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how many cylinders does a toyota camry have			Toyota Camry	toyota camry	The Toyota Camry ( / ˈkæmri / ; Japanese : トヨタ・カムリ Toyota Kamuri ) is an automobile sold internationally by the Japanese manufacturer Toyota since 1982 , spanning multiple generations . Originally compact in size ( narrow - body ) , later Camry models have grown to fit the mid-size classification ( wide - body ) -- although the two sizes co-existed in the 1990s . Since the release of the wide - bodied versions , Camry has been extolled by Toyota as the firm 's second `` world car '' after the Corolla . In Japan , Camry is exclusive to Toyota Corolla Store retail dealerships . Narrow - body cars also spawned a rebadged sibling in Japan , the Toyota Vista ( トヨタ・ビスタ ) -- also introduced in 1982 and sold at Toyota Vista Store locations . Diesel fuel versions have previously retailed at Toyota Diesel Store .	Between 1979 and 1982 , the Camry nameplate was delegated to a four - door sedan model in Japan , known as the Celica Camry . When Camry became an independent model line in 1982 with the V10 series , Toyota made it available as a five - door liftback in addition to the sedan . The subsequent Camry V20 series , debuted in 1986 with a station wagon substituting the liftback body variant and Japan - only hardtop sedans making their debut . The company replaced the V20 in 1990 with the V30 sedan and hardtop , but this model series was exclusive to Japan . Automotive tax regulations in that country dictated the retention of a narrower body as utilized in previous Camry generations . However , overseas demand for a larger Camry resulted in the development of a wide - body XV10 sedan and station wagon that arrived in 1991 . Japan also received the wider XV10 as the Toyota Scepter ( トヨタ・セプター ) . The company then issued an XV10 - bodied coupé in 1993 that was spun off in 1998 as an independent model line , titled Camry Solara . When the Japanese market received a new narrow - body V40 series in 1994 to replace V30 , the wide - body XV10 continued unchanged . Its replacement , the XV20 , arrived in 1996 -- named Camry Gracia in Japan . It was not until the narrow V40 ended manufacture in 1998 that the Camry in Japan was to again mirror the cars sold internationally . Japanese sedans dropped the Gracia suffix in 1999 , although it was retained by the wagon until its 2001 demise . From 1998 , the Vista ended its Camry alignment , and instead branched into an independent model line with the V50 series for an extra generation before the nameplate was withdrawn in 2003 . The next wide - body model , the XV30 , came in 2001 . Now sold only as a sedan , it now offered two different front - and rear - end design treatments . Japan and most global markets received one style ; a separate , more conservative version covered markets in East and Southeast Asia . With the XV40 of 2006 , the Camry - derived Aurion become the donor model for the more conservative Camry sold in this region . The subsequent and current XV50 sold since 2011 has resulted in even more markets adopting the alternative body panels , such as Japan and Eastern Europe . When Toyota released their luxury Lexus brand in 1989 , it offered a close derivative of the Camry / Vista hardtop sedan as the Lexus ES . The relationship continues to this day , but over the generations , the ES -- sold as the Toyota Windom in Japan from 1991 through to 2005 -- gravitated further away from its Camry brethren . Between 2000 and 2010 and since 2012 , Daihatsu has offered a badge engineered Camry as the Daihatsu Altis ( ダイハツ・アルティス ) sold only in Japan . Badge engineering has also occurred in Australia with the Holden Apollo between 1989 and 1996 . From 1993 , Toyota Australia badged V6 - engined versions as Camry Vienta , becoming Toyota Vienta in 1995 until the badge 's departure in 2000 . Since 2006 , the Toyota Aurion model from Australia has derived from the Camry , but with revised front - and rear - end styling treatment and a partially refurbished cabin . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Timeline 3 Narrow - body 3.1 Celica Camry ( 1979 -- 1982 ) 3.2 V10 ( 1982 -- 1986 ) 3.3 V20 ( 1986 -- 1992 ) 3.4 V30 ( 1990 -- 1994 ) 3.5 V40 ( 1994 -- 1998 ) 3.6 V50 ( 1998 -- 2003 ) 4 Wide - body 4.1 XV10 ( 1991 -- 1996 ) 4.2 XV20 ( 1996 -- 2001 ) 4.3 XV30 ( 2002 -- 2006 ) 4.4 XV40 ( 2006 -- 2011 ) 4.5 XV50 ( 2011 -- 2017 ) 4.6 XV70 ( 2017 -- present ) 5 Sales 6 References 6.1 Bibliography 7 External links Etymology ( edit ) The name `` Camry '' is an Anglicized phonetic transcription of the Japanese word kanmuri ( ja : 冠 , かんむり ) , meaning `` crown '' . This follows Toyota 's naming tradition of using the crown name for primary models starting with the Toyota Crown ( 1955 ) , continuing with the Toyota Corona ( 1957 ) and Corolla ( 1966 ) ; the Latin words for `` crown '' and `` small crown '' , respectively . Maintaining this theme was the Toyota Tiara ( 1960 ) named after the `` tiara '' form of crown . The Atara trim level name used on the Camry in Australia since 2011 means `` crown '' in Hebrew . The rebadged Camry variant for Japan , the Toyota Scepter ( 1991 ) -- took its name from `` scepter '' , a royal accessory to a crown . Timeline ( edit ) Toyota Camry timeline , 1979 -- present Class 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 Narrow - body Celica Camry Camry / Vista ( V10 ) Camry / Vista ( V20 ) Camry / Vista ( V30 ) Camry / Vista ( V40 ) Vista ( V50 ) Wide - body Camry / Scepter ( XV10 ) Camry ( XV20 ) Camry ( XV30 ) Camry ( XV40 ) Camry ( XV50 ) Narrow - body ( edit ) Celica Camry ( 1979 -- 1982 ) ( edit ) Celica Camry ( A40 / A50 ) Celica Camry XT Super Edition ( Japan ) Main article : Toyota Celica Camry The `` Camry '' nameplate originated on a four - door sedan approximate to the Toyota Celica called the Celica Camry . Toyota designated this initial application of the Camry name as the A40 / A50 series . Celica Camry made its sales debut in January 1980 at Toyota Corolla Store retail dealerships in Japan . Production had earlier commenced in December 1979 at the Tsutsumi plant at Toyota , Aichi . Despite the marketing position , Celica Camry shares few components with its namesake -- but rather the Carina ( A40 / A50 ) . Toyota modified the Carina by elongating its front - end and incorporating styling cues such as the T - bar grille motif that resembled the Celica XX / Supra ( A40 ) . Strictly speaking , Celica Camry is not the first generation of Camry , but rather its predecessor . Celica Camry utilizes the front - engine , rear - wheel - drive layout and in A40 guise , a standard four - link rigid axle suspension system with gasoline inline - four engines displacing 1.6 liters for the 12T - U ( TA41 ) and 1.8 liters with the 13T - U ( TA46 ) . Initial model grades comprised : 1600 LT , 1600 XT , 1800 LT , 1800 XT , and 1800 XT Super Edition . In August 1980 , Toyota released high - end models with four - wheel independent suspension , denoted A50 ( front MacPherson struts , rear semi-trailing arm setup ; four - wheel disc brakes ) . For the TA57 series 1800 SX , Toyota fitted the 1.8 - liter 3T - EU engine . Toyota designated the new 2.0 - liter grades , the 21R - U powered 2000 SE and 18R - GEU - based 2000 GT as RA56 and RA55 , respectively . V10 ( 1982 -- 1986 ) ( edit ) V10 Camry DX sedan ( US ; facelift ) Overview Also called Toyota Vista Production March 1982 -- July 1986 Model years 1983 -- 1986 Assembly Japan : Toyota , Aichi ( Tsutsumi plant ) Body and chassis Body style 4 - door sedan 5 - door liftback Layout Transverse front - engine , front - wheel - drive Powertrain Engine 1.8 L I4 gasoline ( 1S - L , - LU ) 1.8 L I4 gasoline ( 1S - iLU ) 2.0 L I4 gasoline ( 2S - EL , - ELC , - ELU ) 2.0 L I4 gasoline ( 3S - GELU ) 1.8 L I4 - T diesel ( 1C - TL , - TLC ) 2.0 L I4 - T diesel ( 2C - TL , - TLC ) Transmission 5 - speed manual 4 - speed automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 2,600 mm ( 102.4 in ) Length 4,400 -- 4,435 mm ( 173.2 -- 174.6 in ) ( sedan ) 4,435 mm ( 174.6 in ) ( liftback ) Width 1,690 mm ( 66.5 in ) Height 1,395 mm ( 54.9 in ) ( sedan ) 1,370 mm ( 53.9 in ) ( liftback ) Curb weight 990 -- 1,130 kg ( 2,180 -- 2,490 lb ) Toyota started production of the first generation series Camry in March 1982 at the Tsutsumi plant . Designated the model code V10 , when fitted with S - series gasoline engines it was known as the SV10 , SV11 , or SV12 depending on the exact version . Likewise , the C - series diesel versions are identified by the CV10 and CV11 codes . Released to the Japanese market on 24 March 1982 , Toyota issued the V10 series as a four - door notchback sedan retailing at the Toyota Corolla Store dealerships . At the same time , a twinned model -- the Toyota Vista -- launched as a rebadged Camry sold at separate Toyota Vista Store locations . Five - door liftback versions of the Vista came to the market in August 1982 , although outside of export markets the Camry remained exclusively a sedan . These cars served above the comparably sized Toyota Carina and Corona in the Toyota hierarchy . Unlike the preceding Celica Camry , exports were achieved with the first generation Camry to Australia , Europe , and North America . Camry ZX sedan ( Japan ; pre-facelift ) Camry ZX sedan ( Japan ; pre-facelift ) Camry GLi liftback ( Australia ; pre-facelift ) Camry GLi liftback ( Australia ; pre-facelift ) Vista liftback ( Japan ; facelift ) Vista VF - II sedan ( Japan ; facelift ) Camry LE liftback ( US ; facelift ) Development of the V10 series Camry and Vista began in August 1977 following the 1973 oil crisis and would later cover the 1979 crisis . Automobile manufacturers were making the inexorable move to downsized , lighter , more fuel efficient cars with better aerodynamic performance . The industry also began wide - scale switching from the rear - wheel - drive layout to the lighter and more compact front - wheel - drive in the interest of increased fuel economy . With a development focus on exports , particularly to the US , Toyota designed Camry to replace the Corona T130 in many overseas markets . It needed to compete with the compact , front - drive Honda Accord sedan from Japan . Via one - upmanship , Camry exceeded the Accord 's wheelbase by 150 millimeters ( 5.9 in ) and offered larger engines . The design brief also established the compact front - wheel - drive X platform vehicles by General Motors in the US as competitors . In light of this competition -- and a first for Toyota -- the V10 adopted front - wheel drive with the engine transversely mounted . Between this layout that reduced the size of the engine compartment , the notchback sedan and liftback bodies with rear quarter windows , and the longer wheelbase of 2,600 millimeters ( 102.4 in ) -- the V10 series was considered spacious for its time and class . Furthermore , by situating the fuel tank underneath the back seat , luggage space is increased . The styling of the V10 followed the box - shaped trends characteristic of the early 1980s . Wind tunnel testing led to the fitment of drag - reducing flush pillars , a flat roofline to reduce wind buffeting , and one - piece front bumper with air dam to direct air flow . Drag coefficient is quoted at Cd = 0.38 for the sedan and Cd = 0.36 for the liftback . Coil spring independent suspension features by way of a MacPherson strut type with stabilizer and strut bar up front , and a MacPherson rear setup with parallel lower arms . Steering uses a rack and pinion design ; braking hardware is made up of front ventilated discs and rear drums with a double proportioning valve to suppress lock - up . Innovatively , a sensor is fitted to detect worn - out brake pads , alerted by use of an audible chime . Powertrain design was reassessed for front - wheel - drive and this generated a foundation for which other models were developed . The transaxle is connected inline with the engine , and to create a simple and compact structure , a single rail system that replaces the three shafts normally used for each gear range with a single shaft , was adopted . In addition , automatic transmission fluid was used for the lubricating oil in order to reduce friction . Existing gasoline S - and diesel C - series engines were converted for use in transverse applications . Initially , the V10 featured the 1.8 - liter 1S - LU engine good for 100 PS ( 74 kW ) and a five - speed manual transmission . From July 1982 , four - speed automatic with overdrive became available after starting manufacture the previous month . The 2.0 - liter 2S - ELU engine with 120 PS ( 88 kW ) and four - speed automatic followed in August . August 1983 saw the 1.8 - liter 1C - TL turbocharged diesel offered ( 80 PS or 59 kW ) exclusive to Japanese dealerships called Toyota Diesel Store . June 1984 introduced the twin - cam 2.0 - liter 3S - GELU engine offered on higher trims with 140 or 160 PS ( 100 or 120 kW ) depending on the version . For lower trims , the 85 PS ( 63 kW ) `` Ci '' 1.8 - liter 1S - iLU arrived . The diesel was upgraded to the 2.0 - liter 2C - TL specification in August 1985 ( 88 PS or 65 kW ) . Japanese trims levels initially comprised LT , XT , SE , and ZX for Camry sedan . Lumiere and XE grades came to the market in June 1984 , and the GLi TwinCam in May 1985 . Vista sedan and liftback specification levels were at first VC ( sedan only ) , VL , VE , and VX . The VF arrived in August 1982 , and VR and VS models