 , but was moved to Roque de los Muchachos Observatory in Spain 's Canary Islands in 1979 . In 1990 the RGO moved again , to Cambridge . Following a decision of the Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council , it closed in 1998 . Her Majesty 's Nautical Almanac Office was transferred to the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory , on the Harwell Science and Innovation Campus , Chilton , Oxfordshire after the closure . Other work went to the UK Astronomy Technology Centre in Edinburgh . The castle grounds became the home of the International Study Centre of Queen 's University , Kingston , Canada and The Observatory Science Centre , which is operated by an educational charity Science Project . The Queen 's House at Greenwich , showing the Royal Observatory in the far distance , 2017 . Observatory museum ( edit ) The observatory buildings at Greenwich became a museum of astronomical and navigational tools , which is part of the Royal Museums Greenwich . Notable exhibits include John Harrison 's sea watch , the H4 , which received a large reward from the Board of Longitude , and his three earlier marine timekeepers ; all four are the property of the Ministry of Defence . Many additional horological artefacts are displayed , documenting the history of precision timekeeping for navigational and astronomical purposes , including the mid-20th - century Russian - made F.M. Fedchenko clock ( the most accurate pendulum clock ever built in multiple copies ) . It also houses the astronomical instruments used to make meridian observations and the 28 - inch equatorial Grubb refracting telescope of 1893 , the largest of its kind in the UK . The Shepherd Clock outside the observatory gate is an early example of an electric slave clock . In February 2005 a £ 16 million redevelopment comprising a new planetarium and additional display galleries and educational facilities was started ; the ROG reopened on 25 May 2007 with the new 120 - seat Peter Harrison Planetarium . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Rebekah Higgitt ( 6 September 2012 ) . `` Royal Observatory Greenwich , London '' . BSHS Travel Guide - A Travel Guide to Scientific Sites . Retrieved 28 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` List of Observatory Codes '' . Minor Planet Center . Retrieved 28 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Greenwich and the Millennium '' . 2015 . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Robert Chambers , Book of Days Jump up ^ John Timbs ' Abbeys , Castles and Ancient Halls of England and Wales Jump up ^ Hart , Kelly ( 2010 ) , The Mistresses of Henry VIII , The History Press , p. 73 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 5496 - 2 Jump up ^ Willmoth , Frances ( 2004 ) . `` Moore , Sir Jonas ( 1617 -- 1679 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( online ed . ) . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 19137 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Jump up ^ Dolan , Graham . `` The Greenwich Meridian before the Airy Transit Circle '' . The Greenwich Meridian . Retrieved 2 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Howse , Derek ( 1997 ) . Greenwich time and the longitude . London : Phillip Wilson . pp. 12 , 137 . ISBN 0 - 85667 - 468 - 0 . Jump up ^ Howse , Derek ( 1980 ) . `` Greenwich time and the discovery of the longitude '' . p. 171 . Jump up ^ Adams , Brian ( 1994 ) . `` Charles Close Society '' ( PDF ) . pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Malys , Stephen ; Seago , John H. ; Palvis , Nikolaos K. ; Seidelmann , P. Kenneth ; Kaplan , George H. ( 1 August 2015 ) . `` Why the Greenwich meridian moved '' . Journal of Geodesy . doi : 10.1007 / s00190 - 015 - 0844 - 6 . Jump up ^ Seago , John H. ; Seidelmann , P. Kenneth . `` The mean - solar - time origin of Universal Time and UTC '' ( PDF ) . Paper presented at the AAS / AIAA Spaceflight Mechanics Meeting , Kauai , HI , USA , March 2013 . Reprinted from Advances in the Astronomical Sciences v. 148 . pp. 1789 , 1801 , 1805 . ^ Jump up to : `` From The Royal Observatory : The Greenwich Time Ball '' . Londonist.com . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Greenwich Time Ball '' . Jump up ^ `` Propaganda by Deed -- the Greenwich Observatory Bomb of 1894 '' . Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Keith ( 2004 ) , Bucher , Jay L. , ed. , The Metrology Handbook , Milwaukee , WI : American Society for Quality Measurement , p. 8 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 87389 - 620 - 7 . Jump up ^ Walford , Edward ( 1878 ) , Old and New London , VI . Jump up ^ `` Abinger Magnetic Observatory ( 1923 - 1957 ) '' . The Royal Observatory Greenwich . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bristol & Bradford on Avon ( 1939 - 1948 ) '' . The Royal Observatory Greenwich . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bath ( 1939 - 1949 ) '' . The Royal Observatory Greenwich . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Royal Observatory Greenwich - The Shepherd Gate Clock '' . Royal Observatory Greenwich . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . A very detailed history of the Shepherd Gate Clock . Jump up ^ `` The Herstmonceux years ... 1948 - 1990 '' . The Royal Observatory Greenwich . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Personal History Of The Royal Greenwich Observatory at Herstmonceux Castle , 1948 - 1990 by G.A. Wilkins '' . Jump up ^ the-observatory.org Jump up ^ `` Royal Museums Greenwich : Sea , Ships , Time and the Stars : RMG '' . Jump up ^ `` Press Release : Reopening of the new Royal Observatory , Greenwich '' . Royal Museums Greenwich . 27 June 2007 . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Greenwich Observatory : ... the Royal Observatory at Greenwich and Herstmonceux , 1675 -- 1975 . London : Taylor & Francis , 1975 3v . ( Vol. 1 . Origins and early history ( 1675 -- 1835 ) , by Eric G. Forbes . ISBN 0 - 85066 - 093 - 9 ; Vol. 2 . Recent history ( 1836 -- 1975 ) , by A.J. Meadows . ISBN 0 - 85066 - 094 - 7 ; Vol. 3 . The buildings and instruments by Derek Howse . ISBN 0 - 85066 - 095 - 5 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Royal Observatory , Greenwich . Wikisource has the text of The New Student 's Reference Work article Greenwich Observatory . Royal Museums Greenwich ( RMG ) Web site - includes section on Royal Observatory Greenwich ( ROG ) ROG on RMG Web site Online catalogue of the Royal Greenwich Observatory Archives ( held at Cambridge University Library ) `` Where the Earth 's surface begins -- and ends '' , Popular Mechanics , December 1930 HM Nautical Almanac Office Aerial View of The Royal Observatory , Greenwich at Google Maps Castle in the sky -- The story of the Royal Greenwich Observatory at Herstmonceux A Personal History of the Royal Greenwich Observatory at Herstmonceux Castle , 1948 -- 1990 by George Wilkins , a former staff member The Observatory Science Centre Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes A pictorial catalogue of meridian markers Museums and galleries in London List of museums in London National museums British Library British Museum Geffrye Museum Horniman Museum National Army Museum National Gallery National Portrait Gallery Natural History Museum Royal Air Force Museum Sir John Soane 's Museum Wallace Collection Imperial War Museums Churchill War Rooms HMS Belfast Imperial War Museum London Royal Museums Greenwich Cutty Sark National Maritime Museum Queen 's House Royal Observatory Science Museum Group Science Museum Tate Tate Britain Tate Modern Victoria and Albert Museum V&A Museum of Childhood Designated collections Courtauld Gallery Dulwich Picture Gallery Firepower -- The Royal Artillery Museum Hunterian Museum Jewish Museum Library and Museum of Freemasonry London Transport Museum Museum of Domestic Design and Architecture Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology Royal Academy of Arts Museum of London Museum of London Docklands Royal Collection Trust Queen 's Gallery Royal Mews Historic Royal Palaces Banqueting House , Whitehall Hampton Court Palace Kensington Palace Kew Palace Tower of London National Trust 2 Willow Road 575 Wandsworth Road Blewcoat School Carlyle 's House Eastbury Manor House Fenton House George Inn Lindsey House restricted Morden Hall Park Osterley Park Rainham Hall Red House Roman Baths Sutton House English Heritage Apsley House Chiswick House Down House Eltham Palace Jewel Tower Kenwood House ( Iveagh Bequest ) London Wall Marble Hill House Ranger 's House ( Wernher Collection ) Winchester Palace The London Museums of Health & Medicine ( selected ) Florence Nightingale Museum Foundling Museum Freud Museum Museum of the Order of St John Old Operating Theatre Museum and Herb Garret Wellcome Collection Other Arsenal Football Club Museum Bank of England Museum Barbican Art Gallery Benjamin Franklin House Bruce Castle Charles Dickens Museum Dennis Severs ' House Design Museum Dr Johnson 's House Estorick Collection of Modern Italian Art Fashion and Textile Museum Garden Museum Guildhall Art Gallery Handel House Museum Hayward Gallery Hogarth 's House Institute of Contemporary Arts Leighton House Museum London Museum of Water & Steam Museum of Brands , Packaging and Advertising Museum of Croydon Museum of Immigration and Diversity Museum of Richmond Orleans House Gallery Royal Academy of Music Museum Saatchi Gallery Serpentine Galleries Sherlock Holmes Museum Two Temple Place Twickenham Museum Whitechapel Gallery William Morris Gallery London landmarks Buildings and structures Bridges Albert Bridge Blackfriars Bridge Hungerford Bridge and Golden Jubilee Bridges Lambeth Bridge London Bridge Millennium Footbridge Southwark Bridge Tower Bridge Vauxhall Bridge Waterloo Bridge Westminster Bridge Entertainment venues Cinemas Empire , Leicester Square BFI IMAX Odeon Leicester Square Football stadia Wembley Stadium ( national stadium ) Craven Cottage ( Fulham ) The Den ( Millwall ) Emirates Stadium ( Arsenal ) Loftus Road ( Queens Park Rangers ) Olympic Stadium ( West Ham United ) Selhurst Park ( Crystal Palace ) Stamford Bridge ( Chelsea ) The Valley ( Charlton Athletic ) White Hart Lane ( Tottenham Hotspur ) Other major sports venues All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club The Championship Course ( rowing ) Crystal Palace National Sports Centre Lord 's ( cricket ) Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park The Oval ( cricket ) Twickenham Stadium ( rugby ) Theatres London Coliseum London Palladium The Old Vic Royal National Theatre Royal Opera House Shakespeare 's Globe Theatre Royal , Drury Lane Theatre Royal Haymarket Other Alexandra Palace Brixton Academy ExCeL Hammersmith Apollo O2 Arena Royal Albert Hall Royal Festival Hall Wembley Arena Government 10 Downing Street Admiralty Arch Bank of England City Hall County Hall Guildhall Horse Guards Mansion House National Archives Old Bailey Palace of Westminster Royal Courts of Justice Scotland Yard SIS Building Museums and galleries British Museum Cutty Sark Golden Hinde HMS Belfast Imperial War Museum Madame Tussauds Museum of London National Gallery National Maritime Museum Natural History Museum Royal Academy of Arts Royal Observatory Science Museum Tate Britain Tate Modern Tower of London Victoria and Albert Museum Places of worship All Hallows - 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Overall No . Saga No . English translation / Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate `` The Peace Reward - Who Will Get the 100 Million Zeni ? '' / `` A Peacetime Reward : Who Gets the 100,000,000 Zeni ? ! ? ! '' `` Heiwa no hōshū - ichioku Zenī wa dare no te ni ! ? '' ( 平和 の 報酬 1 億 ゼニー は 誰 の 手 に ! ? ) July 5 , 2015 January 7 , 2017 After Son Goku defeated the dangerous Majin Buu , peace has returned to Earth . Chi - Chi wants Goku to get a job , so he works as a farmer . Son Goten and his friend Trunks search for a gift for his sister - in - law Videl , who is married to his older brother , Son Gohan . The two consider jewelry and makeup , but they are unable to afford anything . Goten and Trunks head for the hot springs in the woods to bottle up some mineral water instead . While there , they are attacked by a giant snake , which they manage to scare away . For his purported role in saving Earth from Majin Buu , Mr. Satan has been awarded with 100 million Zeni that he does not want . He decides to give the money to one of the fighters . Goku gives the money to Chi - Chi , so she would let him train . Meanwhile , somewhere in the depths of space , Beerus , the God of Destruction , has awakened from his slumber . Keen on battling the worthy opponent that appeared to him in his visions , Beerus and his attendant , Whis , set out to discover who this opponent is . `` To the Promised Resort ! Vegeta Goes on a Family Trip ? ! '' / `` To the Promised Resort ! Vegeta Takes a Family Trip ! '' `` Yakusoku no rizōto e ! Bejīta ga kazoku ryokō ! ? '' ( 約束 の リゾート へ ! ベジータ が 家族 旅行 ! ? ) July 12 , 2015 January 14 , 2017 Goku goes to King Kai 's planet to train with King Kai . Meanwhile , Vegeta , Bulma , and Trunks take a family trip to a resort . Bulma and Trunks are enjoying the family time together , while Vegeta is bothered by the fact that Goku gets to train . Fed up with what he considers a waste of time , Vegeta flies away and heads back to Capsule Corporation to train . Somewhere in space , Beerus and Whis scour an alien planet in search of dinosaur meat . They are confronted by the planet 's strongest dweller , but he proves to be no match for them . Shortly afterwards , Beerus destroys the planet in order to have another vision of his destined opponent -- the Super Saiyan God . `` Where 's the Rest of the Dream ? ! In Search of the Super Saiyan God ! '' / `` Where Does the Dream Pick Up ? Find the Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Yume no tsuzuki wa doko da ! ? Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo o sagase ! '' ( 夢 の 続き は どこ だ ! ? 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド を 探せ ! ) July 19 , 2015 January 21 , 2017 Fearing what might happen knowing that the God of Destruction is awake , the Old Supreme Kai and Supreme Kai urge King Kai to ensure that Goku never finds out about Beerus . However , Goku overhears the conversation and becomes curious . Back in his temple , Beerus and Whis continue their search for the Super Saiyan God . They soon learn of Goku and his feats . Beerus and Whis decide to pay him and King Kai a visit . Meanwhile , back on Earth , Goku 's friends and family members begin gathering on the cruise ship for Bulma 's birthday party except for Vegeta who is still training to overpower Goku and everyone else in the universe . `` Aim for the Dragon Balls ! Pilaf Gang in Action ! '' / `` Bid for the Dragon Balls ! Pilaf and Crew 's Impossible Mission ! '' `` Mezase Doragon Bōru ! Pirafu ichimi no dai - sakusen ! '' ( 目指せ ドラゴンボール ! ピラフ 一味 の 大 作戦 ! ) August 2 , 2015 January 28 , 2017 With all guests now gathered except for Goku and Vegeta , Bulma 's birthday party gets underway . Trunks shows Goten where his mother hid the bingo tournament grand prize -- the Dragon Balls . Not far off from the ship , the Pilaf Gang are now poor and hungry . They are trying to get by until they find the Dragon Balls and make their wishes come true . When his Dragon Radar picks up a signal coming from Bulma 's ship , Pilaf and his henchmen hastily board the ship with Trunks and Goten 's help . Meanwhile , on his planet , King Kai explains to Goku who and what Beerus exactly is and that for every benevolent God there must be a malevolent one in order to keep the universe in balance . Just as he finishes , Beerus and Whis arrive . 5 5 `` The Ultimate Fight on King Kai 's Planet ! Goku vs. the God of Destruction Beerus '' / `` Showdown on King Kai 's World ! Goku vs. Beerus the Destroyer ! '' `` Kaiō - sei no kessen ! Gokū VS Hakaishin Birusu '' ( 界 王 星 の 決戦 ! 悟空 VS 破壊 神 ビルス ) August 9 , 2015 February 4 , 2017 Beerus and Whis arrive on King Kai 's planet and detect Goku 's presence . While he is initially disappointed that Goku does not know what a `` Super Saiyan God '' is , he agrees to test his strength in a sparring match . Goku attempts to fight him in all of the Super Saiyan transformations , but Beerus effortlessly defeats him in two strikes . Beerus and Whis head for Earth shortly afterwards , while King Kai uses his telepathy to warn Vegeta ahead of their arrival . 6 6 `` Do n't Anger the God of Destruction ! Excitement at the Birthday Party '' / `` Do n't Anger the Destroyer ! A Heart - Pounding Birthday Party ! '' `` Hakaishin o okoraseru na ! Doki - doki tanjō pātī '' ( 破壊 神 を 怒ら せる な ! ドキドキ 誕生 パーティー ) August 16 , 2015 February 11 , 2017 Beerus and Whis arrive on Earth , where Bulma 's birthday party is underway . Initially , Vegeta is paralyzed by Beerus ' presence . He recalls a childhood encounter with the deity a long time ago when Beerus visited Planet Vegeta and threatened his father , King Vegeta . Shortly afterwards , Bulma pops up . She invites Beerus and Whis to join the party . The two gladly accept her offer and quickly become enamored with the Earth 's cuisine . They start mingling with the other guests , while Vegeta tries his best to ensure that Beerus remains calm . Whis soon learns of pudding , which he finds to be extraordinarily delicious . Whis urges Beerus to have some too . It turns out that Majin Buu had taken the remaining pudding cups for himself and refuses to share . Angered by Majin Buu 's insolence , Beerus attacks him . 7 7 `` How Dare You Hurt My Bulma ! Vegeta 's Sudden , Angry Shift ? ! '' / `` How Dare You Do That To My Bulma ! Vegeta 's Metamorphosis of Fury ? '' `` Yokumo ore no Buruma o ! Bejīta ikari no totsuzenhen'i ! ? '' ( よく も オレ の ブルマ を ! ベジータ 怒り の 突然 変異 ! ? ) August 23 , 2015 February 18 , 2017 Beerus effortlessly disposes of Majin Buu , while Vegeta stands by in awe . Vegeta tries to persuade Beerus to calm down and enjoy himself , but he refuses to listen . Trunks and Goten fuse into Gotenks and attack to no avail . Powerless to do anything else , Gotenks starts insulting Beerus for which he is promptly punished . Piccolo , Tien Shinhan , and Android 18 try taking on Beerus with little success . Majin Buu attacks again , but he is unable to land a single hit . While observing the battle , Dende realizes what Beerus actually is and immediately informs Piccolo . Before Piccolo is able to warn him , Gohan powers up and charges towards Beerus . Using Majin Buu as a weapon , Beerus repels Gohan and takes them both out . Being the last one standing , Vegeta confronts Beerus , but he is swiftly brought to the ground . Beerus tells Vegeta that he is disappointed with him since he is just as weak as his father was . Just as Beerus is about to finish Vegeta , Bulma walks up and slaps him for ruining her party . Beerus retaliates in similar fashion . Seeing Bulma struck infuriates Vegeta . He explodes and powers up immensely . 8 8 `` Goku Arrives ! A Last Chance from Beerus Sama ? ! '' / `` Goku Makes an Entrance ! A Last Chance from Lord Beerus ? '' `` Gokū kenzan ! Birusu - sama kara no rasuto chansu ! ? '' ( 悟空 見参 ! ビルス 様 から の ラスト チャンス ! ? ) August 30 , 2015 February 25 , 2017 Having powered up , Vegeta charges towards Beerus . He manages to land a few punches before Beerus , who was using only a fraction of his power , knocks him out . Just as he is about to destroy Earth , Beerus has a sudden idea . He decides to give the Earthlings another chance at saving Earth . Meanwhile , fearing for their lives , the Pilaf Gang disembark Bulma 's ship on a rowboat and sail away . Thinking he is the same as Majin Buu because of his pink hue , Beerus picks Oolong out of the crowd and challenges him to a game of rock -- paper -- scissors to decide the fate of the Earth . Oolong manages to draw twice , but Beerus eventually wins and proceeds to power up his attack . Just as Beerus is about to fire , Goku chimes in and says he has thought of a way to find out about the Super Saiyan God . He will summon and ask Shenron about it . 9 9 `` Sorry for the Wait , Beerus Sama . The Super Saiyan God Is Finally Born ! '' / `` Thanks for Waiting , Lord Beerus ! A Super Saiyan God is Born At Last ! '' `` O matase , Birusu - sama . Tsuini Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo tanjō ! '' ( お 待た せ 、 ビルス 様 . ついに 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド 誕生 ! ) September 6 , 2015 March 4 , 2017 Goku gathers the Dragon Balls together and summons Shenron , who is startled by Beerus ' presence . Shenron quickly explains that the Super Saiyan God is not a person , but it is a legendary transformation that only kindhearted Saiyans can achieve by fusing their power together . The Saiyans attempt to transform Goku , but they fail as they are one Saiyan short . Growing tired of waiting , Beerus starts preparing his attack to destroy the planet . Suddenly , Videl jumps in front of the Saiyans . She says that there is one more Saiyan who might be able to help them , who happens to be her and Gohan 's unborn child . The Saiyans and Videl attempt the transformation again and manage to transform Goku into the Super Saiyan God . 10 10 `` Unleash It , Goku ! The Power of the Super Saiyan God ! ! '' / `` Show Us , Goku ! The Power of a Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Misero Gokū ! Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo no pawā ! ! '' ( 見せろ 悟空 ! 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド の 力 ( パワー ) ! ! ) September 13 , 2015 March 11 , 2017 Goku is now a Super Saiyan God . He confronts Beerus . Goku is amazed by the immense power his body has gained with the transformation . He is initially unable to fully grasp its newfound potential . Fighting with Beerus , Goku manages to grow gradually into his new form . Seeing as how Goku might turn out to be a worthy adversary after all , Beerus decides it is time for them to unleash their true power and have a real battle of Gods . 11 11 `` Let 's Keep Going , Beerus Sama ! Our Battle of Gods ! '' / `` Let 's Keep Going , Lord Beerus ! The Battle of Gods ! '' `` Tsudukeyō ze Birusu - sama ! Kami to kami no tatakai o ! '' ( 続け よう ぜ ビルス 様 ! 神 と 神 の 戦い を ! ) September 20 , 2015 March 18 , 2017 Having somewhat got a grip on the Super Saiyan God form , Goku initially manages to keep up with Beerus . He soon realizes that his opponent is still not fighting at his maximum . It is revealed that Beerus is doing so only to motivate Goku to catch up with him . To that end , Beerus drags Goku to space , where he swiftly knocks him out . Goku comes crashing down back to Earth and ends up in an ocean . Amazed by such power , Goku gets excited and powers up . He heals himself in the process . Willing to have another go , Goku flies out of the ocean and dashes towards Beerus . 12 12 `` The Universe Crumbles ? ! Clash ! God of Destruction vs. Super Saiyan God '' / `` The Universe Will Shatter ? Clash ! Destroyer vs. Super Saiyan God '' `` Uchū ga kudakeru ! ? Gekitotsu ! Haikaishin VS Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo ! '' ( 宇宙 が 砕ける ! ? 激突 ! 破壊 神 VS 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド ! ) September 27 , 2015 March 25 , 2017 Goku and Beerus continue to fight in space . As both of them power up and clash , the universe begins to crumble under the power of the gods . Celestial bodies blow up due to the shock waves . Meanwhile , Old Supreme Kai reveals to the younger Supreme Kai that with three more blows the whole universe would be destroyed along with Beerus and Goku . When Goku lands the third clash with Beerus , he unknowingly stops the universe 's collapse by balancing Beerus ' attack with his own . Beerus gets enraged and uses his atomic bomb attack on Goku . Goku uses the Super Saiyan God energy to power up his Kamehameha attack to keep Beerus ' attack at bay . 13 13 `` Goku , Go Beyond Super Saiyan God '' / `` Goku , Surpass Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Gokū yo , Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo o koete ike ! '' ( 悟空 よ 、 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド を 越え て 行け ! ) October 4 , 2015 April 8 , 2017 The Supreme Kais are surprised that the universe is still intact following the battle , but they fear the worst is still to come . On Earth , Vegeta , Whis , and the others are still standing by while watching the battle . Whis is surprised by the Super Saiyan God 's power and its ability to keep up with his trainee . In space , Goku struggles to keep up with Beerus ' attack , which ultimately ends up in a massive explosion that blinds everyone on Earth . Shortly after , the light clears out , which reveals everything to be as it was prior to the explosion . Beerus explains that he used his full power to negate the explosion , which saved the universe . Seeing it as a perfect opportunity to boast , Mr. Satan arranges to have himself be falsely credited with saving the planet yet again . Despite being at his limit , Goku remains calm , which annoys the God of Destruction . Beerus thinks Goku might have a strategy that he has been hiding , which Goku promptly denies . Goku says that everything he had been doing was improvised as they fought . The Gods quickly power up and continue fighting , but this time both are at their limit . As soon as they start , Goku loses his Super Saiyan God aura and reverts to the ordinary Super Saiyan form . Upon noticing that , Beerus decides to quit . He thinks it is pointless to fight an ordinary Super Saiyan . However , Goku does not notice and keeps going at it . Whis is able to sense Goku 's mortal energy . Whis assumes that the battle has concluded and that Goku has lost . However , Piccolo begs to differ . Surprised that Goku is still able to hit him even after losing his Super Saiyan God form , Beerus surmises that Goku 's body has adjusted to the Super Saiyan God power . This made him stronger in his ordinary form . With or without the Super Saiyan God form , Goku proclaims that it is still him that Beerus is up against . Beerus and Goku resume their battle of Gods . Note : This episode was originally scheduled to air on April 1 , 2017 , but an unannounced change in schedule on April Fools ' Day supplanted a new Dragon Ball Super episode with the premiere of the third season of Rick and Morty , which aired repeatedly from 8 PM to midnight . 14 14 `` This Is Every Ounce of Power I Have ! The Battle of Gods ' Conclusion ! '' / `` This Is All the Power I 've Got ! A Settlement Between Gods '' `` Kore ga ora no arittake no chikarada ! Ketchaku ! Kami to kami '' ( これが オラ の ありったけ の 力 だ ! 決着 ! 神 と 神 ) October 11 , 2015 April 15 , 2017 Now with only a Super Saiyan form at his disposal , Goku powers up and attacks but to no avail , as Beerus knocks him out effortlessly . With Goku knocked out , Beerus prepares to destroy the Earth . In a final effort to stop Beerus , Goku once again powers up and charges his Kamehameha attack . Goku manages to prevent Beerus ' attack , but he completely depletes what was left of his energy in the process . He comes crashing down to Earth onto Bulma 's ship , where Vegeta manages to catch him . Beerus lands on the planet shortly after to finish what he started , but he suddenly falls asleep . Whis explains that Goku must have tired Beerus out , and that by the time he wakes up he will have forgotten about their trip to Earth . Beerus was faking his sudden sleep because the Earth 's food convinced him to spare the planet . Beerus and Whis leave for Beerus ' planet . With Earth safe again , Goku decides to relax and enjoy the party .
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List of Dragon Ball Super episodes
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list of dragon ball super episodes
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Dragon Ball Super is a Japanese anime television series produced by Toei Animation that began airing on July 5 , 2015 on Fuji TV . It is the first Dragon Ball television series featuring a new storyline in 18 years . Storywise , the series retells the events of the last two Dragon Ball Z films , Battle of Gods and Resurrection ' F ' , which themselves follow the events of Dragon Ball Z . Afterwards , the series proceeds to tell an original story about the exploration of other universes , the reemergence of Future Trunks , and a new threat to his Earth known as Goku Black and a Supreme Kai from Universe 10 named Zamasu . Later , the Z Fighters participate in a universal tournament held by Zeno - sama to decide the fate of multiple universes . If they lose in the universal tournament then their entire universe will be destroyed .
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The first opening theme song for episodes 1 to 76 is `` Chōzetsu ☆ Dynamic ! '' ( 超絶 ☆ ダイナミック ! , Chōzetsu Dainamikku , `` Excellent Dynamic ! '' ) by Kazuya Yoshii of The Yellow Monkey . The lyrics were penned by Yukinojo Mori who has written numerous songs for the Dragon Ball series . The second opening theme song from episode 77 onwards is `` Limit - Break x Survivor '' ( 限界 突破 × サバイバー , Genkai Toppa x Sabaibā ) by Kiyoshi Hikawa . Yukinojo Mori wrote the lyrics for the rock number `` Genkai Toppa x Survivor '' and Takafumi Iwasaki composed the music . The first ending theme song for episodes 1 to 12 is `` Hello Hello Hello '' ( ハロー ハロー ハロー , Harō Harō Harō ) by Japanese rock band Good Morning America . The second ending theme song for episodes 13 to 25 is `` Starring Star '' ( スターリング スター , Sutāringu Sutā ) by Key Talk . The third ending theme song for episodes 26 to 36 is `` Usubeni '' ( 薄 紅 , `` Light Pink '' ) by Lacco Tower . The fourth ending theme song for episodes 37 to 49 is `` Forever Dreaming '' ( フォーエバー ドリーミング , Fōebā Dorīmingu ) by Czecho No Republic . The fifth ending theme song for episodes 50 to 59 is `` Yokayoka Dance '' ( よかよか ダンス , Yokayoka Dansu , `` It 's Fine Dance '' ) by idol group Batten Showjo Tai . The sixth ending theme for episodes 60 to 72 is `` Chao Han Music '' ( 炒飯 MUSIC , Chāhan Myūjikku ) by Arukara . The seventh ending theme from episodes 73 to 83 is `` Aku no Tenshi to Seigi no Akuma '' ( 悪 の 天使 と 正義 の 悪魔 , An Evil Angel and the Righteous Devil ) by THE COLLECTORS . The eighth ending theme from episodes 84 to 96 is `` Boogie Back '' by Miyu Innoue . The ninth ending theme from episodes 97 onwards is `` Haruka '' by Lacco Tower . The anime episodes are being released on Japanese Blu - ray and DVD sets that contain twelve episodes each . The first set was released on December 2 , 2015 . The second set was released on March 2 , 2016 . The third set was released on July 2 , 2016 . The fourth set was released on October 10 , 2016 . Dragon Ball Super received an English - language dub that premiered on the Toonami channel in Southeast Asia and India in January 2017 . The series has been aired in Israel on Nickelodeon and in Portugal on SIC . Toei Animation Europe announced that Dragon Ball Super would be broadcast in France , Italy , Spain , and English - speaking Africa in Fall 2016 . An official English sub of the series would be simulcasted legally on Crunchyroll , Daisuki.net , and Anime Lab beginning October 22 , 2016 . Funimation announced the company acquired the rights to the series and will be producing an English dub . As well as officially announcing the dub , it was also announced they will be simulcasting the series on their streaming platform , FunimationNow . Funimation 's English dub of Dragon Ball Super started airing on Adult Swim 's Toonami block starting January 7 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episode list 2.1 Season 1 : God of Destruction Beerus 2.2 Season 2 : Golden Frieza 2.3 Season 3 : Universe 6 2.4 Season 4 : `` Future '' Trunks 2.5 Season 5 : Universe Survival 3 Blu - ray and DVD release 3.1 Region 1 ( North America ) 3.1. 1 Volumes 3.2 Region 2 ( Japan ) 4 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Saga Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired God of Destruction Beerus 14 July 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 05 ) October 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 11 ) Golden Frieza 13 October 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 18 ) January 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 17 ) Universe 6 19 January 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 24 ) June 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 05 ) `` Future '' Trunks 30 June 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 12 ) January 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 29 ) 5 Universe Survival TBA February 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 05 ) TBA Episode list ( edit ) Season 1 : God of Destruction Beerus ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation / Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate `` The Peace Reward - Who Will Get the 100 Million Zeni ? '' / `` A Peacetime Reward : Who Gets the 100,000,000 Zeni ? ! ? ! '' `` Heiwa no hōshū - ichioku Zenī wa dare no te ni ! ? '' ( 平和 の 報酬 1 億 ゼニー は 誰 の 手 に ! ? ) July 5 , 2015 January 7 , 2017 After Son Goku defeated the dangerous Majin Buu , peace has returned to Earth . Chi - Chi wants Goku to get a job , so he works as a farmer . Son Goten and his friend Trunks search for a gift for his sister - in - law Videl , who is married to his older brother , Son Gohan . The two consider jewelry and makeup , but they are unable to afford anything . Goten and Trunks head for the hot springs in the woods to bottle up some mineral water instead . While there , they are attacked by a giant snake , which they manage to scare away . For his purported role in saving Earth from Majin Buu , Mr. Satan has been awarded with 100 million Zeni that he does not want . He decides to give the money to one of the fighters . Goku gives the money to Chi - Chi , so she would let him train . Meanwhile , somewhere in the depths of space , Beerus , the God of Destruction , has awakened from his slumber . Keen on battling the worthy opponent that appeared to him in his visions , Beerus and his attendant , Whis , set out to discover who this opponent is . `` To the Promised Resort ! Vegeta Goes on a Family Trip ? ! '' / `` To the Promised Resort ! Vegeta Takes a Family Trip ! '' `` Yakusoku no rizōto e ! Bejīta ga kazoku ryokō ! ? '' ( 約束 の リゾート へ ! ベジータ が 家族 旅行 ! ? ) July 12 , 2015 January 14 , 2017 Goku goes to King Kai 's planet to train with King Kai . Meanwhile , Vegeta , Bulma , and Trunks take a family trip to a resort . Bulma and Trunks are enjoying the family time together , while Vegeta is bothered by the fact that Goku gets to train . Fed up with what he considers a waste of time , Vegeta flies away and heads back to Capsule Corporation to train . Somewhere in space , Beerus and Whis scour an alien planet in search of dinosaur meat . They are confronted by the planet 's strongest dweller , but he proves to be no match for them . Shortly afterwards , Beerus destroys the planet in order to have another vision of his destined opponent -- the Super Saiyan God . `` Where 's the Rest of the Dream ? ! In Search of the Super Saiyan God ! '' / `` Where Does the Dream Pick Up ? Find the Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Yume no tsuzuki wa doko da ! ? Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo o sagase ! '' ( 夢 の 続き は どこ だ ! ? 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド を 探せ ! ) July 19 , 2015 January 21 , 2017 Fearing what might happen knowing that the God of Destruction is awake , the Old Supreme Kai and Supreme Kai urge King Kai to ensure that Goku never finds out about Beerus . However , Goku overhears the conversation and becomes curious . Back in his temple , Beerus and Whis continue their search for the Super Saiyan God . They soon learn of Goku and his feats . Beerus and Whis decide to pay him and King Kai a visit . Meanwhile , back on Earth , Goku 's friends and family members begin gathering on the cruise ship for Bulma 's birthday party except for Vegeta who is still training to overpower Goku and everyone else in the universe . `` Aim for the Dragon Balls ! Pilaf Gang in Action ! '' / `` Bid for the Dragon Balls ! Pilaf and Crew 's Impossible Mission ! '' `` Mezase Doragon Bōru ! Pirafu ichimi no dai - sakusen ! '' ( 目指せ ドラゴンボール ! ピラフ 一味 の 大 作戦 ! ) August 2 , 2015 January 28 , 2017 With all guests now gathered except for Goku and Vegeta , Bulma 's birthday party gets underway . Trunks shows Goten where his mother hid the bingo tournament grand prize -- the Dragon Balls . Not far off from the ship , the Pilaf Gang are now poor and hungry . They are trying to get by until they find the Dragon Balls and make their wishes come true . When his Dragon Radar picks up a signal coming from Bulma 's ship , Pilaf and his henchmen hastily board the ship with Trunks and Goten 's help . Meanwhile , on his planet , King Kai explains to Goku who and what Beerus exactly is and that for every benevolent God there must be a malevolent one in order to keep the universe in balance . Just as he finishes , Beerus and Whis arrive . 5 5 `` The Ultimate Fight on King Kai 's Planet ! Goku vs. the God of Destruction Beerus '' / `` Showdown on King Kai 's World ! Goku vs. Beerus the Destroyer ! '' `` Kaiō - sei no kessen ! Gokū VS Hakaishin Birusu '' ( 界 王 星 の 決戦 ! 悟空 VS 破壊 神 ビルス ) August 9 , 2015 February 4 , 2017 Beerus and Whis arrive on King Kai 's planet and detect Goku 's presence . While he is initially disappointed that Goku does not know what a `` Super Saiyan God '' is , he agrees to test his strength in a sparring match . Goku attempts to fight him in all of the Super Saiyan transformations , but Beerus effortlessly defeats him in two strikes . Beerus and Whis head for Earth shortly afterwards , while King Kai uses his telepathy to warn Vegeta ahead of their arrival . 6 6 `` Do n't Anger the God of Destruction ! Excitement at the Birthday Party '' / `` Do n't Anger the Destroyer ! A Heart - Pounding Birthday Party ! '' `` Hakaishin o okoraseru na ! Doki - doki tanjō pātī '' ( 破壊 神 を 怒ら せる な ! ドキドキ 誕生 パーティー ) August 16 , 2015 February 11 , 2017 Beerus and Whis arrive on Earth , where Bulma 's birthday party is underway . Initially , Vegeta is paralyzed by Beerus ' presence . He recalls a childhood encounter with the deity a long time ago when Beerus visited Planet Vegeta and threatened his father , King Vegeta . Shortly afterwards , Bulma pops up . She invites Beerus and Whis to join the party . The two gladly accept her offer and quickly become enamored with the Earth 's cuisine . They start mingling with the other guests , while Vegeta tries his best to ensure that Beerus remains calm . Whis soon learns of pudding , which he finds to be extraordinarily delicious . Whis urges Beerus to have some too . It turns out that Majin Buu had taken the remaining pudding cups for himself and refuses to share . Angered by Majin Buu 's insolence , Beerus attacks him . 7 7 `` How Dare You Hurt My Bulma ! Vegeta 's Sudden , Angry Shift ? ! '' / `` How Dare You Do That To My Bulma ! Vegeta 's Metamorphosis of Fury ? '' `` Yokumo ore no Buruma o ! Bejīta ikari no totsuzenhen'i ! ? '' ( よく も オレ の ブルマ を ! ベジータ 怒り の 突然 変異 ! ? ) August 23 , 2015 February 18 , 2017 Beerus effortlessly disposes of Majin Buu , while Vegeta stands by in awe . Vegeta tries to persuade Beerus to calm down and enjoy himself , but he refuses to listen . Trunks and Goten fuse into Gotenks and attack to no avail . Powerless to do anything else , Gotenks starts insulting Beerus for which he is promptly punished . Piccolo , Tien Shinhan , and Android 18 try taking on Beerus with little success . Majin Buu attacks again , but he is unable to land a single hit . While observing the battle , Dende realizes what Beerus actually is and immediately informs Piccolo . Before Piccolo is able to warn him , Gohan powers up and charges towards Beerus . Using Majin Buu as a weapon , Beerus repels Gohan and takes them both out . Being the last one standing , Vegeta confronts Beerus , but he is swiftly brought to the ground . Beerus tells Vegeta that he is disappointed with him since he is just as weak as his father was . Just as Beerus is about to finish Vegeta , Bulma walks up and slaps him for ruining her party . Beerus retaliates in similar fashion . Seeing Bulma struck infuriates Vegeta . He explodes and powers up immensely . 8 8 `` Goku Arrives ! A Last Chance from Beerus Sama ? ! '' / `` Goku Makes an Entrance ! A Last Chance from Lord Beerus ? '' `` Gokū kenzan ! Birusu - sama kara no rasuto chansu ! ? '' ( 悟空 見参 ! ビルス 様 から の ラスト チャンス ! ? ) August 30 , 2015 February 25 , 2017 Having powered up , Vegeta charges towards Beerus . He manages to land a few punches before Beerus , who was using only a fraction of his power , knocks him out . Just as he is about to destroy Earth , Beerus has a sudden idea . He decides to give the Earthlings another chance at saving Earth . Meanwhile , fearing for their lives , the Pilaf Gang disembark Bulma 's ship on a rowboat and sail away . Thinking he is the same as Majin Buu because of his pink hue , Beerus picks Oolong out of the crowd and challenges him to a game of rock -- paper -- scissors to decide the fate of the Earth . Oolong manages to draw twice , but Beerus eventually wins and proceeds to power up his attack . Just as Beerus is about to fire , Goku chimes in and says he has thought of a way to find out about the Super Saiyan God . He will summon and ask Shenron about it . 9 9 `` Sorry for the Wait , Beerus Sama . The Super Saiyan God Is Finally Born ! '' / `` Thanks for Waiting , Lord Beerus ! A Super Saiyan God is Born At Last ! '' `` O matase , Birusu - sama . Tsuini Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo tanjō ! '' ( お 待た せ 、 ビルス 様 . ついに 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド 誕生 ! ) September 6 , 2015 March 4 , 2017 Goku gathers the Dragon Balls together and summons Shenron , who is startled by Beerus ' presence . Shenron quickly explains that the Super Saiyan God is not a person , but it is a legendary transformation that only kindhearted Saiyans can achieve by fusing their power together . The Saiyans attempt to transform Goku , but they fail as they are one Saiyan short . Growing tired of waiting , Beerus starts preparing his attack to destroy the planet . Suddenly , Videl jumps in front of the Saiyans . She says that there is one more Saiyan who might be able to help them , who happens to be her and Gohan 's unborn child . The Saiyans and Videl attempt the transformation again and manage to transform Goku into the Super Saiyan God . 10 10 `` Unleash It , Goku ! The Power of the Super Saiyan God ! ! '' / `` Show Us , Goku ! The Power of a Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Misero Gokū ! Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo no pawā ! ! '' ( 見せろ 悟空 ! 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド の 力 ( パワー ) ! ! ) September 13 , 2015 March 11 , 2017 Goku is now a Super Saiyan God . He confronts Beerus . Goku is amazed by the immense power his body has gained with the transformation . He is initially unable to fully grasp its newfound potential . Fighting with Beerus , Goku manages to grow gradually into his new form . Seeing as how Goku might turn out to be a worthy adversary after all , Beerus decides it is time for them to unleash their true power and have a real battle of Gods . 11 11 `` Let 's Keep Going , Beerus Sama ! Our Battle of Gods ! '' / `` Let 's Keep Going , Lord Beerus ! The Battle of Gods ! '' `` Tsudukeyō ze Birusu - sama ! Kami to kami no tatakai o ! '' ( 続け よう ぜ ビルス 様 ! 神 と 神 の 戦い を ! ) September 20 , 2015 March 18 , 2017 Having somewhat got a grip on the Super Saiyan God form , Goku initially manages to keep up with Beerus . He soon realizes that his opponent is still not fighting at his maximum . It is revealed that Beerus is doing so only to motivate Goku to catch up with him . To that end , Beerus drags Goku to space , where he swiftly knocks him out . Goku comes crashing down back to Earth and ends up in an ocean . Amazed by such power , Goku gets excited and powers up . He heals himself in the process . Willing to have another go , Goku flies out of the ocean and dashes towards Beerus . 12 12 `` The Universe Crumbles ? ! Clash ! God of Destruction vs. Super Saiyan God '' / `` The Universe Will Shatter ? Clash ! Destroyer vs. Super Saiyan God '' `` Uchū ga kudakeru ! ? Gekitotsu ! Haikaishin VS Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo ! '' ( 宇宙 が 砕ける ! ? 激突 ! 破壊 神 VS 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド ! ) September 27 , 2015 March 25 , 2017 Goku and Beerus continue to fight in space . As both of them power up and clash , the universe begins to crumble under the power of the gods . Celestial bodies blow up due to the shock waves . Meanwhile , Old Supreme Kai reveals to the younger Supreme Kai that with three more blows the whole universe would be destroyed along with Beerus and Goku . When Goku lands the third clash with Beerus , he unknowingly stops the universe 's collapse by balancing Beerus ' attack with his own . Beerus gets enraged and uses his atomic bomb attack on Goku . Goku uses the Super Saiyan God energy to power up his Kamehameha attack to keep Beerus ' attack at bay . 13 13 `` Goku , Go Beyond Super Saiyan God '' / `` Goku , Surpass Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Gokū yo , Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo o koete ike ! '' ( 悟空 よ 、 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド を 越え て 行け ! ) October 4 , 2015 April 8 , 2017 The Supreme Kais are surprised that the universe is still intact following the battle , but they fear the worst is still to come . On Earth , Vegeta , Whis , and the others are still standing by while watching the battle . Whis is surprised by the Super Saiyan God 's power and its ability to keep up with his trainee . In space , Goku struggles to keep up with Beerus ' attack , which ultimately ends up in a massive explosion that blinds everyone on Earth . Shortly after , the light clears out , which reveals everything to be as it was prior to the explosion . Beerus explains that he used his full power to negate the explosion , which saved the universe . Seeing it as a perfect opportunity to boast , Mr. Satan arranges to have himself be falsely credited with saving the planet yet again . Despite being at his limit , Goku remains calm , which annoys the God of Destruction . Beerus thinks Goku might have a strategy that he has been hiding , which Goku promptly denies . Goku says that everything he had been doing was improvised as they fought . The Gods quickly power up and continue fighting , but this time both are at their limit . As soon as they start , Goku loses his Super Saiyan God aura and reverts to the ordinary Super Saiyan form . Upon noticing that , Beerus decides to quit . He thinks it is pointless to fight an ordinary Super Saiyan . However , Goku does not notice and keeps going at it . Whis is able to sense Goku 's mortal energy . Whis assumes that the battle has concluded and that Goku has lost . However , Piccolo begs to differ . Surprised that Goku is still able to hit him even after losing his Super Saiyan God form , Beerus surmises that Goku 's body has adjusted to the Super Saiyan God power . This made him stronger in his ordinary form . With or without the Super Saiyan God form , Goku proclaims that it is still him that Beerus is up against . Beerus and Goku resume their battle of Gods . Note : This episode was originally scheduled to air on April 1 , 2017 , but an unannounced change in schedule on April Fools ' Day supplanted a new Dragon Ball Super episode with the premiere of the third season of Rick and Morty , which aired repeatedly from 8 PM to midnight . 14 14 `` This Is Every Ounce of Power I Have ! The Battle of Gods ' Conclusion ! '' / `` This Is All the Power I 've Got ! A Settlement Between Gods '' `` Kore ga ora no arittake no chikarada ! Ketchaku ! Kami to kami '' ( これが オラ の ありったけ の 力 だ ! 決着 ! 神 と 神 ) October 11 , 2015 April 15 , 2017 Now with only a Super Saiyan form at his disposal , Goku powers up and attacks but to no avail , as Beerus knocks him out effortlessly . With Goku knocked out , Beerus prepares to destroy the Earth . In a final effort to stop Beerus , Goku once again powers up and charges his Kamehameha attack . Goku manages to prevent Beerus ' attack , but he completely depletes what was left of his energy in the process . He comes crashing down to Earth onto Bulma 's ship , where Vegeta manages to catch him . Beerus lands on the planet shortly after to finish what he started , but he suddenly falls asleep . Whis explains that Goku must have tired Beerus out , and that by the time he wakes up he will have forgotten about their trip to Earth . Beerus was faking his sudden sleep because the Earth 's food convinced him to spare the planet . Beerus and Whis leave for Beerus ' planet . With Earth safe again , Goku decides to relax and enjoy the party . Season 2 : Golden Frieza ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation / Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 15 `` Make a Miracle , Satan the Hero ! A Challenge from Outer Space ! '' / `` Valiant Mr. Satan , Work a Miracle ! A Challenge from Outer Space ! '' `` Yūsha Satan yo kiseki o okose ! Uchū kara no chōsenjō ! ! '' ( 勇者 サタン よ 奇跡 を 起こせ ! 宇宙 から の 挑戦 状 ! ! ) October 18 , 2015 April 22 , 2017 With Earth no longer in danger , Goku and the others return to their ordinary lives . Chi - Chi tells Goku she has already spent the 100 million Zeni received from Mr. Satan . She orders Goku to leave training behind and find a job so he can support the family . Meanwhile , Mr. Satan 's self - promotion goes awry when a group of aliens land in the city . The aliens reveal that they are ambassadors who wish to thank and reward whoever defeated Beerus and thus protected their planet from destruction . Before he is given the reward , Mr. Satan is asked to demonstrate his godlike power against the alien 's mightiest champion in a sparring match . Knowing that he does not stand a chance , Mr. Satan quickly scampers away to safety and calls for help , but no one answers him . Suddenly , Goku arrives at the scene in need of Mr. Satan 's help . Mr. Satan arranges to have Goku fight for him instead . Just before the fight , Goku spots Chi - Chi and immediately runs away to avoid being scolded for disobeying her . Mr. Satan is left to confront the alien champion on his own . Suddenly , the cynophobic aliens spot Mr. Satan 's dog and run away in fear . With the aliens gone , the crowd praises Mr. Satan , whom they think saved them and Earth yet again . 16 `` Vegeta Becomes an Apprentice ? ! Winning Whis Over ! '' / `` Vegeta Becomes a Student ? ! Win Over Whis ! '' `` Bejīta ga deshi'iri ! ? Uisu o kōryakuse yo ! '' ( ベジータ が 弟子入り ! ? ウイス を 攻略 せよ ! ) October 25 , 2015 April 29 , 2017 Chi - Chi still has Goku doing work out on the farm . Instead of working , Goku decides to rest and falls asleep . Krillin flies in and wakes up Goku . Krillin is very surprised to hear that Goku is still on Earth and not training with King Kai . He reminisces about his training with Goku under Master Roshi and the power level difference between them since they were children . Curious to see how large the gap is , Krillin tells Goku to punch him with all his power . A reluctant Goku tries to change Krillin 's mind . Goku ends up punching Krillin anyway , which sends Krillin flying into a boulder . Shortly afterwards , Goku heads home . Android 18 treats Krillin 's wounds . Krillin states that he misses martial arts and wishes to start training again . Meanwhile , Vegeta is seen in the wastelands standing determined . He states his intent to surpass Goku without the aid of others . Elsewhere , Whis and Bulma are having lunch together . Whis is enjoying all the food Bulma is having her chef make . While they dine , Bulma asks Whis to protect Earth from Beerus in case he ever shows up again . Vegeta arrives and sees Whis . He asks Whis to see Beerus , but Whis refuses to do so . Whis tells Vegeta that he is Beerus ' martial arts teacher . Whis informs Vegeta that with the proper tutelage he could one day surpass Goku . Vegeta bows and kneels before Whis and begs to become his student . An unimpressed Whis walks past him . Vegeta decides to convince Whis by giving him the tastiest food on Earth . After several failed attempts , Vegeta finally impresses Whis with a cup of instant noodle . Before Vegeta heads off with Whis to train on Beerus ' planet , Bulma hands him new battle armor . Whis and Vegeta arrive on Beerus ' planet . Whis prepares to train Vegeta . 17 `` Pan Is Born ! And Goku Goes on a Training Trip ? ! '' / `` Pan is Born ! And Goku Goes on a Training Journey ? ! '' `` Pan tanjō ! Soshite Gokū wa shugyō no tabi he ! ? '' ( パン 誕生 ! そして 悟空 は 修行 の 旅 へ ! ? ) November 1 , 2015 May 6 , 2017 Pan has been born . While most of her family members and friends think that she should be taught martial arts , Chi - Chi is revolted by the very idea . She believes that Pan should be raised to be a lady and not a mindless fighter like her grandfather Goku . Everyone tries to persuade Chi - Chi to change her mind but to no avail . Bulma accidentally mentions that Vegeta has been away training with Whis for six months , which shocks Goku . After some time , Whis returns to Earth to enjoy more of the food Earth has to offer . Goku approaches Whis and asks to become his pupil . Whis accepts Goku 's plea . Whis thinks it is the perfect time for Goku to join Vegeta in training . Just as the two are about to depart , Chi - Chi runs up and stops Goku from leaving . Despite her wishes , Goku ends up leaving with Whis . Chi - Chi has a sudden change of heart . She says that Goku will return once he gets hungry anyway . 18 `` I 'm Here , Too ! Training Begins on Beerus ' Planet ! '' / `` I 'm Here , Too ! Training Commences on Beerus ' World ! '' `` Ora mo kita zo ! Birusu - sei de shugyō kaishi da ! '' ( オラ も 来 た ぞ ! ビルス 星 で 修行 開始 だ ! ) November 8 , 2015 May 13 , 2017 Goku and Whis arrive on Beerus ' planet , where Vegeta is tasked with housekeeping . Goku is surprised to learn that Vegeta has gotten considerably stronger training under Whis . Goku wants to start his training right away . Before he is allowed to train , Whis orders him to help Vegeta with the chores including changing Beerus ' bed sheets without waking him up . Goku and Vegeta promptly do their chores and start their training with Whis . Whis ' training routine quickly wears Goku out . He falls asleep . Vegeta , who is willing to surpass Goku at any cost , keeps on training . The next day , Whis decides to have a sparring match with his apprentices in order to gauge their speed . The two prove to be no match for Whis . Goku and Vegeta are too slow to land a single hit on Whis . Somewhere in space , surviving members of Frieza 's army are led by Sorbet . They continue with their effort of resurrecting their leader . Not far off , mysterious beings from a different universe named Champa ( シャンパ , Shanpa ) and Vados ( ヴァドス , Vadosu ) continue their search for Beerus . 19 5 `` Despair Rises ! The Emperor of Evil , Frieza , Resurrected ! '' / `` Despair Redux ! The Return of the Evil Emperor , Frieza ! '' `` Zetsubō futatabi ! Aku no teiō Furīza no fukkatsu ! '' ( 絶望 ふたたび ! 悪 の 帝王 ・ フリーザ の 復活 ! ) November 15 , 2015 May 20 , 2017 Goku and Vegeta continue their training under Whis on Beerus ' planet . Meanwhile , Sorbet and his assistant Tagoma ( タゴマ ) depart their ship and head for Earth in order to find the Dragon Balls , which they intend to resurrect their leader Frieza . They run into the Pilaf Gang , who had collected all seven Dragon Balls just before their arrival . Sorbet coerces Pilaf into summoning Shenron . At first , Shenron refuses to revive Frieza because he sees it as pointless given his current state , where Frieza was cut in pieces just as he was when Future Trunks killed him . Tagoma suggests using their advanced healing technology to make Frieza intact again . Sorbet has Frieza resurrected . Sorbet and Tagoma collect all of Frieza 's pieces and return to their ship . Frieza is completely renewed shortly afterwards . 20 6 `` Jaco 's Warning ! Frieza and His 1000 Troops Approach '' / `` A Warning from Jaco ! Frieza and 1,000 Soldiers Close In '' `` Jako kara no keikoku ! Semari kuru Furīza to 1000 - ri no heishi - tachi ! '' ( ジャコ から の 警告 ! 迫り 来る フリーザ と 1000 人 の 兵士 達 ) November 22 , 2015 June 3 , 2017 Once restored , Frieza plans revenge against Goku and Future Trunks . Tagoma objects to Frieza 's plans , but Frieza promptly subdues him . When Frieza finds out that Goku has gotten much stronger since they last met , he decides to train in order to become more powerful . Since Frieza 's power was inborn , he reveals that he had never felt the need to train a day in his life before now . Four months pass before Frieza and his army head for Earth . All the while , Goku and Vegeta continue their training under Whis . Jaco the Galactic Patrolman travels to Earth to inform Bulma that Frieza had been revived . Frieza will be approaching Earth shortly with an army of one thousand soldiers . With Frieza 's army fast approaching , Bulma gathers the remaining fighters to fight Frieza 's army in hopes of holding out until Goku and Vegeta make it back to Earth . 21 7 `` The Start of Revenge ! The Malice of Frieza Army Strikes Gohan ! '' / `` The Start of Vengeance ! The Frieza Force 's Malice Strikes Gohan ! '' `` Fukushū no hajimari ! Furīza - gun no akuiga satoshi Gohan outsu ! '' ( 復讐 の 始まり ! フリーザ 軍 の 悪意 が 悟 飯 を 撃つ ! ) November 29 , 2015 June 10 , 2017 Frieza and his army arrive on Earth , where Gohan , Piccolo , Krillin , Master Roshi , Tien , and Jaco have gathered to hold out until Goku and Vegeta return . Frieza says that he has waited a long time to have his revenge and that he wishes to face Goku . Seeing as how Goku is not present to help , Frieza orders his army to attack the Earthlings . His army proves to be no match for the fighters even for Krillin , who had given up fighting . Disappointed with his lackluster army , Frieza orders Sorbet to send in his elite soldier , Shisami ( シサミ ) , to take out Gohan . Suddenly , Tagoma fires a beam at Shisami and Gohan , which kills the former and badly injures the latter . Sorbet is surprised by Tagoma 's newfound power , which he had achieved through training with Frieza . Frieza promises Tagoma the command of his army if he takes out the Earthlings . He accepts and prepares to fight the Earthlings . Meanwhile , Goku and Vegeta are oblivious to what is happening on Earth . They continue their training under Whis on Beerus ' planet . 22 8 `` Change ! An Unexpected Return ! His Name is Ginyu ! ! '' `` Chēnji ! Masaka no fukkatsu ! Sono na wa Ginyū ! ! '' ( チェーンジ ! まさかの 復活 ! その 名 は ギニュー ! ! ) December 6 , 2015 June 17 , 2017 Tagoma powers up and confidently approaches his opponents . Piccolo is instantly outmatched . Gohan blasts Tagoma , which causes him to fly several yards away . As the dust settles , Tagoma reveals himself to be unharmed . Suddenly , Gotenks arrives and headbutts Tagoma . Everybody is shocked to see this . While Tagoma is struggling to recuperate from Gotenks ' attack , Captain Ginyu , who is in his frog form , pounces close to him and inscribes a message in the gravel . Tagoma accidentally sets off Ginyu 's signature move , and the two swap bodies . Ginyu rapidly adjusts to his new body 's immense power and assaults all of his rivals simultaneously . Bulma , Trunks , and Goten attempt to contact Whis , which bewilders Jaco . While fighting Gohan , Ginyu appears to have the upper hand until Gohan transforms into a Super Saiyan and defeats him . When Gohan shows mercy to Ginyu , Frieza becomes enraged and repeatedly fires multiple blasts at Gohan . Before Frieza can kill Gohan , Piccolo steps in to save him . 23 9 `` The Earth ! Gohan ! Absolute Peril ! Hurry and Get Here , Son Goku ! ! '' / `` Earth ! Gohan ! Both on the Ropes ! Hurry and Get Here , Goku ! ! '' `` Chikyū ga ! Gohan ga ! Zettaizetsumei ! Hayaku kite kure Son Gokū ! ! '' ( 地球 が ! 悟 飯 が ! 絶 体 絶命 ! 早く 来 て くれ 孫悟空 ! ! ) December 13 , 2015 June 24 , 2017 Piccolo takes Frieza 's attack to save Gohan and dies in the process . On Beerus ' planet , Beerus desires more pizza . Whis gets an invitation from Bulma for a strawberry dessert . As Whis telepathically contacts her , she reveals Frieza 's revival and Piccolo 's death to him . Initially shocked to realize that Frieza is revived , Goku and Vegeta get set to fight Frieza . As Whis says it would take some time to reach Earth , Goku resorts to instant transmission on Beerus ' advice . Goku realizes that instant transmission is impossible due to the large distance between Earth and Beerus ' planet . Nevertheless , Goku tries to search for someone 's energy on Earth . On Earth , Gohan powers up to his maximum limit . This helps Goku to identify an energy source to perform instant transmission . Goku and Vegeta arrive on Earth in the nick of time to save Gohan . Vegeta executes Ginyu . As Goku and Frieza meet after a long time , Frieza transforms into his final form in a fit to demonstrate his new power . This results in the death of all his men except for Sorbet , who is at a considerable distance . Perplexed by Frieza 's new power , Goku prepares to engage in a battle . 24 10 `` Clash ! Frieza vs. Son Goku ; This Is The Result of My Training ! '' / `` Clash ! Frieza vs. Goku ! This is the Result of My Training ! '' `` Gekitotsu ! Furīza VS Son Gokū ; Kore ga ora no shugyō no seikada ! '' ( 激突 ! フリーザ VS 孫悟空 これが オラ の 修行 の 成果 だ ! ) December 20 , 2015 July 8 , 2017 The battle between Goku and Frieza begins . They fight on even ground , and neither one is able to inflict significant damage to the other . Frieza resorts to attacking Krillin and Bulma . When Goku tries to save them , he is caught off guard when Frieza lands several blows on him . Vegeta grows impatient due to the constant rambling by both fighters . He charges at Goku in frustration and asks him to give it all he has . Goku takes Vegeta 's request into account and convinces Frieza to power up to his maximum . When Frieza calls out to Goku to show his full power , Goku transforms into a Super Saiyan Blue . 25 11 `` An All - Out Battle ! The Revenge of Golden Frieza ! '' / `` A Full - Throttle Battle ! The Vengeful Golden Frieza '' `` Zenkai Batoru ! Fukushū no Gōruden Furīza '' ( 全開 バトル ! 復讐 の ゴールデン フリーザ ) December 27 , 2015 July 15 , 2017 After briefly testing Goku 's new transformation , Frieza transforms into Golden Frieza . Both are impressed by the other 's progress . They engage in a fierce battle . Meanwhile , Whis informs Bulma of their arrival on Earth in a few minutes . On their way to Earth , Beerus and Whis encounter the God of Destruction of Universe Six , Champa , and his assistant , Vados . After having a short conversation with Champa and Vados , Beerus and Whis finally arrive on the battlefield . While eating Bulma 's delicious dessert , Beerus and Whis acknowledge that Frieza has indeed become significantly stronger . They also notice that Goku seems to have a tough time keeping up with Golden Frieza . Still not use to his newest form , Goku struggles to keep up with Golden Frieza 's speed and prowess . 26 12 `` A Glint of Hope Shines Through in a Crisis ! Time to Fight Back , Son Goku ! '' / `` A Chance Appears in a Tight Spot ! Launch a Counteroffensive , Goku ! '' `` Dai pinchi ni shōki ga mieta ! Hangeki kaishida Son Gokū ! '' ( 大 ピンチ に 勝機 が 見え た ! 反撃 開始 だ 孫悟空 ! ) January 10 , 2016 July 22 , 2017 Frieza and Goku continue their protracted battle with Frieza landing more blows on Goku . While no match for Frieza 's raw power , Goku manages to withstand and dodge Frieza 's attacks . Goku and Vegeta notice that Frieza is progressively losing stamina and that his power level is dropping . Frieza himself fails to notice this . Vegeta urges Goku to quickly finish Frieza off before he has a chance to recover , or he will step up and do so himself . After Goku and Frieza exchange some sarcastic banter , they power up again and continue their fight . Frieza still has the upper hand , but Goku knows that he only needs to continue for a while longer before Frieza 's weakness appears again . After a fully powered Frieza unleashes a barrage of attacks , he quickly becomes tired and starts running out of breath . His attacks no longer hurt Goku . Frieza finally realizes his weakness . Goku explains that Frieza rushed to Earth immediately after achieving the Golden form without giving himself enough time to master it . Frieza mouths a few inaudible words to his subordinate , Sorbet , and agonizes over his failed chance at revenge . Goku tells Frieza to leave Earth , while he still can . To everyone 's surprise , a laser beam pierces Goku 's chest fired from Sorbet 's ray gun . Frieza steps on Goku 's chest wound and gloats about his backup strategy to have Goku let his guard down . As Goku screams in pain , Frieza mocks him for being overconfident . According to Frieza , Goku 's overconfidence prevents him from being the strongest fighter . Before Frieza can unleash his killing shot on Goku , Vegeta fires at Frieza and announces that it is his turn to fight . 27 13 `` The Earth Explodes ? ! The Deciding Kamehameha '' / `` The Earth Explodes ? A Decisive Kamehameha ! '' `` Chikyū bakuhatsu ! ? Ketchaku no kamehameha '' ( 地球 爆発 ! ? 決着 の かめ はめ 波 ) January 17 , 2016 July 29 , 2017 Goku is critically injured , but Vegeta intervenes before Frieza can deliver a killing blow . When Krillin attempts to deliver Goku a Senzu Bean , Frieza attempts to blast him . Vegeta redirects the blast to Sorbet , which kills him . Afterwards , Vegeta demonstrates his new ability to transform into a Super Saiyan Blue . Frieza attempts to land a hit on Vegeta , but he fails to do so . Frieza quickly finds himself completely outmatched by Vegeta . Enraged and humiliated , Frieza refuses to accept defeat . While Vegeta powers up his final attack , Frieza instead blows up the Earth . Whis protects Goku and the others . As Goku laments his missed opportunity to defeat Frieza , Whis offers to turn back time by a couple of minutes , which will allow Goku to have another chance . The moment is reset to the end of Vegeta and Frieza 's battle . This allows Goku just enough time to charge up a Kamehameha attack and kill Frieza . Later , the group gathers at Capsule Corporation . Piccolo is revived with the Namekian Dragon Balls . Gohan tells Piccolo that he intends to resume his training so that he can protect his loved ones . Piccolo is delighted to hear this . Season 3 : Universe 6 ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 28 `` The God of Destruction from Universe 6 - His Name Is Champa ! '' / `` The 6th Universe 's Destroyer ! His Name is Champa ! '' `` Dai - 6 uchū no hakaishin - Sono na wa Shanpa '' ( 第 6 宇宙 の 破壊 神 その 名 は シャンパ ) January 24 , 2016 August 5 , 2017 As Goku and Vegeta continue their vigorous training , Champa and Vados abruptly arrive on Beerus ' planet . After a small skirmish between Beerus and Champa , everyone settles down to eat some food . Formal introductions are exchanged , where Champa is introduced as Beerus ' twin brother and Vados as Whis ' older sister . An argument erupts concerning which universe 's food is superior . This leaves Goku and Vegeta bewildered . Whis explains that there are twelve universes . When two universes add up to thirteen , each universe compliments each other such as the sixth and the seventh universe . After Vados discovers that Universe Six 's Earth has been destroyed through warfare , Champa proposes a tournament between Universe Six and Seven to determine who acquires the Earth of Universe Seven . Beerus protests the idea . He believes it is impossible to do so . Champa ascertains that it is doable by using the Super Dragon Balls , which the Namekian Dragon Balls were trimmed from . At the current moment , Champa has six of them . Goku informs Beerus and Champa that Bulma is capable of locating the final Super Dragon Ball necessary to perform the wish . With tensions mounted , Beerus accepts Champa 's proposal . 29 `` The Martial Arts Match Has Been Decided ! The Team Captain Is Stronger Than Goku '' / `` Combat Matches Are a Go ! The Captain is Someone Stronger Than Goku ! '' `` Kakutō shiai kaisai kettei ! Shushō wa Gokū yori tsuyoi yatsu '' ( 格闘 試合 開催 決定 ! 主将 は 悟空 より も 強い ヤツ ) January 31 , 2016 August 12 , 2017 Champa decides to host the tournament on a vacated nameless planet located between Universe Six and Universe Seven . Goku suggests the rules be similar to that of the Tenkaichi Budokai tournaments held on Earth . Vegeta recommends a written exam be implemented in order to prevent insensitive beings lacking knowledge of the regulations from participating . The tournament is scheduled to begin several days after the encounter between Beerus and Champa . On Earth , Whis requests that Bulma use her Dragon Radar in order to obtain the final Super Dragon Ball . Contrary to this , Bulma believes it would be easier to simply summon Shenron to locate it instead . Shenron reveals that tracking down the Super Dragon Balls is beyond his power . Meanwhile , Vados selects a portion of the nameless planet and transforms it into the tournament 's arena . After judging Whis ' students , Champa realizes he should also enlist a Saiyan onto his team . Beerus explains that Goku is merely the second strongest opponent he has ever faced . He proceeds to take off to inform Monaka ( モナカ ) , the strongest warrior he has ever fought , of the tournament . The next morning , Bulma finishes constructing the Super Dragon Radar . She intends to collect the Super Dragon Balls of Universe Seven before Beerus can use them to wish for total annihilation of the entire world . 30 `` A Review Before the ' Martial Arts Match ' - Who Are the Last Two Members ? ! '' / `` A Run - Through For the Competition ! Who Are the Last Two Members ? '' `` '' Kakutō '' shiai e no o sarai - Nokori futari no menbā wa dareda ! ? '' ( 「 格闘 試合 」 へ の お さらい 残り 二 人 の メンバー は 誰 だ ! ? ) February 7 , 2016 August 19 , 2017 Goku and Vegeta meet up with Krillin , who goes with them to recruit Majin Buu as the fourth combatant of the Universe Seven team . Although Majin Buu is reluctant due to his hatred of Beerus , he agrees when Goku promises him a wish from the Super Dragon Balls , which he plans on giving to Mr. Satan . Goten and Trunks try to join , but they are denied by Vegeta because their use of fusion is illegal . The group finds Piccolo training with Gohan . They recruit Piccolo as the fifth and final member . Gohan considers joining the team , but he can not participate due to a business meeting on the day of the tournament . Beerus and the others think back over recent events . Beerus and Whis contemplate the intentions behind Champa 's plans . A series of flashbacks recapping the series is shown up to Frieza 's demise . 31 `` Off to Zuno Sama 's ! Find Out Where Super Dragon Balls Are ! '' / `` Off to See Master Zuno ! Find Out Where the Super Dragon Balls Are ! '' `` Zunō - sama no moto e ! Sūpā Doragon Bōru no arika o kikidase ! '' ( ズノー 様 の も と へ ! 超 ( スーパー ) ドラゴンボール の あり か を 聞き 出せ ! ) February 14 , 2016 August 26 , 2017 Bulma and Jaco travel to meet an omniscient alien , Zunō - sama ( ズノー 様 ) , to ask him about the Super Dragon Balls . After arriving on Zunō - sama 's planet , the duo encounters a spacefaring criminal named Burpman ( ゲップマン , Geppuman ) , who is wanted for leaving a restaurant without paying the bill . As a reward for subduing the criminal , Zunō - sama 's attendants allow Bulma and Jaco to skip the lengthy waiting list and seek Zunō - sama 's advice right away . Bulma unwittingly wastes two of her three questions , but she does glean information on the radius and other properties of the Super Dragon Balls . This includes the fact that they were formerly scattered across both Universe Six and Universe Seven . 32 5 `` The Match Begins ! Let 's All Go to the `` Nameless Planet '' ! '' / `` The Matches Begin ! We 're All Off to the Planet with No Name ! '' `` Shiaikaishi da ! Min'na de `` Namae no nai hoshi '' e ! '' ( 試合 開始 だ ! みんな で 「 名前 の ない 星 」 へ ! ) February 21 , 2016 September 9 , 2017 On Earth , everyone gathers for the trip to the tournament . Goku and Vegeta arrive after having trained in the Hyperbolic Time Chamber for three years . After stopping at Beerus ' planet to get both him and Monaka , everyone proceeds to go to the tournament . The group meets their competition who are all somewhat unusual . This includes a Saiyan with a radically different history as well as a fighter who looks like Frieza . After the written test , the Universe Seven team is left one team member down because Majin Buu falls asleep . Majin Buu is deemed unfit and disqualified . Beerus decides that Monaka will go last . After a round of rock - paper - scissors , it is decided that Goku will fight first , followed by Piccolo , and then Vegeta . Goku and his competitor named Botamo ( ボタモ ) , who is a giant bear - like creature , enter the tournament ring . 33 6 `` Behold , Universe 6 ! This Is the Super Saiyan ? Son Goku ! '' / `` Surprise , 6th Universe ! This is Super Saiyan Goku ! '' `` Odoroke Dai - 6 uchū yo ! Kore ga Sūpā Saiya - jin ・ Son Gokū da ! '' ( 驚け 第 6 宇宙 よ ! これが 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ・ 孫悟空 だ ! ) February 28 , 2016 September 16 , 2017 The fight between Goku and Botamo commences . Goku takes a while to warm up due to having overeaten during the trip . Although Goku seems faster and more well trained than Botamo , none of the hits that he lands seem to have an effect . Botamo seems content to simply take the punishment . Urged by Vegeta to think before he acts , Goku drags Botamo to the side of the ring and throws him out . This results in a win for Universe Seven . The next match begins almost immediately . The Frieza look alike named Frost ( フロスト , Furosuto ) is Goku 's next opponent . In direct contrast to Frieza , Frost is a kind and beloved hero in Universe Six who looks forward to a challenge . Goku surprises Frost with knowledge of his transformations . Frost assumes a form that mirrors Frieza 's third form . Goku mentions his ability to transform as well . He transforms into a Super Saiyan . Frost responds by transforming into his final form . Frost seems greatly outmatched by Goku even in his final transformation . Suddenly , a strange effect comes over Goku that severely weakens him and allows Frost a chance to strike . Frost knocks Goku out of the ring , which stuns everyone from Universe Seven . 34 7 `` Piccolo vs. Frost - Put It All on the Special Beam Cannon ! '' / `` Piccolo vs Frost ! Stake it All on the Special Beam Cannon ! '' `` Pikkoro VS Furosuto - Makankōsappō ni subete o kakero ! '' ( ピッコロ VS フロスト 魔 貫 光 殺 砲 に すべて を かけろ ! ) March 6 , 2016 September 23 , 2017 Frost beats Goku by knocking him out of the ring . Piccolo walks up to Frost to face him next . Piccolo charges his signature attack while simultaneously evading Frost 's attacks . To buy himself time to charge his attack , Piccolo creates clones of himself to distract Frost . Frost quickly disposes of decoys and charges at Piccolo . After a bout of close combat , Frost defeats Piccolo with a power blast . Before the referee could rule in Frost 's favor , Jaco chimes in claiming that Frost had been cheating all along . The referee examines Frost and finds that he had been using a forbidden tool . Champa is initially outraged to find that Frost had cheated . Champa decides to forgive and help him in his universe if Frost continues to play by the rules . Frost reveals that he set up the attacks on the planets he saved . The referee declares Piccolo the winner until Vegeta steps in and says that he wishes to face Frost . 35 8 `` Turn Rage into Strength ! Vegeta 's Full - On Battle ! '' / `` Turn Your Anger into Strength ! Vegeta 's Full - Bore Battle ! '' `` Ikari o chikara ni kaero ! Bejīta no zenkai batoru '' ( 怒り を 力 に 変えろ ! ベジータ の 全開 バトル ) March 20 , 2016 September 30 , 2017 Frost cockily announces his intent to utterly defeat Vegeta in combat with the presentation of yet another weapon . Both parties agree that the match should not be regulated by the standard rules of the tournament in order to avoid disqualification and allow the combatants to fight at their full power . Vegeta mercilessly assaults Frost and sends him flying out of the barrier . He then declares that he did not kill Frost because he was not going to stoop down to the latter 's level . Beerus discovers that Goku was also affected by Frost 's weapon , and he proceeds to convince the referee to allow Goku to return to the competition . Goku protests the turn order because he desperately wants to see Monaka in combat . Beerus explains that Monaka , as his trump card , must fight last . This prompts a hushed remark from Whis concerning Monaka 's `` true colors '' . Vados generates a new barrier around the ring as the referee announces a new rule , where any contact an individual makes with the barrier automatically disqualifies them . Meanwhile , Frost attempts to steal the tournament winnings and escape in Champa 's transportation cube . Frost is stunned by Hit ( ヒット , Hitto ) , a purple humanoid , in the process . Hit then takes the unconscious Frost back to the arena . The next match begins . Vegeta faces off against the robot Magetta ( マゲッタ ) . The audience begins to dispute over Magetta 's eligibility because of the fact that Magetta can spit lava . Magetta is declared eligible because the lava is just his saliva . Magetta 's volcanic fumes engulf the barrier and cause Vegeta to perspire rapidly and breathe heavily from the extreme heat . 36 9 `` An Unexpected Desperate Battle ! Vegeta 's Furious Explosion ! '' / `` An Astonishing Tough Battle ! Vegeta 's Explosion of Rage ! '' `` Masaka no dai kusen ! Bejīta ikari no dai bakuhatsu ! '' ( まさかの 大 苦戦 ! ベジータ 怒り の 大 爆発 ! ) March 27 , 2016 TBA Vegeta continues his battle with Magetta . He is struggling against the rising temperatures in the enclosed arena . Vegeta tries to win quickly , but Magetta endures and counters his attacks . Magetta follows it with a punch that sends Vegeta flying toward the ground . After nearly being disqualified through by going out of bounds , Vegeta powers up in anger and destroys the barrier of the arena . He blasts Magetta and forces him to the very edge of the stage . However , Vegeta is unable to knock Magetta off of the stage . However , after Vegeta insults Magetta , he loses his will to fight and is knocked out of the ring . 37 10 `` Do n't Forget Your Saiyan Pride ! Vegeta vs. the Saiyan of Universe 6 ! '' / `` Do n't Forget Your Saiyan Pride ! Vegeta vs Universe 6 's Saiyan Cabba ! '' `` Saiya - jin no hokori o wasureruna ! Bejīta VS Dai - 6 uchū no Saiya - jin '' ( サイヤ 人 の 誇り を 忘れる な ! ベジータ VS 第 6 宇宙 の サイヤ 人 ) April 3 , 2016 TBA Vegeta faces Cabba ( キャベ ) , a slim and short Saiyan from Universe Six , in the following round . Unlike their Universe Seven counterparts , Saiyans of Universe Six are heroic and kind . They are known as benevolent galactic protectors . Vegeta and Cabba are initially equally matched . After Vegeta pushes Cabba to power up , Cabba admits he can not do it . Cabba asks for Vegeta to teach him how to transform . This seemingly enrages Vegeta . Vegeta transforms into a Super Saiyan and begins to mercilessly beat Cabba . Vegeta threatens Cabba . He says he will kill him and destroy his planet if he forfeits . An enraged Cabba suddenly transforms and goes on the offensive . Vegeta reveals that , since the Super Saiyan transformation is unlocked through drawing on one 's inner anger , his actions were intended to bring about that transformation . Vegeta quickly powers up even more and knocks Cabba out with a single punch . After the fight , Cabba thanks Vegeta for telling him about his untapped potential . Vegeta brushes him off and tells him not to forget his Saiyan pride and to aim to surpass all other Saiyans . Cabba acknowledges Vegeta 's advice and walks off stage . With Universe Six now down to their last fighter , Champa is still unconcerned as he is certain his hit man Hit will be able to settle the score . 38 11 `` The Ultimate Warrior of Universe 6 ! Assassin Hit Appears ! ! '' / `` Dai - 6 uchū saikyō no senshi ! Koroshi ya Hitto kenzan ! ! '' ( 第 6 宇宙 最強 の 戦士 ! 殺し 屋 ヒット 見参 ! ! ) April 10 , 2016 TBA Vegeta and Hit start their battle . To Vegeta 's surprise , he is unable to land a single blow on Hit due to his superior speed . Eventually , Vegeta is struck by a heavy blow and collapses . Hit is declared the winner of the match . Suddenly , it is revealed that Hit used a `` time - skipping '' technique , where he gets to time travel and be the only person able to move for a split second . Goku walks up to battle Hit . Initially , Hit overpowers Goku , which prompts him to ask Goku to surrender . Goku refuses and says he used the time to figure out how Hit 's technique works . Goku predicts Hit 's moves and evades his attacks . Hit claims that Goku 's foresight was a just a fluke and that he will not be able to use it again . However , Goku is , yet again , able to foresee Hit 's attacks and defend himself . Goku proposes that both of them fight at their full power . Hit concurs and withdraws . Shortly after , both start preparing for their next fight . 39 12 `` The Advanced `` Time - Skip '' Fights Back ? ! Will It Come Forth ? Goku 's New Technique ! '' / `` Seichōshita `` toki tobashi '' no hangeki ! ? Deru ka ! ? Gokū no aratana waza ! '' ( 成長 した `` 時 とばし '' の 反撃 ! ? 出る か ! ? 悟空 の 新た な 技 ! ) April 17 , 2016 TBA Goku and Hit both power up before the match . Goku is finally able to counter Hit 's time - manipulating attacks , which displeases Hit . Hit tries to power up even more , but Goku prevents him . Soon after , Hit manages to counter Goku 's blows , while he simultaneously grows even stronger . Badly hurt , Goku hits the ground . Champa tells Hit to finish off Goku , but Hit refuses to obey his order . Goku manages to get back on his feet , and the two resume their fight . Goku is soon backed into a corner and resorts to his Kaiō - ken technique , which greatly increases his strength and speed . Having powered up , Goku begins pummeling and blasting Hit , who manages to evade most of the attacks with ease . 40 13 `` At Last , It Comes to an End ! Is the Winner Beerus ? Or is it Champa ? '' / `` Tsuini ketchaku ! Shōsha wa Birusu ? Soretomo Shanpa ? '' ( ついに 決着 ! 勝者 は ビルス ? それとも シャンパ ? ) April 24 , 2016 TBA Goku and Hit fight to an indecisive stalemate . Neither side is able to gain ground against the other . Goku requests that the rules of the fight be waived so that Hit can use his assassination techniques freely . Champa and Beerus argue over this decision . During their argument , Goku jumps out of the arena , forfeiting the match as a result . Goku argues that he would have been unable to continue due to the strain on his body brought on by his Kaiō - ken technique . Shortly afterwards , Monaka faces Hit , who throws the fight as repayment for Goku enabling him to surpass his limits . With Hit defeated , the Universe Seven team comes out as the winners of the tournament . Just as the festivities are about to conclude , Zenō ( 全 王 ) , a mysterious `` King of Universes '' , appears in the center of the arena . 41 14 `` Come , God of Dragons - And Pretty Please Grant My Wish ! '' / `` Ide deyo kami no ryū - soshite negai o kanaete chonmage ! '' ( 出 で よ 神 の 龍 そして 願い を 叶え て ちょんまげ ! ) May 1 , 2016 TBA Zenō announces that he will organize a martial arts tournament for all twelve universes . Goku disrespectfully approaches and talks to Zenō , much to Zenō 's amusement and everyone else 's discomfort . Champa scolds his team for losing and orders them to train for the upcoming tournament . Champa and his team leave shortly afterwards . Beerus asks the Earthlings to find the Super Dragon Balls . Android 18 notices that all Super Dragon Balls are clumped together on the radar , and Monaka deduces that the planet they have been fighting on is actually the seventh Super Dragon Ball . Beerus , Goku , and the others leave for the location of all seven Super Dragon Balls . Once they are there , Whis summons Super Shenron ( スーパー シェンロン , Chāo Shénlóng ) , which is a more powerful version of Shenlong . Unknown to anyone else , Beerus secretly wishes to have Universe Six 's Earth restored back to normal . Vados informs Champa what Beerus wished for . Whis leaves Beerus and Monaka on Beerus ' planet and departs for Earth . Monaka is revealed to be an ordinary mail deliveryman who is an aspiring fighter . Beerus rewards Monaka with money for his help motivating Goku and Vegeta . Goku , Vegeta , and the others from Earth return home , much to Goku 's delight . 42 15 `` Trouble at the Victory Celebration ! Showdown at Last ? ! Monaka vs. Son Goku ! '' / `` Haran no shukushō kai ! Tsuini taiketsu ! ? Monaka VS Son Gokū ! '' ( 波乱 の 祝勝 会 ! 遂に 対決 ! ? モナカ VS 孫悟空 ) May 8 , 2016 TBA With the tournament completed , Bulma decides to hold a celebration party at the Capsule Corporation . She also decides to invite Monaka who she considers to be the real winner of the tournament . Beerus and Whis are opposed to Bulma 's idea as they believe that Goku would want to fight Monaka if he were to attend . Ultimately , Monaka does attend . Beerus decides to tell everyone besides Goku about Monaka 's secret . Monaka is not nearly as powerful as everyone believes him to be . Goten and Trunks suggest that Beerus disguises himself as Monaka and fight Goku in Monaka 's place . Beerus agrees to the plan and disguises himself . Pu'ar also shape - shifts itself into Beerus to act as a decoy . Goku and a disguised Beerus begin their match shortly after . Following a brief clash , Whis interrupts the battle . Everyone carries on with the festivities . 43 16 `` Goku 's `` Ki '' is Out of Control ? ! Looking After Pan is A Lot of Trouble ! '' / `` Gokū no `` Ki '' ga seigyo funō ! ? Pan no osewa de shikuhakku ! '' ( 悟空 の 「 気 」 が 制御 不能 ! ? パン の お世話 で 四苦八苦 ) May 15 , 2016 TBA Due to overexerting himself during the tournament , Goku has problems controlling his energy . He decides to take a break and relax in order to get his strength back . While Gohan and Videl are out , Goku and his family babysit Pan . That morning , Pilaf and his companions plan to attack Goku , while he is asleep . They end up fleeing in terror and bring Pan along with them . Inside their ship , Pilaf accidentally launches them into the stratosphere . The pressure from the launch destroys their ship , but Pan is able to fly back home with her captives in tow . On their way home , Goku 's family is relieved to find Pan even though they remain ignorant of her exploits . 44 17 `` Seal of Planet Potofu - Secret of the Superhuman Water Is Unleashed ! '' / `` Potofu sei no fūin toki hanatareta - `` Chōjin sui '' no himitsu ! '' ( ポトフ 星 の 封印 解き放た れ た `` 超人 水 '' の 秘密 ! ) May 22 , 2016 TBA While Monaka delivers a package to Bulma , Goten and Trunks sneak into his delivery truck and are accidentally taken to Planet Potofu . A group of space bandits , headed by a teal humanoid Grill ( グリル , Guriru ) , attempt to steal a key to an item called the Superhuman Water ( 超人 水 , Chōjin Mizu ) from an elder named Potaji ( ポタジ ) . The bandits succeed and are absorbed and cloned by the purple viscous liquid . At Bulma 's request , Vegeta and Jaco arrive on the planet to search for the children . Shortly after they arrive , the liquid absorbs and clones Vegeta . 45 18 `` Vegeta Disappears ? ! The Threat of Duplicated Vegeta ! '' / `` Bejīta ga kieru ! ? Fukusei bejīta no kyōi ! '' ( ベジータ が 消える ! ? 複製 ベジータ の 脅威 ! ) May 29 , 2016 TBA Vegeta is powerless due to the purple viscous liquid cloning and absorbing his powers . The liquid is revealed to be a sentient being known as Komeson ( コメソン ) . Superhuman Water is just one of its many names known throughout the universe . Vegeta and the rest flee from the cloned Vegeta and the space bandits . Learning that the original will disappear once cloned , Goten and Trunks attempt to defeat the clone before that happens . Goku is fully recovered while training on King Kai 's planet . He senses that Goten and Trunks are in danger and teleports to Goten 's side . Goku prepares to fight the cloned Vegeta . 46 19 `` Goku vs. Duplicated Vegeta ! Who 's Gonna Win ? ! '' / `` Gokū VS fukusei Bejīta ! Katsu no wa dotchida ! ? '' ( 悟空 VS 複製 ベジータ ! 勝つ の は どっち だ ! ? ) June 5 , 2016 TBA Goku and the cloned Vegeta begin their battle . Each side holds its own . Vegeta tells Goku that he can not beat him with attacks like that . The cloned Vegeta backs Goku into a corner . Goku teleports behind his opponent and lands a blow on him , which briefly turns the battle in his favor . Vegeta starts getting frustrated that his clone is failing to dodge certain attacks and begins cheering for the clone when it knocks Goku away . Trunks reminds Vegeta that if they do not defeat the clone , Vegeta would die . Vegeta attempts to attack the clone himself , but he fails to do any damage . Frustrated , Vegeta criticizes both his clone and Goku . Goku begins wondering whose side Vegeta is on . He and the cloned Vegeta quickly power up , and the two continue their fight . Jaco points out that Vegeta is even more transparent than before . Potaji tells Vegeta to use Komeson to gain time . Trunks wonders if there might be another way to save Vegeta in case their plan fails . Potaji suggests that the Komeson should be destroyed to weaken the clones it had created . Trunks , Goten , Potaji , and Jaco fly away to retrieve the weapon . Meanwhile , Goku manages to fight off cloned Vegeta . Vegeta is frustrated that it is Goku who is fighting the clone and not him . The fight causes a destructive shock wave . Komeson takes advantage of this and quickly attacks Trunks . Vegeta feels that Trunks is in trouble and tries to reach him . Monaka accidentally steps on Komeson 's core behind him , which damages it along with its clones . Potaji notes that even though the core was destroyed , time has run out and Vegeta is disappearing . Realizing this is his last chance , Goku destroys the cloned Vegeta . As a result , Vegeta 's body regenerates and Potaji reseals Komeson . Goku thanks Monaka for his help and says that he would have been beaten by the cloned Vegeta if it were not for him . With the Planet Potofu saved and the threat destroyed , Goku and the others return to Earth . Meanwhile , in an annihilated alternate timeline , Future Trunks looks to destroy a new threat that has been terrorizing his world . Season 4 : `` Future '' Trunks ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 47 `` An SOS from the Future ! A Dark New Enemy Emerges ! ! '' `` Mirai kara no esuōesu ! Kuroki arata na teki arawaru ! '' ( 未来 から の SOS ! 黒き 新た な 敵 現 る ! ! ) June 12 , 2016 TBA In an alternate timeline , Future Trunks is hiding from a mysterious enemy that has been terrorizing the Future Earth . He meets with his mother in their hideout , Future Bulma , who is relieved that he survived . She is revealed to have been working on the time machine for their trip to find help . Just as they are about to leave , an explosion destroys Future Bulma 's equipment . Seeing as they are in danger , Future Bulma urges Future Trunks to leave without her . Shortly after , a mysterious enemy demolishes the hideout . Future Bulma is killed by falling debris following the explosion , but Future Trunks manages to escape . Back in the present timeline , Goku is showing his new farm to Chi - Chi and Goten . Piccolo arrives shortly after at Goku 's request . Goku says he wants to use his work as a way to train . While Goku and Piccolo are having a harvesting competition , on Beerus ' planet , Vegeta is training with Whis . Goku notices this and teleports to them . Beerus asks if Goku brought him a gift , and Goku gives him a ball of lettuce he grabbed during his contest with Piccolo . Beerus enjoys the lettuce , but he considers it inadequate . Meanwhile , in the alternate timeline , Future Trunks meets up with Future Mai . Future Trunks tells her that his mother has sacrificed herself so he could escape and return to the past and save his world . Back on Beerus ' planet , Goku , Vegeta , Beerus , and Whis discuss Zenō , who is the `` King of Universes '' . Beerus says that Zenō is the most powerful being there is . Whis says that Zenō is also able to destroy entire universes as there has originally been more than there are at present . In the alternate timeline , Future Trunks and Future Mai are eating and resting . They discuss about going back 17 years in the past , where Future Trunks ' friends would be . They make their way to Capsule Corporation . They stumble upon a vortex in the sky out of which arrives the mysterious enemy that the two have been running away from . Future Trunks tells Future Mai to go on ahead as he draws his sword . He tries to face the enemy but to no avail . In order to save Future Trunks and give him a chance to escape , Future Mai acts as a decoy . Future Mai is hit by the enemy 's blast and seemingly killed on the spot . Future Trunks is enraged and looks at the enemy , who is revealed to be a Goku look - alike being named Goku Black ( ゴクウ ブラック , Gokū Burakku ) . 48 `` Hope ! ! Once More Awaken in the Present , Trunks '' `` Kibō ! ! Futatabi - Imade mezame yo Torankusu '' ( HOPE ( き ぼう ) ! ! 再び 現在 で 目覚めよ トランクス ) June 19 , 2016 TBA Goku Black taunts Future Trunks as he could not save any of his family or friends . Future Trunks powers up to Super Saiyan to fight Goku Black , but he is outmatched . He distracts Goku Black with an energy attack and quickly boards the Time Capsule and escapes 17 years into the past . Goku Black is frustrated that he can not find Trunks in the future timeline . Meanwhile in the present timeline , Trunks is studying in class along with Pilaf 's Gang . During a recess break , Trunks feels strange and looks at the sky to observe the Time Capsule arriving with Future Trunks inside . He immediately calls for his mother Bulma . Bulma contacts Vegeta and Goku who are training on Beerus ' planet . Bulma asks Trunks to power up in order for Goku to be able to teleport himself and Vegeta to their location . Whis and Beerus also arrive to see Future Trunks . Vegeta asks Goku to get some Senzu beans . Goku goes to Korin 's place to get some Senzu beans . Future Trunks regains consciousness thanks to the Senzu bean . Upon spotting Goku , Future Trunks recalls Goku Black 's attacks and immediately charges towards Goku , which shocks everyone around . 49 `` A Message from the Future - Goku Black Strikes ! '' `` Mirai kara no messēji - Gokū Burakku shūrai ! '' ( 未来 から の メッセージ ゴクウ ブラック 襲来 ! ) June 26 , 2016 TBA Goku manages to fight off Future Trunks . Bulma manages to calm down Future Trunks . Future Trunks gets clued in as to where he had ended up . He is also introduced to Beerus and Whis . Future Trunks apologizes to Goku for attacking him . He tells him he looks just like an enemy he was after . Both Goku and Vegeta are intrigued by this enemy . They decide to help him . Meanwhile in an alternate timeline , Goku Black is searching for Future Trunks . Realizing Future Trunks escaped using a time - traveling machine , Goku Black decides to go after him . Goku and Future Trunks decide to have a quick fight to determine each other 's power . Goku easily defeats Future Trunks , but Future Trunks warns Goku that Goku Black is a lot more powerful . While Goku and Future Trunks practice , a portal opens above them . Goku Black comes out of the portal and introduces himself . 