in June 1984 at the expense of the departing VE . Special edition models comprised : VE Extra ( December 1982 ) , VL Extra ( January 1983 ) , VL Super Extra ( January 1985 ) , VF - II ( April 1985 and April 1986 ) , and VL Grand Extra ( December 1985 and April 1986 ) . Wing mirrors became door - mounted as opposed to fender - mounted in May 1983 . Facelifted models arrived in June 1984 featuring a new grille , redesigned bumpers , revised tail - lamps , updated dashboard , enlarged glovebox , and general trim alterations . The shift to smaller cars amid the oil crises doubled Japanese automobile market share from 10 to 20 percent in the United States between 1970 and 1980 ; thus , causing economic tensions between the two nations . Toyota then began investigating the option of building a US production facility , following the announcements in January and April 1980 by Honda and Nissan , respectively , to manufacture automobiles locally . As investigations proceeded , Toyota proposed entering a joint venture with Ford in May 1980 to produce a compact car . Toyota advocated that its Camry be manufactured at a Ford factory and sold through the sales channels of both brands , but Ford deemed Camry to be in competition with a model it was developing , which became the Ford Tempo , leading to an impasse and then the cessation of negotiations in July 1981 . Increasing Japan -- United States unease culminated with the Japanese government , at the urging of its US counterpart , imposing a voluntary cartel in May 1981 with a threshold for the export of motor vehicles to the US . Toyota would eventually pursue circumvention ; firstly by entering into venture by forming NUMMI with General Motors in 1984 to manufacture the Toyota Corolla , and then by setting up its own facility at Georgetown , Kentucky in 1988 for the next generation Camry . Sales of the V10 Camry in the US began in March 1983 after exports commerced in January , and by 1985 it had sold 128,000 units . Unlike other markets , federalized quad headlamps were fitted for the 1983 and 1984 model years . Buyers could specify sedan or liftback bodies with a five - speed manual transmission or extra-cost four - speed automatic paired to the 2.0 - liter gasoline 2S - ELC motor rated at 92 hp ( 69 kW ) . Toyota then offered DX ( deluxe ) and LE ( luxury edition ) trim levels , the latter adding standard features such as body - colored bumpers , tachometer , tilt steering wheel , upgraded stereo , electric mirrors and variable intermittent windscreen wipers . Updates for the 1984 model year included an overdrive lockout switch for the automatic transmission . Also optional was the manual - only 1.8 - liter 1C - TLC turbo diesel for the DX with 73 hp ( 54 kW ) , a special gauge cluster , and quieter exhaust system . Changes for 1985 involved the facelift ( now with one - piece headlamps ) , the transfer of the optional cruise control 's switchgear from the dashboard to the wiper stalk , and wider LE - type tires for the DX trim ( from 165 to 185 millimeters or 6.5 to 7.3 inches ) . 1985 cars received gas - charged front shock absorbers and stiffer rear springs , an anti-theft alarm system was now optional on both grades , automatic became an option for the diesel , the DX added a standard tilt steering wheel , and the LE models offered an optional electronic instrument cluster . For 1986 , a replacement diesel engine , the automatic - only 2.0 - liter 2C - TLC arrived for the DX and LE ( 79 hp or 59 kW ) , and the gasoline model increased power by around 3 hp ( 2 kW ) . Other revisions for this model year were a revised powered brake system and new cloth seat and door trim for LEs . For Australia , the Camry range -- based on the Vista front styling -- was limited to a single - grade GLi liftback variant between April 1983 and April 1987 . Sold as an upmarket alternative to the locally produced Corona T140 , the sole powertrain offered was the gasoline 2.0 - liter 2S - EL engine with 77 kW ( 103 hp ) coupled with the five - speed manual or four - speed automatic transmission . Optional extras included powering steering , air conditioning , electric moonroof , power doors and windows , plus an upgraded stereo . Facelifted models with more standard appointments arrived in August 1984 , and the unleaded version from early 1986 reduced power output by 2 kW ( 3 hp ) . Europe and the United Kingdom received both body variants when released there in mid 1984 -- these were available in the gasoline GLi trim ( 1.8 - 1S - L and 2.0 - liter 2S - EL ) or the GLD turbo diesel ( 1.8 - 1C - TL in early models ; later models upgraded to the 2.0 - liter 2C - TL ) . Powertrains ( V10 ) Model Fuel Engine Power Torque Transmission SV10 Gasoline 1.8 L I4 ( 1S - L , 1S - LU ) 74 kW ( 100 PS ) ( JP ; 1S - LU ) 152 N m ( 112 lb ft ) ( JP ; 1S - LU ) 5 - speed manual ( S51 ) 4 - speed automatic ( A140E ) 1.8 L I4 ( 1S - iLU ) 63 kW ( 85 PS ) ( JP ) 142 N m ( 105 lb ft ) ( JP ) SV11 2.0 L I4 ( 2S - EL , 2S - ELC , 2S - ELU ) 88 kW ( 120 PS ) ( JP : 2S - ELU ) 77 kW ( 103 hp ) ( AU ; 2S - EL ) 69 kW ( 92 hp ) ( NA ; 2S - ELC ) 173 N m ( 128 lb ft ) ( JP ; 2S - ELU ) 162 N m ( 119 lb ft ) ( AU ; 2S - EL ) 160 N m ( 118 lb ft ) ( NA ; 2S - ELC ) SV12 2.0 L I4 ( 3S - GELU ) 103 or 118 kW ( 140 or 160 PS ) ( JP ) 172 or 186 N m ( 127 or 137 lb ft ) ( JP ) CV10 Diesel 1.8 L I4 - T ( 1C - TL , 1C - TLC ) 59 kW ( 80 PS ) ( JP ; 1C - TL ) 54 kW ( 73 hp ) ( NA : 1C - TLC ) 145 N m ( 107 lb ft ) ( JP ; 1C - TL ) 145 N m ( 107 lb ft ) ( NA ; 1C - TLC ) 5 - speed manual ( S50 ) 4 - speed automatic ( A140L ) CV11 2.0 L I4 - T ( 2C - TL , 2C - TLC ) 65 kW ( 88 PS ) ( JP ; 2C - TL ) 59 kW ( 79 hp ) ( NA ; 2C - TLC ) 177 N m ( 131 lb ft ) ( JP , 2C - TL ) V20 ( 1986 -- 1992 ) ( edit ) V20 Camry LE sedan ( Canada ; pre-facelift ) Overview Also called Toyota Vista Lexus ES 250 Holden Apollo ( JK / JL ) Production August 1986 -- May 1991 ( Japan ) February 1987 -- November 1992 ( Australia ) May 1988 -- August 1991 ( US ) Assembly Japan : Toyota , Aichi ( Tsutsumi plant ) Australia : Port Melbourne , Victoria United States : Georgetown , Kentucky Designer Seiichi Yamauchi ( 1984 ) Body and chassis Body style 4 - door sedan 4 - door hardtop sedan 5 - door station wagon Layout Transverse front - engine , front - wheel - drive Transverse front - engine , four - wheel - drive Powertrain Engine 1.8 L I4 gasoline ( 1S - i ) 1.8 L I4 gasoline ( 4S - Fi ) 2.0 L I4 gasoline ( 3S - FC ) 2.0 L I4 gasoline ( 3S - FE ) 2.0 L I4 gasoline ( 3S - GE ) 2.0 L V6 gasoline ( 1VZ - FE ) 2.5 L V6 gasoline ( 2VZ - FE ) 2.0 L I4 - T diesel ( 2C - T ) Transmission 5 - speed manual 4 - speed automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 2,600 mm ( 102.4 in ) Length 4,500 -- 4,520 mm ( 177.2 -- 178.0 in ) ( sedan ) 4,525 mm ( 178.1 in ) ( wagon ) Width 1,695 mm ( 66.7 in ) Height 1,385 -- 1,395 mm ( 54.5 -- 54.9 in ) ( sedan ) 1,440 mm ( 56.7 in ) ( wagon ) Curb weight 1,080 -- 1,295 kg ( 2,381 -- 2,855 lb ) The second generation , V20 series Camry went on sale during August 1986 in Japan . As with the previous series , there was again a parallel Vista model for the home market that Toyota released simultaneously . V20 Camry and Vista sedans continued with the four - door sedan configuration . For overseas markets , Toyota issued a station wagon for the first time . The Vista also launched with a four - door pillared hardtop sedan with unique body panels all - round in lieu of the liftback offered with the previous car -- a body extended to the Camry in August 1988 . To attain a sportier appearance with lower and wider proportions , Toyota reduced the height of the hardtop by 25 millimeters ( 1 in ) over the sedan . Not intended for export , this hardtop body with few changes would later form the basis of the upscale but hastily conceived Lexus ES 250 produced for North American customers from June 1989 through to 1991 . Toyota rushed the ES 250 as a stopgap measure to flesh out the fledgling Lexus lineup so as not to launch the flagship LS 400 as a stand - alone model . Camry Prominent hardtop ( Japan ) Camry ZX sedan ( Japan ; pre-facelift ) Camry CS sedan ( Australia ; pre-facelift ) Camry LE V6 sedan ( US ; pre-facelift ) Camry LE V6 sedan ( US ; facelift ) Camry Spirit wagon ( Australia ; first facelift ) Camry Ultima sedan ( Australia ; second facelift ) The V20 Camry originated from a time at Toyota when considerable cost and attention to detail was engineered into its cars such as high - quality materials and build quality to transcend the competition . Sedans retained the V10 's rear quarter glass ; however , the styling is less angular than before . To appease export customers , styling lost some of its Japanese legacy in its transition to a more Americanized design , with a softer and sleeker silhouette . Toyota designed the body with aerodynamics in mind , with performance of Cd = 0.34 for the sedan . V20 also features headlamps and a grille that are sculptured into a gently curved hood that partially conceal the windscreen wipers , wind splitters up the ends of the windscreen , near - flush glass , and a third door seal to close the gap between the body and window frames . Body dimensions were largely unchanged from the previous model , including an identical wheelbase , although length increases 100 millimeters ( 3.9 in ) . Basic sub-skin hardware is also closely related , including the platform and the fully independent suspension with a strut and a coil spring at each corner and an anti-roll bar at each end . Noise isolation is improved by mounting the rear suspension on a subframe akin to the Toyota Celica ( T160 ) that had now switched to Camry - based mechanicals . As before , the braking package encompasses ventilated discs up front , conventional drums in the rear , upgraded to rear discs in some cars . The braking system has a tandem - type booster and diagonally divided hydraulic circuits . Wagons receive a load - sensing proportioning valve that grants greater braking pressure when laden and prevents wheel lockup under light payloads . Entry - level V20 wheel size increases from 13 to 14 inches . All engines now use fuel injection exclusively and were common to Camry and Vista . Entry - level customers were offered the carry - over `` Ci '' 1.8 - liter 1S - i ( designated 1S - iLU in the V10 ) inline - four with five - speed manual or an automatic with four gears . Stepping up from this were the new 3S - FE and GT high - performance 3S - GE ( designated 3S - GELU for V10s ) 2.0 - liter twin - cam four - cylinder cars . Turbo - diesel models were again limited to the 2C - T motor displacing 2.0 liters ( labeled 2C - TL for V10s ) . Transmission were either a five - speed manual or an electronically controlled automatic with four gears . When launched in Japan , the V20 series Camry ( sedan only ) offered the following trim levels : LT , XT , XT Saloon , ZE , ZT , ZX , and GT . For the Vista sedan , Toyota offered : VC , VL , VE , VR , and VX . Hardtop versions comprised : VE , VR , VX , and GT . Flagship models of the Japanese specification Camry sedan , the Camry Prominent and Prominent G arrived in April 1987 with the 2.0 - liter 1VZ - FE V6 engine , a protruding chrome grille , larger North American - type bumpers , wood grain interior highlights , an electric seat function , plus electronic instrument cluster . Full - time four - wheel - drive became an option in October 1987 with select 3S - FE manual variants ( VL Extra , VR ) ; automatics equipped with an electronic front - and rear - wheel torque distribution optimizer followed in August 1988 . The Vista was not available with the V6 , but in April 1987 , the special edition Vista VL Extra sedan and hardtop arrived , followed by the Etoile in August and again in January 1989 ; limited edition Etoile V cars were offered in September 1989 and January 1990 . Toyota discontinued the Vista VC in December 1989 and released a special edition VX Limited in May 1989 and then again for January 1990 . When the Camry Prominent hardtop variant arrived in August 1988 , it offered base , G , and E-Type levels of trim alongside a new sedan - only Camry Lumière . Also in August 1988 , a diesel version of the Vista hardtop made its debut , and the 1.8 - liter gasoline engine was upgraded to the twin - cam 4S - Fi specification . Special editions for the Camry comprised : Lumière S sedan ( January 1989 ) , Prominent X hardtop ( May 1989 ) , Lumière G sedan ( June 1989 ) , and XT Saloon Special sedan ( January 1990 ) . In 1988 the Japan market Camry became the first Toyota equipped with a driver airbag . North American market V20 series Camry sedan and wagons came to the market in late 1986 for the 1987 model year . Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky , the first wholly owned Toyota plant in the US , began producing the Camry in May 1988 . The country of manufacture can be found by looking at the first character of the VIN ; a Camry manufactured in Japan has a VIN starting with `` J '' , a model made in the US starts with `` 4 '' and a model made in Australia starts with `` 6 '' . Three trim levels of the V20 Camry were made : the unbadged base model , the DX , and the LE . In 1991 , anti-lock brakes became optional on the V6 , LE , and station wagon models . The four - wheel - drive system dubbed All - Trac was introduced for 1988 and a 2.5 - liter V6 engine was added as an option . The V6 was fuel - injected with 24 valves , and dual overhead camshafts . Toyota Australia released the second generation Camry in April 1987 . Local manufacture of the V20 had begun earlier in February at its recently acquired Australian Motor Industries facility at Port Melbourne , Victoria as a replacement for the Corona T140 and the Camry before it . Four - cylinder engine production and panel - stamping was undertaken at Toyota 's Altona , Victoria plant , all part of a model localization and factory upgrades investment totalling A $115 million . In fact , it was the first Camry made outside Japan , and is notable for being the most localized Toyota Australia product thus far with a lead time of less than six months , the shortest yet between start of Japanese and Australian manufacture . Higher levels of specification were fitted with the locally built 2.0 - liter 3S - FE motor , but the imported 1.8 - liter 1S - i unit distinguished base SE and CS cars . Both sedans and wagons were offered and either engine offered standard five - speed manual transmission , upgradeable to the four - speed automatic . Features standard at the base level SE comprised : AM / FM radio , centre console storage compartment , remote fuel filler release , intermittent windscreen wipers , digital clock . CS cars added a tilt steering column to which the CS - X adds a key lock warning system . The CS driver 's seat has front height adjustment ; the CS - X 's front and rear height adjustment . The CS gets a two speaker AM / FM radio cassette player ; the CS - X a four - speaker system and automatic electric antenna , plus central locking , variable intermittent wipers and center rear arm rest . The sedan - only Ultima grade gains power windows , cruise control , automatic transmission as standard , velour trim , and a nine - stage graphic equalizer for the audio system . A fleet - focused Executive pack based on the SE arrived in May 1988 , adding automatic transmission , power steering , and air conditioning . In June 1988 , the 2.5 - liter V6 was introduced , being an imported fully optioned model from Japan sold in limited numbers and distinguished from local four - cylinder cars by its unique bumpers and trim . Coinciding with the August 1989 facelift , the 2.0 - liter 3S - FC engine with carburetor superseded the imported 1.8 . The updates brought minor adjustments inside and out , including improved suspension , steering , and headlights . In May 1991 , Toyota made the fuel - injected 3S - FE version standard upon the carburetored engine 's deletion , and the CS trim level became CSi . Coinciding with this change , power steering became standard fitment and Toyota Australia refreshed badging , including the attachment of the new corporate logo consisting of three overlapping ellipses to form the letter `` T '' . With the May 1991 update , the Ultima models gained a CD player , the first Australian - built car to offer this . Towards the end of the series , special editions were released , starting with the Spirit of February 1991 . Then in September 1992 , value - added CSi Limited and Olympic Spirit cars came onto the scene . Australian production ended in late November 1992 , in time for production of the XV10 to commence on 2 December . The Used Car Safety Ratings , published in 2008 by the Monash University Accident Research Centre , found that V20 Camry models provide an `` average '' ( 3 / 5 stars ) level of occupant safety protection in the event of an accident . Camry Executive sedan ( Australia ; pre-facelift ) Camry Lumière sedan ( Japan ; facelift ) Camry LE V6 sedan ( US ; facelift ) Camry Spirit wagon ( Australia ; first facelift ) Camry CSi Limited sedan ( Australia ; second facelift ) Holden Apollo ( JK , JL ) Holden Apollo ( JK ) SLE sedan Holden Apollo ( JL ) SLX sedan Holden Apollo ( JK ) SL sedan Holden Apollo ( JL ) GS sedan The Holden Apollo , a rebadged variant to the Toyota Camry , retailed in Australia alongside the facelifted Camry V20 series from August 1989 . Production had started in July . This model sharing occurred due to the United Australian Automobile Industries ( UAAI ) joint venture between Toyota Australia and General Motors - Holden 's starting in 1987 that resulted in model sharing between both automakers from August 1989 . Known as the JK series , the Apollo differentiated itself by way of a redesigned grille , rehashed tail lamps and other minor trim items . This rebranding scheme was the result of the Button car plan , introduced in May 1984 to rationalise and make the Australian automotive industry more competitive on a global scale by means of reducing import tariffs . Offered in sedan and wagon guises , Apollo replaced the Camira . Powertrains were verbatim of the Camry , with the 3S - FC for the entry - level SL , and higher - end SLX and SLE models graced with the 3S - FE engine . An SLX option pack , known as the Executive was also available . The SL opened up the Apollo range with remote exterior mirrors , intermittent windscreen wipers , heated rear screen demister , remote trunk release for sedans and fuel filler door , a two - speaker radio cassette player and tinted side and rear glass . SLX variants were distinguished by their full wheel covers , as opposed to the SL model 's steel wheels with centre caps . The Executive variant was not a stand - alone model , but an option pack for the SLX , adding power steering and automatic transmission . SLE equipment included the four - wheel disc brakes , variable intermittent windscreen wipers , a four - speaker stereo , body - coloured bumpers , dual odometers , automatic headlamp cut - off system , velour seat upholstery , centre back - seat armrest , power antenna , central locking with illuminated driver 's door lock and front map lamps . As per the Camry , in May 1991 , the EFI version of the engine was made standard . In August 1991 , there was a small Apollo facelift , given the designation JL , with an altered model range . The SL and SLX continued , with the SLE now available only as a sedan . The Executive pack was now no longer offered , and a sports version , dubbed GS was introduced in both body variants . Equipment levels mostly mirrored the previous JK , although the SLX was now similar in specification to the discontinued Executive and the GS to the JK SLE , albeit without standard automatic transmission . GS specification cars also added body stripes , red highlights , a tachometer and upgraded audio . Appearance-wise , the JK and JL are very similar , with the JL 's grille treated with bolder chrome highlighting and slightly altered tail lamps on sedans . The XV10 Camry - based JM Apollo replaced the JL in March 1993 . Powertrains ( V20 ) Model Drive Fuel Engine Power Torque Transmission SV20 FWD Gasoline 1.8 L I4 ( 1S - i ) 63 kW ( 85 PS ) ( JP ) 64 kW ( 86 hp ) ( AU ) 142 N m ( 105 lb ft ) ( JP ) 145 N m ( 107 lb ft ) ( AU ) 5 - speed manual 4 - speed automatic ( A140E ) SV22 1.8 L I4 ( 4S - Fi ) 77 kW ( 105 PS ) ( JP ) 149 N m ( 110 lb ft ) ( JP ) 5 - speed manual 4 - speed automatic ( A140E ) 2.0 L I4 ( 3S - FC ) 82 kW ( 110 hp ) ( AU ) 166 N m ( 122 lb ft ) ( AU ) 5 - speed manual 4 - speed automatic ( A140E ) SV21 2.0 L I4 ( 3S - GE ) 103 kW ( 140 PS ) ( JP ) 172 N m ( 127 lb ft ) ( JP ) 5 - speed manual 4 - speed automatic ( A140E ) 2.0 L I4 ( 3S - FE ) 88 kW ( 120 PS ) ( JP ) 88 kW ( 118 hp ) ( AU ) 86 kW ( 115 hp ) ( NA ) 169 N m ( 125 lb ft ) ( JP ) 171 N m ( 126 lb ft ) ( AU ) 5 - speed manual ( S51 , S53 ) 4 - speed automatic ( A140E ) SV25 4WD 5 - speed manual ( E56F5 ) 4 - speed automatic ( A540H ) VZV20 FWD 2.0 L V6 ( 1VZ - FE ) 103 kW ( 140 PS ) ( JP ) 174 N m ( 128 lb ft ) ( JP ) 5 - speed manual ( E53 ) 4 - speed automatic ( A540E ) VZV21 2.5 L V6 ( 2VZ - FE ) 117 kW ( 157 hp ) ( AU ) 114 kW ( 153 hp ) ( NA ) 215 N m ( 159 lb ft ) ( AU ) 5 - speed manual ( E52 ) 4 - speed automatic ( A540E ) CV20 Diesel 2.0 L I4 - T ( 2C - T ) 60 kW ( 82 PS ) ( JP ) 177 N m ( 131 lb ft ) ( JP ) 5 - speed manual ( S50 ) 4 - speed automatic ( A140L ) V30 ( 1990 -- 1994 ) ( edit ) V30 Overview Also called Toyota Vista Production July 1990 -- June 1994 Assembly Japan : Toyota , Aichi ( Tsutsumi plant ) Designer Osamu Shikado ( 1988 ) Body and chassis Body style 4 - door sedan 4 - door hardtop sedan Layout Transverse front - engine , front - wheel - drive Transverse front - engine , four - wheel - drive Related Toyota Camry ( XV10 ) Toyota Windom ( XV10 ) Lexus ES 300 ( XV10 ) Powertrain Engine 1.8 L I4 gasoline ( 4S - FE ) 2.0 L I4 gasoline ( 3S - FE ) 2.0 L I4 gasoline ( 3S - GE ) 2.0 L V6 gasoline ( 1VZ - FE ) 2.5 L V6 gasoline ( 4VZ - FE ) 2.0 L I4 - T diesel ( 2C - T ) Transmission 5 - speed manual 4 - speed automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 2,600 mm ( 102.4 in ) Length 4,600 mm ( 181.1 in ) ( sedan ) 4,630 -- 4,670 mm ( 182.3 -- 183.9 in ) ( hardtop ) Width 1,695 mm ( 66.7 in ) Height 1,395 mm ( 54.9 in ) ( sedan ) 1,380 mm ( 54.3 in ) ( hardtop ) Curb weight 1,180 -- 1,360 kg ( 2,600 -- 3,000 lb ) Introduced exclusively to Japan in July 1990 , the Camry V30 carried forward the four - door sedan and a differently styled hardtop sedan . Like before , either shape could be had in a Vista branded variety with revised styling . Both bodies would also form the basis of enlarged wide - body XV10 versions from September 1991 , aimed primarily at international markets . The V30 remained smaller than the XV10 to offer buyers a vehicle within the `` five - number '' registration category concerning exterior dimensions and engine displacement for Japanese vehicle size regulations . The rules required a body width under 1.7 meters ( 5.6 ft ) , length under 4.7 meters ( 15.4 ft ) , and engines at or below 2000 cc . Sedans in the wide - body format would sell overseas as the Camry XV10 -- identical to the smaller V30 in most respects except for the front - and rear - end styling grafted to an otherwise unchanged body and interior . Hardtop sedans would engender the luxury Lexus ES 300 ( XV10 ) , which again would couple the existing side profile with rehashed front , rear , and interior designs . The export - oriented ES 300 would sell as the Toyota Windom in Japan . Dimensions grew slightly with sedan body length extended to 4,600 millimeters ( 181.1 in ) , and for the Vista and Camry hardtops to 4,630 and 4,370 millimeters ( 182.3 and 172.0 in ) , respectively . Penned by Osamu Shikado , the V30 's design is much rounder when compared to the V20 series . Sedans purge the V20 's six - window greenhouse for a four - part setup with integrated window sashes . Up front , the sedan 's curved headlamps converge with a slimline grille insert ; hardtops get a thinner front assembly with narrower lights , and the C - pillar is raked more sharply . Base cars gain full body - colour coding of peripheral exterior components . The four - wheel strut / coil suspension carried over from the V20 , although as option on high - end front - drive trims , Toyota added a wheel - stroke - sensitive Toyota Electronic Modulated Suspension ( TEMS ) and speed sensitive four - wheel steering . The available powerplants were three twin - cam inline - four engines -- the 1.8 - liter 4S - FE , plus the 3S - FE and higher - performance 3S - GE 2.0 - liter units . Toyota also made available the 2.0 - liter 2C - T turbo - diesel inline - four , and for the flagship Camry Prominent only , the 2.0 - liter 1VZ - FE gasoline V6 . An updated model appeared in July 1992 . The scope of changes ranged from a new , larger grille and a revised air conditioning unit . At the same time the ZX touring package appeared in place of GT , which Toyota discontinued in conjunction with its 3S - GE . 1990 -- 1992 Toyota Camry sedan 1990 -- 1992 Toyota Camry sedan 1992 -- 1994 Toyota Camry sedan Toyota Vista hardtop V40 ( 1994 -- 1998 ) ( edit ) V40 Overview Also called Toyota Vista ( V40 ) Production 1994 -- 1998 ( JDM ) Assembly Japan : Toyota , Aichi ( Tsutsumi plant ) Body and chassis Body style 4 - door sedan 4 - door hardtop sedan ( Vista only ) Layout Transverse front - engine , front - wheel - drive Transverse front - engine , four - wheel - drive Powertrain Engine 1.8 L I4 gasoline 4S - FE 2.0 L I4 gasoline 3S - FE 2.2 L I4 - T diesel 3C - T Dimensions Wheelbase 2,650 mm ( 104.3 in ) Length 4,625 mm ( 182.1 in ) Width 1,695 mm ( 66.7 in ) Height 1,410 -- 1,435 mm ( 55.5 -- 56.5 in ) The Camry V40 appeared in July 1994 exclusively for the Japanese market . The Toyota Vista twin continued on , although the Camry Prominent hardtop was no longer offered ; only the Vista was available as a hardtop . As before in previous generations , the Camry was exclusive to Toyota Corolla Store , while the Vista was only available at Toyota Vista Store locations . V40 continued to be built around the 4,700 mm ( 185.0 in ) x 1,700 mm ( 66.9 in ) length - width bracket , legacy of a Japanese taxation law . The car is 100 mm ( 3.9 in ) taller than its predecessor . Engines for the V40 were a 1.8 - liter ( 4S - FE type ) and 2.0 - liter ( 3S - FE type ) , and a 2.2 - liter turbodiesel ( 3C - T type ) . At launch only the 2.0 - liter model was available in all - wheel drive mode , although afterwards the 2.2 - liter turbodiesel could be optioned with this system . Toyota updated the V40 in June 1996 . In the update anti-lock brakes and dual air bags became standard equipment . After 1998 , the Japanese market Camry and international Camry became in - line with each other , with the Vista taking over the V30 and V40 Camry roles . 