50 `` Goku vs. Black ! The Closed Path to the Future '' `` Gokū VS Burakku ! Tozasareta mirai e no michi '' ( 悟空 VS ブラック ! 閉ざさ れ た 未来 へ の 道 ) July 3 , 2016 TBA Goku Black arrives in the past . Future Trunks decides to fight Goku Black , but Vegeta stops him . Curious to know how powerful Goku Black really is , Goku decides to fight him . Neither of them seems to be particularly interested in their fight . Goku decides to transform into a Super Saiyan . Goku Black proves to be no match for powered - up Goku . Future Trunks wonders why Goku does not simply destroy his opponent . Goku Black tries to power up but before he is able to , Goku thwarts him . While Goku and Goku Black fight , the time portal starts to disappear . It also starts dragging Goku Black towards itself . Goku Black realizes this . He destroys the Time Machine as soon as he had been dragged into it , which prevents others to return to the future . With Goku Black suddenly gone , Goku wonders where his enemy could have disappeared . Whis explains that Goku Black used a time - traveling method only Supreme Kai know about . Bulma decides to search for the other Time Machine that Cell used to travel back in time . Just as Goku Black reappears in the future timeline , Mai regains consciousness . 51 5 `` Feelings That Travel Beyond Time - Trunks and Mai '' `` Toki o koeta omoi - Torankusu to Mai '' ( 時 を こえ た 想い トランクス と マイ ) July 10 , 2016 TBA Bulma finds the Time Machine that Cell used to travel to the past and promptly gathers the team to repair it . While Future Trunks is waiting for Bulma to finish the repairs , Goku heads off to King Kai 's planet to train . Future Trunks and Mai discuss their counterparts from alternate timelines . Future Trunks explains to Mai that Future Mai was a leader of Earth 's resistance movement who died fighting to protect the planet . He also mentions Goku Black 's ultimate goal , which is to rid the world of humans who are seen as inferior beings . Determined to find Goku Black , Beerus and Whis search for the villain 's energy signature . Meanwhile , Goku Black is surprised that he had grown stronger fighting Goku . He seeks to fight him again to become even stronger . 52 6 `` Teacher and Student Reunited - Son Gohan and `` Future '' Trunks '' `` Shitei saikai - Son Gohan to `` Mirai '' Torankusu '' ( 師弟 再会 孫 悟 飯 と `` 未来 '' トランクス ) July 17 , 2016 TBA Bulma and her team are still repairing the Time Machine . Piccolo and Krillin are mending the damages in the wake of Goku 's fight with Goku Black . Piccolo mentions that Gohan had changed since he is not the pupil he had trained years ago . He is dissatisfied with the fact that Gohan decided to abandon his training to become a scholar . Future Trunks is surprised by Piccolo 's point of view . Piccolo and Krillin suggest that Future Trunks should meet their timeline 's Gohan . Future Trunks meets Gohan at the latter 's house , and the two discuss their shared future . Gohan introduces Future Trunks to his family . Shortly after , Future Trunks leaves for the Capsule Corporation . Meanwhile , Goku , Beerus , and Whis travel to an alternate universe , where they had detected Goku Black 's energy . 53 7 `` Uncover Black 's Identity ! To the Sacred World of the Kais ! '' `` Burakku no shōtai o abake ! Iza dai 10 uchū no kaiōshin kai e ! '' ( ブラック の 正体 を 暴け ! いざ 第 10 宇宙 の 界 王 神 界 へ ! ) July 31 , 2016 TBA Goku , Beerus , and Whis arrive to Universe Ten . They meet the Supreme Kai beings called Zamasu ( ザマス ) , an apprentice Supreme Kai , and Gowasu ( ゴワス ) , Zamasu 's master . Gowasu shows to be a kind hearted Supreme Kai who loves all creation , while Zamasu despises mortals , specifically humans . Goku is excited by the idea of fighting a Supreme Kai . He asks Zamasu to spar with him . Zamasu objects to fighting Goku , but he is asked to fight by his master . Zamasu is baffled to learn that he is no match for Goku . Beerus and Whis realize that the energy they had detected is actually that of Zamasu . Goku , Beerus , and Whis head back to Universe Seven 's Earth . Meanwhile on Earth , Krillin introduces Future Trunks to his wife , Android 18 , and his daughter , Marron . 54 8 `` The One Who Inherits the Saiyan Blood - Trunk 's Resolve '' `` Saiya - jin no chiohikumono - Torankusu no ketsui '' ( サイヤ 人 の 血 を ひく 者 トランクス の 決意 ) August 7 , 2016 TBA Bulma and her team put the finishing touches to the rebuilt Time Machine . Meanwhile , Vegeta wants to test Future Trunks ' power to see how strong his son had become . Future Trunks proves to be no match for Vegeta at his full power . Future Trunks is outmatched in every way . However , Future Trunks finds this fact reassuring . Knowing how powerful Vegeta and Goku have become , he is certain that Goku Black will not be much of a threat . Vegeta is disappointed and angry with Future Trunks . Vegeta believes that Saiyans should continually strive to grow stronger and not only when enemies present themselves . On Beerus ' planet , Beerus and Whis are about to eat dinner . Suddenly , Zenō contacts them and tells them that he wishes to meet Goku , which shocks Beerus and Whis . 55 9 `` I Want to See Son Goku - Zen - Oh Sama 's Summoning ! '' `` Son Gokū ni aitai no ne - Zenō - sama kara no yobidashi ! '' ( 孫悟空 に 会 いたい の ね 全 王様 から の よびだし ! ) August 21 , 2016 TBA Whis and Beerus are worried over Zenō - sama 's request to meet Goku and what it could mean for their universe . They do not want Goku to meet Zenō - sama out of fear that he would come across as crude and offensive . Whis and Beerus reluctantly decide to heed Zenō - sama 's request . They tell Goku to keep quiet about their plans regarding Goku Black and time - traveling . In Universe Ten on Planet Babari ( 惑星 ババリ , Wakusei Babari ) , Zamasu kills one of the natives after it tried to attack them . Gowasu scolds his student and says such behavior goes against his teaching of maintaining the balance between good and evil . Zamasu flouts that mindset and argues that the only way to maintain balance is to eradicate mortals . As Zamasu stands in the wind , rose petals start to whirl around him , which gives an allusion to distinctive red energy of Goku Black . Goku and the others arrive to Zenō - sama 's sanctuary . Zenō - sama says that all he wanted was a friend to play with when he feels like having fun . Goku promises that he will find more friends for him to play with . Before Goku leaves , Zenō - sama gives him a button and says to press it if Goku ever wants to summon him . Shortly afterwards , Goku and the others leave for Earth , where the Time Machine has been repaired . Goku , Vegeta , and Future Trunks arrive into Future Trunks ' alternate timeline . As soon as they arrive , Goku is attacked by the Earth 's resistance forces who mistook him for Goku Black . 56 10 `` Rematch With Goku Black ! Super Saiyan Rosé Appears '' `` Saisen Gokū Burakku ! Sūpā Saiya - jin Roze tōjō ! ! '' ( 再戦 ゴクウ ブラック ! 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ロゼ 登場 ! ! ) August 28 , 2016 TBA Future Trunks quickly pacifies the resistance fighters . He explains that he has returned with Goku and Vegeta to defeat Goku Black . The fighters reveal that Future Mai has left them with an action plan in case Goku Black appears . Future Trunks , Goku , and Vegeta leave and meet Future Mai at her hideout . Future Mai explains that after she managed to escape , she stumbled on a group of resistance members who took her in . However , their refuge was soon attacked and destroyed by Goku Black . Goku spots Future Yajirobe ( 未来 の ヤジロベー , Mirai no Yajirobē ) , who Future Trunks believed to be dead in the resistance 's ranks . Future Yajirobe reveals that his life was saved by a Senzu bean , which Korin had given him . Vegeta states that he plans to take on Goku Black alone this time . Goku suggests that they play a game of Rock - paper - scissors to decide who gets to fight first . Vegeta accepts the proposal and wins . Meanwhile , Goku Black is wandering the desolate ruins of Earth . Future Trunks , Goku , and Vegeta suddenly appear near him . Vegeta powers up and engages Goku Black who seems to be completely uninterested . Goku Black transforms into a pink - haired Super Saiyan and fights Vegeta . He dubs the form Super Saiyan Rose ( 超 サイヤ 人 ロゼ , Sūpā Saiya - jin Roze ) following Goku 's naming pattern . Goku Black tells Vegeta that their fight only made him stronger . Vegeta and Goku Black exchange a few blows . Vegeta knocks him away . Vegeta charges in to attack again . Goku Black uses his ki to form an energy blade on his hand and stabs Vegeta in the chest , which critically wounds him . Goku quickly powers up and charges at Goku Black . As the two fight , Future Trunks thinks they are evenly matched , but Vegeta notices that Goku Black has an advantage over Goku as well . Just as Goku Black begins charging his attack , Zamasu appears and stops the fight . He urges Goku Black to allow him to kill Goku just as they have agreed . 57 11 `` The God With the Immortal Body - Zamasu Descends '' `` Fujimi no karada o motsu kami - Zamasu kōrin '' ( 不死身 の 体 を 持つ 神 ザマス 降臨 ) September 4 , 2016 TBA Zamasu appears unexpectedly from the sky . He states that he and Goku Black are `` kindred spirits '' who want a world without mortals . Goku challenges Zamasu to a fight and Zamasu accepts . During the fight , Goku Black suddenly comes between Goku and Zamasu and smashes Goku into a corner . Future Trunks appears and attacks Goku Black . Goku Black uses Goku 's Kamehameha blast at Goku and Future Trunks . They fail to dodge it . As Goku Black and Zamasu use their combined power to finish off Goku and Future Trunks , Vegeta steps in and saves the two . Vegeta himself gets badly wounded . Future Yajirobe swoops in to rescue wounded Goku and Future Trunks and takes them to a safer location . Before Goku Black and Zamasu are able to finish off Vegeta , Future Mai and the resistance soldiers intervene and rescue Vegeta . Goku and the others return to their timeline using the Time Machine . Future Mai and Future Yajirobe are left behind . 58 12 `` Zamasu and Black - The Mystery of the Two Deepens '' `` Zamasu to Burakku - Fukamaru futari no nazo '' ( ザマス と ブラック 深まる 二 人 の 謎 ) September 11 , 2016 TBA Wanting to learn more about the Super Dragon Balls , Zamasu visits Zunō - sama 's planet . Under duress , Zunō - sama explains exactly how the Super Dragon Balls work and where they are . At Capsule Corporation , Bulma nurses Goku , Vegeta , and Future Trunks back to health . Beerus and Whis arrive with Supreme Kai . After listening to what happened in the alternate timeline , Whis posits a theory as to what exactly Zamasu is planning . He believes that , after losing to Goku , Zamasu became obsessed with Goku and his incredible power . Zamasu needed an ally as powerful as Goku to achieve his goal of obliterating mortals . Goku Black was therefore supposed to be a copy of Goku and created using the Super Dragon Balls . Whis also adds his earlier theory about how Goku Black is able to time travel using Supreme Kai 's method . He believes that their timeline 's Zamasu is the one who is going to kill Gowasu and give Goku Black the time - traveling device known as the Time Ring ( 時 の 指輪 , Toki no yubiwa ) . Supreme Kai takes Goku , Beerus , and Whis to Universe Ten to warn Gowasu , while Vegeta stays behind . They arrive to the Supreme Kai Realm ( 界 王 神 界 , Kaiōshin Kai ) , where they meet Gowasu . Gowasu explains that Zamasu has left on what he called an important mission . Goku tries to warn Gowasu of what Zamasu has done in the future , but Beerus promptly silences him . They wonder if Gowasu noticed anything wrong with his apprentice . Gowasu mentions the doubts Zamasu has had regarding the role of the Supreme Kai and their relationship with mortals , but it should not be a cause for concern . Just as Gowasu finishes , Zamasu arrives . 59 13 `` Protect Supreme Kai Gowasu - Destroy Zamasu ! '' `` Kaiōshin Gowasu o mamore - Zamasu o hakai seyo ! '' ( 界 王 神 ゴワス を 守れ ザマス を 破壊 せよ ! ) September 25 , 2016 TBA Whis gifts Gowasu with rice cakes and says that he and the others did not mean to disturb Zamasu and him . They leave shortly after . While they are in space , Whis uses his staff to eavesdrop on Gowasu and Zamasu . They watch as Zamasu kills Gowasu . Whis turns back time so that Goku can save Gowasu . Zamasu claims he did not plan on killing Gowasu , but Whis tells him otherwise . Angered that his plan has failed , Zamasu tries to kill Goku . Beerus saves Goku and kills Zamasu . With the present day Zamasu killed , Goku and the others decide to track down Goku Black . In the alternate timeline , Zamasu and Goku Black are discussing Goku Black 's power . 60 14 `` Back to the Future - Goku Black 's Identity Is Revealed ! ! '' `` Futatabi mirai e - Akasareru Gokū Burakku no shōtai ! ! '' ( 再び 未来 へ 明かさ れる ゴクウ ブラック の 正体 ! ! ) October 2 , 2016 TBA With Zamasu defeated , Beerus is convinced that Future Trunks ' timeline has become peaceful once again . Although hesitant , Future Trunks decides to go back to his timeline to make sure that is the case . Goku , Vegeta , and Bulma accompany him . As soon as they arrive , they realize that nothing has changed . Future Zamasu and Goku Black learn of Goku and the others ' return . The two groups meet shortly after . Goku Black reveals himself to be the version of Zamasu who successfully killed Gowasu and was apparently erased by Whis ' time powers ; he had protected himself by using the Time Ring . Afterwards , he stole the body of his timeline 's Goku with the wish granted by the Super Dragon Balls . Goku Black used its potential to grow stronger than Goku himself . 61 15 `` Zamasu 's Ambition - The Awful `` Zero Mortal Plan '' Is Revealed '' `` Zamasu no yabō - Katarareru kyōfu no `` Ningen 0 keikaku '' '' ( ザマス の 野望 語 られる 恐怖 の 『 人間 0 計画 』 ) October 9 , 2016 TBA Future Zamasu reveals himself to be Zamasu from Future Trunks ' alternate timeline , who used the Super Dragon Balls in this timeline to wish for immortality . Goku fights Goku Black and Future Zamasu , but he is outmatched by the two villains . Goku Black tells Goku that after taking over his body , he killed Chi - Chi and Goten just to spite him . Enraged , Goku takes on both of the villains . He is initially able to hold his own , but he is soon overpowered and knocked out . With Goku defeated , Future Trunks and Vegeta are backed into a corner . Future Zamasu holds Future Trunks and his constant time - traveling responsible for thwarting his plan to eradicate all mortals . This infuriates Future Trunks , who explodes and transforms into an immensely powerful new form of Super Saiyan . 62 16 `` I 'll Protect the World ! Trunks ' Furious Super Power Explodes ! ! '' `` Sekai wa ore ga mamoru ! Torankusu ikari no sūpā pawā sakuretsu ! ! '' ( 世界 は オレ が 守る ! トランクス 怒り の 超 ( スーパー ) パワー 炸裂 ! ! ) October 16 , 2016 TBA While Future Trunks ' new form is enough to match Goku Black , Future Trunks is still unable to deal the death blow . Future Trunks tells Vegeta to take Goku back to the past , while he faces their opponents . Goku Black attempts to prevent them from escaping , but he fails to do so . Goku , Vegeta , and Bulma arrive in the present . Vegeta explains what happened in Future Trunks ' timeline and Goku Black 's origin to Beerus and Whis . Believing they had done their part , Beerus and Whis leave . Meanwhile , Chi - Chi and Gohan meet with Krillin to ask if he knows where Goku went . Krillin hesitates and dodges the question . They leave for Bulma 's house to ask her the same question . Once there , they meet Goku in bandages . With everyone present , Piccolo thinks of a new plan . He proposes using Evil Containment Wave ( 魔 封 波 , Mafūba ) , which is an ancient technique used to seal demons in jars . Wondering what the Evil Containment Wave is , Goku quickly teleports to Kame House . Goku spends the night at Master Roshi 's house training to master the Evil Containment Wave , while Vegeta trains in the Hyberbolic Time Chamber . 63 17 `` Do n't Disrespect Saiyan Cells ! Vegeta 's Heroic Battle Begins ! ! '' `` Saiya - jin no saibō o kegasu na ! Bejīta no sōzetsu batoru kaien ! ! '' ( サイヤ 人 の 細胞 を 汚す な ! ベジータ の 壮絶 バトル 開演 ! ! ) October 23 , 2016 TBA Before Goku Black and Zamasu are able to kill him , Future Trunks is saved by the resistance . Future Yajirobe informs Future Trunks that Mai has found Goku Black 's hideout . Future Trunks leave for the hideout . Mai tries to shoot Goku Black , but she misses her shot . Just as Goku Black and Zamasu try to retaliate , Future Trunks intervenes in the nick of time . Future Trunks fights the two again without success . Goku and Vegeta arrive just in time to save him . Goku Black destroys the Time Machine , but Bulma manages to salvage what was left by dousing the fire . Gowasu and Supreme Kai arrive from the past to stop Zamasu from going on a killing spree . Goku Black and Future Zamasu explain that they killed all of the Supreme Kais in the future timeline ; during the conversation , it is revealed that Whis and those like him are actually angels . Goku Black tries to kill Gowasu , but Goku and Vegeta stop him . Goku fights Future Zamasu , while Vegeta battles Goku Black . Bulma begins repairing the Time Machine and asks Future Trunks to prepare the seal , which Goku has brought to seal Zamasu . Vegeta gets the upper hand over Goku Black due to his latest training , which he interprets as a tipping point in his latent power that he possesses as the Prince of Saiyans . 64 18 `` Revere Him ! Praise Him ! Fusion Zamasu 's Explosive Birth ! ! '' `` Agameyo ! Tataeyo ! Gattai Zamasu bakutan ! ! '' ( 崇めよ ! 讃えよ ! 合体 ザマス 爆誕 ! ! ) October 30 , 2016 TBA Vegeta continues to overpower Goku Black . Future Zamasu attempts to intervene , but Goku cuts him off . Goku Black realizes that Vegeta 's increased power comes from his anger and uses that method to increase his own power . Goku Black distracts Goku and Vegeta by creating many energy duplicates of himself to confuse them , while Future Zamasu goes after Future Trunks , Mai , and Bulma . Bulma attempts to buy time for Future Trunks to prepare the Evil Containment Wave by flirting with Future Zamasu . However , he sees through her trick and knocks her out . This angers Future Trunks , who powers up to his new Super Saiyan form and uses the Evil Containment Wave on Future Zamasu . The Evil Containment Wave works on Future Zamasu , who is sealed within the jar . However , in the present , Master Roshi realizes that he forgot to give Goku the paper amulet that would make the seal permanent . As a result , the seal fails and Future Zamasu breaks out of the jar , which weakened him . Goku Black goes to help him , and Goku and Vegeta follow in pursuit . Realizing that they have underestimated their enemies , Goku Black and Future Zamasu use their Potarra Earrings to fuse into a single immensely powerful being known as Fusion Zamasu . 65 19 `` Is This the Final Judgement ? ! The Ultimate Power of the Absolute God '' `` Saigo no shipan ka ! ? Zettai shin no kyūkyoku no pawā '' ( 最後 の 審判 か ! ? 絶対 神 の 究極 の 力 ( パワー ) ) November 6 , 2016 TBA Fusion Zamasu explains that he possesses the immortality of Future Zamasu as well as Goku Black 's Saiyan ability to grow stronger from each fight . He shows off his power and devastates the Earth in the process . Meanwhile , Future Trunks decides to rejoin the fight , while Mai and Bulma are working on the Time Machine . Goku and Vegeta fight Fusion Zamasu , but they are easily defeated . Future Trunks joins the fight , but he is also overpowered . Fusion Zamasu begins charging up an enormous ki blast known as the Holy Wrath to destroy the planet . Future Trunks uses a last - ditch Galick Gun attack to hold him off . Vegeta joins the clash with his own all - out Galick Gun . Surprisingly , their combined attack overpowers Fusion Zamasu 's attack and saves the Earth . However , Fusion Zamasu survives unscathed . Vegeta barely saves Future Trunks from a deadly attack by Fusion Zamasu . Vegeta gets knocked out by the blast . Fusion Zamasu charges a second attack , but Goku rejoins the fight and counters it with his Kamehameha attack . 66 20 `` The Climactic Battle ! The Miraculous Power of a Relentless Warrior ! '' `` Kessen ! Akiramenai senshi - tachi no kiseki no pawā ! '' ( 決戦 ! あきらめ ない 戦士 たち の 奇跡 の 力 ( パワー ) ! ) November 13 , 2016 TBA Goku puts all of his power into his Kamehameha , which is able to pierce through Fusion Zamasu 's attack and stop him from destroying Earth . In the wake of the explosion , Goku is exhausted , and Fusion Zamasu is injured . When Fusion Zamasu grabs him , Goku overpowers him using his Kaio - ken technique , and knocks Fusion Zamasu back temporarily . However , Goku 's use of the Kaio - ken drains all of his energy , and he collapses . Fusion Zamasu regains consciousness and powers up , but he still does not heal properly . Vegeta wonders why Fusion Zamasu is not healing . Gowasu explains that Fusion Zamasu must be mortal since Goku Black was as well . Goku decides that the only way they can win is for him and Vegeta to fuse using Supreme Kai 's Potarra Earrings . Vegeta initially refuses until Gowasu explains that a Potarra fusion that does not involve a Kai only lasts for one hour . Goku and Vegeta fuse to become Vegito . Vegito powers up to Super Saiyan Blue and begins fighting Fusion Zamasu . Vegito quickly gains the advantage , but Fusion Zamasu grows even stronger . Gowasu explains that Zamasu 's mutation is a result of his anger manifesting in physical form . Meanwhile , Bulma and Mai finish repairing the Time Machine . Mai gives Future Trunks his broken sword , which inspires him to keep fighting . Future Trunks uses his power to restore the sword . Vegito and Fusion Zamasu continue fighting . Vegito is winning until his fusion abruptly breaks . Fusion Zamasu begins to pummel Goku and Vegeta until Future Trunks arrives to help . Future Trunks unknowingly begins gathering energy from all living things on Earth . With this new power , Future Trunks runs his sword through Fusion Zamasu and cuts him in half . 67 21 `` With New Hope ! ! In Our Hearts - Farewell , Trunks '' `` Aratana kibō ! ! O mune ni - saraba Torankusu '' ( 新た な HOPE ( き ぼう ) ! ! を 胸 に さらば トランクス ) November 20 , 2016 TBA Fusion Zamasu expresses his disbelief that a mortal could defeat him and then disintegrates . However , as everyone exchanges congratulations , Fusion Zamasu 's essence returns and begins spreading over the entire planet . Gowasu explains that Zamasu has cast off his physical form and is trying to physically merge his spirit and energy with the entire universe . Zamasu begins raining destruction down on the Earth and annihilates everything and everyone on the planet except Goku and the others . Zamasu 's power is even felt in the present timeline , where Beerus and Whis sense it . Goku looks for another Senzu bean in his pocket , but instead he finds the button that Zenō - sama gave him in the present timeline . Goku presses the button and Future Zenō - sama appears . After Goku explains the situation , Future Zenō - sama decides to erase the future timeline due to the corruption that Zamasu has caused . Gowasu and Supreme Kai teleport away , while Goku and the others escape using the Time Machine . Future Zenō - sama erases the entire future timeline and destroys Fusion Zamasu . After the others return to the present , Goku and Future Trunks return to what is left of the future timeline . They retrieve Future Zenō - sama and bring him back to the present with them . Goku and Whis bring Future Zenō - sama to meet the present Zenō - sama , which fulfills Goku 's promise to provide the present Zenō - sama with a friend to play with . Whis also meets another angel , the Great Priest ( 大 神官 , Daishinkan ) , who is revealed to be his father , and invites him to visit Universe Seven . In the aftermath , Whis devises a solution for Future Trunks and Future Mai . Whis explains that they can return to the future timeline before Zamasu became a threat , which would create a new and safe version of the future timeline with the price of there being two duplicates of both Future Trunks and Future Mai living in the new timeline . Future Trunks and Future Mai accept Whis ' solution and use the time machine to travel to their new future . 68 22 `` Come Forth , Shenlong ! Whose Wish Will Be Granted ? ! '' `` Ideyo Shenron ! Kanaeru negai wa dare no mono ! ? '' ( いでよ 神龍 ( シェンロン ) ! 叶える 願い は 誰 の もの ! ? ) November 27 , 2016 TBA Bulma is secretly trying to build a new Time Machine , but she has so far been unsuccessful . Goku decides to gather the Dragon Balls and use them to revive King Kai . However , Bulma wants to use them to acquire a rare mineral that she needs for the Time Machine , which can only be found at the Earth 's core . Wanting to taste more Earth food , Beerus and Whis return to Earth . Bulma takes them to a seafood restaurant and attempts to keep them from finding out about the Time Machine as they had previously forbidden her from making another Time Machine . Goku gathers the Dragon Balls and summons Shenron . Before Goku can make his wish , several others show up who want to make their respective wishes . As the others are all fighting over the wishes , Gohan arrives with Pan , who is sick and suffering from a severe fever . Goku and the others immediately allow Gohan to use one of the two wishes to heal Pan . After Gohan and Pan leave , the others resume fighting over the remaining wish . Bulma manages to talk everyone else out of making wishes by solving their problems herself . Goku still insists on getting his wish granted . Bulma agrees , but she convinces Goku to go to the Earth 's core and retrieve the rare mineral she needs in exchange for letting him use the wish . Beerus and Whis finish eating and leave the restaurant . They spot Shenron and promptly go to the scene , and they find Goku at the Earth 's core . Having deduced that Bulma is trying to make another Time Machine , Beerus destroys both the mineral and the Time Machine . Just as Goku is about to make his wish , the Dragon Balls deactivate and scatter around the Earth . Goku promises to revive King Kai as soon as the Dragon Balls reactivate . 69 23 `` Goku vs. Arale ! A Ridiculous Battle Will End the Earth ? ! '' `` Gokū VS Arare ! Hachamechabatoru de Chikyū ga owaru ! ? '' ( 悟空 VS アラレ ! ハチャメチャ バトル で 地球 が 終わる ! ? ) December 4 , 2016 TBA Vegeta , Bulma , and Trunks attend a science competition that Bulma is participating in , which is hosted by Mr. Satan , while Goku is hired to work security for the event . Dr. Senbei Norimaki of Penguin Village , who has created a device that can create any item its user can think of out of thin air , wins the award . Dr. Norimaki 's nemesis , Dr. Mashirito , appears as a ghost , and reveals that he has used a chemical called Playtine - X to gain control over Norimaki 's powerful robot daughter , Arale Norimaki . Vegeta attempts to stop Arale , but her overwhelming strength and seeming ability to defy the laws of physics are too much for him . She sends him flying into the distance . Goku transforms into Super Saiyan Blue and begins fighting Arale . They initially seem to be evenly matched , but it becomes apparent that their battle could easily destroy the Earth . Dr. Norimaki is able to use his new invention to distract Arale temporarily . Meanwhile , Bulma uses the invention to conjure up a mass of delicious food , which immediately attracts Beerus , who had been taking a nap . Dr. Mashirito confronts Beerus , who promptly obliterates him . Beerus also easily overpowers Arale . Just as Beerus is about to destroy her , the food he has eaten causes him severe stomach pain , which prompts him to rush home with Whis immediately . Shortly after , Dr. Norimaki and Arale leave and return home . Goku and Arale agree to fight again in the future . 70 24 `` Champa 's Challenge ! This Time We Fight with Baseball ! ! '' `` Shanpa kara no chōsen - jō ! Kondo wa yakyū de shōbuda ! ! '' ( シャンパ から の 挑戦 状 ! 今度 は 野球 で 勝負 だ ! ! ) December 11 , 2016 TBA Champa contacts Beerus and challenges him to a game of baseball ( 野球 , Yakyū ) as a way of reconciling Universes Six and Seven . The baseball game is arranged to be held on Universe Seven 's Earth . Champa explains to Vados that he intends to use the game as an opportunity to steal food from Earth . The game begins with Goku initially unsuccessful as the pitcher for Beerus ' team due to his lack of experience . Yamcha , who has extensive experience playing baseball , steps up and gives the Universe Seven team an advantage . However , he is injured several times over the course of the game by Vegeta , who is playing on the Universe Six team with Champa . Champa and Beerus end up fighting , which almost destroys the planet . Whis and Vados intervene and call the game off . Vados reveals that Yamcha , despite his injuries , made it to home plate and scored a run before the game was called off , thereby winning the game for Universe Seven . Champa and his team return to Universe Six . Champa has seemingly forgotten his goal of stealing Universe Seven 's Earth 's food , as he has already become obsessed with training to prepare for a rematch . 71 25 `` The Death of Goku ! The Guaranteed Assassination Mission '' `` Gokū shisu ! Zettai shikkō no ansatsu ninrai ! '' ( 悟空 死す ! 絶対 執行 の 暗殺 任 頼 ) December 18 , 2016 TBA Goku begins acting strangely . He admits to Gohan and Goten that he thinks someone wants to kill him . Meanwhile , in Universe Six , Hit carries out an assassination mission by killing a crime boss . His next target is revealed to be Goku . Goku senses Hit coming and flies to a remote area so that their fight would not put anyone else in danger . Hit arrives to kill Goku . Goku charges at Hit , but he can not hit him . Hit seemingly kills Goku with a single blow to the chest and disappears just before Piccolo , Gohan , and Goten arrive and find Goku 's body . 72 26 `` Will There Be a Counterattack ? ! The Invisible Killing Strike ! ! '' `` Hangeki naruka ! ? Mienai koroshi no waza ! ! '' ( 反撃 なる か ! ? 見え ない 殺し の 技 ! ! ) December 25 , 2016 TBA Piccolo tries to revive Goku to no avail , but Goku had fired an energy blast in the air shortly before he was killed , reviving him . Goku learns that Hit 's assassination technique is an invisible energy blast . Goku shocks Hit by being the first person to ever dodge this technique , but he is still unable to land a blow on Hit and remains at a disadvantage . Meanwhile , Champa and Vados come to see the fight . They are later joined by Vegeta , Beerus , and Whis . Vados explains how Hit is able to use his secret technique , which makes him seemingly untouchable . In the midst of the battle , Goku fires his Kamehameha attack , which proves to be powerful enough to knock out both Hit and himself . In the aftermath , Goku reveals to Vegeta , Champa , and Beerus that he had hired Hit , because he wanted to fight him at full strength , and that Whis and Vados were involved in his plan as well . 73 27 `` Gohan 's Misfortune ! An Unexpected Great Saiyaman Movie ? ! '' `` Gohan no sainan ! Gurētosaiyaman masakano eiga ka ! ? '' ( 悟 飯 の 災難 ! グレート サイヤマン まさかの 映画 化 ! ? ) January 8 , 2017 TBA Mr. Satan reveals to Videl and Gohan that he is starring in a new superhero film : `` Great Saiyaman vs. Mister Satan '' ! As Videl , Gohan , and Pan check out the film set , the lead in the film -- - a famous but self - absorbed actor named Barry Kahn -- becomes enamored with Videl and tries to woo her . Videl rejects Barry in front of the entire film crew , which angers him . Seeking revenge on Videl for his humiliation , Barry convinces Gohan to take over as the main stuntman for the film in order to embarrass and potentially maim him . As Gohan is the real Great Saiyaman , he uses his powers to easily take on the role . Gohan later dons the suit again for a fight against a pair of bank robbers . When the film crew accuses Gohan of using the suit and stopping the bank robbery , Bulma bails him out . However , Gohan 's identity is accidentally revealed to Cocoa , who is a starlet in the film . Cocoa blackmails Gohan into flying her around the city . Meanwhile , Jaco chases after a being known as Watagashi ( 綿 餓死 ) , which is an extraterrestrial parasitic criminal that possesses its hosts . Suspecting that `` The Great Saiyaman '' might be the host of Watagashi , Jaco attacks Gohan with a vaporizing cannon . 74 28 `` For the Ones He Loves ! The Unbeatable Great Saiyaman ! ! '' `` Aisuru mono no tame ni ! Fukutsu no Gurēto Saiyaman ! ! '' ( 愛する ものの ため に ! 不屈 の グレート サイヤマン ! ! ) January 15 , 2017 TBA Gohan manages to dodge Jaco 's cannon blast and learns of Watagashi 's ability to possess its hosts . Cocoa brings Gohan back to her apartment to rehearse , but she hides the fact that she was forced by Barry to let photos be taken of the pair for the tabloids . She has a secret change of heart and does not let the photos get taken in her room . When the pair go to the roof the next morning , Barry gets the pictures of Gohan getting a kiss from Cocoa and revealing himself as Great Saiyaman . Barry immediately brings the photos to Videl in an attempt to expose Gohan as a cheater . As he tries to woo Videl again , she sees through Barry 's act and refuses his advances . Watagashi finds and possesses Barry by turning him into a powerful monster in the process . The possessed Barry dispatches Gohan and kidnaps Pan . He seeks a final showdown with Gohan . Barry proves formidable . Gohan is nearly killed in the struggle . Videl and Pan express complete faith in Gohan 's desire to protect them and call out for his aid . Gohan transforms into `` Super Great Saiyaman '' and knocks out Barry , which separates him from Watagashi in the process . The film becomes a hit . Cocoa blackmails Barry into keeping Gohan 's secret with the knowledge that Barry was the monster that attacked the city . Now seeing him as less of a threat , Jaco lets Watagashi escape . 75 29 `` Goku and Krillin Back to the Old Training Grounds '' `` Gokū to Kuririn - Natsukashi no shugyō no ba e '' ( 悟空 と クリリン 懐かし の 修行 の 場 へ ) January 22 , 2017 TBA Goku seeks a sparring partner to train with , but he laments being unable to find a suitable opponent . On Goten 's suggestion , Goku goes to ask Krillin , who is still working as a police officer . Krillin is grazed by a bullet during a shootout with a pair of burglars , but they are easily disarmed by Goku . Krillin declines Goku 's offer to spar . He knows he would be no challenge for Goku and that he has given up martial arts for good . Krillin is chastised by Android 18 , who says the strong man she fell in love could never be harmed by a bullet . Her words lead Krillin to reconsider Goku 's offer and ultimately accepts it . The two leave for Master Roshi 's to train as they did when they were children . Krillin proves to be no match for Goku even though Goku is wearing a heavy suit as a handicap . Sensing Krillin 's self - doubt and believing that a different approach is needed , Master Roshi sends his students on a race to a heavily forested island to recover a rare herb . As a reward , Master Roshi offers to teach the winner a secret technique that can immensely increase the user 's strength . On the island , Goku and Krillin meet Fortuneteller Baba . They tell her about Master Roshi 's challenge . Interested to see what will happen , Baba decides to observe the race using her crystal ball . Goku and Krillin venture into the forest in search of the herb . As they enter , a heavy fog rolls in , where familiar foes emerge . 76 30 `` Defeat These Terrifying Enemies ! Krillin 's Fighting Spirit Returns ! '' `` Kowa teki o uchiyabure ! Kuririn no tōshi futatabi ! '' ( 恐 敵 を 打ち破れ ! クリリン の 闘志 ふたたび ! ) January 29 , 2017 TBA Android 18 arrives at Master Roshi 's house and searches for Krillin . Master Roshi and Fortuneteller Baba explain that Krillin and Goku have entered the `` Forest of Terror , '' which is a place where they have to face illusions of enemies that they had battled before . Master Roshi intended this exercise as a way to help Krillin overcome his lack of confidence . In the forest , Krillin is terrified by what he sees . Among the group of illusions are Tambourine , Frieza , Dabura , and Majin Buu , where all of them previously killed or seriously wounded Krillin . Overcome with fear , Krillin attempts to abandon the race and fly out of the forest . The trees move to block the entrance , which leave Goku and Krillin stranded . The illusions attack and separate Goku and Krillin . Krillin finds himself surrounded by the illusions , but his attacks only make them stronger . After slicing one in half , he discovers that they are powered by his own energy . He heeds Master Roshi 's training and calms himself down , which weakens the illusions . As a final challenge , Fortuneteller Baba summons an illusion of Super Shenron , which immediately ensnares Goku . Krillin quickly arrives and frees him . The two of them use a combined Kamehameha blast to destroy the illusion . The illusions turn into the rare herbs that Master Roshi wanted . Goku and Krillin return to Master Roshi 's house with bags full of the herb . Master Roshi admits that there is actually no secret technique . Krillin , who has regained his confidence , disagrees . Goku and Krillin soon leave . Krillin returns home , where Android 18 shaves his head . This signals Krillin 's decision to pick up his martial arts training once again . Season 5 : Universe Survival ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 77 `` Let 's Do It , Zen - Oh Sama ! The All - Universe Martial Arts Tournament ! ! '' `` Yarou ze Zenō - sama ! Uchū ichi Budō - kai ! ! '' ( や ろう ぜ 全 王様 ! 宇宙 一 武道 会 ! ! ) February 5 , 2017 TBA The Present Zenō - sama and Future Zenō - sama are playing a game together in their realm , but both have become bored with their monotonous routine . Meanwhile , Goku heads to a local farmer 's market to sell his produce and get Chi - Chi off his back about making money . On the way home , he is ambushed by some robbers . Goku defeats them , but he is injured in the process . Deciding that he has grown rusty , Goku and Goten decide to train with Whis . They head to the Capsule Corporation building , where Bulma reveals she is pregnant with her and Vegeta 's second child . Goten remains behind to train with Trunks . Vegeta declines to accompany Goku so that he can be with Bulma when she gives birth . Goku heads to Beerus ' planet alone . While training with Whis , Goku remembers Zenō - sama 's intention to hold a multiverse martial arts tournament . Heedless of Beerus and Whis ' warnings , Goku uses Zenō - sama 's button to head to his realm and convince both Zenō - samas to hold the tournament . When he returns to Beerus ' planet , Beerus angrily berates Goku and explains that Zenō - sama 's naive and innocent nature combined with his extreme power makes him a danger to the multiverse . Beerus threatens to kill Goku if he steps out of line again . Goku , Beerus , and Whis head to the Sacred World of the Kais , where the Great Priest arrives . He tells the group to assemble their ten most powerful warriors to compete in the `` Tournament of Power '' ( 力 の 大会 , Chikara no Taikai ) . 78 `` The Gods of Every Universe in Shock ? ! Losers Erased in the Tournament of Power '' `` Zen uchū no kami - sama mo don hiki ! ? Maketara shōmetsu `` Chikara no taikai '' '' ( 全 宇宙 の 神様 も ドン 引き ! ? 負け たら 消滅 「 力 の 大会 」 ) February 12 , 2017 TBA The Great Priest explains the details of the `` Tournament of Power '' and states that it will be held on `` the World of Void '' . It is a place of `` infinite nothingness '' , where the competitors can fight without limits . The tournament champion will be granted a wish by the Super Dragon Balls , while the losers and their respective universes will be completely erased from existence . Everyone is horrified by this harsh penalty . Goku suggests asking Zenō - sama to ignore it , but Whis advises against this . Whis tells Goku that Zenō - sama has already made up his mind and attempting to change it could be dangerous . Beerus demands that Goku takes responsibility for asking Zenō - sama to hold the tournament in the first place . Goku declares that he will defeat any opponent he faces . The Great Priest also reveals that Universes 7 and 9 are to have a smaller exhibition tournament for Future Zenō - sama 's benefit . Each universe is to name three fighters . Goku sets off to recruit teammates . After Vegeta refuses , Goku recruits Gohan and Majin Buu , who is accompanied by Mr. Satan to represent Universe 7 . Goku also explains the potential penalty to Gohan . Gohan tells Goku to keep the stakes a secret to prevent mass panic . Back at Zenō - sama 's palace , all the gods from all 12 universes gather . The Great Priest explains the purpose of the Zen Exhibition Match . He alludes to the possibility of Zenō - sama erasing the fighters that he deems unfit for the tournament . In the first round , Majin Buu is to fight Basil ( バジル , Bajiru ) , a humanoid canine fighter from Universe 9 . 79 `` Universe 9 's Basil the Kicker VS Universe 7 's Majin Buu ! ! '' `` Dai - 9 uchū keri no Bajiru VS Dai - 7 uchū Majinbū ! ! '' ( 第 9 宇宙 蹴り の バジル VS 第 7 宇宙 魔 人 ブウ ! ! ) February 19 , 2017 TBA Basil quickly gains the upper hand and beats down Majin Buu , who is not taking the fight seriously and thinks of it as a game . Goku goads Basil into showing his full power to get Majin Buu 's attention , which leads to Basil using his ultimate attack . As Roh ( ロウ , Rō ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 9 , claims victory , Majin Buu emerges with a hole in his stomach , but he is otherwise unmoved . Basil and Roh are shocked to see this . Mr. Satan is injured during the attack . He tells Majin Buu to beat Basil before falling unconscious . This enrages Majin Buu to the point , where he effortlessly beats Basil and knocks him out of the ring . However , since neither Zenō - sama is satisfied with the fight , Basil is allowed to get back into the ring . Roh gives Basil a drug that makes him far more powerful . Although Beerus demands that Basil is disqualified for obvious cheating , Zenō - sama is entertained by this and allows the fight to continue . The Great Priest announces that the rules will be improvised as the tournament goes along . Basil overpowers Majin Buu and seemingly beats him , which causes Roh to prematurely gloat about the superiority of Universe 9 . However , Majin Buu emerges unscathed and launches a full power attack at Basil . This knocks him out and clinches Universe 7 the victory . As the Universe 9 team laments Basil 's loss , Basil 's second oldest brother Lavender ( ラベンダ , Rabenda ) says that if he is allowed to kill his opponent , which Bergamo gives him permission to do , he can win his match . Gohan volunteers to fight Lavender . 80 `` Awaken Your Sleeping Battle Spirit ! Son Gohan 's Fight ! ! '' `` Nemutta tōshi o yobisamase ! Son Gohan no tatakai ! ! '' ( 眠っ た 闘志 を 呼び覚ませ ! 孫 悟 飯 の 闘い ! ! ) February 26 , 2017 TBA As their battle begins , Lavender spits a poison mist into Gohan 's eyes and blinds him . Shin offers Gohan a Senzu bean to cure the poison , but Gohan refuses and says he wants to fight with his strength alone . Unable to see , Gohan uses his other senses to track Lavender and scores several blows . Lavender counters by levitating , which eliminates the sound of his footsteps . Gohan responds by powering up to Super Saiyan and bouncing his own ki off of Lavender 's body , which uses it as a kind of active radar . Powering up also causes the poison to spread rapidly through Gohan 's body . Lavender mounts a comeback . In desperation , Gohan grabs hold of Lavender and launches a kamikaze attack . He drives both of their bodies into the ring at high speed . Lavender is knocked out , but Gohan is so weakened by the poison that he can not continue . With both fighters down , the match is declared a tie . After Goku feeds Gohan a Senzu bean , the Great Priest announces to those in attendance that all universes that lose the Tournament of Power will be erased with their respective gods as well . However , Universes 1 , 5 , 8 , and 12 will be exempt from erasure as will the Angels from all universes because their inhabitants are particularly strong . Zeno - sama had long believed that there were too many universes . He was planning to erase most of them anyway , but the tournament will afford one of the weaker universes the chance to be spared . With the announcement concluded , the ring is repaired in preparation for the final exhibition match where Goku will fight Bergamo ( ベルガモ , Berugamo ) , Basil 's oldest brother who is also a humanoid canine . 81 5 `` Bergamo the Crusher Vs Son Goku ! Which One Wields the Limitless Power ? ! '' `` Tsubushi no Berugamo VS Son Gokū ! Aotenjō no tsuyosa wa dotchida ! ? '' ( 潰し の ベルガモ VS 孫悟空 ! 青 天井 の 強 さ は どっち だ ! ? ) March 5 , 2017 TBA Before their battle begins , Bergamo denounces Goku before the assembled gods . Bergamo pleads with Zenō - sama to rescind the rule that the universes that lose the Tournament of Power be erased . Zenō - sama agrees on the condition that Bergamo beats Goku in an all out battle . Great Priest states that if Goku holds back to cancel the destruction , Zenō - sama will immediately destroy all of the universes . Both Goku and Bergamo agree to the terms . When the fight begins , Bergamo invites Goku to hit him and leaves himself exposed . Goku obliges and strikes Bergamo several times , but Bergamo absorbs the energy of Goku 's attacks . He grows stronger and physically larger . Goku continues to attack , which causes Bergamo to grow so large that the ring begins to buckle under his weight . Goku transforms to Super Saiyan Blue , which shocks the gods and quickly overwhelms Bergamo with a Kaioken powered Kamehameha . Bergamo claims every universe participating in the Tournament of Power will seek vengeance on Goku for making them face destruction , but Goku relishes the idea of such a challenge . The Zen Exhibition Match comes to a close and the Tournament of Power will soon begin . The universe with the most fighters remaining or the last fighter standing will be declared the winner . Suddenly , a mysterious fighter from Universe 11 named Toppo ( トッポ ) appears and challenges Goku to a battle . Goku , who is unsatisfied after his short fight with Bergamo , agrees to fight Toppo . 82 6 `` Never Forgive Son Goku ! Toppo the Warrior of Justice Intrudes ! ! '' `` Son Gokū yurusumaji ! Seigi no senshi Toppo ran'nyū ! ! ! '' ( 孫悟空 許す まじ ! 正義 の 戦士 トッポ 乱入 ! ! ) March 19 , 2017 TBA After obtaining Zenō - sama 's blessing to proceed , Goku and Toppo begin their battle . Toppo quickly gains the upper hand and dislocates Goku 's shoulder . Goku responds by attacking with a flurry of blows , but Toppo manages to grab Goku in a powerful bear hug . He begins squeezing the life out of Goku , which forces Goku to turn Super Saiyan Blue to escape . Goku gains the upper hand in this form and damages Toppo with a Kamehameha . Just as the two power up even more , the Great Priest puts an end to the fight . As Toppo leaves , he reveals to Goku that Universe 11 has a warrior even stronger than him named Jiren ( ジレン ) . The Great Priest begins creating a martial arts arena suitable for the Tournament of Power . In the Sacred World of the Kais , Beerus and Goku get into an argument over Goku 's constant relaxed and negligent attitude , which Whis breaks up . The group agrees to convene at the Capsule Corporation to discuss their future strategy . 83 7 `` Form the Universe 7 Representing Team ! Who are the Strongest Ten ? ! '' `` Dai - 7 uchū daihyō chīmu o kessei seyo ! Saikyō no 10 - ri wa dareda ? '' ( 第 7 宇宙 代表 チーム を 結成 せよ ! 最強 の 10 人 は 誰 だ ! ? ) March 26 , 2017 TBA Goku and the others arrive at Capsule Corporation . They discuss who should be on the team . Goku immediately suggests Monaka , but Beerus tells him that Monaka is sick and can not participate . Goku and Gohan agree on Vegeta , Piccolo , Krillin , Master Roshi , No. 18 , and No. 17 , which would bring the total number of fighters up to nine . Trunks and Goten are ruled out due to their inexperience . They proceed to ask Vegeta , who has been thinking of a name for his second child . Vegeta refuses to participate . He says he will not fight , while Bulma is pregnant . Whis uses his time warping ability to birth the baby sooner than expected in order to get Vegeta to agree to the fight . Everyone celebrates the baby 's birth . Trunks is slightly disappointed he has a sister because he wanted to train with a younger brother . As soon as the baby is handed to Vegeta , he develops an attachment to her . Bulma names the baby Bulla even though Vegeta hoped to give her the Saiyan name Eschalot . However , Vegeta quickly accepts Bulla 's name . Goku leaves to recruit members and heads to Krillin 's house . 84 8 `` Son Goku the Recruiter Invites Krillin and No. 18 '' `` Sukautoman Son Gokū - Kuririn to 18 - gō o izanau '' ( スカウト マン 孫悟空 クリリン と 18 号 を 誘う ) April 2 , 2017 TBA Goku and Gohan arrive at Krillin 's house and ask him and No. 18 to join the Tournament of Power . No. 18 convinces Krillin to participate in order to put his newfound martial arts training to use . No. 18 is reluctant to join herself . She quickly suspects Goku and Gohan of hiding something from them , but Goku convinces her that the secret is a 10 million Zeni reward , which convinces her to participate . Gohan decides to test Krillin in a sparring match on the coast . After Gohan overpowers him in hand to hand combat , Krillin swiftly defeats Gohan by blinding him with his new move named Solar Flare x 100 and knocking him into the sea . Goku is excited by Krillin 's new power . He challenges him to a sparring match as well . They relocate to a building owned by Mr. Satan , where Krillin 's strategies make up for the gap in power , forcing Goku to go Super Saiyan . Goku then transforms into his Super Saiyan Blue form , and he and Krillin have a Kamehameha clash . As Goku increases his power and starts to overpower Krillin , No. 18 intervenes and blocks Goku 's Kamehameha , just as Krillin collapses from exhaustion . She justifies herself by noting that the Tournament of Power will be a battle royal and that Goku can not expect to fight one - on - one all the time . Goku concedes the match and realizes he will have to adjust his tactics in order to win the Tournament of Power . No. 18 reveals that No. 17 is currently working at a wildlife reserve , but she does not know where . Goku decides to ask Dende to find No. 17 . 85 9 `` The Universes Begin to Make Their Moves Their Individual Motives '' `` Ugokidasu uchū - sorezore no omowaku '' ( 動き出す 宇宙 - それぞれ の 思惑 ) April 9 , 2017 TBA Gohan leaves to recruit Piccolo , while Goku prepares to head to the Lookout . He encounters Majin Buu and Mr. Satan training . Goku discovers that Buu has lost weight and has gotten much slimmer in appearance . The two spar together . Buu defeats Goku by overwhelming him with ki blasts and knocking him out of the fighting stage . Meanwhile , Khai ( カイ ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 11 , gathers all of the Supreme Kais involved in the tournament except for Universe 7 's , who is ostracized due to Goku 's involvement with the creation of the tournament . Khai asks his fellow Supreme Kais to request that Zenō - sama cancel the destruction of the universes , but they are all too afraid of his wrath to do so . Champa gathers all the Gods of Destruction involved in the tournament except Beerus after finding out about the Supreme Kai 's meeting , and they discuss Goku . Toppo recruits his fellow Pride Troopers Kahseral ( カーセラル , Kāseraru ) and Dyspo ( ディスポ , Disupo ) . Champa recruits Cabba and demands he find more powerful Saiyans . Goku meets Dende and Mr. Popo at the Lookout and learns No. 17 's location . Gohan prepares to train with Piccolo . 86 10 `` Fist Cross for the First Time ! Android # 17 VS Son Goku ! ! '' `` Hajimete majiwaru kobushi ! Jinzōningen Jūnana - gō VS Son Gokū ! ! '' ( 初めて 交わる 拳 ! 人造 人間 17 号 VS 孫悟空 ! ! ) April 16 , 2017 TBA On their way to the island where No. 17 is working , Dende explains that since the conclusion of the Cell Games , No. 17 has started a family and gotten far stronger . Dende also reveals that Kid Buu has reincarnated as a young Earthling with massive fighting potential and asks Goku to train him when he is old enough . They reach the island as Goku arrives just in time to witness No. 17 defeat a group of armed poachers . As they introduce themselves to each other , a large army of poachers arrive . Goku and No. 17 team up to subdue them all . Afterwards , No. 17 explains that the poachers are after the last Minotaurus in order to steal its rare and valuable horns . The two decide to have a sparring match . No. 17 evenly matches Super Saiyan Goku , which causes him to turn Super Saiyan Blue . Goku launches a Kamehameha at No. 17 , who easily deflects it with an energy shield . The two go toe - to - toe until No. 17 ends the match in order to avoid catching the island in the crossfire . Goku and No. 17 acknowledge that they were both holding back in the fight . Afterwards , Goku attempts to convince him to join the Tournament of Power , but No. 17 is uninterested . He remains indifferent even when Goku reveals that the losing universes will be erased . Meanwhile , alien poachers arrive on Earth and they set their sights on the Minotaurus . 87 11 `` Hunt the Poachers ! Goku and No. 17 's United Front ! ! '' `` Mitsuryō - dan o kare ! Gokū to Jūnana - gō no kyōtō ! ! '' ( 密漁 団 を 狩れ ! 悟空 と 17 号 の 共闘 ! ! ) April 23 , 2017 TBA Goku entices No. 17 with a wish on the Super Dragon Balls . As he begins to consider Goku 's offer , the alien poachers arrive and abduct all of the island 's animals . Goku uses his Instant Transmission to teleport himself and No. 17 aboard their ship before it can escape . After defeating some of the poachers , No. 17 sets off to defeat the leader , while Goku remains behind to battle the rest of the poachers . No. 17 confronts and easily defeats the leader . Goku catches up just as the leader pulls out a switch and threatens to self - destruct if he is not released immediately . No. 17 smashes him out of a window , which vents both of them into deep space . Goku manages to use his Instant Transmission to teleport all three of them to King Kai 's world . Dende contacts Goku and informs him that the leader 's threat was a bluff . Afterwards , Goku and No. 17 return the animals to their rightful homes . Jaco arrives to arrest the alien poachers . No. 17 decides to leave his island in the hands of Goten and Trunks and accepts Goku 's offer to fight in the Tournament of Power . He hopes to use the Super Dragon Balls to wish for an expensive boat and travel the world with his family . 88 12 `` Gohan and Piccolo Teacher and Pupil Clash in Max Training ! '' `` Gohan to Pikkoro Shitei gekitotsu no Genkai shugyō ! '' ( 悟 飯 と ピッコロ 師弟 激突 の 限界 修業 ! ) April 30 , 2017 TBA Gohan and Piccolo engage in intense training . Piccolo explains that Goku has already informed him about the potential destruction of the universe and that he is going to participate in the Tournament of Power . He points out that Gohan 's over eagerness to protect his loved ones is making him reckless . Gohan transforms into a Super Saiyan , and the two continue to spar . Meanwhile , Cabba heads to the residence of his retired captain and mentor , Renso ( レンソウ ) . Cabba asks him to join Universe 6 's team for the Tournament of Power , but Renso refuses due to an injury to his leg . Renso suggests his sister , Caulifla ( カリフラ , Karifura ) , instead , who he claims is even stronger than him . Back in Universe 7 , Piccolo removes his weighted clothes to go all out and quickly defeats Gohan . Piccolo explains that Gohan has a tendency to become arrogant when he has the advantage in battle . After being encouraged by Piccolo , Gohan manages to reach the Mystic form he used against Super Buu . The two fight again , and Gohan successfully severs Piccolo 's arm . However , Piccolo blasts him in the back with the severed arm and defeats Gohan , which proves Piccolo 's point about Gohan 's overconfidence . That night , Piccolo vows to push Gohan to new heights of power . They both agree to work on combination moves . 89 13 `` An Unknown Beauty Appears ! The Tenshin - Style Dojo 's Mystery ? ! '' `` Arawareta nazo no bijo ! Tenshin - ryū Dōjō no kai ! ? '' ( 現れ た 謎 の 美女 ! 天津 流 道場 の 怪 ! ? ) May 7 , 2017 TBA Goku heads to Master Roshi 's island , where Oolong informs him that Tien and Chiaotzu have started a martial arts dojo , and that Roshi has headed there to act as a special instructor . Goku decides to make Tien the tenth member of the team , and heads off to recruit him and Roshi . At Tien 's dojo , a woman named Yurin ( ユーリン , Yūrin ) with a grudge against Tien arrives and requests to join the dojo . Although Tien denies her because her motivation of beauty was unfit for his dojo , Roshi drags Yurin off to ogle her . Goku arrives and asks Tien to join the Tournament of Power , but , even after Goku bribes him with 10 million Zeni , Tien refuses . Yurin escapes Roshi 's advances and uses witchcraft to drive Tien 's students on a rampage throughout town . Goku , Tien , Chiaotzu , and Roshi arrive at the village , where Yurin confronts them . Yurin explains that she is a former classmate of Tien 's during his time at the Crane School and that she swore revenge on him after he left the school and refused to fight her . Meanwhile , Cabba sways Caulifla into joining Universe 6 's team by promising to teach her how to become a Super Saiyan . Back on Earth , while Goku , Chiaotzu , and Tien cure the students of their brainwashing , Roshi battles Yurin . He lowers his guard after catching a glimpse of Yurin 's panties , which allows her to brainwash him . The brainwashed Roshi quickly defeats Tien , but Goku intervenes . While Chiaotzu temporarily disables Yurin , Goku subdues Roshi with a Kamehameha and cures him of the brainwashing . Tien orders Yurin to apologize to everyone she hurt and offers her a place at his dojo . Tien decides to join the Tournament of Power because he believes that the 10 million Zeni Goku promised will repair the village . After hearing about the 10 million Zeni , Master Roshi quickly agrees to join as well . 90 14 `` See The Wall That Must Be Passed ! Goku vs Gohan '' `` Koerubeki kabe o misuete ! Gokū bāsasu Gohan '' ( 超える べき 壁 を 見据え て ! 悟空 VS 悟 飯 ) May 14 , 2017 TBA As Gohan finishes training with Piccolo , they go to meet with Goku , Master Roshi , and Tien . At Gohan 's request , Goku and Tien have a fight against Gohan and Piccolo to practice for the tournament . Although Tien views this as a practice match and wants to avoid injuring anyone , Gohan and Goku take the fight seriously . As Gohan fights both his father and Tien , Piccolo spends the time charging a strong technique , which ultimatley destroys the mountain fighting stage when it is launched . Tien calls the match off on the grounds that the fighting stage is now destroyed . Although Goku agrees , Gohan requests to have a one - on - one fight against his father . Goku accepts , and Gohan transforms into his Mystic Form while Goku goes Super Saiyan 2 . Although Goku has the upper hand for much of the fight , Gohan turns the tables and begins to overpower Goku . Gohan begs Goku to use his full power . Goku responds by becoming a Super Saiyan Blue and using his Kaio - Ken technique , then defeats Gohan with a single blow . Impressed with his son 's improvement , Goku assigns Gohan as the leader of their Universe 7 team . Meanwhile , Rumsshi ( ラムーシ , Ramūshi ) recruits a powerful fighter named Murichim ( ムリチム , Murichimu ) and his companions to represent Universe 10 in the tournament . 91 15 `` Which Universe Will Survive ? ! The Strongest Warriors Are Gathering ! ! '' `` Kachinokoru no wa dono Uchū da ! ? Zokuzoku to tsudou Saikyō no senshi - tachi ! ! '' ( 勝ち残る の は どの 宇宙 だ ! ? 続々 と 集う 最強 の 戦士 たち ! ! ) May 21 , 2017 TBA The Zenō - samas are suffering from extreme boredom again . They decide to observe the universes ' progress in assembling their strongest warriors . In Universe 7 , Vegeta prepares to enter the Hyperbolic Time Chamber for some intense training . Goku spars with Whis in Vegeta 's gravity chamber . Master Roshi and Puar train to remove Roshi 's weakness to seduction techniques , which fails miserably . In Universe 9 , word has spread of the potential destruction of their universe . The populace has descended into anarchy . The three canine brothers have been unable to find any other fighters . In Universe 6 , Hit tracks down the destitute Frost and forces him to join the Tournament of Power , while he relieves him of his poison needles in the process . In Universe 11 , Toppo 's comrade Kahseral is delayed from joining when he aids a cat stuck in a tree . In Universe 2 , a magical girl named Brianne de Chateau ( ブリアン ・ デ ・ シャトー , Burian de Shatō ) transforms into her alter ego named Ribrianne ( リブリアン , Riburian ) and auditions for a spot in the tournament . In Universe 10 , Murichim and his comrades record a dance video to improve team spirit . Back in Universe 7 , Mr. Satan calls and unexpectedly reveals that Majin Buu has fallen into a deep sleep and can not join the tournament , which horrifies everyone . 92 16 `` Emergency Development ! The Incomplete Ten Members ! ! '' `` Kinkyū jitai hassei ! Sorowanai jū nin no menbā ! ! '' ( 緊急 事態 発生 ! そろわ ない 10 人 の メンバー ! ! ) May 28 , 2017 TBA Goku races to Mr. Satan 's house , where he proves unable to wake Majin Buu from his hibernation . Meanwhile , all of Universe 7 's remaining warriors except Master Roshi and No. 17 gather at the Capsule Corporation . After Krillin brings up the 10 million Zeni prize that Goku had bribed him , Piccolo and Gohan reveal to Krillin , No. 18 , and Tien that the prize of 10 million Zeni was a lie and that the universe will be destroyed if they lose . When Goku returns , Krillin berates him and threatens to withdraw from the team along with No. 18 . After Goku fails to convince them otherwise , Beerus swiftly threatens Krillin into staying , while Bulma agrees to pay out the promised reward . In Universe 6 , Cabba takes Caulifla to a deserted wasteland to teach her how to become a Super Saiyan . As Caulifla 's protégée , Kale ( ケール , Kēru ) , observes them , Cabba ineffectually attempts to provoke Caulifla in order to make her transform . When that fails , he teaches her to focus her energy on an area in her back . Caulifla successfully transforms into a Super Saiyan . Caulifla tests her newfound power and agrees to join Universe 6 's team for the Tournament of Power . She beckons Kale over to attempt the transformation herself . In Universe 11 , Kahseral arrives at the Pride Trooper headquarters , where he and Toppo agree to leave the universe in their trainees ' hands so they can participate in the tournament . In Universe 3 , two cyborg warriors named Nigrisshi ( ニグリシ , Nigrisshi ) and Narirama ( ナリラマ , Narirāma ) display their upgrades for the tournament to Universe 3 's God of Destruction Mosco ( モスコ , Mosuko ) , Supreme Kai Ea ( エア ) , and Angel Campari ( カンパーリ , Kanpāri ) . Back in Universe 7 , Goku and his friends are unable to figure out who can replace Buu . When Beerus claims they have no suitable fighters because Goku destroyed the Frieza Force , Goku is inspired to recruit Frieza , which shocks everyone . 93 17 `` You 're The Tenth Warrior ! Goku Goes To See Frieza ! ! '' `` Jū ninme no senshi wa omē da ! Gokū Furīza no moto e ! ! '' ( 10 人目 の 戦士 はお め え だ ! 悟空 フリーザ の も と へ ! ! ) June 4 , 2017 TBA Goku 's idea is met with much hesitance from his comrades . He explains that he intends to have Fortuneteller Baba resurrect Frieza for 24 hours to fight in the tournament . If Frieza betrays them then either he or Vegeta can defeat him . Goku 's friends reluctantly agree , and he sets out to the afterlife . The Universe 7 team are unaware that a spy from Universe 4 is observing them . In Universe 6 , Cabba and Caulifla attempt to teach Kale how to turn into a Super Saiyan but to no avail . Kale begins to despair over her own uselessness , and it enrages her enough to trigger her transformation into an extremely powerful Uncontrollable Super Saiyan ( スーパー サイヤ 人 ( 暴走 ) , Sūpā Saiya - jin ( Bōsō ) ) . Kale immediately goes berserk and attacks Cabba . Caulifla quickly deduces that Kale is jealous of her and Cabba 's perceived relationship . She denies having any sort of feelings for Cabba . Kale calms down and collapses in Caulifla 's arms . Cabba , who is impressed by Kale 's power , decides to add her to Universe 6 's team . Back in Universe 7 , Goku arrives in the afterlife and receives King Yemma 's permission to visit Frieza . He explains about the Tournament of Power and asks Frieza to join them . Frieza agrees to aid him on the condition that he be properly resurrected with Earth 's Dragon Balls . When Goku hesitates to agree , Frieza goads him by playing to his desire to see how powerful Frieza can become . Goku accepts his terms . In Universe 4 , Ganos ( ガノス , Ganosu ) reports Universe 7 's latest actions to Universe 4 's God of Destruction Quitela ( キテラ , Kitera ) and Supreme Kai Kuru ( クル ) . Quitela immediately begins making plans to counter Beerus . 94 18 `` The Emperor of Evil Returns ! A Reception of Mysterious Assassins ? ! '' `` Aku no Teiō fukkatsu ! Demukaeru Nazo no Shikaku - tachi ! ? '' ( 悪 の 帝王 復活 ! 出迎える 謎 の 刺客 たち ! ? ) June 11 , 2017 TBA Quitela contacts Universe 9 's God of Destruction Sidra ( シドラ , Shidora ) and informs him that Universe 7 is planning to use Frieza to assassinate their rivals before the tournament begins and that the only way to counter them is to kill them first . Sidra and Roh agree to have Frieza killed . Meanwhile , Goku returns to the Capsule Corporation to update everyone on his success . As Master Roshi completes his training at Korin 's tower , Krillin and No. 18 head to No. 17 's island to pick him up and drop off Goten , Trunks , and Marron . Goku goes to Fortuneteller Baba 's home , where she completes the ritual to resurrect Frieza . As Goku and Frieza prepare to depart , an army of assassins arrives to claim their heads . Despite the time pressure , Frieza wounds the assassins ' leader , transforms into his Golden form , and prepares for battle . 95 19 `` The Worst ! The Most Evil ! Frieza 's Rampage ! ! '' `` Saikyō ! Saiaku ! Furīza Ōabare ! ! '' ( 最 凶 ! 最悪 ! フリーザ 大 暴れ ! ! ) June 18 , 2017 TBA Frieza explains to Goku that he spent his recent incarceration in Hell undergoing intense mental training to overcome the stamina issues that plagued him during his previous battles with the Z - Fighters . He quickly slaughters most of the assassins , which horrifies Goku . The assassins ' leader , who has been directly empowered by Sidra , attacks Frieza with Sidra 's power , but Frieza manages to overcome and hijack the attack . Frieza spitefully uses the attack on Goku and traps him . Frieza tortures and kills the assassins until they reveal that Roh and Sidra hired them . Frieza contacts Universe 9 and offers his services as a defector . Roh and Sidra begin arguing about whether or not to accept him . Roh fears Frieza 's psychopathic and treasonous nature , while Sidra wants his power . Sidra is confident he could kill him if he stepped out of line . Their argument buys time for Beerus and Whis to arrive and rescue Goku . Frieza cuts the connection . He begins making plans to use the Tournament of Power to manipulate the gods to suit his own ends . Goku and Frieza have a brief sparring match , which ends in a draw . Goku , Frieza , Beerus , and Whis return to the Capsule Corporation . The Universe 7 team prepare to travel to the World of Void for the Tournament of Power . 96 20 `` The Time Is Here ! To The World Of Void For The Fate Of The Universe ! ! '' `` Toki wa kita ! Uchū no Meiun o kake Mu no Kai e ! ! '' ( 時 は きた ! 宇宙 の 命運 を かけ 無 の 界 へ ! ! ) June 25 , 2017 TBA In the World of Void , Universes 1 , 5 , and 8 's Gods of Destruction Iwne ( イワン , Iwan ) , Arack ( アラク , Araku ) , and Liquiir ( リキュール , Rikīru ) have a brief exhibition match to test the durability of the Tournament of Power 's fighting stage . Afterwards , the Great Priest forces them all to clean up their mess and fix the stage . In Universe 7 , Gohan and Shin 's strategy is to have the team members stick together to conserve energy and use strength of numbers to defeat anyone who attacks them . This suggestion offends Goku and Vegeta 's Saiyan pride . Whis transports the team to the World of Void . All of the other universes arrive . Frieza and Frost befriend each other and agree to work together , while Goku singles out Jiren as a potential rival due to his extreme power . As the Great Priest introduces each team , Universe 4 seemingly has only 8 warriors on their team , which confuses most of Universe 7 , except for Tien , who tells No. 18 that he can sense a faint presence . After a speech from the Zenō - samas , the 80 warriors prepare for battle . 97 21 `` Survive ! The Tournament of Power Begins at Last ! ! '' `` Ikinokore ! Tsui ni kaimaku Chikara no Taikai ! ! '' ( 生き残れ ! ついに 開幕 「 力 の 大会 」 ! ! ) July 2 , 2017 TBA The Great Priest reminds everyone of the rules and officially starts the tournament . A massive free - for - all ensues . Goku targets Toppo , but he is intercepted by Ganos . Disregarding Gohan 's plan as well , No. 17 , No. 18 , Vegeta , and Frieza all jump into the fray . Universe 3 gains an early advantage when Narirama unleashes a spinning attack designed to knock its opponents off the stage , but Hit and Basil disable it . Universe 10 's Lilibeu ( リリベウ , Ririberu ) attacks Basil , but Basil successfully knocks her off the stage . Meanwhile , the five Universe 7 warriors who stayed together are confronted by a gang of warriors from varying universes , but Universe 7 uses teamwork to fend them off . Basil nearly defeats Universe 10 's Napapa , but Napapa is able to push his attacks away at the last moment . As Goku is pursuing Toppo , he comes face to face with Jiren until Universe 4 's Nink ( ニンク , Ninku ) outflanks Goku by grappling and dragging him towards the edge of the stage with the intention of jumping off with him . Goku turns Super Saiyan Blue and knocks Nink off the stage . As Goku reverts back to his normal form to conserve energy , Basil , Lavender , Bergamo , and two other Universe 9 warriors surround him with 47 minutes remaining in the tournament . 98 22 `` Oh , Uncertainty ! A Universe Despairs ! ! '' `` Ā mujou ! Zetsubō suru Uchū ! ! '' ( あぁ 無常 ! 絶望 する 宇宙 ! ! ) July 9 , 2017 TBA Roh orders his warriors to attack Goku to avenge their defeat at the Zen Exhibition Match . Goku is forced to avoid fighting at his fullest in order to conserve stamina for later in the tournament . He fights Team Universe 9 , where the Trio de Dangers brothers manage to overwhelm him thanks to their teamwork . Vegeta notices Goku 's plight and reinforces him . Roh sends over three more fighters . Team Universe 9 is able to push Goku and Vegeta to the brink until Vegeta tricks Lavender and Hop ( ソレル , Hoppu ) into accidentally hitting each other . Goku and Vegeta take advantage of the confusion to defeat five of the Universe 9 warriors . No. 18 and Frieza each defeat Sorrel ( ソレル , Soreru ) and Roselle . Only Basil , Lavender , and Bergamo remain in the tournament for Team Universe 9 . Goku and Vegeta push them to the edge of the stage . The brothers use a combination beam as a last ditch effort , but Goku and Vegeta power up to Super Saiyan Blue and knock them off the stage with a Final Kamehameha . With all 10 members defeated , Universe 9 is eliminated from the tournament . As a result , the Zenō - samas erase Universe 9 , Roh , Sidra , and all of their fighters . This amuses Universe 9 's angel Mojito ( モヒイト , Mohi'ito ) and horrifies everyone else . 99 23 `` Show Them ! Krillin 's True Power ! ! '' `` Misetsukero ! Kuririn no sokojikara ! ! '' ( 見せつけろ ! クリリン の 底力 ! ! ) July 16 , 2017 TBA As the other warriors recover from the shock of Universe 9 's destruction , No. 17 reminds No. 18 that they have infinite stamina due to their cyborg bodies and have no reason to hold back . Vegeta tries to fight Hit , but he is blocked by Botamo , who is immune to damage . Vegeta manages to pick Botamo up and nearly throws him off the stage , but Magetta stops him at the last moment . Meanwhile , Universe 10 's Jium ( ジウム , Jiumu ) attacks Gohan and his friends . Jium is swiftly defeated by Master Roshi . Universe 4 's Shosa ( ショイサ , Shōsa ) tricks No. 18 into lowering her guard by faking his own death and nearly knocks her off the stage with a barrage of ki blasts . Krillin rescues No. 18 , and the two defeat Shosa with a powerful combination attack . They are challenged by Universe 4 's Majora ( マジョラ ) , who is a blind fighter that uses his powerful sense of smell to locate his enemies in battle . Although Majora proves to be stronger than Krillin , Krillin disables his nose by throwing his smelly shoe at him and knocks him off the stage . Krillin boasts about his victory , which allows Frost to knock him off with a single blow . Beerus and Shin berate Krillin for his carelessness with 43 minutes remaining in the tournament . 100 24 `` Out Of Control ! The Savage Berserker Awakens ! ! '' `` Daibōsō ! Mezame araburu Kyōsenshi ! ! '' ( 大 暴走 ! 目覚め 荒 ぶる 狂 戦士 ! ! ) July 23 , 2017 TBA As Universe 7 recovers from Krillin 's defeat , Cabba defeats Nigrisshi and Universe 10 's Murisam ( ムリサーム ) and confronts Vegeta . Hit blows off Narirama 's limbs and uses his time skip ability to dodge his ultimate attack . He flicks him off the stage . Meanwhile , Kale is disabled by Universe 10 's Napapa and Methiop ( メチオープ ) . They knock her unconscious and attempt to throw her off the stage , but Caulifla rescues her and defeats Napapa . The two confront Goku , and Caulifla knocks away Universe 2 's Jimeze ( ジーミズ , Jimizu ) and demands to know how to become a Super Saiyan Blue . Goku refuses , and Caulifla transforms into an Ultra Super Saiyan . However , her increased muscle mass cripples her speed and allows Goku to counterattack . With Goku 's aid , Caulifla manages to become a Super Saiyan 2 , and the two resume their fight . As Kale watches them , she is once again consumed by her feelings of uselessness and transforms into the Uncontrollable Super Saiyan . Hit uses his time skip to save Caulifla from getting caught in the crossfire . Kale flies into a jealous rage and attacks Goku for allegedly stealing Caulifla from her . Kale easily overwhelms Goku and forces him to power up to Super Saiyan Blue . He unleashes a powerful Kamehameha , but Kale powers through it unharmed . As Piccolo realizes she has lost control of her power , Kale begins firing ki blasts at everything in sight and defeats Methiop . When Universe 11 's Vuon ( ブーオン , Būon ) attempts to stop her , Kale defeats him as well . Jiren knocks her unconscious with a single ki blast . As Hit and Caulifla retreat with Kale , Goku challenges Jiren . 101 25 `` The Impending Warriors of Justice ! The Pride Troopers ! ! '' `` Semari kuru seigi no senshi ! Puraido Torūpāsu ! ! '' ( 迫り くる 正義 の 戦士 ! プライド ・ トルーパス ! ! ) July 30 , 2017 TBA As Goku prepares to fight Jiren , Toppo suddenly ambushes him with a barrage of ki blasts . Toppo and Jiren decide to retreat and conserve their stamina . This leaves Goku to be dealt with by Kahseral and their fellow Pride Troopers Tupper ( タッパー , Tappā ) , Zoiray ( ゾイレー , Zoirē ) , Cocotte ( ココット , Kokotto ) , and Kettol . The five declare their intent to defeat Caulifla and Kale to avenge Vuon 's defeat . The two are forced to form a temporary alliance with Goku . Meanwhile , Master Roshi and Tien team up to defeat Universe 3 's The Preecho ( ザ ・ プリーチョ ) . They regroup with Gohan , Piccolo , Vegeta , and Frieza , where he has defeated Murichim . The Pride Troopers push Goku , Caulifla , and Kale to the brink , but No. 17 and No. 18 rescue them . No. 18 and Goku defeat Tupper , while No. 17 easily overpowers Kahseral . The remaining Pride Troopers regroup and focus their assault on the wounded Caulifla and Kale . Cocotte seals them in a separate dimension to ensure that Goku , No. 17 , and No. 18 do not interfere . As the four beat Caulifla , Kale 's self - hatred causes her to return to the Uncontrollable Super Saiyan form , but she remains in control of herself this time . Caulifla and Kale use an extremely powerful combination ki blast to defeat Kahseral , Zoiray , and Kettol . Cocotte seals herself in a mini-dimension to avoid the blast , but No. 18 simply throws it off , eliminating Cocotte . Goku allows Caulifla and Kale to retreat so he can fight them at their full strength after they rest . The group is unaware that Brianne is observing them . 102 26 `` The Power of Love Explodes ? ! Universe 2 's Little Witch Warriors ! ! '' `` Ai no chikara ga dai bakuhatsu ! ? dai ni uchu majo - kko senshi ! ! '' ( 愛 の 力 が 大 爆発 ! ? 第 2 宇宙 の 魔女 っ 子 戦士 ! ! ) August 6 , 2017 TBA Brianne and her companions Sanka Ku ( サンカ ・ クー , Sanka Kū ) and Su Roas ( スー ・ ロース , Sū Rōsu ) announce themselves to the other fighters and begin to transform into their magical girl alter - egos . No. 17 blasts them before they can transform , but Brianne , Goku , and Toppo berate him for his dishonorable tactics and browbeat him into allowing them to transform , much to Beerus ' dismay . They assume their alter - egos Ribrianne , Kakunsa ( カクンサ , Kakunsa ) , and Rozie ( ロージィ , Rōjī ) and barrage the arena with a powerful love - based attack that brainwashes some of the fighters . Universe 7 's mental discipline allows them to overcome its effects . Gohan 's group elects to split up and fight independently . Vegeta attacks Ribrianne , who counters with a rolling attack that knocks out Universe 10 's Jirasen ( ジラセン ) . Rozie attacks Goku with a flurry of blows that grows more powerful the longer she keeps it up , while Kakunsa battles No. 17 with her animalistic fighting style . No. 17 baits her into overextending herself and stuns her with a barrier . He attempts to knock her out of the stage , but her teammate Vikal ( ビカル , Bikaru ) rescues her . No. 17 decides to stop holding back and swiftly eliminates Vikal . He also eliminates Kakunsa with a powerful ki blast . Enraged by his actions , Ribrianne powers up and prepares to battle No. 17 . 103 27 `` Gohan , Show No Mercy ! Showdown With Universe 10 ! ! '' `` Gohan yo hijōnare ! Dai ju uchu to no kessen ! ! '' ( 悟 飯 よ 非情 なれ ! 第 10 宇宙 と の 決戦 ! ! ) August 13 , 2017 TBA Ribrianne and No. 17 fiercely attack each other , while Rozie begins to overwhelm Goku 's defenses . She surrounds him with ki balls and attempts to blow him up , but No. 17 protects him with a barrier . Goku , who has studied Rozie 's techniques , hits her with a powerful ki blast . As he and No. 17 corner Rozie and Ribrianne , Jimeze arrives and rescues them with instant transmission . Elsewhere , Botamo challenges Gohan on Champa 's orders . As Piccolo and Goku observe , Gohan attacks with a flurry of blows , which apparently have no effect . However , Gohan 's attacks begin to lift Botamo off the ground and renders him unable to defend himself , allowing Gohan to knock him off the stage . Universe 10 's Obuni ( オブニ ) and Rubalt ( ルバルト , Rubaruto ) appear to challenge Gohan and Piccolo . Jimeze defeats Universe 10 's Jilcol ( ジルコル Jirukoru ) . With 8 warriors eliminated , Gowasu accepts his imminent demise , while Rumsshi remains defiant . Obuni shifts his ki away from his body to render himself impossible to detect and wounds Gohan . Rubalt initially has the upper hand against Piccolo , but Piccolo uses his Hellzone Grenade attack to knock out Rubalt , leaving Universe 10 with only Obuni . Obuni begins to overwhelm Gohan , which makes Gowasu want to cling to life again . Gohan powers up to his Mystic form and powers through one of Obuni 's punches . He counterattacks Obuni 's moves by locating and hitting Obuni after he gets hit . Obuni pauses the fight to show his respect for Gohan , but refuses to lose for the sake of Universe 10 . Gohan battles and defeats Obuni with a Kamehameha . All of Universe 10 's fighters have been eliminated . Right before Universe 10 is annihilated , Gohan discovers a locket containing a picture of Obuni and his wife and child . Gohan and Universe 10 's angel , Cus ( クス , Kusu ) , mourn Universe 10 's destruction . 104 28 `` The Ultimate High Speed Battle Begins ! Goku and Hit Join Forces ! ! '' `` Chōzetsu kōsoku batoru boppatsu ! Gokū to hitto no kyōdō sensen ! ! '' ( 超絶 光速 バトル 勃発 ! 悟空 と ヒット の 共同 戦線 ! ! ) August 20 , 2017 TBA Dyspo challenges Hit and uses his incredible speed to overwhelm Hit 's Time Skip . Everyone quickly deduces that Dyspo is listening for the sound of Hit 's body tensing up to determine when he is about to attempt to use Time Skip . Hit resorts to fighting him conventionally , but he is pushed to the edge of the stage . Toppo deduces that Hit has adjusted to Dyspo 's fighting style and is luring him into a trap . Toppo sends fellow pride trooper Kunshi ( クンシー , Kunshī ) to back him up . Before Dyspo can land the finishing blow , Hit suddenly turns intangible and sends Dyspo over the edge . However , Kunshi uses ropes made of his energy to pull Dyspo back onto the stage before he is eliminated . The two launch a renewed assault against Hit and drive him into a corner . Before they can finish him off , Goku interferes and rescues Hit . Goku uses his Super Saiyan God form to counter Dyspo 's speed , while Hit uses his assassination technique to injure Kunshi . The two switch places . Hit uses a fake Time Skip to throw Dyspo off and wound him , while Goku overwhelms Kunshi with his Super Saiyan Blue form . Hit attempts to eliminate Dyspo , but Kunshi rescues him again . Kunshi charges Hit , who turns intangible and knocks him off the stage . Dyspo retreats and regroups with his allies . Toppo abandons all notions of justice and decides to focus on survival . Hit decides not to battle Goku as thanks for lending a hand . Goku and Hit vow to settle the score if they both make it to the end of the tournament . 105 29 `` A Desperate Battle ! Master Roshi 's Sacrifice ! ! '' `` Funsen ! Mutenroshi inochi o Moyasu ! ! '' ( 奮戦 ! 武 天 老師 命 を 燃やす ! ! ) August 27 , 2017 TBA Master Roshi quietly observes the battles from afar . He is challenged by an attractive warrior from Universe 4 , Caway ( キャウェイ , Kyauei ) , who attempts to seduce him . However , Caway 's attempts to attack him brings him back to his senses . Roshi destroys her energy weapon , powers up , and drives her to jump off the stage . Roshi is next challenged by Dercori ( ダーコリ , Dākori ) , who is a talisman - wielding warrior from Universe 4 . She uses her talismans to confound Roshi with illusions and trap him in a single spot . Roshi uses the Evil Containment Wave to seal her in a small bottle and throw her off the arena . Quitela and Beerus get into an argument about the legality of the move , which is defused when both Zenō - samas rule in Roshi 's favor . Ganos , who is enraged at Roshi for eliminating his friends , challenges him and powers up into an avian form . Initially , Roshi is able to use his experience to predict , evade , and counter Ganos ' attacks . However , Ganos is able to grow more powerful the longer a fight drags on . He rallies and delivers a fierce series of blows to Roshi . Roshi attempts to hypnotize Ganos into falling asleep , but he attacks himself to wake himself up . Ganos demands that Roshi accept his limits and give up , but Roshi refuses . He unleashes a Max Power Kamehameha that defeats Ganos . However , the effort is too much for Roshi 's body to handle , and he collapses . Goku races over to him and successfully defibrillates him with his ki . Goku escorts Roshi to safety . 106 30 `` Find Him ! Death Match With An Invisible Attacker ! ! '' `` Mikiwamero ! Sugata naki atakkā to no shitō ! ! '' ( 見極めろ ! 姿 なき アタッカー と の 死闘 ! ! ) September 3 , 2017 TBA Goku brings Master Roshi to an isolated part of the stage and leaves him to rest at his request . Gohan and Piccolo are confronted by Universe 6 's Dr. Rota ( Dr. ロタ , Dokutā Rota ) , but Rota is shot down by a sniper before he can reveal his ability . Gohan and Piccolo are unable to find the location of the sniper until they find a red orb on the ground . It is revealed that the sniper , Universe 2 's Prum ( プラン , Puran ) , can see through these orbs . The lasers ricochet off of the orbs so that his true location is a secret . Piccolo tries to create a smokescreen in order to blur the vision , but Prum can still see them via their heat signatures . Prum shoots Piccolo and destroys both of his arms , which forces him to painfully regenerate them . Gohan and Piccolo realize that the orbs depend on heat signatures and blast the surrounding area to create multiple heat signatures . Prum responds by coming out of his hiding spot and blasting the entire area . Gohan and Piccolo are forced into hiding . Tien analyzes Dr. Rota and deduces that he was hit by a sniper as Goku and Vegeta arrive . Vegeta berates Tien , who warns them about Prum , but Vegeta arrogantly brushes it off until he is almost incapacitated by one of Prum 's blasts . As Goku and Tien observe Prum , they deduce that there is another shooter from behind as Prum is merely reflecting the blasts . Vegeta and Goku go after Prum , while Tien goes to save Gohan and Piccolo . Goku and Vegeta try to attack Prum , but their ki blasts are reflected off of his body . Tien navigates through the field of blasts and confronts the true sniper , Prum 's teammate Hermila ( ハーミラ , Hāmira ) . Realizing that Prum can deflect ki blasts and not physical attacks , Vegeta and Goku throw giant boulders at him . Tien uses his Multi-form technique in order to buy himself time against Hermila , but three of his clones are shot down . The fourth and final Tien defeats Hermila . Just as Tien is about to eliminate him , Hermila shoots the ground underneath Tien 's feet and knocks him off the stage . However , Tien 's other three clones come back and drag Hermila down with them . Tien and Hermila are eliminated from the tournament . Although Beerus praises Tien for forcing the battle into a draw , Tien is noticeably upset about being defeated . As Prum is confronted by Vegeta , Dr. Rota comes back and attacks Prum as revenge for shooting him . Shortly after , Vegeta eliminates Prum and Dr. Rota from the tournament . 107 31 `` Revenge `` F '' The Cunning Trap ? ! '' `` Fukushū no Efu ! Shikakerareta Kōkatsu na Wana ! ? '' ( 復讐 の 「 F 」 ! しかけ られ た 狡猾 な 罠 ! ? ) September 17 , 2017 TBA Frost recalls how Champa promised to pardon his crimes if he humiliated and defeated Universe 7 . Elsewhere , Universe 3 's Maji Kayo confronts Universe 11 's remaining warriors . He entraps Dyspo with his liquid body , but Jiren effortlessly defeats him with a single blow . As Master Roshi attempts to recover from his previous fights , Frost corners and attacks him . Goku sees this and tries to rush to his aid , but he is confronted by Ribrianne . Roshi hits Frost with a flurry of blows and attempts to use the Evil Containment Wave , but the strain proves too much for him . He flubs the attack . Frost barrages Roshi with ki blasts and sends an attack towards Vegeta , which provokes him . Vegeta interferes before Frost can finish Roshi . Magetta arrives to reinforce Frost , and the two battle Vegeta . Frost goads Roshi into using the Evil Containment Wave on Magetta despite the risk of killing himself . When Roshi falls for it , Frost reflects the attack and seals Vegeta into a bottle . With the last of his strength , Roshi uses a small ki blast to destroy the bottle and free Vegeta . Vegeta immediately turns Super Saiyan Blue , and Frost flees . Vegeta knocks Magetta off the stage and tells Roshi to drop out so he can receive medical attention . Roshi jumps off the stage , and he is given a Senzu Bean . Beerus admits that Roshi has earned his respect . 108 32 `` Frieza and Frost ! Conjoined Malice ? ! '' `` Furīza to Furosuto ! Majiwaru Akui ! ? '' ( フリーザ と フロスト ! 交わる 悪意 ! ? ) September 24 , 2017 TBA Blu - ray and DVD release ( edit ) Region 1 ( North America ) ( edit ) Volumes ( edit ) Name Date Discs Episodes Part One July 25 , 2017 01 -- 13 Part Two October 3 , 2017 14 -- 26 Region 2 ( Japan ) ( edit ) Name Date Discs Episodes Box 1 December 2 , 2015 1 -- 12 Box 2 March 2 , 2016 13 -- 24 Box 3 July 2 , 2016 25 -- 36 Box 4 October 4 , 2016 37 -- 48 Box 5 January 6 , 2017 49 -- 60 Box 6 April 4 , 2017 61 -- 72 Box 7 August 2 , 2017 73 -- 84 Box 8 October 3 , 2017 85 -- 96 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : English titles per Crunchyroll . ^ Jump up to : English dub titles per Funimation . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super TV Anime Debuts on July 5 '' . Anime News Network . June 4 , 2015 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kazuya Yoshii , Good Morning America to Perform Theme Songs For Dragon Ball Super '' . Anime News Network . May 19 , 2015 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gods And Heroes Of `` Dragon Ball Super - Universal Survival Arc '' Gathered For New Opening Preview Shots `` . Crunchyroll . February 4 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super 's New Opening Sequence Previewed in Screenshots '' . Anime News Network . February 4 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VIDEO : KEYTALK Performs New ED Song for `` Dragon Ball Super '' `` . Crunchyroll . October 1 , 2015 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super To Introduce A New Theme This April '' . attackofthefanboy . March 17 , 2016 . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Batten Showjo Tai Performs New Dragon Ball Super Ending Theme '' . Anime News Network . June 19 , 2016 . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Band Arukara Performs New Dragon Ball Super Ending Theme '' . Anime News Network . September 21 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE COLLECTORS Perform New `` Dragon Ball Super '' Ending Theme `` . Crunchyroll . December 6 , 2016 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spring 's `` Dragon Ball Super '' End Theme Revealed `` . Crunchyroll . March 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Miyu Inoue Sings New Dragon Ball Super Ending Theme Song '' . Anime News Network . March 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lacco Tower Returns For New `` Dragon Ball Super '' Ending `` . Crunchyroll . June 5 , 2017 . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blu - ray ・ DVD 情報 ドラゴンボール 超 東映 アニメーション ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Toonami Snaps up ' Dragon Ball Super ' '' . Animation World Network . November 10 , 2015 . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` DRAGON BALL SUPER , READY FOR EMEA TAKEOVER WITH TURNER '' . www.toei-animation.com . Toei Animation Europe . October 10 , 2016 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barder , Ollie ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Dragon Ball Super ' Will Start Airing In Europe This Fall , Still No Word On A US Release '' . Forbes . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Dragon Ball Super English Sub Announced '' . IGN . Ziff Davis , LLC . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super to Simulcast on Crunchyroll , Daisuki , AnimeLab ( Updated ) '' . Anime News Network . Anime News Network . October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' DRAGON BALL SUPER '' SUBTITLED EPISODES BEGIN STREAMING TODAY ON FUNIMATIONNOW WITH NEW SIMULCAST EPISODES STARTING NOVEMBER 5 , 2016 . Funimation to Produce English Dub of New Series. `` . Funimation . Funimation . November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Licenses Dragon Ball Super , Plans English Dub '' . Anime News Network . Anime News Network . November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Toonami : Hope you 're sitting down for this ... '' . Facebook . December 7 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super -- Universe Survival Saga -- Official PV 1 ( SUB ) '' . Funimation . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dragon Ball Super Universe Survival arc jump festa 17 promo video '' . kanzenshuu . December 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : あらすじ ドラゴンボール 超 ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Listings Grid , TV Guide and TV Schedule , Where to Watch TV Shows - Screener '' . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Julia Alexander ( April 3 , 2017 ) , Samurai Jack gets left behind for Rick and Morty , and no one 's happy about it , retrieved April 3 , 2017 Jump up ^ Rick and Morty Twitter account ( April 1 , 2017 ) , New Episode of RICK AND MORTY airing NOW thru MIDNIGHT ( ET / PT ) and ONLINE at http://www.adultswim.com/streams , archived from the original on May 7 , 2017 , retrieved May 7 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 1 '' . FUNimation . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 2 '' . FUNimation . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 1 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 2 '' ( in Urdu ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 3 '' ( in e ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 4 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 5 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 6 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 7 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 8 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . ( hide ) Dragon Ball by Akira Toriyama Media Manga chapters Dragon Ball Z Dragon Ball episodes Z episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 9 GT episodes Kai episodes Super episodes Films and TV specials Video games Soundtracks Characters Goku Bulma Yamcha Krillin Tien Shinhan Piccolo Gohan Vegeta Frieza Trunks Android 17 Android 18 Cell Majin Buu Beerus Zamasu Related Dr. Slump Neko Majin Episode of Bardock Jaco the Galactic Patrolman Portal Anime and manga portal Dragon Ball portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Dragon_Ball_Super_episodes&oldid=801453368 '' Categories : Dragon Ball episode lists Hidden categories : CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Urdu - language sources ( ur ) CS1 maint : Unrecognized language Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar Português ไทย Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 19 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who was the original hosts of american idol
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Brian Dunkleman ( born September 25 , 1971 ) is an American comedian , actor and television personality . He is best known as being co-host with Ryan Seacrest on the first season of American Idol , in 2002 .
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Brian Dunkleman|Ryan Seacrest
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Brian Dunkleman
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brian dunkleman
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Brian Dunkleman ( born September 25 , 1971 ) is an American comedian , actor and television personality . He is best known as being co-host with Ryan Seacrest on the first season of American Idol , in 2002 .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 1.1 American Idol 1.2 Other work 2 Personal life 3 References 4 External links Career ( edit ) American Idol ( edit ) In 2002 Dunkleman appeared as the co-host with Ryan Seacrest during the first season of American Idol . After the season ended , it was reported that Dunkleman had quit from co-hosting . Various news outlets later on said that he `` had his career completely destroyed '' for doing so , before it became enormously popular and made Seacrest very wealthy . However , one journalist believes that Dunkleman would have been fired had he not quit earlier , a fact numerous Idol staffers would eventually admit : Dunkleman had submitted his resignation shortly before news of his firing could reach him . During his 2008 appearance on the sixth season of the reality television weight loss show , Celebrity Fit Club on which he lost 15 pounds , and won the grand prize with his team , he spoke about his reasons for leaving American Idol following its first season . He stated his departure was due to the terrible way they treated the young contestants on the show , staging the fights between the judges and reshooting contestants with producer - provided glycerin tears in their eyes . He went on to say that leaving the show was a mistake . However , Ian K. Smith , one of the doctors on the panel , opined that he made the right decision . In appearances on The Howard Stern Show , he had insisted that he intended to leave Idol to pursue a career in stand - up comedy and acting , but in 2008 , Dunkleman admitted to Stern that he believed leaving the show was a mistake . Dunkleman conceded that he experienced several months of depression , and also still harbored resentment against current show host Ryan Seacrest , but has come to terms with his situation . Stern has compared Dunkleman to Pete Best of The Beatles and several other famous celebrities who chose to leave ( or were forced to leave ) successful show business careers , only to wind up as has - beens . In 2016 , Dunkleman would backtrack and say that the mutual decision to part ways was not a mistake on his part . On April 7 , 2016 , Dunkleman appeared on the American Idol fifteenth season and series finale . In an interview following the show , Dunkleman said `` I think I beat them to the punch and I did n't know . I left the show but from what I gather , they were n't going to have me back anyway . So it 's kind of a big load off my shoulders . I guess I did n't make a mistake . I did n't do a good enough job and I do n't think I handled myself as professionally as I needed to back then . '' Other work ( edit ) In 2000 Dunkleman appeared in `` The One With The Ring '' , a sixth season episode of Friends , as the man who buys the engagement ring Chandler wants to buy Monica . Dunkleman has also appeared in pilots for ABC and 20th Century Fox and guest - starred on the late - night talk show Talkshow with Spike Feresten , Ghost Whisperer and Las Vegas . He had a recurring guest role on Two Guys and a Girl , played a stand - up comic suspected of murder in NYPD Blue , and appeared in an independent film called Comedy Hell . His voice acting includes voicing himself in an episode of The Proud Family , in which the show parodied American Idol , did voices for the animated 3 South , and playing Ruiga in the English dub of the Japanese anime series Naruto . Dunkleman was a co-host with Eric the Midget on The Idol Re-cap Show on Sirius 's Howard 101 . He also did voice over for the 1st season of American Idol Rewind . Dunkleman played himself on an episode of My Name is Earl , hosting a reality contest show called Estrada or Nada , in which contestants show their skills in an America 's Got Talent-esque show starring Erik Estrada . As Dunkleman ended a segment of the show he said , `` Dunkleman ... out . Hack stole it from me . '' Dunkleman was also parodied in the series finale of Drawn Together . In the episode , he was shown as an out of work and unpopular drunk and his inner dialog expresses jealousy of Ryan Seacrest 's last name , and his charisma . In 2009 Dunkleman pitched a TV series about his life after American Idol entitled American Dunkleman . The series is a fictional account of the actor - comic 's life , following the fictional Dunkleman as he tries to work his way back to the television industry , embarrassing himself and disappointing his friends while constantly being reminded that he `` could have been a millionaire '' had he stuck with Idol . He does stand up regularly in Los Angeles at the Laugh Factory and The Improv , and he makes regular appearances as the host of Family Feud Live in Las Vegas and Atlantic City for Fremantle Media . Personal life ( edit ) After a brief return to his home town of Ellicottville , New York , in 2016 , Dunkleman currently resides in Los Angeles . He is single and has one child , Jackson Dunkleman , five years old as of 2018 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Potts , Kim . `` ' American Idol : The Untold Story ' Book Author Richard Rushfield Talks Past ' Idol ' Scandals , Backstage Divas and Season 10 '' . TV Squad . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Dunkleman , Brian ( July 1 , 2016 ) . Free at last , part two . Ellicottville Times . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American Idol 's Original Cohost Brian Dunkleman Admits He ' Did n't Get Along ' with Ryan Seacrest , Calls Finale Reunion ' Cathartic ' '' . People . Time Inc . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Comedy Hell ( 2006 ) '' -- via www.imdb.com . Jump up ^ Denhart , Andy ( January 28 , 2009 ) . `` Brian Dunkleman Pitching Fictional Series About His Post American Idol Life '' . Reality Blurred . Jump up ^ `` Family Feud FremantleMedia '' . FremantleMedia . FremantleMedia Ltd . Retrieved 1 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Dunkleman , Brian ( June 3 , 2016 ) . Coming home . Ellicottville Times . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Brian Dunkleman on IMDb hide American Idol Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Finalists Winners Kelly Clarkson Ruben Studdard Fantasia Barrino Carrie Underwood Taylor Hicks Jordin Sparks David Cook Kris Allen Lee DeWyze Scotty McCreery Phillip Phillips Candice Glover Caleb Johnson Nick Fradiani Trent Harmon Maddie Poppe Runners - up Justin Guarini Clay Aiken Diana DeGarmo Bo Bice Katharine McPhee Blake Lewis David Archuleta Adam Lambert Crystal Bowersox Lauren Alaina Jessica Sanchez Kree Harrison Jena Irene Clark Beckham La'Porsha Renae Caleb Lee Hutchinson Winners ' singles `` A Moment Like This '' `` Flying Without Wings '' `` I Believe '' `` Inside Your Heaven '' `` Do I Make You Proud '' `` This Is My Now '' `` The Time of My Life '' `` No Boundaries '' `` Beautiful Day '' `` I Love You This Big '' `` Home '' `` I Am Beautiful '' `` As Long as You Love Me '' `` Beautiful Life '' `` Falling '' `` Going Going Gone '' Concert tours 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 16 Related programming Idol ( franchise ) American Juniors Idol Christmas Idol Extra Idol Gives Back Idol Rewind World Idol Related articles Alumni album sales Alumni awards and nominations Alumni in film , television and theater Alumni single sales Compilation series Controversies Discography Finalists Hot 100 singles `` Judge Me Tender '' The American Idol Experience Video game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brian_Dunkleman&oldid=842012857 '' Categories : American male comedians American television personalities American male television actors American male voice actors People from Ellicottville , New York 1971 births Living people Comedians from New York ( state ) Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from January 2010 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی 한국어 Suomi Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 19 May 2018 , at 16 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20Dunkleman
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who has the most mvps in mlb history
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The award 's only tie occurred in the National League in 1979 , when Keith Hernandez and Willie Stargell received an equal number of points . There have been 18 unanimous winners , who received all the first - place votes . The New York Yankees have the most winning players with 22 , followed by the St. Louis Cardinals with 17 winners . The award has never been presented to a member of the following four teams : Arizona Diamondbacks , Miami Marlins , New York Mets , and Tampa Bay Rays . The most recent recipients are Mike Trout in the American League and Kris Bryant in the National League .
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New York Yankees
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Major League Baseball most Valuable player award
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major league baseball most valuable player award
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The Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award ( MVP ) is an annual Major League Baseball ( MLB ) award , given to one outstanding player in the American League and one in the National League . Since 1931 , it has been awarded by the Baseball Writers ' Association of America ( BBWAA ) . The winners receive the Kenesaw Mountain Landis Memorial Baseball Award , which became the official name of the award in 1944 , in honor of the first MLB commissioner , who served from 1920 until his death on November 25 , 1944 .
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MVP voting takes place before the postseason , but the results are not announced until after the World Series . The BBWAA began by polling three writers in each league city in 1938 , reducing that number to two per league city in 1961 . The BBWAA does not offer a clear - cut definition of what `` most valuable '' means , instead leaving the judgment to the individual voters . First basemen , with 34 winners , have won the most MVPs among infielders , followed by second basemen ( 16 ) , third basemen ( 15 ) , and shortstops ( 15 ) . Of the 24 pitchers who have won the award , 15 are right - handed while 9 are left - handed . Walter Johnson , Carl Hubbell , and Hal Newhouser are the only pitchers who have won multiple times , Newhouser winning consecutively in 1944 and 1945 . Hank Greenberg , Stan Musial , Alex Rodriguez , and Robin Yount have won at different positions , while Rodriguez is the only player who has won the award with two different teams at two different positions . Barry Bonds has won the most often ( seven times ) and the most consecutively ( 2001 -- 04 ) . Jimmie Foxx was the first player to win multiple times ; 9 players have won three times , and 19 have won twice . Frank Robinson is the only player to win the award in both the American and National Leagues . The award 's only tie occurred in the National League in 1979 , when Keith Hernandez and Willie Stargell received an equal number of points . There have been 18 unanimous winners , who received all the first - place votes . The New York Yankees have the most winning players with 22 , followed by the St. Louis Cardinals with 17 winners . The award has never been presented to a member of the following four teams : Arizona Diamondbacks , Miami Marlins , New York Mets , and Tampa Bay Rays . The most recent recipients are Mike Trout in the American League and Kris Bryant in the National League . In recent decades , pitchers have rarely won the award . When Justin Verlander won the AL award in 2011 , he became the first pitcher in either league to be named the MVP since Dennis Eckersley in 1992 . Verlander also became the first starting pitcher to win this award since Roger Clemens had accomplished the feat in 1986 . The National League went even longer without an MVP award to a pitcher -- after Bob Gibson won in 1968 , no pitcher in that league was named MVP until Clayton Kershaw in 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chalmers Award ( 1911 -- 1914 ) 2 League Awards ( 1922 -- 1929 ) 3 Baseball Writers ' Association of America 's Most Valuable Player ( 1931 -- present ) 4 Key 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Chalmers award ( 1911 -- 1914 ) ( edit ) Ty Cobb won the first American League Chalmers Award in 1911 and was at the center of the controversy over the previous season 's award . Before the 1910 season , Hugh Chalmers of Chalmers Automobile announced he would present a Chalmers Model 30 automobile to the player with the highest batting average in Major League Baseball at the end of the season . The 1910 race for best average in the American League was between the Detroit Tigers ' widely disliked Ty Cobb and Nap Lajoie of the Cleveland Indians . On the last day of the season , Lajoie overtook Cobb 's batting average with seven bunt hits against the St. Louis Browns . American League President Ban Johnson said a recalculation showed that Cobb had won the race anyway , and Chalmers ended up awarding cars to both players . The following season , Chalmers created the Chalmers Award . A committee of baseball writers were to convene after the season to determine the `` most important and useful player to the club and to the league '' . Since the award was not as effective at advertising as Chalmers had hoped , it was discontinued after 1914 . Year American League winner Team Position National League winner Team Position Ref 1911 Cobb Ty ! Ty Cobb Detroit Tigers OF Schulte Frank ! Frank Schulte Chicago Cubs OF 1912 Speaker Tris ! Tris Speaker Boston Red Sox OF Doyle Larry ! Larry Doyle New York Giants ! New York Giants 2B 1913 Johnson Walter ! Walter Johnson Washington Senators ! Washington Senators RHP Daubert Jake ! Jake Daubert Brooklyn Dodgers ! Brooklyn Dodgers 1B 1914 Collins Eddie ! Eddie Collins Philadelphia Athletics ! Philadelphia Athletics 2B Evers Johnny ! Johnny Evers Boston Braves ! Boston Braves 2B League Awards ( 1922 -- 1929 ) ( edit ) Babe Ruth was ineligible for the award in his famous 1927 season by the rules of the American League award because he had previously won in 1923 . In 1922 the American League created a new award to honor `` the baseball player who is of the greatest all - around service to his club '' . Winners , voted on by a committee of eight baseball writers chaired by James Crusinberry , received a bronze medal and a cash prize . Voters were required to select one player from each team and player - coaches and prior award winners were ineligible . These incredible flaws resulted in Babe Ruth only winning 1 MVP as the award was dropped after 1928 . Under the All - Star Formula , Ruth would have won the MVP in 1920 , 1921 , 1923 , 1925 , 1928 and 1930 ( citation needed ) . The National League award , without these restrictions , lasted from 1924 to 1929 . Year American League winner Team Position National League winner Team Position Ref 1922 Sisler George ! George Sisler St. Louis Browns ! St. Louis Browns 1B -- - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- 1923 Ruth Babe ! Babe Ruth New York Yankees OF -- - 02 ! -- - 02 ! -- 1924 Johnson Walter ! Walter Johnson ( 2 ) Washington Senators ! Washington Senators RHP Vance Dazzy ! Dazzy Vance Brooklyn Robins ! Brooklyn Robins RHP 1925 Peckinpaugh Roger ! Roger Peckinpaugh Washington Senators ! Washington Senators SS Hornsby Rogers ! Rogers Hornsby St. Louis Cardinals 2B 1926 Burns George ! George Burns Cleveland Indians 1B O'Farrell Bob ! Bob O'Farrell St. Louis Cardinals 1927 Gehrig Lou ! Lou Gehrig New York Yankees 1B Waner Paul ! Paul Waner Pittsburgh Pirates OF 1928 Cochrane Mickey ! Mickey Cochrane Oakland Athletics ! Philadelphia Athletics Bottomley Jim ! Jim Bottomley St. Louis Cardinals 1B 1929 -- - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- Hornsby Rogers ! Rogers Hornsby ( 2 ) Chicago Cubs 2B Baseball Writers ' Association of America 's most Valuable player ( 1931 -- present ) ( edit ) The BBWAA first awarded the modern MVP after the 1931 season , adopting the format the National League used to distribute its league award . One writer in each city with a team filled out a ten - place ballot , with ten points for the recipient of a first - place vote , nine for a second - place vote , and so on . In 1938 , the BBWAA raised the number of voters to three per city and gave 14 points for a first - place vote . The only significant change since then occurred in 1961 , when the number of voters was reduced to two per league city . Jimmie Foxx was the first player to win three MVP awards . Hall of Famer and 2 - time MVP , Hank Greenberg Jim Konstanty , to date the only National League relief pitcher to be named MVP won it in 1950 . Hall of Famer Willie Mays won the award in 1954 and 1965 with the same team in different cities . Barry Bonds ' seven MVPs are the most for any individual player . Alex Rodriguez won the award with two different teams at two different positions . Albert Pujols won the award three times , all at first base with the St. Louis Cardinals . Miguel Cabrera was the winner of back - to - back AL Awards from 2012 - 13 . Josh Donaldson won the AL MVP in 2015 . Year American League winner Team Position National League winner Team Position Ref 1931 Grove , Lefty Lefty Grove Oakland Athletics ! Philadelphia Athletics * LHP Frisch , Frankie Frankie Frisch St. Louis Cardinals * 2B 1932 Foxx , Jimmie Jimmie Foxx Oakland Athletics ! Philadelphia Athletics 1B Klein Chuck ! Chuck Klein Philadelphia Phillies OF 1933 Foxx Jimmie ! Jimmie Foxx ( 2 ) Oakland Athletics ! Philadelphia Athletics 1B Hubbell , Carl Carl Hubbell San Francisco Giants ! New York Giants * LHP 1934 Cochrane , Mickey Mickey Cochrane ( 2 ) Detroit Tigers * Dean , Dizzy Dizzy Dean St. Louis Cardinals * RHP 1935 Greenberg , Hank Hank Greenberg Detroit Tigers * 1B Hartnett , Gabby Gabby Hartnett Chicago Cubs * 1936 Gehrig , Lou Lou Gehrig ( 2 ) New York Yankees * 1B Hubbell , Carl Carl Hubbell ( 2 ) San Francisco Giants ! New York Giants * LHP 1937 Gehringer , Charlie Charlie Gehringer Detroit Tigers 2B Medwick , Joe Joe Medwick St. Louis Cardinals OF 1938 Foxx , Jimmie Jimmie Foxx ( 3 ) Boston Red Sox 1B Lombardi , Ernie Ernie Lombardi Cincinnati Reds 1939 DiMaggio , Joe Joe DiMaggio New York Yankees * OF Walters , Bucky Bucky Walters Cincinnati Reds * RHP 1940 Greenberg , Hank Hank Greenberg ( 2 ) Detroit Tigers * OF McCormick , Frank Frank McCormick Cincinnati Reds * 1B 1941 DiMaggio , Joe Joe DiMaggio ( 2 ) New York Yankees * OF Camilli , Dolph Dolph Camilli Los Angeles Dodgers ! Brooklyn Dodgers * 1B 1942 Gordon , Joe Joe Gordon New York Yankees * 2B Cooper , Mort Mort Cooper St. Louis Cardinals * RHP 1943 Chandler , Spud Spud Chandler New York Yankees * RHP Musial , Stan Stan Musial St. Louis Cardinals * OF 1944 Newhouser , Hal Hal Newhouser Detroit Tigers LHP Marion , Marty Marty Marion St. Louis Cardinals * SS 1945 Newhouser , Hal Hal Newhouser ( 2 ) Detroit Tigers * LHP Cavarretta , Phil Phil Cavarretta Chicago Cubs * 1B 1946 Williams , Ted Ted Williams Boston Red Sox * OF Musial , Stan Stan Musial ( 2 ) St. Louis Cardinals * 1B 1947 DiMaggio , Joe Joe DiMaggio ( 3 ) New York Yankees * OF Elliott , Bob Bob Elliott Atlanta Braves ! Boston Braves 3B 1948 Boudreau , Lou Lou Boudreau Cleveland Indians * SS Musial , Stan Stan Musial ( 3 ) St. Louis Cardinals OF 1949 Williams , Ted Ted Williams ( 2 ) Boston Red Sox OF Robinson , Jackie Jackie Robinson Los Angeles Dodgers ! Brooklyn Dodgers * 2B 1950 Rizzuto , Phil Phil Rizzuto New York Yankees * SS Konstanty , Jim Jim Konstanty Philadelphia Phillies * RHP 1951 Berra , Yogi Yogi Berra New York Yankees * Campanella , Roy Roy Campanella Los Angeles Dodgers ! Brooklyn Dodgers 1952 Shantz , Bobby Bobby Shantz Oakland Athletics ! Philadelphia Athletics LHP Sauer , Hank Hank Sauer Chicago Cubs OF 1953 Rosen , Al Al Rosen Cleveland Indians 3B Campanella , Roy Roy Campanella ( 2 ) Los Angeles Dodgers ! Brooklyn Dodgers * 1954 Berra , Yogi Yogi Berra ( 2 ) New York Yankees Mays , Willie Willie Mays San Francisco Giants ! New York Giants * OF 1955 Berra , Yogi Yogi Berra ( 3 ) New York Yankees * Campanella , Roy Roy Campanella ( 3 ) Los Angeles Dodgers ! Brooklyn Dodgers * 1956 Mantle , Mickey Mickey Mantle New York Yankees * OF Newcombe , Don Don Newcombe Los Angeles Dodgers ! Brooklyn Dodgers * RHP 1957 Mantle , Mickey Mickey Mantle ( 2 ) New York Yankees * OF Aaron , Hank Hank Aaron Atlanta Braves ! Milwaukee Braves * OF 1958 Jensen , Jackie Jackie Jensen Boston Red Sox OF Banks , Ernie Ernie Banks Chicago Cubs SS 1959 Fox , Nellie Nellie Fox Chicago White Sox * 2B Banks , Ernie Ernie Banks ( 2 ) Chicago Cubs SS 1960 Maris , Roger Roger Maris New York Yankees * OF Groat , Dick Dick Groat Pittsburgh Pirates * SS 1961 Maris , Roger Roger Maris ( 2 ) New York Yankees * OF Robinson , Frank Frank Robinson Cincinnati Reds * OF 1962 Mantle , Mickey Mickey Mantle ( 3 ) New York Yankees * OF Wills , Maury Maury Wills Los Angeles Dodgers SS 1963 Howard , Elston Elston Howard New York Yankees * Koufax , Sandy Sandy Koufax Los Angeles Dodgers * LHP 1964 Robinson , Brooks Brooks Robinson Baltimore Orioles 3B Boyer , Ken Ken Boyer St. Louis Cardinals * 3B 1965 Versalles , Zoilo Zoilo Versalles Minnesota Twins * SS Mays , Willie Willie Mays ( 2 ) San Francisco Giants OF 1966 Robinson , Frank Frank Robinson ( 2 ) Baltimore Orioles * OF Clemente , Roberto Roberto Clemente Pittsburgh Pirates OF 1967 Yastrzemski , Carl Carl Yastrzemski Boston Red Sox * OF Cepeda , Orlando Orlando Cepeda St. Louis Cardinals * 1B 1968 McLain , Denny Denny McLain Detroit Tigers * RHP Gibson , Bob Bob Gibson St. Louis Cardinals * RHP 1969 Killebrew , Harmon Harmon Killebrew Minnesota Twins 3B McCovey , Willie Willie McCovey San Francisco Giants 1B 1970 Powell , Boog Boog Powell Baltimore Orioles * 1B Bench , Johnny Johnny Bench Cincinnati Reds * 1971 Blue , Vida Vida Blue Oakland Athletics LHP Torre , Joe Joe Torre St. Louis Cardinals 3B 1972 Allen , Dick Dick Allen Chicago White Sox 1B Bench , Johnny Johnny Bench ( 2 ) Cincinnati Reds * 1973 Jackson , Reggie Reggie Jackson Oakland Athletics * OF Rose , Pete Pete Rose Cincinnati Reds OF Burroughs , Jeff Jeff Burroughs Texas Rangers OF Garvey , Steve Steve Garvey Los Angeles Dodgers * 1B Lynn , Fred Fred Lynn Boston Red Sox * OF Morgan , Joe Joe Morgan Cincinnati Reds * 2B 1976 Munson , Thurman Thurman Munson New York Yankees * Morgan , Joe Joe Morgan ( 2 ) Cincinnati Reds * 2B 1977 Carew , Rod Rod Carew Minnesota Twins 1B Foster , George George Foster Cincinnati Reds OF 1978 Rice , Jim Jim Rice Boston Red Sox OF Parker , Dave Dave Parker Pittsburgh Pirates OF 1979 Baylor , Don Don Baylor Los Angeles Angels ! California Angels DH Hernandez , Keith Keith Hernandez St. Louis Cardinals 1B Stargell , Willie Willie Stargell Pittsburgh Pirates * 1B 1980 Brett , George George Brett Kansas City Royals * 3B Schmidt , Mike Mike Schmidt Philadelphia Phillies * 3B 1981 Fingers , Rollie Rollie Fingers Milwaukee Brewers RHP Schmidt , Mike Mike Schmidt ( 2 ) Philadelphia Phillies 3B 1982 Yount , Robin Robin Yount Milwaukee Brewers * SS Murphy , Dale Dale Murphy Atlanta Braves OF Ripken , Jr. , Cal Cal Ripken , Jr . Baltimore Orioles * SS Murphy , Dale Dale Murphy ( 2 ) Atlanta Braves OF 1984 Hernandez , Willie Willie Hernández Detroit Tigers * LHP Sandberg , Ryne Ryne Sandberg Chicago Cubs 2B 1985 Mattingly , Don Don Mattingly New York Yankees 1B McGee , Willie Willie McGee St. Louis Cardinals * OF 1986 Clemens , Roger Roger Clemens Boston Red Sox * RHP Schmidt , Mike Mike Schmidt ( 3 ) Philadelphia Phillies 3B Bell , George George Bell Toronto Blue Jays OF Dawson , Andre Andre Dawson Chicago Cubs OF Canseco , Jose Jose Canseco Oakland Athletics * OF Gibson , Kirk Kirk Gibson Los Angeles Dodgers * OF Yount , Robin Robin Yount ( 2 ) Milwaukee Brewers OF Mitchell , Kevin Kevin Mitchell San Francisco Giants * OF Henderson , Rickey Rickey Henderson Oakland Athletics * OF Bonds , Barry Barry Bonds Pittsburgh Pirates OF 1991 Ripken , Jr. , Cal Cal Ripken , Jr. ( 2 ) Baltimore Orioles SS Pendleton , Terry Terry Pendleton Atlanta Braves * 3B Eckersley , Dennis Dennis Eckersley Oakland Athletics RHP Bonds , Barry Barry Bonds ( 2 ) Pittsburgh Pirates OF Thomas , Frank Frank Thomas Chicago White Sox 1B Bonds , Barry Barry Bonds ( 3 ) San Francisco Giants OF Thomas , Frank Frank Thomas ( 2 ) Chicago White Sox 1B Bagwell , Jeff Jeff Bagwell Houston Astros 1B 1995 Vaughn , Mo Mo Vaughn Boston Red Sox 1B Larkin , Barry Barry Larkin Cincinnati Reds SS Gonzalez , Juan Juan González Texas Rangers OF Caminiti , Ken Ken Caminiti San Diego Padres 3B Griffey , Jr. , Ken Ken Griffey , Jr . Seattle Mariners OF Walker , Larry Larry Walker Colorado Rockies OF 1998 Gonzalez , Juan Juan González ( 2 ) Texas Rangers OF Sosa , Sammy Sammy Sosa Chicago Cubs OF 1999 Rodriguez , Ivan Iván Rodríguez Texas Rangers Jones , Chipper Chipper Jones Atlanta Braves * 3B 2000 Giambi , Jason Jason Giambi Oakland Athletics 1B Kent , Jeff Jeff Kent San Francisco Giants 2B Suzuki , Ichiro Ichiro Suzuki Seattle Mariners OF Bonds , Barry Barry Bonds ( 4 ) San Francisco Giants OF 2002 Tejada , Miguel Miguel Tejada Oakland Athletics SS Bonds , Barry Barry Bonds ( 5 ) San Francisco Giants * OF 2003 Rodriguez , Alex Alex Rodriguez Texas Rangers SS Bonds , Barry Barry Bonds ( 6 ) San Francisco Giants OF Guerrero , Vladimir Vladimir Guerrero Los Angeles Angels ! Anaheim Angels OF Bonds , Barry Barry Bonds ( 7 ) San Francisco Giants OF 2005 Rodriguez , Alex Alex Rodriguez ( 2 ) New York Yankees 3B Pujols , Albert Albert Pujols St. Louis Cardinals 1B 2006 Morneau , Justin Justin Morneau Minnesota Twins 1B Howard , Ryan Ryan Howard Philadelphia Phillies 1B 2007 Rodriguez , Alex Alex Rodriguez ( 3 ) New York Yankees 3B Rollins , Jimmy Jimmy Rollins Philadelphia Phillies SS 2008 Pedroia , Dustin Dustin Pedroia Boston Red Sox 2B Pujols , Albert Albert Pujols ( 2 ) St. Louis Cardinals 1B 2009 Mauer , Joe Joe Mauer Minnesota Twins Pujols , Albert Albert Pujols ( 3 ) St. Louis Cardinals 1B Hamilton , Josh Josh Hamilton Texas Rangers * OF Votto , Joey Joey Votto Cincinnati Reds 1B 2011 Verlander , Justin Justin Verlander Detroit Tigers RHP Braun , Ryan Ryan Braun Milwaukee Brewers OF 2012 Cabrera , Miguel Miguel Cabrera Detroit Tigers * 3B Posey , Buster Buster Posey San Francisco Giants * 2013 Cabrera , Miguel Miguel Cabrera ( 2 ) Detroit Tigers 3B McCutchen , Andrew Andrew McCutchen Pittsburgh Pirates OF 2014 Trout , Mike Mike Trout Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim OF Kershaw , Clayton Clayton Kershaw Los Angeles Dodgers LHP 2015 Donaldson , Josh Josh Donaldson Toronto Blue Jays 3B Harper , Bryce Bryce Harper Washington Nationals OF 2016 Trout , Mike Mike Trout ( 2 ) Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim OF Bryant , Kris Kris Bryant Chicago Cubs * 3B / OF Key ( edit ) Year Links to the article about the corresponding Major League Baseball season Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame as a player Denotes player who is still active § Unanimous selection Player ( X ) Denotes winning player and number of times they had won the award at that point * Team won League Pennant Pitcher ( RHP indicates right - handed ; LHP indicates left - handed ) Catcher 1B First baseman 2B Second baseman 3B Third baseman SS Shortstop OF Outfielder DH Designated hitter See also ( edit ) `` Esurance MLB Awards '' Best Major Leaguer ( in MLB ; all positions ) ( there are also Best Hitter and Best Pitcher awards ( in MLB ) ) `` Players Choice Awards '' Player of the Year ( in MLB ; all positions ) ( there are also Outstanding Player and Outstanding Pitcher awards ( in each league ) ) Baseball America Major League Player of the Year ( in MLB ; all positions ) Baseball Digest Player of the Year ( in MLB ; position players only ; from 1969 to 1993 , included all positions ; in 1994 , a separate Pitcher of the Year award was added ) Best Major League Baseball Player ESPY Award ( in MLB ; all positions ) The Sporting News Most Valuable Player Award ( in each league ) ( discontinued in 1946 ) Sporting News Player of the Year ( in MLB ; position players only ) List of Major League Baseball awards Baseball awards Notes ( edit ) A player is considered inactive if he has announced his retirement or not played for a full season . A unanimous victory indicates that the player received all possible first - place votes . Torre is a member of the Hall of Fame , but not as a player . He was inducted in 2014 as a manager . Hernandez and Stargell both received 216 points in the 1979 voting . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Landis , Kenesaw '' . National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Gillette , Gary ; Palmer , Pete ( 2007 ) . The ESPN Baseball Encyclopedia ( Fourth ed . ) . New York : Sterling Publishing Co. p. 1763 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4027 - 4771 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Gillette & Palmer , pp. 1764 -- 1765 Jump up ^ Kepner , Tyler ( September 4 , 2011 ) . `` Where Do You Find Value ? Discussing the M.V.P. Criteria '' . The New York Times . p . SP3 . Retrieved September 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ For the definition that appears on the BBWAA ballot ( including pitchers and designated hitters ) , go to Voting FAQ and scroll down . Baseball Writers ' Association of America . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Major League Baseball 's Most Valuable Player Award Winners '' . Baseball Digest . Evanston , Illinois : Century Publishing Co. 59 ( 12 ) : 86 -- 89 . December 2000 . ISSN 0005 - 609X . Retrieved December 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Walter Johnson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Alex Rodriguez Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Barry Bonds Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmie Foxx Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Most Valuable Player MVP Awards & Cy Young Awards Winners '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1979 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kepner , Tyler ( November 21 , 2011 ) . `` Verlander Is First Pitcher Named M.V.P. Since 1992 '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Clayton Kershaw , Dodgers '' . Baseball Writers ' Association of America . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Havey ( July 4 , 1941 ) . `` Mirrors of Sport '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . p. 18 . Retrieved January 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Larry . `` He was a pain ... but a great pain '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1911 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1912 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1913 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1914 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Newman , Mark ( November 14 , 2009 ) . `` One of a kind : Another MVP for A-Rod '' . MLB.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gould , Alan ( December 8 , 1929 ) . `` Rogers Hornsby Voted Most Valuable Player in National League '' . Reading Eagle . Retrieved January 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Player Award Goes to Hornsby again '' . The New York Times . December 8 , 1929 . p . S2 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1922 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1923 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1924 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1925 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1926 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1927 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1928 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1929 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1931 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1932 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1933 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1934 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1935 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1936 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1937 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1938 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1939 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1940 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1941 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1942 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1943 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1944 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1945 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1946 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1947 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1948 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1949 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1950 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1951 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1952 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1953 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1954 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1955 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1956 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1957 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1958 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1959 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1960 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1961 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1962 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1963 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1964 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1965 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1966 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1967 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1968 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1969 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1970 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1971 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1972 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1973 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1974 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1975 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1976 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1977 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1978 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1980 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1981 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1982 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1983 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1984 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1985 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1986 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1987 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1988 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1989 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1990 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1991 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1992 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1993 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1994 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1995 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1996 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1997 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1998 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1999 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 2000 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 2001 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Albert Pujols of St. Louis Cardinals is unanimous National League MVP '' . ESPN . The Associated Press . November 25 , 2009 . Retrieved July 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 2002 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 2003 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 2004 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 2005 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 2006 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 2007 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 2008 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 2009 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers Outfielder Josh Hamilton Honored '' . Baseball Writers ' Association of America . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2012 . Retrieved November 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Reds ' Joey Votto Runs Away With Award '' . Baseball Writers ' Association of America . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2012 . Retrieved November 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Verlander Completes Rare Double , Adding MVP to Cy Young '' . Baseball Writers ' Association of America . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2012 . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan Braun Slugs His Way to Award '' . Baseball Writers ' Association of America . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2012 . Retrieved November 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Trout Highest WAR at Youngest Age '' . Baseball Writers ' Association of America . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2012 . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` YadierMolina '' . Baseball Writers ' Association of America . Retrieved March 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Miguel Cabrera Goes Back - to - Back '' . Baseball Writers ' Association of America . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew McCutchen Wins Pirates ' 1st MVP since 1992 '' . Baseball Writers ' Association of America . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Trout , Angels '' . Baseball Writers ' Association of America . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Josh Donaldson , Blue Jays '' . Baseball Writer 's Association of America . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bryce Harper , Nationals '' . Baseball Writers ' Association of America . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Angels ' Mike Trout wins second AL MVP , edging Red Sox 's Mookie Betts Jump up ^ Gillette & Palmer , pp. 1755 -- 1760 Jump up ^ `` Baseball Hall of Fame Inductees '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Torre '' . National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Most Valuable Player MVP Awards & Cy Young Awards Winners ( 1911 -- present ) ( and `` Multiple Winners of the MVP and Cy Young Awards '' ) . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . Major League Baseball awards and trophies Team Commissioner 's Trophy ( list of winners ) Warren Giles Trophy ( NL pennant winners ) William Harridge Trophy ( AL pennant winners ) Individual Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) Cy Young Manager of the Year Rookie of the Year Roberto Clemente Hank Aaron Gold Glove Silver Slugger World Series MVP All - Star Game MVP Rolaids Relief Man Comeback Player of the Year League Championship Series MVP Reliever of the Year Player of the Month Pitcher of the Month Rookie of the Month Player of the Week Other Commissioner 's Historic Achievement Award Book : Major League Baseball awards Category : Major League Baseball awards Portal : Baseball American League MVP Award 1931 : Grove 1932 : Foxx 1933 : Foxx 1934 : Cochrane 1935 : Greenberg 1936 : Gehrig 1937 : Gehringer 1938 : Foxx 1939 : DiMaggio 1940 : Greenberg 1941 : DiMaggio 1942 : Gordon 1943 : Chandler 1944 : Newhouser 1945 : Newhouser 1946 : Williams 1947 : DiMaggio 1948 : Boudreau 1949 : Williams 1950 : Rizzuto 1951 : Berra 1952 : Shantz 1953 : Rosen 1954 : Berra 1955 : Berra 1956 : Mantle 1957 : Mantle 1958 : Jensen 1959 : Fox 1960 : Maris 1961 : Maris 1962 : Mantle 1963 : Howard 1964 : B. Robinson 1965 : Versalles 1966 : F. Robinson 1967 : Yastrzemski 1968 : McLain 1969 : Killebrew 1970 : Powell 1971 : Blue 1972 : Allen 1973 : Jackson 1974 : Burroughs 1975 : Lynn 1976 : Munson 1977 : Carew 1978 : Rice 1979 : Baylor 1980 : Brett 1981 : Fingers 1982 : Yount 1983 : Ripken Jr . 1984 : Hernández 1985 : Mattingly 1986 : Clemens 1987 : Bell 1988 : Canseco 1989 : Yount 1990 : Henderson 1991 : Ripken Jr . 1992 : Eckersley 1993 : Thomas 1994 : Thomas 1995 : Vaughn 1996 : González 1997 : Griffey Jr . 1998 : González 1999 : I. Rodríguez 2000 : Giambi 2001 : Suzuki 2002 : Tejada 2003 : A. Rodriguez 2004 : Guerrero 2005 : A. Rodriguez 2006 : Morneau 2007 : A. Rodriguez 2008 : Pedroia 2009 : Mauer 2010 : Hamilton 2011 : Verlander 2012 : Cabrera 2013 : Cabrera 2014 : Trout 2015 : Donaldson 2016 : Trout National League MVP Award 1931 : Frisch 1932 : Klein 1933 : Hubbell 1934 : Dean 1935 : Hartnett 1936 : Hubbell 1937 : Medwick 1938 : Lombardi 1939 : Walters 1940 : McCormick 1941 : Camilli 1942 : Cooper 1943 : Musial 1944 : Marion 1945 : Cavarretta 1946 : Musial 1947 : Elliott 1948 : Musial 1949 : J. Robinson 1950 : Konstanty 1951 : Campanella 1952 : Sauer 1953 : Campanella 1954 : Mays 1955 : Campanella 1956 : Newcombe 1957 : Aaron 1958 : Banks 1959 : Banks 1960 : Groat 1961 : F. Robinson 1962 : Wills 1963 : Koufax 1964 : Boyer 1965 : Mays 1966 : Clemente 1967 : Cepeda 1968 : B. Gibson 1969 : McCovey 1970 : Bench 1971 : Torre 1972 : Bench 1973 : Rose 1974 : Garvey 1975 : Morgan 1976 : Morgan 1977 : Foster 1978 : Parker 1979 : Hernandez & Stargell 1980 : Schmidt 1981 : Schmidt 1982 : Murphy 1983 : Murphy 1984 : Sandberg 1985 : McGee 1986 : Schmidt 1987 : Dawson 1988 : K. Gibson 1989 : Mitchell 1990 : Bonds 1991 : Pendleton 1992 : Bonds 1993 : Bonds 1994 : Bagwell 1995 : Larkin 1996 : Caminiti 1997 : Walker 1998 : Sosa 1999 : Jones 2000 : Kent 2001 : Bonds 2002 : Bonds 2003 : Bonds 2004 : Bonds 2005 : Pujols 2006 : Howard 2007 : Rollins 2008 : Pujols 2009 : Pujols 2010 : Votto 2011 : Braun 2012 : Posey 2013 : McCutchen 2014 : Kershaw 2015 : Harper 2016 : Bryant Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Major_League_Baseball_Most_Valuable_Player_Award&oldid=796895954 '' Categories : Major League Baseball trophies and awards Most valuable player awards Awards established in 1931 Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Polski Simple English Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2017 , at 18 : 05 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major%20League%20Baseball%20Most%20Valuable%20Player%20Award
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at any meeting of the federal open market committee that committee’s voting members consist of
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Federal Open Market Committee
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federal open market committee
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The Federal Open Market Committee ( FOMC ) , a committee within the Federal Reserve System ( the Fed ) , is charged under the United States law with overseeing the nation 's open market operations ( i.e. , the Fed 's buying and selling of United States Treasury securities ) . This Federal Reserve committee makes key decisions about interest rates and the growth of the United States money supply .
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The FOMC is the principal organ of United States national monetary policy . The Committee sets monetary policy by specifying the short - term objective for the Fed 's open market operations , which is usually a target level for the federal funds rate ( the rate that commercial banks charge between themselves for overnight loans ) . The FOMC also directs operations undertaken by the Federal Reserve System in foreign exchange markets , although any intervention in foreign exchange markets is coordinated with the U.S. Treasury , which has responsibility for formulating U.S. policies regarding the exchange value of the dollar . Contents ( hide ) 1 Membership 2 Meetings 3 Decision - making process 4 Consensus 5 Congressional oversight 6 Interest rate targeting 7 Current members 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Membership ( edit ) The Committee consists of the seven members of the Federal Reserve Board , the president of the New York Fed , and four of the other eleven regional Federal Reserve Bank presidents , serving one year terms . The Federal Open Market Committee was formed by the Banking Act of 1933 ( codified at 12 U.S.C. § 263 ) , and did not include voting rights for the Federal Reserve Board of Governors . The Banking Act of 1935 revised these protocols to include the Board of Governors and to closely resemble the present - day FOMC , and was amended in 1942 to give the current structure of twelve voting members . Four of the Federal Reserve Bank presidents serve one - year terms on a rotating basis . The rotating seats are filled from the following four groups of banks , one bank president from each group : Boston , Philadelphia , and Richmond ; Cleveland and Chicago ; Atlanta , St. Louis , and Dallas ; and Minneapolis , Kansas City , and San Francisco . The New York President always has a voting membership . All of the Reserve Bank presidents , even those who are not currently voting members of the FOMC , attend Committee meetings , participate in discussions , and contribute to the Committee 's assessment of the economy and policy options . The Committee meets eight times a year , approximately once every six weeks . Meetings ( edit ) Modern - day meeting of the Federal Open Market Committee at the Eccles Building , Washington , D.C. By law , the FOMC must meet at least four times each year in Washington , D.C. Since 1981 , eight regularly scheduled meetings have been held each year at intervals of five to eight weeks . If circumstances require consultation or consideration of an action between these regular meetings , members may be called on to participate in a special meeting or a telephone conference , or to vote on a proposed action by proxy . At each regularly scheduled meeting , the Committee votes on the policy to be carried out during the interval between meetings . Attendance at meetings is restricted because of the confidential nature of the information discussed and is limited to Committee members , nonmember Reserve Bank presidents , staff officers , the Manager of the System Open Market Account , and a small number of Board and Reserve Bank staff . Decision - making process ( edit ) Before each regularly scheduled meeting of the FOMC , System staff prepare written reports on past and prospective economic and financial developments that are sent to Committee members and to nonmember Reserve Bank presidents . Reports prepared by the Manager of the System Open Market Account on operations in the domestic open market and in foreign currencies since the last regular meeting are also distributed . At the meeting itself , staff officers present oral reports on the current and prospective business situation , on conditions in financial markets , and on international financial developments . In its discussions , the Committee considers factors such as trends in prices and wages , employment and production , consumer income and spending , residential and commercial construction , business investment and inventories , foreign exchange markets , interest rates , money and credit aggregates , and fiscal policy . The Manager of the System Open Market Account also reports on account transactions since the previous meeting . After these reports , the Committee members and other Reserve Bank presidents turn to policy . Typically , each participant expresses his own views on the state of the economy and prospects for the future and on the appropriate direction for monetary policy . Then each makes a more explicit recommendation on policy for the coming intermeeting period ( and for the longer run , if under consideration ) . Consensus ( edit ) Finally , the Committee must reach a consensus regarding the appropriate course for policy , which is incorporated in a directive to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York -- the Bank that executes transactions for the System Open Market Account . The directive is cast in terms designed to provide guidance to the Manager in the conduct of day - to - day open market operations . The directive sets forth the Committee 's objectives for long - run growth of certain key monetary and credit aggregates . It also sets forth operating guidelines for the degree of ease or restraint to be sought in reserve conditions and expectations with regard to short - term rates of growth in the monetary aggregates . Policy is implemented with emphasis on supplying reserves in a manner consistent with these objectives and with the nation 's broader economic objectives . Congressional oversight ( edit ) Under the Federal Reserve Act , the Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System must appear before Congressional hearings at least twice per year regarding `` the efforts , activities , objectives and plans of the Board and the Federal Open Market Committee with respect to the conduct of monetary policy '' . The statute requires that the Chairman appear before the House Committee on Financial Services in February and July of odd - numbered years , and before the Senate Committee on Banking , Housing , and Urban Affairs in February and July of even - numbered years . Interest rate targeting ( edit ) The committee 's practice of interest rate targeting has been criticized by some commentators who argue that it may risk an inflationary bias . Possible alternative rules that enjoy some support among economists include the traditional monetarist formula of targeting stable growth in an appropriately chosen monetary aggregate , and inflation targeting , now practiced by many central banks . Under inflationary pressure in 1979 , the Fed temporarily abandoned interest rate targeting in favor of targeting non-borrowed reserves . It concluded , however , that this approach led to increased volatility in interest rates and monetary growth , and reversed itself in 1982 . Former Fed Chairman Ben Bernanke spoke sympathetically as a Governor in 2003 of the inflation targeting approach . He explained that even a central bank like the Fed , which does not orient its monetary policies around an explicit , published inflation target , nonetheless takes account of its goal of low and stable inflation in formulating its interest rate targets . Bernanke summed up his overall assessment of inflation targeting as follows : Inflation targeting , at least in its best - practice form , consists of two parts : a policy framework of constrained discretion and a communication strategy that attempts to focus expectations and explain the policy framework to the public . Together , these two elements promote both price stability and well - anchored inflation expectations ; the latter in turn facilitates more effective stabilization of output and employment . Thus , a well - conceived and well - executed strategy of inflation targeting can deliver good results with respect to output and employment as well as inflation . Although communication plays several important roles in inflation targeting , perhaps the most important is focusing and anchoring expectations . Clearly there are limits to what talk can achieve ; ultimately , talk must be backed up by action , in the form of successful policies . Likewise , for a successful and credible central bank like the Federal Reserve , the immediate benefits of adopting a more explicit communication strategy may be modest . Nevertheless , making the investment now in greater transparency about the central bank 's objectives , plans , and assessments of the economy could pay increasing dividends in the future . In keeping with his 2003 speech as Governor , Bernanke as Chairman has attempted to promote greater transparency in Fed communications . The Fed now publicly indicates the range within which it would like to see future inflation . Current members ( edit ) The 2017 Members of the FOMC : Members Janet Louise Yellen , Board of Governors , Chairman William C. Dudley , New York , Vice Chairman Lael Brainard , Board of Governors Charles L. Evans , Chicago Stanley Fischer , Board of Governors Patrick Harker , Philadelphia Robert S. Kaplan , Dallas Neel Kashkari , Minneapolis Jerome H. Powell , Board of Governors Alternate Members Marie Gooding , First Vice President , Atlanta Mark Mullinix , Richmond Loretta J. Mester , Cleveland Michael Strine , First Vice President , New York John C. Williams , San Francisco Federal Reserve Bank Rotation on the FOMC Committee membership changes at the first regularly scheduled meeting of the year . 2017 Members - New York , Chicago , Philadelphia , Dallas , Minneapolis 2017 Alternate Members - Atlanta , Richmond , Cleveland , New York , San Francisco ( Note : For the Federal Reserve Bank of New York , the First Vice President is the alternate for the President . ) See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Economics portal Federal funds probability Federal funds rate Monetary Policy Committee , the equivalent organ of the United Kingdom 's Bank of England , and modeled in part on the FOMC References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` What is the FOMC and when does it meet ? '' . Board of Governors of The Federal Reserve System . December 2015 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Arthur ; Sheffrin , Steven M. ( 2003 ) . Economics : Principles in Action . Upper Saddle River , NJ : Pearson Prentice Hall . p. 418 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 063085 - 3 . Jump up ^ Arthur J. Rolnick ; David E. Runkle ( March 1 , 1999 ) . David Fettig , ed . `` The Federal Reserve 's Beige Book : A better mirror than crystal ball - The Beige Book : An analysis of the purpose and value of the Federal Reserve 's Beige Book . '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . ^ Jump up to : `` The Federal Open Market Committee '' . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . January 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ See 12 U.S.C. § 225b ( a ) . Jump up ^ Allen , Larry ( October 15 , 2009 ) . The encyclopedia of money . ABC - CLIO . p. 242 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 251 - 7 . Retrieved August 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Thomas Mayer ( 1993 ) . The Political Economy of American Monetary Policy . Cambridge University Press . p. 249 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 44651 - 8 . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wood , John H. ( 2008 ) . A History of Macroeconomic Policy in the United States . Taylor & Francis . p. 142 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 77718 - 6 . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ben S. Bernanke ( March 25 , 2003 ) . A Perspective on Inflation Targeting ( Speech ) . Annual Washington Policy Conference of the National Association for Business Economics . Washington D.C. External links ( edit ) Federal Open Market Committee : official site Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia : A Day in the Life of the FOMC University of Rochester : Shadow Open Market Committee Federal Reserve Board : Come with Me to the FOMC What happens to the markets on `` Fed Days '' Fed Day Charts Minutes of FOMC meetings FOMC Speak , a repository of FOMC participant speeches , testimony , interviews and commentary Historical documents relating to the FOMC , as well as the Open Market Investment Committee and Open Market Policy Conference , predecessors of the FOMC Public Law 305 , 74th Congress , H.R. 7617 : An Act to Provide for the Sound , Effective , and Uninterrupted Operation of the Banking System ( Banking Act of 1935 ) Public Law 66 , 73d Congress , H.R. 5661 : an Act to Provide for the Safer and More Effective Use of the Assets of Banks , to Regulate Interbank Control , to Prevent the Undue Diversion of Funds into Speculative Operations ( Banking Act of 1933 ) ( hide ) Federal Reserve System Federal Open Market Committee Chair Governors Federal Reserve Bank Banknotes Federal Reserve Note Federal Reserve Bank Note Reports Beige Book Federal Reserve Statistical Release Monetary Policy Report to the Congress Fedspeak Federal funds Discount window Federal funds Federal funds rate History of Federal Open Market Committee actions Primary dealer History Aldrich -- Vreeland Act Bloomberg v. Federal Reserve Board of Governors , FRS v. Investment Co . Institute Federal Reserve Act Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act History of central banking in the United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federal_Open_Market_Committee&oldid=789307467 '' Categories : Federal Reserve System 1933 establishments in the United States Committees Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2017 Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 July 2017 , at 16 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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angola and mozambique were once colonies of which country
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Angola is a country in southwestern Africa . The country 's name derives from the Kimbundu word for king . It was first settled by San hunter - gatherer societies before the northern domains came under the rule of Bantu states such as Kongo and Ndongo . From the 15th century , Portuguese colonists began trading , and a settlement was established at Luanda during the 16th century . Portugal annexed territories in the region which were ruled as a colony from 1655 , and Angola was incorporated as an overseas province of Portugal in 1951 . After the Angolan War of Independence which ended with an army mutiny and leftist coup in Lisbon , Angola 's independence was achieved on November 11 , 1975 through the Alvor Agreement . After independence , Angola later entered a period of civil war that lasted up until 2002 .
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History of Angola
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history of angola
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Angola is a country in southwestern Africa . The country 's name derives from the Kimbundu word for king . It was first settled by San hunter - gatherer societies before the northern domains came under the rule of Bantu states such as Kongo and Ndongo . From the 15th century , Portuguese colonists began trading , and a settlement was established at Luanda during the 16th century . Portugal annexed territories in the region which were ruled as a colony from 1655 , and Angola was incorporated as an overseas province of Portugal in 1951 . After the Angolan War of Independence which ended with an army mutiny and leftist coup in Lisbon , Angola 's independence was achieved on November 11 , 1975 through the Alvor Agreement . After independence , Angola later entered a period of civil war that lasted up until 2002 .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 From prehistory to the sovereign country 2 Civil war 3 2000s and 2010s 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links From prehistory to the sovereign country ( edit ) See also : Precolonial history of Angola , Colonial history of Angola , and Angolan War of Independence The area of current day Angola was inhabited during the paleolithic and neolithic eras , as attested by remains found in Luanda , Congo , and the Namibe desert . At the beginning of recorded history other cultures and people also arrived . The first ones to settle were the San people . This changed at the beginning of the sixth century AD , when the Bantu , already in possession of metal - working technology , ceramics and agriculture began migrating from the north . When they reached what is now Angola they encountered the San and other groups . The establishment of the Bantu took many centuries and gave rise to various groupings that took on different ethnic characteristics . The first large political entity in the area , known to history as the Kingdom of Kongo , appeared in the thirteenth century and stretched from Gabon in the north to the river Kwanza in the south , and from the Atlantic in the west to the river Cuango in the east . The wealth of the Kongo came mainly from agriculture . Power was in the hands of the Mani , aristocrats who occupied key positions in the kingdom and who answered only to the all - powerful King of the Kongo . Mbanza was the name given to a territorial unit administered and ruled by a Mani ; Mbanza Congo , the capital , had a population of over fifty thousand in the sixteenth century . The Kingdom of Kongo was divided into six provinces and included some dependent kingdoms , such as Ndongo to the south . Trade was the main activity , based on highly productive agriculture and increasing exploitation of mineral wealth . In 1482 , Portuguese caravels commanded by Diogo Cão arrived in the Congo and he explored the extreme north - western coast of what today is Angola in 1484 . Other expeditions followed , and close relations were soon established between the two states . The Portuguese brought firearms and many other technological advances , as well as a new religion ( Christianity ) ; in return , the King of the Congo offered plenty of slaves , ivory , and minerals . The Portuguese colony of Angola was founded in 1575 with the arrival of Paulo Dias de Novais with a hundred families of colonists and four hundred soldiers . Its center at Luanda was granted the status of city in 1605 . The King of the Kongo soon converted to Christianity and adopted a similar political structure to the Europeans . He became a well - known figure in Europe , to the point of receiving missives from the Pope . To the south of the Kingdom of the Kongo , around the river Kwanza , there were various important states . The most important of these was the Kingdom of Ndongo or Dongo , ruled by the ngolas . At the time of the arrival of the Portuguese , Ngola Kiluange was in power . By maintaining a policy of alliances with neighbouring states , he managed to hold out against the foreigners for several decades but was eventually beheaded in Luanda . Years later , the Ndongo rose to prominence again when Jinga Mbandi ( Queen Jinga ) took power . A wily politician , she kept the Portuguese in check with carefully prepared agreements . After undertaking various journeys she succeeded in 1635 in forming a grand coalition with the states of Matamba and Ndongo , Kongo , Kassanje , Dembos and Kissamas . At the head of this formidable alliance , she forced the Portuguese to retreat . Meanwhile , Portugal had lost its King and the Spanish took control of the Portuguese monarchy . By this time , Portugal 's overseas territories had taken second place . The Dutch took advantage of this situation and occupied Luanda in 1641 . Jinga entered into an alliance with the Dutch , thereby strengthening her coalition and confining the Portuguese to Massangano , which they fortified strongly , sallying forth on occasion to capture slaves in the Kuata ! Kuata ! Wars . Slaves from Angola were essential to the development of the Portuguese colony of Brazil , but the traffic had been interrupted by these events . Portugal having regained its independence , a large force from Brazil under the command of Salvador Correia de Sá retook Luanda in 1648 , leading to the return of the Portuguese in large numbers . Jinga 's coalition then fell apart ; the absence of their Dutch allies with their firearms and the strong position of Correia de Sá delivered a deadly blow to the morale of the native forces . Jinga died in 1663 ; two years later , the King of the Congo committed all his forces to an attempt to capture the island of Luanda , occupied by Correia de Sá , but they were defeated and lost their independence . The Kingdom of Ndongo submitted to the Portuguese Crown in 1671 . Trade was mostly with the Portuguese colony of Brazil ; Brazilian ships were the most numerous in the ports of Luanda and Benguela . By this time , Angola , a Portuguese colony , was in fact like a colony of Brazil , paradoxically another Portuguese colony . A strong Brazilian influence was also exercised by the Jesuits in religion and education . War gradually gave way to the philosophy of trade Slave - trading routes and the conquests that made them possible were the driving force for activities between the different areas ; independent states were subjugated to the demands of American slavery In the high plains ( the Planalto ) , the most important states were those of Bié and Bailundo , the latter being noted for its production of foodstuffs and rubber . The interior remained largely free of Portuguese control as late as the 19th century . The slave trade was not abolished until 1836 , and in 1844 Angola 's ports were opened to foreign shipping . This facilitated the continuation of slave smuggling to the United States and Brazil . By 1850 , Luanda was one of the largest Portuguese cities in the Portuguese Empire outside Mainland Portugal exporting ( together with Benguela ) palm and peanut oil , wax , copal , timber , ivory , cotton , coffee , and cocoa , among many other products - almost all the produce of a continued forced labour system . The Berlin Conference compelled Portugal to move towards the immediate occupation of all the territories it laid claim to but had been unable to effectively conquer . The territory of Cabinda , to the north of the river Zaire , was also ceded to Portugal on the legal basis of the Treaty of Simulambuko Protectorate , concluded between the Portuguese Crown and the princes of Cabinda in 1885 . In the 19th century they slowly and hesitantly began to establish themselves in the interior . Angola as a Portuguese colony encompassing the present territory was not established before the end of the 19th century , and `` effective occupation '' , as required by the Berlin Conference ( 1884 ) was achieved only by the 1920s . Colonial economic strategy was based on agriculture and the export of raw materials . Trade in rubber and ivory , together with the taxes imposed on the population of the Empire ( including the mainland ) , brought vast income to Lisbon . Car in Angola , in 1949 . Ford Taunus in Angola , in 1972 Portuguese policy in Angola was modified by certain reforms introduced at the beginning of the twentieth century The fall of the Portuguese monarchy and a favourable international climate led to reforms in administration , agriculture , and education . In 1951 , with the advent of the New State regime ( Estado Novo ) extended to the colony , Angola became a province of Portugal ( Ultramarine Province ) , called the Província Ultramarina de Angola ( Overseas Province of Angola ) . However , Portuguese rule remained characterized by deep - seated racism , mass forced labour , and an almost complete failure to modernize the country . By 1960 , after 400 years of colonial rule , there was not a single university in the entire territory . To counter this lack of education facilities , overtly political organizations first appeared in the 1950s , and began to make organized demands for human and civil rights , initiating diplomatic campaigns throughout the world in their fight for independence . The Portuguese regime , meanwhile , refused to accede to the nationalist 's demands for independence , thereby provoking the armed conflict that started in 1961 when guerrillas attacked colonial assets in cross-border operations in northeastern Angola The war came to be known as the Colonial War . In this struggle , the principal protagonists were the MPLA ( Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola ) , founded in 1956 , the FNLA ( National Front for the Liberation of Angola ) , which appeared in 1961 , and UNITA ( National Union for the Total Independence of Angola ) , founded in 1966 . After many years of conflict , the nation gained its independence on 11 November 1975 , after the 1974 coup d'état in Lisbon , Portugal . Portugal 's new leaders began a process of democratic change at home and acceptance of the independence of its former colonies . Civil war ( edit ) Main article : Angolan Civil War A 1974 coup d'état in Portugal established a military government led by President António de Spínola . The Spínola government agreed to give all of Portugal 's colonies independence , and handed power in Angola over to a coalition of the three largest nationalist movements , the MPLA , UNITA , and the FNLA , through the Alvor Agreement . The coalition quickly broke down , however , and the country descended into civil war . The MPLA gained control of the capital Luanda and much of the rest of the country . With the support of the United States , Zaïre and South Africa intervened militarily in favour of the FNLA and UNITA with the intention of taking Luanda before the declaration of independence . In response , Cuba intervened in favor of the MPLA . In the meantime the South Africans and UNITA had come as close as 200 km to the south of the capital , the FNLA and Zairean forces as far as Kifangondo , 30 km to the east . With Cuban support , the MPLA held Luanda and declared independence on November 11 , 1975 , the day the Portuguese left the country . Agostinho Neto became the first president . FNLA and UNITA proclaimed their own short - lived republics ( the Democratic Republic of Angola and the Social Democratic Republic of Angola ) on November 24 , 1975 , for the zones they controlled with Holden Roberto and Jonas Savimbi as co-presidents ( dissolved after January 30 , 1976 ) . By the end of January 1976 the MPLA army ( FAPLA ) and the Cubans had all but crushed FNLA , Zaireans and UNITA , and the South African forces withdrew . On May 27 , 1977 , a coup attempt , including some former members of the MPLA government such as Nito Alves , led to retaliation by the government and Cuban forces , resulting in the deaths of thousands , if not tens of thousands . Alves was tortured and killed . The movement is known as Fraccionismo . Soviet and East Bloc military advisors train MPLA troops in Angola , 1983 The proxy war continued . The MPLA government , recognised internationally ( although not by the United States ) , requested that Cuban forces remain in the country . Led by Jonas Savimbi , UNITA received clandestine support from the U.S. and other nations and took up military resistance in the southeast of the country while the MPLA government was supported by the USSR and Eastern Bloc countries . South Africa continued to pursue South - West Africa People 's Organisation ( SWAPO ) forces in Southern Angola , soon established bases and increased support of UNITA , which gained control of more and more territory . In an effort to deliver a final blow to UNITA and to drive South Africa out of the country , in 1987 the People 's Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola ( FAPLA ) , with Soviet support , launched a campaign fraught with failures and defeats . Again , the Cubans intervened , stopping UNITA and South African advances , leading to the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale from January 13 to March 23 , the largest battle in African history since World War II . The MPLA and the U.S. had been in negotiations for a peaceful solution since June 1987 . The U.S. agreed to include Cuba in direct talks . Cuba joined the negotiations January 28 , 1988 ; South Africa joined March 9 . Angola , Cuba and South Africa signed the Tripartite Accord on December 22 , 1988 , in which the withdrawal of Cuban troops from Angola was linked to the retreat of South African soldiers from Angola and Namibia . The Bicesse Accord in 1991 spelled out an electoral process for a democratic Angola under the supervision of the United Nations . MPLA won the first round with 49 % of the votes , against 40 % for UNITA . UNITA leader Jonas Savimbi rejected the results and returned to war . From October 30 to November 1 , 1992 the Halloween Massacre occurred in which thousands of UNITA and FNLA supporters in Luanda were killed by MPLA troops . Estimates for the death toll nationwide reach 25,000 to 30,000 . A second peace accord , the Lusaka Protocol , was brokered in Lusaka , Zambia and signed on November 20 , 1994 . The peace accord between the government and UNITA provided for the integration of former UNITA insurgents into the government and armed forces . However , in 1995 , localized fighting resumed . A national unity government was installed in April 1997 , but serious fighting resumed in late 1998 when Savimbi renewed the war for a second time , claiming that the MPLA was not fulfilling its obligations . The UN Security Council voted on August 28 , 1997 , to impose sanctions on UNITA . The Angolan military launched a massive offensive in 1999 that destroyed UNITA 's conventional capacity and recaptured all major cities previously held by Savimbi 's forces . Savimbi then declared that UNITA would return to guerrilla tactics , and much of the country remained in turmoil . The extended civil war rendered hundreds of thousands of people homeless . Up to 1 million lives may have been lost in fighting over the past quarter century . It only ended when Savimbi was killed in 2002 . 2000s and 2010s ( edit ) Main articles : Angolagate and Second Congo War A Russian freighter delivered 500 tons of Ukrainian 7.62 mm ammunition to Simportex , a division of the Angolan government , with the help of a shipping agent in London on September 21 , 2000 . The ship 's captain declared his cargo `` fragile '' to minimize inspection . The next day , the MPLA began attacking UNITA , winning victories in several battles from September 22 -- 25 . The government gained control over military bases and diamond mines in Lunda Norte and Lunda Sul , hurting Savimbi 's ability to pay his troops . Angola agreed to trade oil to Slovakia in return for arms , buying six Sukhoi Su - 17 attack aircraft on April 3 , 2000 . The Spanish government in the Canary Islands prevented a Ukrainian freighter from delivering 636 tons of military equipment to Angola on February 24 , 2001 . The captain of the ship had inaccurately reported his cargo , falsely claiming the ship carried automobile parts . The Angolan government admitted Simportex had purchased arms from Rosvooruzhenie , the Russian state - owned arms company , and acknowledged the captain might have violated Spanish law by misreporting his cargo , a common practice in arms smuggling to Angola . Government troops captured and destroyed UNITA 's Epongoloko base in Benguela province and Mufumbo base in Cuanza Sul in October 2001 . The Slovak government sold fighter jets to the Angolan government in 2001 in violation of the European Union Code of Conduct on Arms Exports . Government troops killed Savimbi on February 22 , 2002 , in Moxico province . UNITA Vice President António Dembo took over , but died from diabetes twelve days later on March 3 , and Secretary - General Paulo Lukamba became UNITA 's leader . After Savimbi 's death , the government came to a crossroads over how to proceed . After initially indicating the counter-insurgency might continue , the government announced it would halt all military operations on March 13 . Military commanders for UNITA and the MPLA met in Cassamba and agreed to a cease - fire . However , Carlos Morgado , UNITA 's spokesman in Portugal , said that the UNITA 's Portugal wing had been under the impression General Kamorteiro , the UNITA general who agreed to the ceasefire , had been captured more than a week earlier . Morgado did say that he had not heard from Angola since Savimbi 's death . The military commanders signed a Memorandum of Understanding as an addendum to the Lusaka Protocol in Luena on April 4 , Dos Santos and Lukambo observing . The United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1404 on April 18 , extending the monitoring mechanism of sanctions by six months . Resolutions 1412 and 1432 , passed on May 17 and August 15 respectively , suspended the UN travel ban on UNITA officials for 90 days each , finally abolishing the ban through Resolution 1439 on October 18 . UNAVEM III , extended an additional two months by Resolution 1439 , ended on December 19 . In August 2002 , UNITA declared itself a political party and officially demobilised its armed forces . That same month , the United Nations Security Council replaced the United Nations Office in Angola with the United Nations Mission in Angola , a larger , non-military , political presence . The civil war internally displaced four million people ( IDPs ) , one third of Angola 's population . The government spent $187 million settling IDPs between April 4 , 2002 and 2004 , after which the World Bank gave $33 million to continue the settling process . Militant forces laid approximately 15 million landmines by 2002 . The HALO Trust charity began demining in 1994 , destroying 30,000 by July 2007 . There are 1,100 Angolans and seven foreign workers who are working for HALO Trust in Angola , with operations expected to finish sometime between 2011 and 2014 . Human Rights Watch estimates UNITA and the government employed more than 86,000 and 3,000 child soldiers respectively , some forcibly impressed , during the war . Human rights analysts found 5,000 to 8,000 underage girls married to UNITA militants . Some girls were ordered to go and forage for food to provide for the troops . If the girls did not bring back enough food as judged by their commander , then the girls would not eat . After victories , UNITA commanders would be rewarded with women who were often then sexually abused . The government and UN agencies identified 190 child soldiers in the Angolan army and relocated seventy of them by November 2002 , but the government continued to knowingly employ other underage soldiers . Fernando Vendrell produced and Zézé Gamboa directed The Hero , a film about the life of average Angolans after the civil war , in 2004 . The film follows the lives of three individuals ; Vitório , a war veteran crippled by a landmine who returns to Luanda , Manu , a young boy searching for his soldier father , and Joana , a teacher who mentors the boy and begins a love affair with Vitório . The Hero won the 2005 Sundance World Dramatic Cinema Jury Grand Prize . A joint Angolan , Portuguese , and French production , Gamboa filmed The Hero entirely in Angola . See also ( edit ) History of Africa History of Southern Africa List of Presidents of Angola Politics of Angola Portuguese West Africa Slavery in Angola Cities : Benguela history and timeline Luanda history and timeline Arquivo Histórico Nacional ( Angola ) ( national archives ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Chisholm ( 1911 ) . ^ Jump up to : Baynes ( 1878 ) . Jump up ^ http://www.uan.ao/ . Agostinho Neto University Jump up ^ See Christine Messiant , L'Angola colonial , histoire et société : Les prémisses du mouvement nationaliste , Basle : Schlettwein , 2006 . Jump up ^ Lara Pawson ( 2014 ) . In the Name of the People : Angola 's Forgotten Massacre . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78076 - 905 - 9 . Jump up ^ Weigert , Stephen ( 2011 ) . Angola : A Modern Military History , 1961 - 2002 . Jump up ^ W. James , Martin ( 2004 ) . Historical Dictionary of Angola . p. 67 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Oil Diagnostic in Angola : An Update '' . Human Rights Watch . 2001 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor '' . www.dol.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Stearns , Peter N. ; Langer , William Leonard ( 2001 ) . The Encyclopedia of World History : Ancient , Medieval , and Modern , Chronologically Arranged . p. 1065 . Jump up ^ Martin ( 2004 ) . Page 166 . Jump up ^ `` NATO / EU : Reform Slovakia 's Arms Trade '' . Human Rights Watch . 2004 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Arnson , Cynthia J. ; I. William Zartman ( 2005 ) . Rethinking the Economics of War : The Intersection of Need , Creed , and Greed . p. 120 . Jump up ^ Charles Zorgbibe ( 2003 ) . `` Angola in Peace '' . African Geopolitics . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Crocker , Aall , and Osler ( 2004 ) . Page 224 . Jump up ^ `` Angolan military meets Unita rebels '' . BBC News . March 16 , 2002 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Security Council Resolutions Concerning the Situation in Angola Pursuant to Resolution 864 ( 1993 ) '' . United Nations . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Polity IV Country Report 2005 : Angola '' ( PDF ) . Center for Systematic Peace . 2005 . p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Furley , Oliver ; Roy May ( 2006 ) . Ending Africa 's Wars : Progressing to Peace . p. 147 . Jump up ^ Scott Bobb ( 2007 ) . `` Work intensifies to clear Angola 's landmines '' . Voice of America News . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` IV . Use of children in the war since 1998 '' . Human Rights Watch . 2006 . Jump up ^ Unknown ( 2005 ) . `` The Hero '' . California Newsreel . Archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 07 . References ( edit ) Baynes , T.S. , ed. ( 1878 ) . `` Angola '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2 ( 9th ed . ) . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . p. 45 . Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Angola '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 38 -- 40 . Attribution : Some of the material in this article comes from the CIA World Factbook 2000 and the 2003 U.S. Department of State website . Further reading ( edit ) Gerald Bender , Angola Under the Portuguese , London : Heinemann , 1978 David Birmingham , The Portuguese Conquest of Angola , London : Oxford University Press , 1965 . David Birmingham , Trade and Conquest in Angola , London : Oxford University Press , 1966 . Armando Castro , O sistema colonial português em África ( Meados do século XX ) , Lisbon : Caminho , 1978 Patrick Chabal and others , A History of Postcolonial Lusophone Africa , London : Hurst , 2002 ( article on Angola by David Birmingham ) Basil Davidson , Portuguese - speaking Africa . In : Michael Crowder ( Hg . ) : The Cambridge History of Africa . Vol. 8 . Cambridge , Cambridge University Press , 1984 S. 755 - 806 . Jonuel Gonçalves , A economia ao longo da história de Angola , Luanda : Mayamba Editora , 2011 ISBN 978 - 989 - 8528 - 11 - 7 Fernando Andresen Guimarães , The Origins of the Angolan Civil War , London + New York : Macmillan Press + St. Martin 's Press , 1998 Cecile Fromont , The Art of Conversion : Christian Visual Culture in the Kingdom of Kongo . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 2014 . Beatrix Heintze , Studien zur Geschichte Angolas im 16 . und 17 . Jahrhundert , Cologne : Rüdiger Köppe Verlag , 1996 Lawrence W. Henderson , Angola : Five Centuries of Conflict , Ithaca : Cornell University Press , 1979 W. Martin James & Susan Herlin Broadhead , Historical dictionary of Angola , Lanham / MD : Scarecrow Press , 2004 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 4940 - 2 John Marcum , The Angolan Revolution , vol. I , The anatomy of an explosion ( 1950 -- 1962 ) , Cambridge , Mass . & London , MIT Press , 1969 ; vol. II , Exile Politics and Guerrilla Warfare ( 1962 -- 1976 ) , Cambridge , Mass . & London , MIT Press , 1978 Christine Messiant , L'Angola colonial , histoire et société : Les prémisses du mouvement nationaliste , Basle : Schlettwein , 2006 . René Pélissier , Les Guerres Grises : Résistance et revoltes en Angola ( 1845 -- 1941 ) , Orgeval : published by the author , 1977 René Pélissier , La colonie du Minotaure : Nationalismes et revoltes en Angola ( 1926 -- 1961 ) , Orgeval : published by the author , 1978 René Pélissier , Les campagnes coloniales du Portugal , Paris : Pygmalion , 2004 Graziano Saccardo , Congo e Angola con la storia dell'antica missione dei Cappuccini , 3 vols. , Venice , 1982 - 3 External links ( edit ) Rulers.org -- Angola list of rulers for Angola WorldStatesmen The African Activist Archive Project website has material on colonialism and the struggle for independence in Angola and support in the U.S. for that struggle produced by many U.S. organizations including documents , photographs , buttons , posters , T - shirts , audio and video . The Mbunda Kingdom Research and Advisory Council Angola articles History Precolonial history Colonial history Portuguese rule Colonial governors War of Independence People 's Republic Civil War 2000s 2010s 2020s Geography Cities and towns Ecoregions Municipalities National parks Provinces Wildlife Politics Cabinet Constitution Corruption Elections Flag Foreign relations Human rights LGBT Judiciary Law enforcement Military National Assembly Political parties President Vice President Prime Minister Economy Agriculture Airports Banks Communications Companies Health Fishing Kwanza ( currency ) Mining Tourism Trade unions Transport Society Demographics Education Ethnic groups Languages Lists of Angolans Public holidays Women Culture Cinema Films Football Literature Media Music Religion Outline Index Bibliography Portal History of Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde ) Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla / ( see also plazas de soberanía ) ( Spain ) Madeira ( Portugal ) Mayotte / Réunion ( France ) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom ) Western Sahara Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Angola&oldid=813801390 '' Categories : History of Angola History of Central Africa History of Africa by country Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from EB9 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Català Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Ido Italiano עברית Kiswahili Lietuvių Македонски Mirandés Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Shqip Српски / srpski Svenska Українська Vèneto Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 December 2017 , at 08 : 48 . 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Charles , Prince of Wales
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charles, prince of wales
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Charles , Prince of Wales ( Charles Philip Arthur George ; born 14 November 1948 ) is the heir apparent to the British throne as the eldest child of Queen Elizabeth II . He has been Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay since 1952 , and is the oldest and longest - serving heir apparent in British history . He is also the longest - serving Prince of Wales , having held that title since 1958 .