1994 -- 1998 Toyota Camry sedan 1996 -- 1998 Toyota Camry 2.0 Lumière G 1996 -- 1998 Toyota Vista hardtop 1994 -- 1996 Toyota Vista hardtop V50 ( 1998 -- 2003 ) ( edit ) V50 Overview Production 1998 -- 2003 Assembly Japan : Toyota , Aichi ( Tsutsumi plant ) Body and chassis Body style 4 - door sedan 5 - door station wagon Layout Transverse front - engine , front - wheel - drive Transverse front - engine , four - wheel - drive Platform Toyota MC platform Powertrain Engine 1.8 L I4 2.0 L I4 Dimensions Wheelbase 2,700 mm ( 110 in ) Length 4,670 mm ( 184 in ) Width 1,695 mm ( 66.7 in ) Height 1,505 mm ( 59.3 in ) -- 1,515 mm ( 59.6 in ) Curb weight 1,310 kg ( 2,890 lb ) The V50 generation was not available as a Camry -- only as a Vista -- as a sedan , plus a station wagon called Vista Ardeo . 1.8 L and 2.0 L engines were available . The interior features a center instrument panel / navigation display . Vista V50 is significant because it 's one of the first fruits of Toyota 's company - wide platform renewal efforts known as the MC . Studies for new front - wheel drive ( FWD ) platform and packaging layout began in 1993 and appeared on market in February 1997 in the Toyota Prius , but the Vista is the first mass - production , FWD Toyota with a new platform . Toyota claims this is the first true redesign and re-think of its FWD platforms since the 1982 Camry / Vista . With this platform , Toyota trades rear MacPherson Struts for a torsion beam axle setup . A double - wishbone setup is available for all - wheel drive . Toyota also flipped the engine orientation so that the intake manifold is in front , improving space efficiency . Production for the Vista halted in July 2003 , as Toyota prepared to rename the Vista dealers as the Netz dealership network . The move to simplify Toyota 's dealership came in light of the pending Lexus launch in Japan , planned for August 2005 . In April 2005 the process was complete and all Vista dealers became Netz dealers . 1998 -- 2000 Toyota Vista sedan 2000 -- 2003 Toyota Vista sedan 2000 -- 2003 Toyota Vista Ardeo wagon Wide - body ( edit ) XV10 ( 1991 -- 1996 ) ( edit ) XV10 Pre-facelift Camry sedan ( Australia ) Overview Also called Holden Apollo Toyota Scepter Toyota Vienta Production 1991 -- 1996 1992 -- 1997 ( Australia ) Model years 1992 -- 1996 Designer Osamu Shikado ( 1989 ) Body and chassis Body style 2 - door coupé 4 - door sedan 5 - door station wagon Main article : Toyota Camry ( XV10 ) Toyota replaced the compact V20 Camry with the Japanese market - only V30 series in 1990 . However , international markets such as Australia and North America received a widened version of the V30 , known as the XV10 series . While marginally larger than the V20 , the V30 had to comply with Japanese dimension regulations , which restricted the car 's width to 1,700 millimeters ( 67 in ) and length to 4,700 millimeters ( 190 in ) for a lower tax obligation . Particularly in the United States , this narrower model was seen as compromised , thus limiting its sales potential . As a result , the `` wide - body '' mid-size Camry ( XV10 ) released to North America in 1991 was developed from 1988 and the final design frozen in 1989 . It was with the XV10 that Toyota upgraded the Camry 's status to its second `` world car '' after the Corolla , with exports starting from Australia to Southeast Asia . Japan also received the wider XV10 model , although it was sold under the Toyota Scepter name there . Toyota chose the name `` Scepter '' as a reference to the Camry / Crown naming tradition , as a `` scepter '' is a symbolic ornamental staff held by a ruling monarch , a prominent item of royal regalia . The smaller V30 Camry varied in other areas besides the size . Although the underpinnings , doors and fenders , and overall basic design cues were common between the two cars , the smaller Camry sported harder , more angular front - and rear - end styling treatment , with the wide - body model presenting a more curvaceous silhouette . This was a departure from the V20 generation Camry which , although had many more rounded panels than the V10 series , was nevertheless generally slab - sided in shape . A two - door Camry coupé was added to compete with the Honda Accord coupé . However , the Camry Coupé was never popular and was dropped in 1996 . A two - door Camry would not be reintroduced until 1999 , with the Toyota Camry Solara . The Japanese V30 model was replaced by the Camry V40 in 1994 , however , this was also a Japan - only model . International markets instead retained the wider XV10 until it was replaced by the XV20 in 1996 . The V40 and XV20 models were sold alongside one another in the Japanese market until 1998 . At this time , the Vista V50 took the place of the V40 , ending the period of separate Camrys for the Japanese and international markets . The XV10 , at its most basic level , offered a 2.2 - liter 5S - FE four - cylinder engine , up from 2.0 liters in the V20 and V30 Camrys . This unit produced 97 kilowatts ( 130 hp ) of power and 197 newton metres ( 145 lb ft ) of torque , although the exact figures varied slightly depending on the market . Power and displacement increases were also received for the V6 engine . The 3.0 - liter 3VZ - FE unit was rated at 138 kilowatts ( 185 hp ) and 264 newton metres ( 195 lb ft ) . An all - new aluminium 1MZ - FE V6 debuted in North American models from 1993 for the 1994 model year , with other markets retaining the 3VZ - FE V6. Power and torque rose to 140 kilowatts ( 190 hp ) and 275 newton metres ( 203 lb ft ) , respectively . In Australia , the V6 engine Camry was badged `` Camry Vienta '' when launched in 1993 , later becoming the Toyota Vienta in 1995 . In South Africa , the XV10 Camry was manufactured by Toyota SA in Durban from 1992 to 2002 , offering both the 2.2 - liter and 3.0 - liter engines , as well as a 2.0 - liter engine derived from the Celica . Only a sedan configuration was available . These were also marketed and sold into Namibia , Botswana and Zimbabwe . A variant of the UK market V6 model - detuned to run on 91 rather than 95 octane unleaded petrol - was launched in New Zealand in 1991 . These Japanese - built models were replaced with an Australian - made line , with unique New Zealand specification , in 1993 at which point the 2.2 - liter I4 was offered as well . Pre-facelift Camry sedan ( Australia ) Facelift Camry coupe ( US ) Facelift Vienta wagon ( Australia ) XV20 ( 1996 -- 2001 ) ( edit ) XV20 Pre-facelift Vienta sedan Overview Also called Daihatsu Altis Toyota Vienta Production 1996 -- 2001 1997 -- 2002 ( Australia ) Model years 1997 -- 2001 Body and chassis Body style 4 - door sedan 5 - door station wagon Powertrain Engine 2.2 L I4 3.0 L V6 1MZ - FE Main article : Toyota Camry ( XV20 ) In late 1991 , development on the XV20 commenced after launch of the XV10 under the 415T program . Design work was frozen in early 1994 and later launched in the United States in September 1996 and Japan in December 1996 . It continued as a sedan and station wagon ( called the Camry Gracia in Japan ) , though the latter model was not sold in the United States . This generation was launched in the US for the 1997 model year . In August 1999 for the 2000 model year , the sedan models received a mid-model upgrade to the front and rear fascias , but remained otherwise similar to the 1997 to 1999 models . In the United States , the Camry SE was dropped and the base model was renamed the CE for the 1997 model year . Both the LE and the XLE trims were carried over from the previous series . All trim levels were available with either the 2.2 - liter I4 or the 3.0 - liter V6 engine except the Solara SLE , which was only available with the V6 . TRD offered a supercharger kit for 1997 through to 2000 V6 models raising power to 247 horsepower ( 184 kW ) and 242 pound - feet ( 328 N m ) of torque . A coupe was added in 1999 , and then a convertible form in 2000 . In contrast to the coupe from the XV10 generation Camrys , the new two - door cars were given a separate nameplate Camry Solara , or simply Solara . They were also a significant styling departure from the sedan . The Solara was available in SE and SLE trims , corresponding roughly to the sedan 's LE and XLE trims . Power was increased slightly to 133 hp ( 99 kW ) SAE for the 5S - FE 2.2 L I4 and 192 hp ( 143 kW ) SAE for the 1MZ - FE V6 . Manual transmissions ( model : S51 ) were only available on the CE trim level , LE V6 , and any Solara model . Camrys and Solaras equipped with the 5S - FE 4 cylinder engine and appropriate trim package received the S51 manual transmission , while those equipped with the 1MZ - FE 6 cylinder engine received the E153 manual transmission . Pre-facelift Camry sedan Facelift Camry sedan Facelift Camry wagon XV30 ( 2002 -- 2006 ) ( edit ) XV30 Pre-facelift Camry ( regular ) Overview Also called Daihatsu Altis Production 2001 -- 2006 2002 -- 2006 ( Australia ) Model years 2002 -- 2006 Body and chassis Body style 4 - door sedan Platform Toyota K platform Toyota modular platform ( Australia ) Main article : Toyota Camry ( XV30 ) Regular Released in September 2001 for the 2002 model year , Toyota released the Camry XV30 series as a larger sedan , but without a station wagon for the first time . The wagon 's demise occurred due to its sales erosion to minivans and crossover SUVs . Toyota redesigned this series from the ground up for the first time since the V30 and XV10 . Through efficiency gains such as increased computerization , and by having the XV30 ride on the K platform introduced with the Toyota Highlander ( XU20 ) of 2000 , Toyota expedited the XV30 production development stage to 26 months , down from 36 months with the XV20 . As a consequence , Toyota claimed the XV30 to have cost 30 percent less to design and develop than its predecessor . XV30 also had increased parts content over the XV20 , but did not cost any more to manufacture . Until the 2003 model year , the Camry Solara remained on the XV20 series chassis , and received only minor styling upgrades to the front and rear ends . However , the Solara did receive the same 2.4 - liter 2AZ - FE I4 engine that was available on the Camry sedan . The US received three engine options , a 115 kW ( 154 hp ) 2.4 - liter inline - four , a 142 kW ( 190 hp ) 3.0 - liter V6 , and a 157 kW ( 210 hp ) 3.3 - liter version of the same . The 3.3 - liter was only available for the Camry 's sportier `` SE '' model . Facelift Camry ( regular ) Pre-facelift Camry ( regular ) Facelift Camry ( regular ) Prestige Compared to the international version with a less conservative design ( styled by Hiroyuki Metsugi , approved 1999 ) , the Asian `` prestige '' Camry had a different distinctive design with more chrome , larger head lamps and tail lamps and a general greater emphasis on its width . Pre-facelift Camry ( Asia ) Pre-facelift Camry ( Asia ) Facelift Camry ( Asia ) Facelift Camry ( Asia ) XV40 ( 2006 -- 2011 ) ( edit ) XV40 Pre-facelift Camry ( regular ) Overview Also called Daihatsu Altis Production 2006 -- 2011 Model years 2007 -- 2011 Body and chassis Body style 4 - door sedan Platform Toyota K platform Related Toyota Aurion ( XV40 ) Regular Main article : Toyota Camry ( XV40 ) This generation of Camry saw even greater differentiation between `` regular '' model sold internationally ( including Japan ) and the `` prestige '' Camry sold in the rest of Asia . The regular Camry , fitted with four - cylinder engines sold alongside the V6 - engined prestige Camry in Oceania and the Middle East as the Toyota Aurion . Between 2006 and 2010 , the regular Camry was also rebadged as the Daihatsu Altis model , which sold alongside the Camry in Japan . The Daihatsu differed only in badging , with no cosmetic changes . The XV40 Camry was introduced at the 2006 North American International Auto Show alongside a hybrid version and went on sale in March 2006 for the 2007 model year . Power comes from a choice of four and six - cylinder engines . The 2.4 - liter 2AZ - FE I4 engine was carried over and produced 158 horsepower ( 118 kW ) . It came with a five - speed manual or five - speed automatic transmission . The 3.5 - liter 2GR - FE V6 in contrast came with a new six - speed automatic and produced 268 horsepower ( 200 kW ) . The Camry was facelifted in 2009 for the 2010 model year with a redesigned fascia , taillights , and an all - new 2.5 - liter 2AR - FE four - cylinder engine with a new six - speed automatic transmission . The 2.5 - liter engine produces 169 horsepower ( 126 kW ) for the base , LE , XLE models , and 179 horsepower ( 133 kW ) for the SE . Power locks , stability control , and traction control were also made standard for 2010 . The XV40 series Camry is the first in which the Camry has been available as a gasoline / electric hybrid . The Camry Hybrid utilizes Toyota 's second - generation Hybrid Synergy Drive ( HSD ) and a 2AZ - FXE four - cylinder with 110 kilowatts ( 150 hp ) in conjunction with a 30 kilowatts ( 40 hp ) electric motor for a combined output of 140 kilowatts ( 190 hp ) . Pre-facelift Camry ( regular ) Facelift Camry ( regular ) Facelift Camry ( regular ) Facelift Camry Hybrid ( regular ) Prestige Main article : Toyota Aurion ( XV40 ) The Asian market Camry features different front and rear styling , plus a revised interior . In Asia , the Camry occupied a higher end of the market , priced just below entry - level German luxury models . The Asian Camry lineup includes a 3.5 - liter V6 model and is sold as the Toyota Aurion ( XV40 ) in Australia , competing against large Australian sedans like the Ford Falcon and Holden Commodore . Pre-facelift Camry ( prestige ) Pre-facelift Camry ( prestige ) Facelift Camry ( prestige ) Facelift Camry ( prestige ) XV50 ( 2011 -- 2017 ) ( edit ) XV50 Pre-facelift Camry ( regular ) Overview Also called Daihatsu Altis Production August 2011 -- 2017 Model years 2012 -- 2017 Body and chassis Body style 4 - door sedan Platform Toyota K platform Main article : Toyota Camry ( XV50 ) Regular The XV50 Camry was produced from 21 August 2011 , introduced on 23 August 2011 , and began U.S. sales in September 2011 . The interior received a major restyling , while the exterior received all - new sheet metal and more angular styling . The US Camry carried over three different engine choices from the previous model . Starting with a 2.5 - liter four - cylinder hybrid model rated at 150 kW ( 200 hp ) , a 2.5 - liter four - cylinder gasoline engine rated at 133 kW ( 178 hp ) and 230 N m ( 170 lb ft ) , and a 3.5 - liter V6 rated at 200 kW ( 268 hp ) and 336 N m ( 248 lb ft ) . Power output has been increased mostly by switching to electro - hydraulic power steering . The trim levels include the L , LE , SE , XLE , SE V6 , XLE V6 , Hybrid LE , Hybrid XLE and for 2014 a Hybrid SE model . All models except for the hybrids are standard with six - speed automatic transmissions . No manual transmissions are offered . Hybrids are equipped with an eCVT transmission . The SE model gets paddle shifters , and a stiffer suspension . The new model has increased fuel economy due to lighter weight , a sleeker body , and low rolling - resistance tires . A major facelift released to North America in April 2014 for the 2015 model year updated most of the exterior panels . The US - built Toyota Camry took the top spot in 2015 and 2016 as the most American - Made car with over 75 percent of its parts and manufacturing coming from the United States . Pre-facelift Camry Hybrid ( regular ) Pre-facelift Camry ( regular ) Facelift Camry Hybrid ( regular ) Facelift Camry ( regular ) Prestige In this generation , the Camry line - up for the Japanese domestic market was reduced to being just a single variant ( hybrid only ) . The Japanese market will now share the same Camry model as the Asian market `` prestige '' Camry -- a design also adopted by the Toyota Aurion ( XV50 ) , albeit with minor visual changes . The Brazilian market also carries the Prestige variant instead of the one sold in North America ( only in the 3.5 L V6 configuration ) . Prior to the XV50 , the Japanese and Brazilian markets wide - body Camry were similar to the US models . Pre-facelift Camry ( prestige ) Pre-facelift Camry Hybrid ( prestige ) Pre-facelift Camry ( prestige ) Facelift Camry ( prestige ) Facelift Camry Hybrid ( prestige ) Facelift Camry Hybrid ( prestige ) XV70 ( 2017 -- present ) ( edit ) XV70 Toyota Camry ( US ; Hybrid ) Overview Also called Daihatsu Altis Production June 2017 -- present Model years 2018 -- present Assembly United States : Georgetown , Kentucky Japan : Toyota , Aichi ( Tsutsumi plant ) Thailand : Chachoengsao ( Toyota Gateway ) China : Guangzhou , Nansha Designer Ian Cartabiano ( 2014 ) Body and chassis Body style 4 - door sedan Platform Toyota New Global Architecture Powertrain Engine 2.0 L I4 6AR - FSE ( China ) 2.5 L I4 A25A - FKS 3.5 L V6 2GR - FKS 2.5 L I4 Hybrid A25A - FXS Transmission 8 - speed automatic CVT ( hybrid ) The latest Camry , which will be the eighth - generation of the global Camry model , and known as the XV70 was introduced at the January 2017 North American International Auto Show . It was launched in Japan on 10 July 2017 , and it will also be launched in Thailand , Indonesia , Australia and other countries by the end of 2017 or the beginning of 2018 . North American production started in June 2017 , and sales began in late July 2017 . Due to the need to equip Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky with new equipment for Toyota New Global Architecture , a small portion of the initial North American production was sourced from the Tsutsumi plant in Japan . Once TMMK is completely retooled for the new Camry , North American production will come exclusively from TMMK . Australian models are now sourced from Japan as Toyota 's Altona , Victoria plant has been closed , marking the end of local Toyota production dating back 55 years . The Camry will be built on Toyota New Global Architecture Platform , which is shared with the latest Toyota Prius hybrid hatchback and Toyota C - HR crossover SUV , and an altered version of the same platform ( the Global Architecture for Luxury Vehicles ) , which underpins the Lexus LC sports car . Each trim level will feature a different front fascia to differentiate it from other Camry models . Trim Levels for the new Camry include L , LE , SE , XLE , and XSE , as well as LE , SE & XLE versions of the Camry Hybrid . Engine choices include a base 2.5 L Inline Four - Cylinder ( I4 ) that now produces 151 kW ( 203 hp ) in base form , or , when equipped with the optional quad exhaust , produces 155 kW ( 208 hp ) , the same 2.5 L Inline Four - Cylinder ( I4 ) engine with an electric motor ( Hybrid ) that produces 155 kW ( 208 hp ) , or the top - of - the - line 3.5 L V6 that produces 224 kW ( 301 hp ) . The only major component that is shared with the previous - generation is the Toyota emblem on the front grille and rear trunk lid . The Camry will be the first Toyota vehicle to introduce the Entune 3.0 System , which , powered by Linux , will be an `` Open - Source '' operating system ( OS ) , providing for developers to develop different applications that will work with the new infotainment system . Transmission choices include a simulated six - speed sequential shift automatic ( Continuously Variable Transmission ) for Hybrid models , or an eight - speed automatic for I4 and V6 powered Camrys . As with all Toyota vehicles , Toyota Safety Sense will come as standard equipment on all Camry models , bringing standard a pre-collision system with pedestrian detection , a full - speed radar cruise control , lane departure warning with steering assist , and automatic high beam assist . Optional safety features will include active blind spot monitoring with rear cross-traffic alert , intelligent clearance sonar , and rear cross-traffic braking . Japanese market ( 2017 ) Japanese market ( 2017 ) Sales ( edit ) Competing with mainstream and more affordable models in Western markets , for other export markets in Asia and Latin America , the Camry is seen as a luxury car where it sells strongly ( and serves as Toyota 's flagship vehicle along with the Land Cruiser ) . In the United States , except for 2001 , the Camry was the best - selling passenger car from 1997 to 2016 . The Camry also sells well in Australia where it has been the best selling medium car since 1993 , and more recently in the Middle East and Eastern Europe . Up until 2004 , small numbers had been exported to Western Europe . Despite international success , and early success in Japan , the later wide - body models have been a low - volume model in its home market . However , since the introduction of the XV50 Camry in 2011 , sales of the wide - body models in Japan have resurged , thanks , in large part , to the inclusion of Toyota 's Hybrid Synergy Drive system . Country 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 US 52,651 93,725 128,143 151,767 186,623 225,322 255,252 1991 1995 1998 1999 US 283,042 262,531 284,751 297,836 319,718 326,632 357,359 394,397 427,308 445,696 2000 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Canada 15,524 US 422,961 388,512 434,145 413,296 426,990 431,703 448,445 473,108 436,617 356,824 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Australia 25,014 19,169 27,230 24,860 22,044 Canada 12,251 12,334 14,765 15,113 16,805 15,683 US 327,804 308,510 404,886 408,484 428,606 429,355 388,618 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Robinson , Aaron ( February 2007 ) . `` 2007 Honda Accord vs. Nissan Altima , Kia Optima , Saturn Aura , Toyota Camry , Chrysler Sebring '' . Car and Driver . Retrieved 11 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Mondale , Walter ; Weston , Mark ( 2002 ) . Giants of Japan : The Lives of Japan 's Most Influential Men and Women . New York City : Kodansha America . p. 63 . ISBN 1 - 56836 - 324 - 9 . Since then many Toyota models have taken up the ' Crown ' theme . ' Corona , ' for example , is Latin for crown . ' Corolla ' is Latin for small crown . Jump up ^ Koch , Jeff ( August 2007 ) . `` Toyota Crows '' . Hemmings Sports & Exotic Car . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Hammerton , Ron ( 7 December 2011 ) . `` 2011 Toyota Camry Atara S -- The Car '' . GoAuto . Retrieved 29 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Long , Brian ( 2007 ) . Celica and Supra : The Book of Toyota 's Sports Coupés . Poundbury : Veloce . p. 53 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 90478 - 813 - 3 . Jump up ^ 2 代目セリカカムリセダン ( 1st Celica Camry sedan ) ( in Japanese ) . Toyota Motor Corporation . 2012 . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tsutsumi Plant '' . Toyota Motor Corporation . 2012 . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1st Celica Camry sedan '' . Toyota Motor Corporation . 2012 . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Automobile Club d'Italia ( 1981 ) . World Cars 1981 . Pelham , New York : Herald Books . p. 437 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 91071 - 413 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toyota '' ( PDF ) ( in Russian ) . NGK Spark Plug Europe . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Celica Camry '' . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 281120 Camry / Vista ( 1982 / 03 - 1986 / 07 ) '' . JP-CarParts.com . Retrieved 16 January 2014 . Jump up ^ 2 代目カムリセダン ( 2nd Camry sedan ) ( in Japanese ) . Toyota Motor Corporation . 2012 . Retrieved 15 January 2014 . Jump up ^ 1 代目ビスタセダン ( 1st Vista sedan ) ( in Japanese ) . Toyota Motor Corporation . 2012 . Retrieved 15 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1st Vista sedan '' . Toyota Motor Corporation . 2012 . Retrieved 15 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Item 5 . Development of Front - Wheel Drive Vehicles '' . Toyota Motor Corporation . 2012 . Retrieved 15 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Item 1 . Negotiations with Ford '' . Toyota Motor Corporation . 2012 . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Fung , Walter ; Hardcastle , Mike ( 2001 ) . Textiles in Automotive Engineering . Cambridge : Woodhead . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85573 - 493 - 7 . the oil crisis of 1973 -- 4 when the Middle East oil producers precipitated an artificial shortage of oil world - wide which in turn increased prices dramatically . This caused a swift reaction in Europe and Japan , not as quickly reflected in the US , to ' downsize ' the product and make , smaller , cheaper and more fuel - efficient cars . The laws of aerodynamics ensured that gradually , many of them began to assume similar shapes to reduce drag factors to a minimum . Jump up ^ `` Research Study on Audit Committee & Board Committee in PEs '' ( PDF ) . Hyderabad : Institute of Public Enterprise . 2012 . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Policy Options for Reducing Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from U.S. Transportation . Washington , D.C. : Transportation Research Board . 2011 . p. 54 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 30916 - 742 - 0 . FWD vehicles were rare in 1975 , but their numbers grew rapidly in the early 1980s . Jump up ^ Cole , Craig ( 20 February 2013 ) . `` Why Front - Wheel - Drive Cars are More Efficient '' . AutoGuide . Retrieved 15 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Hsu , Ben ( 2013 ) . Classic Japanese Performance Cars . North Branch , Minnesota : CarTech . p. 60 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 93470 - 988 - 7 . Due to declining sales , the T130 was the final Corona model offered in the United States . After 1983 , Toyota found a new car to replace the Corona , opting for a front - wheel drive layout . You may even have heard of it . It was called the Camry . ^ Jump up to : James , Wanda ( 2005 ) . Driving from Japan : Japanese Cars in America . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company . p. 64 . ISBN 978 - 078641 - 734 - 6 . The ( 1982 ) Camry was produced to replace the aging Corona and to compete with the Honda Accord , which had a three - year head start on the market . To regain some of that share , the Camry was designed to `` one - up '' the Accord with a longer wheelbase of 102.4 inches ( almost 6 inches longer than the Accord ) , as well as a more powerful 2.0 - liter , 92 - horsepower engine to pass Accord 's 86 - horsepower , 1.8 - liter engine . ^ Jump up to : Niedermeyer , Paul ( 16 April 2010 ) . `` Curbside Classic : 1986 Toyota Camry '' . The Truth About Cars . Retrieved 15 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Toyota : a history of the first 50 years . Toyota , Aichi : Toyota Motor Corporation . 1988 . p. 263 . OCLC 25202245 . The Camry 's drivetrain was based on a new design that was appropriate for Toyota 's first FF car with a transverse - mounted engine . ( ... ) When the Camry was marketed in March 1982 , auto enthusiasts hailed it as the first of a new generation of FF cars . ^ Jump up to : `` 2nd Camry sedan '' . Toyota Motor Corporation . 