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Charles was born at Buckingham Palace as the first grandchild of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth . He was educated at Cheam and Gordonstoun Schools , which his father , Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh , had attended as a child , as well as the Timbertop campus of Geelong Grammar School in Victoria , Australia . After earning a bachelor of arts degree from Trinity College , Cambridge , Charles served in the Royal Air Force and Royal Navy from 1971 to 1976 . In 1981 , he married Lady Diana Spencer and they had two sons : Prince William ( b . 1982 ) -- later to become Duke of Cambridge -- and Prince Harry ( b . 1984 ) . In 1996 , the couple divorced following well - publicised extramarital affairs by both parties . Diana died in a car crash in Paris the following year . In 2005 , Charles married long - time girlfriend Camilla Parker Bowles . Charles 's interests encompass a range of humanitarian and social issues . He founded The Prince 's Trust in 1976 , sponsors The Prince 's Charities , and is patron of numerous other charitable and arts organisations . Charles has long championed organic farming for which he established the Duchy Home Farm , run by the Duchy of Cornwall , which produces ingredients for the Waitrose Duchy Organic brand , which he founded in 1990 . Charles has sought to raise world awareness of the dangers facing the natural environment , and was an early advocate for action to combat climate change . As an environmentalist , he has received numerous awards and recognition from environmental groups around the world . His support for alternative medicine , including homeopathy , has been criticised by some in the medical community . He has been outspoken on the role of architecture in society and the conservation of historic buildings . Subsequently , Charles created Poundbury , an experimental new town based on his theories , in Dorset in 1993 . He has authored a number of books , including A Vision of Britain : A Personal View of Architecture in 1989 and the children 's book The Old Man of Lochnagar in 1980 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 2 Created Prince of Wales 3 Military training and career 4 Early romances 5 Marriages 5.1 Marriage to Lady Diana Spencer 5.1. 1 Separation and divorce 5.2 Marriage to Camilla Parker Bowles 6 Social interests 6.1 Philanthropy and charity 6.2 Built environment 6.3 Livery company commitments 6.4 Natural environment 6.5 Alternative medicine 6.6 Religious and philosophical interests 7 Official duties 8 Hobbies and personal interests 8.1 Sports 8.2 Visual , performing and contemporary arts 8.3 Publications 9 Media image 9.1 Impact of marriage to Diana 9.2 Reaction to press treatment 9.3 Guest appearances on television 10 Residences and finance 11 Titles , styles , honours and arms 11.1 Titles and styles 11.2 Honours and military appointments 11.3 Arms 11.4 Banners , flags , and standards 12 Ancestry 13 Notes 13.1 Footnotes 13.2 Citations 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Early life and education Prince Charles was born at Buckingham Palace in London on 14 November 1948 , at 9 : 14 pm ( GMT ) , the first child of Princess Elizabeth , Duchess of Edinburgh , and Philip , Duke of Edinburgh , and first grandchild of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth . He was baptised in the palace 's Music Room by the Archbishop of Canterbury , Geoffrey Fisher , on 15 December 1948 . Prince Charles with his parents and sister in October 1957 The death of his grandfather and the accession of his mother as Queen Elizabeth II in 1952 made Charles her heir apparent . As the monarch 's eldest son , he automatically took the titles Duke of Cornwall , Duke of Rothesay , Earl of Carrick , Baron of Renfrew , Lord of the Isles and Prince and Great Steward of Scotland . Charles attended his mother 's coronation at Westminster Abbey on 2 June 1953 . As was customary for upper - class children at the time , a governess , Catherine Peebles , was appointed and undertook his education between the ages of five and eight . Buckingham Palace announced in 1955 that Charles would attend school rather than have a private tutor , making him the first heir apparent ever to be educated in that manner . Charles attended Hill House School in west London . He did not receive preferential treatment from the school 's founder and then - head , Stuart Townend , who advised the Queen to have Charles train in football because the boys were never deferential to anyone on the football field . Charles then attended two of his father 's former schools , Cheam Preparatory School in Berkshire , England , followed by Gordonstoun in the north - east of Scotland . Though he reportedly characterised the latter school , noted for its especially rigorous curriculum , as `` Colditz in kilts '' , Charles subsequently praised Gordonstoun , stating it had taught him `` a great deal about myself and my own abilities and disabilities . It taught me to accept challenges and take the initiative . '' In a 1975 interview , he said he was `` glad '' he had attended Gordonstoun and that the `` toughness of the place '' was `` much exaggerated '' . He spent two terms in 1966 at the Timbertop campus of Geelong Grammar School in Victoria , Australia , during which time he visited Papua New Guinea on a school trip with his history tutor , Michael Collins Persse . In 1973 , Charles described his time at Timbertop as the most enjoyable part of his whole education . Upon his return to Gordonstoun , Charles emulated his father in becoming Head Boy . He left in 1967 , with six GCE O - levels and two A-levels in history and French , at grades B and C respectively . On his early education , Charles later remarked , `` I did n't enjoy school as much as I might have , but that was only because I 'm happier at home than anywhere else . '' Charles broke royal tradition a second time when he proceeded straight to university after his A-levels , rather than joining the British Armed Forces . In October 1967 , he was admitted to Trinity College , Cambridge , where he read anthropology , archaeology , and history . During his second year , Charles attended the University College of Wales in Aberystwyth , studying Welsh history and language for a term . He graduated from Cambridge with a 2 : 2 Bachelor of Arts on 23 June 1970 , the first heir apparent to earn a university degree . On 2 August 1975 , he was awarded a Master of Arts degree from Cambridge , in accordance with the university 's practice . Created Prince of Wales Main article : Investiture of the Prince of Wales Charles was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester on 26 July 1958 , though his investiture as such was not conducted until 1 July 1969 , when he was crowned by his mother in a televised ceremony held at Caernarfon Castle . He took his seat in the House of Lords in 1970 and made his maiden speech in June 1974 . Charles also began to take on more public duties , founding The Prince 's Trust in 1976 , and travelling to the United States in 1981 . In the mid-1970s , the prince expressed an interest in serving as Governor - General of Australia ; Commander Michael Parker explained : `` The idea behind the appointment was for him to put a foot on the ladder of monarchy , or being the future King and start learning the trade . '' However , because of a combination of nationalist feeling in Australia and the dismissal of the government by the Governor - General in 1975 , nothing came of the proposal . Charles accepted the decision of the Australian ministers , if not without some regret ; he reportedly stated : `` What are you supposed to think when you are prepared to do something to help and you are told you are not wanted ? '' Charles is the longest serving Prince of Wales , having surpassed the record held by Edward VII on 9 September 2017 . He is the oldest and longest - serving British heir apparent , the longest - serving Duke of Cornwall , and the longest - serving Duke of Rothesay . If he became monarch at present he would be the oldest person to do so ; the record holder is William IV , who was 64 when he became king in 1830 . Military training and career Charles followed family tradition when he served in the Royal Air Force and Royal Navy . During his second year at Cambridge , he requested and received Royal Air Force training . On 8 March 1971 , he flew himself to the Royal Air Force College Cranwell to train as a jet pilot . After the passing - out parade that September , he embarked on a naval career and enrolled in a six - week course at the Royal Naval College Dartmouth . He then served on the guided missile destroyer HMS Norfolk ( 1971 -- 1972 ) and the frigates HMS Minerva ( 1972 -- 1973 ) and HMS Jupiter ( 1974 ) . In 1974 , he qualified as a helicopter pilot at RNAS Yeovilton , and then joined 845 Naval Air Squadron , operating from HMS Hermes . On 9 February 1976 , he took command of the coastal minehunter HMS Bronington for his last ten months of active service in the navy . He learned to fly on a Chipmunk basic pilot trainer , a BAC Jet Provost jet trainer , and a Beagle Basset multi-engine trainer ; he then regularly flew the Hawker Siddeley Andover , Westland Wessex and BAe 146 aircraft of The Queen 's Flight until he gave up flying after crashing the BAe 146 in the Hebrides in 1994 . Early romances Portrait of the Prince in Buckingham Palace , 1974 , by Allan Warren In his youth , Charles was amorously linked to a number of women . His great - uncle Lord Mountbatten advised him : `` In a case like yours , the man should sow his wild oats and have as many affairs as he can before settling down , but for a wife he should choose a suitable , attractive , and sweet - charactered girl before she has met anyone else she might fall for ... It is disturbing for women to have experiences if they have to remain on a pedestal after marriage . '' Charles 's girlfriends included Georgiana Russell , the daughter of the British Ambassador to Spain ; Lady Jane Wellesley , the daughter of the 8th Duke of Wellington ; Davina Sheffield ; Lady Sarah Spencer ; and Camilla Shand , who later became his second wife and Duchess of Cornwall . Early in 1974 , Mountbatten began corresponding with Charles about a potential marriage to Amanda Knatchbull , who was Mountbatten 's granddaughter . Charles wrote to Amanda 's mother -- Lady Brabourne , who was also his godmother -- expressing interest in her daughter , to which she replied approvingly , though she suggested that a courtship with the not yet 17 - year - old girl was premature . Four years later , Mountbatten arranged for Amanda and himself to accompany Charles on his 1980 tour of India . Both fathers , however , objected ; Philip feared that Charles would be eclipsed by his famous uncle ( who had served as the last British Viceroy and first Governor - General of India ) , while Lord Brabourne warned that a joint visit would concentrate media attention on the cousins before they could decide on becoming a couple . However , in August 1979 , before Charles would depart alone for India , Mountbatten was killed by the IRA . When Charles returned , he proposed to Amanda , but in addition to her grandfather , she had lost her paternal grandmother and youngest brother Nicholas in the bomb attack and was now reluctant to join the Royal Family . In June 1980 , Charles officially turned down Chevening House , placed at his disposal since 1974 , as his future residence . Chevening , a stately home in Kent , was bequeathed , along with an endowment , to the Crown by the last Earl Stanhope , Amanda 's childless great - uncle , in the hope that Charles would eventually occupy it . In 1977 , a newspaper report mistakenly announced his engagement to Princess Marie - Astrid of Luxembourg . Marriages Marriage to Lady Diana Spencer The Prince and Princess of Wales visit Uluru ( Ayers Rock ) , Australia , March 1983 Main article : Wedding of Charles , Prince of Wales , and Lady Diana Spencer Charles first met Lady Diana Spencer in 1977 while he was visiting her home , Althorp . He was the companion of her elder sister , Sarah , and did not consider Diana romantically until mid-1980 . While they were sitting together on a bale of hay at a friend 's barbecue in July , he mentioned Mountbatten 's death , to which Diana replied that Charles had looked forlorn and in need of care during his uncle 's funeral . Soon , according to Charles 's chosen biographer , Jonathan Dimbleby , `` without any apparent surge in feeling , he began to think seriously of her as a potential bride '' , and she accompanied Charles on visits to Balmoral Castle and Sandringham House . Charles 's cousin , Norton Knatchbull ( Amanda 's eldest brother ) , and his wife told Charles that Diana appeared awestruck by his position and that he did not seem to be in love with her . Meanwhile , the couple 's continuing courtship attracted intense attention from the press and paparazzi . When Prince Philip told him that the media speculation would injure Diana 's reputation if Charles did not come to a decision about marrying her soon , and realising that she was a suitable royal bride ( according to Mountbatten 's criteria ) , Charles construed his father 's advice as a warning to proceed without further delay . Prince Charles proposed to Diana in February 1981 ; she accepted and they married in St Paul 's Cathedral on 29 July of that year . Upon his marriage , Charles reduced his voluntary tax contribution from the profits generated by the Duchy of Cornwall from 50 % to 25 % . The couple lived at Kensington Palace and at Highgrove House , near Tetbury , and had two children : Princes William ( b . 1982 ) and Henry ( known as `` Harry '' ) ( b . 1984 ) . Charles set a precedent by being the first royal father to be present at his children 's births . Persistent suggestions that Harry 's father is not Charles but James Hewitt , with whom Diana had an affair , have been based on a physical similarity between Hewitt and Harry . However , Harry had already been born by the time the affair between Hewitt and Diana began . Separation and Divorce Within five years , the marriage was in trouble due to the couple 's incompatibility and near thirteen - year age difference Diana 's concern about Charles 's previous girlfriend , Camilla Shand ( later Camilla Parker Bowles ) , was also visible and damaging to their marriage . Their evident discomfort in each other 's company led to them being dubbed `` The Glums '' by the press . Diana exposed Charles 's affair with Camilla in a book by Andrew Morton , Diana , Her True Story . Audio tapes of her own extramarital flirtations also surfaced . In December 1992 , British Prime Minister John Major announced the couple 's formal separation in Parliament . Earlier that year , the British press had published transcripts of a passionate bugged telephone conversation between Charles and Camilla from 1989 . Charles and Diana divorced on 28 August 1996 . Diana was killed in a car crash in Paris on 31 August of the following year ; Charles flew to Paris with Diana 's sisters to accompany her body back to Britain . Marriage to Camilla Parker Bowles Main article : Wedding of Charles , Prince of Wales , and Camilla Parker Bowles The Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall in Jamaica , March 2008 The engagement of Charles and Camilla Parker Bowles was announced on 10 February 2005 ; he presented her with an engagement ring that had belonged to his grandmother . The Queen 's consent to the marriage ( as required by the Royal Marriages Act 1772 ) was recorded in a Privy Council meeting on 2 March . In Canada , the Department of Justice announced its decision that the Queen 's Privy Council for Canada was not required to meet to give its consent to the marriage , as the union would not result in offspring and would have no impact on the succession to the Canadian throne . Charles was the only member of the Royal Family to have a civil rather than a church wedding in England . Government documents from the 1950s and 1960s , published by the BBC , stated that such a marriage was illegal , though these were dismissed by Charles 's spokesman , and explained to be obsolete by the sitting government . The marriage was scheduled to take place in a civil ceremony at Windsor Castle , with a subsequent religious blessing at St George 's Chapel . The venue was subsequently changed to Windsor Guildhall , because a civil marriage at Windsor Castle would oblige the venue to be available to anyone who wished to be married there . Four days before the wedding , the originally scheduled date of 8 April was postponed until the following day in order to allow Charles and some of the invited dignitaries to attend the funeral of Pope John Paul II . Charles 's parents did not attend the civil marriage ceremony ; the Queen 's reluctance to attend probably arose from her position as Supreme Governor of the Church of England . The Queen and Duke of Edinburgh did attend the service of blessing and later held a reception for the newlyweds at Windsor Castle . The blessing , by the Archbishop of Canterbury , Rowan Williams , at St George 's Chapel , Windsor Castle , was televised . Social interests Philanthropy and charity Since founding The Prince 's Trust in 1976 , Charles has established sixteen more charitable organisations , and now serves as president of all of those . Together , these form a loose alliance called The Prince 's Charities , which describes itself as `` the largest multi-cause charitable enterprise in the United Kingdom , raising over £ 100 million annually ... ( and is ) active across a broad range of areas including education and young people , environmental sustainability , the built environment , responsible business and enterprise and international . '' In 2010 , The Prince 's Charities Canada was established in a similar fashion to its namesake in the UK . Charles is also patron of over 350 other charities and organisations , and carries out duties related to these throughout the Commonwealth realms ; for example , he uses his tours of Canada as a way to help draw attention to youth , the disabled , the environment , the arts , medicine , the elderly , heritage conservation , and education . In Canada , Charles has supported humanitarian projects . Along with his two sons , he took part in ceremonies that marked the 1998 International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination . Charles has also set up The Prince 's Charities Australia , which is based in Melbourne , Victoria . The Prince 's Charities Australia is to provide a coordinating presence for the Prince of Wales 's Australian and international charitable endeavors . Charles was one of the first world leaders to express strong concerns about the human rights record of Romanian dictator Nicolae Ceaușescu , initiating objections in the international arena , and subsequently supported the FARA Foundation , a charity for Romanian orphans and abandoned children . In 2013 , Charles donated an unspecified sum of money to the British Red Cross Syria Crisis appeal and DEC Syria appeal , which is run by 14 British charities to help victims of the Syrian civil war . According to The Guardian , It is believed that after turning 65 years old in 2013 , Charles donated his state pension to an unnamed charity that supports elderly people . In March 2014 , Charles arranged for five million measles - rubella vaccinations for children in the Philippines on the outbreak of measles in South - East Asia . According to Clarence House , Charles was affected by news of the damage caused by Typhoon Yolanda in 2013 . International Health Partners , of which he has been Patron since 2004 , sent the vaccines , which are believed to protect five million children below the age of five from measles . Built environment The Prince of Wales has openly expressed his views on architecture and urban planning ; he fostered the advancement of New Classical Architecture and asserted that he `` care ( s ) deeply about issues such as the environment , architecture , inner - city renewal , and the quality of life . '' In a speech given for the 150th anniversary of the Royal Institute of British Architects ( RIBA ) on 30 May 1984 , he memorably described a proposed extension to the National Gallery in London as a `` monstrous carbuncle on the face of a much - loved friend '' and deplored the `` glass stumps and concrete towers '' of modern architecture . He asserted that `` it is possible , and important in human terms , to respect old buildings , street plans and traditional scales and at the same time not to feel guilty about a preference for facades , ornaments and soft materials , '' called for local community involvement in architectural choices , and asked : Why ca n't we have those curves and arches that express feeling in design ? What is wrong with them ? Why has everything got to be vertical , straight , unbending , only at right angles -- and functional ? The Prince of Wales at the newly opened @ Bristol , 14 June 2000 His book and BBC documentary A Vision of Britain ( 1987 ) was also critical of modern architecture , and he has continued to campaign for traditional urbanism , human scale , restoration of historic buildings , and sustainable design , despite criticism in the press . Two of his charities ( The Prince 's Regeneration Trust and The Prince 's Foundation for Building Community ) promote his views , and the village of Poundbury was built on land owned by the Duchy of Cornwall to a master plan by Léon Krier under the guidance of Prince Charles and in line with his philosophy . Charles helped establish a national trust for the built environment in Canada after lamenting , in 1996 , the unbridled destruction of many of the country 's historic urban cores . He offered his assistance to the Department of Canadian Heritage in creating a trust modelled on Britain 's National Trust , a plan that was implemented with the passage of the 2007 Canadian federal budget . In 1999 , the Prince agreed to the use of his title for the Prince of Wales Prize for Municipal Heritage Leadership , awarded by the Heritage Canada Foundation to municipal governments that have shown sustained commitment to the conservation of historic places . While visiting the United States and surveying the damage caused by Hurricane Katrina , Charles received the National Building Museum 's Vincent Scully Prize in 2005 , for his efforts in regard to architecture ; he donated $25,000 of the prize money towards restoring storm - damaged communities . From 1997 , the Prince of Wales has visited Romania to view and highlight the destruction of Orthodox monasteries and Transylvanian Saxon villages during the Communist rule of Nicolae Ceaușescu . Charles is patron of the Mihai Eminescu Trust , a Romanian conservation and regeneration organisation , and has purchased a house in Romania . Historian Tom Gallagher wrote in the Romanian newspaper România Liberă in 2006 that Charles had been offered the Romanian throne by monarchists in that country ; an offer that was reportedly turned down , but Buckingham Palace denied the reports . Charles also has `` a deep understanding of Islamic art and architecture '' , and has been involved in the construction of a building and garden at the Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies that combine Islamic and Oxford architectural styles . Charles has occasionally intervened in projects that employ architectural styles such as modernism and functionalism . In 2009 , Charles wrote to the Qatari royal family , the developers of the Chelsea Barracks site , labelling Lord Rogers 's design for the site `` unsuitable '' . Subsequently , Rogers was removed from the project and The Prince 's Foundation for the Built Environment was appointed to propose an alternative . Rogers claimed the Prince had also intervened to block his designs for the Royal Opera House and Paternoster Square , and condemned Charles 's actions as `` an abuse of power '' and `` unconstitutional '' . Lord Foster , Zaha Hadid , Jacques Herzog , Jean Nouvel , Renzo Piano , and Frank Gehry , among others , wrote a letter to The Sunday Times complaining that the Prince 's `` private comments '' and `` behind - the - scenes lobbying '' subverted the `` open and democratic planning process '' . Piers Gough and other architects condemned Charles 's views as `` elitist '' in a letter encouraging colleagues to boycott a speech given by Charles to RIBA in 2009 . In 2010 , The Prince 's Foundation for the Built Environment decided to help reconstruct and redesign buildings in Port - au - Prince , Haiti after the capital was destroyed by the 2010 Haiti earthquake . The foundation is known for refurbishing historic buildings in Kabul , Afghanistan and in Kingston , Jamaica . The project has been called the `` biggest challenge yet '' for the Prince 's Foundation for the Built Environment . For his work as patron of New Classical Architecture , in 2012 he was awarded the Driehaus Architecture Prize for patronage . The prize , awarded by the University of Notre Dame , is considered the highest architecture award for New Classical Architecture and urban planning . Livery Company commitments The Worshipful Company of Carpenters installed Charles as an Honorary Liveryman `` in recognition of his interest in London 's architecture . '' The Prince of Wales is also Permanent Master of the Worshipful Company of Shipwrights , a Freeman of the Worshipful Company of Drapers , an Honorary Freeman of the Worshipful Company of Musicians , an Honorary Member of the Court of Assistants of the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths , and a Royal Liveryman of the Worshipful Company of Gardeners . Natural environment The Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall meeting Federal Emergency Management Agency officials in Louisiana , as they arrive to tour the damage created by Hurricane Katrina , November 2005 Since the early 1980s , Charles has promoted environmental awareness . Upon moving into Highgrove House , he developed an interest in organic farming , which culminated in the 1990 launch of his own organic brand , Duchy Originals , which now sells more than 200 different sustainably produced products , from food to garden furniture ; the profits ( over £ 6 million by 2010 ) are donated to The Prince 's Charities . Documenting work on his estate , Charles co-authored ( with Charles Clover , environment editor of The Daily Telegraph ) Highgrove : An Experiment in Organic Gardening and Farming , published in 1993 , and offers his patronage to Garden Organic . Along similar lines , the Prince of Wales became involved with farming and various industries within it , regularly meeting with farmers to discuss their trade . Although the 2001 foot - and - mouth epidemic in England prevented Charles from visiting organic farms in Saskatchewan , he met the farmers at Assiniboia town hall . In 2004 , he founded the Mutton Renaissance Campaign , which aims to support British sheep farmers and make mutton more attractive to Britons . His organic farming has attracted media criticism : According to The Independent in October 2006 , `` the story of Duchy Originals has involved compromises and ethical blips , wedded to a determined merchandising programme . '' In 2007 , he received the 10th annual Global Environmental Citizen Award from the Harvard Medical School 's Center for Health and the Global Environment , the director of which , Eric Chivian , stated : `` For decades the Prince of Wales has been a champion of the natural world ... He has been a world leader in efforts to improve energy efficiency and in reducing the discharge of toxic substances on land , and into the air and the oceans '' . Charles 's travels by private jet drew criticism from Plane Stupid 's Joss Garman . In 2007 , Charles launched The Prince 's May Day Network , which encourages businesses to take action on climate change . Speaking to the European Parliament on 14 February 2008 , he called for European Union leadership in the war against climate change . During the standing ovation that followed , Nigel Farage , the leader of the United Kingdom Independence Party ( UKIP ) , remained seated and went on to describe Charles 's advisers as `` naive and foolish at best . '' In a speech to the Low Carbon Prosperity Summit in a European Parliament chamber on 9 February 2011 , Charles said that climate change sceptics are playing `` a reckless game of roulette '' with the planet 's future and are having a `` corrosive effect '' on public opinion . He also articulated the need to protect fisheries and the Amazon rain forest , and to make low - carbon emissions affordable and competitive . In 2011 , Charles received the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds Medal for his engagement with the environment , such as the conservation of rainforests . On 27 August 2012 , the Prince of Wales addressed the International Union for Conservation of Nature -- World Conservation Congress , supporting the view that grazing animals are needed to keep soils and grassland productive : I have been particularly fascinated , for example , by the work of a remarkable man called Allan Savory , in Zimbabwe and other semi arid areas , who has argued for years against the prevailing expert view that is the simple numbers of cattle that drive overgrazing and cause fertile land to become desert . On the contrary , as he has since shown so graphically , the land needs the presence of feeding animals and their droppings for the cycle to be complete , so that soils and grassland areas stay productive . Such that , if you take grazers off the land and lock them away in vast feedlots , the land dies . In February 2014 , Charles visited the Somerset levels to meet residents affected by winter flooding . During his visit , Charles remarked that `` There 's nothing like a jolly good disaster to get people to start doing something . The tragedy is that nothing happened for so long . '' He pledged a £ 50,000 donation , provided by the Prince 's Countryside Fund , to help families and businesses . Alternative Medicine The Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall with NIH Director Elias Zerhouni and Surgeon - General Richard Carmona , November 2005 Charles has controversially championed alternative medicine . The Prince 's Foundation for Integrated Health attracted opposition from the scientific and medical community over its campaign encouraging general practitioners to offer herbal and other alternative treatments to National Health Service patients , and in May 2006 , Charles made a speech at the World Health Assembly in Geneva , urging the integration of conventional and alternative medicine and arguing for homeopathy . In April 2008 , The Times published a letter from Edzard Ernst , Professor of Complementary Medicine at the University of Exeter , which asked the Prince 's Foundation to recall two guides promoting alternative medicine , saying `` the majority of alternative therapies appear to be clinically ineffective , and many are downright dangerous . '' A speaker for the foundation countered the criticism by stating : `` We entirely reject the accusation that our online publication Complementary Healthcare : A Guide contains any misleading or inaccurate claims about the benefits of complementary therapies . On the contrary , it treats people as adults and takes a responsible approach by encouraging people to look at reliable sources of information ... so that they can make informed decisions . The foundation does not promote complementary therapies . '' That year , Ernst published a book with Simon Singh , mockingly dedicated to `` HRH the Prince of Wales '' called Trick or Treatment : Alternative Medicine on Trial . The last chapter is highly critical of Charles 's advocacy of complementary and alternative treatments . The Prince 's Duchy Originals produce a variety of complementary medicinal products including a `` Detox Tincture '' that Edzard Ernst has denounced as `` financially exploiting the vulnerable '' and `` outright quackery '' . In 2009 , the Advertising Standards Authority criticised an email that Duchy Originals had sent out to advertise its Echina - Relief , Hyperi - Lift and Detox Tinctures products saying that it was misleading . The Prince personally wrote at least seven letters to the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency ( MHRA ) shortly before they relaxed the rules governing labelling of such herbal products , a move that has been widely condemned by scientists and medical bodies . In October 2009 , it was reported that Charles had personally lobbied the Health Secretary , Andy Burnham , regarding greater provision of alternative treatments in the NHS . In 2016 Charles said in a speech that he used homeopathic veterinary medicines to reduce antibiotic use at his farm . In April 2010 , following accounting irregularities , a former official at the foundation and his wife were arrested for fraud believed to total £ 300,000 . Four days later , the foundation announced its closure , claiming that it `` has achieved its key objective of promoting the use of integrated health . '' The charity 's finance director , accountant George Gray , was convicted of theft totalling £ 253,000 and sentenced to three years in prison . The Prince 's Foundation was re-branded and re-launched later in 2010 as The College of Medicine . Religious and philosophical interests Czech Orthodox priest Jaroslav Šuvarský with the Prince of Wales in 2010 Prince Charles was confirmed at age 16 by Archbishop of Canterbury Michael Ramsey at Easter 1965 , in St George 's Chapel , Windsor Castle . He attends services at various Anglican churches close to Highgrove , and attends the Church of Scotland 's Crathie Kirk with the rest of the royal family when staying at Balmoral Castle . In 2000 , he was appointed as Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland . Charles has visited ( amid some secrecy ) Orthodox monasteries several times on Mount Athos as well as in Romania . Charles is also patron of the Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies at the University of Oxford , and in the 2000s , he inaugurated of the Markfield Institute of Higher Education , which is dedicated to Islamic studies in a plural multicultural context . Sir Laurens van der Post became a friend of Charles in 1977 ; he was dubbed his `` spiritual guru '' and was godfather to Charles 's son , Prince William . From Van der Post , Prince Charles developed a focus on philosophy , especially that of Asian and Middle Eastern nations . He has praised Kabbalistic artworks , and wrote a memorial for Kathleen Raine , the Neoplatonist poet who died in 2003 . Charles expressed his philosophical views in his 2010 book , Harmony : A New Way of Looking at Our World , which won a Nautilus Book Award . Although it had been rumoured that Charles would vow to be `` Defender of the Faiths '' or `` Defender of Faith '' as king , he stated in 2015 that he will retain the monarch 's traditional title of `` Defender of the Faith '' , whilst `` ensuring that other people 's faiths can also be practised '' , which he sees as a duty of the Church of England . Official duties In 2008 , The Daily Telegraph declared Charles the `` hardest - working member of the royal family . '' He carried out 560 official engagements in 2008 , 499 in 2010 , and over 600 in 2011 . As Prince of Wales , Charles undertakes official duties on behalf of the Queen and the Commonwealth realms . He officiates at investitures and attends the funerals of foreign dignitaries . At the funeral of Pope John Paul II in 2005 , Charles unintentionally caused controversy when he shook hands with Robert Mugabe , the President of Zimbabwe , who had been seated next to him . Charles 's office subsequently released a statement saying : `` The Prince of Wales was caught by surprise and not in a position to avoid shaking Mr Mugabe 's hand . The Prince finds the current Zimbabwean regime abhorrent . He has supported the Zimbabwe Defence and Aid Fund , which works with those being oppressed by the regime . The Prince also recently met Pius Ncube , the Archbishop of Bulawayo , an outspoken critic of the government . '' Official opening of the Fourth Assembly at the Senedd in Cardiff , Wales . From left to right : Carwyn Jones , the Prince of Wales , the Duchess of Cornwall , the Queen and Rosemary Butler , 7 June 2011 Prince Charles makes regular tours of Wales , fulfilling a week of engagements each summer , and attending important national occasions , such as opening the Senedd . The six trustees of the Royal Collection Trust meet three times a year under his chairmanship . Prince Charles travels abroad on behalf of the United Kingdom . Charles has been regarded as an effective advocate of the country . On his visit to the Republic of Ireland in 1995 , he delivered a personally researched and written speech on Anglo - Irish affairs that was warmly received by Irish politicians and the media ; this is cited as an example . In 2000 , Charles revived the tradition of the Prince of Wales having an official harpist , in order to foster Welsh talent at playing the harp , the national instrument of Wales . He and the Duchess of Cornwall also spend one week each year in Scotland , where he is patron of several Scottish organisations . His service to the Canadian Armed Forces permits him to be informed of troop activities , and allows him to visit these troops while in Canada or overseas , taking part in ceremonial occasions . For instance , in 2001 he placed a specially commissioned wreath , made from vegetation taken from French battlefields , at the Canadian Tomb of the Unknown Soldier , and in 1981 he became the patron of the Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum . In 2010 , Charles represented the Queen at the opening ceremony of the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi , India . He attends official events in the United Kingdom in support of Commonwealth countries , such as the Christchurch earthquake memorial service at Westminster Abbey in 2011 . From 15 to 17 November 2013 , he represented the Queen for the first time at a Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting , in Colombo , Sri Lanka . Letters sent by Prince Charles to government ministers during 2004 and 2005 -- the so - called black spider memos -- have presented potential embarrassment following a challenge by The Guardian newspaper to release the letters under the Freedom of Information Act 2000 . In March 2015 , the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom decided that the Prince 's letters must be released . The letters were published by the Cabinet Office on 13 May 2015 . The Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall made their first joint trip to the Republic of Ireland in May 2015 . The trip was called an important step in `` promoting peace and reconciliation '' by the British Embassy . During the trip , Charles shook hands with Sinn Féin and supposed IRA leader Gerry Adams in Galway , which was described by the media as a `` historic handshake '' and a `` significant moment for Anglo - Irish relations '' . In the run up to the Prince 's visit , two Irish republican dissidents were arrested for planning a bomb attack . Semtex and rockets were found at the Dublin home of suspect Donal O'Coisdealbha , member of a self - styled Óglaigh na hÉireann organisation , who was later jailed for five and a half years . He was connected to a veteran republican , Seamus McGrane of County Louth , a member of the Real IRA , who was jailed for 11 and a half years . In 2015 , it was revealed that Prince Charles had access to confidential UK cabinet papers . Charles has made frequent visits to Saudi Arabia in order to promote arms exports for companies such as BAE Systems . In 2013 , 2014 , and 2015 , he met with the commander of Saudi Arabia 's National Guard Mutaib bin Abdullah . In February 2014 , he took part in a traditional sword dance with members of the Saudi royal family at the Janariyah festival in Riyadh . At the same festival , British arms company BAE Systems was honoured by Prince Salman bin Abdulaziz . Charles was criticised by Scottish MP Margaret Ferrier in 2016 over his role in the sale of Typhoon fighter jets to Saudi Arabia . According to Charles 's biographer Catherine Mayer , a Time magazine journalist who claims to have interviewed several sources from Prince Charles 's inner circle , he `` does n't like being used to market weaponry '' in deals with Saudi Arabia and other Gulf states . According to Mayer , Charles has only raised his objections to being used to sell weapons abroad in private . Hobbies and personal interests Sports The Prince of Wales and Prince William after a polo match at Ham Polo Club , London From his youth until 1992 , Prince Charles was an avid player of competitive polo . He continued to play informally , including for charity , until 2005 . Charles also frequently took part in fox hunting until the sport was banned in the United Kingdom in 2005 . By the late 1990s , opposition to the activity was growing when Charles 's participation was viewed as a `` political statement '' by those who were opposed to it . The League Against Cruel Sports launched an attack against Charles after he took his sons on the Beaufort Hunt in 1999 . At that time , the government was trying to ban hunting with hounds . Charles has been a keen salmon angler since youth and supports Orri Vigfússon 's efforts to protect the North Atlantic salmon . He frequently fishes the River Dee in Aberdeenshire , Scotland , while he claims his most special angling memories are from his time in Vopnafjörður , Iceland . Charles is a supporter of Burnley Football Club . Visual , performing and Contemporary arts Prince Charles is president or patron of more than twenty performing arts organisations , which include the Royal College of Music , the Royal Opera , the English Chamber Orchestra , the Philharmonia Orchestra , Welsh National Opera , and the Purcell School . In 2000 , he revived the tradition of appointing harpists to the Royal Court , by appointing an Official Harpist to the Prince of Wales . As an undergraduate at Cambridge he played cello , and has sung with the Bach Choir twice . Charles founded The Prince 's Foundation for Children and The Arts in 2002 , to help more children experience the arts first - hand . He is president of the Royal Shakespeare Company and attends performances in Stratford - Upon - Avon , supports fundraising events and attends the company 's annual general meeting . He enjoys comedy , and is interested in illusionism , becoming a member of The Magic Circle after passing his audition in 1975 by performing the `` cups and balls '' effect . Charles is a keen and accomplished watercolourist who has exhibited and sold a number of his works and also published books on the subject . In 2001 , 20 lithographs of his watercolour paintings illustrating his country estates were exhibited at the Florence International Biennale of Contemporary Art . Charles was awarded the 2011 Montblanc de la Culture Arts Patronage Award by the Montblanc Cultural Foundation for his support and commitment to the arts , particularly in regard to young people . On 23 April 2016 , Charles appeared in a comedy sketch for the Royal Shakespeare Company 's Shakespeare Live ! at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre , to commemorate the 400th anniversary of Shakespeare 's death in 1616 . The event was televised live by the BBC . Charles made a surprise entrance to settle the disputed delivery of Hamlet 's celebrated line , `` To be or not to be , that is the question '' . Publications Main article : Charles , Prince of Wales , bibliography Prince Charles is an author of several books that reflect his own interests . He has also contributed a foreword or preface to books by other writers and has also written , presented and has been featured in documentary films . Media image Since his birth , Prince Charles has undergone close media attention , which increased as he matured . It has been an ambivalent relationship , largely impacted by his marriages to Diana and Camilla and its aftermath , but also centred on his future conduct as king , such as the 2014 play King Charles III . Impact of marriage to Diana The Prince and Princess of Wales with Ronald Reagan and Nancy Reagan in November 1985 Described as the `` world 's most eligible bachelor '' in the late 1970s , Prince Charles was subsequently overshadowed by Diana . After her death , the media regularly breached Charles 's privacy and printed exposés . In 2006 , the prince filed a court case against the Mail on Sunday , after excerpts of his personal journals were published , revealing his opinions on matters such as the transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong to China in 1997 , in which Charles described the Chinese government officials as `` appalling old waxworks '' . Mark Bolland , his ex-private secretary , declared in a statement to the High Court that Charles `` would readily embrace the political aspects of any contentious issue he was interested in ... He carried it out in a very considered , thoughtful and researched way . He often referred to himself as a ' dissident ' working against the prevailing political consensus . '' Jonathan Dimbleby reported that the prince `` has accumulated a number of certainties about the state of the world and does not relish contradiction . '' Other people who were formerly connected with the prince have betrayed his confidence . An ex-member of his household handed the press an internal memo in which Charles commented on ambition and opportunity , and which was widely interpreted as blaming meritocracy for creating a combative atmosphere in society . Charles responded : `` In my view , it is just as great an achievement to be a plumber or a bricklayer as it is to be a lawyer or a doctor '' . Reaction to press Treatment Charles 's anguish was recorded in his private comments to Prince William , caught on a microphone during a press photo - call in 2005 and published in the national press . After a question from the BBC 's royal correspondent , Nicholas Witchell , Charles muttered : `` These bloody people . I ca n't bear that man . I mean , he 's so awful , he really is . '' Charles 's ninth visit to New Zealand in 2015 In 2002 , Charles , `` so often a target of the press , got his chance to return fire '' when addressing `` scores of editors , publishers and other media executives '' gathered at St Bride 's Fleet Street to celebrate 300 years of journalism . Defending public servants from `` the corrosive drip of constant criticism '' , he noted that the press had been `` awkward , cantankerous , cynical , bloody - minded , at times intrusive , at times inaccurate and at times deeply unfair and harmful to individuals and to institutions . '' But , he concluded , regarding his own relations with the press , `` from time to time we are probably both a bit hard on each other , exaggerating the downsides and ignoring the good points in each . '' Guest appearances on television The Prince of Wales has occasionally appeared on television . In 1984 , he read his children 's book The Old Man of Lochnagar for the BBC 's Jackanory series . The UK soap opera Coronation Street featured an appearance by Charles during the show 's 40th anniversary in 2000 , as did the New Zealand young adult cartoon series bro'Town ( 2005 ) , after he attended a performance by the show 's creators during a tour of the country . Charles was interviewed with Princes William and Harry by Ant & Dec to mark the 30th anniversary of The Prince 's Trust in 2006 and in 2016 was interviewed by them again along with his sons and the Duchess of Cornwall to mark the 40th anniversary . His saving of the Scottish stately home Dumfries House was the subject of Alan Titchmarsh 's documentary Royal Restoration , which aired on TV in May 2012 . Also in May 2012 , Charles tried his hand at being a weather presenter for the BBC , reporting the forecast for Scotland as part of their annual week at Holyrood Palace alongside Christopher Blanchett . He injected humour in his report , asking , `` Who the hell wrote this script ? '' as references were made to royal residences . In December 2015 Channel 4 News revealed that interviews with Charles were subject to a contract that restricts questions to those previously approved , and gives his staff oversight of editing and the right to `` remove the contribution in its entirety from the programme '' . Channel 4 News decided not to proceed with an interview on this basis , which some journalists believed would put them at risk of breaching the Ofcom Broadcasting Code on editorial independence and transparency . Residences and finance Clarence House , the official residence of the Prince of Wales Clarence House in London is Charles 's official residence . Previously , he had an apartment at St James 's Palace . Charles also has two private homes : Highgrove House in Gloucestershire and Birkhall near Balmoral Castle . Both Clarence House and Birkhall were previously the residences of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother . His primary source of income is generated from the Duchy of Cornwall , which owns 133,658 acres of land ( around 54,090 hectares ) , including farming , residential , and commercial properties , as well as an investment portfolio . Highgrove is owned by the Duchy of Cornwall , having been purchased for his use in 1980 , and which Prince Charles rents for £ 336,000 per annum . The Public Accounts Committee published its 25th report into the Duchy of Cornwall accounts in November 2013 noting that the duchy performed well in 2012 -- 13 , increasing its total income and producing an overall surplus of £ 19.1 million . In 2007 the prince purchased a 192 - acre property ( 150 acres of grazing and parkland , and 40 acres of woodland ) in Carmarthenshire , and applied for permission to convert the farm into a Welsh home for him and the Duchess of Cornwall , to be rented out as holiday flats when the couple is not in residence . A neighbouring family said the proposals flouted local planning regulations , and the application was put on hold temporarily while a report was drafted on how the alterations would affect the local bat population . Charles and Camilla first stayed at the new property , called Llwynywermod , in June 2008 . In 2016 it was reported that his estates receive £ 100,000 a year in European Union agricultural subsidies . Starting in 1993 , the Prince of Wales has paid tax voluntarily under the Memorandum of Understanding on Royal Taxation , updated 2013 . In December 2012 , Her Majesty 's Revenue and Customs were asked to investigate alleged tax avoidance by the Duchy of Cornwall . The Duchy of Cornwall is named in the Paradise Papers , a set of confidential electronic documents relating to offshore investment that were leaked to the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung . The papers show that the Duchy invested in a Bermuda - based carbon credits trading company run by one of Charles 's Cambridge contemporaries . The investment was kept secret but there is no suggestion that Charles or the estate avoided UK tax . Titles , styles , honours and arms Main article : List of titles and honours of Charles , Prince of Wales See also : List of awards received by Charles , Prince of Wales The Prince of Wales 's feathers heraldic badge Titles and styles The Prince 's full title is : His Royal Highness Prince Charles Philip Arthur George , Prince of Wales , KG , KT , GCB , OM , AK , QSO , PC , ADC , Earl of Chester , Duke of Cornwall , Duke of Rothesay , Earl of Carrick , Baron of Renfrew , Lord of the Isles and Prince and Great Steward of Scotland . Charles has held titles throughout his life : the grandson of the monarch , the son of the monarch and in his own right . He has been a British prince since birth and was created Prince of Wales in 1958 . There has been speculation as to what regnal name the prince will choose upon his succession to the throne . If he uses his first name , he will be known as Charles III . However , it was reported in 2005 that Charles has suggested he may choose to reign as George VII in honour of his maternal grandfather , and to avoid association with the Stuart kings Charles I ( who was beheaded ) and Charles II ( who was known for his promiscuous lifestyle ) , as well as to be sensitive to the memory of Bonnie Prince Charlie , who was called `` Charles III '' by his supporters . Charles 's office responded that `` no decision has been made '' . Honours and military appointments Charles has held substantive ranks in the armed forces of a number of countries since he was made a flight lieutenant in the Royal Air Force in 1972 . Charles 's first honorary appointment in the armed forces was as Colonel - in - Chief of the Royal Regiment of Wales in 1969 ; since then , the prince has also been installed as Colonel - in - Chief , Colonel , Honorary Air Commodore , Air Commodore - in - Chief , Deputy Colonel - in - Chief , Royal Honorary Colonel , Royal Colonel , and Honorary Commodore of at least 32 military formations throughout the Commonwealth , including the Royal Gurkha Rifles , which is the only foreign regiment in the British army . Since 2009 , Charles holds the second - highest ranks in all three branches of the Canadian Forces and , on 16 June 2012 , the Queen awarded the Prince of Wales honorary five - star rank in all three branches of the British Armed Forces , `` to acknowledge his support in her role as Commander - in - Chief '' , installing him as Admiral of the Fleet , Field Marshal and Marshal of the Royal Air Force . He has been inducted into seven orders and received eight decorations from the Commonwealth realms , and has been the recipient of 20 different honours from foreign states , as well as nine honorary degrees from universities in the United Kingdom , Australia , and New Zealand . Arms `` The template below ( Infobox coat of arms wide ) is being considered for merging . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Coat of arms of Charles , Prince of Wales This box : view talk edit Notes The Prince 's coat of arms , as used outside Scotland , is the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom with the addition a three - pointed label and an inescutcheon bearing the arms of Wales . For the arms of the Duke of Rothesay in Scotland , see royal coat of arms of Scotland . Crest Upon the royal helm the coronet of the Prince of Wales , thereon a lion statant guardant Or crowned with the coronet of the Prince of Wales Escutcheon Quarterly 1st and 4th Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or armed and langed Azure 2nd Or a lion rampant Gules armed and langued Azure within a double tressure flory counterflory 3rd Azure a harp Or stringed Argent overall an inescutcheon of the Royal Badge of Wales . Supporters Dexter a lion rampant guardant Or imperially crowned proper , sinister a unicorn Argent , armed , crined and unguled Or , gorged with a coronet Or composed of crosses patée and fleurs de lys a chain affixed thereto passing between the forelegs and reflexed over the back also Or Motto ICH DIEN ( German for I serve ) Orders Garter ribbon . Honi soit qui mal y pense ( French for Shame be to him who thinks evil of it ) Other elements The whole differenced by a plain label of three points Argent , as the eldest child of the sovereign Symbolism As with the Royal Arms of the United Kingdom . The first and fourth quarters are the arms of England , the second of Scotland , the third of Ireland . Banners , Flags , and Standards The banners used by the prince vary depending upon location . His Personal Standard is the Royal Standard of the United Kingdom differenced as in his arms with a label of three points Argent , and the escutcheon of the arms of the Principality of Wales in the centre . It is used outside Wales , Scotland , Cornwall , and Canada , and throughout the entire United Kingdom when the prince is acting in an official capacity associated with the UK Armed Forces . The personal flag for use in Wales is based upon the Royal Badge of Wales ( the historic arms of the Kingdom of Gwynedd ) , which consist of four quadrants , the first and fourth with a red lion on a gold field , and the second and third with a gold lion on a red field . Superimposed is an escutcheon Vert bearing the single - arched coronet of the Prince of Wales . In Scotland the personal banner used since 1974 is based upon three ancient Scottish titles : Duke of Rothesay ( heir apparent to the King of Scots ) , High Steward of Scotland and Lord of the Isles . The flag is divided into four quadrants like the arms of the Chief of Clan Stewart of Appin ; the first and fourth quadrants comprise a gold field with a blue and silver checkered band in the centre ; the second and third quadrants display a black galley on a silver field . The arms are differenced from those of Appin by the addition of an inescutcheon bearing the tressured lion rampant of Scotland ; defaced by a plain label of three points Azure to indicate the heir apparent . In Cornwall , the banner is the arms of the Duke of Cornwall : `` Sable fifteen bezants Or '' , that is , a black field bearing fifteen gold coins . In 2011 , the Canadian Heraldic Authority introduced a personal heraldic banner for the Prince of Wales for use in Canada , consisting of the shield of the Arms of Canada defaced with both a blue roundel of the Prince of Wales 's feathers surrounded by a wreath of gold maple leaves , and a white label of three points . Banner of arms Standard for Wales Standard for Scotland Banner of arms of the Duke of Cornwall Flag of the Prince of Wales for personal use in Canada Ancestry `` The template below ( Ahnentafel top ) is being considered for merging . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' ( show ) Ancestors of Charles , Prince of Wales `` The template below ( Ahnentafel - compact4 ) is being considered for merging . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' 8 . George I of Greece 4 . Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark 9 . Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna of Russia 2 . Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark 10 . Prince Louis of Battenberg 5 . Princess Alice of Battenberg 11 . Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine 1 . Charles , Prince of Wales 12 . George V of the United Kingdom 6 . George VI of the United Kingdom 13 . Princess Mary of Teck 3 . Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom 14 . Claude Bowes - Lyon , 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne 7 . Lady Elizabeth Bowes - Lyon 15 . Cecilia Cavendish - Bentinck `` The template below ( Ahnentafel bottom ) is being considered for merging . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Notes Footnotes ^ Jump up to : Charles does not usually use a family name but when one is needed , it is Mountbatten - Windsor . ^ Jump up to : In addition to his active service listed here , Charles holds ranks and honorary appointments in the armed forces of Australia , Canada , New Zealand and Papua New Guinea as well as the United Kingdom . Jump up ^ Prince Charles 's godparents were : the King ( his maternal grandfather ) ; the King of Norway ( his cousin , for whom the Earl of Athlone stood proxy ) ; Queen Mary ( his maternal great - grandmother ) ; Princess Margaret ( his maternal aunt ) ; Prince George of Greece and Denmark ( his paternal great - uncle , for whom the Duke of Edinburgh stood proxy ) ; the Dowager Marchioness of Milford Haven ( his paternal great - grandmother ) ; the Lady Brabourne ( his cousin ) ; and the Hon David Bowes - Lyon ( his maternal great - uncle ) . Jump up ^ As the child of a daughter of the sovereign , Charles would not usually have been accorded the titles of a British prince or the style Royal Highness . However , on 22 October 1948 , George VI had issued letters patent granting a royal and princely status to any children of Princess Elizabeth and the Duke of Edinburgh , making Charles a royal prince from birth . Citations Jump up ^ `` The Royal Family name '' . Official website of the British monarchy . Archived from the original on 15 February 2009 . Retrieved 3 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Prince Charles becomes longest - serving heir apparent '' . BBC News . 20 April 2011 . Retrieved 30 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Rourke , Matt ( 28 January 2007 ) . `` Prince Charles to receive environmental award in NYC '' . USA Today . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Alderson , Andrew ( 14 March 2009 ) . `` Prince Charles given ' friend of the forest ' award '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Lange , Stefan ( 29 April 2009 ) . `` Prince Charles collects award in Germany '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Lifetime Achievement Award Winner -- HRH The Prince of Wales '' . greenawards.com . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Weissmann , Gerald ( September 2006 ) . `` Homeopathy : Holmes , Hogwarts , and the Prince of Wales '' . The FASEB Journal . 20 ( 11 ) : 1755 -- 1758 . doi : 10.1096 / fj. 06 - 0901ufm . PMID 16940145 . Retrieved 28 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Brady , Brian ( 21 July 2013 ) . `` He 's at it again : Prince Charles accused of lobbying Health Secretary over homeopathy '' . The Independent . Retrieved 28 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` No. 38455 '' . The London Gazette. 15 November 1948 . p. 6003 . Jump up ^ Brandreth 2007 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ `` Yvonne 's Royalty Home Page -- Royal Christenings '' . Users.uniserve.com . Retrieved 20 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Brandreth 2007 , p. 127 . ^ Jump up to : `` Growing Up Royal '' . Time . 25 April 1988 . Archived from the original on 31 March 2005 . Retrieved 4 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lieutenant - Colonel H. Stuart Townend '' . The Times . London . 30 October 2002 . Retrieved 29 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Brandreth 2007 , p. 139 . ^ Jump up to : `` HRH The Prince of Wales '' . Debrett 's . Archived from the original on 4 July 2012 . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Colditz in kilts ? Charles loved it , says old school as Gordonstoun hits back at The Crown '' . The Telegraph . 10 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Prince of Wales -- Education '' . Prince of Wales . Retrieved 8 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The New Boy at Timbertop '' . The Australian Women 's Weekly . 33 , ( 37 ) . Australia , Australia . 9 February 1966 . p. 7 . Retrieved 13 January 2018 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` Timbertop - Prince Charles Australia '' ( Video with audio , 1 min 28 secs ) . British Pathé. 1966 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Prince had happy time at Timbertop '' . The Canberra Times . 47 , ( 13,346 ) . Australian Capital Territory , Australia . 31 January 1973 . p. 11 . Retrieved 13 January 2018 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ Brandreth 2007 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Brandreth 2007 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ `` No. 41460 '' . The London Gazette. 29 July 1958 . p. 4733 . Jump up ^ `` The Prince of Wales -- Previous Princes of Wales '' . Prince of Wales . Retrieved 12 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Prince of Wales -- Investiture '' . Prince of Wales . Retrieved 12 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Prince of Wales -- Biography '' . Prince of Wales . Retrieved 12 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` H.R.H. The Prince of Wales Introduced '' . Hansard. 11 February 1970 . Jump up ^ `` Sport and Leisure '' . Hansard. 13 June 1974 . Jump up ^ `` The Prince 's Trust '' . The Prince 's Charities . Archived from the original on 21 September 2008 . Retrieved 12 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Ferretti , Fred ( 18 June 1981 ) . `` Prince Charles pays a quick visit to city '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 22 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 1 '' . Australia : ABC . Retrieved 12 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Bryan , Nicola . `` Prince Charles is longest - serving Prince of Wales '' . BBC News . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . 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'' Jump up ^ `` Pope funeral delays royal wedding '' . BBC News . 4 April 2005 . Retrieved 22 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Q&A : Queen 's wedding decision '' . BBC News . 23 February 2005 . Retrieved 17 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Charles And Camilla Finally Wed , After 30 Years Of Waiting , Prince Charles Weds His True Love '' . CBS News . 9 April 2005 . Retrieved 12 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Oliver , Mark ( 9 April 2005 ) . `` Charles and Camilla wed '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 22 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Prince 's Charities '' . Prince of Wales . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Mackreal , Kim ( 18 May 2012 ) , `` Prince Charles rallies top level support for his Canadian causes '' , The Globe and Mail , retrieved 22 May 2012 ^ Jump up to : `` Patronages '' . Prince of Wales . Retrieved 12 October 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Royal Visit 2001 '' . Canadianheritage.gc.ca . Archived from the original on 22 September 2008 . Retrieved 12 October 2008 . 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Heritage Canada Foundation . Archived from the original on 14 September 2008 . Retrieved 12 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Hales , Linda ( 26 October 2005 ) . `` Prince Charles to Accept Scully Prize at Building Museum '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Prince of Wales Accepts Vincent Scully Prize '' . artdaily.com . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Prinţul Charles , fermier de Fălticeni , '' Archived 5 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , ( Prince Charles , farm owner in Fălticeni ) Evenimentul Zilei , 13 May 2003 Jump up ^ `` Prince opposes Dracula park '' . BBC News . 6 May 2002 . Retrieved 12 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Prince of Wales inspects IHBC work in Transylvania '' . Institute of Historic Building Conservation . Retrieved 12 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Mihai Eminescu Trust '' . Mihaieminescutrust.org . Archived from the original on 24 October 2008 . Retrieved 12 October 2008 . 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Retrieved 27 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Prince Charles accused of ' green hypocrisy ' '' . CBC. 19 January 2007 . Retrieved 27 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Farage continued : `` How can somebody like Prince Charles be allowed to come to the European Parliament at this time to announce he thinks it should have more powers ? It would have been better for the country he wants to rule one day if he had stayed home and tried to persuade Gordon Brown to give the people the promised referendum ( on the Treaty of Lisbon ) . '' `` UKIP anger at prince 's EU speech '' . BBC News . 14 February 2008 . Retrieved 22 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UK 's Prince Charles blasts climate - change skeptics '' . Apnews.myway.com. 9 February 2011 . Retrieved 22 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Prince of Wales Receives Medal '' . KFW. 10 March 2011 . Retrieved 22 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Prince Charles sends a message to IUCN 's World Conservation Congress '' . International Union for Conservation of Nature . 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What 's on TV . 29 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 23 November 2012 . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Prince Charles reads weather on BBC Scotland : ' Thank God it is n't a bank holiday ! ' '' . The Guardian . 10 May 2012 . Retrieved 11 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Ian Burrell ( 2 December 2015 ) . `` Prince Charles : The 15 - page contract that reveals how the Prince of Wales tries to control the media '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Clarence House '' . / www.royal.gov.uk . Archived from the original on 2 May 2014 . Retrieved 1 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Living off the State : A Critical Guide to UK Royal Finance '' Jon Temple , 2nd Edition , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Committee publishes report on the Duchy of Cornwall accounts '' . parliament.uk. 5 November 2013 . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Prince of Wales -- Welsh property for The Duchy of Cornwall '' . Prince of Wales . 22 November 2006 . Retrieved 2 October 2012 . 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Jump up ^ `` The Prince of Wales '' . Public Register of Arms , Flags and Badges . Office of the Governor General of Canada : Canadian Heraldic Authority . Jump up ^ Paget , Gerald ( 1977 ) . The Lineage and Ancestry of H.R.H. Prince Charles , Prince of Wales ( 2 vols ) . Edinburgh : Charles Skilton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 284 - 40016 - 1 . References Brandreth , Gyles ( 2007 ) . Charles and Camilla : Portrait of a Love Affair . U.K : Random House . ISBN 0 - 09 - 949087 - 0 . Dimbleby , Jonathan ( 1994 ) . The Prince of Wales : A Biography . New York : William Morrow and Company . ISBN 0 - 688 - 12996 - X . Holden , Anthony ( 1979 ) . Prince Charles . New York : Atheneum . ISBN 978 - 0 - 593 - 02470 - 6 . Junor , Penny ( 2005 ) . The Firm : The Troubled Life of the House of Windsor . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 35274 - 5 . OCLC 59360110 . Lacey , Robert ( 2008 ) . Monarch : The Life and Reign of Elizabeth II . Free Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4391 - 0839 - 0 . Smith , Sally Bedell ( 2000 ) . Diana in Search of Herself : Portrait of a Troubled Princess . Signet . ISBN 978 - 0 - 451 - 20108 - 9 . Further reading Benson , Ross ( 1994 ) . Charles : The Untold Story . St Martins Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 10950 - 9 . Brown , Michèle ( 1980 ) . Prince Charles . Crown . ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 54019 - 0 . Campbell , J. ( 1981 ) . Charles : Prince of Our Times . Smithmark . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7064 - 0968 - 0 . Cathcart , Helen ( 1977 ) . Prince Charles : The biography ( illustrated ed . ) . Taplinger Pub. Co ; Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8008 - 6555 - 9 . Fisher , Graham ; Fisher , Heather ( 1977 ) . Charles : The Man and the Prince . Robert Hale . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7091 - 6095 - 3 . Gilleo , Alma ( 1978 ) . Prince Charles : Growing Up in Buckingham Palace . Childs World . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89565 - 029 - 0 . Heald , Tim ; Mohrs , Mayo ( 1979 ) . The Man Who Will Be King H.R.H. ( Prince of Wales Charles ) . New York : Arbor House . Hedley , Olwen ( 1969 ) . Charles , 21st Prince of Wales . Pitkin Pictorials . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85372 - 027 - 0 . Hodgson , Howard ( 2007 ) . Charles : The Man Who Will Be King ( illustrated ed . ) . John Blake Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84454 - 306 - 9 . Holden , Anthony ( 1988 ) . King Charles III : A Biography . Grove . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55584 - 309 - 0 . Holden , Anthony ( 1998 ) . Charles at Fifty . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 50175 - 3 . Holden , Anthony ( 1999 ) . Charles : A Biography . Corgi Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 552 - 99744 - 7 . Jencks , Charles ( 1988 ) . Prince , Architects & New Wave Monarchy . Rizzoli . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8478 - 1010 - 9 . Junor , Penny ( 1998 ) . Charles : Victim or Villain ? . Harpercollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 255900 - 3 . Lane , Peter ( 1988 ) . Prince Charles : a study in development . Robert Hale . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7090 - 3320 - 2 . Liversidge , Douglas ( 1975 ) . Prince Charles : monarch in the making . A. Barker . Martin , Christopher ( 1990 ) . Prince Charles and the Architectural Debate ( Architectural Design Profile ) . St Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 04048 - 2 . Nugent , Jean ( 1982 ) . Prince Charles , England 's Future King . Dillon . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87518 - 226 - 1 . Regan , Simon ( 1977 ) . Charles , the clown prince . Everest Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 905018 - 50 - 8 . Veon , Joan M. ( 1997 ) . Prince Charles : The Sustainable Prince . Hearthstone . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57558 - 021 - 0 . Wakeford , Geoffrey ( 1962 ) . Charles , Prince of Wales . Associated Newspapers . Mayer , Catherine ( 2015 ) . Born to Be King : Prince Charles on Planet Windsor . Henry Holt and Co . ISBN 978 - 1627794381 . Mayer , Catherine ( 2015 ) . Charles : The Heart of a King . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0753555934 . External links Find more aboutCharles , Prince of Walesat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Official website of the Prince of Wales The Prince of Wales at the Royal Family website Charles , prince of Wales at Encyclopædia Britannica Official website of ' The Prince 's Trust ' Charles , Prince of Wales on IMDb Charles , Prince of Wales House of Windsor Born : 14 November 1948 Lines of succession First Heir apparent Succession to the British throne Followed by The Duke of Cambridge British royalty Vacant Title last held by The Prince Edward later became King Edward VIII Prince of Wales 26 July 1958 -- present Incumbent Presumed next holder : The Duke of Cambridge Duke of Cornwall Duke of Rothesay 6 February 1952 -- present Academic offices Preceded by The Earl Mountbatten of Burma President of the United World Colleges 1978 -- 1995 Succeeded by The Queen of Jordan Honorary titles Preceded by The Duke of Gloucester Great Master of the Order of the Bath 10 June 1974 -- present Incumbent Order of precedence Preceded by The Duke of Edinburgh Orders of precedence in the United Kingdom Succeeded by The Duke of York in current practice Succeeded by The Duke of Cambridge Charles , Prince of Wales Titles Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester Duke of Cornwall Duke of Rothesay Earl of Carrick Baron of Renfrew Lord of the Isles Prince and Great Steward of Scotland more Ancestry House of Schleswig - Holstein - Sonderburg - Glücksburg Mountbatten - Windsor Family Diana , Princess of Wales ( former wife ) Prince William , Duke of Cambridge ( elder son ) Prince Harry ( younger son ) Camilla , Duchess of Cornwall ( current wife ) Prince George of Cambridge ( grandson ) Princess Charlotte of Cambridge ( granddaughter ) Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh ( father ) Queen Elizabeth II ( mother ) Princess Anne , Princess Royal ( sister ) Prince Andrew , Duke of York ( brother ) Prince Edward , Earl of Wessex ( brother ) Extended family Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark ( paternal grandfather ) Princess Alice of Battenberg ( paternal grandmother ) King George VI ( maternal grandfather ) Lady Elizabeth Bowes - Lyon ( maternal grandmother ) Margarita , Princess of Hohenlohe - Langenburg ( paternal aunt ) Theodora , Margravine of Baden ( paternal aunt ) Cecilie , Hereditary Grand Duchess of Hesse ( paternal aunt ) Sophie , Princess George William of Hanover ( paternal aunt ) Margaret , Countess of Snowdon ( maternal aunt ) Life events Investiture of the Prince of Wales First wedding ( guest list ) Second wedding Charities and campaigns The Prince 's Trust Mutton Renaissance Campaign The Prince 's Charities / The Prince 's Charities Canada / The Prince 's Charities Australia Residences Clarence House ( official ) Highgrove House ( family ) Birkhall Llwynywermod Awards given and created Prince of Wales Prize for Municipal Heritage Leadership List of environmental / social interest awards received The Sun Military Awards Miscellaneous Bibliography Black spider memos Coronet Duchy Home Farm Duchy Originals from Waitrose Dumfries House Poundbury The Prince 's May Day Network Prince Charles Island Prince Charles stream tree frog The Prince of Wales 's Charitable Foundation King Charles III ( play , film ) Commons Wikiquote Order of Precedence in the United Kingdom ( Gentlemen ) Shared ( royal family ) Elizabeth II Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh Charles , Prince of Wales ( in Scotland : the Duke of Rothesay ) Prince Andrew , Duke of York Prince Edward , Earl of Wessex Prince William , Duke of Cambridge ( in Scotland : the Earl of Strathearn ) Prince Henry of Wales James , Viscount Severn Peter Phillips David Armstrong - Jones , 2nd Earl of Snowdon Prince Richard , Duke of Gloucester Prince Edward , Duke of Kent Prince Michael of Kent then ... 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Not a British prince by birth , but created a Prince of the United Kingdom . Status debatable ; see his article . Princes of Wales Edward ( 1301 -- 1307 ) Edward ( 1343 -- 1376 ) Richard ( 1376 -- 1377 ) Henry ( 1399 -- 1413 ) Edward ( 1454 -- 1471 ) Richard ( 1460 ; disputed ) Edward ( 1471 -- 1483 ) Edward ( 1483 -- 1484 ) Arthur ( 1489 -- 1502 ) Henry ( 1504 -- 1509 ) Edward ( 1537 -- 1547 ) Henry ( 1610 -- 1612 ) Charles ( 1616 -- 1625 ) Charles ( 1641 -- 1649 ) James ( 1688 ) George ( 1714 -- 1727 ) Frederick ( 1729 -- 1751 ) George ( 1751 -- 1760 ) George ( 1762 -- 1820 ) Albert Edward ( 1841 -- 1901 ) George ( 1901 -- 1910 ) Edward ( 1910 -- 1936 ) Charles ( 1958 -- present ) See also : Principality of Wales Dukes of Cornwall Edward ( 1337 -- 1376 ) Richard ( 1376 -- 1377 ) Henry ( 1399 -- 1413 ) Henry ( 1421 -- 1422 ) Edward ( 1453 -- 1471 ) Richard ( 1460 ; disputed ) Edward ( 1470 -- 1483 ) Edward ( 1483 -- 1484 ) Arthur ( 1486 -- 1502 ) Henry ( 1502 -- 1509 ) Henry ( 1511 ) Henry ( 1513 ) Henry ( 1515 ) Edward ( 1537 -- 1547 ) Henry Frederick ( 1603 -- 1612 ) Charles ( 1612 -- 1625 ) Charles ( 1630 -- 1649 ) James ( 1688 -- 1701 / 2 ) George ( 1714 -- 1727 ) Frederick ( 1727 -- 1751 ) George ( 1762 -- 1820 ) Albert Edward ( 1841 -- 1901 ) George ( 1901 -- 1910 ) Edward ( 1910 -- 1936 ) Charles ( 1952 -- present ) Cornwall Portal Dukes of Rothesay David ( 1398 -- 1402 ) James ( 1402 -- 1406 ) Alexander ( 1430 ) James ( 1430 -- 1437 ) James ( 1452 -- 1460 ) James ( 1473 -- 1488 ) James ( 1507 -- 1508 ) Arthur ( 1509 -- 1510 ) James ( 1512 -- 1513 ) James ( 1540 -- 1541 ) James ( 1566 -- 1567 ) Henry Frederick ( 1603 -- 1612 ) Charles ( 1612 -- 1625 ) Charles James ( 1629 ) Charles ( 1630 -- 1649 ) James ( 1688 -- 1689 ) George ( 1714 -- 1727 ) Frederick ( 1727 -- 1751 ) George ( 1762 -- 1820 ) Albert Edward ( 1841 -- 1901 ) George ( 1901 -- 1910 ) Edward ( 1910 -- 1936 ) Charles ( 1952 -- present ) Dukes in the peerages of Britain and Ireland * Royal dukes Edinburgh Cornwall & Rothesay Cambridge York Gloucester Kent Others Norfolk Somerset Hamilton & Brandon Buccleuch & Queensberry Richmond , Lennox & Gordon Grafton Beaufort St Albans Bedford Devonshire Argyll Marlborough Rutland Atholl Montrose Roxburghe Manchester Northumberland Leinster Wellington Sutherland Abercorn Westminster Fife * Current title holders , listed by date of creation , from earliest to most recent Great Masters of the Order of the Bath John Montagu , 2nd Duke of Montagu Vacant Prince Frederick , Duke of York and Albany Prince William , Duke of Clarence and St Andrews Vacant Prince Augustus Frederick , Duke of Sussex Albert , Prince Consort Vacant Albert Edward , Prince of Wales Prince Arthur , Duke of Connaught and Strathearn Prince Henry , Duke of Gloucester Charles , Prince of Wales Current members of the Order of the Garter Ex officio The Queen The Prince of Wales Knights and Ladies Companion The Lord Carrington The Lord Bramall The Lord Sainsbury of Preston Candover The Lord Ashburton Sir Timothy Colman The Duke of Abercorn Sir Erskine Gladstone of Fasque and Balfour , Bt The Lord Inge Sir Antony Acland The Lord Butler of Brockwell The Lord Morris of Aberavon Sir John Major The Lord Luce Sir Thomas Dunne The Lord Phillips of Worth Matravers The Lord Boyce The Lord Stirrup The Baroness Manningham - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%2C%20Prince%20of%20Wales
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in the west the won most of the battles
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Western Theater of the American Civil War
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western theater of the american civil war
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The Western Theater of the American Civil War encompassed major military operations in the states of Alabama , Georgia , Florida , Mississippi , North Carolina , Kentucky , South Carolina and Tennessee , as well as Louisiana east of the Mississippi River . Operations on the coasts of these states , except for Mobile Bay , are considered part of the Lower Seaboard Theater . Most other operations east of the Mississippi are part of the Eastern Theater . Operations west of the Mississippi River took place in the Trans - Mississippi Theater .
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The Western Theater served as an avenue of military operations by Union armies directly into the agricultural heartland of the South via the major rivers of the region ( the Mississippi , the Tennessee , and the Cumberland ) . The Confederacy was forced to defend an enormous area with limited resources . Most railroads ran north to south , as opposed to east to west , making it difficult to send Confederate troops and supplies to troops further from the more heavily populated and industrialized areas of the eastern Confederacy . Union operations began with securing Kentucky in Union hands in September 1861 . Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant 's Army of the Tennessee had early successes in Kentucky and western Tennessee in 1861 and 1862 , capturing the important strategic locations of Forts Fort Henry and Fort Donelson . The Army of Tennessee and the Army of the Ohio defeated the Confederate Army of Mississippi , commanded by General Albert Sydney Johnston , at the Battle of Shiloh , driving it out of western Tennessee , and subsequently marching into Mississippi and capturing Corinth . Grant 's troops marched towards and captured Vicksburg in 1862 -- 63 . Meanwhile , the Army of the Ohio , later known as the Army of the Cumberland , experienced success , blocking a Confederate invasion of Kentucky and gaining control over large amounts of Tennessee through the Battle of Stones River and the 1863 Tullahoma Campaign while fighting against the Confederate Army of Tennessee , whose commander , Braxton Bragg , was often criticized for his alleged lack of military skill . The Union army was briefly checked in its invasion of Georgia at the Battle of Chickamauga , and besieged at Chattanooga , Tennessee . Grant , now commanding the newly created Military Division of the Mississippi , took command , and received reinforcements from the Army of Tennessee , as well as from the eastern Army of the Potomac . The siege of Chattanooga was lifted in November 1863 . Following his elevation by Abraham Lincoln to General - in - Chief , Grant put Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman in charge of the combined armies . Chattanooga served as a launching pad for Sherman to capture the Confederate rail - hub of Atlanta and to march to the Atlantic , inflicting a major logistical and psychological blow to the Confederacy . After reaching the ocean , Sherman invaded the Carolinas . Operations in the Western Theater concluded with the surrender of Southern forces to the Union armies in North Carolina and Florida in May 1865 following General Robert E. Lee 's surrender to Grant at Appomattox Court House . The Western Theater typically receives less attention than the Eastern Theater . This has much to do with the greater proximity of action in the east to capitals and to major population centers . However , some historians consider it the war 's most important theater . While the Eastern Theater essentially remained in stalemate until 1864 , Union troops in the west , beginning in 1861 , were able to steadily surround and drive back the Confederate troops , forcing them into eventual capitulation . This was done through a steady series of Union victories in major battles , interrupted by only a single defeat , which took place at Chickamauga . Contents ( hide ) 1 Theater of operations 2 Principal commanders of the Western Theater 3 Early operations ( June 1861 -- January 1862 ) 4 Tennessee , Cumberland , and Mississippi Rivers ( February -- June 1862 ) 5 Kentucky , Tennessee , and northern Mississippi ( June 1862 -- January 1863 ) 6 Vicksburg Campaigns ( December 1862 -- July 1863 ) 6.1 First campaign 6.2 Second campaign 7 Tullahoma , Chickamauga , and Chattanooga ( June -- December 1863 ) 8 Atlanta Campaign ( May -- September 1864 ) 9 Franklin - Nashville Campaign ( September -- December 1864 ) 10 Sherman 's March to the Sea ( November -- December 1864 ) 11 Carolinas Campaign and Johnston 's surrender ( February -- April 1865 ) 12 Wilson 's Raid , Mobile Campaign , and Forrest 's surrender ( March -- May 1865 ) 13 Major land battles 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 17 Further reading 17.1 Historiography 18 External links Theater of operations ( edit ) The Western Theater was an area defined by both geography and the sequence of campaigning . It originally represented the area east of the Mississippi River and west of the Appalachian Mountains . It excluded operations against the Gulf Coast and the Eastern Seaboard , but as the war progressed and William Tecumseh Sherman 's Union armies moved southeast from Chattanooga , Tennessee in 1864 and 1865 , the definition of the theater expanded to encompass their operations in Georgia and the Carolinas . The Virginia front was by far the more prestigious theater ... Yet the war 's outcome was decided not there but in the vast expanse that stretched west from the Appalachian Mountains to the Mississippi and beyond . Here , in the West , the truly decisive battles were fought . Steven E. Woodworth , Jefferson Davis and His Generals The West was by some measures the most important theater of the war . Capture of the Mississippi River has been one of the key tenets of Union General - in - Chief Winfield Scott 's Anaconda Plan . Military historian J.F.C. Fuller has described the Union invasion as an immense turning movement , a left wheel that started in Kentucky , headed south down the Mississippi River , and then east through Tennessee , Georgia , and the Carolinas . With the exception of the Battle of Chickamauga and some daring raids by cavalry or guerrilla forces , the four years in the West marked a string of almost continuous defeats for the Confederates ; or , at best , tactical draws that eventually turned out to be strategic reversals . Union generals consistently outclassed most of their Confederate opponents , with the exception of cavalry commander Nathan Bedford Forrest . Lacking the proximity to the opposing capitals and population centers ( and the accompanying concentration of newspapers ) of the East , the astounding Confederate victories , and the fame of Eastern generals such as Robert E. Lee , George B. McClellan , and Stonewall Jackson , the Western theater received considerably less attention than the Eastern , both at the time and in subsequent historical accounts . The near - steady progress that Union forces made in defeating Confederate armies in the West and overtaking Confederate territory went nearly unnoticed . The campaign classification established by the United States National Park Service is more fine - grained than the one used in this article . Some minor NPS campaigns have been omitted and some have been combined into larger categories . Only a few of the 117 battles the NPS classifies for this theater are described . Boxed text in the right margin show the NPS campaigns associated with each section . Principal commanders of the Western Theater ( edit ) Lt. Gen . Ulysses S. Grant , USA Maj. Gen . Henry W. Halleck , USA Maj. Gen . William T. Sherman , USA Maj. Gen . George H. Thomas , USA Maj. Gen . Don Carlos Buell , USA Maj. Gen . William Rosecrans , USA Maj. Gen . James B. McPherson , USA Gen . Albert Sidney Johnston , CSA Gen . P.G.T. Beauregard , CSA Gen . Joseph E. Johnston , CSA Gen . Braxton Bragg , CSA Lt. Gen . John Bell Hood , CSA Lt. Gen . Nathan Bedford Forrest , CSA Maj. Gen . Edmund Kirby Smith , CSA Early operations ( June 1861 -- January 1862 ) ( edit ) From Belmont ( November 1861 ) to Shiloh ( April 1862 ) The focus early in the war was on two critical states : Missouri and Kentucky . The loss of either would have been a crippling blow to the Union cause . Primarily because of the successes of Captain Nathaniel Lyon and his victory at Boonville in June , Missouri was held in the Union . The state of Kentucky , with a pro-Confederate governor and a pro-Union legislature , had declared neutrality between the opposing sides . This neutrality was first violated on September 3 , when Confederate Maj. Gen. Leonidas Polk occupied Columbus , considered key to controlling the Lower Mississippi . Two days later Union Brig. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant , displaying the personal initiative that would characterize his later career , seized Paducah . Henceforth , neither adversary respected the proclaimed neutrality of the state ; while the most of the state government remained loyal to the Union , the pro-Confederate elements of the legislature organized a separate government in Russellville that was admitted into the Confederate States . This sequence of events is considered a victory for the Union because Kentucky never formally sided with the Confederacy , and if the Union had been prevented from maneuvering within Kentucky , its later successful campaigns in Tennessee would have been more difficult . Western Theater Campaigns designated by the National Park Service Operations in Eastern Kentucky Barbourville Camp Wildcat Big Sandy Expedition Rowlett 's Station Offensive in Eastern Kentucky Middle Creek Mill Springs On the Confederate side , General Albert Sidney Johnston commanded all forces from Arkansas to the Cumberland Gap . He was faced with the problem of defending a broad front with numerically inferior forces , but he had an excellent system of lateral communications , permitting him to move troops rapidly where they were needed , and he had two able subordinates , Polk and Maj. Gen. William J. Hardee . Johnston also gained political support from secessionists in central and western counties of Kentucky via a new Confederate capital at Bowling Green , set up by the Russellville Convention . The alternative government was recognized by the Confederate government , which admitted Kentucky into the Confederacy in December 1861 . Using the rail system resources of the Mobile and Ohio Railroad , Polk was able to quickly fortify and equip the Confederate base at Columbus . The Union military command in the West , however , suffered from a lack of unified command , organized by November into three separate departments : the Department of Kansas , under Maj. Gen. David Hunter , the Department of the Missouri , under Maj. Gen. Henry Halleck , and the Department of the Ohio , under Brig. Gen. Don Carlos Buell ( who had replaced Brig. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman ) . By January 1862 , this disunity of command was apparent because no strategy for operations in the Western theater could be agreed upon . Buell , under political pressure to invade and hold pro-Union East Tennessee , moved slowly in the direction of Nashville , but achieved nothing more substantial toward his goal than minor victories at Middle Creek ( January 10 , 1862 ) under Col. James A. Garfield and Mill Springs ( January 19 ) under Brig. Gen. George Henry Thomas . ( Mill Springs was a significant victory in a strategic sense because it broke the end of the Confederate Western defensive line and opened the Cumberland Gap to East Tennessee , but it got Buell no closer to Nashville . ) In Halleck 's department , Grant demonstrated up the Tennessee River by attacking the Confederate camp at Belmont to divert attention from Buell 's intended advance , which did not occur . On February 1 , 1862 , after repeated requests by Grant , Halleck authorized Grant to move against Fort Henry on the Tennessee . Tennessee , Cumberland , and Mississippi rivers ( February -- June 1862 ) ( edit ) Federal Penetration up the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers Fort Henry Fort Donelson Shiloh Corinth Joint Operations Against New Madrid , Island No. 10 , and Memphis New Madrid Island No. 10 Plum Point Bend Memphis I Grant moved swiftly , starting his troops up the Tennessee River toward Fort Henry on river transports on February 2 . His operations in the campaign were well coordinated with United States Navy Flag Officer Andrew H. Foote . The fort was poorly situated on a floodplain and virtually indefensible against gunboats , with many of its guns under water . Because of the previous neutrality of Kentucky , the Confederates could not build river defenses at a more strategic location inside the state , so they settled for a site just inside the border of Tennessee . Brig. Gen. Lloyd Tilghman withdrew almost all of his garrison on February 5 , moving them across country 11 miles ( 18 km ) to the east to Fort Donelson . With a reduced crew manning the cannons , Tilghman fought an artillery duel with the Union squadron for nearly three hours before he determined that further resistance was useless . The Tennessee River was then open for future Union operations into the South . Fort Donelson , on the Cumberland River , was more defensible than Henry , and Navy assaults on the fort were ineffective . Grant 's army marched cross-country in pursuit of Tilghman 's men and attempted immediate assaults on the fort from the rear , but they were unsuccessful . On February 15 , the Confederate forces under Brig. Gen. John B. Floyd attempted to escape and launched a surprise assault against the Union right flank ( commanded by Brig. Gen. John A. McClernand ) , driving McClernand 's division back but not creating the opening they needed to slip away . Grant recovered from this temporary reversal and assaulted the weakened Confederate right . Trapped in the fort and the town of Dover , Tennessee , Confederate Brig. Gen. Simon B. Buckner surrendered his command of 11,500 men and many needed guns and supplies to Grant 's demand for `` unconditional surrender '' . The combined victories at Henry and Donelson were the first significant Union victories in the war , and two major rivers became available for invasions into Tennessee . Johnston 's forward defense was broken . As Grant had anticipated , Polk 's position at Columbus was untenable , and he withdrew soon after Donelson fell . Grant had also cut the Memphis and Ohio Railroad that previously had allowed Confederate forces to move laterally in support of each other . General P.G.T. Beauregard had arrived from the East to report to Johnston in February , and he commanded all Confederate forces between the Mississippi and Tennessee Rivers , which effectively divided the unity of command so that Johnston controlled only a small force at Murfreesboro , Tennessee . Beauregard planned to concentrate his forces in the vicinity of Corinth , Mississippi , and prepare for an offensive . Johnston moved his force to concentrate with Beauregard 's by late March . The preparations for the Union campaign did not proceed smoothly , and Halleck seemed more concerned with his standing in relation to General - in - Chief George B. McClellan than he did with understanding the Confederate Army was divided and could be defeated in detail . Further , he could not agree with his peer , Buell , now in Nashville , on a joint course of action . He sent Grant up the Tennessee River while Buell remained in Nashville . On March 11 , President Lincoln appointed Halleck the commander of all forces from the Missouri River to Knoxville , Tennessee , thus achieving the needed unity of command , and Halleck ordered Buell to join Grant 's forces at Pittsburg Landing on the Tennessee River . On April 6 , the combined Confederate forces under Beauregard and Johnston surprised Grant 's unprepared Army of West Tennessee with a massive dawn assault at Pittsburg Landing in the Battle of Shiloh . In the first day of the battle , the Confederate onslaught drove Grant back against the Tennessee but could not defeat him . Johnston was mortally wounded leading an infantry charge that day ; he was considered by Jefferson Davis to be the most effective general in the Confederacy at that time . On the second day , April 7 , Grant received reinforcements from Buell and launched a counterattack that drove back the Confederates . Grant failed to pursue the retreating enemy and received enormous criticism for this and for the great loss of life -- more casualties ( almost 24,000 ) than all previous American battles combined . Union control of the Mississippi River began to tighten . On April 7 , while the Confederates were retreating from Shiloh , Union Maj. Gen. John Pope defeated Beauregard 's isolated force at Island Number 10 , opening the river almost as far south as Memphis . On May 18 , Admiral David Farragut captured New Orleans , the South 's most significant seaport . Army Maj. Gen. Benjamin Butler occupied the city with a strong military government that caused considerable resentment among the civilian population . Although Beauregard had little concentrated strength available to oppose a southward movement by Halleck , the Union general showed insufficient drive to take advantage of the situation . He waited until he assembled a large army , combining the forces of Buell 's Army of the Ohio , Grant 's Army of West Tennessee , and Pope 's Army of the Mississippi , to converge at Pittsburg Landing . He moved slowly in the direction of the critical rail junction at Corinth , taking four weeks to cover the twenty miles ( 32 km ) from Shiloh , stopping nightly to entrench . By May 3 , Halleck was within ten miles of the city but took another three weeks to advance eight miles closer to Corinth , by which time Halleck was ready to start a massive bombardment of the Confederate defenses . At this time , Beauregard decided not to make a costly defensive stand and withdrew without hostilities during the night of May 29 . Grant did not command directly in the Corinth campaign . Halleck had reorganized his army , giving Grant the powerless position of second - in - command and shuffling divisions from the three armies into three `` wings '' . When Halleck moved east to replace McClellan as general - in - chief , Grant resumed his field command , now named the District of West Tennessee . But before he left , Halleck dispersed his forces , sending Buell towards Chattanooga , Sherman to Memphis , one division to Arkansas , and Rosecrans to hold a covering position around Corinth . Part of Halleck 's reason for this was that Lincoln desired to capture eastern Tennessee and protect the Unionists in the region . Kentucky , Tennessee , and northern Mississippi ( June 1862 -- January 1863 ) ( edit ) From Corinth ( May 1862 ) to Perryville ( October 1862 ) Confederate Heartland Offensive ( Kentucky Campaign ) Lebanon 1st Chattanooga 1st Murfreesboro Cumberland Gap Cincinnati Richmond Munfordville Augusta Perryville Iuka and Corinth Operations Iuka 2nd Corinth Hatchie 's Bridge Stones River Campaign Hartsville Stones River While Halleck accomplished little following Corinth , Confederate Gen. Braxton Bragg succeeded Beauregard ( on June 27 , for health reasons ) in command of his 56,000 troops of the Army of Tennessee , in Tupelo , Mississippi , due south of Corinth . But he determined that an advance directly north from Tupelo was not practical . He left Maj . Gens . Sterling Price and Earl Van Dorn to distract Grant and shifted 35,000 men by rail through Mobile , Alabama , to Chattanooga . Even though he did not leave Tupelo until July 21 , he was able to reach Chattanooga before Buell could . Bragg 's general plan was to invade Kentucky in a joint operation with Maj. Gen. Edmund Kirby Smith , cut Buell 's lines of communications , defeat him , and then turn back to defeat Grant . Kirby Smith left Knoxville on August 14 , forced the Union to evacuate Cumberland Gap , defeated a small Union force at the Battle of Richmond ( Kentucky ) , and reached Lexington on August 30 . Bragg departed Chattanooga just before Smith reached Lexington , while Buell moved north from Nashville to Bowling Green . But Bragg moved quickly and by September 14 had interposed his army on Buell 's supply lines from Louisville . Bragg was reluctant to develop this situation because he was outnumbered by Buell ; if he had been able to combine with Kirby Smith , he would have been numerically equal , but Smith 's command was separate , and Smith believed that Bragg could capture Louisville without his assistance . Buell , under pressure from the government to take aggressive action , was almost relieved of duty ( only the personal reluctance of George H. Thomas to assume command from his superior at the start of a campaign prevented it ) . As he approached Perryville , Kentucky , he began to concentrate his army in the face of Confederate forces there . Bragg was not initially present with his army , having decided to attend the inauguration ceremony of a Confederate governor of Kentucky in Frankfort . On October 8 , fighting began at Perryville over possession of water sources , and as the fighting escalated , Bragg 's Army of Mississippi achieved some tactical success in an assault against a single corps of Buell 's Army of the Ohio . That evening Bragg realized that he was facing Buell 's entire army and ordered a retreat to Harrodsburg , where he was joined by Kirby Smith 's Army of Kentucky on October 10 . Despite having a strong combined force , Bragg made no attempt to regain the initiative . Buell was equally passive . Bragg retreated through the Cumberland Gap and returned to Murfreesboro by way of Chattanooga . While Buell was facing Bragg 's threat in Kentucky , Confederate operations in northern Mississippi were aimed at preventing Buell 's reinforcement by Grant , who was preparing for his upcoming Vicksburg campaign . Halleck had departed for Washington , and Grant was left without interference as commander of the District of West Tennessee . On September 14 , Maj. Gen. Sterling Price moved his Confederate Army of the West to Iuka , 20 miles ( 32 km ) east of Corinth . He intended to link up with Maj. Gen. Earl Van Dorn 's Army of West Tennessee and operate against Grant . But Grant sent forces under Maj . Gens . William S. Rosecrans and Edward Ord to attack Price 's force at Iuka . Rosecrans won a minor victory at the Battle of Iuka ( September 19 ) , but poor coordination of forces and an acoustic shadow allowed Price to escape from the intended Union double envelopment . Price and Van Dorn decided to unite their forces and attack the concentration of Union troops at Corinth and then advance into West or Middle Tennessee . In the Second Battle of Corinth ( October 3 -- 4 ) , they attacked the fortified Union troops but were repulsed with serious losses . Retreating to the northwest , they escaped pursuit by Rosecrans 's exhausted army , but their objectives of threatening Middle Tennessee and supporting Bragg were foiled . On October 24 , the Union government replaced Buell with Rosecrans , who renamed his force the Army of the Cumberland . After a period of resupplying and training his army in Nashville , Rosecrans moved against Bragg at Murfreesboro just after Christmas . In the Battle of Stones River , Bragg surprised Rosecrans with a powerful assault on December 31 , pushing the Union forces back to a small perimeter against the Stones River . But on January 2 , 1863 , further attempts to assault Rosecrans were beaten back decisively and Bragg withdrew his army southeast to Tullahoma . In proportion to the size of the armies , the casualties at Stones River ( about 12,000 on each side ) made it the bloodiest battle of the war . At the end of the campaign , Bragg 's threat against Kentucky had been defeated , and he effectively yielded control of Middle Tennessee . Vicksburg campaigns ( December 1862 -- July 1863 ) ( edit ) Operations against Vicksburg and Grant 's Bayou Operations Forrest 's Expedition into West Tennessee Lexington Jackson Parker 's Cross Roads Vicksburg Campaign OPERATIONS AGAINST VICKSBURG ( December 1862 - January 1863 ) : Sinking of USS Cairo Chickasaw Bayou Arkansas Post Yazoo Pass Steele 's Bayou Expedition Grierson 's Raid ( Battle of Newton 's Station ) GRANT 'S OPERATIONS AGAINST VICKSBURG ( March 29 - July 4 , 1863 ) : Grand Gulf Snyder 's Bluff Port Gibson Raymond Jackson Champion Hill Big Black River Bridge Milliken 's Bend Young 's Point Lake Providence Richmond Goodrich 's Landing Helena Vicksburg Jackson Expedition Further information : Vicksburg Campaign Abraham Lincoln believed that the river fortress city of Vicksburg , Mississippi , was a key to winning the war . Vicksburg and Port Hudson were the last remaining strongholds that prevented full Union control of the Mississippi River . Situated on high bluffs overlooking a sharp bend in the river and called the `` Gibraltar of the Mississippi '' , Vicksburg was nearly invulnerable to naval assault . Admiral David Farragut had found this directly in his failed operations of May 1862 . The overall plan to capture Vicksburg was for Ulysses S. Grant to move south from Memphis and Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks to move north from Baton Rouge . Banks 's advance was slow to develop and bogged down at Port Hudson , offering little assistance to Grant . First campaign ( edit ) Grant 's first campaign was a two - pronged movement . William T. Sherman sailed down the Mississippi River with 32,000 men while Grant was to move in parallel through Mississippi by railroad with 40,000 . Grant advanced 80 miles ( 130 km ) , but his supply lines were cut by Confederate cavalry under Earl Van Dorn at Holly Springs , forcing him to fall back . Sherman reached the Yazoo River just north of the city of Vicksburg , but without support from Grant 's half of the mission , he was repulsed in bloody assaults against Chickasaw Bayou in late December . Political considerations then intruded . Illinois politician and Maj. Gen. John A. McClernand obtained permission from Lincoln to recruit an army in southern Illinois and command it on a river - born expedition aimed at Vicksburg . He was able to get Sherman 's corps assigned to him , but it departed Memphis before McClernand could arrive . When Sherman returned from the Yazoo , McClernand asserted control . He inexplicably detoured from his primary objective by capturing Arkansas Post on the Arkansas River , but before he could resume his main advance , Grant had reasserted control , and McClernand became a corps commander in Grant 's army . For the rest of the winter , Grant attempted five separate projects to reach the city by moving through or reengineering , rivers , canals , and bayous to the north of Vicksburg . All five were unsuccessful ; Grant explained afterward that he had expected these setbacks and was simply attempting to keep his army busy and motivated , but many historians believe he really hoped that some would succeed and that they were too ambitious . Second campaign ( edit ) Grant 's operations against Vicksburg The second campaign , beginning in the spring of 1863 , was successful and is considered Grant 's greatest achievement of the war ( and a classic campaign of military history ) . He knew that he could not attack through Mississippi from the northwest because of the vulnerability of his supply line ; river - born approaches had failed repeatedly . So after movement became possible on dirt roads that were finally drying from the winter rains , Grant moved the bulk of his army down the western bank of the Mississippi . On April 16 , U.S. Navy gunboats and troop transports managed at great risk to slip past the Vicksburg defensive guns and were able to ferry Grant 's army across the river to land south of Vicksburg at Bruinsburg . Grant employed two strategic diversions to mask his intentions : a feint by Sherman north of Vicksburg and a daring cavalry raid through central Mississippi by Colonel Benjamin Grierson , known as Grierson 's Raid . The former was inconclusive , but the latter was a success . Grierson was able to draw out significant Confederate forces , dispersing them around the state . Grant faced two Confederate armies in his campaign : the Vicksburg garrison , commanded by Maj. Gen. John C. Pemberton , and forces in Jackson , commanded by Gen. Joseph E. Johnston , the overall theater commander . Rather than simply heading directly north to the city , Grant chose to cut the line of communications ( and reinforcement ) between the two Confederate armies . His army headed swiftly northeast toward Jackson . Meanwhile , Grant brought with him a limited supply line . The conventional history of the campaign indicates that he cut loose from all of his supplies , perplexing Pemberton , who attempted to interdict his nonexistent lines at Raymond on May 12 . In reality , Grant relied on the local economy to provide him only foodstuffs for men and animals , but there was a constant stream of wagons carrying ammunition , coffee , hardtack , salt , and other supplies for his army . Sherman 's corps captured Jackson on May 14 . The entire army then turned west to confront Pemberton in front of Vicksburg . The decisive battle was at Champion Hill , the effective last stand for Pemberton before he withdrew into his entrenchments around the city . Grant 's army assaulted the Confederate works twice at great cost at the start of the Siege of Vicksburg but then settled in for a lengthy siege . The soldiers and civilians in Vicksburg suffered greatly from Union bombardment and impending starvation . They clung to hope that General Johnston would arrive with reinforcements , but Johnston was both cut off and too cautious . On July 4 , Pemberton surrendered his army and the city to Grant . In conjunction with the defeat of Robert E. Lee at the Battle of Gettysburg the previous day , Vicksburg is widely considered one of the turning points of the war . By July 8 , after Banks captured Port Hudson , the entire Mississippi River was in Union hands , and the Confederacy was split in two . Tullahoma , Chickamauga , and Chattanooga ( June -- December 1863 ) ( edit ) From Vicksburg ( December 1862 -- July 1863 ) to Chickamauga ( September 1863 ) Middle Tennessee Operations Dover Thompson 's Station Vaught 's Hill Brentwood 1st Franklin Streight 's Raid in Alabama and Georgia Day 's Gap Tullahoma Campaign Hoover 's Gap Liberty Gap Morgan 's Raid in Kentucky , Indiana , and Ohio Tebbs Bend Lebanon Bardstown Brandenburg Corydon Buffington Island Old Washington Salineville Chickamauga Campaign 2nd Chattanooga Davis 's Cross Roads Chickamauga Knoxville Campaign Cumberland Gap Blountville Blue Springs Campbell 's Station Fort Sanders Bean 's Station Operations on the Memphis & Charleston Railroad Collierville Chattanooga Campaign REOPENING THE TENNESSEE RIVER : Wheeler 's Raid Farmington Brown 's Ferry Wauhatchie CHATTANOOGA - RINGGOLD CAMPAIGN : Lookout Mountain Missionary Ridge Ringgold Gap Operations about Dandridge Mossy Creek Dandridge Fair Garden After his victory at Stones River , Rosecrans occupied Murfreesboro for almost six months while Bragg rested in Tullahoma , establishing a long defensive line that was intended to block Union advances against the strategic city of Chattanooga in his rear . In April , Union cavalry under Col. Abel Streight moved against the railroad that supplied Bragg 's army in Middle Tennessee , hoping it would cause them to withdraw to Georgia . Streight 's brigade raided through Mississippi and Alabama , fighting against Nathan Bedford Forrest . Streight 's Raid ended when his exhausted men surrendered near Rome , Georgia , on May 3 . In June , Rosecrans finally advanced against Bragg in a brilliant , almost bloodless , campaign of maneuver , the Tullahoma Campaign , and drove Bragg from Middle Tennessee . During this period , Brig. Gen. John Hunt Morgan and his 2,460 Confederate cavalrymen rode west from Sparta in middle Tennessee on June 11 , intending to divert the attention of Ambrose Burnside 's Army of the Ohio , which was moving toward Knoxville , from Southern forces in the state . At the start of the Tullahoma Campaign , Morgan moved northward . For 46 days as they rode over 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) , Morgan 's cavalrymen terrorized a region from Tennessee to northern Ohio , destroying bridges , railroads , and government stores before being captured ; in November they made a daring escape from the Ohio Penitentiary , at Columbus , Ohio , and returned to the South . Tullahoma Campaign After delaying for several weeks in Tullahoma , Rosecrans planned to flush Bragg out of Chattanooga by crossing the Tennessee River , heading south , and interdicting the Confederate supply lines from Georgia . He began operations on August 18 and used a two - week bombardment of Chattanooga as a diversion . The Confederate high command reinforced Bragg with a division from Mississippi as well as a corps previously of the Army of Northern Virginia commanded by James Longstreet . Rosecrans pursued Bragg into the rugged mountains of northwestern Georgia , only to find that a trap had been set . Bragg started the Battle of Chickamauga ( September 19 -- 20 , 1863 ) when he launched a three - division assault against Rosecrans 's army . A command misunderstanding allowed a major gap to appear in the Union line as reinforcements arrived , and Longstreet was able to drive his corps into that gap and send the Union Army into retreat . If not for the defensive stand by a portion of the line led by the Union XIV Corps , commanded by Major General George H. Thomas ( `` The Rock of Chickamauga '' ) , the Union Army would have been completely routed . Rosecrans , devastated by his defeat , withdrew his army to Chattanooga , where Bragg besieged it , occupying the high ground dominating the city . Back in Vicksburg , Grant was resting his army and planning for a campaign that would capture Mobile and push east . But when news of the dire straits of Rosecrans 's Army of the Cumberland reached Washington , Grant was ordered to rescue them . On October 17 , he was given command of the Military Division of the Mississippi , controlling all of the armies in the Western Theater . He replaced Rosecrans with Thomas and traveled to Chattanooga , where he approved a plan to open a new supply line ( the `` Cracker Line '' ) , allowing supplies and reinforcements to reach the city . Soon the troops were joined by 40,000 more , from the Army of the Tennessee under Sherman and from the Army of the Potomac under Joseph Hooker . While the Union army expanded , the Confederate army contracted ; Bragg dispatched Longstreet 's corps to Knoxville to hold off an advance by Burnside . Battles of Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge , Chattanooga Campaign The Battles for Chattanooga began in earnest on November 24 , 1863 , as Hooker took Lookout Mountain , which is one of two dominant peaks over the city . The next day , Grant planned a double envelopment of Bragg 's position on the other mountain , Missionary Ridge . Sherman was to attack from the north , Hooker from the south , and Thomas was to hold the center . But Sherman 's attack bogged down in confusion , and Grant ordered Thomas to launch a minor attack as a diversion to relieve pressure on Sherman . Thomas 's troops , caught up in enthusiasm and anxious to redeem themselves after their humiliation at Chickamauga , continued their initial attack by charging up the imposing ridge , breaking the Confederate line and causing them to retreat . Chattanooga was saved ; along with the failure of Longstreet 's Knoxville Campaign against Burnside , politically sensitive eastern Tennessee was free of Confederate control . An avenue of invasion pointed directly to Atlanta and the heart of the Confederacy . Bragg , whose personal friendship with Confederate President Jefferson Davis saved his command following his defeats at Perryville and Stones River , was finally relieved of duty and replaced by General Joseph E. Johnston . Atlanta campaign ( May -- September 1864 ) ( edit ) Map of the Atlanta Campaign Operations in North Alabama Athens Meridian and Yazoo River Expeditions Meridian Okolona Demonstration on Dalton Dalton Forrest 's Expedition into West Tennessee and Kentucky Paducah Fort Pillow Atlanta Campaign Rocky Face Ridge Resaca Adairsville New Hope Church Pickett 's Mill Dallas Kolb 's Farm Kennesaw Mountain Marietta Noonday Creek Pace 's Ferry Peachtree Creek Atlanta Ezra Church Brown 's Mill Utoy Creek Second Dalton Lovejoy 's Station Jonesborough Morgan 's Raid into Kentucky Mt . Sterling Cynthiana Forrest 's Defense of Mississippi Yazoo City Brice 's Cross Roads Tupelo Second Memphis Operations in Mobile Bay Mobile Bay Fort Gaines Fort Morgan Further information : Atlanta Campaign In March 1864 , Grant was promoted to lieutenant general and went east to assume command of all the Union armies . Sherman succeeded him in command of the Military Division of the Mississippi . Grant devised a strategy for simultaneous advances across the Confederacy . It was intended to destroy or fix Robert E. Lee 's army in Virginia with three major thrusts ( under Meade , Butler , and Sigel ) launched in the direction of Richmond and in the Shenandoah Valley ; capture Mobile with an army under Nathaniel Banks ; and destroy Johnston 's army while driving toward Atlanta . Most of the initiatives failed : Butler became bogged down in the Bermuda Hundred Campaign ; Sigel was quickly defeated in the valley ; Banks became occupied in the ill - fated Red River Campaign ; Meade and Grant experienced many setbacks and much bloodshed in the Overland Campaign before finally settling down to a siege of Petersburg . Sherman 's Atlanta Campaign was more successful . At the start of the campaign , Sherman 's Military Division of the Mississippi consisted of three armies : James B. McPherson 's Army of the Tennessee ( Sherman 's old army under Grant ) , John M. Schofield 's Army of the Ohio , and George H. Thomas 's Army of the Cumberland . Opposing him was the Confederate Army of Tennessee , commanded by Joseph E. Johnston . Sherman outnumbered Johnston 98,000 to 50,000 , but his ranks were depleted by many furloughed soldiers , and Johnston received 15,000 reinforcements from Alabama in April . The campaign opened with several battles in May and June 1864 as Sherman pressed Johnston southeast through mountainous terrain . Sherman avoided frontal assaults against most of Johnston 's positions , instead maneuvering in flanking marches around the Confederate defenses . When Sherman flanked the defensive lines ( almost exclusively around Johnston 's left flank ) , Johnston would retreat to another prepared position . The Battle of Kennesaw Mountain ( June 27 ) was a notable exception , in which Sherman attempted a frontal assault , against the advice of his subordinates , and suffered significant losses , losing 7,000 men versus 700 for Johnston . Both armies took advantage of the railroads as supply lines , with Johnston shortening his supply lines as he drew closer to Atlanta , and Sherman lengthening his own . However , Davis was becoming frustrated with Johnston , who he viewed was needlessly losing territory and was refusing to counterattack or even discuss his plans with Davis . Just before the Battle of Peachtree Creek ( July 20 ) in the outskirts of Atlanta , Jefferson Davis lost patience with Johnston 's strategy and , fearing that Johnston would give up Atlanta without a battle , replaced him with the more aggressive Lt. Gen. John Bell Hood . Over the next six weeks , Hood would repeatedly attempt to attack a portion of Sherman 's force which seemed isolated from the main body ; each attack failed , often with heavy casualties for the Confederate army . Sherman eventually cut Hood 's supply lines from the south . Knowing that he was trapped , Hood evacuated Atlanta on the night of September 1 , burning military supplies and installations , causing a great conflagration in the city . Coincident with Sherman 's triumph in Atlanta , Admiral David Farragut won the decisive naval Battle of Mobile Bay on August 24 . Steaming past the forts guarding the mouth of the bay , Farragut engaged and forced the surrender of the Confederate fleet defending the city , capturing Admiral Franklin Buchanan . The city itself , long a desired target of Grant 's , would remain in Confederate hands until 1865 , but the last seaport east of the Mississippi on the Gulf Coast was closed , further tightening the Union blockade . The capture of Atlanta and Mobile Bay together boosted Northern morale and made an enormous contribution to the re-election of Abraham Lincoln . Franklin - Nashville campaign ( September -- December 1864 ) ( edit ) Franklin - Nashville Campaign Franklin -- Nashville Campaign Allatoona Decatur Johnsonville Columbia Spring Hill Franklin 3rd Murfreesboro Nashville Anthony 's Hill Burbridge 's Raid into Southwest Virginia 1st Saltville Breckenridge 's Advance into East Tennessee Bull 's Gap Further information : Franklin - Nashville Campaign While Sherman rested his army in preparation for offensive operations to the east , Hood embarked on a campaign to defeat Sherman by interfering with his lines of communications from Chattanooga . He drove west through Alabama and turned north toward Tennessee , hoping that Sherman would follow him and do battle . This was partially effective because his movements , and raids by Nathan Bedford Forrest , were causing considerable consternation to Sherman . However , the Union general did not fully engage . He sent Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas with portions of the Army of the Cumberland and most of the cavalry corps to Nashville to coordinate a defense against Hood , while taking the remainder of his army in the direction of Savannah , Georgia . Thomas 's forces were divided : half were with him in Nashville and the other half with John M. Schofield , moving in pursuit from Atlanta , with other troops due to arrive from the Red River Campaign . Hood hoped to defeat Schofield before he could join forces with Thomas and before the reinforcements from Louisiana arrived . He had the chance at the Battle of Spring Hill in Tennessee ( November 29 , 1864 ) , but the Union troops were able to slip through the trap , due to the Confederate failure to cut the Columbia - to - Franklin turnpike in the Union rear . At the Battle of Franklin the following day , Hood launched repeated massive frontal assaults against strong entrenchments and suffered severe casualties . David J. Eicher wrote that Hood mortally wounded his army at Franklin but killed it at the Battle of Nashville ( December 15 -- 16 ) . At Nashville , facing the combined force of Schofield and Thomas , he dug in a few miles south of the city and waited , hoping that Thomas would wreck his army on the Confederate fortifications . After a two - week preparation period in winter weather , during which he received great pressure from Grant and the Union government to attack , Thomas unleashed an overwhelming assault that sent Hood and his survivors in retreat to Franklin and then to Mississippi , never to recover as a fighting force . By his own request , Hood was relieved of command of the Army of Tennessee and Lt. Gen. Richard Taylor was appointed temporary commander of the army . Sherman 's March to the sea ( November -- December 1864 ) ( edit ) Sherman 's March to the Sea Sherman 's March to the Sea Savannah Campaign Griswoldville Buck Head Creek Honey Hill Waynesboro Tulifinny Fort McAllister Altamaha Bridge Further information : Sherman 's March to the Sea Sherman 's Savannah Campaign is more popularly known as the March to the Sea . He and Grant believed that the Civil War would end only if the Confederacy 's strategic , economic , and psychological capacity for warfare were decisively broken . Sherman therefore applied the principles of scorched earth , ordering his troops to burn crops , kill livestock , consume supplies , and destroy civilian infrastructure along their path . This policy is one of the key tenets of a strategy of total war . Sherman 's army left Atlanta on November 15 , 1864 , and was conducted in two columns separated by about 60 miles ( 97 km ) , the right under Maj. Gen. Oliver Otis Howard and the left under Maj. Gen. Henry Warner Slocum . Between these columns , the destruction was significant and spawned hatred for generations . Most of the resistance to Sherman 's armies was from Georgia militia and home guards , although Joseph Wheeler 's cavalry corps from the Army of Tennessee and some troops from the Department of South Carolina , Georgia , and Florida were also present but scattered . At Savannah on December 17 , Sherman encountered about 10,000 defending troops under Maj. Gen. William J. Hardee . Following lengthy artillery bombardments , Hardee abandoned the city and Sherman entered on December 22 , 1864 . He telegraphed to President Lincoln , `` I beg to present you as a Christmas gift the City of Savannah ... '' Carolinas campaign and Johnston 's surrender ( February -- April 1865 ) ( edit ) Carolinas Campaign Carolinas Campaign Rivers ' Bridge Aiken Congaree Creek Columbia Wyse Fork Monroe 's Crossroads Averasborough Bentonville Morrisville Further information : Carolinas Campaign After Sherman captured Savannah , he was ordered by Grant to embark his army on ships to reinforce the Union armies in Virginia , where Grant was bogged down in the Siege of Petersburg against Robert E. Lee . Sherman proposed an alternative strategy . He persuaded Grant that he should march north through the Carolinas instead , destroying everything of military value along the way , similar to his march to the sea through Georgia . He was particularly interested in targeting South Carolina , the first state to secede from the Union , for the effect it would have on Southern morale . Sherman 's plan was to bypass the minor Confederate troop concentrations at Augusta , Georgia , and Charleston , South Carolina , and reach Goldsboro , North Carolina , by March 15 , 1865 , where he would unite with Union forces commanded by John M. Schofield and Alfred H. Terry . As with his Georgia operations , he marched his armies in multiple directions simultaneously , confusing the scattered Confederate defenders as to his first true objective , which was the state capital Columbia . He faced the smaller and battered Army of Tennessee , again under the command of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston . On February 17 , Columbia surrendered to Sherman . Fires began in the city , and most of the central city was destroyed . The burning of Columbia has engendered controversy ever since , with some claiming the fires were accidental , others a deliberate act of vengeance . On that same day , the Confederates evacuated Charleston . On February 18 , Sherman 's forces destroyed virtually anything of military value in Columbia . The last significant Confederate seaport , Wilmington , surrendered on February 22 . When Confederate President Jefferson Davis and general - in - chief Robert E. Lee felt that Beauregard could not properly handle the Union threat , they appointed Johnston to command the Confederate forces in the Carolinas , including the remnants of the Army of Tennessee . Concentrating his forces , which he named the Army of the South , Johnston attacked at the Battle of Bentonville ( March 19 -- 21 ) , where he unsuccessfully attempted to defeat one wing of Sherman 's army ( under Henry W. Slocum ) before it could reach Goldsboro or reunite with the other wing under Oliver O. Howard . While the initial Confederate attack overwhelmed the first Union line , Slocum was able to rally enough men to resist Johnston until Howard arrived at the battlefield overnight . Johnston remained on the battlefield for two more days , hoping for another Confederate victory similar to the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain , then retreated back to Raleigh , pursued by Sherman . On April 11 , Johnston received word that General Robert E. Lee surrendered at Appomattox Court House ; this induced him to send a message to Sherman requesting terms for surrender . On April 18 , three days after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln , Johnston signed an armistice with Sherman at Bennett Place , a farmhouse near Durham Station . Sherman got himself into political trouble by offering terms of surrender to Johnston that encompassed political issues as well as military , without authorization from Grant or the United States government . This created confusion on this issue , which lasted until April 26 , when Johnston agreed to purely military terms , similar to the terms offered to Lee at Appomattox Court House , and formally surrendered his army and all Confederate forces in the Carolinas , Georgia , and Florida . Wilson 's Raid , Mobile campaign , and Forrest 's surrender ( March -- May 1865 ) ( edit ) Wilson 's Raid in Alabama and Georgia Ebenezer Church Selma West Point Columbus Mobile Campaign Spanish Fort Fort Blakely Further information : Wilson 's Raid Following the victory in Nashville , Maj. Gen. Thomas dispatched Maj. Gen. James H. Wilson to destroy the last remaining industrial infrastructure in the Confederate heartlands of Alabama and Georgia and Maj. Gen. Edward R.S. Canby to finally capture Mobile , which had remained in Confederate hands despite Admiral 's Farragut 's victory in Mobile Bay . Wilson , commanding the cavalry corps of the Military Division of the Mississippi , launched a raid in late March into central Alabama with orders to destroy the remaining Confederate industry in the region , especially at Elyton ( present - day Birmingham ) and Selma . The only force remaining to resist Wilson was Nathan B. Forrest 's cavalry force . Elyton fell to Union forces on March 29 , before Forrest had time to concentrate his troops . A detachment led by Brig . General John T. Croxton destroyed the area 's factories and on April 4 burned down the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa . Selma was captured on April 2 following a battle , which was Forrest 's final battle and defeat . After destroying Selma 's factories and railroads , Wilson continued eastward towards Georgia . He had to capture the bridge across the Chattahoochee River at Columbus , Georgia , with a battle , then he continued on to Macon ; here on April 21 , he received word from Sherman to `` desist from further acts of war and devastation until you hear that hostilities are renewed '' . Canby , commanding the Military Division of West Mississippi , landed In mid-March near the entrance of Mobile Bay and advanced along the eastern shore to Spanish Fort , where the Union forces started a siege on March 27 . On April 1 , Union forces command by Frederick Steele arrived from an overland route from Pensacola and started besieging Fort Blakely . On April 8 , Union forces opened an artillery bombardment on Spanish fort with ninety field pieces , followed by an infantry attack which overwhelmed the Confederate defenders . Canby then moved against Fort Blakely the next day , overrunning that fort as well . These battles forced the Confederate commander of Mobile , Maj. Gen. Dabney H. Maury , to evacuate the city . When he received word of Lee 's and Johnston 's surrenders , Lt. Gen. Richard Taylor , commander of the Confederate Department of Alabama , Mississippi , and East Louisiana , surrendered his forces to Canby on May 4 , while Forrest formally surrendered his force on May 9 . Wilson 's cavalry officially took control of Tallahassee , Florida , on May 20 , the last Confederate state capital east of the Mississippi to be captured , completing the Western Theater operations . A detachment of Wilson 's cavalry captured Confederate President Jefferson Davis on May 10 near Irwinville , Georgia . Major land battles ( edit ) Further information : List of American Civil War battles The costliest land battles in the western theater , measured by casualties ( killed , wounded , captured , and missing ) , were : Battle State Date Union Confederacy Total Strength Commander Casualties Siege of Vicksburg Mississippi 000000001863 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 -- July 4 , 1863 77,000 33,000 Ulysses S. Grant John C. Pemberton 4,835 32,697 37,532 Battle of Chickamauga Georgia 000000001863 - 09 - 19 - 0000 September 19 -- 20 , 1863 60,000 65,000 William S. Rosecrans Braxton Bragg 16,170 18,454 34,624 Battle of Stones River Tennessee 000000001862 - 12 - 31 - 0000 December 31 , 1862 -- January 2 , 1863 41,400 35,000 William S. Rosecrans Braxton Bragg 12,906 11,739 24,645 Battle of Shiloh Tennessee 000000001862 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 -- 7 , 1862 63,000 44,699 Ulysses S. Grant Albert Sidney Johnston 13,047 10,699 23,746 Siege of Port Hudson Louisiana 000000001863 - 05 - 22 - 0000 May 22 -- July 9 , 1863 35,000 7,500 Nathaniel P. Banks Franklin Gardner 10,000 7,500 17,500 Battle of Missionary Ridge Tennessee 000000001863 - 11 - 25 - 0000 November 25 , 1863 56,359 44,010 Ulysses S. Grant Braxton Bragg 5,824 6,667 12,491 Battle of Atlanta Georgia 000000001864 - 07 - 22 - 0000 July 22 , 1864 34,863 40,438 William T. Sherman John Bell Hood 3,641 8,499 12,140 Battle of Nashville Tennessee 000000001864 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 -- 16 , 1864 55,000 30,000 George H. Thomas John Bell Hood 3,061 6,000 9,061 Battle of Franklin Tennessee 000000001864 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30 , 1864 27,000 27,000 John M. Schofield John Bell Hood 2,326 6,252 8,578 Battle of Perryville Kentucky 000000001862 - 10 - 08 - 0000 October 8 , 1862 22,000 16,000 Don Carlos Buell Braxton Bragg 4,276 3,401 7,677 2nd Battle of Corinth Mississippi 000000001862 - 10 - 03 - 0000 October 3 -- 4 , 1862 23,000 22,000 William S. Rosecrans Earl Van Dorn 2,520 4,233 6,753 Battle of Peachtree Creek Georgia 000000001864 - 07 - 20 - 0000 July 20 , 1864 21,655 20,250 George H. Thomas John Bell Hood 1,710 4,796 6,506 Battle of Champion Hill Mississippi 000000001863 - 05 - 16 - 0000 May 16 , 1863 32,000 22,000 Ulysses S. Grant John C. Pemberton 2,457 3,840 6,297 Battle of Richmond , Kentucky Kentucky 000000001862 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 -- 30 , 1862 6,500 6,850 William `` Bull '' Nelson Edmund K. Smith 5,353 451 5,804 See also ( edit ) Civil War Museum of the Western Theater Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Civil War Battle Summaries by Campaign '' . Civil War Sites Advisory Committee , American Battlefield Protection Program . National Park Service . Retrieved 7 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Woodworth , Jefferson Davis , pp. xi - xii . Jump up ^ Woodworth , pp. 21 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Fuller ( 1956 ) , pp. 49 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Woodworth , pp. 18 -- 19 . Jump up ^ U.S. National Park Service , Civil War Battle Summaries by Campaign Jump up ^ Foote , vol. 1 , pp. 86 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Mulligan , William H. , `` Interpreting the Civil War at Columbus - Belmont State Park and Sacramento , Kentucky : Two Case Studies '' , paper presented at `` International , Multicultural , Interdisciplinary : Public History Policy and Practice '' , the 20th Annual Conference of the National Council on Public History , April 16 -- 19 , 1998 , Austin , Texas . Jump up ^ Foote , vol. 1 , pp. 144 -- 52 , 178 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , pp. 44 -- 45 , 48 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , pp. 57 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , pp. 83 , 94 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , pp. 72 -- 73 , 88 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , pp. 48 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , pp. 56 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , pp. 384 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Cozzens ( 1997 ) , pp. 32 , 35 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Noe , pp. 22 , 26 -- 27 , 30 . Jump up ^ Noe , pp. 37 -- 39 , 72 . Jump up ^ Noe , pp. 313 , 336 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Cozzens ( 1997 ) , pp. 43 , 86 -- 114 . Jump up ^ Cozzens ( 1997 ) , pp. 135 -- 37 , 315 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , pp. 151 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Groom , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , pp. 157 , 181 . Jump up ^ Foote , vol. 2 , pp. 70 -- 71 , 75 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Foote , vol. 2 , pp. 64 , 133 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Groom , pp. 281 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Foote , vol. 2 , pp. 358 -- 59 , 384 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Groom , pp. 311 -- 14 , 323 -- 25 , 342 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Foote , vol. 2 , pp. 606 -- 14 Jump up ^ Foote , vol. 2 , pp. 102 , 184 -- 86 , 670 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Foote , vol. 2 , pp. 678 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Foote , vol. 2 , pp. 687 -- 88 , 715 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Cozzens ( 1994 ) , pp. 7 , 61 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Cozzens ( 1994 ) , pp. 173 -- 90 , 205 -- 43 , 273 -- 95 , 397 . Jump up ^ Castel , pp. 63 , 66 . Jump up ^ Castel , pp. 78 -- 79 , 83 -- 87 , 127 . Jump up ^ Castel , pp. 303 -- 304 , 319 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Castel , pp. 360 -- 61 , 522 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Castel , p. 543 ; Kennedy , p. 374 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Sword , pp. 46 -- 51 , 59 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Sword , pp. 81 , 152 -- 55 , 261 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 774 . Jump up ^ Sword , pp. 290 -- 93 , 386 , 430 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Foote , vol. 3 , pp. 614 , 622 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Foote , vol. 3 , pp. 642 -- 54 , 711 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Hughes , pp. 1 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Hughes , pp. 2 -- 3 , 21 . Jump up ^ Hughes , pp. 21 -- 24 , 89 -- 91 , 168 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , pp. 213 , 237 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , pp. 12 , 159 -- 68 , 252 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , pp. 6 -- 8 , 176 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , pp. 259 -- 62 , 293 -- 94 . Jump up ^ All strengths and casualties are cited in the named articles . The Siege of Vicksburg ( 37,532 total casualties ) , the Battle of Fort Donelson ( 16,537 ) , and the Battle of Island Number Ten ( 7,108 ) have been omitted from this list because the casualty figures include very high percentages of Confederate soldiers surrendered . Jump up ^ Included 29,495 Confederates surrendered ( and paroled ) . References ( edit ) Castel , Albert . Decision in the West : The Atlanta Campaign of 1864 . Lawrence : University Press of Kansas , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0562 - 2 . Cozzens , Peter . The Darkest Days of the War : The Battles of Iuka and Corinth . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2320 - 1 . Cozzens , Peter . The Shipwreck of Their Hopes : The Battles for Chattanooga . Urbana : University of Illinois Press , 1994 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 01922 - 9 . Cunningham , O. Edward . Shiloh and the Western Campaign of 1862 , edited by Gary D. Joiner and Timothy B. Smith . New York : Savas Beatie , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932714 - 27 - 2 . Eicher , David J. The Longest Night : A Military History of the Civil War . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84944 - 5 . Esposito , Vincent J. West Point Atlas of American Wars . New York : Frederick A. Praeger , 1959 . OCLC 5890637 . The collection of maps ( without explanatory text ) is available online at the West Point website . Foote , Shelby . The Civil War : A Narrative . Vol. 1 , Fort Sumter to Perryville . New York : Random House , 1958 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 74623 - 6 . Foote , Shelby . The Civil War : A Narrative . Vol. 2 , Fredericksburg to Meridian . New York : Random House , 1963 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 49517 - 9 . Foote , Shelby . The Civil War : A Narrative . Vol. 3 , Red River to Appomattox . New York : Random House , 1974 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 74913 - 8 . Fuller , Maj. Gen. J.F.C. The Generalship of Ulysses S. Grant . New York : Da Capo Press , 1929 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80450 - 6 . Fuller , Maj. Gen. J.F.C. A Military History of the Western World . Vol. 3 , From the Seven Days Battle , 1862 , to the Battle of Leyte Gulf , 1944 . New York : Minerva Press , 1956 . OCLC 741433623 . Groom , Winston . Vicksburg 1863 . New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 26425 - 1 . Hattaway , Herman , and Archer Jones . How the North Won : A Military History of the Civil War . Urbana : University of Illinois Press , 1983 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 00918 - 5 . Hughes , Nathaniel Cheairs , Jr . Bentonville : The Final Battle of Sherman & Johnston . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 1996 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2281 - 7 Kennedy , Frances H. , ed . The Civil War Battlefield Guide . 2nd ed . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Co. , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 74012 - 6 . Noe , Kenneth W. Perryville : This Grand Havoc of Battle . Lexington : University Press of Kentucky , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 8131 - 2209 - 0 . Sword , Wiley . The Confederacy 's Last Hurrah : Spring Hill , Franklin , & Nashville . Lawrence : University Press of Kansas , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0650 - 5 . Trudeau , Noah Andre . Out of the Storm : The End of the Civil War , April -- June 1865 . New York : Little , Brown and Company , 1994 . ISBN 0 - 316 - 85328 - 3 . Woodworth , Steven E ... Jefferson Davis and His Generals : The Failure of Confederate Command in the West . Lawrence : University Press of Kansas , 1990 . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0461 - 8 . National Park Service battle descriptions of the Western Theater Further reading ( edit ) Bush , Bryan S . The Civil War Battles of the Western Theatre . Paducah , KY : Turner Publishing Co. , 1998 . ISBN 1 - 56311 - 434 - 8 . Cozzens , Peter . No Better Place to Die : The Battle of Stones River . Urbana : University of Illinois Press , 1990 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 06229 - 9 . Cozzens , Peter . This Terrible Sound : The Battle of Chickamauga . Urbana : University of Illinois Press , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 01703 - X . Grant , Ulysses S. Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant . 2 vols . Charles L. Webster & Company , 1885 -- 86 . ISBN 0 - 914427 - 67 - 9 . Jones , Evan C. , and Wiley Sword , eds . Gateway to the Confederacy : New Perspectives on the Chickamauga and Chattanooga Campaigns , 1862 -- 1863 . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 2014 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 5509 - 7 . Sherman , William T. Memoirs of General W.T. Sherman . 2nd ed . New York : Library of America , 1990 . ISBN 0 - 940450 - 65 - 8 . First published 1889 by D. Appleton & Co . Smith , Timothy B. Grant Invades Tennessee : The 1862 Battles for Forts Henry and Donelson . Lawrence : University Press of Kansas , 2016 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 2313 - 6 . Smith , Timothy B. Shiloh : Conquer or Perish . Lawrence : University Press of Kansas , 2014 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 1995 - 5 . Welcher , Frank J. The Union Army , 1861 -- 1865 Organization and Operations . Vol. 2 , The Western Theater . Bloomington : Indiana University Press , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 36454 - X . Woodworth , Steven E ... Nothing but Victory : The Army of the Tennessee , 1861 -- 1865 . New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 41218 - 2 . Historiography ( edit ) Smith , Stacey L. `` Beyond North and South : Putting the West in the Civil War and Reconstruction , '' Journal of the Civil War Era ( Dec 2016 ) 6 # 4 pp. 566 -- 591 . DOI : 10.1353 / cwe. 2016.0073 excerpt External links ( edit ) National Park Service.gov : NPS Civil War at a Glance ( hide ) American Civil War Origins Origins Issues Timeline leading to the War Antebellum era Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 Dred Scott v. Sandford Lincoln - Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Popular sovereignty Secession States ' rights President Lincoln 's 75,000 volunteers Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Emancipation Proclamation Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Slave Power Slavery in the United States Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom 's Cabin Abolitionism Susan B. Anthony John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Combatants Theaters Campaigns Battles States Combatants Union ( USA ) Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy ( CSA ) Army Navy Marine Corps Theaters Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans - Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Major Campaigns Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson 's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan 's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond - Petersburg Franklin -- Nashville Price 's Raid Sherman 's March Carolinas Appomattox Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson 's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Fort Pillow Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Involvement ( by state or territory ) AL AK AR AZ CA CO CT DC DE FL GA HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY Leaders Confederate Military R.H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A.S. Johnston J.E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E.K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Union Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D.D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Aftermath U.S. Constitution Reconstruction amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Alabama Claims Brooks -- Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax Riot of 1873 Eufaula Riot of 1874 Freedmen 's Bureau Freedman 's Savings Bank Impeachment of Andrew Johnson Kirk - Holden War Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Memphis Riot of 1866 Meridian Riot of 1871 New Orleans Riot of 1866 Pulaski ( Tennessee ) Riot of 1867 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Confederate refugees Confederados Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission Homestead acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 White League post-Reconstruction Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate monuments and memorials Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Disenfranchisement Black Codes Jim Crow Lost Cause mythology Modern display of the Confederate flag Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Southern Historical Society United Daughters of the Confederacy Monuments and memorials Union List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic Memorials to Abraham Lincoln Confederate List of Confederate monuments and memorials Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials List of memorials to Robert E. Lee List of memorials to Jefferson Davis Annapolis Roger B. Taney Monument Baltimore Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument Confederate Women 's Monument Roger B. Taney Monument Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson Monument Durham , North Carolina Robert E. Lee Monument New Orleans Battle of Liberty Place Monument Jefferson Davis Monument General Beauregard Equestrian Statue Robert E. Lee Monument Cemeteries Confederate Memorial Day Ladies ' memorial associations U.S. Memorial Day U.S. national cemeteries Veterans 1913 Gettysburg Reunion Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers ' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans Related topics Related topics Military Arms Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate Revolving Cannon Field artillery Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Leadership Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Political Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States Presidential Election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Music Battle Hymn of the Republic Dixie John Brown 's Body A Lincoln Portrait Marching through Georgia Maryland , My Maryland When Johnny Comes Marching Home Other topics Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Great Revival of 1863 Naming the war Native Americans Cherokee Choctaw New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City Riot of 1863 Photographers Richmond Riot of 1863 Sexuality Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_Theater_of_the_American_Civil_War&oldid=799082906 '' Categories : Western Theater of the American Civil War Theaters of the American Civil War Alabama in the American Civil War Florida in the American Civil War Georgia ( U.S. state ) in the American Civil War Kentucky in the American Civil War Louisiana in the American Civil War Mississippi in the American Civil War North Carolina in the American Civil War South Carolina in the American Civil War Tennessee in the American Civil War Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano עברית 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 5 September 2017 , at 14 : 54 . 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who won colorado in the 2016 presidential election
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United States presidential election in Colorado , 2016 ← 2012 November 8 , 2016 2020 → Turnout 72.9 % Nominee Hillary Clinton Donald Trump Gary Johnson Party Democratic Republican Libertarian Home state New York New York New Mexico Running mate Tim Kaine Mike Pence William Weld Electoral vote 9 0 0 Popular vote 1,338,870 1,202,484 144,121 Percentage 48.2 % 43.3 % 5.2 % County Results Clinton 40 - 50 % 50 - 60 % 60 - 70 % 70 - 80 % Trump 40 - 50 % 50 - 60 % 60 - 70 % 70 - 80 % 80 - 90 % Results by county showing number of votes by size and candidates by color President before election Barack Obama Democratic Elected President Donald Trump Republican
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Hillary Clinton
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United states presidential election in Colorado , 2016
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united states presidential election in colorado, 2016
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Clinton
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40 - 50 % 50 - 60 % 60 - 70 % 70 - 80 % Trump 40 - 50 % 50 - 60 % 60 - 70 % 70 - 80 % 80 - 90 % Results by county showing number of votes by size and candidates by color President before election Barack Obama Democratic Elected President Donald Trump Republican Treemap of the popular vote by county . The 2016 United States presidential election in Colorado was held on November 8 , 2016 , as part of the 2016 General Election in which all 50 states plus The District of Columbia participated . Colorado voters chose electors to represent them in the Electoral College via a popular vote pitting the Republican Party 's nominee , businessman Donald Trump , and running mate Indiana Governor Mike Pence against Democratic Party nominee , former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and her running mate , Virginia Senator Tim Kaine . On March 1 , 2016 , in the presidential primaries , Colorado voters expressed their preferences for the Democratic , Libertarian , Green Constitution , Nutrition , and Prohibition parties ' respective nominees for President . The Republican Party did not hold a preference poll because the party decided to cancel it in August 2015 . Registered members of each party only voted in their party 's primary , while unaffiliated voters were unable to participate . Hillary Clinton won the election in Colorado with 48.2 % of the vote . Donald Trump received 43.3 % of the vote , a Democratic margin of victory of 4.9 % . This was the third time since achieving statehood that the Republican candidate won the election without carrying Colorado , and the second time since statehood that Colorado has voted Democratic in three consecutive presidential elections . No Republican had won the White House without carrying the state since 1908 . Trump won five counties that had voted for President Obama in 2012 ; Conejos County , Chaffee County , Huerfano County , Las Animas County , and Pueblo County . The latter two counties had not supported a Republican for president since Richard Nixon 's 49 - state landslide in 1972 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Primary elections 1.1 Democratic caucuses 1.1. 1 Opinion polling 1.1. 2 Results 1.2 Republican conventions 1.3 Green Party convention 1.4 Polling 2 Analysis 3 General election 3.1 Statewide results 3.2 By county 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Primary elections ( edit ) Democratic caucuses ( edit ) Colorado Democratic caucuses , 2016 ← 2008 March 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 01 ) 2016 → Candidate Bernie Sanders Hillary Clinton Home state Vermont New York Delegate count 41 25 Popular vote 72,846 49,789 Percentage 58.98 % 40.31 % Colorado results by county Bernie Sanders Hillary Clinton Uncommitted Opinion polling ( edit ) See also : Statewide opinion polling for the Democratic Party presidential primaries , 2016 § Colorado Results ( edit ) See also : Results of the Democratic Party presidential primaries , 2016 Caucus date March 1 , 2016 e d Democratic Party 's presidential nominating process in Colorado , 2016 -- Summary of results -- Candidate Popular vote Estimated delegates Count Percentage Pledged Unpledged Total Bernie Sanders 72,846 58.98 % 41 0 41 Hillary Clinton 49,789 40.31 % 25 9 34 Uncommitted 822 0.67 % 0 Others 51 0.04 % Total 123,508 100 % 66 12 78 Sources : The Green Papers and Colorado Democrats 2016 Caucus results Detailed estimates per congressional district Detailed results for the Colorado Democratic caucuses , March 1 , 2016 District Total estimate Bernie Sanders Hillary Clinton Votes Estimated delegates Votes Estimated delegates Votes Estimated delegates 1st district 29,474 8 16,232 13,242 2nd district 30,624 7 19,376 11,248 3rd district 14,671 6 8,956 5,715 4th district 10,060 5 6,115 3,945 5th district 10,315 5 6,338 3,977 6th district 12,836 6 6,675 6,161 7th district 14,655 6 9,154 5,501 At - large delegates 122,635 14 72,846 8 49,789 6 Pledged PLEOs 9 5 Total 66 38 28 Results of the county assemblies Timeframe for the county assemblies : March 2 -- 26 , 2016 Colorado Democratic county assemblies , March 2 -- 26 , 2016 Candidate State + District delegates Estimated delegates Count Percentage Pledged Unpledged Total Bernie Sanders 372 61.39 % Hillary Clinton 234 38.61 % Uncommitted Total 606 100 % Results of the congressional district conventions Detailed results for the congressional district conventions , April 1 -- 15 , 2016 District Delegates available Delegates won Sanders Clinton 1st district 8 5 2nd district 7 3rd district 6 4th district 5 5th district 5 6th district 6 7th district 6 Total 43 26 17 Results of the state convention State convention date : April 16 , 2016 Colorado Democratic State Convention , April 16 , 2016 Candidate State convention delegates National delegates won Count Percentage At - large PLEO Total Bernie Sanders 1,900 62.3 % 9 6 15 Hillary Clinton 1,150 37.7 % 5 8 Total 3,050 100.0 % 14 9 23 Republican conventions ( edit ) From April 2 -- 8 , 2016 , conventions were held in each of Colorado 's seven congressional districts . Cruz swept all seven , winning 21 delegates total . On April 9 , 2016 , the state convention was held to elect the 13 statewide delegates and the 3 RNC delegates . Again , Cruz won all 13 statewide at - large delegates . Cruz was also the only candidate to address the state convention . A proposal to forbid Colorado Republican delegates from voting for Donald Trump was written in March 2016 by Robert Zubrin . The group `` Colorado Republicans for Liberty '' handed out fliers of Zubrin 's resolution at the state 's convention . Irregularities on the ballot were discovered at the state 's convention . Delegate # 379 ( Jerome Parks , a Trump delegate ) was replaced on the ballot with a duplicate of delegate # 378 ( a Ted Cruz delegate ) . The Colorado Republican Party 's Twitter account posted the message `` We did it # NeverTrump '' after Cruz received all the bound delegates at the April convention . The party claims somebody hacked its Twitter account , and the party claims to be investigating how the message was posted . In May 2015 , the Colorado Senate defeated a bill to hold a 2016 presidential primary . State senators Kevin Grantham , Kent Lambert , Laura J. Woods , and Jerry Sonnenberg voted to stop the bill . Sonnenberg , Woods , Grantham , and Lambert are members of the Ted Cruz `` Colorado Leadership Team '' for Ted Cruz . Congressman Ken Buck and Colorado Secretary of State Wayne Williams are also members of the Ted Cruz `` Colorado Leadership Team '' . The conventions were selected through statewide caucuses , which were conducted at the precinct level on March 1 . No voter preference poll was held due to a decision in August by the state party to cancel it . Three candidates contested the Republican presidential conventions : Ted Cruz John Kasich Donald Trump Marco Rubio and Ben Carson had dropped out of the race by the time the conventions were held , though they were still running during the March 1 caucuses . Colorado Republican district conventions , April 2 , 2016 , April 7 - 8 , 2016 Candidate Votes Percentage Actual delegate count Bound Unbound Total Ted Cruz 0 0.0 % 17 21 Donald Trump 0 0.0 % 0 0 0 John Kasich 0 0.0 % 0 0 0 Marco Rubio ( withdrawn ) 0 0.0 % 0 0 0 Ben Carson ( withdrawn ) 0 0.0 % 0 0 0 Uncommitted 0 0.0 % 0 0 0 Unprojected delegates : 0 0 0 Total : 0 100.00 % 17 21 Source : The Green Papers Colorado Republican state convention , April 9 , 2016 Candidate Votes Percentage Actual delegate count Bound Unbound Total Ted Cruz 0 0.0 % 13 0 13 Donald Trump 0 0.0 % 0 John Kasich 0 0.0 % 0 0 0 Marco Rubio ( withdrawn ) 0 0.0 % 0 0 0 Ben Carson ( withdrawn ) 0 0.0 % 0 0 0 Uncommitted 0 0.0 % 0 0 0 Unprojected delegates : 0 Total : 0 100.00 % 13 16 Source : The Green Papers Green party convention ( edit ) On April 3 , the Green Party of Colorado held a presidential nominating convention in Centennial , Colorado for registered Green voters . On April 4 , the Green Party of Colorado announced that Jill Stein had won the convention and received all 5 delegates . Colorado Green Party Convention , April 3 , 2016 . Candidate Votes Percentage National delegates Jill Stein - - 5 William Kreml - - - Kent Mesplay - - - Sedinam Moyowasifza - Curry - - - Darryl Cherney - - - Uncommitted - - - Total - - 5 Polling ( edit ) See also : Statewide opinion polling for the United States presidential election , 2016 § Colorado Analysis ( edit ) Historically , Colorado has been one of the most Republican states in the nation , having been one of the few states to vote against Franklin D. Roosevelt during the New Deal during the 1940 and the 1944 presidential elections . No Republican had won a presidential election without winning Colorado from 1908 through 2012 : before 2008 , Colorado had not voted Democrat in any presidential election with the exception of 1992 ( where Bill Clinton won by a plurality due to Ross Perot 's candidacy ) and 1964 ( When Lyndon B. Johnson won in a landslide ) . However , increasing urbanization in the Front Range Urban Corridor , along with the growth of minority populations ( especially Hispanics ) have chipped away from Republican dominance in the state : while President George W. Bush won the state in the 2004 election , it was one of the few states where Republican performance fell ( this time by half ) , leading to Barack Obama to carry the state twice in 2008 and 2012 . Trump improved upon previous Republican candidates in Southern Colorado , once the state 's Democratic stronghold : however , the Democratic dominance of this blue collar , working class industrial area is starting to fade . Trump carried three of the area 's counties ( Conejos County , Las Animas County and Huerfano County ) , a feat not accomplished by any Republican since George H.W. Bush in his 1988 landslide : he also carried Pueblo County by a 0.49 % margin , making it the closest county in the state . Trump also did well in the Western Slope , where counties like Mesa County ( home to Grand Junction ) went for Trump on a 2 - 1 margin . However , as is with the case with Nevada and other states in the American Southwest that have been experiencing increasing urbanization and a rapidly growing Hispanic population , Clinton won by running up the margins in the rapidly growing metro areas of the state - in this case , Denver and Colorado Springs . While Trump did win El Paso County ( home of Colorado Springs ) , he won with only 56 % of the vote , performing worse than McCain did in the 2008 election ; Clinton made up for lost votes in rest of the state through larger margins in Boulder and the nearby Denver Metropolitan Area , where power is usually split between Democrats and moderate Republicans downballot : very rarely has any race statewide been won without carrying the area . Trump only won one county in the metro area ( Douglas County - home to suburbs such as Parker , Highlands Ranch and Castle Rock ) , but with only 54 % of the vote - one of the poorest performances in the area 's most Republican county in decades . Clinton exceeded Obama 's performance in the City and County of Denver and Boulder County , the Democrats ' main base in Colorado ; while she was not able to exceed Obama 's performance in the suburban counties surrounding Denver , Trump posted some of the worst results Republicans have in decades in this region . Trump only won 39 % of the vote in Arapahoe County , which includes some of the largest Denver suburbs such as Aurora and Centennial ; before Obama won this county in 2008 , this county had not gone Democratic since 1964 ( not even Bill Clinton could win here even while he carried the state in 1992 ) . Trump barely got over 40 percent in surrounding Jefferson and Adams counties ( partially due to a surge in third party voters for Gary Johnson ) . The Republican losses in this vital area ultimately handed the state to Clinton . In downballot races , Mike Coffman was ultimately able to hold on to his seat in a Clinton - carried district around Arapahoe County . Democrats made big gains in this area in the State House and Senate . However , Republicans were able to gain a seat in Adams County , ultimately holding on to the State Senate . General election ( edit ) Statewide results ( edit ) U.S. presidential election in Colorado , 2016 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Hillary Clinton 1,338,870 48.12 % Republican Donald Trump 1,202,484 43.31 % Libertarian Gary Johnson 144,121 5.17 % Green Jill Stein 38,437 1.37 % Independent Evan McMullin 28,917 1.04 % Constitution Darrell Castle 11,699 0.42 % Veterans Chris Keniston 5,028 0.18 % Independent Mike Smith 1,819 0.07 % American Delta Rocky De La Fuente 1,255 0.04 % Independent American Kyle Kopitke 1,096 0.04 % Independent Joseph Maldonado 872 0.03 % American Solidarity Michael A. Maturen 862 0.03 % Independent Rod Silva 751 0.03 % Independent Ryan Scott 749 0.03 % Independent Tom Hoefling 710 0.03 % Socialism and Liberation Gloria La Riva 531 0.02 % Socialist Workers Alyson Kennedy 452 0.02 % Independent Laurence Kotlikoff 392 0.01 % Independent Bradford Lyttle 382 0.01 % Independent Frank Atwood 337 0.01 % Socialist Mimi Soltysik 271 0.01 % Prohibition James Hedges 185 0.01 % ( ( N / A ) ) Write - In 27 0.00 % Total votes 2,780,247 100.00 % By county ( edit ) County Clinton % Clinton # Trump % Trump # Johnson % Johnson # Others % Others # Total Adams 49.86 % 96,558 41.35 % 80,082 5.11 % 9,893 3.70 % 7,144 193,677 Alamosa 45.96 % 3,189 43.90 % 3,046 5.84 % 405 4.31 % 299 6,939 Arapahoe 52.76 % 159,885 38.63 % 117,053 5.28 % 16,002 3.33 % 10,108 303,048 Archuleta 34.06 % 2,500 58.10 % 4,264 4.51 % 331 3.32 % 244 7,339 Baca 13.14 % 283 81.42 % 1,753 2.37 % 51 3.07 % 66 2,153 Bent 30.62 % 590 61.65 % 1,188 4.31 % 83 3.42 % 66 1,927 Boulder 70.34 % 132,334 22.00 % 41,396 4.27 % 8,034 3.39 % 6,381 188,145 Broomfield 52.35 % 19,731 38.12 % 14,367 5.77 % 2,174 3.76 % 1,418 37,690 Chaffee 43.45 % 4,888 47.92 % 5,391 4.77 % 537 3.86 % 434 11,250 Cheyenne 11.98 % 132 83.94 % 925 2.81 % 31 1.26 % 14 1,102 Clear Creek 46.52 % 2,729 43.90 % 2,575 6.22 % 365 3.36 % 197 5,866 Conejos 44.03 % 1,771 47.59 % 1,914 4.13 % 166 4.25 % 171 4,022 Costilla 60.88 % 1,125 31.82 % 588 4.49 % 83 2.81 % 52 1,848 Crowley 22.20 % 339 70.66 % 1,079 4.13 % 63 3.02 % 46 1,527 Custer 25.99 % 797 67.22 % 2,061 4.60 % 141 2.18 % 67 3,066 Delta 24.34 % 4,087 69.42 % 11,655 2.83 % 475 3.41 % 573 16,790 Denver 73.69 % 244,551 18.89 % 62,690 4.48 % 14,861 2.94 % 9,750 331,852 Dolores 19.28 % 242 75.22 % 944 2.47 % 31 3.04 % 38 1,255 Douglas 36.62 % 68,657 54.71 % 102,573 5.45 % 10,212 3.23 % 6,058 187,500 Eagle 55.90 % 14,099 35.64 % 8,990 5.42 % 1,368 3.04 % 766 25,223 El Paso 33.86 % 108,010 56.19 % 179,228 6.23 % 19,877 3.71 % 11,853 318,968 Elbert 19.61 % 3,134 73.26 % 11,705 4.17 % 666 2.97 % 475 15,980 Fremont 24.11 % 5,297 68.82 % 15,122 4.05 % 890 3.03 % 664 21,973 Garfield 42.58 % 11,271 49.61 % 13,132 4.29 % 1,135 3.53 % 932 26,470 Gilpin 45.69 % 1,634 43.79 % 1,566 5.40 % 193 5.12 % 183 3,576 Grand 39.10 % 3,358 52.33 % 4,494 5.67 % 487 2.90 % 249 8,588 Gunnison 54.48 % 5,128 34.94 % 3,289 6.32 % 595 4.25 % 400 9,412 Hinsdale 33.45 % 197 57.56 % 339 4.58 % 27 4.42 % 26 589 Huerfano 43.17 % 1,633 49.78 % 1,883 3.99 % 151 3.06 % 116 3,783 Jackson 19.86 % 171 73.05 % 629 4.76 % 41 2.32 % 20 861 Jefferson 48.89 % 160,776 42.01 % 138,177 5.64 % 18,537 3.47 % 11,393 328,883 Kiowa 10.64 % 91 85.15 % 728 2.81 % 24 1.40 % 12 855 Kit Carson 14.48 % 536 80.15 % 2,967 2.57 % 95 2.81 % 104 3,702 La Plata 49.84 % 15,525 40.41 % 12,587 6.03 % 1,878 3.72 % 1,160 31,150 Lake 50.52 % 1,616 39.70 % 1,270 5.41 % 173 4.39 % 140 3,199 Larimer 47.51 % 93,113 42.57 % 83,430 5.87 % 11,510 4.04 % 7,928 195,981 Las Animas 39.01 % 2,650 54.62 % 3,710 3.69 % 251 2.68 % 182 6,793 Lincoln 16.79 % 409 77.67 % 1,892 3.16 % 77 2.38 % 58 2,436 Logan 19.04 % 1,851 74.90 % 7,282 3.28 % 319 2.78 % 270 9,722 Mesa 27.98 % 21,729 64.10 % 49,779 4.73 % 3,675 3.18 % 2,471 77,654 Mineral 36.35 % 237 52.76 % 344 6.44 % 42 4.45 % 29 652 Moffat 13.39 % 874 81.30 % 5,305 2.74 % 179 2.57 % 167 6,525 Montezuma 30.90 % 3,973 61.07 % 7,853 4.23 % 544 3.79 % 488 12,858 Montrose 25.80 % 5,466 67.88 % 14,382 3.47 % 735 2.85 % 603 21,186 Morgan 26.35 % 3,151 68.10 % 8,145 2.93 % 350 2.63 % 314 11,960 Otero 34.82 % 2,943 58.31 % 4,928 3.79 % 320 3.08 % 261 8,452 Ouray 51.27 % 1,697 40.82 % 1,351 4.53 % 150 3.38 % 112 3,310 Park 32.84 % 3,421 58.89 % 6,135 4.89 % 509 3.38 % 352 10,417 Phillips 18.70 % 436 76.80 % 1,791 2.57 % 60 1.93 % 45 2,332 Pitkin 69.69 % 7,333 24.23 % 2,550 3.55 % 374 2.53 % 266 10,523 Prowers 23.64 % 1,186 70.39 % 3,531 3.09 % 155 2.88 % 144 5,016 Pueblo 45.62 % 35,875 46.11 % 36,265 5.18 % 4,072 3.09 % 2,434 78,646 Rio Blanco 12.64 % 436 80.90 % 2,791 3.42 % 118 3.04 % 105 3,450 Rio Grande 36.16 % 2,001 55.75 % 3,085 4.19 % 232 3.90 % 216 5,534 Routt 54.34 % 7,600 37.39 % 5,230 5.16 % 722 3.10 % 434 13,986 Saguache 49.98 % 1,417 40.46 % 1,147 3.25 % 92 6.31 % 179 2,835 San Juan 52.37 % 265 42.49 % 215 3.36 % 17 1.79 % 9 506 San Miguel 68.72 % 2,975 23.86 % 1,033 3.56 % 154 3.87 % 167 4,329 Sedgwick 19.57 % 267 74.41 % 1,015 2.05 % 28 3.96 % 54 1,364 Summit 59.09 % 9,557 31.53 % 5,100 6.18 % 1,000 3.20 % 517 16,174 Teller 24.94 % 3,603 67.47 % 9,745 4.67 % 674 2.92 % 422 14,444 Washington 10.83 % 296 84.12 % 2,299 3.00 % 82 2.05 % 56 2,733 Weld 34.45 % 46,519 56.60 % 76,651 5.53 % 7,487 3.52 % 4,773 135,430 Yuma 15.15 % 726 80.36 % 3,850 2.46 % 118 2.02 % 97 4,791 Colorado Total 48.16 % 1,338,870 43.25 % 1,202,484 5.18 % 144,121 3.41 % 94,772 2,780,247 See also ( edit ) Elections in Colorado Federal government ( show ) Presidential elections 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Presidential caucuses Republican 2008 2012 Democratic 2008 U.S. Senate elections 1980 1986 1992 1998 2002 2008 2014 2016 U.S. House elections 2000 2002 2006 4th 5th 7th 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 State government ( show ) General elections 2014 2018 Gubernatorial elections 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Legislative elections 2013 recalls Ballot measures ( show ) 36 2006 38 41 42 43 44 2008 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 54 58 59 62 2012 64 Denver ( show ) Mayoral elections 2011 2015 Democratic Party presidential debates , 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries , 2016 Republican Party presidential debates , 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries , 2016 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : John Frank ( 25 August 2015 ) . `` Colorado Republicans cancel presidential vote at 2016 caucus '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved 12 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Colorado Democratic Delegation 2016 '' . Thegreenpapers.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` CDP National Delegate Candidates. xlsx '' ( PDF ) . Coloradodems.org . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Ted Cruz wins first 6 Colorado delegates , Donald Trump shut out '' . The Spot . Retrieved 12 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Benjy Sarlin . `` Colorado Loss Reveals Chaotic , Overwhelmed Trump Campaign '' . NBC News . Retrieved 12 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Presidential Caucuses & Conventions '' . thegreenpapers.com . Retrieved 12 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ted Cruz Wins Majority of Delegates in Colorado '' . The New York Times . 9 April 2016 . Retrieved 12 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Colorado Republican Delegation 2016 '' . thegreenpapers.com . Retrieved 12 May 2016 . Jump up ^ John Frank & Joey Bunch ( 9 April 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz dominates Colorado GOP convention winning all 34 delegates '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved 12 May 2016 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Blog : Colorado GOP resolution : No voting for Trump '' . americanthinker.com . Retrieved 12 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Benjy Sarlin . `` Cruz Sweeps Colorado as Trump Campaign Issues Error - Filled Ballots '' . NBC News . Retrieved 12 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Oscar Contreras ( 2016 - 04 - 10 ) . `` Colorado GOP hastily deletes ' Never Trump ' tweet following sweeping Ted Cruz delegate victory - 7NEWS Denver '' . Thedenverchannel.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Colorado GOP deletes # nevertrump tweet , pledges investigation '' . POLITICO . Retrieved 12 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Senate GOP kills party 's own push for 2016 presidential primary '' . The Spot . Retrieved 12 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cruz for President Announces Colorado Leadership Team '' . Cruz for President . Retrieved 12 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PRESIDENTIAL NOMINATION CONVENTION '' . Colorado Green Party . 2015 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Green Party of Colorado '' . Retrieved 4 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/ Jump up ^ Williams , Wayne W. ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` Colorado Election Results '' . Colorado Secretary of State . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20presidential%20election%20in%20Colorado%2C%202016
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during which phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes exchange segments
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Chromosomal crossover ( or crossing over ) is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes that results in recombinant chromosomes during sexual reproduction . It is one of the final phases of genetic recombination , which occurs in the pachytene stage of prophase I of meiosis during a process called synapsis . Synapsis begins before the synaptonemal complex develops and is not completed until near the end of prophase I. Crossover usually occurs when matching regions on matching chromosomes break and then reconnect to the other chromosome .
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pachytene stage of prophase I
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Chromosomal crossover
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chromosomal crossover
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Chromosomal crossover ( or crossing over ) is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes that results in recombinant chromosomes during sexual reproduction . It is one of the final phases of genetic recombination , which occurs in the pachytene stage of prophase I of meiosis during a process called synapsis . Synapsis begins before the synaptonemal complex develops and is not completed until near the end of prophase I. Crossover usually occurs when matching regions on matching chromosomes break and then reconnect to the other chromosome .
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Crossing over was described , in theory , by Thomas Hunt Morgan . He relied on the discovery of Frans Alfons Janssens who described the phenomenon in 1909 and had called it `` chiasmatypie '' . The term chiasma is linked , if not identical , to chromosomal crossover . Morgan immediately saw the great importance of Janssens ' cytological interpretation of chiasmata to the experimental results of his research on the heredity of Drosophila . The physical basis of crossing over was first demonstrated by Harriet Creighton and Barbara McClintock in 1931 . The linked frequency of crossing over between two gene loci ( markers ) is the crossing - over value . For fixed set of genetic and environmental conditions , recombination in a particular region of a linkage structure ( chromosome ) tends to be constant and the same is then true for the crossing - over value which is used in the production of genetic maps . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 1.1 DNA repair theory 1.2 Links to bacterial transformation 2 Chemistry 2.1 MSH4 and MSH5 2.2 Chiasma 3 Consequences 4 Non-homologous crossover 5 See also 6 References Origins ( edit ) There are two popular and overlapping theories that explain the origins of crossing - over , coming from the different theories on the origin of meiosis . The first theory rests upon the idea that meiosis evolved as another method of DNA repair , and thus crossing - over is a novel way to replace possibly damaged sections of DNA . The second theory comes from the idea that meiosis evolved from bacterial transformation , with the function of propagating diversity . DNA repair theory ( edit ) Crossing over and DNA repair are very similar processes , which utilize many of the same protein complexes . Recombinases and primases lay a foundation of nucleotides along the DNA sequence . One such particular protein complex that is conserved between processes is RAD51 , a well conserved recombinase protein that has been shown to be crucial in DNA repair as well as cross over . Several other genes in D. melanogaster have been linked as well to both processes , by showing that mutants at these specific loci can not undergo DNA repair or crossing over . Such genes include mei - 41 , mei - 9 , hdm , spnA , and brca2 . This large group of conserved genes between processes supports the theory of a close evolutionary relationship . Furthermore , DNA repair and crossover have been found to favor similar regions on chromosomes . In an experiment using radiation hybrid mapping on wheat 's ( Triticum aestivum L . ) 3B chromosome , crossing over and DNA repair were found to occur predominantly in the same regions . Furthermore , crossing over has been correlated to occur in response to stressful , and likely DNA damaging , conditions Links to bacterial transformation ( edit ) The process of bacterial transformation also shares many similarities with chromosomal cross over , particularly in the formation of overhangs on the sides of the broken DNA strand , allowing for the annealing of a new strand . Bacterial transformation itself has been linked to DNA repair many times . The second theory comes from the idea that meiosis evolved from bacterial transformation , with the function of propagating genetic diversity. . Thus , this evidence suggests that it is a question of whether cross over is linked to DNA repair or bacterial transformation , as the two do not appear to be mutually exclusive . It is likely that crossing over may have evolved from bacterial transformation , which in turn developed from DNA repair , thus explaining the links between all three processes . Chemistry ( edit ) A current model of meiotic recombination , initiated by a double - strand break or gap , followed by pairing with an homologous chromosome and strand invasion to initiate the recombinational repair process . Repair of the gap can lead to crossover ( CO ) or non-crossover ( NCO ) of the flanking regions . CO recombination is thought to occur by the Double Holliday Junction ( DHJ ) model , illustrated on the right , above . NCO recombinants are thought to occur primarily by the Synthesis Dependent Strand Annealing ( SDSA ) model , illustrated on the left , above . Most recombination events appear to be the SDSA type . Meiotic recombination may be initiated by double - stranded breaks that are introduced into the DNA by exposure to DNA damaging agents or the Spo11 protein . One or more exonucleases then digest the 5 ' ends generated by the double - stranded breaks to produce 3 ' single - stranded DNA tails ( see diagram ) . The meiosis - specific recombinase Dmc1 and the general recombinase Rad51 coat the single - stranded DNA to form nucleoprotein filaments . The recombinases catalyze invasion of the opposite chromatid by the single - stranded DNA from one end of the break . Next , the 3 ' end of the invading DNA primes DNA synthesis , causing displacement of the complementary strand , which subsequently anneals to the single - stranded DNA generated from the other end of the initial double - stranded break . The structure that results is a cross-strand exchange , also known as a Holliday junction . The contact between two chromatids that will soon undergo crossing - over is known as a chiasma . The Holliday junction is a tetrahedral structure which can be ' pulled ' by other recombinases , moving it along the four - stranded structure . Holliday Junction Molecular structure of a Holliday junction . Molecular structure of a Holliday junction . From PDB : 3CRX . MSH4 and MSH5 ( edit ) The MSH4 and MSH5 proteins form a hetero - oligomeric structure ( heterodimer ) in yeast and humans . In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae MSH4 and MSH5 act specifically to facilitate crossovers between homologous chromosomes during meiosis . The MSH4 / MSH5 complex binds and stabilizes double Holliday junctions and promotes their resolution into crossover products . An MSH4 hypomorphic ( partially functional ) mutant of S. cerevisiae showed a 30 % genome wide reduction in crossover numbers , and a large number of meioses with non exchange chromosomes . Nevertheless , this mutant gave rise to spore viability patterns suggesting that segregation of non-exchange chromosomes occurred efficiently . Thus in S. cerevisiae proper segregation apparently does not entirely depend on crossovers between homologous pairs . Chiasma ( edit ) The grasshopper Melanoplus femur - rubrum was exposed to an acute dose of X-rays during each individual stage of meiosis , and chiasma frequency was measured . Irradiation during the leptotene - zygotene stages of meiosis ( that is , prior to the pachytene period in which crossover recombination occurs ) was found to increase subsequent chiasma frequency . Similarly , in the grasshopper Chorthippus brunneus , exposure to X-irradiation during the zygotene - early pachytene stages caused a significant increase in mean cell chiasma frequency . Chiasma frequency was scored at the later diplotene - diakinesis stages of meiosis . These results suggest that X-rays induce DNA damages that are repaired by a crossover pathway leading to chiasma formation . Consequences ( edit ) The difference between gene conversion and chromosomal crossover . In most eukaryotes , a cell carries two versions of each gene , each referred to as an allele . Each parent passes on one allele to each offspring . An individual gamete inherits a complete haploid complement of alleles on chromosomes that are independently selected from each pair of chromatids lined up on the metaphase plate . Without recombination , all alleles for those genes linked together on the same chromosome would be inherited together . Meiotic recombination allows a more independent segregation between the two alleles that occupy the positions of single genes , as recombination shuffles the allele content between homologous chromosomes . Recombination results in a new arrangement of maternal and paternal alleles on the same chromosome . Although the same genes appear in the same order , some alleles are different . In this way , it is theoretically possible to have any combination of parental alleles in an offspring , and the fact that two alleles appear together in one offspring does not have any influence on the statistical probability that another offspring will have the same combination . This principle of `` independent assortment '' of genes is fundamental to genetic inheritance . However , the frequency of recombination is actually not the same for all gene combinations . This leads to the notion of `` genetic distance '' , which is a measure of recombination frequency averaged over a ( suitably large ) sample of pedigrees . Loosely speaking , one may say that this is because recombination is greatly influenced by the proximity of one gene to another . If two genes are located close together on a chromosome , the likelihood that a recombination event will separate these two genes is less than if they were farther apart . Genetic linkage describes the tendency of genes to be inherited together as a result of their location on the same chromosome . Linkage disequilibrium describes a situation in which some combinations of genes or genetic markers occur more or less frequently in a population than would be expected from their distances apart . This concept is applied when searching for a gene that may cause a particular disease . This is done by comparing the occurrence of a specific DNA sequence with the appearance of a disease . When a high correlation between the two is found , it is likely that the appropriate gene sequence is really closer . Non-homologous crossover ( edit ) Crossovers typically occur between homologous regions of matching chromosomes , but similarities in sequence and other factors can result in mismatched alignments . Most DNA is composed of base pair sequences repeated very large numbers of times . These repetitious segments , often referred to as satellites , are fairly homogenous among a species . During DNA replication , each strand of DNA is used as a template for the creation of new strands using a partially - conserved mechanism ; proper functioning of this process results in two identical , paired chromosomes , often called sisters . Sister chromatid crossover events are known to occur at a rate of several crossover events per cell per division in eukaryotes . Most of these events involve an exchange of equal amounts of genetic information , but unequal exchanges may occur due to sequence mismatch . These are referred to by a variety of names , including non-homologous crossover , unequal crossover , and unbalanced recombination , and result in an insertion or deletion of genetic information into the chromosome . While rare compared to homologous crossover events , these mutations are drastic , affecting many loci at the same time . They are considered the main driver behind the generation of gene duplications and are a general source of mutation within the genome . Many proteins are implicated in DSB repair ; this figure shows a probable , simplified mechanism . The specific causes of non-homologous crossover events are unknown , but several influential factors are known to increase the likelihood of an unequal crossover . One common vector leading to unbalanced recombination is the repair of double - strand breaks ( DSBs ) . DSBs are often repaired using non-homologous end joining , a process which involves invasion of a template strand by the DSB strand ( see figure below ) . Nearby homologous regions of the template strand are often used for repair , which can give rise to either insertions or deletions in the genome if a non-homologous but complementary part of the template strand is used . Sequence similarity is a major player in crossover -- crossover events are more likely to occur in long regions of close identity on a gene . This means that any section of the genome with long sections of repetitive DNA is prone to crossover events . The presence of transposable elements is another influential element of non-homologous crossover . Repetitive regions of code characterize transposable elements ; complementary but non-homologous regions are ubiquitous within transposons . Because chromosomal regions composed of transposons have large quantities of identical , repetitious code in a condensed space , it is thought that transposon regions undergoing a crossover event are more prone to erroneous complementary match - up ; that is to say , a section of a chromosome containing a lot of identical sequences , should it undergo a crossover event , is less certain to match up with a perfectly homologous section of complementary code and more prone to binding with a section of code on a slightly different part of the chromosome . This results in unbalanced recombination , as genetic information may be either inserted or deleted into the new chromosome , depending on where the recombination occurred . While the motivating factors behind unequal recombination remain obscure , elements of the physical mechanism have been elucidated . Mismatch repair ( MMR ) proteins , for instance , are a well - known regulatory family of proteins , responsible for regulating mismatched sequences of DNA during replication and escape regulation . The operative goal of MMRs is the restoration of the parental genotype . One class of MMR in particular , MutSβ , is known to initiate the correction of insertion - deletion mismatches of up to 16 nucleotides . Little is known about the excision process in eukaryotes , but E. coli excisions involve the cleaving of a nick on either the 5 ' or 3 ' strand , after which DNA helicase and DNA polymerase III bind and generate single - stranded proteins , which are digested by exonucleases and attached to the strand by ligase . Multiple MMR pathways have been implicated in the maintenance of complex organism genome stability , and any of many possible malfunctions in the MMR pathway result in DNA editing and correction errors . Therefore , while it is not certain precisely what mechanisms lead to errors of non-homologous crossover , it is extremely likely that the MMR pathway is involved . See also ( edit ) Unequal crossing over Coefficient of coincidence Genetic distance Independent assortment Mitotic crossover Recombinant frequency References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Griffiths , AJF ; Gelbart , WM ; Miller , JH ; et al. ( 1999 ) . `` Modern Genetic Analysis : Mitotic Crossing - Over '' . New York : W.H. Freeman . Jump up ^ Creighton H , McClintock B ( 1931 ) . `` A Correlation of Cytological and Genetical Crossing - Over in Zea Mays '' . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 17 ( 8 ) : 492 -- 7 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 17.8. 492 . PMC 1076098 . PMID 16587654 . ( Original paper ) Jump up ^ Rieger R. Michaelis A. , Green M.M. ( 1976 ) . Glossary of genetics and cytogenetics : Classical and molecular . Heidelberg - New York : Springer - Verlag . ISBN 3 - 540 - 07668 - 9 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ King R.C. , Stransfield W.D. ( 1998 ) : Dictionary of genetics . Oxford University Press , New York , Oxford , ISBN 0 - 19 - 50944 - 1 - 7 ; ISBN 0 - 19 - 509442 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Harris Bernstein , Carol Bernstein and Richard E. Michod ( 2011 ) . Meiosis as an Evolutionary Adaptation for DNA Repair . Chapter 19 in DNA Repair . Inna Kruman , editor . InTech Open Publisher . doi : 10.5772 / 25117 http://www.intechopen.com/books/dna-repair/meiosis-as-an-evolutionary-adaptation-for-dna-repair ^ Jump up to : Bernstein , H ; Bernstein , C ( 2010 ) . `` Evolutionary origin of recombination during meiosis '' . BioScience. 60 ( 7 ) : 498 -- 505 . doi : 10.1525 / bio. 2010.60. 7.5 . Jump up ^ Dangel , NJ ; Knoll , A ; Puchta , H ( 2014 ) . `` MHF1 plays Fanconi anaemia complementation group M protein ( FANCM ) - dependent and FANCM - independent roles in DNA repair and homologous recombination in plants '' . Plant J. 78 ( 5 ) : 822 -- 33 . doi : 10.1111 / tpj. 12507 . PMID 24635147 . Jump up ^ Saponaro , M ; Callahan , D ; Zheng , X ; Liberi , G ( 2010 ) . `` Cdk1 Targets Srs2 to Complete Synthesis - Dependent Strand Annealing and to Promote Recombinational Repair '' . PLoS Genet. 6 ( 2 ) : e1000858 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pgen. 1000858 . Retrieved 20 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Esposito , M ( September 1978 ) . `` Evidence that Spontaneous Mitotic Recombination Occurs at the Two - Strand Stage '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA . 75 ( 9 ) : 4436 -- 4440 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 75.9. 4436 . Jump up ^ Kumar , A ; Bassi , F ; Paux , E ( 2012 ) . `` DNA repair and crossing over favor similar chromosome regions as discovered in radiation hybrid of Triticum '' . BMC Genomics. 13 ( 339 ) . doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2164 - 13 - 339 . PMC 3443642 . PMID 22827734 . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Steinboeck , F ( 2010 ) . `` The relevance of oxidative stress and cytotoxic DNA lesions for spontaneous mutagenesis in non-replicating yeast cells '' . Mutat Res. 688 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 47 -- 52 . doi : 10.1016 / j. mrfmmm. 2010.03. 006 . PMID 20223252 . Jump up ^ Nedelcu , M ; Marcu , O ; Michod , RE ( 2004 ) . `` Sex as a response to oxidative stress : a twofold increase in cellular reactive oxygen species activates sex genes '' . Proc. R. Soc . B. 271 : 1591 -- 1596 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2004.2747 . PMC 1691771 . PMID 15306305 . Retrieved 10 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Charpentier , X ( 2010 ) . `` Antibiotics and UV Radiation Induce Competence for Natural Transformation in Legionella pneumophila '' . Journal of Bacteriology. 193 ( 5 ) : 1114 -- 1121 . doi : 10.1128 / JB. 01146 - 10 . PMC 3067580 . PMID 21169481 . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Keeney , S ; Giroux , CN ; Kleckner , N ( 1997 ) . `` Meiosis - Specific DNA Double - Strand Breaks Are Catalyzed by Spo11 , a Member of a Widely Conserved Protein Family '' . Cell. 88 ( 3 ) : 375 -- 84 . doi : 10.1016 / S0092 - 8674 ( 00 ) 81876 - 0 . PMID 9039264 . Jump up ^ Sauvageau , S ; Stasiak , Az ; Banville , I ; Ploquin , M ; Stasiak , A ; Masson , Jy ( June 2005 ) . `` Fission Yeast Rad51 and Dmc1 , Two Efficient DNA Recombinases Forming Helical Nucleoprotein Filaments '' ( Free full text ) . Molecular and Cellular Biology . 25 ( 11 ) : 4377 -- 87 . doi : 10.1128 / MCB. 25.11. 4377 - 4387.2005 . ISSN 0270 - 7306 . PMC 1140613 . PMID 15899844 . ^ Jump up to : Pochart P , Woltering D , Hollingsworth NM ( 1997 ) . `` Conserved properties between functionally distinct MutS homologs in yeast '' . J. Biol. Chem. 272 ( 48 ) : 30345 -- 9 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. 272.48. 30345 . PMID 9374523 . Jump up ^ Winand NJ , Panzer JA , Kolodner RD ( 1998 ) . `` Cloning and characterization of the human and Caenorhabditis elegans homologs of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae MSH5 gene '' . Genomics. 53 ( 1 ) : 69 -- 80 . doi : 10.1006 / geno. 1998.5447 . PMID 9787078 . Jump up ^ Bocker T , Barusevicius A , Snowden T , Rasio D , Guerrette S , Robbins D , Schmidt C , Burczak J , Croce CM , Copeland T , Kovatich AJ , Fishel R ( 1999 ) . `` hMSH5 : a human MutS homologue that forms a novel heterodimer with hMSH4 and is expressed during spermatogenesis '' . Cancer Res. 59 ( 4 ) : 816 -- 22 . PMID 10029069 . Jump up ^ Krishnaprasad GN , Anand MT , Lin G , Tekkedil MM , Steinmetz LM , Nishant KT ( 2015 ) . `` Variation in crossover frequencies perturb crossover assurance without affecting meiotic chromosome segregation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae '' . Genetics . 199 ( 2 ) : 399 -- 412 . doi : 10.1534 / genetics. 114.172320 . PMC 4317650 . PMID 25467183 . Jump up ^ Church K , Wimber DE ( 1969 ) . `` Meiosis in the grasshopper : chiasma frequency after elevated temperature and x-rays '' . Can . J. Genet . Cytol. 11 ( 1 ) : 209 -- 16 . doi : 10.1139 / g69 - 025 . PMID 5797806 . Jump up ^ Westerman M ( 1971 ) . `` The effect of x-irradiation on chiasma frequency in Chorthippus brunneus '' . Heredity. 27 ( 1 ) : 83 -- 91 . doi : 10.1038 / hdy. 1971.73 . PMID 5289295 . Jump up ^ `` genetic recombination '' . Jump up ^ Genetic Recombination ^ Jump up to : Smith , George P. ( 1976 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Evolution of Repeated DNA Sequences by Unequal Crossover '' . Science . 191 ( 4227 ) : 528 -- 535 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1251186 . JSTOR 1741301 . Jump up ^ Graur , Dan ; Li , Wen - Hsiung ( 2000 - 01 - 01 ) . Fundamentals of Molecular Evolution . Sinauer . ISBN 9780878932665 . ^ Jump up to : Puchta , Holger ( 2005 - 01 - 01 ) . `` The repair of double - strand breaks in plants : mechanisms and consequences for genome evolution '' . Journal of Experimental Botany. 56 ( 409 ) : 1 -- 14 . doi : 10.1093 / jxb / eri025 . ISSN 0022 - 0957 . PMID 15557293 . Jump up ^ Metzenberg , Ab ; et al. ( May 1991 ) . `` Homology Requirements for Unequal Crossing Over in Humans '' . Genetics . Jump up ^ Robberecht , Caroline ; Voet , Thierry ; Esteki , Masoud Zamani ; Nowakowska , Beata A. ; Vermeesch , Joris R. ( 2012 - 12 - 03 ) . `` Non-allelic homologous recombination between retrotransposable elements is a driver of de novo unbalanced translocations '' . Genome Research . 23 : gr. 145631.112 . doi : 10.1101 / gr. 145631.112 . ISSN 1088 - 9051 . PMC 3589530 . PMID 23212949 . ^ Jump up to : Kunkel , Thomas A. ; Erie , Dorothy A. ( 2005 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Dna Mismatch Repair '' . Annual Review of Biochemistry . 74 ( 1 ) : 681 -- 710 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. biochem. 74.082803. 133243 . PMID 15952900 . Jump up ^ Surtees , J.A. , J.A. ; Argueso , J.L. ; Alani , E. ( 2004 ) . `` Mismatch Repair Proteins : Key Regulators of Genetic Recombination '' . Cytogenetic and Genome Research . 107 : 146 -- 59 . doi : 10.1159 / 000080593 . ( hide ) Genetics : homologous recombination / mobile genetic elements Primarily prokaryotic Conjugation Transduction Transformation Occurs in eukaryotes Transfection Chromosomal crossover Gene conversion Fusion gene Horizontal gene transfer Sister chromatid exchange Transposon Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chromosomal_crossover&oldid=827994918 '' Categories : Cellular processes Molecular genetics Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Use dmy dates from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 February 2018 , at 23 : 01 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosomal%20crossover
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who is the first woman to win bharat ratna
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1971 Indira Gandhi Known as the `` Iron Lady of India '' , Gandhi was the Prime Minister of India during 1966 -- 77 and 1980 -- 84 . During the Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 , her government supported Bangladesh Liberation War which led to the formation of a new country , Bangladesh .