2012 . Retrieved 15 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Davis , Pedr ( March 1984 ) . `` From project car towards perfect car '' . Modern Motor . Sydney : 77 -- 79 . But by putting the fuel tank under the back seat , Toyota has increased luggage space `` ; `` MacPherson struts and stabilizer bars are fitted front and rear . Variable ratio rack and pinion steering in standard '' ; `` The orthodox brake set - up has ventilated discs at the front and drums at the rear . They work well and have a double proportioning valve which , during a couple of simulated emergency stops , kept premature lock - up at bay . An interesting innovation is that sensors ping out an audible warning when the pad thickness gets to the point where you should start worrying . '' ; `` ( ... ) the Camry has plenty of standard equipment , even if you do n't pay extra for the optional powering steering , air conditioning , electric sunshine roof , power doors and windows or a fancy sound system . '' ; `` Suspension : Front : Independent by MacPherson struts with coil springs and anti-roll bar ; Rear : Independent by struts with two parallel links and trailing arm per side , coil springs and anti-roll bar . ^ Jump up to : Dole , Charles E. ( 28 July 1983 ) . `` Toyota making fresh assault on US compact - car market with Camry '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 16 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kinuura Plant '' . Toyota Motor Corporation . 2012 . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . Jump up ^ トヨタディーゼル店・ 50 年後の再検証 ( Toyota Diesel Store history , 50 years after launch ) ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Camry GLi TwinCam Spec Details ( 1985 / 05 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Carview . Retrieved 20 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Camry 2000ZX TwinCam ( AT 2.0 ) Spec Details ( 1984 / 06 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Carview . Retrieved 20 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toyota Camry '' ( in Japanese ) . Carview . Retrieved 16 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : 初代ビスタ ( First generation Vista ) ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved 16 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toyota Camry ( SV11 Camry ) '' . GoAuto . Retrieved 16 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 Toyota Camry '' . HowStuffWorks . Retrieved 16 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Minow , Neil ; Monks , Robert A.G. ( 2008 ) . Corporate Governance ( PDF ) ( 4 ed . ) . Chichester : John Wiley & Sons . pp. 412 -- 450 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 40517 - 106 - 9 . Jump up ^ Denzau , Arthur T. ( 1988 ) . `` The Japanese automobile cartel : made in the U.S.A '' . Regulation . Washington , D.C. OCLC 18272863 . Jump up ^ Kiley , David ( 2 April 2010 ) . `` Goodbye , NUMMI : How a Plant Changed the Culture of Car - Making '' . Popular Mechanics . New York City . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Company Briefs ; Toyota 's U.S. Plant '' . The New York Times . Reuters. 27 May 1988 . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` North America '' . Toyota Motor Corporation . 2012 . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Ceppos , Rich ( May 1983 ) . `` 1983 Toyota Camry LE '' . Car and Driver . Retrieved 16 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Camry History '' . Edmunds.com . Retrieved 16 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toyota Camry '' . Unique Cars and Parts . Retrieved 16 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toyota Camry - Used Car Research '' . GoAuto . Retrieved 16 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 3rd Camry sedan '' . Toyota Motor Corporation . 2012 . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2nd Vista sedan '' . Toyota Motor Corporation . 2012 . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 Toyota Camry '' . HowStuffWorks . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Camry '' . Autocar & Motor . 184 ( 10 ) : 11 . 6 June 1990 . Other Lexus models will follow , though not the V6 four - door hardtop version of the Camry , the ES250 , sold in the US . Jump up ^ `` Used Lexus ES 250 Review '' . Edmunds.com . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Baruth , Jack ( 4 June 2010 ) . `` Capsule Review : 1990 Lexus ES250 '' . The Truth About Cars . Retrieved 24 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Saur , Brendan ( 20 June 2014 ) . `` Cursed Curbsides : The Lexus ES -- Lexus ' Greatest Hit Or Greatest Regret ? '' . Curbside Classics . Retrieved 3 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Dawson , Chester ( 2011 ) . Lexus : The Relentless Pursuit ( eBook ) ( 2 ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 47082 - 807 - 6 . In September 1991 , the ( ... ) ES 250 , which had been assembled from the Toyota Camry parts bin , finally bowed out . ( ... ) From the start , Toyota Motor had viewed the first generation ES 250 ( ... ) mostly as a place holder to make the brand seem bigger than just the flagship LS 400 . Jump up ^ Niedermeyer , Paul ( 24 August 2013 ) . `` Curbside Classic Review : 1990 Toyota Camry LE V6 -- Dripping With Fat '' . Curbside Classics . Retrieved 16 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Niedermeyer , Paul ( 21 August 2013 ) . `` Curbside Classic : 1986 Toyota Camry -- Toyota Builds A Better Citation ; Forever '' . Curbside Classics . Retrieved 16 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Niedermeyer , Edward ( 28 January 2010 ) . `` Too Good To Be True : How Toyota 's Success Caused Killer Decontenting '' . The Truth About Cars . Retrieved 16 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Rich ( May 1987 ) . `` Daily Drivers '' . Popular Mechanics . New York City . 164 ( 5 ) : 74 . Like all Toyotas , construction quality of the Camry is perfect . Jump up ^ Smith , Graham ( 29 January 2009 ) . `` Used car review Toyota Camry 1987 -- 1993 '' . Herald Sun . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dole , Charles E. ( 16 March 1987 ) . `` Camry : most ' trouble free ' car in the US has lots going for it '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Grey , Jim ( 16 March 2013 ) . `` CC Capsule : 1988 Toyota Camry DX -- Somehow , Beige Is Appropriate '' . Curbside Classics . Retrieved 16 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : St. Antoine , Arthur ( June 1987 ) . `` 1987 Toyota Camry '' . Car and Driver . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . Jump up ^ McCarthy ( 1987 ) , p. 39 . `` The wagon shares with the sedan a very smooth nose which is remarkably rounded in plain view , and meritorious attention to detail including near - flush windows , wind splitters up the ends of the windscreen and an extra ( third ) door seal to close the gap between the body and window frames . '' Jump up ^ `` Trends in the Static Stability Factor of Passenger Cars , Light Trucks , and Vans '' ( PDF ) . National Highway Traffic Safety Administration . June 2005 . Retrieved 16 February 2014 . Jump up ^ McCarthy ( 1987 ) , p. 40 . `` The decision to use the Celica 's strut rear suspension in the Camry needs no justification on the grounds of excellent rear - end roadholding and ride . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Toyota Camry ( SV21 Camry ) '' . GoAuto . Retrieved 16 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McCarthy ( 1987 ) , p. 40 . `` The brake system has a tandem type booster and diagonally divided hydraulic circuits . Front discs are standard on all models but the SE and CS only have rear drums whereas the CS - X and Ultima get rear discs with an integral drum handbrake . '' Jump up ^ McCarthy ( 1987 ) , p. 40 . `` Toyota gets a merit mark for including a load - sensing proportioning valve on all Camry wagons . ( ... ) When the body and suspension move apart ( with light load ) the LSPV lever tips down and the valves inside the device restrict the hydraulic pressure available to the rear brakes , so reducing tendency to wheel lockup . Conversely , when the wagon is heavily laden and the distance between floor and suspension is decreased , the lever moves up and the internal valves open to admit more pressure to the rear brakes . '' ^ Jump up to : `` 1987 Toyota Camry brochure ( Japan ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Toyota Motor Corporation . 1987 . Retrieved 16 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1987 Toyota Vista brochure ( Japan ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Toyota Motor Corporation . 1986 . Retrieved 16 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` トヨタカムリ ( Camry ) カタログ・スペック情報 '' ( Toyota Camry ( Camry ) catalog specifications ) . Goo - net ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved 21 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : 2 代目ビスタ ( Second generation Vista ) ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved 20 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1st Camry hardtop '' . Toyota Motor Corporation . 2012 . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chassis '' . Toyota Motor Corporation . 2012 . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Rich ( December 1986 ) . `` Wonder Wagons '' . Popular Mechanics . New York City . 163 ( 12 ) : 61 . Jump up ^ McCarthy ( 1987 ) , p. 37 -- 38 . `` the new Camry ( ... ) replaces not only the old Camry but the Corona as well ( ... and ) began taking shape four years ago . The Australian Camry 's development program accounted for a total investment of $115 million , easily a record for a locally made Toyota . Part of the investment went to a major upgrading of AMI Toyota 's manufacturing and assembly plant in Port Melbourne , and to re-tooling of the Altona panel - stamping and engine - building facility . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Overview of Overseas Production Affiliates : Oceania '' . Toyota Motor Corporation . 2012 . Retrieved 11 July 2014 . Jump up ^ McCarthy ( 1987 ) , p. 38 . `` The Australian engineering and product planning team was involved with the new Camry from the start of the clay model stage through to the public release . So the locals had more say and more influence on the Camry than any Toyota ever launched here . The launch itself was significant because local production started less than six months behind the car 's release in Japan . That 's the shortest ever lead time for a locally made Toyota . It has also meant that Australia is the first country outside Japan to produce what Toyota describes as its latest world car . '' Jump up ^ McCarthy ( 1987 ) , p. 39 -- 40 . `` The 1.8 - litre engine available in the SE and CS ( ... is the ) fully imported `` 1S - Ci '' engine ( ... that ) claims 64 kW ( ... ) and 145 Nm `` . Jump up ^ Morely , David ( 6 March 2006 ) . `` Toyota Camry SV21 '' . Drive . Retrieved 20 February 2014 . Jump up ^ McCarthy ( 1987 ) , p. 40 . `` The basic Camry line - up comprises seven models : four sedans ( SE , CS , CSX and Ultima ) , three wagons ( SE , CS , CSX ) . ( ... The SE ) features include ( ... ) AM / FM radio , centre console , remote fuel filler release , intermittent and mist wiper functions , digital clock and a trip meter . ( ... ) The CS ( ... ) has tilt steering column to which the CSX adds a key lock warning system . The CS driver 's cushion has front height adjustment ; the CSX 's front and rear height adjustment . The CS gets a two speaker AM / FM radio cassette ; the CSX a four - speaker system and automatic electric antenna . Not to forget other goodies , including central locking , variable intermittent wiper and centre rear arm rest . The Ultima goes all - out luxury with a list that extends to power windows , cruise control , automatic transmission as standard , velour trim , and a nine - stage graphics equaliser for the audio system . Jump up ^ Scott , Phil , ed . ( March 1988 ) . `` Toyota '' . Wheels . Sydney : 93 . An Executive version of the Camry will be unveiled at the Melbourne motor show this month . Power steering and air conditioning will be standard . Jump up ^ Stahl , Michael ( July 1988 ) . `` Camry 's Surprise Package '' . Wheels . Sydney : 12 . `` Toyota 's new V6 - engined Camry : It 's fully imported ( ... and ) will be available in fairly limited numbers '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Toyota Camry ( SV22 Camry ) '' . GoAuto . Retrieved 20 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bebbington ( 1998 ) , p. 127 . `` The EFI version of the two - litre twin - cam engine was made standard across the board , with the carburettored unit being deleted . ( This actually occurred in May 1991 , late in the JK Apollo 's production run . ) '' Jump up ^ `` Twin Power '' . The Canberra Times . 