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Bharat Ratna
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bharat ratna
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The Bharat Ratna ( Hindi pronunciation : ( bhaːrt̪ rt̪ n ) ; Jewel of India ) is the highest civilian award of the Republic of India . Instituted in 1954 , the award is conferred `` in recognition of exceptional service / performance of the highest order '' , without distinction of race , occupation , position , or sex . The award was originally limited to achievements in the arts , literature , science , and public services , but the government expanded the criteria to include `` any field of human endeavour '' in December 2011 . The recommendations for the Bharat Ratna are made by the Prime Minister to the President , with a maximum of three nominees being awarded per year . Recipients receive a Sanad ( certificate ) signed by the President and a peepal - leaf -- shaped medallion ; there is no monetary grant associated with the award . Bharat Ratna recipients rank seventh in the Indian order of precedence .
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The first recipients of the Bharat Ratna were politician C. Rajagopalachari , philosopher Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , and scientist C.V. Raman , who were honoured in 1954 . Since then , the award has been bestowed upon 45 individuals , including 12 who were awarded posthumously . The original statutes did not provide for posthumous awards but were amended in January 1955 to permit them . The former Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri became the first individual to be honoured posthumously . In 2014 , cricketer Sachin Tendulkar , then aged 40 , became the youngest recipient ; while social reformer Dhondo Keshav Karve was awarded on his 100th birthday . Though usually conferred on India - born citizens , the Bharat Ratna has been awarded to one naturalised citizen , Mother Teresa , and to two non-Indians , Pakistan national Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan and former South African President Nelson Mandela . On 24 December 2014 , the Indian government announced the award to independence activist Madan Mohan Malaviya ( posthumously ) and former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee . The Bharat Ratna , along with other personal civil honours , was briefly suspended from July 1977 to January 1980 , during the change in the national government ; and for a second time from August 1992 to December 1995 , when several public - interest litigations challenged the constitutional validity of the awards . In 1992 , the government 's decision to confer the award posthumously on Subhash Chandra Bose was opposed by those who had refused to accept the fact of his death , including some members of his extended family . Following a 1997 Supreme Court decision , the press communiqué announcing Bose 's award was cancelled ; it is the only time when the award was announced but not conferred . Several bestowals of the award have met with criticism . The posthumous award for M.G. Ramachandran ( 1988 ) was considered to have been aimed at placating the voters for the upcoming assembly election and posthumous awards of Madan Mohan Malaviya ( 2015 ) and Vallabhbhai Patel ( 1991 ) drew criticism for they died before the award was instituted . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Regulations 3 Specifications 4 Controversies 5 Criticism 6 Popular demands 7 List of recipients 8 Explanatory notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 Further reading History ( edit ) On 2 January 1954 , a press communiqué was released from the office of the secretary to the President announcing the creation of two civilian awards -- Bharat Ratna , the highest civilian award , and the three - tier Padma Vibhushan , classified into `` Pahela Warg '' ( Class I ) , `` Dusra Warg '' ( Class II ) , and `` Tisra Warg '' ( Class III ) , which rank below the Bharat Ratna . On 15 January 1955 , the Padma Vibhushan was reclassified into three different awards ; the Padma Vibhushan , the highest of the three , followed by the Padma Bhushan and the Padma Shri . There is no formal provision that recipients of the Bharat Ratna should be Indian citizens . It has been awarded to a naturalised Indian citizen , Mother Teresa in 1980 , and to two non-Indians , Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan of Pakistan in 1987 and the former South African president Nelson Mandela in 1990 . Sachin Tendulkar , at the age of 40 , became the youngest person and first athlete to receive the honour . In a special ceremony on 18 April 1958 , Dhondo Keshav Karve was awarded on his 100th birthday . As of 2015 , the award has been conferred upon 45 people with 12 posthumous declarations . The award was briefly suspended twice in its history . The first suspension occurred after Morarji Desai was sworn in as the fourth Prime Minister in 1977 . His government withdrew all personal civil honours on 13 July 1977 . The suspension was rescinded on 25 January 1980 , after Indira Gandhi became the Prime Minister . The civilian awards were suspended again in mid-1992 , when two Public - Interest Litigations were filed , one in the Kerala High Court and another in the Madhya Pradesh High Court , challenging the `` constitutional validity '' of the awards . The awards were reintroduced by the Supreme Court in December 1995 , following the conclusion of the litigation . Regulations ( edit ) The Bharat Ratna is conferred `` in recognition of exceptional service / performance of the highest order '' , without distinction of race , occupation , position , or sex . The award was originally confined to the arts , literature , science , and public services , as per the 1954 regulations . In December 2011 , the rules were changed to include `` any field of human endeavour '' . The 1954 statutes did not allow posthumous awards , but this was subsequently modified in the January 1955 statute , and Lal Bahadur Shastri became the first recipient to be honoured posthumously in 1966 . Although there is no formal nomination process , recommendations for the award can only be made by the Prime Minister to the President with a maximum number of three nominees being awarded per year . However , in 1999 , four individuals were awarded the honour . The recipient receives a Sanad ( certificate ) signed by the President and a medallion without any monetary grant . Under the terms of Article 18 ( 1 ) of the Constitution , the recipients can not use the award as a prefix or suffix to their name , although recipients may use either the expressions `` Awarded Bharat Ratna by the President '' or `` Recipient of Bharat Ratna Award '' to indicate that they have been honoured with the award . The holders of the Bharat Ratna rank seventh in the Indian order of precedence . As with many official announcements , recipients are announced and registered in The Gazette of India , a publication released by the Department of Publication , Ministry of Urban Development used for official government notices ; without publication in the Gazette , conferral of the award is not considered official . Recipients whose awards have been revoked or restored , both of which require the authority of the President , are registered in the Gazette . Recipients whose awards have been revoked are required to surrender their medals , and their names are struck from the register . Specifications ( edit ) The original 1954 specifications of the award was a circle made of gold 1 ⁄ inches ( 35 mm ) in diameter with a centred sun burst design on the obverse side . The text `` Bharat Ratna '' , in Devanagari Script , is inscribed on the upper edge in silver gilt with a wreath set along on the lower edge . A platinum State Emblem of India was placed in the centre of the reverse side with the national motto , `` Satyameva Jayate '' ( Truth alone triumphs ) in Devanagari Script , inscribed in silver - gilt on the lower edge . A year later , the design was modified . The current medal is in the shape of a peepal leaf , approximately 2 ⁄ inches ( 59 mm ) long , 1 ⁄ inches ( 48 mm ) wide and ⁄ inch ( 3.2 mm ) thick and rimmed in platinum . The embossed sun burst design , made of platinum , on the obverse side of the medal has a diameter of ⁄ inch ( 16 mm ) with rays spreading out from ⁄ inch ( 21 mm ) to ⁄ inch ( 13 mm ) from the center of the Sun . The words `` Bharat Ratna '' on the obverse side remained the same as the 1954 design as did the emblem of India and `` Satyameva Jayate '' on the reverse side . A 2 - inch - wide ( 51 mm ) white ribbon is attached to the medal so it can be worn around the neck . In 1957 , the silver - gilt decoration was changed to burnished bronze . The Bharat Ratna medals are produced at Alipore Mint , Kolkata along with the other civilian and military awards like Padma Vibushan , Padma Bhushan , Padma Shri , and Param Veer Chakra . Controversies ( edit ) The Bharat Ratna has been surrounded by several controversies and multiple Public - Interest Litigations ( PIL ) had been filed against the conferral of the award . Subhas Chandra Bose ( 1992 ) In 1992 , a press release was published to confer the award posthumously on Bose which was later cancelled by the Supreme Court in 1997 . On 23 January 1992 , a press release was published by the President 's Secretariat to confer the award posthumously on Subhash Chandra Bose . The decision triggered much criticism and a PIL was filed in the Calcutta High Court to revoke the award . The petitioner took objection to the conferral of the award and its posthumous mention of Bose , saying that honouring a personality higher than the award is `` ridiculous '' , and it was an act of `` carelessness '' to classify such a person with past and future recipients . It said that the award can not be conferred to Bose posthumously as the Government had not officially accepted his death on 18 August 1945 . The petitioner requested the whereabouts of Bose from 18 August 1945 till date , based on the information collected by the 1956 Shah Nawaz Committee and the 1970 Khosla Commission . Bose 's family members expressed their unwillingness to accept the award . To deliver the judgement , the Supreme Court formed a Special Division Bench with Judge Sujata V. Manohar and G.B. Pattanaik . The Solicitor General noted that to confer the award per the appropriate regulations pertaining to the Bharat Ratna , Padma Vibhushan , Padma Bhushan , and Padma Shri , the name of the recipient must be published in The Gazette of India and entered in the recipients register maintained under the direction of the President . It was noted that only an announcement had been made by press communiqué , but the government had not proceeded to confer the award by publishing the name in the Gazette and entering the name in the register . Furthermore , the then presidents , R. Venkataraman ( 1987 -- 92 ) and Shankar Dayal Sharma ( 1992 -- 97 ) , had not conferred a Sanad ( certificate ) with their signature and seal . On 4 August 1997 , the Supreme Court delivered an order that since the award had not been officially conferred , it can not be revoked and declared that the press communiqué be treated as cancelled . The court declined to pass any judgement on the posthumous mention of Bose and his death . Civilian awards as `` Titles '' ( 1992 ) In 1992 , two PILs were filed in the High Courts ; one in the Kerala High Court on 13 February 1992 by Balaji Raghavan and another in the Madhya Pradesh High Court ( Indore Bench ) on 24 August 1992 by Satya Pal Anand . Both petitioners questioned the civilian awards being `` Titles '' per an interpretation of Article 18 ( 1 ) of the Constitution . On 25 August 1992 , the Madhya Pradesh High Court issued a notice temporarily suspending all civilian awards . A Special Division Bench of the Supreme Court was formed comprising five judges ; A.M. Ahmadi C.J. , Kuldip Singh , B.P. Jeevan Reddy , N.P. Singh , and S. Saghir Ahmad . On 15 December 1995 , the Special Division Bench restored the awards and delivered a judgement that the `` Bharat Ratna and Padma awards are not titles under Article 18 of the Constitution '' . C.N.R. Rao and Sachin Tendulkar ( 2013 ) Following the announcement , in November 2013 , that C.N.R. Rao and Sachin Tendulkar were to be awarded the Bharat Ratna , multiple PILs were filed challenging the conferring of the award . The PIL filed against Rao declared that other Indian scientists , such as Homi Bhabha and Vikram Sarabhai , had contributed more than Rao and his claim of publishing 1400 research papers was `` physically impossible '' . The suit stated that as Rao had proven cases of plagiarism , he should not be presented with the award but rather should be annulled . The PIL filed against Tendulkar to the Election Commission under the Right to Information Act indicated that the awarding him the Bharat Ratna was a violation of the model code of conduct . The petitioner noted that as Tendulkar was an Indian National Congress nominated Member of Rajya Sabha , the decision to award him the Bharat Ratna would influence the voters of Delhi , Rajasthan , Madhya Pradesh , Chhattisgarh , and Mizoram where the election process was underway at the time . Another PIL was filed against Tendulkar and a few ministers , `` alleging a conspiracy to ignore '' an Indian field hockey player Dhyan Chand . '' On 4 December 2013 , the Election Commission rejected the petition stating that conferring the award on people from non-polling states did not amount to a violation of the code . Other High Courts as well rejected the petitions raised against Rao and Tendulkar . Criticism ( edit ) In 1988 , then Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi ( 1984 -- 89 ) conferred the Bharat Ratna posthumously on film actor and former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu , M.G. Ramachandran , in a bid to influence voters prior to the Tamil Nadu assembly elections in 1989 . The decision was criticised for awarding Ramachandran before independence activist B.R. Ambedkar and Vallabhbhai Patel , who were bestowed the honour in 1990 and 1991 respectively . While Ravi Shankar was accused of lobbying for the award , the decision by Indira Gandhi to posthumously honour K. Kamaraj was considered to have been aimed at placating Tamil voters for the Tamil Nadu assembly elections in 1977 . The seventh Prime Minister V.P. Singh was criticised for posthumously honouring B.R. Ambedkar to please Dalits . The posthumous conferments of the award on the recipients who died before the Indian independence in 1947 or the award was instituted in 1954 have been criticised by historians . It was noted that such conferments could lead to more demands to honour people like Maurya Emperor Ashoka , Mughal Emperor Akbar , Maratha Emperor Shivaji , Nobel Laureate Rabindranath Tagore , Hindu spritualist Swami Vivekananda , and independence activist Bal Gangadhar Tilak . The then Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao ( 1991 -- 96 ) was criticised for bestowing the award upon Vallabhbhai Patel in 1991 , 41 years after his death in 1950 ; and upon Subhas Chandra Bose in 1992 , who went missing since 18 August 1945 . Similarly in 2015 , the incumbent Prime Minister Narendra Modi 's decision to award Madan Mohan Malaviya , who died in 1946 , met with criticism . Janardan Dwivedi , politician of the Indian National Congress , said that Malaviya , who worked predominantly in Varanasi , was `` deliberately chosen '' by the Prime Minister Modi , who is the incumbent Member of Parliament from Varanasi . A few of the conferments have been criticised for honouring personalities only after they received global recognition . The award for Mother Teresa was announced in 1980 , a year after she was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize . Satyajit Ray received an Academy Honorary Award in 1992 followed by the Bharat Ratna the same year . In 1999 , Amartya Sen was awarded the Bharat Ratna , a year after his 1998 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences . The award was proposed by President K.R. Narayanan to Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee who agreed to the proposal . Popular demands ( edit ) Though , as per the statutes for the Bharat Ratna , the recommendations for the award can only be made by the Prime Minister to the President , there have been several demands from various political parties to honour their leaders . In January 2008 , Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) leader L.K. Advani wrote to the then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh recommending Singh 's predecessor Atal Bihari Vajpayee for the award . This was immediately followed by the Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) lobbying for their leader , Jyoti Basu , former Chief Minister of West Bengal . Basu , India 's longest - serving chief minister , said that he would decline the honour , even if awarded . Similar demands were made by Telugu Desam Party , Bahujan Samaj Party , and Shiromani Akali Dal for their respective leaders N.T. Rama Rao , Kanshi Ram , and Parkash Singh Badal . In September 2015 , regional political party Shiv Sena demanded the award for the independence activist Vinayak Damodar Savarkar stating that he had been `` deliberately neglected by previous governments '' but his family clarified that they are not making such demand and that the freedom fighter is known for his contribution towards independence movement and did not need an award for recognition . Per the original statutes , sportspersons were not eligible for the Bharat Ratna ; however , a revision of the rules in December 2011 made eligible `` any field of human endeavour '' . Subsequently , several sportspersons ' names were discussed ; among the most talked - about of these was field - hockey player Dhyan Chand , who was recommended multiple times for the posthumous honour . In 2011 , 82 members of parliament recommended Chand 's name for the award to the Prime Minister 's Office . In January 2012 , the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports forwarded his name again , this time along with 2008 Summer Olympics gold medallist shooter Abhinav Bindra and mountaineer Tenzing Norgay . Bindra had earlier been recommended for the award in May 2013 by the National Rifle Association of India . In July 2013 , the ministry again recommended Dhyan Chand . However , in November 2013 , cricketer Sachin Tendulkar became the first sports - person to receive the honour and this garnered much criticism for the government . A PIL was filed in the Karnataka High Court where in the petitioner requested the court to issue a direction to the Ministry of Home Affairs to consider their representation dated 26 October 2012 and confer the Bharat Ratna upon Mahatma Gandhi . On 27 January 2014 , a counsel appearing for the petitioner noted that after multiple representations from the petitioner , they were provided with the information under RTI that the recommendations to confer the award on Gandhi have been received multiple times in the past and were forwarded to the Prime Minister 's Office . A Division bench comprising Chief Justice D.H. Waghela and Justice B.V. Nagarathna dismissed the petition stating that the subject is not amenable to any adjudication process and the nominations and conferment process is stated to be informal and in the discretion of the highest authority in the Government . List of recipients ( edit ) Key + Naturalized citizen recipient * Non-citizen recipient # Posthumous recipient List of laureates awarded the Bharat Ratna Year Laureates Notes 1954 C. Rajagopalachari An Indian independence activist , statesman , and lawyer , Rajagopalachari was the only Indian and last Governor - General of independent India . He was Chief Minister of Madras Presidency ( 1937 -- 39 ) and Madras State ( 1952 -- 54 ) ; and founder of Indian political party Swatantra Party . Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Philosopher Radhakrishnan served as India 's first Vice-President ( 1952 -- 62 ) and second President ( 1962 -- 67 ) . Since 1962 , his birthday on 5 September is observed as `` Teachers ' Day '' in India . C.V. Raman Widely known for his work on the scattering of light and the discovery of the effect , better known as `` Raman scattering '' , Raman mainly worked in the field of atomic physics and electromagnetism and was presented Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930 . 1955 -- Bhagwan Das Independence activist , philosopher , and educationist , Das is a co-founder of Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith and worked with Madan Mohan Malaviya for the foundation of Banaras Hindu University . M. Visvesvaraya Civil engineer , statesman , and Diwan of Mysore ( 1912 -- 18 ) , Visvesvaraya was a Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire . His birthday , 15 September , is observed as `` Engineer 's Day '' in India . Jawaharlal Nehru Independence activist and author , Nehru is the first and the longest - serving Prime Minister of India ( 1947 -- 64 ) . 1957 Govind Ballabh Pant Independence activist Pant was premier of United Provinces ( 1937 -- 39 , 1946 -- 50 ) and first Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh ( 1950 -- 54 ) . He served as Union Home Minister from 1955 -- 61 . 1958 Dhondo Keshav Karve Social reformer and educator , Karve is widely known for his works related to woman education and remarriage of Hindu widows . He established the Widow Marriage Association ( 1883 ) , Hindu Widows Home ( 1896 ) , and started Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey Women 's University in 1916 . 1961 -- Bidhan Chandra Roy A physician , political leader , philanthropist , educationist , and social worker , Roy is often considered as `` Maker of Modern West Bengal '' . He was second Chief Minister of West Bengal ( 1948 -- 62 ) and his birthday on 1 July is observed as National Doctors ' Day in India . -- Purushottam Das Tandon Often titled as `` Rajarshi '' , Tandon was an independence activist and served as speaker of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly ( 1937 -- 50 ) . He was actively involved in a campaign to get official language status to Hindi . 1962 Rajendra Prasad Independence activist , lawyer , statesman , and scholar , Prasad was closely associated with Mahatma Gandhi in the non-cooperation movement for Indian independence . He was later elected as the first President of India ( 1950 -- 62 ) . 1963 -- Zakir Husain Independence activist and education philosopher , Husain served as a Vice Chancellor of Aligarh Muslim University ( 1948 -- 56 ) and the Governor of Bihar ( 1957 -- 62 ) . Later , he was elected as second Vice-President of India ( 1962 -- 67 ) and went on to become the third President of India ( 1967 -- 69 ) . Pandurang Vaman Kane Indologist and Sanskrit scholar , Kane is best known for his five volume literary work , History of Dharmaśāstra : Ancient and Medieval Religious and Civil Law in India ; the `` monumental '' work that extends over nearly 6,500 pages and being published from 1930 to 1962 . 1966 Lal Bahadur Shastri Known for his slogan `` Jai Jawan Jai Kisan '' ( `` Hail the Soldier , Hail the Farmer '' ) , Independence activist Shastri served as second Prime Minister of India ( 1964 -- 66 ) and led the country during the Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 . 1971 Indira Gandhi Known as the `` Iron Lady of India '' , Gandhi was the Prime Minister of India during 1966 -- 77 and 1980 -- 84 . During the Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 , her government supported Bangladesh Liberation War which led to the formation of a new country , Bangladesh . -- V.V. Giri While studying at the University College Dublin , Giri was involved in the Irish Sinn Féin movement . Returning to India , he organized labour unions and brought them to take active participation in Indian freedom struggle . He was elected as the first President of All India Trade Union Congress in 1926 . Post-independence , Giri held positions of Governor of Uttar Pradesh , Kerala and Mysore and various other cabinet ministries . He became the first acting President and was eventually elected as the fourth President of India ( 1969 -- 74 ) . 1976 K. Kamaraj Independence activist and statesman Kamaraj was a former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for three terms ; 1954 -- 57 , 1957 -- 62 , and 1962 -- 63 . 1980 Mother Teresa `` Saint Mother Teresa of Calcutta '' was a catholic nun and the founder of the Missionaries of Charity . She was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for her humanitarian work in 1979 and was beatified on 19 October 2003 by Pope John Paul II and canonised on 4 September 2016 by Pope Francis . Vinoba Bhave Independence activist , social reformer , and a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi , Bhave is best known for his Bhoodan movement , `` Land - Gift Movement '' . He was given the honorific title `` Acharya '' ( `` teacher '' ) and was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award ( 1958 ) for his humanitarian work . Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Widely known as `` Frontier Gandhi '' , independence activist and Pashtun leader Khan was a follower of Mahatma Gandhi . He joined Khilafat Movement in 1920 and founded Khudai Khidmatgar ( `` Red Shirt movement '' ) in 1929 . M.G. Ramachandran Actor turned politician Ramachandran served as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for three terms ; 1977 -- 80 , 1980 -- 84 , 1985 -- 87 . B.R. Ambedkar Social reformer and leader of the Dalits ( `` Untouchables '' ) , Ambedkar was the Chief architect of the Indian Constitution and also served as the first Law Minister of India . Ambedkar predominantly campaigned against the social discrimination with Dalits , the Hindu varna system . He was associated with the Dalit Buddhist movement and accepted Buddhism as a religion along with his close to half a million followers on 14 October 1956 . Nelson Mandela Leader of the Anti-Apartheid Movement in South Africa , Mandela was the President of South Africa ( 1994 -- 99 ) . Often called as the `` Gandhi of South Africa '' , Mandela 's African National Congress movement was influenced by Gandhian philosophy . In 1993 , he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize . 1991 Rajiv Gandhi Gandhi was the ninth Prime Minister of India serving from 1984 to 1989 . Vallabhbhai Patel Widely known as the `` Iron Man of India '' , Patel was an independence activist and first Deputy Prime Minister of India ( 1947 -- 50 ) . Post independence , `` Sardar '' ( `` Leader '' ) Patel worked with V.P. Menon towards dissolving 555 princely states into the Indian union . Morarji Desai Independence activist Desai was the sixth Prime Minister of India ( 1977 -- 79 ) . He is the only Indian national to be awarded the Nishan - e-Pakistan , highest civilian award given by the Government of Pakistan . Abul Kalam Azad Independence activist Azad was India 's first Minister of Education and worked towards free primary education . He was widely known as `` Maulana Azad '' and his birthday on 11 November is observed as National Education Day in India . J.R.D. Tata Industrialist , philanthropist , and aviation pioneer , Tata founded India 's first airline Air India . He is the founder of various institutes including Tata Institute of Fundamental Research , Tata Memorial Hospital , Tata Institute of Social Sciences , Tata Motors , TCS , National Institute of Advanced Studies , and National Centre for the Performing Arts . Satyajit Ray Having debuted as a director with Pather Panchali ( 1955 ) , film - maker Ray is credited with bringing world recognition to Indian cinema . In 1984 , Ray was awarded the Dadasaheb Phalke Award , India 's highest award in cinema . Gulzarilal Nanda Independence activist Nanda was two times interim Prime Minister of India ( 1964 , 1966 ) and two times deputy chairman of the Planning Commission . -- Aruna Asaf Ali Independence activist Ali is better known for hoisting the Indian flag in Bombay during the Quit India Movement in 1942 . Post Independence , Ali was elected as Delhi 's first mayor in 1958 . A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Aerospace and defence scientist , Kalam was involved in the development of India 's first satellite launch vehicle SLV III and was the architect of Integrated Guided Missile Development Program . He worked for Indian National Committee for Space Research , Indian Space Research Organisation , Defence Research and Development Laboratory and was appointed as the Scientific Advisor to the Defence Minister , Secretary to Department of Defence Research and Development and Director General of Defence Research and Development Organisation . Later , he served as the eleventh President of India from 2002 till 2007 . 1998 M.S. Subbulakshmi Carnatic classical vocalist Subbulakshmi , often hailed as `` Queen of songs '' , is the first Indian musician to receive the Ramon Magsaysay award . Chidambaram Subramaniam Independence activist and former Minister of Agriculture of India ( 1964 -- 66 ) , Subramaniam is known for his contribution towards Green Revolution in India . During the late 1970s , he worked for International Rice Research Institute , Manila , and the International Maize and Wheat Research Institute , Mexico . 1999 -- Jayaprakash Narayan Independence activist , social reformer , and commonly referred as `` Lok Nayak '' ( `` People 's Hero '' ) , Narayan is better known for `` Total Revolution Movement '' or `` JP Movement '' initiated during the mid-1970s to `` overthrow the corrupt and exploitative Congress government '' . Amartya Sen Winner of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences ( 1998 ) , Sen has done research over several topics including social choice theory , ethics and political philosophy , welfare economics , decision theory , development economics , public health , and gender studies . Gopinath Bordoloi Independence activist Bordoloi is the first Chief Minister of Assam ( 1946 -- 50 ) . His efforts and association with the then Minister of Home Affairs Vallabhbhai Patel were widely acknowledged while keeping Assam united with India when parts of it were to merge with East Pakistan . Ravi Shankar Winner of four Grammy Awards and often considered `` the world 's best - known exponent of Hindustani classical music '' , sitar player Shankar is known for his collaborative work with Western musicians including Yehudi Menuhin and George Harrison . Lata Mangeshkar Widely credited as the `` nightingale of India '' , playback singer Mangeshkar started her career in the 1940s and has sung songs in over 36 languages . In 1989 , Mangeshkar was awarded the Dadasaheb Phalke Award , India 's highest award in cinema . Bismillah Khan Hindustani classical shehnai player , Khan played the instrument for more than eight decades and is credited to have brought the instrument to the centre stage of Indian music . 2009 Bhimsen Joshi Hindustani classical vocalist , Joshi was a disciple of Kirana gharana , an Indian musical school . He is widely known for the Khyal genre of singing with a `` mastery over rhythm and accurate notes '' . 2014 C.N.R. Rao The recipient of Honorary Doctorates from 63 Universities including Purdue , IIT Bombay , Oxford , chemist and professor Rao has worked prominently in the fields of Solid State and Materials Chemistry , Spectroscopy and Molecular Structure . He has authored around 1600 research papers and 48 books . Sachin Tendulkar Having debuted in 1989 , Tendulkar played 664 international cricket matches in a career spanning over two decades . He holds various cricket records including the only player to have scored one hundred international centuries , the first batsman to score a double century in a One Day International and the only player to complete more than 30,000 runs in both ODI and Test cricket . 2015 Madan Mohan Malaviya Scholar and educational reformer Malaviya is a founder of Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha ( 1906 ) and Banaras Hindu University and served as the university 's vice-chancellor from 1919 till 1938 . He was the President of Indian National Congress for four terms and was the Chairman of Hindustan Times from 1924 to 1946 . Atal Bihari Vajpayee Parliamentarian for over four decades , Vajpayee was elected nine times to the Lok Sabha , twice to the Rajya Sabha and served as the Prime Minister of India for three terms ; 1996 , 1998 , 1999 -- 2004 . He was Minister of External Affairs during 1977 -- 79 and was awarded the `` Best Parliamentarian '' in 1994 . Explanatory notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Bharat Ratna ceremony is usually held at Rashtrapati Bhavan , New Delhi but a special ceremony was held at Brabourne Stadium , Mumbai to honour Karve on his 100th birthday , 18 April 1958 . ^ Jump up to : Per Article 18 ( 1 ) of the Constitution of India : Abolition of titles , `` no title , not being a military or academic distinction , shall be conferred by the State '' . Jump up ^ The PIL accused the then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh , Home Minister Sushilkumar Shinde , Sports Minister Bhanwar Jitendra Singh and the secretary to the union home department . Jump up ^ In 1960 , Ramachandran was awarded the Padma Shri , the fourth highest civilian award , but declined as the invitation was written in the Devanagari script and not Tamil . Jump up ^ Desai had earlier abolished the awards while he was in the office of Prime Minister for it being `` worthless and politicized '' . Jump up ^ Earlier , Abul Kalam Azad had refused the Bharat Ratna while he was the Education Minister of India ( 1947 -- 58 ) citing that the selection committee members should not themselves be the recipients . Posthumous recipients Jump up ^ Lal Bahadur Shastri died on 11 January 1966 , at the age of 61 . Jump up ^ K. Kamaraj died on 2 October 1975 , at the age of 72 . Jump up ^ Vinoba Bhave died on 15 November 1982 , at the age of 87 . Jump up ^ M.G. Ramachandran died on 24 December 1987 , at the age of 70 . Jump up ^ B.R. Ambedkar died on 6 December 1956 , at the age of 65 . Jump up ^ Rajiv Gandhi died on 21 May 1991 , at the age of 46 . Jump up ^ Vallabhbhai Patel died on 15 December 1950 , at the age of 75 . Jump up ^ Abul Kalam Azad died on 22 February 1958 , at the age of 69 . Jump up ^ Aruna Asaf Ali died on 29 July 1996 , at the age of 87 . Jump up ^ Jayaprakash Narayan died on 8 October 1979 , at the age of 76 . Jump up ^ Gopinath Bordoloi died on 5 August 1950 , at the age of 60 . Jump up ^ Madan Mohan Malaviya died on 12 November 1946 , at the age of 84 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Atal Behari Vajpayee : India honours former PM with Bharat Ratna '' . BBC . 24 December 2014 . Archived from the original on 14 October 2015 . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lal , Shavax A. ( 1954 ) . `` The Gazette of India -- Extraordinary -- Part I '' ( PDF ) . The Gazette of India . The President 's Secretariat ( published 2 January 1954 ) : 2 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 May 2014 . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . The President is pleased to institute an award to be designated Bharat Ratna and to make the following Regulations ^ Jump up to : Ayyar , N.M. ( 1955 ) . `` The Gazette of India -- Extraordinary -- Part I '' ( PDF ) . The Gazette of India . The President 's Secretariat ( published 15 January 1955 ) : 8 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 May 2014 . Retrieved 18 May 2014 . The President is pleased to make the following revised regulations for the award of the decoration Bharat Ratna in supersession of those published in Notification No. 1 - Pres. / 54 , dated the 2nd January , 1954 ^ Jump up to : `` Bharat Ratna Scheme '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home Affairs ( India ) . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Govt changes criteria for Bharat Ratna ; now open for all '' . The Hindu . New Delhi . Press Trust of India . 16 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 28 December 2013 . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Guha 2001 , p. 176 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tendulkar receives Bharat Ratna '' . ESPNcricinfo. 4 February 2014 . Archived from the original on 26 June 2014 . Retrieved 20 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Profile : Dhondo Keshav Karve '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 1 December 2011 . Retrieved 20 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Daniel 1958 , p. 223 . ^ Jump up to : `` List of recipients of Bharat Ratna ( 1954 -- 2015 ) '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home Affairs ( India ) . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hoiberg & Ramchandani 2000 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Bhattacherje 2009 , p . A248 . ^ Jump up to : Edgar 2011 , p. C - 105 . Jump up ^ Madappa , K.C. ( 1980 ) . `` The Gazette of India -- Extraordinary -- Part I '' ( PDF ) . The Gazette of India . The President 's Secretariat ( published 25 January 1980 ) : 2 . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . The President is pleased to cancel the President 's Secretariat Notification No. 65 - Pres / 77 dated the 8th August , 1977 by which the Civilian Awards `` Bharat Ratna ' , ' Padma Vibhushan ' , ' Padma Bhushan ' and ' Padma Shri ' were cancelled and to direct that the said Awards shall be re-instituted with immediate effect . Jump up ^ Bhattacherje 2009 , p . A253 . ^ Jump up to : `` Balaji Raghavan S.P. Anand Vs. Union of India : Transfer Case ( civil ) 9 of 1994 '' . Supreme Court of India . 4 August 1997 . Archived from the original on 19 May 2014 . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Gundevia , Y.D. ( 1966 ) . `` The Gazette of India -- Extraordinary -- Part I '' ( PDF ) . The Gazette of India . The President 's Secretariat ( published 11 January 1966 ) : 2 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 May 2014 . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . The President is pleased to award the Bharat Ratna posthumously to : -- Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of India '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Law and Justice ( India ) . p. 36 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 September 2014 . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Indian order of precedence '' ( PDF ) . Rajya Sabha Secretariat . p. 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 July 2014 . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Crafting Bharat Ratna , Padma Medals at Kolkata Mint '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau ( PIB ) , India . 21 January 2014 . Archived from the original on 17 May 2014 . Retrieved 13 May 2014 . Ranjan , Amitav ( 4 February 2014 ) . `` Sachin 's Bharat Ratna today a medal from 2000 '' . The Indian Express . New Delhi . Archived from the original on 28 April 2014 . Retrieved 13 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Sainty 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Crafting Bharat Ratna , Padma Medals at Kolkata Mint '' . Press Information Bureau . 26 January 2014 . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . `` History of the Alipore Mint '' . India Govt Mint , Kolkota . Archived from the original on 29 June 2008 . Retrieved 15 September 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Basu 2010 , p. 132 . ^ Jump up to : Haque , Amir ( 5 December 2013 ) . `` PIL against Bharat Ratna to CNR Rao dismissed , petitioners warned '' . Headlines Today . New Delhi : India Today . Archived from the original on 17 May 2014 . Retrieved 16 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sengupta , Subhajit ( 19 November 2013 ) . `` RTI activist moves EC against Sachin Tendulkar getting Bharat Ratna '' . IBN Live . Archived from the original on 19 December 2013 . Retrieved 16 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Case filed against Bharat Ratna award to Tendulkar '' . Rediff.com. 19 November 2013 . Archived from the original on 17 May 2014 . Retrieved 16 May 2014 . `` Bharat Ratna controversy : Cases filed against Manmohan , Sushil Kumar Shinde , Sachin Tendulkar '' . The Economic Times . Muzaffarpur. 19 November 2013 . Archived from the original on 23 July 2014 . Retrieved 16 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Union of India Vs. Bijan Ghosh and ORS : Special Leave Petition ( civil ) 628 of 1994 '' . Supreme Court of India . 4 August 1997 . Archived from the original on 14 May 2014 . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Basu 2010 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ `` SC cancels note on Bharat Ratna for Subhash Bose '' . Press Trust of India . New Delhi : The Indian Express . 5 August 1997 . Archived from the original on 18 December 2013 . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Govt did n't violate model code in naming Sachin for Bharat Ratna : EC '' . Hindustan Times . New Delhi . 4 December 2013 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2013 . Retrieved 16 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Court reserves order on Sachin Tendulkar 's Bharat Ratna '' . Daily News and Analysis . Lucknow . Indo - Asian News Service . 25 November 2013 . Archived from the original on 17 May 2014 . Retrieved 16 May 2014 . `` Madras HC dismisses PIL against Sachin Tendulkar getting Bharat Ratna '' . Chennai : IBN Live . 3 December 2013 . Archived from the original on 18 May 2014 . Retrieved 16 May 2014 . `` HC dismisses PIL challenging Bharat Ratna to Sachin , Rao '' . The Hindu . Chennai. 4 November 2013 . Archived from the original on 17 May 2014 . Retrieved 16 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Guha 2001 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Hattangadi , Shekhar ( 11 February 2011 ) . `` It 's time to junk the sullied Padma awards '' . Daily News and Analysis . Mumbai . Archived from the original on 18 October 2014 . Retrieved 17 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Patranobis , Sutirtho ( 13 January 2008 ) . `` ' Politicking ' over the Bharat Ratna award '' . Hindustan Times . New Delhi . Archived from the original on 18 October 2014 . Retrieved 16 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ramachandran , Sudha ( 24 January 2008 ) . `` India 's top award misses congeniality '' . Asia Times Online . Bangalore . Archived from the original on 16 October 2014 . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Chatterjee , Saibal ; Prakash , Amit ( 1996 ) . `` An Honourable Judgement : A Supreme Court ruling aims to restore the sanctity of the nation 's highest awards '' . Outlook ( magazine ) ( published 10 January 1996 ) . Archived from the original on 15 May 2014 . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Needler : Bharat Ratna to Pandit Malviya can lead to more demands '' . Mail Today . 27 December 2014 . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Sandipan ( 25 December 2014 ) . `` Bharat Ratna for Vajpayee , Malaviya : Govt needs to stop politicising the reward '' . Firstpost . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Sopariwala , Dorab R. ( 28 January 2015 ) . `` A Bharat Ratna for Mahatma Gandhi ? '' . NDTV . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Ramaswami , T.R. ( 7 January 2012 ) . `` Let us not degrade country 's highest civilian honour Bharat Ratna '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Diwanji , Amberish K. ( 24 December 2014 ) . `` Mr Modi , why not a Bharat Ratna for the Mahatma ? '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' Netaji stature bigger than Bharat Ratna `` : Kin say best way to honour him is to declassify govt files on his disappearance '' . The Indian Express . Kolkata . 11 August 2014 . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Agnihotri , Amit ( 5 January 2015 ) . `` ' No posthumous Bharat Ratna should be given ' says Congress veteran Dwivedi '' . DailyMail . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bharat Ratna cry for Bose '' . The Telegraph ( Calcutta ) . New Delhi . 6 September 2012 . Archived from the original on 19 May 2014 . Retrieved 18 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Guha 2001 , p. 170 . Jump up ^ `` Acceptance Speeches : Satyajit Ray '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on 9 June 2014 . Retrieved 18 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bharat Ratna for Amartya Sen '' . Frontline ( magazine ) . The Hindu . 16 ( 3 ) . 1999 . Archived from the original on 19 May 2014 . Retrieved 18 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Tripathi , Salil ( 23 August 2013 ) . `` Freedom of Expression : Indians are Becoming Increasingly Intolerant '' . Forbes India Magazine . Archived from the original on 19 May 2014 . Retrieved 18 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Prime Ministers of India '' . Prime Minister 's Office ( India ) . Archived from the original on 9 October 2014 . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Chatterjee , Manini ( 10 January 2008 ) . `` Uneasy lies crown that awaits Ratna -- Advani proposes Vajpayee 's name , method and timing fuel murmurs '' . The Telegraph ( Calcutta ) . Calcutta . Archived from the original on 21 May 2014 . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Premiers / Chief Ministers of West Bengal '' . West Bengal Legislative Assembly . Archived from the original on 12 May 2014 . Retrieved 10 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jyoti Basu can be given Bharat Ratna : CPI ( M ) '' . Kolkata : Daily News and Analysis . Press Trust of India . 11 January 2008 . Archived from the original on 21 May 2014 . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . `` Jyoti Basu `` not in the race '' `` . The Hindu . Kolkata . Press Trust of India . 13 January 2008 . Archived from the original on 31 March 2014 . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bharat Ratna losing its sanctity ? '' . The Statesman. 24 November 2013 . Archived from the original on 20 May 2014 . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shiv Sena starts drive to collect 10 lakh signatures to get Bharat Ratna for Vinayak Damodar Savarkar '' . The Economic Times . 15 September 2015 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . `` Shiv Sena demands Bharat Ratna for Veer Savarkar '' . Mid-Day . New Delhi . Press Trust of India . 14 September 2015 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . `` Savarkar does n't need an award for recognition , says grand - nephew '' . The Indian Express . Mumbai . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Ray , Suman ( 8 January 2014 ) . `` Fans hold rally demanding Bharat Ratna for Dhyan Chand '' . New Delhi : India Today . Archived from the original on 9 October 2014 . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dhyan Chand , not Sachin Tendulkar , is Sports Ministry 's choice for Bharat Ratna '' . New Delhi : NDTV Sports . Press Trust of India . 19 July 2013 . Archived from the original on 22 July 2013 . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` National Rifle Association of India recommends Abhinav Bindra for Bharat Ratna '' . New Delhi : NDTV Sports . Press Trust of India . 13 May 2013 . Archived from the original on 20 October 2014 . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Shukla , Neha ( 13 February 2014 ) . `` Sports ministry recommended Dhyan Chand for Bharat Ratna '' . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 20 October 2014 . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Ferro , Ashwin ( 5 February 2014 ) . `` I have no hope of Bharat Ratna for Dhyan Chand now : Ashok Kumar '' . Mumbai : Mid Day . Archived from the original on 12 September 2014 . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . `` ' Dhyan Chand deserved Bharat Ratna more than Sachin ' '' . Rediff.com. 19 November 2013 . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . Nagpal , Deepak ( 18 November 2013 ) . `` Bharat Ratna : If Sachin Tendulkar deserves it then why not Dhyan Chand ? '' . Zee News . Archived from the original on 22 August 2015 . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . Mazoomdaar , Jay ( 17 November 2013 ) . `` Just not cricket : Why did Sachin get Bharat Ratna before Dhyan Chand ? '' . Firstpost . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bharat Ratna for Mahatma Gandhi ? '' . The Hindu . Bangalore. 28 January 2014 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Union of India Vs. Manjunath '' ( PDF ) . High Court of Karnataka. 27 January 2014 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 November 2015 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . `` High Court of Karnataka : WP 3149 / 2014 '' . High Court of Karnataka. 27 January 2014 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Profile : Chakravarti Rajagopalachari '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . `` Government of Tamil Nadu : Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu since 192 '' . Government of Tamil Nadu . Archived from the original on 23 April 2013 . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Former President of India '' . The President 's Secretariat . Archived from the original on 16 October 2014 . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Former Vice President of India '' . The Vice President 's Secretariat . Archived from the original on 17 October 2014 . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan : The Philosopher President '' . Press Information Bureau ( PIB ) . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1930 '' . Nobel Foundation . Archived from the original on 11 October 2014 . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . `` Sir Venkata Raman Facts '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About Us -- Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith Varanasi '' . Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith . Archived from the original on 26 June 2014 . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Masih , Niha ( 1 January 2015 ) . `` Varanasi : The City of Bharat Ratnas '' . NDTV . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Engineer 's Day in India : celebrating M. Visvesvaraya 's birthday '' . New Delhi : IBN Live . 15 September 2012 . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . `` The Architect of India 's Nuclear Programme '' . Vigyan Prasar . Archived from the original on 4 June 2007 . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Guha , Ramachandra ( 11 January 2014 ) . `` Leave it to history : India 's best and worst prime ministerse '' . The Telegraph . Calcutta . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh '' . Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly . Archived from the original on 21 July 2014 . Retrieved 9 May 2014 . `` Nation pays homage to Pandit Govind Ballabh Pant on his 127th birth anniversary '' . Business Standard . New Delhi . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Osnes 2013 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Kalra , R.N. ( 3 July 2011 ) . `` A doctor par excellence '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 12 September 2015 . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Profile : Purushottam Das Tandon '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . 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Jump up ^ `` Profile : Vinoba Bhave '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ramon Magsaysay Award winners '' . Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation . Archived from the original on 12 May 2014 . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Profile : Abdul Ghaffar Khan '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The chequered history of our national honours '' . Rediff.com. 1 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 18 May 2014 . Retrieved 17 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Profile : Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Some Facts of Constituent Assembly '' . Parliament of India . National Informatics Centre . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Jain , Anurodh Lalit ( 14 April 2013 ) . `` Let 's help realise the vision of Ambedkar for Dalits '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . `` Untouchability , The Dead Cow And The Brahmin '' . Outlook . 22 October 2002 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Vajpeyi , Ananya ( 27 August 2015 ) . `` Owning Ambedkar sans his views '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Srivastava , Kanchan ( 8 October 2015 ) . `` Gautam Buddha 's ashes to travel from Sri Lanka to Maharashtra next week '' . Daily News Analysis . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Profile : Nelson Mandela '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nelson Mandela , the ' Gandhi of South Africa ' , had strong Indian connections '' . Deccan Chronicle . Johannesburg . Press Trust of India . 7 December 2013 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Mandela , Nelson ( 6 June 1993 ) . `` Nelson Mandela 's speech at unveiling of Gandhi Memorial '' . Pietermaritzburg : African National Congress . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nelson Mandela -- Biographical '' . Nobel Foundation . 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Springer Science & Business Media . p. 149 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 322 - 1275 - 1 . Jump up ^ Gulzar , Nihalani & Chatterjee 2003 , p. 612 . Jump up ^ `` Sight and Sound Poll 1992 : Critics '' . California Institute of Technology . Archived from the original on 16 October 2013 . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . Kevin Lee ( 5 September 2002 ) . `` A Slanted Canon '' . Asian American Film Commentary . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . `` Greatest Film Directors and Their Best Films '' . Filmsite.org . Archived from the original on 31 March 2014 . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . `` The Greatest Directors Ever by Total Film Magazine '' . Filmsite.org . Archived from the original on 26 April 2014 . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dadasaheb Phalke Awards '' . Directorate of Film Festivals . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Former PM Gulzarilal Nanda dead '' . Rediff.com. 15 January 1998 . Retrieved 14 September 2015 . 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India portal Basu , Kanailal ( 2010 ) . Netaji : Rediscovered . AuthorHouse . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4490 - 5569 - 1 . Bhattacherje , S.B. ( 2009 ) . Encyclopaedia of Indian Events & Dates . Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd . ISBN 978 - 81 - 207 - 4074 - 7 . Daniel , P. ( 1958 ) . The Indian Review . 58 . G.A. Natesan & Company . Edgar , Thorpe ( 2011 ) . The Pearson General Knowledge Manual 2011 . Pearson Education India . ISBN 978 - 81 - 317 - 5640 - 9 . Guha , Ramachandra ( 2001 ) . An Anthropologist Among the Marxists and Other Essays . Orient Blackswan . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7824 - 001 - 5 . Gulzar ; Nihalani , Govind ; Chatterjee , Saibal , eds. ( 2003 ) . Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema . Popular Prakashan . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7991 - 066 - 5 . Hoiberg , Dale ; Ramchandani , Indu ( 2000 ) . Students ' Britannica India . 1 -- 5 . Popular Prakashan . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7156 - 112 - 4 . Osnes , Beth ( 2013 ) . Theatre for Women 's Participation in Sustainable Development . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 72846 - 4 . Sainty , Guy Stair ( 2011 ) . World Orders of Knighthood and Merit . University of Michigan Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9711966 - 7 - 4 . Taneja , V.R. ; Taneja , S. ( 2000 ) . Educational Thinkers . Atlantic Publishers & Dist . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7156 - 112 - 4 . Weber , Thomas ( 2004 ) . Gandhi as Disciple and Mentor . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 45657 - 9 . Further reading ( edit ) Murthi , R.K. ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of Bharat Ratnas . Pitambar Publishing . ISBN 978 - 81 - 209 - 1307 - 3 . Chandra , Shailesh ( 2009 ) . Bharat Ratna : The Jewel of India . Alfa Publications . p. 320 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 907385 - 0 - 7 . Bharat Ratna laureates 1954 -- 1960 C. Rajagopalachari , Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , and C.V. Raman ( 1954 ) Bhagwan Das , Mokshagundam Visvesvarayya , and Jawaharlal Nehru ( 1955 ) Govind Ballabh Pant ( 1957 ) Dhondo Keshav Karve ( 1958 ) 1961 -- 1980 Bidhan Chandra Roy and Purushottam Das Tandon ( 1961 ) Rajendra Prasad ( 1962 ) Zakir Husain and Pandurang Vaman Kane ( 1963 ) Lal Bahadur Shastri ( 1966 ) Indira Gandhi ( 1971 ) V.V. Giri ( 1975 ) K. Kamaraj ( 1976 ) Mother Teresa ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 2000 Vinoba Bhave ( 1983 ) Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan ( 1987 ) M.G. Ramachandran ( 1988 ) B.R. Ambedkar and Nelson Mandela ( 1990 ) Rajiv Gandhi , Vallabhbhai Patel , and Morarji Desai ( 1991 ) Abul Kalam Azad , J.R.D. Tata , and Satyajit Ray ( 1992 ) Gulzarilal Nanda , Aruna Asaf Ali , and A.P.J. Abdul Kalam ( 1997 ) M.S. Subbulakshmi and Chidambaram Subramaniam ( 1998 ) Jayaprakash Narayan , Amartya Sen , Gopinath Bordoloi , and Ravi Shankar ( 1999 ) 2001 -- present Lata Mangeshkar and Bismillah Khan ( 2001 ) Bhimsen Joshi ( 2008 ) C.N.R. Rao and Sachin Tendulkar ( 2014 ) Madan Mohan Malaviya and Atal Bihari Vajpayee ( 2015 ) Indian honours and decorations Civilian National Bharat Ratna Padma Vibhushan Padma Bhushan Padma Shri Children National Bravery Award National Child Award for Exceptional Achievement National Bal Shree Honour Women Stree Shakti Puraskar Police President 's Police Medal for Gallantry Police Medal for Gallantry Central Ganga Sharan Award George Grierson Award Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan Award Moturi Satyanarayan Award National Award for Child Welfare Subramanya Bharathi Award By field Literature Sahitya Akademi Fellowship Sahitya Akademi Award Cinema Dadasaheb Phalke Award National Film Awards Other arts Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship Sangeet Natak Akademi Award Lalit Kala Akademi Fellowship Sports Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Arjuna Award Dronacharya Award Dhyan Chand Award Science & Technology Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Kalinga Prize Gallantry Sarvottam Jeevan Raksha Padak Uttam Jeevan Raksha Padak Jeevan Raksha Padak Medical Dr. B.C. Roy Award International Gandhi Peace Prize Indira Gandhi Peace Prize Tagore Award for Cultural Harmony Military Wartime Param Vir Chakra Maha Vir Chakra Vir Chakra Peacetime Ashoka Chakra Kirti Chakra Shaurya Chakra Distinguished Service & Gallantry Sena Medal Army Nao Sena Medal Navy Vayu Sena Medal Air Force Wartime Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal Uttam Yudh Seva Medal Yudh Seva Medal Peacetime Param Vishisht Seva Medal Ati Vishisht Seva Medal Vishisht Seva Medal Service and campaign medals Wound Medal General Service Medal 1947 Samanya Seva Medal Special Service Medal Samar Seva Star Poorvi Star Paschimi Star Operation Vijay Star Siachen Glacier Medal Raksha Medal Sangram Medal Operation Vijay Medal Operation Parakram Medal Sainya Seva Medal High Altitude Service Medal Videsh Seva Medal Long service awards Meritorious Service Medal Long Service and Good Conduct Medal 30 Years Long Service Medal 20 Years Long Service Medal 9 Years Long Service Medal Territorial Army Decoration Territorial Army Medal Independence Awards Indian Independence Medal 50th Independence Anniversary Medal 25th Independence Anniversary Medal Other Awards Mention in Dispatches Commendation Card Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bharat_Ratna&oldid=802794381 '' Categories : Awards established in 1954 Civil awards and decorations of India Recipients of the Bharat Ratna Lists of Indian award winners Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Good articles EngvarB from July 2014 Use dmy dates from July 2015 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা Deutsch Español فارسی Français ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ Kurdî Lëtzebuergesch मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Русский संस्कृतम् Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 September 2017 , at 14 : 44 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharat%20Ratna
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when was live like you were dying written
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`` Live Like You Were Dying '' is a song recorded by American country music artist Tim McGraw , and was the lead single from his eighth album of the same name ( 2004 ) . It was written by the songwriting team of Tim Nichols and Craig Wiseman . The duo crafted the song based on family and friends who learned of illnesses ( cancers ) , and how they often had a new perspective on life upon learning they had limited time . They decided to write a song based on the concept , hoping that it might inspire someone in such a situation . The song 's lyrics center on experiencing life to its fullest , while also becoming a better person .
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2004
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Live Like You Were Dying ( song )
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live like you were dying ( song )
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`` Live Like You Were Dying '' is a song recorded by American country music artist Tim McGraw , and was the lead single from his eighth album of the same name ( 2004 ) . It was written by the songwriting team of Tim Nichols and Craig Wiseman . The duo crafted the song based on family and friends who learned of illnesses ( cancers ) , and how they often had a new perspective on life upon learning they had limited time . They decided to write a song based on the concept , hoping that it might inspire someone in such a situation . The song 's lyrics center on experiencing life to its fullest , while also becoming a better person .
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Released in June 2004 as the lead single from the album , the song became an enormous success in the U.S. It spent seven weeks atop of the Billboard country music charts ; the magazine later dubbed it the biggest country song of the year . `` Live Like You Were Dying '' won several awards , including Single of the Year and Song of the Year at the 2004 Country Music Association Awards and at the 2004 Academy of Country Music Awards and the 2004 Grammy Award for Best Country Song . The music video , directed by Sherman Halsey , was nominated for Video of the Year at the 2004 Academy of Country Music Awards . It has sold over two million copies in the U.S. Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Content 3 Commercial performance 4 Music video 5 Charts 5.1 Weekly chart 5.2 Year - end charts 5.3 Certifications 6 References Background ( edit ) The song was written by Tim Nichols and Craig Wiseman . The duo had a friend who received a medical misdiagnosis regarding a form of lung cancer . Wiseman and Nichols began discussing family members and friends who learned of illnesses , and how they often had a new perspective on life upon learning they had limited time . They decided to write a song based on the concept , hoping that it might inspire someone in such a situation . After they came up with the title , they began writing the first verse and chorus . They found themselves attached to the song , and continued to write in late into the night over the phone . `` I remember going in my totally dark living room , laying on the floor , and we wrote the second verse on the phone , '' Wiseman recalled . The inclusion of the lyric about riding a bull was intended as a sort of `` palette cleanse , '' as they felt the chorus was growing too sentimental . The duo judged its creation as a `` really spiritual thing , because it came strong . Me and Tim 's instincts and intuitions just kept leading us . '' The song was demoed within a few days of its writing by Wiseman , and was chosen by McGraw to be his next lead single . Wiseman remembered the song had personal significance for McGraw , who commented that he himself had gone fishing with his father prior to a quadruple bypass surgery . Content ( edit ) `` Live Like You Were Dying '' tells the story of a man in his early forties who gets the news that his father has an unspecified , life - threatening illness . His father 's message is to live life to the fullest and do things that he had always wanted to do , such as skydiving , mountain climbing , fishing , and bull riding . He also says that he became a better husband and friend . McGraw then switches perspective to himself , talking about how going fishing with his dad stopped being an imposition and how he finally , after reading the Bible , took a long hard look back over his life and took his father 's advice by going skydiving , mountain climbing , horse , bull riding , and so much more . This song is often associated with McGraw 's father , Tug McGraw , who was hospitalized with a brain tumor on March 12 , 2003 . It was revealed that he had cancer . He was given three weeks to live by the doctors , but surprisingly survived nine months . He died on January 5 , 2004 . Commercial Performance ( edit ) `` Live Like You Were Dying '' debuted at number 36 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the chart week of June 5 , 2004 . It reached No. 1 on the chart dated July 17 , 2004 . The song was certified Platinum by the RIAA on December 1 , 2009 , and it has sold 2,313,000 copies in the US as of July 2016 . Music video ( edit ) The music video features Tim McGraw singing in an infinity cove with video clips added by CGI . The alternate version of the video , directed by Sherman Halsey , McGraw 's usual director of choice , ends with a clip of the late Tug McGraw pitching the final strike for the 1980 World Champion Philadelphia Phillies , which , at the time , was the team 's only World Series Championship . The video was nominated for Video of the Year at the 2006 Academy of Country Music Awards . Charts ( edit ) Weekly chart ( edit ) Chart ( 2004 -- 05 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 29 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 37 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 21 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2004 ) Position US Country Songs ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 81 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 2,313,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Preceded by `` Whiskey Girl '' by Toby Keith `` Somebody '' by Reba McEntire Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks number - one single July 17 -- July 31 , 2004 ( first run ) August 14 - September 4 , 2004 ( second run ) Succeeded by `` Somebody '' by Reba McEntire `` Girls Lie Too '' by Terri Clark Preceded by `` My Front Porch Looking In '' by Lonestar Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks number - one single of the year Succeeded by `` That 's What I Love About Sunday '' by Craig Morgan Preceded by Next Big Thing by Vince Gill Grammy Award for Best Male Country Vocal Performance 2005 Succeeded by You 'll Think of Me by Keith Urban References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Doug Waterman ( May 3 , 2012 ) . `` Extended Q&A : Craig Wiseman '' . American Songwriter . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jake Brown ( 2014 ) . Nashville Songwriter : The Inside Stories Behind Country Music 's Greatest Hits . BenBella Books . p. 19 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Vi - An Nguyen ( September 8 , 2014 ) . `` Songwriters Reveal the Story Behind ' Live Like You Were Dying ' by Tim McGraw '' . Parade . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://philadelphia.about.com/b/a/055282.htm Archived 2006 - 02 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . Philadelphia.com Jump up ^ `` Hot Country Songs '' . Billboard . July 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Tim McGraw -- Live Like You Were Dying '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : Bjorke , Matt ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Country Singles Chart : July 26 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ `` Tim McGraw Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Tim McGraw Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Tim McGraw Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Tim McGraw Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Tim McGraw Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2004 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2004 . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . Tim McGraw singles Discography Not a Moment Too Soon `` Indian Outlaw '' `` Do n't Take the Girl '' `` Down on the Farm '' `` Not a Moment Too Soon '' `` Refried Dreams '' All I Want `` I Like It , I Love It '' `` Ca n't Be Really Gone '' `` All I Want Is a Life '' `` She Never Lets It Go to Her Heart '' `` Maybe We Should Just Sleep on It '' Everywhere `` It 's Your Love '' ( with Faith Hill ) `` Everywhere '' `` Just to See You Smile '' `` One of These Days '' `` Where the Green Grass Grows '' `` For a Little While '' A Place in the Sun `` Please Remember Me '' `` Something Like That '' `` My Best Friend '' `` Some Things Never Change '' `` My Next Thirty Years '' Set This Circus Down `` Grown Men Do n't Cry '' `` Angry All the Time '' `` The Cowboy in Me '' `` Unbroken '' Tim McGraw and the Dancehall Doctors `` Red Rag Top '' `` Tiny Dancer '' `` She 's My Kind of Rain '' `` Real Good Man '' `` Watch the Wind Blow By '' Live Like You Were Dying `` Live Like You Were Dying '' `` Back When '' `` Drugs or Jesus '' `` Do You Want Fries with That '' `` My Old Friend '' Reflected : Greatest Hits Vol. 2 `` When the Stars Go Blue '' `` My Little Girl '' Let It Go `` Last Dollar ( Fly Away ) '' `` I Need You '' ( with Faith Hill ) `` If You 're Reading This '' `` Suspicions '' `` Kristofferson '' `` Let It Go '' `` Nothin ' to Die For '' Southern Voice `` It 's a Business Doing Pleasure with You '' `` Southern Voice '' `` Still '' Number One Hits `` Felt Good on My Lips '' Country Strong `` Me and Tennessee '' ( with Gwyneth Paltrow ) Emotional Traffic `` Better Than I Used to Be '' Two Lanes of Freedom `` Truck Yeah '' `` One of Those Nights '' `` Highway Do n't Care '' ( with Taylor Swift and Keith Urban ) `` Southern Girl '' Sundown Heaven Town `` Lookin ' for That Girl '' `` Meanwhile Back at Mama 's '' ( with Faith Hill ) `` Shotgun Rider '' `` Diamond Rings and Old Barstools '' ( with Catherine Dunn ) Damn Country Music `` Top of the World '' `` Humble and Kind '' `` How I 'll Always Be '' The Rest of Our Life `` Speak to a Girl '' ( with Faith Hill ) `` The Rest of Our Life '' ( with Faith Hill ) Guest singles `` Just to Hear You Say That You Love Me '' ( with Faith Hill ) `` Let 's Make Love '' ( with Faith Hill ) `` Bring On the Rain '' ( with Jo Dee Messina ) `` Over and Over '' ( with Nelly ) `` Like We Never Loved at All '' ( with Faith Hill ) `` Find Out Who Your Friends Are '' ( with Tracy Lawrence and Kenny Chesney ) `` Nine Lives '' ( with Def Leppard ) `` Feel Like a Rock Star '' ( with Kenny Chesney ) `` Lovin ' Lately '' ( with Big & Rich ) `` May We All '' ( with Florida Georgia Line ) Other songs `` City Lights '' `` The Ride '' `` California '' Billboard Year - End Hot Country Songs number one single of the year 1980 -- 1989 1980 : `` My Heart '' -- Ronnie Milsap 1981 : `` Fire and Smoke '' -- Earl Thomas Conley 1982 : `` Always on My Mind '' -- Willie Nelson 1983 : `` José Cuervo '' -- Shelly West 1984 : `` To All the Girls I 've Loved Before '' -- Julio Iglesias and Willie Nelson 1985 : `` Lost in the Fifties Tonight ( In the Still of the Night ) '' -- Ronnie Milsap 1986 : `` Never Be You '' -- Rosanne Cash 1987 : `` Give Me Wings '' -- Michael Johnson 1988 : `` Do n't Close Your Eyes '' -- Keith Whitley 1989 : `` A Better Man '' -- Clint Black 1990 -- 1999 1990 : `` Nobody 's Home '' -- Clint Black 1991 : `` Do n't Rock the Jukebox '' -- Alan Jackson 1992 : `` I Saw the Light '' -- Wynonna Judd 1993 : `` Chattahoochee '' -- Alan Jackson 1994 : `` I Swear '' -- John Michael Montgomery 1995 : `` Sold ( The Grundy County Auction Incident ) '' -- John Michael Montgomery 1996 : `` My Maria '' -- Brooks & Dunn 1997 : `` It 's Your Love '' -- Tim McGraw and Faith Hill 1998 : `` Just to See You Smile '' -- Tim McGraw 1999 : `` Amazed '' -- Lonestar 2000 -- 2009 2000 : `` How Do You Like Me Now ? ! '' -- Toby Keith 2001 : `` Ai n't Nothing ' bout You '' -- Brooks & Dunn 2002 : `` The Good Stuff '' -- Kenny Chesney 2003 : `` My Front Porch Looking In '' -- Lonestar 2004 : `` Live Like You Were Dying '' -- Tim McGraw 2005 : `` That 's What I Love About Sunday '' -- Craig Morgan 2006 : `` If You 're Going Through Hell ( Before The Devil Even Knows ) '' -- Rodney Atkins 2007 : `` Watching You '' -- Rodney Atkins 2008 : `` Just Got Started Lovin ' You '' -- James Otto 2009 : `` I Run to You '' -- Lady Antebellum 2010 -- 2019 2010 : `` Love Like Crazy '' -- Lee Brice 2011 : `` Crazy Girl '' -- Eli Young Band 2012 : `` Time Is Love '' -- Josh Turner 2013 : `` Cruise '' -- Florida Georgia Line 2014 : `` This Is How We Roll '' -- Florida Georgia Line featuring Luke Bryan 2015 : `` Take Your Time '' -- Sam Hunt 2016 : `` H.O.L.Y. '' - Florida Georgia Line Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Live_Like_You_Were_Dying_(song)&oldid=818543555 '' Categories : 2004 singles Tim McGraw songs Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles of the year Songs written by Craig Wiseman Songs written by Tim Nichols Song recordings produced by Byron Gallimore Curb Records singles Music videos directed by Sherman Halsey Grammy Award for Best Male Country Vocal Performance winners Country ballads 2004 songs Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Հայերեն Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 4 January 2018 , at 04 : 34 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live%20Like%20You%20Were%20Dying%20%28song%29
| 2,998 |
as a free man i take pride in the words ich bin
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Ich bin ein Berliner
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ich bin ein berliner
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Ich bin ein Berliner ( I am a Berliner ) speech Play media Speech from the Rathaus Schöneberg by John F. Kennedy , June 26 , 1963 . Duration 9 : 01 ; `` Ich bin ein Berliner '' first appears at 1 : 37 , then again at 8 : 43 . Ich bin ein Berliner ( `` I am a Berliner '' ) speech ( audio ) Audio - only version ( Duration 9 : 22 ) Problems playing these files ? See media help . Coordinates : 52 ° 29 ′ 06 '' N 13 ° 20 ′ 40 '' E / 52.484932 ° N 13.344395 ° E / 52.484932 ; 13.344395 `` Ich bin ein Berliner '' ( German pronunciation : ( ˈʔɪç ˈbɪn ʔaɪn bɛɐ̯ˈliːnɐ ) , `` I am a Berliner '' ) is a quotation of U.S. President John F. Kennedy , in a speech given on June 26 , 1963 , in West Berlin . It is widely regarded as the best - known speech of the Cold War and the most famous anti-communist speech . Kennedy aimed to underline the support of the United States for West Germany 22 months after Soviet - supported East Germany erected the Berlin Wall to prevent mass emigration to the West . The message was aimed as much at the Soviets as it was at Berliners and was a clear statement of U.S. policy in the wake of the construction of the Berlin Wall . Another phrase in the speech was also spoken in German , `` Lasst sie nach Berlin kommen '' ( `` Let them come to Berlin '' ) , addressed at those who claimed `` we can work with the Communists '' , a remark at which Nikita Khrushchev scoffed only days later . The speech is considered one of Kennedy 's best , both a notable moment of the Cold War and a high point of the New Frontier . It was a great morale boost for West Berliners , who lived in an enclave deep inside East Germany and feared a possible East German occupation . Speaking from a platform erected on the steps of Rathaus Schöneberg for an audience of 450,000 , Kennedy said , Two thousand years ago , the proudest boast was civis romanus sum ( `` I am a Roman citizen '' ) . Today , in the world of freedom , the proudest boast is `` Ich bin ein Berliner ! '' ... All free men , wherever they may live , are citizens of Berlin , and therefore , as a free man , I take pride in the words `` Ich bin ein Berliner ! '' Kennedy used the phrase twice in his speech , including at the end , pronouncing the sentence with his Boston accent and reading from his note `` ish bin ein Bearleener '' , which he had written out using English orthography to approximate the German pronunciation . He also used classical Latin pronunciation of civis romanus sum , with the c pronounced / k / and the v as / w / . There is a widespread misconception ( outside German - speaking countries ) that the phrase is incorrect German and in fact means `` I 'm a doughnut '' . It has even been embellished into an urban legend including equally incorrect claims about the audience laughing at this phrase . Contents 1 Background 2 Genesis and execution of the speech 2.1 Origins 2.2 Delivery 3 Consequences and legacy 4 `` I 'm a doughnut '' urban legend 5 Cultural references 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Background ( edit ) Main article : History of Berlin This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The four sectors of Berlin Germany 's capital , Berlin , was deep within the area controlled after World War II by the Soviet Union . Initially governed in four sectors controlled by the four Allied powers ( United States , United Kingdom , France and the Soviet Union ) , tensions of the Cold War escalated until the Soviet forces implemented the Berlin Blockade , which the Western allies relieved with the dramatic airlift . Afterward , the sectors controlled by the NATO Allies became an effective exclave of West Germany , completely surrounded by East Germany . From 1952 , the border between East and West was closed everywhere but in Berlin . Hundreds of thousands of East Germans defected to the West via West Berlin , a labour drain that threatened East Germany with economic collapse . In 1961 , the East German government under Walter Ulbricht erected a barbed - wire barrier around West Berlin , officially called the antifaschistischer Schutzwall ( anti-fascist protective barrier ) . The East German authorities argued that it was meant to prevent spies and agents of West Germany from crossing into the East . However , it was universally known as the Berlin Wall and its real purpose was to keep East German citizens from escaping to the West . Over a period of months the wall was rebuilt using concrete , and buildings were demolished to create a `` death zone '' in view of East German guards armed with machine guns . The Wall closed the biggest loophole in the Iron Curtain , and Berlin went from being one of the easiest places to cross from East Europe to West Europe to being one of the most difficult . The West , including the U.S. , was accused of failing to respond forcefully to the erection of the Wall . Officially , Berlin was under joint occupation by the four allied powers , each with primary responsibility for a certain zone . Kennedy 's speech marked the first instance where the U.S. acknowledged that East Berlin was part of the Soviet bloc along with the rest of East Germany . On July 25 , 1961 , Kennedy insisted in a presidential address that the U.S. would defend West Berlin , asserting its Four - Power rights , while making it clear that challenging the Soviet presence in Germany was not possible . Genesis and execution of the speech ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) John F. Kennedy 's phonetic transcription of the German and Latin phrases in the Ich bin ein Berliner speech The Ich bin ein Berliner speech is in part derived from a speech Kennedy gave at a Civic Reception on May 4 , 1962 , in New Orleans ; there also he used the phrase civis Romanus sum by saying `` Two thousand years ago the proudest boast was to say , `` I am a citizen of Rome . '' Today , I believe , in 1962 the proudest boast is to say , `` I am a citizen of the United States . '' And it is not enough to merely say it ; we must live it . Anyone can say it . But Americans who serve today in West Berlin -- your sons and brothers -- ( ... ) are the Americans who are bearing the great burden . '' The phrases `` I am a Berliner '' and `` I am proud to be in Berlin '' were typed already a week before the speech on a list of expressions to be used , including a phonetic transcription of the German translation . Such transcriptions are also found in the third draft of the speech ( in Kennedy 's own handwriting ) , from June 25 . The final typed version of the speech does not contain the transcriptions , which are added by hand by Kennedy himself . In practice sessions before the trip , Kennedy had run through a number of sentences , even paragraphs , to recite in German ; in these sessions , he was helped by Margaret Plischke , a translator working for the US State Department ; by Ted Sorensen , Kennedy 's counsel and habitual speechwriter ; and by an interpreter , Robert Lochner , who had grown up in Berlin . It became clear quickly that the president did not have a gift for languages and was more likely to embarrass himself if he was to cite in German for any length . But there are differing accounts on the origin of the phrase Ich bin ein Berliner . Plischke wrote a 1997 account of visiting Kennedy at the White House weeks before the trip to help compose the speech and teach him the proper pronunciation ; she also claims that the phrase had been translated stateside already by the translator scheduled to accompany him on the trip ( `` a rather unpleasant man who complained bitterly that he had had to interrupt his vacation just to watch the President 's mannerisms '' ) . Additionally , Ted Sorensen claimed in his memoir Counselor : A Life at the Edge of History ( 2008 ) to have had a hand in the speech , and said he had incorrectly inserted the word ein , incorrectly taking responsibility for the `` jelly doughnut misconception '' , below , a claim apparently supported by Berlin mayor Willy Brandt but dismissed by later scholars since the final typed version , which does not contain the words , is the last one Sorensen could have worked on . Robert Lochner claimed in his memoirs that Kennedy had asked him for a translation of `` I am a Berliner '' , and that they practiced the phrase in Brandt 's office . Daum credited the origin of the phrase Ich bin ein Berliner to Kennedy and his 1962 speech in New Orleans quoted above . According to Daum , Kennedy was affected by seeing the Berlin Wall , so that he `` falls back on the most memorable passage of his New Orleans speech given the year before , changing pride in being an American in being a Berliner . '' Delivery ( edit ) Kennedy delivering his speech in Berlin Behind the long table set up on the steps of the Rathaus Schöneberg were U.S. and German dignitaries , including Dean Rusk ( Kennedy 's Secretary of State ) , Lucius D. Clay ( the US administrator of Germany ) , Konrad Adenauer ( the German chancellor ) , Willy Brandt , and Otto Bach ( President of the Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin ) . The crowd was estimated at 450,000 people . Bach spoke first , of the recent developments in Berlin , especially the wall . He was followed by Konrad Adenauer , who spoke briefly and introduced the president . Kennedy was accompanied not by Robert Lochner , but by Heinz Weber of the Berlin mission ; Weber translated the president 's speech to the audience . Besides the typescript , Kennedy had a cue card on which he himself had written the phonetic spelling , and he surprised everyone by completely disregarding the speech , which had taken weeks to prepare . Instead , he improvised : `` He says more than he should , something different from what his advisers had recommended , and is more provocative than he had intended to be . '' The speech culminated with the second use in the speech of the Ich bin ein Berliner phrase : `` Today , in the world of freedom , the proudest boast is Ich bin ein Berliner ! '' The crowd was quiet while Weber translated and repeated the president 's German line ; Kennedy was obviously relieved at the crowd 's positive response and thanked Weber for his translation . Weber translated this compliment also . According to Daum , after this first successful delivery , `` Kennedy , who fiddles a bit with his suit jacket , is grinning like a boy who has just pulled off a coup . '' Kennedy 's National Security Advisor McGeorge Bundy thought the speech had gone `` a little too far '' , and the two revised the text for a softer stance before repeating the speech at the Freie Universität Berlin later that day . Consequences and legacy ( edit ) Plaque commemorating Kennedy 's speech next to the front entrance of Rathaus Schöneberg Liberian $5 coin commemorating the speech While the immediate response from the West German population was positive , the Soviet authorities were less pleased with the combative Lass sie nach Berlin kommen . Only two weeks before , Kennedy had spoken in a more conciliatory tone , speaking of `` improving relations with the Soviet Union '' : in response to Kennedy 's Berlin speech , Nikita Khrushchev , days later , remarked that `` one would think that the speeches were made by two different Presidents . '' Ronald Reagan would evoke both the sentiment and the legacy of Kennedy 's speech 24 years later in his `` Tear down this wall ! '' speech . There are commemorative sites to Kennedy in Berlin , such as the German - American John F. Kennedy School and the John F. Kennedy - Institute for North American Studies of the FU Berlin . The public square in front of the Rathaus Schöneberg was renamed John - F. - Kennedy - Platz . A large plaque dedicated to Kennedy is mounted on a column at the entrance of the building and the room above the entrance and overlooking the square is dedicated to Kennedy and his visit . The original manuscript of the speech is stored with the National Archives and Records Administration . `` I 'm a doughnut '' urban legend ( edit ) Berliner with plum jam filling There is a widespread perception that Kennedy made an embarrassing mistake by saying Ich bin ein Berliner . By not leaving out the indefinite article `` ein , '' he supposedly changed the meaning of the sentence from the intended `` I am a citizen of Berlin '' to `` I am a Berliner '' ( a Berliner being a type of German pastry , similar to a jelly doughnut ) . According to some grammar texts , the indefinite article can be omitted in German when speaking of an individual 's profession or origin but is in any case used when speaking in a figurative sense . Furthermore , although the word `` Berliner '' is used for a jelly doughnut in the north , west and southwest of Germany , it is not used in Berlin itself or the surrounding region , where the usual word is `` Pfannkuchen '' ( literally `` pancake '' ) . A further part of the misconception is that the audience to his speech laughed at his supposed error . They actually cheered and applauded both times the phrase was used . They laughed and cheered a few seconds after the first use of the phrase when Kennedy joked with the interpreter : `` I appreciate my interpreter translating my German . '' A reference to this misconception appears in Len Deighton 's spy novel Berlin Game , published in 1983 , which contains the following passage , spoken by Bernard Samson : ' Ich bin ein Berliner , ' I said . It was a joke . A Berliner is a doughnut . The day after President Kennedy made his famous proclamation , Berlin cartoonists had a field day with talking doughnuts . In Deighton 's novel , Samson is an unreliable narrator , and his words can not be taken at face value . However , The New York Times ' review of Deighton 's novel appeared to treat Samson 's remark as factual and added the detail that Kennedy 's audience found his remark funny : Here is where President Kennedy announced , Ich bin ein Berliner , and thereby amused the city 's populace because in the local parlance a Berliner is a doughnut . Four years later , it found its way into a New York Times op - ed : It 's worth recalling , again , President John F. Kennedy 's use of a German phrase while standing before the Berlin Wall . It would be great , his wordsmiths thought , for him to declare himself a symbolic citizen of Berlin . Hence , Ich bin ein Berliner . What they did not know , but could easily have found out , was that such citizens never refer to themselves as ' Berliners . ' They reserve that term for a favorite confection often munched at breakfast . So , while they understood and appreciated the sentiments behind the President 's impassioned declaration , the residents tittered among themselves when he exclaimed , literally , `` I am a jelly - filled doughnut . '' The doughnut misconception has since been repeated by media such as the BBC ( by Alistair Cooke in his Letter from America program ) , The Guardian , MSNBC , CNN , Time magazine , and The New York Times ; mentioned in several books about Germany written by English - speaking authors , including Norman Davies and Kenneth C. Davis ; and used in the manual for the Speech Synthesis Markup Language . It is also mentioned in Robert Dallek 's biography of Kennedy , An Unfinished Life : John F. Kennedy , 1917 -- 1963 . Another reference to this misconception appears in David Foster Wallace 's novel Infinite Jest , published in 1996 , which contains the following passage : Few foreigners realize that the German term Berliner is also the vulgate idiom for a common jelly doughnut , and thus that Kennedy 's seminal ' Ich bin ein Berliner ' was greeted by the Teutonic crowds with a delight only apparently political . Cultural references ( edit ) The phrase and the legend are quoted very often in fiction and popular culture in the United States . Besides a direct quote , there exist many variations starting `` Ich bin ein ( + noun , e.g. , Frankfurter , Hamburger ) '' that are supposed to be understood by the primarily English - speaking audience based on the widespread knowledge of this German phrase and its myth . The phrase is perhaps ambiguous , but in context it is clear . See also ( edit ) Tear down this wall ! , Ronald Reagan 's 1987 Berlin speech References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Keeling , Drew ( 2014 ) , `` Berlin Wall and Migration , '' Migration as a travel business Jump up ^ `` John F. Kennedy : Remarks in New Orleans at a Civic Reception '' . John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters , The American Presidency Project ( online ) . May 4 , 1962 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Daum , Andreas W. ( 2008 ) . Kennedy in Berlin . Cambridge : Cambridge UP . pp. 147 -- 55 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 85824 - 3 . Jump up ^ Her letter to American Heritage is printed anonymously ; however , in the first - person story the writer refers to herself as `` Mrs. Plischke from the Foreign Service Institute . '' Additionally , she is named as Margarethe Plischke in Kennedy and the Berlin Wall by W.R. Smyser , p. 217 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Anonymous ( 1997 ) . `` Teaching The Berliner '' . American Heritage . 8 ( 4 ) . ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , Jack ( May 18 , 2008 ) . `` Profile in Courage '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ This is the estimate given in Daum , Kennedy in Berlin 137 . A BBC article has a much lower number , 120,000 . `` On This Day : 1963 : Kennedy : ' Ich bin ein Berliner ' '' . BBC . June 26 , 2005 . Retrieved August 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Robert Lochner . `` Teaching JFK German '' . CNN.com . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Halford Ross ( 1995 ) . U.S. presidents as orators : a bio-critical sourcebook . Greenwood . pp. 219 -- 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 29059 - 6 . Jump up ^ Despite widespread claims to the contrary in most German grammars and textbooks , it is not incorrect to use an indefinite article before an indication of a person 's origin , profession . As explained in the Duden - Grammatik : `` Der indefinite Artikel wird beim prädikativen Nominativ ( ... ) oft weggelassen , wenn damit die Zugehörigkeit zu einer sozial etablierten und anerkannten Gruppe ( Nationalität , Herkunft , Beruf , Funktion , Weltanschauung , Religion , gesellschaftlicher Status usw . ) angegeben wird ( a ) . Zum Teil bestehen regionale Unterschiede im Gebrauch ; ein strikter Standard hat sich nicht herausgebildet ( b ) : ( a ) Sie wird _ Hochbauzeichnerin . Er bleibt _ Junggeselle . ( b ) Er ist ( ein ) Engländer . Sie ist ( eine ) Heidelbergerin . '' ( Duden - Grammatik , 8 . ed. 2009 , p. 331 . Jump up ^ The Real Meaning of Ich Bin ein Berliner , The Atlantic Jump up ^ Eichhoff , Jürgen ( 1993 ) . `` ' Ich bin ein Berliner ' : A History and Linguistic Clarification '' . Monatshefte für den deutschen Unterricht , deutsche Sprache und Kultur . Monatshefte , University of Wisconsin Press . 85 ( 1 ) : 71 -- 80 . ISSN 0026 - 9271 . , cited in Erb , Scott ( 2003 ) . German Foreign Policy : Navigating a New Era . Boulder , CO : Lynne Rienner . p. 52 . ISBN 1 - 58826 - 168 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Ich bin ein Pfannkuchen . Oder ein Berliner ? '' ( I am a jelly doughnut . Or a Berliner ? ) ( in German ) . Stadtkind . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` John F. Kennedy : Ich bin ein Berliner ( I am a ' Berliner ' ) '' . American Rhetoric . June 26 , 1963 . Jump up ^ Deighton , Len ( 1985 ) ( 1983 ) . Berlin Game ( 1st Ballantine Books ed . ) . New York : Ballantine Books . p. 112 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 31498 - 0 . Jump up ^ Lehmann - Haupt , Christopher ( December 12 , 1983 ) . `` Books of the Times : Berlin Game , by Len Deighton '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Miller , William J ( April 30 , 1988 ) . `` I Am a Jelly - Filled Doughnut '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Programmes Letter From America `` I am a Jelly Doughnut '' `` . BBC News . 2012 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ Hollis , Richard ( September 10 , 2005 ) . `` How we got the measure of a Berliner '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Bloopers '' , One good move , Nov 2005 . Jump up ^ `` 9 '' , Cold War ( special ) , CNN , archived from the original on December 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Purvis , Andrew ( 2007 - 01 - 09 ) . `` Wall - To - Wall Kennedy '' . Time . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ Davies , Norman ( 1998 ) , Europe : A History , New York , p. 1113 . Jump up ^ Davis , Kenneth C. ( 2007 ) . Do n't Know Much about Anything : Everything You Need to Know But Never Learned about People , Places , Events , and More ! . Harper Collins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 125146 - 7 . Jump up ^ Burnett , Daniel C. ; Walker , Mark R ; Hunt , Andrew ( September 7 , 2004 ) . `` Speech Synthesis Markup Language ( SSML ) '' . Speech Synthesis Markup Language Recommendation ( Version 1.0 ed . ) . World Wide Web Consortium . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dallek , Robert ( 2003 ) , An Unfinished Life : John F. Kennedy , 1917 -- 1963 , p. 625 , In the midst of so tumultuous a reception , no one was ready to complain that Kennedy should have said , ' Ich bin Berliner ' instead of ' ein Berliner , ' which was colloquial German for a jelly doughnut . Jump up ^ Wallace , David Foster ( 1996 ) . Infinite Jest ( 1st Little , Brown ed . ) . New York : Little , Brown . p. 1079 . ISBN 0 - 316 - 92004 - 5 . Further reading ( edit ) Daum , Andreas W. ( 2007 ) . Kennedy in Berlin . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 85824 - 3 . Provan , John D. ( 2013 ) . Ich bin ein Berliner . Berlin : Berlinstory - Verlag . ISBN 978 - 3 - 86368 - 112 - 8 . Heichler , Lucian ( June 2002 ) . `` I Remember ... How Berlin Mourned John F. Kennedy '' . American Diplomacy . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Ich bin ein Berliner Wikimedia Commons has media related to Visit of John F. Kennedy in Berlin , 1963 . Who famously said `` Ich bin ein Berliner '' on this day in 1963 ? 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Kennedy 35th President of the United States ( 1961 -- 1963 ) U.S. Senator from Massachusetts ( 1953 -- 1960 ) U.S. Representative for MA - 11 ( 1947 -- 1953 ) Presidency ( timeline ) Presidential Office : Inauguration Cabinet Judicial appointments Supreme Court Presidential pardons Domestic policy : Clean Air Act Communications Satellite Act Community Mental Health Act Equal Pay Act Federal affirmative action Federal housing segregation ban Fifty - mile hikes Food for Peace New Frontier Pilot Food Stamp Program Space policy Status of Women ( Presidential Commission ) University of Alabama integration Voter Education Project Foreign policy : Alliance for Progress Arms Control and Disarmament Agency Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Flexible response Kennedy Doctrine Peace Corps Trade Expansion Act USAID Vietnam War Cuba : Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuban Project Cuban Missile Crisis ExComm Soviet Union : Berlin Crisis Moscow -- Washington hotline Vienna summit White House : Presidential limousine Presidential yacht Resolute desk Situation Room Presidential speeches Inaugural address American University speech `` We choose to go to the Moon '' Report to the American People on Civil Rights `` Ich bin ein Berliner '' `` A rising tide lifts all boats '' Elections U.S. States House of Representatives elections , 1946 1948 1950 U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts , 1952 1958 1960 Presidential primaries 1960 Presidential campaign Democratic National Convention 1956 1960 U.S. presidential election , 1960 debates Personal life Birthplace and childhood home Kennedy Compound US Navy service PT - 109 Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana Arthur Evans PT - 59 Castle Hot Springs Hammersmith Farm Coretta Scott King phone call Rocking chair `` Happy Birthday , Mr. President '' Books Why England Slept ( 1940 ) Profiles in Courage ( 1956 ) A Nation of Immigrants ( 1958 ) Death Assassination timeline reactions in popular culture State funeral Riderless horse attending dignitaries Gravesite and Eternal Flame Legacy John F. 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Johnson → Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ich_bin_ein_Berliner&oldid=849505123 '' Categories : Berlin Wall Cold War speeches German words and phrases Germany -- Soviet Union relations Germany -- United States relations Political catchphrases Presidency of John F. Kennedy Quotations Soviet Union -- United States relations Speeches by John F. Kennedy West Berlin Anti-communist terminology 1963 in West Germany 1963 in international relations 1963 in politics 1963 speeches 1960s in Berlin June 1963 events Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use mdy dates from November 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Coordinates on Wikidata Articles needing additional references from June 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Asturianu Беларуская Български Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 July 2018 , at 13 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ich%20bin%20ein%20Berliner
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who won the golden bat in champion trophy 2017
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In an unexpected performance , given India were considered favourites , Pakistan beat India comfortably to win their maiden ICC Champions Trophy , winning by 180 runs , which was the largest margin of victory in the final of an ICC ODI tournament . Pakistan , who were massive underdogs as they were the lowest - ranked team in the competition , became the seventh nation to win the Champions Trophy , and it was their first ICC ODI tournament title since 1992 . Fakhar Zaman of Pakistan received the Man of the Match award for scoring a sublime 114 . Shikhar Dhawan of India received the Golden Bat award for scoring 338 runs in the tournament while Hasan Ali of Pakistan received the Golden Ball award for taking 13 wickets ; he was also adjudged the Man of the Series for his outstanding contribution towards Pakistan 's first ICC tournament title since 2009 .