31 May 1991 . p. 15 . Retrieved 7 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Brewer , Peter ( 27 November 1992 ) . `` Holden 's Christmas spirit '' . The Canberra Times . p. 22 . Retrieved 8 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Dornin , Tim ( 4 December 1992 ) . `` Button the driving force '' . The Canberra Times . p. 21 . Retrieved 8 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Used Car Safety Ratings 2008 '' ( PDF ) . Monash University . Retrieved 23 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Holden Apollo - Used Car Research '' . GoAuto . Retrieved 20 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Holden Apollo ( JK Apollo ) '' . GoAuto . Retrieved 20 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Tuckey , Bill ( 1999 ) . Commodore Lion King : Celebrating 21 Years . Middle Park , Victoria : Quil Visual Communications . p. 168 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 38231 - 4 . On Friday 11 December 1987 at 2.30 pm came the announcement : `` Holden 's Motor Company Ltd , AMI Toyota Ltd and Toyota Manufacturing Australia Ltd , are joining forces to create Australia 's largest automotive group . '' ( ... ) The press statement outlined plans to co-ordinate design , engineering and product sharing strategies while keeping marketing operations and dealer networks totally separate , and the decision was described as consistent with the Government 's ' Button Plan ' for forced rationalisation of the industry . ( ... ) The join venture organisation was to be called United Australian Automobile Industries or UAAI . ^ Jump up to : Bebbington ( 1998 ) , p. 125 . `` Holden 's joint venture operation with Toyota began in 1987 and produced several shared models . The first of these was released in August 1989 as the Holden JK Apollo . Replacing the Camira , it was a rebadged Toyota Camry ( SV21 / 22 ) with some minor differences in styling , mainly in grille and tail - light areas . '' Jump up ^ Wright , John ( 1998 ) . Heart of the Lion : The 50 Year History of Australia 's Holden . Crows Nest , New South Wales : Allen & Unwin . pp. 277 -- 278 . ISBN 1 - 86448 - 744 - 5 . In May of 1984 , the Minister for Industry in the Hawke Labor Government , Senator John Button , unveiled the federal government 's new plan for the industry . It quickly became known as the ' Button Plan ' . This blueprint was ( ... ) to make the local industry more internationally competitive . ( ... ) But its major thrusts were to lower tariffs and to reduce the number of different models manufactured locally from thirteen to six , shared between three production groups . Jump up ^ Bebbington ( 1998 ) , p. 125 -- 126 . `` The Apollo ( had a ... ) multi-valve two - litre engine and five - speed manual transmission ( or optional four - speed overdrive automatic ) . The engine had a two - barrel carburettor standard for all models except SLE , and an EFI system for the SLE only . '' ^ Jump up to : Bebbington ( 1998 ) , p. 125 . `` The JK Apollo model lineup was ( ... ) a four - door sedan and a wagon available in SL , SLX , SLE trim levels , with Executive variants of the SLX also offered . Power steering and automatic transmission were standard fitment on Executives and SLEs . '' ^ Jump up to : Bebbington ( 1998 ) , p. 125 . `` Minor features : remote exterior mirrors ( electric on SLE ) , intermittent windscreen wipers ( variable on SLE ) , heated rear screen demister , remote boot release ( sedans ) , ( ... ) remote fuel filler door release , AM / FM electronic tuner / cassette ( with four speakers on SLE ) , tinted side and rear window glass . '' Jump up ^ Bebbington ( 1998 ) , p. 127 . `` All models had specific wheel covers except for SLs , which had small centre caps . '' Jump up ^ Bebbington ( 1998 ) , p. 125 -- 126 . `` SLE additional equipment included : electronic fuel injection , four - wheel disc brakes , body - coloured bumpers , twin trip meters in speedo , headlight auto cut off system , velour trim , rear seat centre armrest , power antenna , power door locks ( central locking ) , front map lights , illuminated driver 's door locks . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Holden Apollo ( JL Apollo ) '' . GoAuto . Retrieved 20 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Bebbington ( 1998 ) , p. 127 -- 128 . `` The model range consisted of the SL , SLX and GS , all available in sedan or wagon guise , and the top - of - the - line SLE , in sedan form only . The Executive variants had gone and the GS models were introduced to give the Apollo a sporty flavour to its lineup . ( ... ) equipment levels were similar to those of the previous JK series . The SLX 's equipment levels were similar to that of the JK Executive , while the new GS 's was close to JK SLE specification , without the automatic transmission . ( ... ) Power steering was now fitted as standard equipment to all models except the SL . '' Jump up ^ Bebbington ( 1998 ) , p. 127 . `` External changes were kept to a minimum but additional chrome finish to the grille helped to distinguish it from the JK , and the tail - lights on sedans had the red tail / stop light lens now above the orange blinker lens . '' Jump up ^ Levin , Doron . `` Too American For Its Own Good ? '' . New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Scott ( 1990 ) , p. 16 -- 17 . `` For the Japanese market the Camry line - up is once again essentially broken into -- the Camry sedan and its cosmetically different cousin , the Vista , which is marketed through its own sales channel . In addition to these , Toyota has developed pillarless hardtop versions of the two new Camry / Vista sedans for Japanese consumption only . There 's certainly a world of difference between the sedan and hardtop shapes . ( ... ) The sedan ( ... ) is much smoother than its predecessor , with a totally new front end highlighted by the large curving headlamps either side of a slim front grille . The hardtop is different again ( ... ) the nose is slimmer , with narrower lights , and the C pillar is more sharply raked . '' Jump up ^ Lamm , Michael ( September 1991 ) . `` Lexus ES Update '' . Popular Mechanics . New York City . 168 ( 9 ) : 97 . ES300 shares the Toyota Camry platform and drivetrain , which in this application is the same as Toyota will introduce as an all - new model in September . While all but identical mechanically , the two cars look entirely different . ^ Jump up to : Yap , Chips ( 9 July 2013 ) . `` 10 million Toyota Camrys sold in the USA '' . Motor Trader . Kuala Lumpur . Retrieved 23 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 3rd - generation Camry took Toyota to a new level in ' 92 '' . Automotive News . 29 October 2007 . Retrieved 17 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vehicle Segment Classification in Japan '' . MarkLines . Retrieved 23 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Scott ( 1990 ) , p. 16 . `` This is the shape of your next Toyota Camry . But not the size . The Japanese market versions retain the 1695 mm width of the current second generation model ; Australian cars will be the ( ... ) wide - bodied variant destined for US production in mid-1991 '' . Jump up ^ Long , Brian ( 2001 ) . Lexus : The Challenge to Create the Finest Automobile . Cardiff : Veloce Publishing . p. 52 . ISBN 1 - 901295 - 81 - 8 . Toyota had announced the Windom on the 30th September 1991 , an attractive new four door saloon based on the front wheel drive Camry Prominent . Jump up ^ `` 1st Windom hardtop '' . Toyota Motor Corporation . 2012 . Retrieved 22 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 3rd Vista sedan '' . Toyota Motor Corporation . 2012 . Retrieved 23 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd Camry hardtop '' . Toyota Motor Corporation . 2012 . Retrieved 23 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Sabatini , Jeff ( 29 April 2002 ) . `` Snake - Bit : Will the world warm to a new Viper ? '' . Autoweek . Archived from the original on 5 June 2002 . ^ Jump up to : `` 4th Camry sedan '' . Toyota Motor Corporation . 2012 . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Angus ( September 1997 ) . `` Bland is banned '' . Wheels . Sydney : 37 . The genesis of the Camry 's remarkable cultural crossover lay in Toyota 's decision to build its predecessor in the US . Realising American buyers wanted more shoulder room , Toyota designed two versions -- one which met the Japanese market requirement for a car under the 1.7 m width limit , and a ' wide - body ' version to be built in the US and Australia . Jump up ^ `` 3rd - generation Camry took Toyota to a new level in ' 92 '' . Automotive News . 29 October 2007 . Retrieved 17 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Model Made in U.S. Is Offered for Sale in Japan '' . The New York Times . Agence France - Presse. 8 September 1992 . Retrieved 10 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Huellmantel , Alan B. ; Vaghefi , Reza ( 1999 ) . Strategic management for the XXIst century . Boca Raton , Florida : CRC Press . p. 386 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57444 - 210 - 6 . In August of ( 1992 ) , import and sales of a new station wagon manufactured by Toyota in Georgetown , KY , commenced . The car , called the Scepter , was the first U.S. - built vehicle Toyota will import for sale in Japan . It is a right hand - drive version of the Camry wagon , which was introduced to the U.S. in April 1992 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 -- 1996 Toyota Camry Full Review '' . HowStuffWorks . Publications International . Retrieved 20 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NRMA Used Car Review - Toyota Camry ( 1993 -- 1997 ) '' . NRMA . August 2002 . Retrieved 6 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Factory Service Manual - Free Toyota FSM '' . ORP . Retrieved 20 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 7th Camry sedan '' . Toyota Motor Corporation . 2012 . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Lamm , John ( 1 October 2001 ) . `` 2002 Toyota Camry '' . Road & Track . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Kenwright , Joe ( 1 January 2005 ) . `` Toyota Camry and Vienta ( 1997 - 2002 ) '' . Motoring . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Whitfield , Kermit ( 1 September 2001 ) . `` Toyota Pursues the Elusive ' Triple WOW ' '' . Automotive Design & Production . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sherefkin , Robert ( 20 August 2001 ) . `` He put Camry on track '' . Automotive News . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Toyota Camry Specs '' . JB car pages . Retrieved 10 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Toyota Camry Hybrid Specs '' . JB car pages . Retrieved 10 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Anita Lienert ( 2 September 2011 ) . `` 2012 Toyota Camry To Hit Showrooms Ahead of Schedule '' . Edmunds . Retrieved 2 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Matt ( 17 April 2014 ) . `` 2015 Toyota Camry facelift revealed '' . CarAdvice . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Mays , Kelsey ( 28 June 2015 ) . `` The 2015 American - Made Index '' . Cars.com . Archived from the original on 29 March 2017 . Retrieved 25 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Launches Redesigned ' Camry ' in Japan '' . Jump up ^ `` Online catalog '' . Jump up ^ Guntara , Aswin ( 11 July 2017 ) . `` Bukan Corolla , Daihatsu Altis Hadir Untuk Segmen Sedan Mewah '' . Autonetmagz.com ( in Indonesian ) . Jakarta . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Iliff , Laurence ( 28 June 2017 ) . `` Toyota 's Kentucky plant launches 2018 Camry '' . Automotive News . US . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Gale , Tom ( 11 January 2017 ) . `` 2018 Toyota Camry Design Analysis : Camry Carrozzeria '' . Motor Trend . US . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Unveils Completely Redesigned Camry '' ( Press release ) . Japan : Toyota . 10 July 2017 . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Quincy , Mike ( 9 January 2017 ) . `` All - New 2018 Toyota Camry Gains Styling Flair and Technology '' . Consumer Reports . US . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Mathioudakis , Byron ( 10 January 2017 ) . `` 2017 Detroit Motor Show : 2018 Toyota Camry revealed '' . Wheels . Australia . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Motor North America Reports U.S. Sales for July 2017 , Sets New Record for RAV4 '' ( Press release ) . US : Toyota . 1 August 2017 . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Bruzek , Joe ( 13 January 2017 ) . `` How the 2018 Toyota Camry 's Trims Look Different '' . cars.com . US . Retrieved 4 August 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.cars.com/articles/which-2018-toyota-camry-trim-should-i-buy-l-le-se-xse-or-xle-1420695891238/ Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3XL_gKPSvTk Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3XL_gKPSvTk Jump up ^ http://toyotanews.pressroom.toyota.com/releases/2017-naias-detroit-toyota-camry.htm Jump up ^ http://toyotanews.pressroom.toyota.com/releases/2017-naias-detroit-toyota-camry.htm Jump up ^ http://toyotanews.pressroom.toyota.com/releases/2017-naias-detroit-toyota-camry.htm Jump up ^ Markus , Frank ( February 2010 ) . `` Six Decades of Best - Selling Cars '' . Motor Trend . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Bunkley , Nick ( 3 January 2014 ) . `` Toyota ends 2013 down while Lexus rises '' . Automotive News . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Toyota Camry Press Kit '' ( Press release ) . Toyota Australia . 11 May 2015 . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Ciferri , Luca ( 6 February 2006 ) . `` Toyota says ' No ' to Camry for Europe '' . Automotive News Europe . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Strada : Canadian Sales in 2009 '' . Canadian Sales in 2009 . 25 January 2010 . Retrieved 9 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Sets Sales Record for Sixth Year in a Row '' . The Auto Channel . 