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Shikhar Dhawan
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2017 ICC Champions Trophy final
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2017 icc champions trophy final
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The final of the 2017 ICC Champions Trophy was played on 18 June 2017 between Pakistan and India at The Oval in London , to determine the winner of the eighth edition of the ICC Champions Trophy . Pakistan qualified for the final by defeating the hosts England convincingly by 8 wickets in the first semi-final at Cardiff in Wales on 14 June , and reached their maiden Champions Trophy final . India , the defending champions , came into the final by defeating Bangladesh comfortably by 9 wickets in the second semi-final at Birmingham on 15 June , to reach their fourth Champions Trophy final , a record .
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In an unexpected performance , given India were considered favourites , Pakistan beat India comfortably to win their maiden ICC Champions Trophy , winning by 180 runs , which was the largest margin of victory in the final of an ICC ODI tournament . Pakistan , who were massive underdogs as they were the lowest - ranked team in the competition , became the seventh nation to win the Champions Trophy , and it was their first ICC ODI tournament title since 1992 . Fakhar Zaman of Pakistan received the Man of the Match award for scoring a sublime 114 . Shikhar Dhawan of India received the Golden Bat award for scoring 338 runs in the tournament while Hasan Ali of Pakistan received the Golden Ball award for taking 13 wickets ; he was also adjudged the Man of the Series for his outstanding contribution towards Pakistan 's first ICC tournament title since 2009 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Road to the final 2.1 Pakistan 2.2 India 3 Match officials 4 Match summary 4.1 Pakistani innings 4.2 Indian innings 4.3 Scorecard 5 Aftermath 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) See also : India -- Pakistan cricket rivalry Pakistan and India share a historical rivalry in cricket . Prior to this match , the two sides had played 128 times against each other in ODIs , where Pakistan won 72 matches , India won 52 matches and four matches ended with no result . While Pakistan have had the upper hand bilaterally , India enjoyed an edge in global ICC tournaments where they won 13 times against Pakistan , and Pakistan won twice against India . The two sides met only twice before in the finals of global tournaments : the non-ICC World Championship of Cricket Final in 1985 , and the 2007 ICC World Twenty20 Final . Prior to this match , the teams had met four times in the Champions Trophy and had two victories each . Pakistan 's last win was in 2009 ; since then , India won seven games against Pakistan across ICC tournaments consecutively . Their most recent clash was on 4 June 2017 , during the group stages of the ongoing Champions Trophy where India won by 124 runs ( D / L method ) . Much of the pre-match analysis envisioned a strong contest between India 's batting lineup and Pakistan 's bowling side , both of which were considered the strengths of their respective teams and remained formidable in this tournament . Road to the final ( edit ) Further information : 2017 ICC Champions Trophy § Group B Pakistan ( edit ) Ranked eighth in the ICC ODI Championship at the start of the tournament , Pakistan started poorly , before improving progressively in each game . They lost to India in the first game by 124 runs in a sloppy display , but then defeated top - ranked South Africa by 19 runs by virtue of Duckworth -- Lewis method in their next game . They gained momentum and beat Sri Lanka by 3 wickets in their final group game , a thrilling must - win encounter , and qualified for the semi-finals placed second in Group B , behind India on net run rate . In the semi-final , England with their undefeated run and home advantage were tipped firm favourites . However , they were outplayed by Pakistan with both bat and ball , the latter winning comprehensively by 8 wickets with almost 13 overs to spare . This paved the road for Pakistan 's first qualification to a Champions Trophy final . India ( edit ) India came into the tournament as defending champions and favourites along with England , and were ranked third in the ICC ODI Championship . They beat arch - rivals Pakistan convincingly in their first group face - off , winning by 124 runs . They lost their second match to Sri Lanka by 7 wickets , despite posting a total of 321 , in what turned out to be the highest successful run - chase in Champions Trophy history . India won their final group game , a must - win encounter against South Africa , comfortably by 8 wickets . They finished on top of Group B with two wins and a net run rate ahead of Pakistan . In the semi-final , India faced Bangladesh , and put in yet another dominating display , winning comfortably by 9 wickets and sealing a final with Pakistan . Match officials ( edit ) Marais Erasmus of South Africa and Richard Kettleborough of England were named as the on - field umpires for the final . They had both previously officiated in the semi-final matches of the tournament ; Erasmus , in the England -- Pakistan match , and Kettleborough , in the Bangladesh -- India match . Rod Tucker of Australia and Kumar Dharmasena of Sri Lanka , who also officiated in the semi-finals as on - field umpires , were appointed as the TV umpire and reserve umpire respectively . David Boon of Australia was the match referee , completing the five - member match official team . Match summary ( edit ) 18 June 2017 10 : 30 Scorecard Pakistan 338 / 4 ( 50 overs ) India 158 ( 30.3 overs ) Fakhar Zaman 114 ( 106 ) Kedar Jadhav 1 / 27 ( 3 overs ) Hardik Pandya 76 ( 43 ) Mohammad Amir 3 / 16 ( 6 overs ) Pakistan won by 180 runs The Oval , London Umpires : Marais Erasmus ( SA ) and Richard Kettleborough ( Eng ) Player of the match : Fakhar Zaman ( Pak ) India won the toss and elected to field . Fakhar Zaman ( Pak ) scored his maiden ODI century . Pakistan won the ICC Champions Trophy for the first time . India remained unchanged from the side that played the semi-final , while Pakistan brought back their leading pacer Mohammad Amir , who was ruled out of the semi-final against England due to back spasm and replaced Rumman Raees . Indian captain Virat Kohli won the toss and elected his side to field first , sending Pakistan in to bat . Pakistani innings ( edit ) The Pakistani opening pair , Azhar Ali and Fakhar Zaman , put on 128 runs before Ali was run out for 59 runs off the last ball of the 22nd over . Zaman , who seemed to have been out for 3 runs , only for a no ball by Jasprit Bumrah to save him , continued on his way to a 92 - ball century -- his first at ODI level -- eventually falling to Hardik Pandya on the first ball of the 33rd over . He made 114 runs from 106 balls , which included twelve fours and three sixes . After his dismissal , the other Pakistani batsmen kept the score ticking over . Mohammad Hafeez plundered 57 not out from 37 balls , including four fours and three sixes . Pakistan eventually finished on 338 / 4 -- their second - highest ODI score against India -- after 50 overs . Bhuvneshwar Kumar was the pick of the Indian bowlers , finishing with 1 / 44 from 10 overs ( including two maidens ) . Indian innings ( edit ) India started poorly , losing two early wickets to Mohammad Amir . Off the third ball of the game , Rohit Sharma was out leg before wicket for a three - ball duck . In the third over , Virat Kohli was dropped in the slips for just five runs but caught the next ball by Shadab Khan at point . Their poor form continued until , in the middle of the innings , Hardik Pandya and Ravindra Jadeja managed a rapid 80 - run partnership prior to Pandya being run - out . However this was India 's only batting highlight as the tail was quickly dismissed and India were all out after 30.3 overs , not even managing half of Pakistan 's total . Scorecard ( edit ) Pakistan innings Player Status Runs Balls 4s 6s Strike rate Azhar Ali run out ( † Dhoni / Bumrah ) 59 71 6 83.09 Fakhar Zaman c Jadeja b Pandya 114 106 12 107.54 Babar Azam c Yuvraj Singh b Jadhav 46 52 0 88.46 Shoaib Malik c Jadhav b Kumar 12 16 0 75.00 Mohammad Hafeez not out 57 37 154.05 Imad Wasim not out 25 21 119.04 Sarfraz Ahmed * did not bat Mohammad Amir did not bat Shadab Khan did not bat Hasan Ali did not bat Junaid Khan did not bat Extras ( lb 9 ; w 13 ; nb 3 ) 25 Total ( 4 wickets ; 50 overs ) 338 27 9 Fall of wickets : 1 -- 128 ( Azhar Ali , 22.6 ov ) , 2 -- 200 ( Fakhar Zaman , 33.1 ov ) , 3 -- 247 ( Shoaib Malik , 39.4 ov ) , 4 -- 267 ( Babar Azam , 42.3 ov ) India bowling Bowler Overs Maidens Runs Wickets Econ Bhuvneshwar Kumar 10 44 4.40 Jasprit Bumrah 9 0 68 0 7.55 Ravichandran Ashwin 10 0 70 0 7.00 Hardik Pandya 10 0 53 5.30 Ravindra Jadeja 8 0 67 0 8.37 Kedar Jadhav 0 27 9.00 India innings Player Status Runs Balls 4s 6s Strike rate Rohit Sharma lbw b Mohammad Amir 0 0 0 0.00 Shikhar Dhawan c † Sarfraz Ahmed b Mohammad Amir 21 22 0 95.45 Virat Kohli * c Shadab Khan b Mohammad Amir 5 9 0 0 55.55 Yuvraj Singh lbw b Shadab Khan 22 31 0 70.96 MS Dhoni c Imad Wasim b Hasan Ali 16 0 0 25.00 Kedar Jadhav c † Sarfraz Ahmed b Shadab Khan 9 13 0 69.23 Hardik Pandya run out ( M. Hafeez / Hasan Ali ) 76 43 6 176.74 Ravindra Jadeja c Babar Azam b Junaid Khan 15 26 0 0 57.69 Ravichandran Ashwin c † Sarfraz Ahmed b Hasan Ali 0 0 33.33 Bhuvneshwar Kumar not out 8 0 0 12.50 Jasprit Bumrah c † Sarfraz Ahmed b Hasan Ali 9 0 0 11.11 Extras ( lb 2 ; w 1 ) Total ( all out ; 30.3 overs ) 158 14 6 Fall of wickets : 1 -- 0 ( Sharma , 0.3 ov ) , 2 -- 6 ( Kohli , 2.4 ov ) , 3 -- 33 ( Dhawan , 8.6 ov ) , 4 -- 54 ( Yuvraj Singh , 12.6 ov ) , 5 -- 54 ( Dhoni , 13.3 ov ) , 6 -- 72 ( Jadhav , 16.6 ov ) , 7 -- 152 ( Pandya , 26.3 ov ) , 8 -- 156 ( Jadeja , 27.3 ov ) , 9 -- 156 ( Ashwin , 28.1 ov ) , 10 -- 158 ( Bumrah , 30.3 ov ) Pakistan bowling Bowler Overs Maidens Runs Wickets Econ Mohammad Amir 6 16 2.66 Junaid Khan 6 20 3.33 Mohammad Hafeez 0 13 0 13.00 Hasan Ali 6.3 19 2.92 Shadab Khan 7 0 60 8.57 Imad Wasim 0.3 0 0 6.00 Fakhar Zaman 3.3 0 25 0 7.14 Match officials On - field umpires : Marais Erasmus and Richard Kettleborough Third umpire : Rod Tucker Match referee : Kumar Dharmasena Reserve umpire : David Boon Key * -- Captain -- Wicket - keeper c Fielder -- Indicates that the batsman was dismissed by a catch by the named fielder b Bowler -- Indicates which bowler gains credit for the dismissal Aftermath ( edit ) The Pakistani team were greeted with a heroic welcome by fans upon their return home . Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif posted a congratulatory message on social media , and announced a cash reward of Rs 1 crore ( US $95,000 ) for each player . A ceremony was held for the players at the Prime Minister 's Secretariat on 4 July . The property developer Bahria Town presented a sum of Rs 10 lakh ( US $9,500 ) for every player , and awarded a one kanal plot to Fakhar Zaman for his performance . In India , the loss was met with agitation by several fans . However , many Indians also commended Pakistan 's performance and expressed solidarity with the Indian team irrespective of the result . In Kashmir , widespread pro-Pakistan celebrations were reported amongst locals . Twenty - one Indian men who were allegedly celebrating Pakistan 's victory were charged under India 's sedition laws , and remanded in custody . The charges were dropped a few days later after the complainants accused the police of filing a `` false case '' . Two days after the match , India coach Anil Kumble stepped down from his position , amid reports of a rift between him and some of the players including captain Virat Kohli . Pakistan 's ICC team ranking for ODIs improved from eighth to sixth position , jumping ahead of Sri Lanka and Bangladesh . In the bowlers ' rankings , Hasan Ali climbed 12 spots to reach seventh , while Babar Azam rose by three ranks to fifth on the batting rankings . See also ( edit ) 2007 ICC World Twenty20 Final 2011 Cricket World Cup Semifinal : India v Pakistan Cricket portal India portal Pakistan portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Aditya Ramesh ( 15 June 2017 ) . `` India set up blockbuster Pakistan final '' . IndianExpress . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . Jump up ^ David Hopps ( 14 June 2017 ) . `` Hasan Ali the star as Pakistan crush England to reach final '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Siddharth Monga ( 15 June 2017 ) . `` Dominant India march into yet another final '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Openers ' dominance , and a new high for Pakistan '' . ESPN Cricinfo. 18 June 2017 . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Jon Stewart ( 6 June 2017 ) . `` England favourites , Pakistan underdogs : Waqar Younis '' . ICC Cricket . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Rajdeep Sardesai ( 18 June 2017 ) . `` Former Navy officer , Fakhar Zaman is now the pride of Pakistan '' . IndianExpress . Jump up ^ Bikas Jairu ( 18 June 2017 ) . `` Shikhar Dhawan 's dazzling run gets him Golden Bat '' . IndianExpress . Jump up ^ Mohammad Zumman ( 18 June 2017 ) . `` Hasan Ali bags Golden Ball , Man of the Series for outstanding performances '' . GEOtv . Jump up ^ `` Statistics / Statsguru / One - Day Internationals / Team records '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rajesh , S. ( 17 June 2017 ) . `` India 's top three v Pakistan 's pace '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ICC Champions Trophy , Group B : India v Pakistan at Birmingham , Jun 4 , 2017 '' . Cricinfo. 4 June 2017 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` India thrash sloppy Pakistan by 124 runs '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan trip up South Africa to revive campaign '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sarfraz sees shaky Pakistan into semi-finals '' . ESPN Cricinfo. 12 June 2017 . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan in final with smashing victory '' . ESPN Cricinfo. 14 June 2017 . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mendis , Gunathilaka anchor highest Champions Trophy chase to keep SL alive '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disciplined India run dysfunctional South Africa out '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 11 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dominant India march into yet another final '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cricket : Erasmus , Kettleborough to umpire India - Pakistan final '' . Agence France - Presse. 16 June 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Erasmus , Kettleborough to umpire final '' . supersport.com. 16 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 16 June 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mohammad Amir set to return for final '' . ESPN Cricinfo. 16 June 2017 . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India win toss , elect to field '' . Reuters. 18 June 2017 . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : ESPNcricinfo Jump up ^ Bose , Soumitra ( 19 June 2017 ) . `` Mohammad Amir times Virat Kohli 's dismissal perfectly in Champions Trophy final '' . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Fernando , Andrew Fidel ( 18 June 2017 ) . `` New champions : Zaman , Amir and Pakistan raze India for title '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Farooq , Umar ( 20 June 2017 ) . `` Rapturous Pakistan greets its champions '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PM , President felicitate team for Champions Trophy 2017 win '' . Dunya News . 18 June 2017 . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PM Nawaz announces Rs10mn for each player of cricket team '' . The News . 20 June 2017 . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nawaz showers praise on cricket team in ceremony held at PM House '' . Samaa News . 4 July 2017 . Retrieved 5 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Champions Trophy final : Bahria Town to give one kanal plot to Fakhar Zaman '' . The Express Tribune . 19 June 2017 . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Agitated fans break TV sets , burn posters at India 's loss to Pakistan '' . Hindustan Times . 19 June 2017 . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India vs Pakistan : How Bollywood stars and team India fans reacted to Pakistan 's win '' . Times of India . 19 June 2017 . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Rashid , Toufiq ( 19 June 2017 ) . `` Widespread celebration in Kashmir after Pakistan beats India '' . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India 's raucous democracy is becoming more subdued '' . The Economist. 23 June 2017 . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Kumar , Hari ; Najar , Nida ( 21 June 2017 ) . `` Police in India Arrest Fans Celebrating Pakistan 's Victory '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Ghatwai , Milind ( 21 June 2017 ) . `` Madhya Pradesh police drops sedition charges against 15 men held for cheering Pakistan '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Ghatwai , Milind ( 24 June 2017 ) . `` MP : 15 men accused of cheering for Pak were framed , says ' complainant ' '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Gollapudi , Nagraj ( 20 June 2017 ) . `` Kumble resigns as partnership with Kohli becomes ' untenable ' '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Gollapudi , Nagraj ( 21 June 2017 ) . `` Kumble left after giving ' dressing - down ' to player '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` After rift , Team India skipper Virat Kohli deletes ' welcome ' tweet for Anil Kumble '' . Deccan Chronicle. 22 June 2017 . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Cameron , Louis ( 19 June 2017 ) . `` Rankings reward for rising Pakistan '' . Cricket.com.au . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website ICC Champions Trophy 2017 at ESPNCricinfo Pakistan squad -- 2017 ICC Champions Trophy ( 1st title ) 54 Sarfraz Ahmed ( c ) ( wk ) 19 Ahmed Shehzad 79 Azhar Ali 56 Babar Azam 41 Fahim Ashraf 39 Fakhar Zaman 32 Hasan Ali 9 Imad Wasim 83 Junaid Khan 5 Mohammad Amir 8 Mohammad Hafeez 89 Haris Sohail 29 Shadab Khan 18 Shoaib Malik 47 Wahab Riaz Rumman Raees Coach : Mickey Arthur Haris Sohail was not initially in the squad , but was named as replacement for Umar Akmal . Rumman Raees was not initially in the squad , but was named as replacement for injured Wahab Riaz . India squad -- 2017 ICC Champions Trophy runners - up 18 Kohli ( c ) 99 Ashwin 93 Bumrah 25 Dhawan 8 Jadeja 9 Dhoni ( wk ) 81 Jadhav 15 Bhuvneshwar 11 Pandya 27 Rahane 11 Shami 45 Rohit 12 Yuvraj 19 Yadav 9 Karthik Coach : Kumble Dinesh Karthik was not initially in the squad , but was named as replacement for Manish Pandey . ICC Champions Trophy Tournaments Bangladesh 1998 Kenya 2000 Sri Lanka 2002 England 2004 India 2006 South Africa 2009 England / Wales 2013 England / Wales 2017 Finals 1998 2000 2002 2006 2009 2013 2017 Squads 1998 2000 2002 2006 2009 2013 2017 Records Centuries Five - wicket hauls International cricket in 2017 Preceding season : International cricket in 2016 -- 17 May 2017 Ireland in England South Africa Quadrangular Series Ireland Tri-Nation Series World Cricket League Division Three South Africa in England June 2017 Champions Trophy Final Afghanistan in West Indies Zimbabwe in Scotland Zimbabwe in the Netherlands India in West Indies Women 's World Cup Final Zimbabwe in Sri Lanka July 2017 Pakistan in Bangladesh United Arab Emirates in the Netherlands India in Sri Lanka South Africa A Team Tri-Series August 2017 West Indies in England Australia in Bangladesh September 2017 World Cricket League Division Five 2017 Independence Cup West Indies in Ireland Ongoing Intercontinental Cup World Cricket League Championship Following season : International cricket in 2017 -- 18 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_ICC_Champions_Trophy_Final&oldid=802347540 '' Categories : 2017 ICC Champions Trophy ICC Champions Trophy Finals India -- Pakistan cricket rivalry Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2017 Use British English from June 2017 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা हिन्दी සිංහල اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 16 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%20ICC%20Champions%20Trophy%20Final
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when was the first ice cream parlor opened
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While the origins of ice cream are often debated , most scholars trace the first ice cream parlor back to France in the 17th century . In 1686 , Francesco Procopio del Coltelli opened Paris ' first café . The Café Procope , named by its Sicilian founder , introduced gelato to the French public . The dessert was served to its elite guests in small porcelain bowls .
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1686
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Ice cream parlor
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ice cream parlor
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Ice cream parlors ( or parlours ) are restaurants that sell ice cream , gelato , sorbet , and frozen yogurt to consumers . Ice cream is typically sold as regular ice cream ( also called hard - packed ice cream ) , gelato , and soft serve , which is usually dispensed by a machine with a limited number of flavors ( e.g. , chocolate , vanilla , and `` twist '' , a mix of the two ) . It is customary for ice cream parlors to offer a number of flavors and items . Parlors often serve ice cream and other frozen desserts in cones or in dishes , to be eaten with a spoon . Some ice cream parlours prepare ice cream desserts such as sundaes ( ice cream topped with syrup , whipped cream and other toppings ) or milkshakes .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Product overview 3 Types 4 Ice cream parlor chains 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Gelato selections at a Sicilian gelateria While the origins of ice cream are often debated , most scholars trace the first ice cream parlor back to France in the 17th century . In 1686 , Francesco Procopio del Coltelli opened Paris ' first café . The Café Procope , named by its Sicilian founder , introduced gelato to the French public . The dessert was served to its elite guests in small porcelain bowls . Until 1800 , ice cream remained a rare and exotic dessert enjoyed mostly by the elite . The introduction of insulated ice houses in 1800 , the first ice cream factory in Pennsylvania in 1851 , and industrial refrigeration in the 1870s made manufacturing and storing ice cream much simpler . The first ice cream factory was built by Jacob Fussell , a milk dealer who bought dairy products from Philadelphia farmers and sold them in Baltimore . The mass production of ice cream cut the product 's cost significantly , making it more popular and more affordable for people of lower classes . In the early 1800s , an early form of an ice cream parlor was existent in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , United States that sold `` all kinds of refreshments , as Ice Cream , Syrups , French Cordials , Cakes , Clarets of the best kind , Jellies , etc . '' According to one source , the first ice cream parlor opened in New York City , United States in 1790 . Product overview ( edit ) Gelato is Italian ice cream that contains more milk and less cream compared to ice cream , is denser in consistency , and has a smoother texture . Milk fat in gelato varies from 1 - 2 percent up to 15 % , the latter of which is similar to standard ice cream . Gelato parlors often produce their own product and are less likely to serve American - style ice cream or soft serve . Sorbet is a frozen treat made from fruit , syrup and ice . No milk or cream is used . Frozen yogurt is a common low - fat ice cream alternative with a smooth texture that is similar to soft serve ice cream . All of these frozen products may be sold in ice cream cones , cups , sundaes , and milkshakes . Some parlors may also sell ice cream cakes , ice cream bars and other pre-packaged frozen sweets . In addition to frozen dessert products , some modern ice cream parlors also sell a variety of hot fast foods . An Italian ice cream parlour with varieties of gelato ( ice cream ) An English ice cream parlour with varieties of traditional ice cream Types ( edit ) Entry to an ice cream parlor in the United States Parlors vary in terms of environment ; some only have an order window and outside seating , while others have complete indoor facilities . Additionally , some parlors have drive - through windows . Some parlors remain open all year round ( typically in warmer weather locations ) and others in colder climates stay open only during warmer months , particularly from March to November . For example , some ice cream parlors in Vienna , Austria close in the winter months . Parlors in major metro areas , including those in colder climates , often remain throughout the year to satisfy high consumer demand for frozen ice creams , yogurts , and sorbets . Some ice cream parlors in Moscow , Russia , offer alcoholic beverages along with ice cream . Ice cream parlor chains ( edit ) Main article : List of ice cream parlor chains Because ice cream parlors are located throughout the world , there are both small , local franchises as well as large , global enterprises . Some of the most notable large , global ice cream parlors include Baskin - Robbins , Ben & Jerry 's , Bruster 's Ice Cream , Carvel , Cold Stone Creamery , Dairy Queen , Dippin ' Dots , Friendly 's , Häagen - Dazs , and MaggieMoo 's Ice Cream and Treatery . Yogurtland , Yogen Früz , and sweetFrog are notable frozen yogurt parlors . Just as the size , style , and selection within each ice cream parlor may differ , so may its notoriety . Each July in the United States , in honor of National Ice Cream Month , several prominent publications rank the popularity of ice cream parlors throughout the United States . In 2014 , Travel + Leisure , National Geographic , Business Insider , Food & Wine , and TripAdvisor published their top ranked ice cream parlors . Travel + Leisure : America 's Best Ice Cream Shops National Geographic : Top 10 Places to Eat Ice Cream Business Insider : The 10 Best Ice Cream Shops In The US , According To Pinterest Users Food & Wine : Best Ice Cream Spots in the U.S. TripAdvisor : Best ice cream parlors in the US , ranked by TripAdvisor users See also ( edit ) Food portal List of ice cream brands List of ice cream flavors List of frozen yogurt companies References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Avey , Tori . `` Explore The Delicious History of Ice Cream '' . The History Kitchen . PBS . Retrieved 19 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Ice Cream '' . International Dairy Foods Association . Retrieved 19 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Upton , Emily . `` The History of Ice Cream '' . Today I Found Out . Retrieved 19 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Beard , James ( 2008 ) . Beard on Food : The Best Recipes and Kitchen Wisdom from the Dean of American Cooking . Bloomsbury Publishing USA . p. 180 . ISBN 1596917156 . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Avey , Tori ( 10 July 2012 ) . `` Explore the Delicious History of Ice Cream '' . PBS Food . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Brown , A. ( 2010 ) . Understanding Food : Principles and Preparation . Available Titles CourseMate Series . Cengage Learning . p. 536 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 538 - 73498 - 1 . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tharp , B.W. ; Young , L.S. ( 2012 ) . Tharp & Young on Ice Cream : An Encyclopedic Guide to Ice Cream Science and Technology . Destech Publications , Incorporated . p. 162 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932078 - 68 - 8 . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ James , T. ( 2009 ) . Mormon Money : And the WACKY WAYS SOME WISE GUYS , A Con - MAN , A Techno - Nerd and the FBI Want to Get to It ! . iUniverse . p. 56 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4401 - 3013 - 7 . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lupton , P.W. ; Stephan , H. ( 2010 ) . Six Days in Sicily . Books on Demand . p. 106 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8391 - 4844 - 0 . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Dan ( September 24 , 1977 ) . `` Caviar splits may catch Ivan 's fancy '' . The Milwaukee Sentinel . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Austin , Tom ; Campbell , Geraldine . `` America 's Best Ice Cream Shops '' . Travel + Leisure . Travel + Leisure . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Places to Eat Ice Cream '' . National Geographic . National Geographic . Jump up ^ Stone , Madeline . `` The 10 Best Ice Cream Shops In The US , According To Pinterest Users '' . Business Insider . Business Insider . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best Ice Cream Spots in the U.S. '' . Food & Wine . Food & wine . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best ice cream parlors in the US , ranked by TripAdvisor users '' . Fox News . Fox News . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Ice cream parlors at Wikimedia Commons ( hide ) Ice cream Flavors Bacon Beer Biscuit Tortoni Blue Moon Butter Brickle Butter pecan Cherry Chocolate Chocolate chip cookie dough Cookies and Cream Cornish Crab Garlic Grape Green tea Halva Hokey pokey Mint chocolate chip Neapolitan Oyster Pistachio Raspberry Ripple Rocky road Spumoni Stracciatella Strawberry Superman Tiger tail Tutti frutti Vanilla Forms Bar Bastani Booza Cake Cone Dondurma Float Freeze - dried Fried Frozen custard Gelato Kulfi Sandwich Soft serve Sorbetes Stir - fried Dishes Affogato Arctic roll Baked Alaska Banana split Bananas Foster Bombe glacée Café liégeois Cherries jubilee Choc ice Choc - top Coffee cabinet Creme de papaya Dame blanche Milkshake Mix - in Mochi ice cream Parfait Peach Melba Poire belle Hélène Sizzling Brownie Spaghettieis Sundae Bacon Golden Opulence Knickerbocker glory Tin roof pie Zuccotto Events Glasgow Ice Cream Wars Ice Cream for Breakfast Day Ice cream social National Ice Cream Month Lists Brands Flavors Parlor chains Related Carlo Gatti Gelato University Geography of ice cream Ice cream cart Ice cream maker Ice cream parlor Ice cream van Penny lick Squround Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ice_cream_parlor&oldid=798283860 '' Categories : Ice cream parlors Types of restaurants Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Deutsch Español 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia עברית Nederlands Polski Português Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 1 September 2017 , at 00 : 51 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice%20cream%20parlor
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who is being inducted into the rock and roll hall of fame
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List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees
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list of rock and roll hall of fame inductees
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The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , established in 1983 and located in Cleveland , Ohio , United States , is dedicated to recording the history of some of the best - known and most influential musicians , bands , producers , and others that have in some major way influenced the music industry , particularly in the area of rock and roll . Originally , there were four categories of induction : performers , non-performers , early influences , and lifetime achievement . In 2000 , `` sidemen '' was introduced as a category .
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The only category that has seen new inductees every single year is the performers category . Artists become eligible for induction in that category 25 years after the release of their first record . In order to be inducted , an artist must be nominated by a committee that selects anywhere from nine to a dozen candidates . Ballots are then sent to 600 `` rock experts '' who evaluate the candidates and vote on who should be inducted . The performers that receive the highest number of votes and more than 50 percent of the vote are inducted . In 2010 , the number inducted was five . The rest of the categories are voted on by special committees . As of 2017 , new inductees will be honored at an annual ceremony held alternately in New York and at the Hall of Fame in Cleveland ; prior to that , the ceremonies rotated between Cleveland , New York , and Los Angeles . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has garnered criticism for allegedly allowing the nomination process to be controlled by a few individuals , nominating too many artists in too many genres that are not entirely rock , ignoring entire rock genres , and using technicalities to induct groups who may not have been among the top vote getters . The Sex Pistols , who were inducted in 2006 , refused to attend the ceremony ; John Lydon writing a note , read out by Jann Wenner , calling the museum a `` piss stain . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Inductees 1.1 Performers 1.2 Early influences 1.3 Non-performers ( Ahmet Ertegun Award ) 1.4 Award for Musical Excellence 1.5 Singles 1.6 Sidemen 1.7 Lifetime achievement 2 Multiple inductees 3 References 4 External links Inductees ( edit ) Performers ( edit ) The performers category is meant for recording artists and bands that have `` influence and significance to the development and perpetuation of rock and roll . '' Artists become eligible for induction in that category 25 years after the release of their first record . In order to be inducted , an artist must be nominated by a committee that selects anywhere from nine to a dozen candidates . Ballots are sent to 600 `` rock experts '' who then evaluate the candidates and vote on who should be inducted . The performers who receive the highest number of votes and more than 50 percent of the vote are inducted . In 2011 , the number inducted was five . The rest of the categories are voted on by special committees . In 2012 , six additional bands and groups were inducted as performers by a special committee , due to the controversial nature of their band being excluded when their lead singer was inducted . `` There was a lot of discussion about this , '' said Terry Stewart , a member of the nominating committee . `` There had always been conversations about why the groups were n't included when the lead singers were inducted . Very honestly , nobody could really answer that question -- it was so long ago ... We decided we 'd sit down as an organization and look at that . This is the result . '' Year Image Name Inducted members Inducted by 1986 Berry , Chuck Chuck Berry Keith Richards 1986 Brown , James James Brown Steve Winwood 1986 Charles , Ray Ray Charles Quincy Jones 1986 Cooke , Sam Sam Cooke Herb Alpert 1986 Domino , Fats Fats Domino Billy Joel 1986 Everly Brothers ! The Everly Brothers Don Everly and Phil Everly . Neil Young 1986 Holly , Buddy Buddy Holly John Fogerty 1986 Lewis , Jerry Lee Jerry Lee Lewis Hank Williams Jr . 1986 Little Richard Roberta Flack 1986 Presley , Elvis Elvis Presley Julian and Sean Lennon Coasters ! The Coasters Carl Gardner , Cornell Gunter , Billy Guy , and Will `` Dub '' Jones . Lester Sill Cochran , Eddie Eddie Cochran Mick Jones Diddley , Bo Bo Diddley ZZ Top Franklin , Aretha Aretha Franklin Keith Richards Gaye , Marvin Marvin Gaye Nick Ashford and Valerie Simpson Haley , Bill Bill Haley Chuck Berry King , B.B. B.B. King Sting McPhatter , Clyde Clyde McPhatter Ben E. King Nelson , Ricky Ricky Nelson John Fogerty Orbison , Roy Roy Orbison Bruce Springsteen Perkins , Carl Carl Perkins Sam Phillips Robinson , Smokey Smokey Robinson Daryl Hall and John Oates Turner , Big Joe Big Joe Turner Doc Pomus Waters , Muddy Muddy Waters Paul Butterfield Wilson , Jackie Jackie Wilson Peter Wolf 1988 Beach Boys ! The Beach Boys Al Jardine , Mike Love , Brian Wilson , Carl Wilson , and Dennis Wilson . Elton John 1988 Beatles ! The Beatles George Harrison , John Lennon , Paul McCartney , and Ringo Starr . Mick Jagger 1988 Drifters ! The Drifters Ben E. King , Rudy Lewis , Clyde McPhatter , Johnny Moore , Bill Pinkney , Charlie Thomas , and Gerhart Thrasher . Billy Joel 1988 Dylan , Bob Bob Dylan Bruce Springsteen 1988 Supremes ! The Supremes Florence Ballard , Diana Ross , and Mary Wilson . Little Richard 1989 Dion ! Dion Lou Reed 1989 Redding , Otis Otis Redding Little Richard 1989 Rolling Stones ! The Rolling Stones Mick Jagger , Brian Jones , Keith Richards , Ian Stewart , Mick Taylor , Charlie Watts , Ronnie Wood , and Bill Wyman . Pete Townshend 1989 Temptations ! The Temptations Melvin Franklin , Eddie Kendricks , David Ruffin , Otis Williams , Paul Williams , Dennis Edwards . Daryl Hall and John Oates 1989 Wonder , Stevie Stevie Wonder Paul Simon 1990 Ballard , Hank Hank Ballard Boz Scaggs 1990 Darin , Bobby Bobby Darin Paul Anka 1990 Four Seasons ! The Four Seasons Tom DeVito , Bob Gaudio , Nick Massi , and Frankie Valli . Bob Crewe 1990 Four Tops ! Four Tops Renaldo `` Obie '' Benson , Abdul `` Duke '' Fakir , Lawrence Payton , and Levi Stubbs . Stevie Wonder 1990 Kinks ! The Kinks Mick Avory , Dave Davies , Ray Davies , and Pete Quaife . Graham Nash 1990 Platters ! The Platters David Lynch , Herb Reed , Paul Robi , Zola Taylor , and Tony Williams . Phil Spector 1990 Simon & Garfunkel Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel . James Taylor 1990 Who ! The Who Roger Daltrey , John Entwistle , Keith Moon , and Pete Townshend . Bono 1991 Baker , LaVern LaVern Baker Chaka Khan 1991 Byrds ! The Byrds Gene Clark , Michael Clarke , David Crosby , Chris Hillman , and Roger McGuinn . Don Henley 1991 Hooker , John Lee John Lee Hooker Bonnie Raitt 1991 -- Impressions ! The Impressions Curtis Mayfield , Sam Gooden , Fred Cash , Arthur Brooks , Richard Brooks , and Jerry Butler . Tracy Chapman 1991 Pickett , Wilson Wilson Pickett Bobby Brown 1991 Reed , Jimmy Jimmy Reed ZZ Top 1991 Turner , Ike & Tina Ike & Tina Turner Ike Turner and Tina Turner . Phil Spector 1992 Bland , Bobby ! Bobby `` Blue '' Bland B.B. King 1992 Booker T. & the M.G. 's Booker T. Jones , Steve Cropper , Donald `` Duck '' Dunn , Al Jackson Jr. , and Lewie Steinberg . Jim Stewart 1992 Cash , Johnny Johnny Cash Lyle Lovett 1992 Isley Brothers ! The Isley Brothers Ernie Isley , Marvin Isley , O'Kelly Isley Jr. , Ronald Isley , Rudolph Isley , and Chris Jasper . Little Richard 1992 Hendrix Experience , The Jimi The Jimi Hendrix Experience Jimi Hendrix , Mitch Mitchell , and Noel Redding . Neil Young 1992 Sam & Dave Sam Moore and Dave Prater . Billy Joel 1992 Yardbirds ! The Yardbirds Jeff Beck , Eric Clapton , Chris Dreja , Jim McCarty , Jimmy Page , Keith Relf , and Paul Samwell - Smith . The Edge 1993 Brown , Ruth Ruth Brown Bonnie Raitt 1993 Cream Ginger Baker , Jack Bruce , and Eric Clapton . ZZ Top 1993 Creedence Clearwater Revival Doug Clifford , Stu Cook , John Fogerty , and Tom Fogerty . Bruce Springsteen 1993 Doors ! The Doors John Densmore , Robby Krieger , Ray Manzarek , and Jim Morrison . Eddie Vedder 1993 Lymon & The Teenagers , Frankie Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers Herman Santiago , Jimmy Merchant , Sherman Garnes , Frankie Lymon , and Joe Negroni Boyz II Men 1993 James , Etta Etta James k.d. lang 1993 Morrison , Van Van Morrison Robbie Robertson 1993 Sly and the Family Stone Gregg Errico , Larry Graham , Jerry Martini , Cynthia Robinson , Freddie Stone , Rosie Stone , and Sly Stone . George Clinton 1994 Animals ! The Animals Eric Burdon , Chas Chandler , Alan Price , John Steel , and Hilton Valentine . Dave Pirner 1994 Band ! The Band Rick Danko , Levon Helm , Garth Hudson , Richard Manuel , and Robbie Robertson . Eric Clapton 1994 Eddy , Duane Duane Eddy Mick Jones 1994 Grateful Dead Tom Constanten , Jerry Garcia , Donna Jean Godchaux , Keith Godchaux , Mickey Hart , Robert Hunter , Bill Kreutzmann , Phil Lesh , Ron McKernan , Brent Mydland , Bob Weir , and Vince Welnick . Bruce Hornsby 1994 John , Elton Elton John Axl Rose 1994 Lennon , John John Lennon Paul McCartney 1994 Marley , Bob Bob Marley Bono 1994 Stewart , Rod Rod Stewart Jeff Beck 1995 Allman Brothers Band ! The Allman Brothers Band Duane Allman , Gregg Allman , Dickey Betts , Jai Johanny Johanson , Berry Oakley , and Butch Trucks . Willie Nelson 1995 Green , Al Al Green Natalie Cole 1995 Joplin , Janis Janis Joplin Melissa Etheridge 1995 Led Zeppelin John Bonham , John Paul Jones , Jimmy Page , and Robert Plant Steven Tyler and Joe Perry 1995 Martha and the Vandellas Rosalind Ashford , Annette Beard , Betty Kelly , Lois Reeves , and Martha Reeves . Fred Schneider and Kate Pierson 1995 Young , Neil Neil Young Eddie Vedder 1995 Zappa , Frank Frank Zappa Lou Reed Bowie , David David Bowie Madonna and David Byrne Knight & the Pips , Gladys Gladys Knight & the Pips William Guest , Gladys Knight , Merald `` Bubba '' Knight , and Edward Patten . Mariah Carey Jefferson Airplane Marty Balin , Jack Casady , Spencer Dryden , Paul Kantner , Jorma Kaukonen , and Grace Slick . Mickey Hart and Phil Lesh Little Willie John Stevie Wonder Pink Floyd Syd Barrett , David Gilmour , Nick Mason , Roger Waters , and Rick Wright . Billy Corgan Shirelles ! The Shirelles Shirley Alston Reeves , Addie Harris , Doris Kenner - Jackson , and Beverly Lee . Merry Clayton , Marianne Faithfull and Darlene Love Velvet Underground ! The Velvet Underground John Cale , Sterling Morrison , Lou Reed , and Maureen Tucker . Patti Smith 1997 Bee Gees Barry Gibb , Maurice Gibb , and Robin Gibb . Brian Wilson 1997 Buffalo Springfield Richie Furay , Dewey Martin , Bruce Palmer , Stephen Stills , and Neil Young . Tom Petty 1997 Crosby , Stills & Nash David Crosby , Graham Nash , and Stephen Stills . James Taylor 1997 Jackson 5 , The The Jackson 5 Jackie Jackson , Jermaine Jackson , Marlon Jackson , Michael Jackson , and Tito Jackson . Diana Ross 1997 Mitchell , Joni Joni Mitchell Shawn Colvin 1997 Parliament - Funkadelic Jerome Brailey , George Clinton , Bootsy Collins , Raymond Davis , Tiki Fulwood , Glenn Goins , Michael Hampton , Fuzzy Haskins , Eddie Hazel , Walter Morrison , Cordell Mosson , William `` Billy Bass '' Nelson , Garry Shider , Calvin Simon , Grady Thomas , and Bernie Worrell . Prince 1997 Rascals ! The ( Young ) Rascals Eddie Brigati , Felix Cavaliere , Gene Cornish , and Dino Danelli . Steven Van Zandt 1998 Eagles Don Felder , Glenn Frey , Don Henley , Bernie Leadon , Randy Meisner , Timothy B. Schmit , and Joe Walsh . Jimmy Buffett 1998 Fleetwood Mac Lindsey Buckingham , Mick Fleetwood , Peter Green , Danny Kirwan , Christine McVie , John McVie , Stevie Nicks , and Jeremy Spencer . Sheryl Crow 1998 Mamas & The Papas ! The Mamas & the Papas Denny Doherty , Cass Elliot , John Phillips , and Michelle Phillips . Shania Twain 1998 Price , Lloyd Lloyd Price Tony Rich 1998 Santana Jose Chepito Areas , David Brown , Michael Carabello , Gregg Rolie , Carlos Santana , and Michael Shrieve . John Popper 1998 Vincent , Gene Gene Vincent John Fogerty 1999 Joel , Billy Billy Joel Ray Charles 1999 Mayfield , Curtis Curtis Mayfield Sean Combs 1999 McCartney , Paul Paul McCartney Neil Young 1999 Shannon , Del Del Shannon Art Alexakis 1999 Springfield , Dusty Dusty Springfield Elton John 1999 Springsteen , Bruce Bruce Springsteen Bono 1999 Staple Singers , The The Staple Singers Cleotha Staples , Mavis Staples , Pervis Staples , Pops Staples , and Yvonne Staples . Lauryn Hill 2000 Clapton , Eric Eric Clapton Robbie Robertson 2000 Earth , Wind & Fire Philip Bailey , Larry Dunn , Johnny Graham , Ralph Johnson , Al McKay , Fred White , Maurice White , Verdine White , and Andrew Woolfolk . Lil Kim 2000 Lovin ' Spoonful , The The Lovin ' Spoonful Steve Boone , Joe Butler , John Sebastian , and Zal Yanovsky . John Mellencamp 2000 Moonglows , The The Moonglows Prentiss Barnes , Harvey Fuqua , Peter Graves , Billy Johnson , and Bobby Lester . Paul Simon 2000 Raitt , Bonnie Bonnie Raitt Melissa Etheridge 2000 Taylor , James James Taylor Paul McCartney 2001 Aerosmith Tom Hamilton , Joey Kramer , Joe Perry , Steven Tyler , and Brad Whitford . Kid Rock 2001 Burke , Solomon Solomon Burke Mary J. Blige 2001 Flamingos , The The Flamingos Jake Carey , Zeke Carey , Johnny Carter , Tommy Hunt , Terry `` Buzzy '' Johnson , Sollie McElroy , Nate Nelson , and Paul Wilson . Frankie Valli 2001 Jackson , Michael Michael Jackson NSYNC 2001 Queen John Deacon , Brian May , Freddie Mercury , and Roger Taylor . Dave Grohl and Taylor Hawkins 2001 Simon , Paul Paul Simon Marc Anthony 2001 Steely Dan Walter Becker and Donald Fagen . Moby 2001 Valens , Ritchie Ritchie Valens Ricky Martin 2002 Hayes , Isaac Isaac Hayes Alicia Keys 2002 Lee , Brenda Brenda Lee Jewel 2002 Petty and the Heartbreakers , Tom Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers Tom Petty , Ron Blair , Mike Campbell , Howie Epstein , Stan Lynch , and Benmont Tench . Jakob Dylan 2002 Pitney , Gene Gene Pitney Darlene Love 2002 Ramones Dee Dee Ramone , Joey Ramone , Johnny Ramone , Marky Ramone , and Tommy Ramone . Eddie Vedder 2002 Talking Heads David Byrne , Chris Frantz , Jerry Harrison , and Tina Weymouth . Anthony Kiedis 2003 AC / DC Brian Johnson , Phil Rudd , Bon Scott , Cliff Williams , Angus Young , and Malcolm Young . Steven Tyler 2003 Clash , The The Clash Terry Chimes , Topper Headon , Mick Jones , Paul Simonon , and Joe Strummer . The Edge and Tom Morello 2003 Costello & the Attractions , Elvis Elvis Costello & the Attractions Elvis Costello , Steve Nieve , Bruce Thomas , and Pete Thomas . Elton John 2003 Police , The The Police Stewart Copeland , Sting , and Andy Summers . Gwen Stefani 2003 Righteous Brothers , The The Righteous Brothers Bobby Hatfield and Bill Medley . Billy Joel Browne , Jackson Jackson Browne Bruce Springsteen Dells , The The Dells Verne Allison , Chuck Barksdale , Johnny Carter , Johnny Funches , Marvin Junior , and Michael McGill . Robert Townsend Harrison , George George Harrison Tom Petty and Jeff Lynne Prince Outkast and Alicia Keys Seger , Bob Bob Seger Kid Rock Traffic Jim Capaldi , Dave Mason , Steve Winwood , and Chris Wood . Dave Matthews ZZ Top Frank Beard , Billy Gibbons , and Dusty Hill . Keith Richards 2005 Guy , Buddy Buddy Guy Eric Clapton and B.B. King 2005 O'Jays , The The O'Jays Eddie Levert , Bobby Massey , William Powell , Sammy Strain , and Walter Williams . Justin Timberlake 2005 The Pretenders Martin Chambers , Pete Farndon , James Honeyman - Scott , and Chrissie Hynde . Neil Young 2005 Sledge , Percy Percy Sledge Rod Stewart 2005 U2 Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , and Larry Mullen , Jr ... Bruce Springsteen 2006 Black Sabbath Geezer Butler , Tony Iommi , Ozzy Osbourne , and Bill Ward . James Hetfield and Lars Ulrich 2006 Blondie Clem Burke , Jimmy Destri , Nigel Harrison , Debbie Harry , Frank Infante , Chris Stein , and Gary Valentine . Shirley Manson 2006 Davis , Miles Miles Davis Herbie Hancock 2006 Lynyrd Skynyrd Bob Burns , Allen Collins , Steve Gaines , Ed King , Billy Powell , Artimus Pyle , Gary Rossington , Ronnie Van Zant , and Leon Wilkeson . Kid Rock 2006 Sex Pistols Paul Cook , Steve Jones , Glen Matlock , John Lydon , and Sid Vicious . Jann Wenner 2007 Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five Melvin `` Melle Mel '' Glover , Nathaniel `` The Kidd Creole '' Glover , Eddie `` Scorpio '' Morris , Joseph `` Grandmaster Flash '' Sadler , Robert Keith `` Keef Cowboy '' Wiggins , and Guy Todd `` Rahiem '' Williams . Jay - Z 2007 R.E.M. Bill Berry , Peter Buck , Mike Mills , and Michael Stipe . Eddie Vedder 2007 Ronettes , The The Ronettes Estelle Bennett , Ronnie Spector , and Nedra Talley . Keith Richards 2007 Smith , Patti Patti Smith Zack de la Rocha 2007 Van Halen Michael Anthony , Sammy Hagar , David Lee Roth , Alex Van Halen , and Eddie Van Halen . Velvet Revolver 2008 Clark Five , The Dave The Dave Clark Five Dave Clark , Lenny Davidson , Rick Huxley , Denis Payton , and Mike Smith . Tom Hanks 2008 Cohen , Leonard Leonard Cohen Lou Reed 2008 Madonna Justin Timberlake 2008 Mellencamp , John John Mellencamp Billy Joel 2008 Ventures , The The Ventures Bob Bogle , Nokie Edwards , Gerry McGee , Mel Taylor , and Don Wilson . John Fogerty 2009 Beck , Jeff Jeff Beck Jimmy Page 2009 Little Anthony and the Imperials Clarence Collins , Anthony Gourdine , Tracy Lord , Glouster `` Nat '' Rogers , Sammy Strain , and Ernest Wright Jr . Smokey Robinson 2009 Metallica Cliff Burton , Kirk Hammett , James Hetfield , Jason Newsted , Robert Trujillo , and Lars Ulrich . Flea 2009 Run - DMC Darryl `` D.M.C. '' McDaniels , Jason `` Jam - Master Jay '' Mizell , and Joseph `` DJ Run '' Simmons . Eminem 2009 Womack , Bobby Bobby Womack Ron Wood ABBA Benny Andersson , Agnetha Fältskog , Anni - Frid Lyngstad , and Björn Ulvaeus . Barry and Robin Gibb Genesis Tony Banks , Phil Collins , Peter Gabriel , Steve Hackett , and Mike Rutherford . Trey Anastasio Cliff , Jimmy Jimmy Cliff Wyclef Jean Hollies , The The Hollies Bernie Calvert , Allan Clarke , Bobby Elliott , Eric Haydock , Tony Hicks , Graham Nash , and Terry Sylvester . Steven Van Zandt Stooges , The The Stooges Dave Alexander , Ron Asheton , Scott Asheton , Iggy Pop , and James Williamson . Billie Joe Armstrong 2011 Alice Cooper Alice Cooper , Michael Owen Bruce , Glen Buxton , Dennis Dunaway , and Neal Smith . Rob Zombie 2011 Diamond , Neil Neil Diamond Paul Simon 2011 Dr. John John Legend 2011 Love , Darlene Darlene Love Bette Midler 2011 Waits , Tom Tom Waits Neil Young 2012 Beastie Boys Michael `` Mike D '' Diamond , Adam `` Ad - Rock '' Horovitz , and Adam `` MCA '' Yauch . Chuck D and LL Cool J 2012 -- Blue Caps ! The Blue Caps Backing band for Gene Vincent . Inducted : Tommy Facenda , Cliff Gallup , Dickie Harrell , Bobby Jones , Johnny Meeks , Jack Neal , Paul Peek , and Willie Williams . Smokey Robinson 2012 Comets ! The Comets Backing band for Bill Haley . Inducted : Joey Ambrose , Franny Beecher , Danny Cedrone , Johnny Grande , Ralph Jones , Marshall Lytle , Rudy Pompilli , Al Rex , Dick Richards , and Billy Williamson . Smokey Robinson 2012 Crickets ! The Crickets Backing band for Buddy Holly . Inducted : Jerry Allison , Sonny Curtis , Joe B. Mauldin , and Niki Sullivan . Smokey Robinson 2012 Donovan John Mellencamp 2012 Famous Flames ! The Famous Flames Backing vocal group for James Brown . Inducted : Bobby Bennett , Bobby Byrd , Lloyd Stallworth , and Johnny Terry . Smokey Robinson 2012 Guns N ' Roses Steven Adler , Duff McKagan , Dizzy Reed , Axl Rose , Slash , Matt Sorum , and Izzy Stradlin . Green Day 2012 -- Midnighters ! The Midnighters Backing vocal group for Hank Ballard . Inducted : Henry Booth , Billy Davis , Cal Green , Arthur Porter , Lawson Smith , Charles Sutton , Norman Thrasher , and Sonny Woods . Smokey Robinson 2012 Miracles ! The Miracles Backing vocal group for Smokey Robinson . Inducted : Claudette Rogers , Bobby Rogers , Ronald White , Marv Tarplin , and Pete Moore . Smokey Robinson 2012 Nyro , Laura Laura Nyro Bette Midler 2012 Red Hot Chili Peppers Flea , John Frusciante , Jack Irons , Anthony Kiedis , Josh Klinghoffer , Cliff Martinez , Hillel Slovak , and Chad Smith . Chris Rock 2012 -- Small Faces / Faces Kenney Jones , Ronnie Lane , Ian McLagan , Steve Marriott , Rod Stewart , and Ronnie Wood . Steven Van Zandt 2013 Heart Michael DeRosier , Roger Fisher , Steve Fossen , Howard Leese , Ann Wilson , and Nancy Wilson . Chris Cornell 2013 King , Albert Albert King John Mayer 2013 Newman , Randy Randy Newman Don Henley 2013 Public Enemy Flavor Flav , Professor Griff , Terminator X , and Chuck D . Harry Belafonte and Spike Lee 2013 Rush Geddy Lee , Alex Lifeson , and Neil Peart . Dave Grohl and Taylor Hawkins 2013 Summer , Donna Donna Summer Kelly Rowland 2014 Gabriel , Peter Peter Gabriel Chris Martin 2014 Hall & Oates Daryl Hall and John Oates . Questlove 2014 Kiss Peter Criss , Ace Frehley , Gene Simmons , and Paul Stanley . Tom Morello 2014 Nirvana Kurt Cobain , Dave Grohl , and Krist Novoselic . Michael Stipe 2014 Ronstadt , Linda Linda Ronstadt Glenn Frey 2014 Stevens , Cat Cat Stevens Art Garfunkel 2015 Butterfield Blues Band , The Paul The Paul Butterfield Blues Band Paul Butterfield , Mike Bloomfield , Elvin Bishop , Mark Naftalin , Jerome Arnold , Billy Davenport , and Sam Lay . Peter Wolf 2015 Jett & the Blackhearts , Joan Joan Jett & the Blackhearts Joan Jett , Gary Ryan , Lee Crystal , and Ricky Byrd . Miley Cyrus 2015 Reed , Lou Lou Reed Patti Smith 2015 Green Day Billie Joe Armstrong , Tré Cool , and Mike Dirnt . Fall Out Boy 2015 Vaughan , Stevie Ray Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble Stevie Ray Vaughan , Chris Layton , Tommy Shannon , and Reese Wynans . John Mayer 2015 Withers , Bill Bill Withers Stevie Wonder 2016 Cheap Trick Bun E. Carlos , Rick Nielsen , Tom Petersson , and Robin Zander . Kid Rock 2016 Chicago Peter Cetera , Terry Kath , Robert Lamm , Lee Loughnane , James Pankow , Walter Parazaider , and Danny Seraphine . Rob Thomas 2016 Deep Purple Ritchie Blackmore , David Coverdale , Rod Evans , Ian Gillan , Roger Glover , Glenn Hughes , Jon Lord , and Ian Paice Lars Ulrich 2016 N.W.A DJ Yella , Ice Cube , MC Ren , Eazy - E , and Dr. Dre Kendrick Lamar 2016 Miller , Steve Steve Miller The Black Keys 2017 Electric Light Orchestra Bev Bevan , Jeff Lynne , Richard Tandy , and Roy Wood Dhani Harrison 2017 Baez , Joan Joan Baez Jackson Browne 2017 Journey Jonathan Cain , Aynsley Dunbar , Steve Perry , Gregg Rolie , Neal Schon , Steve Smith , and Ross Valory Pat Monahan 2017 Pearl Jam Jeff Ament , Matt Cameron , Stone Gossard , Dave Krusen , Mike McCready , and Eddie Vedder David Letterman 2017 Tupac Shakur Snoop Dogg 2017 Yes Jon Anderson , Bill Bruford , Steve Howe , Tony Kaye , Trevor Rabin , Chris Squire , Rick Wakeman , and Alan White Geddy Lee and Alex Lifeson 2018 Bon Jovi Jon Bon Jovi , David Bryan , Hugh McDonald , Richie Sambora , Alec John Such and Tico Torres Howard Stern 2018 The Cars Elliot Easton , Greg Hawkes , David Robinson , Ric Ocasek and Benjamin Orr Brandon Flowers 2018 Dire Straits Alan Clark , Guy Fletcher , John Illsley , David Knopfler , Mark Knopfler and Pick Withers John Illsley 2018 The Moody Blues Graeme Edge , Justin Hayward , Denny Laine , John Lodge , Mike Pinder and Ray Thomas Ann Wilson 2018 Nina Simone Mary J. Blige ^ Note 1 . These backing bands were inducted by a separate committee , and not by the ballot voting used for all other performer inductees . ^ Note 2 . This artist was later inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame after inducting someone else . ^ Note 3 . This artist was already a member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame when they inducted someone else . ^ Note 4 . Dire Straits were the first artist in the hall 's history to not have an official induction speaker . Band member John Illsley did the induction speech himself . Early influences ( edit ) Woody Guthrie , inducted in 1988 . Louis Armstrong , inducted in 1990 . Pete Seeger , inducted in 1996 . Charles Brown , inducted in 1999 . Artists inducted into the early influences category are those `` whose music predated rock and roll but had an impact on the evolution of rock and roll and inspired rock 's leading artists . '' Unlike the performers category , these inductees are selected by a committee . The full process is not transparent and it is unclear who comprises this selection committee . Year Name 1986 Rodgers , Jimmie Jimmie Rodgers 1986 Yancey , Jimmy Jimmy Yancey 1986 Johnson , Robert Robert Johnson Jordan , Louis Louis Jordan Walker , T - Bone T - Bone Walker Williams , Hank Hank Williams 1988 Guthrie , Woody Woody Guthrie 1988 Lead Belly 1988 Les Paul 1989 Ink Spots ! The Ink Spots 1989 Smith , Bessie Bessie Smith 1989 Soul Stirrers ! The Soul Stirrers 1990 Christian , Charlie Charlie Christian 1990 Armstrong , Louis Louis Armstrong 1990 Rainey , Ma Ma Rainey 1991 Howlin ' Wolf 1992 James , Elmore Elmore James 1992 Longhair , Professor Professor Longhair 1993 Washington , Dinah Dinah Washington 1994 Dixon , Willie Willie Dixon 1995 Orioles , The The Orioles Seeger , Pete Pete Seeger 1997 Jackson , Mahalia Mahalia Jackson 1997 Monroe , Bill Bill Monroe 1998 Jelly Roll Morton 1999 Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys 1999 Brown , Charles Charles Brown 2000 Cole , Nat ! Nat King Cole 2000 Holiday , Billie Billie Holiday 2009 Jackson , Wanda Wanda Jackson 2012 King , Freddie Freddie King 2015 5 Royalses ! The `` 5 '' Royales 2018 Tharpe , Sister Rosetta Sister Rosetta Tharpe ^ A. Inducted members : Bill Kenny , Charlie Fuqua , Deek Watson , and Orville `` Hoppy '' Jones . ^ B. Inducted members : Roy Crain Sr. , R.H. Harris , Jesse Farley , and E.A. Rundless . ^ C. Inducted members : Sonny Til , Tommy Gaither , George Nelson , Johnny Reed , and Alexander Sharp . ^ D. Inducted members : Bob Wills , Tommy Duncan , Leon McAuliffe , Johnny Gimble , Joe `` Jody '' Holley , Tiny Moore , Herb Remington , Eldon Shamblin , and Al Stricklin . ^ E. Nominated as a performer . ^ F. Inducted members : John L. Tanner , Eugene Tanner , James E. Moore , Obadiah H. Carter and Lowman Pauling , Jr Non-performers ( Ahmet Ertegün Award ) ( edit ) Carole King , inducted in 1990 Dick Clark , inducted in 1993 Clive Davis , inducted in 2000 The non-performer category honors `` songwriters , producers , disc jockeys , record executives , journalists and other industry professionals who have had a major influence on the development of rock and roll . '' Several of the inductees in this category were in fact prominent performers as well . The inductees in this category are selected by the same committee that chooses the early influences . The full process is not transparent and it is unclear who comprises this selection committee . This category has been criticized for inducting those that have `` been coming to the dinner for years and paying for their tickets '' and not revealing their full criteria . In 2008 , this category was renamed the `` Ahmet Ertegün Award '' . Year Name 1986 Freed , Alan Alan Freed 1986 Phillips , Sam Sam Phillips Chess , Leonard Leonard Chess Ertegun , Ahmet Ahmet Ertegun Leiber ! Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller Wexler , Jerry Jerry Wexler 1988 Gordy , Jr. , Berry Berry Gordy , Jr . 1989 Spector , Phil Phil Spector 1990 Gerry Goffin and Carole King 1990 Holland -- Dozier -- Holland 1991 Bartholomew , Dave Dave Bartholomew 1991 Bass , Ralph Ralph Bass 1992 Fender , Leo Leo Fender 1992 Graham , Bill Bill Graham 1992 Pomus , Doc Doc Pomus 1993 Clark , Dick Dick Clark 1993 Gabler , Milt Milt Gabler 1994 Otis , Johnny Johnny Otis 1995 Ackerman , Paul Paul Ackerman Donahue , Tom Tom Donahue 1997 Nathan , Syd Syd Nathan 1998 Toussaint , Allen Allen Toussaint 1999 Martin , George George Martin 2000 Davis , Clive Clive Davis 2001 Blackwell , Chris Chris Blackwell 2002 Stewart , Jim Jim Stewart 2003 Ostin , Mo Mo Ostin 2008 Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff Geffen , David David Geffen Blackwell , Otis Otis Blackwell Jeff Barry and Ellie Greenwich Shuman , Mort Mort Shuman Stone , Jesse Jesse Stone Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil 2011 Holzman , Jac Jac Holzman 2011 Rupe , Art Art Rupe 2012 Kirshner , Don Don Kirshner 2013 Adler , Lou Lou Adler 2013 Jones , Quincy Quincy Jones 2014 Epstein , Brian Brian Epstein 2014 Andrew Loog Oldham 2016 Berns , Bert Bert Berns Award for Musical Excellence ( edit ) Leon Russell , inducted in 2011 . This category , which replaced sidemen , `` honors those musicians , producers and others who have spent their careers out of the spotlight working with major artists on various parts of their recording and live careers . '' Year Name 2011 Russell , Leon Leon Russell 2012 Matassa , Cosimo Cosimo Matassa 2012 Dowd , Tom Tom Dowd 2012 Johns , Glyn Glyn Johns 2014 E Street Band 2015 Ringo Starr 2017 Nile Rodgers ^ G. Inducted members : Garry Tallent , Roy Bittan , Max Weinberg , Steven Van Zandt , Nils Lofgren , Patti Scialfa , Clarence Clemons , Danny Federici , Vini Lopez , David Sancious . Singles ( edit ) At the 2018 ceremony , a new induction category for singles was announced by Steven Van Zandt . According to Van Zandt , the category is `` a recognition of the excellence of the singles that shaped rock ' n ' roll , kind of a rock ' n ' roll jukebox , records by artists not in the Rock Hall -- which is not to say these artists will never be in the Rock Hall . They just are not in the Rock Hall at the moment . '' Year Artist Song ( Year ) 2018 Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats `` Rocket 88 '' ( 1951 ) 2018 Link Wray `` Rumble '' ( 1958 ) 2018 Chubby Checker `` The Twist '' ( 1960 ) 2018 The Kingsmen `` Louie Louie '' ( 1963 ) 2018 Procol Harum `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' ( 1967 ) 2018 Steppenwolf `` Born to Be Wild '' ( 1968 ) Sidemen ( edit ) Established in 2000 , the sidemen category `` honors those musicians who have spent their careers out of the spotlight , performing as backup musicians for major artists on recording sessions and in concert . '' A separate committee , composed mainly of producers , chooses the inductees . In 2010 , the category was renamed to `` Award for Musical Excellence '' . According to Joel Peresman , the president of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation , `` This award gives us flexibility to dive into some things and recognize some people who might not ordinarily get recognized . '' James Burton , inducted in 2001 . Year Name Instrument 2000 Blaine , Hal Hal Blaine Drums 2000 Curtis , King King Curtis Saxophone 2000 Jamerson , James James Jamerson Bass guitar 2000 Moore , Scotty Scotty Moore Guitar 2000 Palmer , Earl Earl Palmer Drums 2001 Burton , James James Burton Guitar 2001 Johnson , Johnnie Johnnie Johnson Piano 2002 Atkins , Chet Chet Atkins Guitar 2003 Benjamin , Benny Benny Benjamin Drums 2003 Cramer , Floyd Floyd Cramer Piano 2003 Douglas , Steve Steve Douglas Saxophone 2008 Walter , Little Little Walter Harmonica 2009 Black , Bill Bill Black Bass guitar 2009 Fontana , D.J. D.J. Fontana Drums 2009 Oldham , Spooner Spooner Oldham Keyboard Lifetime achievement ( edit ) The following were inducted for `` Lifetime Achievement in the Non-Performer Category . '' Year Name 1986 Hammond , John John Hammond 1991 Ertegun , Nesuhi Nesuhi Ertegun Wenner , Jann Jann Wenner 2005 Barsalona , Frank Frank Barsalona 2005 Stein , Seymour Seymour Stein 2006 Herb Alpert and Jerry Moss Multiple inductees ( edit ) As of 2017 , 22 performers have been inducted twice or more ; fourteen have been recognized as a solo artist and with a band and seven have been inducted with two separate bands . Eric Clapton is the only one to be inducted three times : as a solo artist , with Cream and The Yardbirds . Clyde McPhatter was the first to ever be inducted twice and is one of three artists to be inducted first as a solo artist and then as a member of a band , the other artists being Neil Young and Rod Stewart . Stephen Stills is the only artist to be inducted twice in the same year . Crosby , Stills & Nash , inducted in 1997 , is the only band to see all of its inducted members be inducted with other acts : David Crosby with The Byrds in 1991 , Stephen Stills with Buffalo Springfield in 1997 , and Graham Nash with The Hollies in 2010 . One inducted band was a spinoff of another inducted band : Journey was founded by two former members of Santana . The Beatles , inducted in 1988 , is the second band to have all of its members be inducted , as well as the only band to have each of its members be inducted for their solo careers as their second induction . Ringo Starr is the first inductee to be inducted twice in different categories ( The Beatles were inducted in the performers category in 1988 and Starr was inducted as a solo artist in the Award for Musical Excellence category in 2015 ) . He also holds the record for the longest time between first and second inductions , at 27 years . Both of Stills ' inductions happened during the 1997 ceremony and Clapton and McPhatter were inducted in back - to - back years ( 1987 / 88 for McPhatter , 1992 / 93 for Clapton , as well as his solo induction in 2000 ) . The Traveling Wilburys are the only band to have all of its members be inducted without the band itself having been inducted : Roy Orbison as a solo artist in 1987 , Bob Dylan as a solo artist in 1988 , George Harrison with the Beatles in 1988 and as a solo artist in 2004 , Tom Petty with Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers in 2002 , and Jeff Lynne with the Electric Light Orchestra in 2017 . Name First Year Second Year Third Year Beck , Jeff Jeff Beck Yardbirds ! The Yardbirds 1992 zzzzz ! Solo career 2009 -- -- Carter , Johnny Johnny Carter Flamingos ! The Flamingos 2001 Dells ! The Dells -- -- Clapton , Eric Eric Clapton Yardbirds ! The Yardbirds 1992 Cream 1993 Solo career 2000 Crosby , David David Crosby Byrds ! The Byrds 1991 Crosby , Stills & Nash 1997 -- -- Gabriel , Peter Peter Gabriel Genesis ! Genesis Solo career 2014 -- -- Harrison , George George Harrison Beatles ! The Beatles 1988 zzzzz ! Solo career -- -- Jackson , Michael Michael Jackson Jackson Five ! The Jackson Five 1997 zzzzz ! Solo career 2001 -- -- Lennon , John John Lennon Beatles ! The Beatles 1988 zzzzz ! Solo career 1994 -- -- Mayfield , Curtis Curtis Mayfield Impressions ! The Impressions 1991 zzzzz ! Solo career 1999 -- -- McCartney , Paul Paul McCartney Beatles ! The Beatles 1988 zzzzz ! Solo career 1999 -- -- McPhatter , Clyde Clyde McPhatter zzzzz ! Solo career Drifters ! The Drifters 1988 -- -- Nash , Graham Graham Nash Crosby , Stills & Nash 1997 Hollies ! The Hollies -- -- Page , Jimmy Jimmy Page Yardbirds ! The Yardbirds 1992 Led Zeppelin 1995 -- -- Reed , Lou Lou Reed Velvet Underground ! The Velvet Underground zzzzz ! Solo career 2015 -- -- Rolie , Gregg Gregg Rolie Santana 1998 Journey 2017 -- -- Simon , Paul Paul Simon Simon and Garfunkel 1990 zzzzz ! Solo career 2001 -- -- Starr , Ringo Ringo Starr Beatles ! The Beatles 1988 Award For Musical Excellence , Solo career 2015 -- -- Stewart , Rod Rod Stewart zzzzz ! Solo career 1994 Faces 2012 -- -- Stills , Stephen Stephen Stills Buffalo Springfield 1997 Crosby , Stills & Nash 1997 -- -- Strain , Sammy ! Sammy Strain The O'Jays 2005 Little Anthony & The Imperials 2009 -- -- Wood , Ronnie Ronnie Wood Rolling Stones ! The Rolling Stones 1989 Faces 2012 -- -- Young , Neil Neil Young zzzzz ! Solo career 1995 Buffalo Springfield 1997 -- -- References ( edit ) General `` Inductee list '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 02 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Inductees '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Induction Ceremony and Process '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Smith , Troy L. ( 2016 - 04 - 08 ) . `` Cleveland will host Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Ceremony every two years '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Roger ( April 4 , 2001 ) . `` Rock Hall of Fame Fallout : ' There Is Resentment Building Up '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Selvin , Joel ( November 14 , 2007 ) . `` View : Rock and Roll Hall offers lackluster candidates '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Sinkevics , John ( March 11 , 2007 ) . `` Hall voters ' bias leaves prog - rock out -- again '' . The Grand Rapids Press . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Roger ( March 14 , 2007 ) . `` Rock Hall Voting Scandal : Rock Group Actually Won '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 Most COntroversial Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Moments '' . billboard.com . Jump up ^ `` Were not coming . Were not your monkey and so what ? '' ( sic ) Official announcement from the Sex Pistols regarding the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on February 24 , 2006 Jump up ^ Soeder , John ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` Crickets , Famous Flames , Comets , Miracles , Midnighters and Blue Caps added to Rock Hall induction ceremony '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Famers '' . Future Rock Legends . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Everly Brothers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Coasters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Beach Boys '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Drifters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Supremes '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Rolling Stones '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Temptations '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Four Seasons '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Four Tops '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Kinks '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Platters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Simon & Garfunkel '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Who '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Byrds '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Impressions '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Ike & Tina Turner '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Booker T . & The M.G. 's '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Isley Brothers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Jimi Hendrix Experience '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Sam & Dave '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Yardbirds '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Cream '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Creedence Clearwater Revival '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Doors '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Sly & The Family Stone '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Animals '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Grateful Dead '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Allman Brothers Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Led Zeppelin '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Martha & The Vandellas '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Gladys Knight & the Pips '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Jefferson Airplane '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Pink Floyd '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Shirelles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Velvet Underground '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Bee Gees '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Springfield '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Crosby , Stills & Nash '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Jackson Five '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Parliament - Funkadelic '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Rascals '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Fleetwood Mac '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Mamas & The Papas '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Santana '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Staple Singers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Soeder , John ( September 22 , 1999 ) . `` Canton 's O'Jays , Aerosmith among Rock Hall finalists '' . The Plain Dealer . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Flamingos '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Queen '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Steely Dan '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Ramones '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Talking Heads '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` AC / DC '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Clash '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Elvis Costello & the Attractions '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Police '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Righteous Brothers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Dells '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Traffic '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` ZZ Top '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The O'Jays '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Pretenders '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` U2 '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Black Sabbath '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Blondie '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Lynyrd Skynyrd '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Sex Pistols '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` R.E.M. '' Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Ronettes '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Van Halen '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Dave Clark Five '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Ventures '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Little Anthony and the Imperials '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Metallica '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Run - D.M.C. '' Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` ABBA '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Genesis '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Hollies '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Stooges '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Alice Cooper Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Beastie Boys '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Blue Caps '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Comets '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Crickets '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Famous Flames '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Guns N ' Roses '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Midnighters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Miracles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Red Hot Chili Peppers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Small Faces / Faces '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Heart '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Public Enemy '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Rush '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Daryl Hall and John Oates '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Kiss '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Nirvana '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The Paul Butterfield Blues Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Joan Jett & the Blackhearts '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lou Reed '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Green Day '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stevie Ray Vaughan & Double Trouble '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cheap Trick '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deep Purple '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` N.W.A '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Electric Light Orchestra '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Journey '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yes '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Cars '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dire Straits '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Moody Blues '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dire Straits Awkwardly Enter Rock Hall Of Fame Without An Induction Speaker Or A Performance '' . Stereogum. 15 April 2018 . Retrieved 16 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Ink Spots '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Soul Stirrers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Orioles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The `` 5 '' Royales `` . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Roger Friedman ( December 13 , 2007 ) . `` Golden Globes : Stars Fill in Blanks ; Rock Hall of Fame '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Inductees for 2008 '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame official website . December 13 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Class of 2017 Inductions '' . Rock & Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Inducts Songs for the First Time , Including ' Born to Be Wild ' & ' Louie Louie ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 15 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame introduces new category for singles '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved 15 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Soeder , John ( December 15 , 2010 ) . `` Neil Diamond , Alice Cooper , Dr. John , Darlene Love and Tom Waits headed into Rock Hall '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Hal Blaine '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` King Curtis '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` James Jamerson '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Scotty Moore '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Earl Palmer '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` James Burton '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Johnnie Johnson '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Chet Atkins '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Benny Benjamin '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Floyd Cramer '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Douglas '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Little Walter '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Black '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Fontana '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Spooner Oldham '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame makes Clapton first triple inductee '' . CNN . March 7 , 2000 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . External links ( edit ) Official website Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Induction Classes 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_inductees&oldid=844562705 '' Categories : Music - related lists Lists of musicians Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Galego ქართული مصرى 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Tiếng Việt 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 June 2018 , at 18 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Rock%20and%20Roll%20Hall%20of%20Fame%20inductees
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when was the last time spurs beat arsenal
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North London derby Gilberto Silva ( far left ) and Ledley King ( far right ) , captaining Arsenal and Tottenham respectively at White Hart Lane , on 21 April 2007 . The match ended in a 2 -- 2 draw . Other names Arsenal vs Tottenham Hotspur Locale London Teams Arsenal Tottenham Hotspur First meeting Arsenal 1 -- 0 Tottenham Hotspur 1909 -- 10 Football League ( 4 December 1909 ) Latest meeting Tottenham Hotspur 1 -- 0 Arsenal Premier League ( 10 February 2018 ) Stadiums Emirates Stadium ( Arsenal ) Wembley Stadium ( Spurs ) Statistics Meetings total 195 Most wins Arsenal ( 81 ) Most player appearances David O'Leary ( 35 ) Top scorer Emmanuel Adebayor ( 10 ) All - time series Arsenal : 81 Drawn : 51 Tottenham : 63 Largest victory Tottenham Hotspur 0 -- 6 Arsenal 1934 -- 35 Football League ( 6 March 1935 )
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North London derby
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north london derby
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The North London derby is the name of the association football local derby between two north London based teams -- Arsenal and Tottenham Hotspur . Both Arsenal and Tottenham fans have recognised each other as one of their biggest rivals and the derby is one of the fiercest in English football . Although the two teams first played each other in 1887 , the rivalry did not begin until 1913 when Arsenal moved their ground to north London . As of February 2018 , 182 games have been played between the two teams since their first game in the Football League in 1909 , with 76 wins for Arsenal , 57 wins for Tottenham and 49 games drawn . When games played before Football League are included , 195 games have been played , with Arsenal winning 81 , Tottenham 63 , and 51 draws .
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Notable matches of the North London derby include the games where Arsenal won the league at White Hart Lane in 1971 and 2004 , Tottenham beating Arsenal 5 -- 0 at home in 1983 and Arsenal winning by the same score away in 1978 , and Tottenham beating Arsenal 3 -- 1 at the semifinal of the 1990 -- 91 FA Cup which they went on to win . The highest - scoring game in the North London derby is the 5 -- 4 win by Arsenal at White Hart Lane in November 2004 . Emmanuel Adebayor who played for both Tottenham and Arsenal is the top scorer of the North London derby with 10 goals scored ( 8 in the Premier League ) . Arsenal play their home games at the Emirates Stadium in Islington , while Tottenham Hotspur previously played their home games at White Hart Lane in Haringey until the end of the 2016 -- 17 season . Spurs play their home games at Wembley Stadium for the 2017 -- 18 campaign and providing building works are complete in time , they will move into their new home for the start of the 2018 -- 19 season . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early matches 1.2 Beginning of rivalry 1.3 1950 -- present 2 Fans 3 Results 3.1 Premier League 3.2 Cup semi-finals and title deciders 4 Statistics and records 4.1 Summary of results 5 Crossing the divide 5.1 Arsenal , then Tottenham 5.2 Tottenham , then Arsenal 5.3 Played for both teams in North London derby 6 Clubs ' honours 7 Highest attendances 8 See also 9 Footnotes and references History ( edit ) Early matches ( edit ) The first meeting between the two teams was a friendly on 19 November 1887 , when Arsenal were located in Plumstead ( then part of Kent but now in Greater London ) , and known as Royal Arsenal . The match , played at the then Spurs ground at Tottenham Marshes , was abandoned 15 minutes before it was due to end `` owing to darkness '' with Spurs leading 2 -- 1 . The first completed match between the two teams was held the following February in Plumstead ; Tottenham could only field nine players , and were thus beaten 6 -- 2 . Another notable match was in 1898 played at the Spurs ground at Northumberland Park . The match with the then Woolwich Arsenal was attended by a record crowd of 15,000 , and the refreshment stand collapsed when spectators climbed up onto its roof in the overcrowded ground , resulting in some injuries and prompting Spurs to start looking for a new ground . The next year the club moved a short distance to what would become known as the White Hart Lane ground . The first League match between the clubs was in the First Division , on 4 December 1909 ; Arsenal won 1 -- 0 . Beginning of rivalry ( edit ) The traditional first kits of Arsenal ( left ) and Spurs ( right ) . However , a proper rivalry between the two teams did not begin until 1913 , when Arsenal moved from the Manor Ground , Plumstead to Arsenal Stadium , Highbury , just four miles from Tottenham 's White Hart Lane ; by doing so , they became Tottenham 's nearest neighbours and thus began a natural local rivalry . The two teams first faced each other as `` north London '' in a War Relief Fund friendly on 22 August 1914 at White Hart Lane . Although Arsenal were in the Second Division and Tottenham in the First , Arsenal won 5 -- 1 . They would go on to meet regularly during World War I in the London Combination , the regional wartime competition of the time . The rivalry escalated in 1919 when , after World War I , the First Division was to be expanded by two teams , and the League held a meeting of the clubs to decide the two clubs by means of a vote . 19th - placed Chelsea , who would otherwise have been relegated , were allowed to stay and thus they took the first of the two spots . The second spot could have been awarded to 20th - placed Tottenham , or Barnsley , who had finished third in the Second Division , but Arsenal ( along with four other clubs ) also bid for the place , despite their only finishing sixth in Division Two , although an error in the calculation of goal average meant Arsenal had actually finished fifth , an error which was corrected by the Football League in 1980 . After an endorsement by League president and chairman of Liverpool John McKenna on account of their longer membership of the League , Arsenal won the vote by eighteen votes to Spurs ' eight ( Barnsley got five , Wolves four , Nottingham Forest three , Birmingham two and Hull City one ) and were thus elected to the First Division . It has been frequently alleged that Arsenal chairman Sir Henry Norris used underhand dealings in order to bring this about , although nothing has been proven . The decision infuriated Tottenham and their supporters , although eleven years previously albeit under different circumstances and involved entirely separate leagues that do not have automatic right to move between them , Tottenham themselves had been elected to join the Football League Second Division despite only finishing 7th in the 1907 -- 08 Southern League . Tottenham were initially unsuccessful in their attempt to join the Football League , but at the last minute Stoke resigned from the league for financial reason , and Tottenham reapplied to replace Stoke , and narrowly won election to the Second Division over Lincoln , Rotherham and Southport ( Tottenham won one more vote than Lincoln ) . Despite the setback , Tottenham were soon promoted back into the top flight after taking the 1919 -- 20 Second Division title , and the derby was once again regularly contested . The first fully competitive derby match after Arsenal 's 1913 move to north London was a First Division match that finished 2 -- 1 to Tottenham , on 15 January 1921 at White Hart Lane . The early matches between the two were noted for their bitterness - a particularly vicious match in September 1922 led to both clubs being censured by the Football Association and threatened with being forced to play behind closed doors . Tottenham played in the Second Division between the periods of 1928 and 1933 , as well as 1935 to 1950 , which naturally led to a drop in the number of matches between the two clubs in this period and a cooling of passions . In 1935 Arsenal registered its highest ever win over Spurs in a 6 - 0 rout away at White Hart Lane . This 6 - 0 result remains the biggest win by any team wherein the derby . Relations between the two clubs improved somewhat after the Second World War , after Tottenham allowed Arsenal to play their home matches at White Hart Lane while Highbury was requisitioned as an ARP station and subsequently bombed . The two sides met in the FA Cup for the first time in the 1948 -- 49 season , when Arsenal won a third round tie 3 -- 0 . 1950 -- present ( edit ) Since 1950 , there has only been one season being that of ( 1977 -- 78 ) where Spurs and Arsenal have not been in the same division , meaning fixtures between the two are regular . With being so , this has maintained the rivalry to the present day ; there have been many notable matches . Several of these comprise those where the course of a title or the journey to a cup final has relied upon the outcome of a derby match . As with any major football rivalry , gloating and banter between the two sets of fans , many of whom work and even live together , is commonplace . Players who transfer between the two teams receive a bad reception from their former fans ; an example was defender Sol Campbell , who was nicknamed `` Judas '' by Spurs fans after he crossed the divide in 2001 . Kick - off for the second half at the north London derby , 20 November 2010 . Arsenal were 2 -- 0 up at this point , but were beaten 3 -- 2 . Arsenal 's Theo Walcott , after picking up a knee injury in the 83rd minute of a FA Cup third round tie against Tottenham in January 2014 , was pelted with a hail of coins and plastic bottles whilst coming off the field on a stretcher by Tottenham fans at the Emirates Stadium . Walcott subsequently made a gesture on the stretcher to the Spurs fans which reflected , at that point in time , the 2 - 0 scoreline of the game which it finished as eventually . An investigation was eventually made with regard to the perpetrators of the incident by the authorities . Arsenal 's Theo Walcott and William Gallas of Tottenham in the North London Derby of November 2012 which the Gunners won 5 - 2 . On April 30 , 2017 , Tottenham beat Arsenal 2 - 0 in the final North London Derby at White Hart Lane . This result guaranteed Tottenham finishing above the Gunners in the league for the first time in 22 years . Arsenal fans have a celebration day related to the north London rivalry called St. Totteringham 's Day , which is the day in the season when Tottenham can not mathematically finish above Arsenal on the league table . Spurs fans had long before declared 14 April to be St. Hotspur day in honour of Spurs ' 3 -- 1 win over Arsenal in the 1991 FA Cup semi final . St. Hotspur Day was also celebrated on 14 April 2010 , when Spurs beat Arsenal 2 -- 1 . Fans ( edit ) Play media Tottenham Hotspur playing Arsenal in the 2009 -- 10 Premier League at White Hart Lane . The home fans are singing to Sol Campbell . He had been targeted by Tottenham fans since he had moved from Spurs to their north London rivals in 2001 . Both Spurs ' and Arsenal 's fan bases are multi-ethnic , due to the racial diversity in London . According to a report in 2002 , Arsenal had 7.7 % of their fans calling themselves non-white British , the highest in the league at the time . Both clubs also have extensive fan bases throughout the UK and the rest of the world . Arsenal fans call themselves `` Gooners '' a term that 's a reworking of the club 's `` Gunners '' nickname which is itself a reference to Arsenal 's origins as a munitions factory team . Spurs fans call themselves `` yids '' - a reference to the fact that , because of the large Jewish community in the vicinity of their ground , hooligans of many other clubs back in the 1970s and 1980s directed antisemitic chants at Spurs fans . In an attempt to draw the sting from these chants , Spurs fans ( whether Jewish or not ) adopted the words `` yid '' and `` yiddo '' for themselves and thereby turned a pejorative into a term of pride and belonging . With the passing of time and as a consequence of the ever - mutating nature of the English language , the words `` yid '' and `` yiddo '' now only ever mean `` Spurs fan '' ( or player ) when used in the context of English football -- even by fans of other teams . There is , however , still some controversy over the use of `` yid '' or `` yiddo '' . Results ( edit ) Premier League ( edit ) Arsenal vs Tottenham Hotspur Venue Date Score Home goalscorers Away goalscorers Attendance Highbury 11 May 1993 1 -- 3 Dickov 52 ' Sheringham 39 ' , Hendry 46 ' , 78 ' 26,393 6 December 1993 1 -- 1 Wright 65 ' Anderton 25 ' 35,669 29 April 1995 1 -- 1 Wright 61 ' ( pen . ) Klinsmann 74 ' 38,337 15 April 1996 0 -- 0 38,273 24 November 1996 3 -- 1 Wright 28 ' ( pen . ) , Adams 87 ' , Bergkamp 89 ' Sinton 57 ' 38,264 30 August 1997 0 -- 0 38,102 14 November 1998 0 -- 0 38,278 19 March 2000 2 -- 1 Armstrong 20 ' ( o.g. ) , Henry 45 ' ( pen . ) Armstrong 3 ' 38,131 31 March 2001 2 -- 0 Pirès 70 ' , Henry 87 ' 38,121 6 April 2002 2 -- 1 Ljungberg 25 ' , Lauren 86 ' ( pen . ) Sheringham 81 ' ( pen . ) 38,186 16 November 2002 3 -- 0 Henry 13 ' , Ljungberg 55 ' , Wiltord 71 ' 38,152 8 November 2003 2 -- 1 Pirès 69 ' , Ljungberg 79 ' Anderton 5 ' 38,101 25 April 2005 1 -- 0 Reyes 22 ' 38,147 22 April 2006 1 -- 1 Henry 84 ' Keane 66 ' 38,326 Emirates Stadium 2 December 2006 3 -- 0 Adebayor 20 ' , Gilberto 42 ' ( pen . ) , 72 ' ( pen . ) 60,115 22 December 2007 2 -- 1 Adebayor 47 ' , Bendtner 75 ' Berbatov 65 ' 60,087 29 October 2008 4 -- 4 Silvestre 37 ' , Gallas 46 , Adebayor 64 ' , van Persie 68 ' Bentley 13 ' , Bent 65 ' , Jenas 89 ' , Lennon 90 ' 60,043 31 October 2009 3 -- 0 van Persie 42 ' , 60 ' , Fàbregas 43 ' 60,103 20 November 2010 2 -- 3 Nasri 9 ' , Chamakh 27 ' Bale 50 ' , van der Vaart 67 ' ( pen . ) , Kaboul 86 ' 60,102 26 February 2012 5 -- 2 Sagna 40 ' , van Persie 43 ' , Rosický 51 ' , Walcott 65 ' , 68 ' Saha 4 ' , Adebayor 34 ' ( pen . ) 60,106 17 November 2012 5 -- 2 Mertesacker 24 ' , Podolski 42 ' , Giroud 45 ' , Cazorla 60 ' , Walcott 90 ' Adebayor 10 ' , Bale 71 ' 60,111 1 September 2013 1 -- 0 Giroud 23 ' 60,071 27 September 2014 1 -- 1 Oxlade - Chamberlain 74 ' Chadli 56 ' 59,900 8 November 2015 1 -- 1 Gibbs 77 ' Kane 32 ' 60,060 6 November 2016 1 -- 1 Wimmer 42 ' ( O.G ) Kane 51 ' ( pen . ) 60,039 18 November 2017 2 -- 0 Mustafi 36 ' , Sánchez 41 ' 59,530 Tottenham Hotspur vs Arsenal Venue Date Score Home goalscorers Away goalscorers Attendance White Hart Lane 12 December 1992 1 -- 0 Allen 20 ' 33,707 16 August 1993 0 -- 1 Wright 87 ' 28,355 2 January 1995 1 -- 0 Popescu 22 ' 28,747 18 November 1995 2 -- 1 Sheringham 29 ' , Armstrong 54 ' Bergkamp 14 ' 32,894 15 February 1997 0 -- 0 33,039 28 December 1997 1 -- 1 Nielsen 28 ' Parlour 62 ' 29,610 5 May 1999 1 -- 3 Anderton 43 ' Petit 17 ' , Anelka 33 ' , Kanu 85 ' 36,019 7 November 1999 2 -- 1 Iversen 7 ' , Sherwood 20 ' Vieira 39 ' 36,085 18 December 2000 1 -- 1 Rebrov 31 ' Vieira 89 ' 36,062 17 November 2001 1 -- 1 Poyet 90 ' Pirès 81 ' 36,049 15 December 2002 1 - 1 Ziege 11 ' Pirès 45 ' ( pen . ) 36,076 25 April 2004 2 -- 2 Redknapp 62 ' , Keane 90 ' ( pen . ) Vieira 3 ' , Pirès 35 ' 36,097 13 November 2004 4 -- 5 Naybet 37 ' , Defoe 61 ' , King 74 ' , Kanouté 88 ' Henry 45 ' , Lauren 55 ' ( pen . ) , Vieira 60 ' , Ljungberg 69 , Pirès 81 ' 36,095 29 October 2005 1 -- 1 King 17 ' Pirès 77 ' 36,154 21 April 2007 2 -- 2 Keane 30 ' , Jenas 90 ' Touré 64 ' , Adebayor 78 ' 36,050 15 September 2007 1 -- 3 Bale 15 ' Adebayor 65 ' , 90 ' , Fàbregas 80 ' 36,053 8 February 2009 0 -- 0 36,021 14 April 2010 2 -- 1 Rose 10 ' , Bale 47 ' Bendtner 85 ' 36,041 20 April 2011 3 -- 3 van der Vaart 7 ' , 70 ' ( pen . ) , Huddlestone 44 ' Walcott 5 ' , Nasri 12 ' , van Persie 40 ' 36,138 2 October 2011 2 -- 1 van der Vaart 40 ' , Walker 73 ' Ramsey 51 ' 36,274 3 March 2013 2 -- 1 Bale 37 ' , Lennon 39 ' Mertesacker 51 ' 36,170 16 March 2014 0 -- 1 Rosický 2 ' 35,711 7 February 2015 2 -- 1 Kane 55 ' , 86 ' Özil 11 ' 35,659 5 March 2016 2 -- 2 Alderweireld 60 ' , Kane 62 ' Ramsey 39 ' , Sánchez 76 ' 35,762 30 April 2017 2 -- 0 Alli 55 ' , Kane 58 ' ( pen . ) 31,811 Wembley Stadium 10 February 2018 1 -- 0 Kane 49 ' 83,222 Fixture top scorers in the Premier League Players in BOLD represent those who are currently playing for Arsenal or Tottenham . Rank Scorer Club Goals Emmanuel Adebayor Arsenal , Tottenham Hotspur 8 Harry Kane Tottenham Hotspur 7 Robert Pirès Arsenal Thierry Henry Arsenal 5 Robin van Persie Arsenal Gareth Bale Tottenham Hotspur 7 Ian Wright Arsenal Patrick Vieira Arsenal Fredrik Ljungberg Arsenal Rafael van der Vaart Tottenham Hotspur Theo Walcott Arsenal Cup semi-finals and title deciders ( edit ) Although Arsenal and Tottenham have never met in a major cup final , there have been North London derby matches that have significantly contributed to one of the two clubs winning a trophy , such as semi-finals and title deciders . These include : Tottenham 0 -- 1 Arsenal ( 3 May 1971 ) The final match of the 1970 -- 71 league campaign , with Arsenal needing a win or a goalless draw to take the First Division title ( a score draw would have meant Leeds United won on goal average ) . The game was tight with few real chances on goal , until the very end . With three minutes to go , John Radford 's shot forced Pat Jennings into a good save ; George Armstrong got to the rebound and chipped the ball across goal and Ray Kennedy headed home the winner . Spurs desperately tried to get a goal back but to no avail ; Arsenal held on to win the title ( the first half of the Double that season ) . Tottenham 1 -- 2 Arsenal ( 4 March 1987 ) Arsenal and Spurs had drawn 2 -- 2 on aggregate in the League Cup semi-finals ; with no away goals rule in force , the match was replayed at Spurs ' home ground of White Hart Lane . Spurs went 1 -- 0 up through Clive Allen but Arsenal substitute Ian Allinson equalised and David Rocastle scrambled home the winner to send Arsenal through to the Final , where they won their first trophy since 1979 . Tottenham 3 -- 1 Arsenal ( 14 April 1991 at Wembley ) -- The first FA Cup semi-final between the two sides . Arsenal were chasing a second Double , but Tottenham 's Paul Gascoigne scored after just five minutes with a free kick from 30 yards out . Gary Lineker made it two , and although Alan Smith pulled one back for the Gunners before half - time , Lineker scored again in the second half to seal the result . Arsenal 's Double dream was dashed , though they still won the League that season ; Spurs lifted the Cup a month later . Known as St Hotspur Day for Tottenham fans . Arsenal 1 -- 0 Tottenham ( 4 April 1993 at Wembley ) The second FA Cup semi-final between the two , in which Arsenal sought revenge over their North London rivals for the 3 -- 1 semi-final defeat two years earlier . Tony Adams scored with a header from a Paul Merson free kick for the Gunners in the 79th minute ; Arsenal prevailed despite Lee Dixon 's sending - off , and went on to win the FA Cup in May and complete the first ever domestic cup double . Arsenal 2 -- 1 Tottenham ( 8 April 2001 at Old Trafford ) The third FA Cup semi-final between the two . Gary Doherty gave Spurs the lead , before Patrick Vieira equalised for Arsenal . Robert Pirès scored a second half winner to send Arsenal through to the first FA Cup final to be played outside England , where they lost 2 -- 1 to Liverpool in Cardiff . Tottenham 2 -- 2 Arsenal ( 25 April 2004 ) Arsenal were unbeaten in the Premier League and only needed a point to secure the title . The Gunners were 2 -- 0 up after 35 minutes thanks to Patrick Vieira and Robert Pirès ' goals . A famous win looked to be on the cards , but Spurs restored some pride by denying Arsenal victory ; in the second half Jamie Redknapp scored from long - range , then Robbie Keane converted a 90th - minute penalty to give Arsenal their second and , as of 2018 , last league championship won at their rivals ' home ground . Arsenal 3 -- 1 Tottenham a.e.t ( 31 January 2007 ) Arsenal booked their place in the 2007 League Cup Final , for the first time since winning the competition in 1993 , after this extra-time victory . The teams drew the first leg 2 -- 2 at White Hart Lane where Tottenham threw away a 2 -- 0 first half lead , eventually drawing the game . The return leg game was goalless until the 77th minute when Emmanuel Adebayor gave Arsenal the lead , before Mido equalised for Tottenham five minutes from time . Jérémie Aliadière restored Arsenal 's lead in the 105th minute and the game was eventually won by Arsenal after a 113th minute own goal by Tottenham 's Pascal Chimbonda , sending Arsenal through to the final , 5 -- 3 on aggregate . Arsenal , however , would eventually lose the final to Chelsea . Tottenham 5 -- 1 Arsenal ( 22 January 2008 ) Tottenham 's first victory over Arsenal since November 1999 , in the second leg of the League Cup semi-final ; the teams had drawn 1 -- 1 at the Emirates Stadium . Tottenham were 2 -- 0 up by half time with Jermaine Jenas ' strike and a Nicklas Bendtner own goal . After half - time , Spurs added two more from Robbie Keane and Aaron Lennon ; Emmanuel Adebayor pulled one back for Arsenal , before Steed Malbranque scored a fifth goal in injury time to put Tottenham into the 2008 League Cup Final , 6 -- 2 on aggregate . Spurs went on to lift the trophy . Statistics and Records ( edit ) Side - by - side comparison of Arsenal 's and Tottenham Hotspur 's final league positions 1894 - 2017 As of 18 November 2017 , there have been 181 competitive first - class meetings between the two teams since the first league meeting in 1909 , of which Arsenal have won 76 and Tottenham 56 . The most goals in one game were scored in the closely contested 5 -- 4 Arsenal Premiership victory at White Hart Lane on 13 November 2004 . The biggest winning margin was a 6 -- 0 away win by Arsenal on 6 March 1935 . Tottenham have twice won 5 -- 0 ( 25 December 1911 and 4 April 1983 ) and Arsenal once ( 23 December 1978 ) , with all three fixtures taking place at White Hart Lane . Arsenal also won by 5 - 2 margins both in February and November 2012 home at the Emirates . Tottenham 's record for goals scored against Arsenal is shared by Billy Minter and Bobby Smith , with nine goals each . Arsenal 's record is held jointly by Emmanuel Adebayor , Alan Sunderland and Robert Pirès , with eight goals each . Adebayor also holds the record for most goals by a player in the North London derby with ten : eight scored for Arsenal and two for Tottenham . Arsenal 's long - time defender David O'Leary holds the record for most North London derbies played with 35 , while Gary Mabbutt and Steve Perryman shared the corresponding record for Spurs , with 31 . Terry Dyson is the only Spurs player to score a hat - trick in a first - class derby game , having done so on 26 August 1961 in a 4 -- 3 win for Spurs . The Arsenal players to have done so are Ted Drake ( 20 October 1934 ) and Alan Sunderland ( 23 December 1978 ) . Summary of results ( edit ) As of 10 February 2018 ( count starting 1909 ) Arsenal wins Draws Spurs wins Arsenal goals Spurs goals League 65 45 52 247 217 FA Cup 0 9 5 League Cup 7 21 17 Community Shield 0 0 0 0 Total 76 49 57 277 239 Crossing the divide ( edit ) Due to the rivalry between the clubs , relatively few players have played for both Arsenal and Spurs since 1913 . The players who have played for both are listed below . Arsenal , then Tottenham ( edit ) Name Pos Arsenal Tottenham Career Apps Goals Career Apps Goals Jimmy Brain FW 1924 -- 31 232 139 1931 -- 35 34 10 Laurie Brown DF 1961 -- 64 109 1964 -- 66 65 David Jenkins MF 1966 -- 68 25 9 1968 -- 70 17 Rohan Ricketts MF 2001 -- 02 0 2002 -- 05 36 David Bentley MF 1997 -- 2006 8 2008 -- 11 41 William Gallas DF 2006 -- 10 101 12 2010 -- 13 61 Emmanuel Adebayor FW 2006 -- 09 143 62 2011 -- 15 106 41 Former Arsenal winger Joe Hulme managed Tottenham Hotspur between 1945 and 1949 . George Graham was firstly an Arsenal player , then managed the Gunners between 1986 and 1994 , before later taking up the reins at White Hart Lane between 1998 and 2001 . Clive Allen played three matches in Arsenal 's 1980 -- 81 pre-season friendly campaign , although never played a competitive league match for them . Jamie O'Hara was a youth player at Arsenal before joining Tottenham . However , he did not play a single game for Arsenal . Lee Butcher was a youth player at Arsenal , then joined Tottenham and played many games in the reserves before moving to his current team , fellow London club Leyton Orient . Ron Piper was an amateur at Arsenal without playing a senior match before joining Tottenham in October 1960 . Harry Kane joined the Arsenal youth academy aged eight , and was released after one season . Tottenham , then Arsenal ( edit ) Name Pos Tottenham Arsenal Career Apps Goals Career Apps Goals Tom Pratt FW 1899 - 1900 39 28 1903 - 1904 10 Peter Kyle FW 1905 - 1906 39 17 1906 - 1908 60 23 George Payne FW 1906 - 1908 7 1912 - 1913 0 George Hunt FW 1930 -- 37 198 138 1937 -- 38 21 Freddie Cox RW 1938 -- 49 105 18 1949 -- 53 94 16 Vic Groves MF 1952 -- 53 1955 -- 64 201 37 Jimmy Robertson RW 1964 -- 68 181 31 1968 -- 70 59 8 Steve Walford DF 1975 -- 77 1977 -- 81 98 Willie Young DF 1975 -- 77 64 1977 -- 81 237 19 Pat Jennings GK 1964 -- 77 590 1977 -- 85 327 0 Sol Campbell DF 1992 -- 2001 315 15 2001 -- 06 and 2010 197 11 In addition , former Spurs player Herbert Chapman subsequently managed Arsenal from 1925 to 1934 . Forward Billy Lane of whom firstly played for Tottenham during 1922 and again from 1924 in a two - year stint at the club started in 1963 to feature as a scout for Arsenal . While former Gunner Terry Neill was Spurs 's manager from 1974 to 1976 , before he crossed back to manage Arsenal between 1976 and 1983 . Narada Bernard started his youth footballing career with Tottenham in 1997 but made the switch to Arsenal 's Academy in 1999 . Pat Holland was a reserve and youth team coach at Spurs from 1988 to 1995 and from 1997 to 2005 in a second spell with the club . Holland went on to take up the role of a coach at Arsenal 's Academy in 2012 . Holland left the role after less than two months due to personal reasons , but has continued to feature for Arsenal as a scout . Nya Kirby rejected a contract with Tottenham to leave White Hart Lane in the summer of 2016 . The creative midfielder then trialed with Spurs 's arch rivals Arsenal . Kirby went on to play for the Gunners U18 side against Hamburger SV in Hamburg . He then linked up in January 2017 with Crystal Palace . Played for both teams in North London derby ( edit ) The following players have played in at least one North London derby for both teams : Appearances in the North London derby Name For Arsenal For Tottenham Laurie Brown Sol Campbell 8 13 David Jenkins Pat Jennings 9 23 Jimmy Robertson 8 Willie Young 8 William Gallas 6 Emmanuel Adebayor 9 Note : Jimmy Robertson and Emmanuel Adebayor are the only players to have scored for both teams in North London derbies . Clubs ' Honours ( edit ) These are the major football honours of Arsenal and Tottenham Hotspur : National Competition Arsenal Tottenham Hotspur First Division / Premier League 13 FA Cup 13 8 Football League Cup Football League Centenary Trophy 0 Total 29 14 European Competition Arsenal Tottenham Hotspur UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup UEFA Cup / Europa League 0 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 0 Total In its present format , Arsenal have , as of 2017 -- 18 , qualified to play in the UEFA Champions League on 19 occasions and Tottenham 3 , although Spurs did achieve a fourth - place finish in the 2011 -- 12 Premier League season but were denied a place in the Champions League due to Chelsea winning the Champions League . Arsenal were runners - up in the 2005 -- 06 UEFA Champions League competition . Prior to this , Arsenal qualified for the former European Cup on three occasions , while Tottenham did so once . Arsenal were unable to compete in the 1989 -- 90 competition owing to a ban on English clubs following the Heysel Stadium Disaster . Both clubs have reached the semi-final stage of the competition . While the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup is recognised as the predecessor to the UEFA Cup , it was not organised by UEFA . Consequently , UEFA do not consider clubs ' records in the Fairs Cup to be part of their European record . However , FIFA does view the competition as a major honour . Highest attendances ( edit ) Tottenham 1 -- 0 Arsenal ; 83,222 ( 10 February 2018 ) ; Wembley Stadium ( Tottenham home ) Tottenham 3 -- 1 Arsenal ; 77,893 ( 14 April 1991 ) ; Wembley Stadium ( neutral ) Tottenham 1 -- 4 Arsenal ; 69,821 ( 10 October 1953 ) ; White Hart Lane ( Tottenham home ) Arsenal 1 -- 1 Tottenham ; 72,164 ( 29 September 1951 ) , Highbury ( Arsenal home ) Arsenal 3 -- 0 Tottenham ; 60,115 ( 2 December 2006 ) , Emirates Stadium ( in Emirates Stadium ) See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to North London derby . London derbies South London derby Sports rivalry Local derbies in the United Kingdom Footnotes and references ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The North London Derby '' . Arseweb . Retrieved 12 March 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Records against Spurs '' . Arsenal.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Tottenham Hotspur vs Arsenal '' . 11 v 11.com . ^ Jump up to : Eccleshare , Charlie ( 17 November 2017 ) . `` Arsenal 's best ever north London derbies against Tottenham : ranked '' . Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Bloomfield , Craig ( 20 April 2011 ) . `` Tottenham v Arsenal : 10 memorable north London derbies '' . Talk Sport . Jump up ^ `` Tottenham 4 - 5 Arsenal '' . BBC . 13 November 2004 . Jump up ^ Strange , Joe ( 5 February 2015 ) . `` Tottenham vs Arsenal stats special : Emmanuel Adebayor is the top scorer in north London derbies , while Spurs have had 12 managers during Arsene Wenger 's reign '' . Mail Online . Jump up ^ `` Tottenham Hotspur in Friendly Matches - Season 1887 -- 1888 '' . Topspurs . Retrieved 20 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Tongue , Steve . `` Chapter 1 Early days ( 1863 - 1899 ) '' . Turf Wars : A History of London Football . Pitch Publishing . ISBN 9781785312489 . Jump up ^ Cloake , Martin ( 13 May 2017 ) . White Hart Lane has seen Diego Maradona and Johan Cruyff , but after 118 years Tottenham have outgrown it . The Independent . ^ Jump up to : `` Records against Tottenham '' . Arsenal.com . Retrieved 20 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Season 1914 -- 1915 '' . Jim Duggan 's Topspurs . Retrieved 5 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 's final game outside top flight '' . www.arsenal.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Soar , Phil & Tyler , Martin ( 2005 ) . The Official Illustrated History of Arsenal . Hamlyn . p. 40 . ISBN 0 - 600 - 61344 - 5 . Jump up ^ These allegations range from political machinations to outright bribery . A detailed account of what facts are known can be found in Spurling , Jon ( 2004 ) . `` Chapter Two : Sleaze and the Tory MP '' . Rebels for the Cause : The Alternative History of Arsenal Football Club . Mainstream . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84018 - 900 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` England - Southern League Final Tables '' . RSSF . Jump up ^ Welch , Julie ( 7 September 2015 ) . `` Chapter 5 - The Human Chain of Lightning '' . The Biography of Tottenham Hotspur . Vision Sports Publishing . ISBN 9781909534506 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tottenham Hotspur '' . Football Club History Database . Retrieved 15 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Goodwin , Bob ( 1997 ) . The Pride Of North London . Polar Publishing . p. 37 . ISBN 1 - 899538 - 04 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Crossing the divide '' . FIFA.com. 22 January 2009 . Retrieved 25 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Theo Walcott Taunted Tottenham Fans With ' 2 - 0 ' Hand Gesture During Arsenal 's FA Cup Win ( GIF / PHOTO ) '' . Huffington Post.com . Jump up ^ `` Police seek Arsenal v Spurs Theo Walcott coin - throwers '' . BBC.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Tottenham Hotspur 2 - 0 Arsenal '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spurs beat Arsenal for 1st finish above neighbor in 22 years '' . USA Today . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Wheeler , Chris ( 10 May 2010 ) . `` Burnley 4 Tottenham 2 '' . Daily Mirror . London . Retrieved 9 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Jonathan ( 9 May 2010 ) . `` Sunday Football as it happened '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 9 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Glendenning , Barry ; Doyle , Paul ( 21 October 2005 ) . `` Soprano and Jail Bird '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Liew , Jonathan ( 14 April 2010 ) . `` Tottenham v Arsenal : as it happened '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ `` Soccer violence declining say fans '' . BBC . 2002 - 02 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Origins of Nicknames for 20 Premier League Clubs '' . World Soccer Talk.com . Jump up ^ `` Why are Arsenal fans called Gooners , when the team is known as the Gunners ? '' . The Sun.co.uk . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 2011 - 04 - 14 ) . `` Premier League tackles antisemitism with campaign to stamp out Y - word '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal v Tottenham : Top goalscorers , from the Premier League era , in the North London derby '' . Talk Sport. 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Throwback Thursday : Tottenham vs Arsenal ( May 3rd , 1971 ) '' . Paste Magazine.com . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup memories : Spurs - Arsenal in ' 91 '' . BBC Sport. 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Logan . `` Paul Gascoigne Stars as Tottenham Defeat Arsenal in FA Cup Semi-Final '' . Hotspur HQ . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal clinch title '' . BBC Sport. 25 April 2004 . Jump up ^ Lyon , Sam ( 31 January 2007 ) . `` Arsenal 3 - 1 Tottenham ( agg 5 - 3 ) '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 23 January 2008 ) . `` Five - star Spurs surge into Wembley final '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` All time results between Arsenal and Tottenham Hotspur '' . Soccerbase.com . Retrieved 31 January 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spurs v Arsenal Facts '' . MEHSTG.com . Retrieved 20 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Full results history of Spurs v Arsenal '' . Retrieved 27 June 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arsenal vs. Tottenham '' . Arseweb . Retrieved 12 March 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Wenger - Campbell wanted to play for titles '' . www.arsenal.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Jim White . `` Harry Kane 's incredible journey from Arsenal reject to Tottenham hero '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 11 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Pratt '' . Arsenal.com . Jump up ^ `` Great - uncle enjoyed varied soccer career '' . Fleetwood Today.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Peet Pratt '' . 11v11.com . Jump up ^ `` George Clark Payne '' . 11v11.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Kyle '' . 11v11.com . Jump up ^ `` Herbert Chapman - Overview '' . Arsenal.com . Jump up ^ Official Matchday Magazine Of Brentford Football Club versus Oldham Athletic 14 / 08 / 99 . Blackheath : Morganprint. 1999 . p. 27 . Jump up ^ `` Terry Neill '' . Arsenal.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Reggae boy upbeat on Terras chance '' . Bournemouth Echo.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Narada Bernard '' . Football Database.eu . Jump up ^ `` PAT ON THE BACK FOR JAMIE '' . Tottenham Hotspur.com . Jump up ^ `` Holland and Ampadu join Arsenal 's academy '' . Arsenal.com . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal step up interest in £ 10 million - rated Ipswich left - back Tyrone Mings '' . Mirror.co.uk . November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Loan sharks : How English clubs are ruining their young talent '' . The Score.com . Jump up ^ `` Report : Tottenham Hotspur fume at Chelsea , block Nya Kirby transfer '' . HITC.com . January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Crystal Palace sign ex-Spurs playmaker who also trialled with Chelsea and Arsenal '' . London News Online.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Ex-Tottenham starlet Nya Kirby played for Arsenal U18s v Hamburg '' . Twitter.com . Jump up ^ `` Hamburger SV U19 - Arsenal London U18 ( Testspiel ) - Spielszenen '' . Youtube.com . Jump up ^ Goodwin , Bob ( 1997 ) . The Pride of North London . Polar Publishing . ISBN 1 - 899538 - 04 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Honours First Team Teams Arsenal.com '' . www.arsenal.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` History - tottenhamhotspur.com '' . www.tottenhamhotspur.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Mercantile Credit Centenary Trophy 1988 '' . www.footballdatabase.eu . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ Arsenal news archive Retrieved 4 September 2012 Jump up ^ English clubs banned from Europe Retrieved 18 November 2012 Jump up ^ `` Classic Football : Clubs : FC Barcelona '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 29 April 2015 . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . `` Classic Football : Clubs : AS Roma '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 17 August 2015 . Retrieved 30 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tottenham 1 - 0 Arsenal '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Alternative club histories and details of games against Spurs '' . www.mehstg.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Tottenham Hotspur v Arsenal , 10 October 1953 '' . 11 v 11.com . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal v Tottenham Hotspur , 29 September 1951 '' . 11 v 11.com . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal v Tottenham Hotspur , 02 December 2006 '' . 11 v 11.com . Arsenal Football Club Players Managers Seasons Under - 23s / Academy Records & statistics Supporters Ownership Current season History 1886 to 1966 1966 to present Europe Home stadium Manor Ground ( 1888 -- 1890 & 1893 -- 1913 ) Invicta Ground ( 1890 -- 93 ) Highbury ( 1913 -- 2006 ) Emirates Stadium ( 2006 -- present ) Training ground UCL Ground London Colney Players 100 + appearances 25 -- 99 appearances 1 -- 24 appearances Other teams Arsenal Women Rivalries League record by opponent North London derby Chelsea rivalry Manchester United rivalry Media Arsenal TV The Arsenal Stadium Mystery Fever Pitch Related articles Arsenal Supporters ' Trust The Invincibles Tuesday Club Affiliated academies Barnet F.C. Colorado Rapids Hoang Anh Gia Lai Richmond Strikers Wadi Degla Sporting Club Book : Arsenal F.C. Category : Arsenal F.C. Portal : Association football Arsenal task force Commons : Arsenal F.C. Tottenham Hotspur Football Club Players Managers Reserves & Academy Records & Statistics Honours Current Season History History Seasons European Record Home Stadium White Hart Lane Wembley Stadium Northumberland Development Project ( Planned ) Rivalries North London derby Chelsea rivalry Songs `` Glory , Glory , Tottenham Hotspur '' `` Hot Shot Tottenham ! '' `` Nice One Cyril '' `` Ossie 's Dream ( Spurs Are on Their Way to Wembley ) '' `` Tottenham , Tottenham '' `` When the Year Ends in One '' Other Superleague Formula team Tottenham Hotspur Ladies F.C. Football rivalries in the United Kingdom England A49 A62 Arsenal -- Manchester United Aston Villa -- West Bromwich Black Country Bolton -- Wigan Brighton -- Crystal Palace Bristol Bristol Rovers -- Swindon Chelsea -- Leeds United Chester -- Wrexham East Anglia East Lancashire East Midlands Derby -- Leicester Derby -- Forest Leicester -- Forest Essex Humber Leeds United -- Millwall Lincolnshire Liverpool -- Manchester United London Arsenal -- Chelsea Chelsea -- Tottenham Millwall -- West Ham North South East West M1 M69 Manchester Merseyside North East Tees -- Wear Tyne -- Tees Tyne -- Wear Nottingham Potteries Roses Rules Second City Severnside South Coast Steel City West Country West Lancashire West Yorkshire Wool City Scotland Aberdeen -- Rangers Ayrshire Dundee Edinburgh Falkirk Fife Highland Lanarkshire New Firm North Old Firm Renfrewshire Tayside Wales Chester -- Wrexham Severnside South Wales Northern Ireland Belfast Big Two North Belfast Football in London League teams ( tiers 1 -- 4 ) Arsenal Chelsea Crystal Palace Tottenham Hotspur West Ham United Brentford Fulham Millwall Queens Park Rangers AFC Wimbledon Charlton Athletic Barnet Non-League teams ( tiers 5 -- 8 ) 5 Bromley Dagenham & Redbridge Leyton Orient Sutton United 6 Hampton & Richmond Borough Wealdstone Welling United 7 Dulwich Hamlet Enfield Town Harrow Borough Hendon Tooting & Mitcham United Wingate & Finchley 8 A.F.C. Hornchurch Barking Carshalton Athletic Corinthian - Casuals Cray Wanderers Greenwich Borough Hanwell Town Haringey Borough Hayes & Yeading United Northwood Phoenix Sports Uxbridge VCD Athletic Rivalries London derbies Arsenal -- Chelsea Chelsea -- Tottenham Millwall -- West Ham North South East West Cup competitions London Senior Cup London Intermediate Cup London Junior Cup London Charity Cup ( defunct ) London Challenge Cup ( defunct ) See also The Football Combination London Football Association London XI London League ( defunct ) West London League ( defunct ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_London_derby&oldid=828159917 '' Categories : Arsenal F.C. Tottenham Hotspur F.C. London derbies England football derbies Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն עברית 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 22 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20London%20derby
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what is the currency of south american countries
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List of currencies in South America
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list of currencies in south america
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There are fourteen currencies currently used in South America ( this covers twelve sovereign countries , two dependencies , and a integral territory ) . All de facto present currencies in South America , and all available preceding currencies , are listed here . Note , Aruba , Bonaire , and Curaçao are included in North America per the United Nations geoscheme for the Americas .
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In South America , all sovereign states and dependencies except Ecuador use their own currencies ; Ecuador uses the United States dollar ( the French overseas department French Guiana uses the euro , the currency of France ) . The Brazilian real is considered a strong South American currency ; under presidents Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva and Dilma Rousseff , the real almost tripled in value , resulting in a vast change in economics , with many people who were middle class benefiting greatly . The minimum wage was raised , and Brazil 's position as a leading exporter of raw materials , including soya beans and iron ore was underlined , but they are responsible for Brazil 's improved economy , which damaged the `` competitiveness of manufacturing '' , reducing the amount of exports . The Chilean currency , the Chilean peso , is also strong . However , this again means that manufacturing struggles , as cheaper imports are pricing them out of business . In January 2011 , after Chile announced that in 2011 the country planned to buy foreign reserves of $12 billion , the peso experienced an immediate fall in value . The country 's main export is copper to China and India . The currency strength has resulted in over-high wages , and high inflation . Contents ( hide ) 1 South American sovereign state currencies 2 South American dependency currencies 3 Other South American currencies 4 References South American sovereign state currencies ( edit ) List of all South American sovereign state currencies Country Present currency Currency sign Fractional unit Previous currency Argentina Argentine peso $ Centavo Argentine austral Bolivia Bolivian boliviano Bs Centavo First boliviano Brazil Brazilian real R $ Centavo Brazilian cruzeiro real Chile Chilean peso $ Centavo Chilean escudo Colombia Colombian peso $ Centavo Colombian real Ecuador United States dollar $ Cent Ecuadorian sucre Guyana Guyanese dollar $ , G $ Cent Pound sterling Paraguay Paraguayan guaraní ₲ Céntimo Paraguayan peso Peru Peruvian nuevo sol S / . Céntimo Peruvian inti Suriname Surinamese dollar $ Cent Suriname guilder Uruguay Uruguayan peso $ U Centésimo None Venezuela Venezuelan bolivar Bs . Céntimo Venezuelan bolivar South American dependency currencies ( edit ) List of all South American dependency currencies Dependent territory Present currency Currency sign Fractional unit Previous currency Falkland Islands Falkland Islands pound £ ( FK £ ) Pence Pound sterling South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands British currency ) None ( no permanent residents ) None ( no permanent residents ) None ( no permanent residents ) Other South American currencies ( edit ) Other South American currencies Location Present currency Currency sign Fractional unit Previous currency French Guiana Euro € Cent French franc / French Guianan franc References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Currency in South America '' . Contiki. 28 December 2013 . Retrieved 5 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Chetwynd , Gareth ( 29 August 2011 ) . `` Brazil 's strong currency benefits consumers but punishes businesses '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Inman , Phillip ( 25 July 2013 ) . `` Brazil 's real economic crisis lies in its overvalued currency '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Waging the currency war '' . The Economist. 13 January 2011 . Retrieved 10 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ARS - Argentine Peso '' . Xe . Retrieved 2 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina '' . International Economics . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2013 . Retrieved 5 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BOB - Bolivian Boliviano '' . Xe . Retrieved 2 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bolivian Boliviano '' . Oanda . Retrieved 2 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BRL - Brazilian Real '' . Xe . Retrieved 2 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brazilian Real '' . Oanda . Retrieved 2 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' . International Economics . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2013 . Retrieved 5 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` CLP - Chilean Peso '' . Xe . Retrieved 2 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chilean Peso '' . Oanda . Retrieved 2 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` COP - Colombian Peso '' . Xe . Retrieved 2 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Colombian Peso '' . Oanda . Retrieved 2 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` USD - US Dollar '' . Xe . Retrieved 2 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ecuador Sucre '' . Oanda . Retrieved 2 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GYD - Guyanese Dollar '' . Xe . Retrieved 2 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guyanese Dollar '' . Oanda . Retrieved 2 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Paraguay Guarani '' . Oanda . Retrieved 2 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` PEN - Peruvian Nuevo Sol '' . Xe . Retrieved 2 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Peru '' . International Economics . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2013 . Retrieved 5 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SRD - Surinamese Dollar '' . Xe . Retrieved 2 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Suriname Dollar '' . Oanda . Retrieved 2 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` UYU - Uruguayan Peso '' . Xe . Retrieved 2 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Uruguayan Peso '' . Oanda . Retrieved 2 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` VEF - Venezuelan Bolivar '' . Xe . Retrieved 2 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Venezuelan Bolivar '' . Oanda . Retrieved 2 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` FKP - Falkland Island Pound '' . Xe . Retrieved 10 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Falkland Islands Pound '' . Oanda . Retrieved 10 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The island '' . South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands . Archived from the original on 25 June 2014 . Retrieved 10 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` EUR - Euro '' . Xe . Retrieved 10 May 2014 . ( hide ) Lists of currencies by continent Asia Africa Europe North America Oceania South America World circulating currencies Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_currencies_in_South_America&oldid=823980536 '' Categories : Currency lists Currencies of South America Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 4 February 2018 , at 16 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20currencies%20in%20South%20America
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i know i am losing you rare earth
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( I Know ) I 'm Losing You
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( i know ) i'm losing you
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`` ( I Know ) I 'm Losing You '' is a 1966 hit single recorded by The Temptations for the Gordy ( Motown ) label and produced by Norman Whitfield .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Personnel 3 Cover versions 4 References History ( edit ) This section 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( July 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This song was another step away from the group 's softer records recorded with Smokey Robinson as producer , a change that Whitfield had begun with `` Ai n't Too Proud to Beg '' earlier in the year . `` I 'm Losing You '' features a much more dramatic arrangement than most contemporary Motown songs : a rock - styled guitar riff ( devised by Temptations road manager / band director Cornelius Grant ) , sharp horn blasts and the Temptations ' doo - wop vocals paint the backdrop for one of David Ruffin 's trademark raspy lead vocals . As The Funk Brothers keep time with the song 's James Brown - inspired beat , Ruffin pointedly accuses his lover of gradually slipping away from him . The closing vocal riff to the song 's chorus had the other four Temptations call out an extended `` losing you ... ! '' shout in falsetto . The choreography for the line , with each member cupping their hands around their mouths as they shout the line out , became a Temptations standard . `` I 'm Losing You '' was a No. 1 hit on the Billboard R&B singles chart , and reached No. 8 on the Billboard Pop Singles chart . The single was included as the anchoring track for the summer 1967 album The Temptations with a Lot o ' Soul . The Temptations performed the song live on the CBS variety program The Ed Sullivan Show on May 28 , 1967 , and in a duet with Diana Ross & the Supremes later that year , on November 19 , 1967 . Personnel ( edit ) Lead vocals by David Ruffin Background vocals by Eddie Kendricks , Paul Williams , Melvin Franklin and Otis Williams Guitar by Cornelius Grant Other instrumentation by The Funk Brothers Cover versions ( edit ) `` ( I Know ) I 'm Losing You '' was a 1970 version by Motown rock band Rare Earth for their Ecology album . Rare Earth 's 10 - minute cover was edited for single release and peaked at No. 7 , one position higher than the Temptations ' original on the U.S. pop charts . The Undisputed Truth , a group assembled and produced solely by Norman Whitfield , recorded a version of the song in a psychedelic funk style for their 1975 album Cosmic Truth During the 1980s , on the Dallas , Texas - based Oak Lawn Records label , the song was covered by the group Uptown and transformed into an upbeat dance tune . This version achieved popularity at Dallas ' famed Starck nightclub due to early play by DJ Rick Squillante and became a standard in many U.S. nightclubs , reaching the No. 80 spot on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1987 . The Faces also recorded a cover version in 1971 . It reached # 24 on the Billboard Hot 100 that year . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Show 50 - The Soul Reformation : Phase three , soul music at the summit . ( Part 6 ) : UNT Digital Library Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 571 . Jump up ^ `` The Ed Sullivan Show Episode 918 : May 28 , 1967 : The Temptations , Robert Goulet , Jane Morgan , Pickle Brothers '' . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ The Ed Sullivan Show : November 19 , 1967 : Diana Ross & The Supremes , The Temptations , Flip Wilson Episode Summary on TV.com Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 Chart -- The week of October 3 , 1970 '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 16 . `` Billboard Hot 100 Chart -- The week of December 31 , 1966 '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 Chart -- The week of February 28 , 1987 '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 Chart -- The week of December 25 , 1971 '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 16 . Preceded by `` You Keep Me Hangin ' On '' by The Supremes Billboard Hot R&B Singles number - one single ( The Temptations version ) December 24 , 1966 -- December 31 , 1966 ( two weeks ) Succeeded by `` Tell It Like It Is '' by Aaron Neville The Temptations Otis Williams Ron Tyson Terry Weeks Larry Braggs Willie Green Melvin Franklin Eddie Kendricks Paul Williams Elbridge Bryant David Ruffin Dennis Edwards Ricky Owens Richard Street Damon Harris Glenn Leonard Louis Price Ali - Ollie Woodson Theo Peoples Harry McGilberry Barrington `` Bo '' Henderson Ray Davis G.C. Cameron Joe Herndon Bruce Williamson Studio albums Meet the Temptations The Temptations Sing Smokey The Temptin ' Temptations Gettin ' Ready The Temptations with a Lot o ' Soul The Temptations Wish It Would Rain Cloud Nine Puzzle People Psychedelic Shack Sky 's the Limit Solid Rock All Directions Masterpiece A Song for You House Party Wings of Love The Temptations Do the Temptations Bare Back Hear to Tempt You Power The Temptations Reunion Surface Thrills Back to Basics Truly for You Touch Me To Be Continued ... Together Again Special Milestone Phoenix Rising Ear - Resistible Awesome Legacy Still Here Cover albums The Temptations in a Mellow Mood For Lovers Only Reflections Back to Front Live albums Temptations Live ! Live at the Copa Live at London 's Talk of the Town The Temptations in Japan Other albums Diana Ross & the Supremes Join The Temptations TCB The Temptations Show Together On Broadway The Temptations Christmas Card Give Love at Christmas Lost and Found : You 've Got to Earn It ( 1962 -- 1968 ) Compilations Greatest Hits Greatest Hits II Anthology Emperors of Soul The Ultimate Collection My Girl : The Very Best of the Temptations Psychedelic Soul Singles ( US / UK Top 10 ) `` My Girl '' `` Get Ready '' `` Ai n't Too Proud to Beg '' `` Beauty Is Only Skin Deep '' `` ( I Know ) I 'm Losing You '' `` All I Need '' `` You 're My Everything '' `` I Wish It Would Rain '' `` I Could Never Love Another ( After Loving You ) '' `` Cloud Nine '' `` I 'm Gonna Make You Love Me '' `` Run Away Child , Running Wild '' `` I Ca n't Get Next to You '' `` Psychedelic Shack '' `` Ball of Confusion ( That 's What the World Is Today ) '' `` Just My Imagination ( Running Away with Me ) '' `` Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone '' `` Masterpiece '' `` Let Your Hair Down '' `` Happy People '' `` Shakey Ground '' `` Treat Her Like a Lady '' `` The Motown Song '' `` My Girl '' ( reissue ) Related The Temptations ( miniseries ) Discography The Supremes The Undisputed Truth Norman Whitfield Barrett Strong Sly Stone George Clinton Book The Temptations singles discography 1960s `` Oh Mother of Mine '' ( 1961 ) `` Check Yourself '' ( 1961 ) `` ( You 're My ) Dream Come True '' ( 1962 ) `` Mind Over Matter ( I 'm Gonna Make You Mine ) '' ( 1962 ) `` Paradise '' ( 1962 ) `` I Want a Love I Can See '' ( 1963 ) `` Farewell My Love '' ( 1963 ) `` The Way You Do the Things You Do '' ( 1964 ) `` I 'll Be in Trouble '' ( 1964 ) / `` The Girl 's Alright with Me '' ( 1964 ) `` Girl ( Why You Wanna Make Me Blue ) '' ( 1964 ) `` My Girl '' ( 1964 ) `` It 's Growing '' ( 1965 ) `` Since I Lost My Baby '' ( 1965 ) / `` You 've Got to Earn It '' ( 1965 ) `` My Baby '' ( 1965 ) / `` Do n't Look Back '' ( 1965 ) `` Get Ready '' ( 1966 ) `` Ai n't Too Proud to Beg '' ( 1966 ) `` Beauty Is Only Skin Deep '' ( 1966 ) `` ( I Know ) I 'm Losing You '' ( 1966 ) `` All I Need '' ( 1967 ) `` You 're My Everything '' ( 1967 ) / `` I 've Been Good To You '' ( 1967 ) `` ( Loneliness Made Me Realize ) It 's You That I Need '' ( 1967 ) `` I Wish It Would Rain '' ( 1968 ) / `` I Truly , Truly Believe '' ( 1968 ) `` I Could Never Love Another ( After Loving You ) '' ( 1968 ) `` Please Return Your Love to Me '' ( 1968 ) `` Cloud Nine '' ( 1968 ) `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer '' ( 1968 ) / `` Silent Night '' ( 1968 ) `` I 'm Gonna Make You Love Me '' ( 1969 ) `` Runaway Child , Running Wild '' ( 1969 ) `` I 'll Try Something New '' ( 1969 ) `` Do n't Let the Joneses Get You Down '' ( 1969 ) `` I Second That Emotion '' ( 1969 ) `` I Ca n't Get Next to You '' ( 1969 ) `` The Weight '' ( 1969 ) 1970s `` Psychedelic Shack '' ( 1970 ) `` Why ( Must We Fall in Love ) '' ( 1970 ) `` Ball of Confusion ( That 's What the World Is Today ) '' ( 1970 ) `` Ungena Za Ulimwengu ( Unite the World ) '' ( 1970 ) / `` Hum Along and Dance '' ( 1970 ) `` Just My Imagination ( Running Away with Me ) '' ( 1971 ) `` It 's Summer '' ( 1971 ) `` Superstar ( Remember How You Got Where You Are ) '' ( 1971 ) `` Take a Look Around '' ( 1972 ) `` Mother Nature '' ( 1972 ) / `` Funky Music Sho Nuff Turns Me On '' ( 1972 ) `` Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone '' ( 1972 ) `` Masterpiece '' ( 1973 ) `` Plastic Man '' ( 1973 ) `` Hey Girl ( I Like Your Style ) '' ( 1973 ) `` Law of the Land '' ( 1973 ) `` Let Your Hair Down '' ( 1973 ) `` Heavenly '' ( 1974 ) `` You 've Got My Soul on Fire '' ( 1974 ) `` Happy People '' ( 1974 ) `` Shakey Ground '' ( 1975 ) `` Glasshouse '' ( 1975 ) `` Keep Holdin ' On '' ( 1976 ) `` Up the Creek ( Without a Paddle ) '' ( 1976 ) `` Who are You ( and What are You Doing the Rest of Your Life ) '' ( 1976 ) `` In a Lifetime '' ( 1977 ) `` Think for Yourself '' ( 1977 ) `` Bare Back '' ( 1978 ) `` Ever Ready Love '' ( 1978 ) 1980s `` Power '' ( 1980 ) `` Struck By Lightning Twice '' ( 1980 ) `` Aiming At Your Heart '' ( 1981 ) `` Oh What A Night '' ( 1981 ) `` Standing On The Top - Pt. 1 '' ( 1982 ) `` More On The Inside '' ( 1982 ) `` Money 's Hard To Get '' ( 1982 ) `` Love On My Mind Tonight '' ( 1983 ) `` Surface Thrills '' ( 1983 ) `` Miss Busy Body ( Get Your Body Busy ) '' ( 1983 ) `` Sail Away '' ( 1984 ) `` Treat Her Like a Lady '' ( 1984 ) `` My Love Is True ( Truly For You ) '' ( 1985 ) `` How Can You Say That It 's Over '' ( 1985 ) `` Do You Really Love Your Baby '' ( 1985 ) `` Deeper Than Love '' ( 1985 ) `` Touch Me '' ( 1986 ) `` I 'm Fascinated '' ( 1986 ) `` A Fine Mess '' ( 1986 ) `` My Girl '' ( re-issue ) ( 1986 ) `` Lady Soul '' ( 1986 ) `` To Be Continued ... '' ( 1986 ) `` Someone '' ( 1987 ) `` I Wonder Who She 's Seeing Now '' ( 1987 ) `` Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone '' ( re-issue ) ( 1987 ) `` Look What You Started '' ( 1987 ) `` Do You Wanna Go With Me '' ( 1988 ) `` All I Want From You '' ( 1989 ) `` Special '' ( 1989 ) `` Loveline '' ( 1989 ) 1990s `` Soul to Soul '' ( 1990 ) `` One Step At A Time ( Remix ) '' ( 1990 ) `` The Motown Song '' ( 1991 ) `` The Jones '' ( 1991 ) `` My Girl '' ( re-issue ) ( 1992 ) `` Hoops of Fire '' ( 1992 ) `` Error of Our Ways '' ( 1994 ) `` Silent Night '' ( 1995 ) `` Stay '' ( 1998 ) `` This is My Promise '' ( 1998 ) `` How Could He Hurt You '' ( 1999 ) 2000s `` I 'm Here '' ( 2000 ) Rare Earth Studio albums Dreams / Answers Get Ready Ecology One World Willie Remembers Ma Back to Earth Midnight Lady Rare Earth Band Together Grand Slam Live albums Rare Earth in Concert Singles `` Get Ready '' `` ( I Know ) I 'm Losing You '' `` Born To Wander '' `` I Just Want to Celebrate '' `` Hey Big Brother '' `` Good Time Sally '' `` Hum Along and Dance '' `` Warm Ride '' Related articles Ray Monette Book : Rare Earth Rod Stewart singles 1970s `` It 's All Over Now '' ( 1970 ) `` Reason to Believe '' / `` Maggie May '' ( 1971 ) `` Every Picture Tells a Story '' / `` Reason to Believe '' ( 1971 ) Spain only `` ( I Know ) I 'm Losing You '' / `` Mandolin Wind '' ( 1971 ) `` Handbags and Gladrags '' ( 1972 ) `` You Wear It Well '' ( 1972 ) `` Angel '' ( 1972 ) `` What 's Made Milwaukee Famous ( Has Made a Loser Out of Me ) '' ( 1972 ) `` Twistin ' the Night Away '' ( 1973 , 1987 ) `` Oh ! No Not My Baby '' ( 1973 ) `` Farewell '' / `` You Send Me '' ( 1973 ) `` Mine for Me '' ( 1974 ) `` You Can Make Me Dance , Sing or Anything '' ( 1974 ) Stewart / Faces `` Sailing '' ( 1975 ) `` This Old Heart of Mine '' ( 1975 ) `` Tonight 's the Night '' ( 1976 ) `` The Killing of Georgie '' ( 1976 ) `` Get Back '' ( 1976 ) `` The First Cut Is the Deepest '' ( 1977 ) `` I Do n't Want to Talk About It '' ( 1977 , 1990 ) `` You 're in My Heart ( The Final Acclaim ) '' ( 1978 ) `` Hot Legs '' ( 1978 ) `` I Was Only Joking '' ( 1978 ) `` Da Ya Think I 'm Sexy ? '' ( 1978 , 1997 ) `` Ai n't Love a Bitch '' ( 1979 ) `` Blondes ( Have More Fun ) '' ( 1979 ) 1980s `` ( If Loving You Is Wrong ) I Do n't Want to Be Right '' ( 1980 ) `` Passion '' ( 1980 ) `` Tonight , I 'm Yours ( Do n't Hurt Me ) '' ( 1981 ) `` Young Turks '' ( 1982 ) `` How Long ? '' ( 1982 ) `` Baby Jane '' ( 1983 ) `` That 's What Friends Are For '' ( 1983 ) `` Infatuation '' ( 1984 ) `` Some Guys Have All the Luck '' ( 1984 ) `` All Right Now '' ( 1984 ) `` People Get Ready '' ( 1985 , 1991 , 1993 ) Stewart / Beck `` Love Touch '' ( 1986 ) `` In My Life '' ( 1987 ) `` Forever Young '' ( 1988 ) `` My Heart Ca n't Tell You No '' ( 1988 ) `` This Old Heart of Mine ( Is Weak for You ) '' ( 1989 ) Stewart / Isley `` Downtown Train '' ( 1989 ) 1990s `` It Takes Two '' ( 1990 ) Stewart / Turner `` Rhythm of My Heart '' ( 1991 ) `` The Motown Song '' ( 1991 ) `` Your Song '' ( 1992 ) `` Ruby Tuesday '' ( 1993 ) `` Have I Told You Lately '' ( 1993 ) `` Reason to Believe '' ( unplugged , 1993 ) `` All for Love '' ( 1993 ) Stewart / Adams / Sting `` Leave Virginia Alone '' ( 1995 ) `` Lady Luck '' ( 1996 ) `` Ooh La La '' ( 1998 ) `` Rocks '' ( 1998 ) `` Cigarettes and Alcohol '' ( 1998 ) `` Faith of the Heart '' ( 1999 ) 2000s `` These Foolish Things '' ( 2002 ) `` They Ca n't Take That Away from Me '' ( 2003 ) `` Time After Time '' ( 2003 ) `` What a Wonderful World '' ( 2004 ) `` Blue Moon '' ( 2004 ) `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' ( 2005 ) `` I 've Got a Crush on You '' ( 2005 ) `` I 've Got My Love to Keep Me Warm '' ( 2006 ) `` Have You Ever Seen the Rain ? '' ( 2006 ) 2010s `` Let It Snow ! Let It Snow ! Let It Snow ! '' ( 2012 ) `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' ( 2012 ) `` Everyday '' ( 2015 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=(I_Know)_I%27m_Losing_You&oldid=827532139 '' Categories : 1966 singles 1970 singles 1971 singles 1983 singles The Temptations songs Rare Earth ( band ) songs Rod Stewart songs Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Songs written by Norman Whitfield Songs written by Edward Holland Jr . Songs written by Cornelius Grant Gordy Records singles Psychedelic soul songs Song recordings produced by Norman Whitfield 1966 songs Mercury Records singles Motown singles Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2009 All articles needing additional references Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles needing style editing from July 2009 All articles needing style editing Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español ქართული Nederlands Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 07 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%28I%20Know%29%20I%2527m%20Losing%20You
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who's the most followed british person on twitter
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Rank Account name Owner Followers ( millions ) Profession Country 1 . @ katyperry Katy Perry 106 Musician USA 2 . @ justinbieber Justin Bieber 103 Canada 3 . @ BarackObama Barack Obama 96 Former U.S. President USA 4 . @ taylorswift13 Taylor Swift 86 Musician 5 . @ rihanna Rihanna 81 Barbados 6 . @ TheEllenShow Ellen DeGeneres 75 Comedian USA 7 . @ ladygaga Lady Gaga 73 Musician 8 . @ YouTube YouTube 70 Social media platform 9 . @ jtimberlake Justin Timberlake 63 Musician and actor 10 . @ Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo 63 Footballer Portugal 11 . @ twitter Twitter 62 Social media platform USA 12 . @ KimKardashian Kim Kardashian West 57 Reality TV personality 13 . @ britneyspears Britney Spears 56 Musician 14 . @ ArianaGrande Ariana Grande 55 15 . @ selenagomez Selena Gomez 54 Musician and actress 16 . @ cnnbrk CNN Breaking News 53 News 17 . @ ddlovato Demi Lovato 51 Musician and actress 18 . @ jimmyfallon Jimmy Fallon 49 Comedian 19 . @ shakira Shakira 49 Musician Colombia 20 . @ JLo Jennifer Lopez 44 Musician and actress USA 21 . @ realDonaldTrump Donald Trump 41 U.S. President and Reality TV personality 22 . @ BillGates Bill Gates 40 Businessman 23 . @ nytimes The New York Times 40 Newspaper 24 . @ Oprah Oprah Winfrey 39 Businesswoman 25 . @ instagram Instagram 39 Social media platform 26 . @ KingJames LeBron James 39 Basketball player 27 . @ CNN CNN 38 Television channel 28 . @ MileyCyrus Miley Cyrus 37 Musician and actress 29 . @ BrunoMars Bruno Mars 36 Musician 30 . @ Drake Drake 36 Rapper Canada 31 . @ narendramodi Narendra Modi 36 Prime Minister of India India 32 . @ NiallOfficial Niall Horan 36 Musician Ireland 33 . @ BBCBreaking BBC Breaking News 35 News UK 34 . @ KevinHart4real Kevin Hart 35 Comedian USA 35 . @ SportsCenter SportsCenter 35 Television channel 36 . @ neymarjr Neymar 34 Footballer Brazil 37 . @ espn ESPN 34 Television channel USA 38 . @ wizkhalifa Wiz Khalifa 32 Rapper 39 . @ onedirection One Direction 32 Band UK / Ireland 40 . @ LilTunechi Lil Wayne 32 Rapper USA 41 . @ Harry_Styles Harry Styles 31 Musician UK 42 . @ Pink P ! nk 31 USA 43 . @ SrBachchan Amitabh Bachchan 31 Actor India 44 . @ iamsrk Shah Rukh Khan 30 45 . @ Louis_Tomlinson Louis Tomlinson 30 Musician UK 46 . @ LiamPayne Liam Payne 29 47 . @ aliciakeys Alicia Keys 29 USA 48 . @ Adele Adele 29 UK 49 . @ KAKA Kaká 29 Footballer Brazil 50 . @ ActuallyNPH Neil Patrick Harris 28 Actor USA As of October 30 , 2017
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BBC Breaking News
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List of most - followed Twitter accounts
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list of most - followed twitter accounts
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This list contains the top 50 accounts with the most followers on the social media platform Twitter . As of October 30 , 2017 , the most followed account is Katy Perry , with over 105 million followers . Her account was also the first to exceed 100 million followers .
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Top accounts ( edit ) The following table lists the top 50 most followed accounts on Twitter , with each total rounded to the nearest million followers , as well as the profession of each user and country of origin . Rank Account name Owner Followers ( millions ) Profession Country 1 . @ katyperry Katy Perry 106 Musician USA 2 . @ justinbieber Justin Bieber 103 Canada 3 . @ BarackObama Barack Obama 96 Former U.S. President USA 4 . @ taylorswift13 Taylor Swift 86 Musician 5 . @ rihanna Rihanna 81 Barbados 6 . @ TheEllenShow Ellen DeGeneres 75 Comedian USA 7 . @ ladygaga Lady Gaga 73 Musician 8 . @ YouTube YouTube 70 Social media platform 9 . @ jtimberlake Justin Timberlake 63 Musician and actor 10 . @ Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo 63 Footballer Portugal 11 . @ twitter Twitter 62 Social media platform USA 12 . @ KimKardashian Kim Kardashian West 57 Reality TV personality 13 . @ britneyspears Britney Spears 56 Musician 14 . @ ArianaGrande Ariana Grande 55 15 . @ selenagomez Selena Gomez 54 Musician and actress 16 . @ cnnbrk CNN Breaking News 53 News 17 . @ ddlovato Demi Lovato 51 Musician and actress 18 . @ jimmyfallon Jimmy Fallon 49 Comedian 19 . @ shakira Shakira 49 Musician Colombia 20 . @ JLo Jennifer Lopez 44 Musician and actress USA 21 . @ realDonaldTrump Donald Trump 41 U.S. President and Reality TV personality 22 . @ BillGates Bill Gates 40 Businessman 23 . @ nytimes The New York Times 40 Newspaper 24 . @ Oprah Oprah Winfrey 39 Businesswoman 25 . @ instagram Instagram 39 Social media platform 26 . @ KingJames LeBron James 39 Basketball player 27 . @ CNN CNN 38 Television channel 28 . @ MileyCyrus Miley Cyrus 37 Musician and actress 29 . @ BrunoMars Bruno Mars 36 Musician 30 . @ Drake Drake 36 Rapper Canada 31 . @ narendramodi Narendra Modi 36 Prime Minister of India India 32 . @ NiallOfficial Niall Horan 36 Musician Ireland 33 . @ BBCBreaking BBC Breaking News 35 News UK 34 . @ KevinHart4real Kevin Hart 35 Comedian USA 35 . @ SportsCenter SportsCenter 35 Television channel 36 . @ neymarjr Neymar 34 Footballer Brazil 37 . @ espn ESPN 34 Television channel USA 38 . @ wizkhalifa Wiz Khalifa 32 Rapper 39 . @ onedirection One Direction 32 Band UK / Ireland 40 . @ LilTunechi Lil Wayne 32 Rapper USA 41 . @ Harry_Styles Harry Styles 31 Musician UK 42 . @ Pink P ! nk 31 USA 43 . @ SrBachchan Amitabh Bachchan 31 Actor India 44 . @ iamsrk Shah Rukh Khan 30 45 . @ Louis_Tomlinson Louis Tomlinson 30 Musician UK 46 . @ LiamPayne Liam Payne 29 47 . @ aliciakeys Alicia Keys 29 USA 48 . @ Adele Adele 29 UK 49 . @ KAKA Kaká 29 Footballer Brazil 50 . @ ActuallyNPH Neil Patrick Harris 28 Actor USA As of October 30 , 2017 See also ( edit ) List of most - retweeted tweets List of most - liked tweets List of most - followed Instagram accounts List of most - subscribed YouTube channels List of most - viewed YouTube videos List of most - streamed songs on Spotify References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Twitter : Most Followers '' . Friend or Follow . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cirisano , Tatiana ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` Katy Perry Becomes First to Hit 100 Million Twitter Followers '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ katyperry '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ justinbieber '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ BarackObama '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ taylorswift13 '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ rihanna '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ TheEllenShow '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ ladygaga '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ YouTube '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ jtimberlake '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ Cristiano '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ KimKardashian '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ britneyspears '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ ArianaGrande '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ selenagomez '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ cnnbrk '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ ddlovato '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ jimmyfallon '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ shakira '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ JLo '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ realDonaldTrump '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ BillGates '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ nytimes '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ Oprah '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ instagram '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ KingJames '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ CNN '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ MileyCyrus '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ BrunoMars '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ Drake '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ narendramodi '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ NiallOfficial '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ BBCBreaking '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ KevinHart4real '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ SportsCenter '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ neymarjr '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ ESPN '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ wizkhalifa '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ onedirection '' . Twitter . 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| 729 |
when did samsung galaxy note edge come out
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Samsung Galaxy Note Edge Samsung Galaxy Note Edge in White Manufacturer Samsung Electronics Slogan The Edge Of Brilliance Series Galaxy Note First released 14 November 2014 ; 3 years ago ( 2014 - 11 - 14 ) Predecessor Samsung Galaxy Round Successor Samsung Galaxy Note 7 Related Samsung Galaxy Note 4 Type Capacitive touchscreen smartphone Form factor Slate , phablet International & Korea Variant : 82.4 x 151.3 x 8.3 mm Japan Variant : 82 x 151 x 8.5 mm Weight International & Korea Variant : 174 g Japan Variant : 177 g Operating system Android ( operating system ) Original : Android 4.4 `` KitKat '' Current : Android 6.0 `` Marshmallow '' System on chip Samsung Exynos 5 Octa 5433 ( South Korea version ) Qualcomm Snapdragon 805 ( international version ) CPU Quad - core 1.3 GHz Cortex - A53 & quad - core 1.9 GHz Cortex - A57 ( South Korea version ) 2.7 GHz Krait 450 quad - core ( international version ) GPU ARM Mali T760 GPU ( South Korea version ) Adreno 420 ( international version ) Memory 3 GB LPDDR3 Storage 32 / 64 GB flash memory Removable storage microSDXC up to 128 GB Battery 3000 mAh Data inputs List ( show ) Multi-touch touch screen 3 push buttons Headset controls Proximity sensor Ambient light sensors 3 - axis gyroscope Magnetometer Accelerometer Barometer Hall effect sensor Hygrometer Magnetometer Gesture sensor aGPS GLONASS BeiDou RGB light sensor S Pen ( stylus ) / pen Display 142 mm ( 5.6 in ) Super AMOLED 524 ppi 2560 × 1600 16 : 10 aspect ratio Rear camera 16 - megapixel , with autofocus , BSI , 1080p and 4K video recording Front camera 3.7 megapixel Connectivity List ( show ) Wi - Fi : 802.11 a / b / g / n / ac ( 2.4 , or 5 GHz ) Wi - Fi Direct Wi - Fi hotspot DLNA Miracast GPS / GLONASS / BeiDou NFC Bluetooth 4.1 Infrared USB 2.0 micro-B port USB OTG 1.3 MHL 3.0 HDMI ( TV - out , via MHL A \ V link ) 3.5 millimetres ( 0.14 in ) headphone jack Website Official website
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14 November 2014
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Samsung Galaxy Note Edge
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samsung galaxy note edge
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ARM Mali T760 GPU ( South Korea version )
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Adreno 420 ( international version ) Memory 3 GB LPDDR3 Storage 32 / 64 GB flash memory Removable storage microSDXC up to 128 GB Battery 3000 mAh Data inputs List ( show ) Multi-touch touch screen 3 push buttons Headset controls Proximity sensor Ambient light sensors 3 - axis gyroscope Magnetometer Accelerometer Barometer Hall effect sensor Hygrometer Magnetometer Gesture sensor aGPS GLONASS BeiDou RGB light sensor S Pen ( stylus ) / pen Display 142 mm ( 5.6 in ) Super AMOLED 524 ppi 2560 × 1600 16 : 10 aspect ratio Rear camera 16 - megapixel , with autofocus , BSI , 1080p and 4K video recording Front camera 3.7 megapixel Connectivity List ( show ) Wi - Fi : 802.11 a / b / g / n / ac ( 2.4 , or 5 GHz ) Wi - Fi Direct Wi - Fi hotspot DLNA Miracast GPS / GLONASS / BeiDou NFC Bluetooth 4.1 Infrared USB 2.0 micro-B port USB OTG 1.3 MHL 3.0 HDMI ( TV - out , via MHL A \ V link ) 3.5 millimetres ( 0.14 in ) headphone jack Website Official website The Samsung Galaxy Note Edge is an Android phablet produced by Samsung Electronics . Unveiled during a Samsung press conference at IFA Berlin on September 3 , 2014 alongside its sister , the Galaxy Note 4 , it is distinguished by a display that curves across the right side of the device , which can be used as a sidebar to display application shortcuts , notifications , and other information . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development and release 2 Specifications 2.1 Hardware and design 2.2 Software 3 References 4 External links Development and release ( edit ) At the 2013 Consumer Electronics Show , Samsung presented `` Youm '' -- concept prototypes for smartphones that incorporated flexible displays . One prototype had a screen curved along the right edge of the phone , while the other had a screen curved around the bottom of the phone . Samsung explained that the additional `` strip '' could be used to display additional information alongside apps , such as notifications or a news ticker . The Youm concept would surface as part of the Galaxy Note Edge , which was unveiled alongside the Galaxy Note 4 on September 4 , 2014 . Samsung strategist Justin Denison explained that the company liked to take risks in its products , going on to say that `` We 're not a company that does one - offs ( ... ) We like to do things big and get behind it . '' Specifications ( edit ) Hardware and design ( edit ) The Galaxy Note Edge is similar in design to the Galaxy Note 4 ( which is in turn an evolution of the Galaxy Note 3 ) , with a metallic frame and a plastic leather rear cover . The device features either an Exynos 5 Octa 5433 ( South Korea Version ) or Qualcomm Snapdragon 805 ( International Version ) system - on - chip , 3 GB of RAM , and 32 or 64 GB of expandable storage . As with other Galaxy Note series devices , it includes an S Pen stylus which can be used for pen input , drawing , and handwriting . Similarly to other recent Samsung flagship devices , it also includes a heart rate sensor and fingerprint scanner . The Galaxy Note Edge features a 5.6 - inch `` Quad HD + '' Super AMOLED display , which contains an additional 160 pixel wide column that wraps around the side of the device on a curve . The device includes a 16 megapixel rear camera with a back - illuminated sensor , optical image stabilization , and 4K video recording , and a 3.7 megapixel front - facing camera . In 2017 , the original Edge is still obtainable on the used market , and sometimes in new condition , and is one of the last phones with a replaceable battery . Software ( edit ) The Galaxy Note Edge ships with Android 4.4. 4 `` KitKat '' and Samsung 's TouchWiz interface and software suite , and is similar to that of the Note 4 . The curved edge of the screen is used as a sidebar for various purposes : it can be used to display different panels , including shortcuts to frequent applications , displays of notifications , news , stocks , sports , social networks , playback controls for the music and video players , camera controls , data usage , and minigames . Tools are also available through the panel , including a ruler , stopwatch , timer , voice recorder , and flashlight button . A software development kit is available for developers to code panels ; additional panels can be obtained through Galaxy Apps . The `` Night Clock '' mode allows the edge screen to , during a pre-determined timeframe , display a digital clock while not in use . Due to the nature of AMOLED displays , which render black by not turning on the pixel at all , this mode does not significantly consume battery power , but per software limitations it can not be active for more than 12 hours at a time . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Josh Lowensohn ( 9 January 2013 ) . `` Eyes - on : Samsung 's Youm flexible - display tech at CES 2013 '' . CNET . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Matt Warman ( 10 January 2013 ) . `` CES 2013 : Samsung flexible phone prototype unveiled '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Dante D'Orazio ( 9 January 2013 ) . `` Samsung shows off flexible AMOLED phone prototype ( hands - on ) '' . The Verge . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Galaxy Note Edge : Samsung 's first smartphone with a bent display '' . Engadget . Retrieved 7 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` With Galaxy Note Edge , Samsung returns to comfort zone : hardware '' . CNET . Retrieved 7 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Samsung Galaxy Note Edge review : The other side '' . GSM Arena . Retrieved 7 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Samsung Galaxy Note Edge '' . GSM Arena . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Jessica Dolcourt ( 13 November 2014 ) . `` Samsung Galaxy Note Edge review '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official Website Samsung Galaxy Note series Phablets Note ( original ) Note II Note 3 Neo Note 4 Note Edge Note 5 Note 7 FE Note 8 Tablets Note 8.0 Note 10.1 Note 10.1 2014 Note Pro 12.2 Android phablets and tablet computers Phablets Asus Fonepad Dell Streak HTC One Max Huawei Ascend Mate Ascend Mate2 4G Ascend Mate7 Nexus 6P LG G2 G3 G3 Stylus G4 G4 Stylus G5 G6 Gx G Flex G Flex 2 Optimus G Pro G Pro Lite G Pro 2 Optimus Vu II Vu 3 V10 V20 V30 Motorola Nexus 6 Moto X Style Moto X Play Moto Z Moto Z Play Moto G4 Plus Moto M OnePlus One 3T Samsung Galaxy Grand Galaxy Mega Mega 2 Galaxy Note series Original II Neo Edge 7 8 Galaxy Round Sony Xperia Z Ultra T2 Ultra C5 Ultra Z5 Premium ZUK ZUK Z1 Tablets Acer Acer Iconia Tab A500 Ainol NOVO7 Amazon Kindle Fire HD HDX Archos Archos 5 ( Archos Generation 6 ) Archos 5 ( Archos Generation 7 ) Archos 43 Archos 70 Archos 101 Asus Eee Pad Transformer ( TF101 ) Eee Pad Transformer Prime ( TF201 ) Transformer Pad ( TF300T ) Transformer Pad Infinity ( TF700T ) Transformer Pad TF701T Nexus 7 2012 version 2013 version Barnes & Noble Nook Color Nook Tablet Nook HD / HD+ Samsung Galaxy Tab 4 Nook DataWind Aakash Google Pixel C HP Slate 7 HTC Flyer / EVO View 4G Jetstream Nexus 9 Kobo Arc LeapFrog Epic Lenovo IdeaPad series LePad ThinkPad Tablet LG Optimus Pad LTE G Pad 7.0 8.0 8.3 10.1 Motorola Xoom Xyboard Nokia N1 Notion Ink Adam tablet NVIDIA Shield Tablet Pakistan Aeronautical Complex PAC - PAD 1 PAC - PAD Takhti 7 PocketBook IQ 701 A 10 '' Samsung Galaxy Tab series 7.0 7.7 8.9 10.1 Galaxy Tab 2 7.0 10.1 Galaxy Tab 3 7.0 8.0 10.1 Lite 7.0 Galaxy Tab 4 7.0 8.0 10.1 Galaxy Tab Pro 8.4 10.1 12.2 Galaxy Tab S S 8.4 S 10.5 S2 8.0 S2 9.7 Galaxy Tab A A 8.0 A 9.7 A 10.1 Galaxy Tab E E 9.6 Galaxy Note series 8.0 10.1 10.1 2014 Galaxy Note Pro 12.2 Nexus 10 Sony Sony Tablet Xperia Tablet Z Z2 Z4 Toshiba Toshiba Thrive Toys `` R '' Us Tabeo ViewSonic G Tablet Android smartphones Other Android devices List of features in Android Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samsung_Galaxy_Note_Edge&oldid=814378581 '' Categories : Smartphones Android ( operating system ) devices Samsung mobile phones Samsung Galaxy Samsung Galaxy Note mobile phones Phablets Mobile phones introduced in 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی 한국어 עברית Қазақша 日本 語 Русский کوردی ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 December 2017 , at 13 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung%20Galaxy%20Note%20Edge
| 3,005 |
is the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl coa reversible
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Upon entry to the mitochondria , the pyruvate is decarboxylated , producing acetyl CoA . This irreversible reaction traps the acetyl CoA within the mitochondria ( the acetyl - CoA can only be transported out of the mitochondrial matrix under conditions of high oxaloacetate via the citrate shuttle , a TCA intermediate that is normally sparse ) . The carbon dioxide produced by this reaction is nonpolar and small , and can diffuse out of the mitochondria and out of the cell .
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Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
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pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
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Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex ( PDC ) is a complex of three enzymes that converts pyruvate into acetyl - CoA by a process called pyruvate decarboxylation . Acetyl - CoA may then be used in the citric acid cycle to carry out cellular respiration , and this complex links the glycolysis metabolic pathway to the citric acid cycle . Pyruvate decarboxylation is also known as the `` pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction '' because it also involves the oxidation of pyruvate .
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This multi-enzyme complex is related structurally and functionally to the oxoglutarate dehydrogenase and branched - chain oxo - acid dehydrogenase multi-enzyme complexes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Reaction 2 Structure 2.1 Pyruvate dehydrogenase ( E1 ) 2.2 Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase ( E2 ) 2.3 Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase ( E3 ) 3 Structural differences between species 3.1 Gram - negative bacteria 3.2 Gram - positive bacteria and eukaryotes 4 Regulation 5 Localization of pyruvate decarboxylation 6 Clinical relevance 7 See also 8 References 9 External links 9.1 3D structures Reaction ( edit ) The reaction catalysed by pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is : pyruvate pyruvate dehydrogenase complex acetyl CoA CoA - SH + NAD CO + NADH + H Structure ( edit ) Enzymes Abbrev . Cofactors # subunits prokaryotes # subunits eukaryotes pyruvate dehydrogenase ( EC 1.2. 4.1 ) E1 TPP ( thiamine pyrophosphate ) 24 30 dihydrolipoyl transacetylase ( EC 2.3. 1.12 ) E2 lipoate coenzyme A 24 60 dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase ( EC 1.8. 1.4 ) E3 FAD NAD 12 12 PDC Mechanism with pyruvate ( R = H ) Pyruvate dehydrogenase ( E1 ) ( edit ) Initially , pyruvate and thiamine pyrophosphate ( TPP or vitamin B ) are bound by pyruvate dehydrogenase subunits . The thiazolium ring of TPP is in a zwitterionic form , and the anionic C2 carbon performs a nucleophilic attack on the C2 ( ketone ) carbonyl of pyruvate . The resulting hemithioacetal undergoes decarboxylation to produce an acyl anion equivalent ( see cyanohydrin or aldehyde - dithiane umpolung chemistry , as well as benzoin condensation ) . This anion attacks S1 of an oxidized lipoate species that is attached to a lysine residue . In a ring - opening S 2 - like mechanism , S2 is displaced as a sulfide or sulfhydryl moiety . Subsequent collapse of the tetrahedral hemithioacetal ejects thiazole , releasing the TPP cofactor and generating a thioacetate on S1 of lipoate . The E1 - catalyzed process is the rate - limiting step of the whole pyruvate dehydrogenase complex . Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase ( E2 ) ( edit ) At this point , the lipoate - thioester functionality is translocated into the dihydrolipoyl transacetylase ( E2 ) active site , where a transacylation reaction transfers the acetyl from the `` swinging arm '' of lipoyl to the thiol of coenzyme A . This produces acetyl - CoA , which is released from the enzyme complex and subsequently enters the citric acid cycle . E2 can also be known as lipoamide reductase - transacetylase . Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase ( E3 ) ( edit ) The dihydrolipoate , still bound to a lysine residue of the complex , then migrates to the dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase ( E3 ) active site where it undergoes a flavin - mediated oxidation , identical in chemistry to disulfide isomerase . First , FAD oxidizes dihydrolipoate back to its lipoate resting state , producing FADH . Then , a NAD cofactor oxidizes FADH back to its FAD resting state , producing NADH . Structural differences between species ( edit ) PDC is a large complex composed of multiple copies of 3 or 4 subunits depending on species . Gram - negative bacteria ( edit ) In Gram - negative bacteria , e.g. Escherichia coli , PDC consists of a central cubic core made up from 24 molecules of dihydrolipoyl transacetylase ( E2 ) . Up to 24 copies of pyruvate dehydrogenase ( E1 ) and 12 molecules of dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase ( E3 ) bind to the outside of the E2 core . Gram - positive bacteria and eukaryotes ( edit ) In contrast , in Gram - positive bacteria ( e.g. Bacillus stearothermophilus ) and eukaryotes the central PDC core contains 60 E2 molecules arranged into an icosahedron . Eukaryotes also contain 12 copies of an additional core protein , E3 binding protein ( E3BP ) . The exact location of E3BP is not completely clear . Cryo - electron microscopy has established that E3BP binds to each of the icosahedral faces in yeast . However , it has been suggested that it replaces an equivalent number of E2 molecules in the bovine PDC core . Up to 60 E1 or E3 molecules can associate with the E2 core from Gram - positive bacteria - binding is mutually exclusive . In eukaryotes E1 is specifically bound by E2 , while E3 associates with E3BP . It is thought that up to 30 E1 and 6 E3 enzymes are present , although the exact number of molecules can vary in vivo and often reflects the metabolic requirements of the tissue in question . Regulation ( edit ) Pyruvate dehydrogenase is inhibited when one or more of the three following ratios are increased : ATP / ADP , NADH / NAD and acetyl - CoA / CoA . In eukaryotes PDC is tightly regulated by its own specific pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase ( PDK ) and pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase ( PDP ) , deactivating and activating it respectively . PDK phosphorylates three specific serine residues on E1 with different affinities . Phosphorylation of any one of them renders E1 ( and in consequence the entire complex ) inactive . Dephosphorylation of E1 by PDP reinstates complex activity . Products of the reaction act as allosteric inhibitors of the PDC , because they activate PDK . Substrates in turn inhibit PDK , and thus , reactivating PDC . During starvation , PDK increases in amount in most tissues , including skeletal muscle , via increased gene transcription . Under the same conditions , the amount of PDP decreases . The resulting inhibition of PDC prevents muscle and other tissues from catabolizing glucose and gluconeogenesis precursors . Metabolism shifts toward fat utilization , while muscle protein breakdown to supply gluconeogenesis precursors is minimized , and available glucose is spared for use by the brain . Calcium ion has a role in regulation of PDC in muscle tissue , because it activates PDP , stimulating glycolysis on its release into the cytosol - during muscle contraction . Localization of pyruvate decarboxylation ( edit ) In eukaryotic cells the pyruvate decarboxylation occurs inside the mitochondria , after transport of the substrate , pyruvate , from the cytosol . The transport of pyruvate into the mitochondria is via the transport protein pyruvate translocase . Pyruvate translocase transports pyruvate in a symport fashion with a proton , and hence is active , consuming energy . Upon entry to the mitochondria , the pyruvate is decarboxylated , producing acetyl CoA . This irreversible reaction traps the acetyl CoA within the mitochondria ( the acetyl - CoA can only be transported out of the mitochondrial matrix under conditions of high oxaloacetate via the citrate shuttle , a TCA intermediate that is normally sparse ) . The carbon dioxide produced by this reaction is nonpolar and small , and can diffuse out of the mitochondria and out of the cell . In prokaryotes , which have no mitochondria , this reaction is either carried out in the cytosol , or not at all . Clinical relevance ( edit ) Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency can result from mutations in any of the enzymes or cofactors . Its primary clinical finding is lactic acidosis . See also ( edit ) Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Izard T , Aevarsson A , Allen MD , Westphal AH , Perham RN , de Kok A , Hol WG ( 1999 ) . `` Principles of quasi-equivalence and Euclidean geometry govern the assembly of cubic and dodecahedral cores of pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA . 96 ( 4 ) : 1240 -- 1245 . PMC 15447 . PMID 9990008 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 96.4. 1240 . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Stoops , J.K. , Cheng , R.H. , Yazdi , M.A. , Maeng , C.Y. , Schroeter , J.P. , Klueppelberg , U. , Kolodziej , S.J. , Baker , T.S. , Reed , L.J. ( 1997 ) On the unique structural organization of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae pyruvate dehydrogenase complex . J. Biol. Chem. 272 , 5757 - 5764 . Jump up ^ `` Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency '' . Genetics Home Reference . Retrieved March 17 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) http://www.dentistry.leeds.ac.uk/biochem/MBWeb/mb1/part2/krebs.htm#animat1 - animation of the general mechanism of the PDC ( link on upper right ) at University of Leeds Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) 3d structures ( edit ) Zhou , H. ; McCarthy , B. ; O'Connor , M. ; Reed , J. ; Stoops , K. ( Dec 2001 ) . `` The remarkable structural and functional organization of the eukaryotic pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes '' ( Free full text ) . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 98 ( 26 ) : 14802 -- 14807 . Bibcode : 2001PNAS ... 9814802Z . ISSN 0027 - 8424 . PMC 64939 . PMID 11752427 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 011597698 . , bovine kidney pyruvate dehydrogenase complex Yu , X. ; Hiromasa , Y. ; Tsen , H. ; Stoops , K. ; Roche , E. ; Zhou , H. ( Jan 2008 ) . `` Structures of the Human Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex Cores : A Highly Conserved Catalytic Center with Flexible N - Terminal Domains '' . Structure . 16 ( 1 ) : 104 -- 114 . ISSN 0969 - 2126 . PMID 18184588 . doi : 10.1016 / j. str. 2007.10. 024 . , human full - length and truncated E2 ( tE2 ) cores of PDC , expressed in E. coli Enzymes : multienzyme complexes Photosynthesis Photosynthetic reaction center complex proteins Photosystem II Dehydrogenase Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex E1 E2 E3 Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase OGDH DLST DLD Branched - chain alpha - keto acid dehydrogenase complex BCKDHA BCKDHB DBT DLD Other CAD Carbamoyl phosphate synthase II Aspartate carbamoyltransferase Dihydroorotase Cholesterol side - chain cleavage enzyme Cytochrome b6f complex Electron transport chain Fatty acid synthetase complex Glycine decarboxylase complex Mitochondrial trifunctional protein HADHA HADHB Phosphoenolpyruvate sugar phosphotransferase system Polyketide synthase Sucrase - isomaltase complex Tryptophan synthase Mitochondrial proteins Outer membrane fatty acid degradation Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I Long - chain - fatty - acid -- CoA ligase tryptophan metabolism Kynureninase monoamine neurotransmitter metabolism Monoamine oxidase Intermembrane space Adenylate kinase Creatine kinase Inner membrane oxidative phosphorylation Coenzyme Q -- cytochrome c reductase Cytochrome c NADH dehydrogenase Succinate dehydrogenase pyrimidine metabolism Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase mitochondrial shuttle Malate - aspartate shuttle Glycerol phosphate shuttle other Glutamate aspartate transporter Glycerol - 3 - phosphate dehydrogenase ATP synthase Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II Uncoupling protein Matrix citric acid cycle Citrate synthase Aconitase Isocitrate dehydrogenase Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex Succinyl coenzyme A synthetase Fumarase Malate dehydrogenase anaplerotic reactions Aspartate transaminase Glutamate dehydrogenase Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex urea cycle Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I Ornithine transcarbamylase N - Acetylglutamate synthase alcohol metabolism ALDH2 PMPCB Other / to be sorted steroidogenesis Cholesterol side - chain cleavage enzyme Steroid 11 - beta - hydroxylase Aldosterone synthase Frataxin Mitochondrial membrane transport protein Mitochondrial permeability transition pore Mitochondrial carrier Mitochondrial DNA Complex I MT - ND1 MT - ND2 MT - ND3 MT - ND4 MT - ND4L MT - ND5 MT - ND6 Complex III MT - CYB Complex IV MT - CO1 MT - CO2 MT - CO3 ATP synthase MT - ATP6 MT - ATP8 tRNA MT - TA MT - TC MT - TD MT - TE MT - TF MT - TG MT - TH MT - TI MT - TK MT - TL1 MT - TL2 MT - TM MT - TN MT - TP MT - TQ MT - TR MT - TS1 MT - TS2 MT - TT MT - TV MT - TW MT - TY see also mitochondrial diseases Metabolism : Citric acid cycle enzymes Cycle Citrate synthase Aconitase Isocitrate dehydrogenase Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase Succinyl CoA synthetase Succinate dehydrogenase ( SDHA ) Fumarase Malate dehydrogenase and ETC Anaplerotic to acetyl - CoA Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex ( E1 , E2 , E3 ) ( regulated by Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase and Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase ) to α - ketoglutaric acid Glutamate dehydrogenase to succinyl - CoA Methylmalonyl - CoA mutase to oxaloacetate Pyruvate carboxylase Aspartate transaminase Mitochondrial electron transport chain / oxidative phosphorylation Primary Complex I / NADH dehydrogenase Complex II / Succinate dehydrogenase Coenzyme Q Complex III / Coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase Cytochrome c Complex IV / Cytochrome c oxidase Coenzyme Q10 synthesis : COQ2 COQ3 COQ4 COQ5 COQ6 COQ7 COQ9 COQ10A COQ10B PDSS1 PDSS2 Other Alternative oxidase Electron - transferring - flavoprotein dehydrogenase Glycolysis metabolic pathway Glucose Hexokinase ATP ADP Glucose 6 - phosphate Glucose - 6 - phosphate isomerase Fructose 6 - phosphate phosphofructokinase - 1 ATP ADP Fructose 1 , 6 - bisphosphate Fructose - bisphosphate aldolase Dihydroxyacetone phosphate + + Glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate Triosephosphate isomerase 2 × Glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate 2 × Glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate dehydrogenase NAD + P NADH + H NAD + P NADH + H 2 × 1 , 3 - Bisphosphoglycerate 2 × Phosphoglycerate kinase ATP ADP ATP ADP 2 × 3 - Phosphoglycerate 2 × Phosphoglycerate mutase 2 × 2 - Phosphoglycerate 2 × Phosphopyruvate hydratase ( Enolase ) H O H O 2 × Phosphoenolpyruvate 2 × Pyruvate kinase ADP ATP 2 × Pyruvate 2 × Enzymes Activity Active site Binding site Catalytic triad Oxyanion hole Enzyme promiscuity Catalytically perfect enzyme Coenzyme Cofactor Enzyme catalysis Regulation Allosteric regulation Cooperativity Enzyme inhibitor Classification EC number Enzyme superfamily Enzyme family List of enzymes Kinetics Enzyme kinetics Eadie -- Hofstee diagram Hanes -- Woolf plot Lineweaver -- Burk plot Michaelis -- Menten kinetics Types EC1 Oxidoreductases ( list ) EC2 Transferases ( list ) EC3 Hydrolases ( list ) EC4 Lyases ( list ) EC5 Isomerases ( list ) EC6 Ligases ( list ) Molecular and Cellular Biology portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyruvate_dehydrogenase_complex&oldid=787359858 '' Categories : Glycolysis EC 1.2. 1 Cellular respiration Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Polski Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 June 2017 , at 23 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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| 3,006 |
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