3 January 2002 . Retrieved 9 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Announces Best Sales Year in Its 46 - Year History , Breaks Sales Record for Eighth Year in a Row '' . The Auto Channel . 5 January 2004 . Retrieved 9 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Reports 2005 and December Sales '' . The Auto Channel . 4 January 2006 . Retrieved 9 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Reports 2007 and December Sales '' . The Auto Channel . 3 January 2008 . Retrieved 9 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Reports 2008 and December Sales '' . The Auto Channel . 5 January 2009 . Retrieved 9 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Reports December 2009 and Year 2009 Sales '' . Theautochannel.com. 5 January 2010 . Retrieved 5 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gover , Paul ( 6 January 2012 ) . `` Car sales top million again for 2011 '' . GoAuto . John Mellor . Retrieved 6 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota drives industry to record sales '' ( Press release ) . Australia : Toyota . 4 January 2014 . Retrieved 10 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Press Kit Details '' ( Press release ) . Australia : Toyota . 6 January 2014 . Retrieved 10 January 2014 . Jump up ^ O'Kane , Tony . `` Toyota Camry Review 2015 : Australia 's Best - selling Midsizer Much Improved '' . The Motor Report . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota brand finishes 2011 with six straight months of market share growth '' ( Press release ) . Canada : Toyota . 4 January 2012 . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Annual records for hybrid and truck sales power Toyota Canada Inc. to 18.4 % year - over-year increase '' ( Press release ) . Canada : Toyota . 3 January 2014 . Retrieved 10 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best - ever year for Lexus helps Toyota Canada Inc. increase sales by 1.7 % in 2013 '' ( Press release ) . Canada : Toyota . 3 January 2014 . Retrieved 10 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Record Hybrid Sales Lead 4.2 % Overall Sales Growth for Toyota Canada Inc. in 2016 '' ( Press release ) . Canada : Toyota . 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Reports 2010 and December Sales '' ( PDF ) . The Truth About Cars . 4 January 2010 . Retrieved 8 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` December 2011 Sales Chart '' ( Press release ) . USA : Toyota . 4 January 2012 . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` December 2012 and Year - End Sales Chart '' ( Press release ) . USA : Toyota . 3 January 2013 . Retrieved 18 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` December 2013 and Year - End Sales Chart '' ( Press release ) . USA : Toyota . 3 January 2014 . Retrieved 9 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` December 2014 and Year - End Sales Chart '' ( Press release ) . USA : Toyota . 5 January 2015 . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` December 2015 and Year - End Sales Chart '' ( Press release ) . USA : Toyota . 5 January 2016 . Retrieved 18 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` December 2016 and Year - End Sales Chart '' ( Press release ) . USA : Toyota . 5 January 2017 . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bebbington , Terry ( 1998 ) . 50 Years of Holden . Hornsby , New South Wales : Clockwork Media . ISBN 0 - 947216 - 59 - 6 . McCarthy , Mike ( May 1987 ) . `` Camry : quietly classy '' . Wheels . Sydney . Scott , Phil , ed . ( August 1990 ) . `` New Camry , minus width '' . Wheels . Sydney . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Toyota Camry . 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size Avalon Avalon Avalon Avalon Sport compact Corolla GT - S / SR5 Celica Celica Celica Celica Celica Celica Paseo Paseo Sports car Celica Supra Celica Supra 86 Supra Supra MR2 MR2 MR2 Spyder `` previous -- Toyota road cars timeline , 1985 -- present Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Calendar year 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 Subcompact car Starlet P70 Starlet P80 Vitz XP10 Vitz XP90 Vitz XP130 Starlet P90 Tercel , Corolla II , Corsa L20 Tercel , Corolla II , Corsa L30 Tercel , Corolla II , Corsa L40 Tercel , Corolla II , Corsa L50 Platz XP10 Belta XP90 Vios XP150 FunCargo XP20 Ractis XP100 Ractis Verso - S XP120 bB XP30 bB QNC2x ist XP60 ist XP110 iQ Aygo AB10 Aygo AB40 Subcompact SUV C - HR Compact car Corolla , Sprinter E80 Corolla , Sprinter E90 Corolla , Sprinter E100 Corolla , Sprinter E110 Corolla E120 / 130 Corolla E140 / 150 Corolla E160 / 170 Cynos L40 Cynos L50 Compact luxury car Altezza XE10 Progrès XG10 Brevis XG10 Compact wagon Altezza Gita XE10 Voltz E130 Voltz E140 Carina Surf T150 Carina Surf T170 Caldina T190 Caldina T210 Caldina T240 Mid-size car Corona T150 Corona T170 Corona T190 Corona T210 Premio T240 Premio T260 Corona EXIV T180 Corona EXIV T200 Avensis T220 Avensis T250 Avensis T270 Camry , Vista V10 Camry , Vista V20 Camry , Vista V30 Camry , Vista V40 Camry , Vista V50 Scepter , Camry XV10 Camry XV20 Camry XV30 Camry XV40 Camry XV50 Camry XV70 Windom XV10 Windom XV20 Windom XV30 Aristo S147 Aristo S160 Mark II , Cressida , Chaser , Cresta X70 Mark II , Cressida , Chaser , Cresta X80 Mark II , Chaser , Cresta X90 Mark II , Chaser , Cresta X100 Mark II , Verossa X110 Mark X X120 Mark X X130 Mid-size wagon Mark II Qualis XV20 Mark II Blit X110 Mark X Zio AA10 Camry Gracia XV20 Full - size car Avalon XX10 Avalon XX20 Avalon XX30 Avalon XX40 Crown S120 Crown S130 Crown S130 / S140 Crown S150 Crown S170 Crown S180 Crown S200 Crown S210 Celsior XF10 Celsior XF20 Celsior XF30 Hybrid car Prius XW10 Prius XW11 Prius XW20 Prius XW30 Prius XW40 Limousine Century G40 Century G50 Sport compact car Celica A60 Celica T160 Celica T180 Celica T200 Celica T230 Carina A60 Cavalier Carina T150 Carina T170 Carina T190 Carina T210 Allion T240 Allion T260 Carina ED T160 Carina ED T180 Carina ED T200 Sports car Soarer Z10 Soarer Z20 Soarer Z30 Soarer Z40 Celica Supra A60 Supra A70 Supra A80 86 ZN6 Roadster MR2 W10 / 11 MR2 W20 MR - S W30 Limited edition Toyota Sera XY10 Toyota Classic N80 Toyota Origin XG10 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toyota_Camry&oldid=804762371 '' Categories : Toyota vehicles Toyota Camry Euro NCAP executive cars Mid-size cars Compact cars Front - wheel - drive vehicles All - wheel - drive vehicles Coupés Hatchbacks Partial zero - emissions vehicles Sedans Station wagons Cars introduced in 1982 Vehicles with four - 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where does the mississippi river get its name	The word itself comes from Messipi , the French rendering of the Anishinaabe ( Ojibwe or Algonquin ) name for the river , Misi - ziibi ( Great River ) .	from Messipi , the French rendering of the Anishinaabe ( Ojibwe or Algonquin ) name for the river , Misi - ziibi ( Great River )	Mississippi River	mississippi river	The Mississippi River is the chief river of the second - largest drainage system on the North American continent , second only to the Hudson Bay drainage system . Flowing entirely in the United States ( although its drainage basin reaches into Canada ) , it rises in northern Minnesota and meanders slowly southwards for 2,320 miles ( 3,730 km ) to the Mississippi River Delta at the Gulf of Mexico . With its many tributaries , the Mississippi 's watershed drains all or parts of 31 U.S. states and 2 Canadian provinces between the Rocky and Appalachian Mountains . The Mississippi ranks as the fourth - longest and fifteenth - largest river in the world by discharge . The river either borders or passes through the states of Minnesota , Wisconsin , Iowa , Illinois , Missouri , Kentucky , Tennessee , Arkansas , Mississippi , and Louisiana .	Native Americans long lived along the Mississippi River and its tributaries . Most were hunter - gatherers , but some , such as the Mound Builders , formed prolific agricultural societies . The arrival of Europeans in the 16th century changed the native way of life as first explorers , then settlers , ventured into the basin in increasing numbers . The river served first as a barrier , forming borders for New Spain , New France , and the early United States , and then as a vital transportation artery and communications link . In the 19th century , during the height of the ideology of manifest destiny , the Mississippi and several western tributaries , most notably the Missouri , formed pathways for the western expansion of the United States . Formed from thick layers of the river 's silt deposits , the Mississippi embayment is one of the most fertile agricultural regions of the country , which resulted in the river 's storied steamboat era . During the American Civil War , the Mississippi 's capture by Union forces marked a turning point towards victory due to the river 's importance as a route of trade and travel , not least to the Confederacy . Because of substantial growth of cities and the larger ships and barges that supplanted riverboats , the first decades of the 20th century saw the construction of massive engineering works such as levees , locks and dams , often built in combination . Since modern development of the basin began , the Mississippi has also seen its share of pollution and environmental problems -- most notably large volumes of agricultural runoff , which has led to the Gulf of Mexico dead zone off the Delta . In recent years , the river has shown a steady shift towards the Atchafalaya River channel in the Delta ; a course change would be an economic disaster for the port city of New Orleans . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name and significance 2 Physical geography 2.1 Divisions 2.1. 1 Upper Mississippi 2.1. 2 Middle Mississippi 2.1. 3 Lower Mississippi 2.2 Watershed 2.3 Outflow 2.4 Course changes 2.4. 1 Prehistoric courses 2.4. 2 Historic course changes 2.5 New Madrid Seismic Zone 3 Cultural geography 3.1 State boundaries 3.2 Communities along the river 3.3 Bridge crossings 4 Navigation and flood control 4.1 19th century 4.2 20th century 4.3 21st century 5 History 5.1 Native Americans 5.2 European exploration 5.3 Colonization 5.4 Steamboat era 5.5 Civil War 5.6 20th and 21st centuries 5.7 Future 6 Recreation 7 Ecology 7.1 Fish 7.2 Other fauna 7.3 Introduced species 8 Cultural references 8.1 Literature 8.2 Music 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Name and significance ( edit ) The word itself comes from Messipi , the French rendering of the Anishinaabe ( Ojibwe or Algonquin ) name for the river , Misi - ziibi ( Great River ) . In the 18th century , the river was the primary western boundary of the young United States , and since the country 's expansion westward , the Mississippi River has been widely considered a convenient if approximate dividing line between the Eastern , Southern , and Midwestern United States , and the Western United States . This is exemplified by the Gateway Arch in St. Louis and the phrase `` Trans - Mississippi '' as used in the name of the Trans - Mississippi Exposition . It is common to qualify a regionally superlative landmark in relation to it , such as `` the highest peak east of the Mississippi '' or `` the oldest city west of the Mississippi '' . The FCC also uses it as the dividing line for broadcast callsigns , which begin with W to the east and K to the west , mixing together in media markets along the river . Physical geography ( edit ) The geographical setting of the Mississippi River includes considerations of the course of the river itself , its watershed , its outflow , its prehistoric and historic course changes , and possibilities of future course changes . The New Madrid Seismic Zone along the river is also noteworthy . These various basic geographical aspects of the river in turn underlie its human history and present uses of the waterway and its adjacent lands . Divisions ( edit ) The Mississippi River can be divided into three sections : the Upper Mississippi , the river from its headwaters to the confluence with the Missouri River ; the Middle Mississippi , which is downriver from the Missouri to the Ohio River ; and the Lower Mississippi , which flows from the Ohio to the Gulf of Mexico . Upper Mississippi ( edit ) The beginning of the Mississippi River at Lake Itasca ( 2004 ) Mississippi head of navigation , St. Anthony Falls Confluence of the Wisconsin and Mississippi Rivers , viewed from Wyalusing State Park in Wisconsin The Upper Mississippi runs from its headwaters to its confluence with the Missouri River at St. Louis , Missouri . It is divided into two sections : The headwaters , 493 miles ( 793 km ) from the source to Saint Anthony Falls in Minneapolis , Minnesota ; and A navigable channel , formed by a series of man - made lakes between Minneapolis and St. Louis , Missouri , some 664 miles ( 1,069 km ) . The source of the Upper Mississippi branch is traditionally accepted as Lake Itasca , 1,475 feet ( 450 m ) above sea level in Itasca State Park in Clearwater County , Minnesota . The name `` Itasca '' was chosen to designate the `` true head '' of the Mississippi River as a combination of the last four letters of the Latin word for truth ( veritas ) and the first two letters of the Latin word for head ( caput ) . However , the lake is in turn fed by a number of smaller streams . From its origin at Lake Itasca to St. Louis , Missouri , the waterway 's flow is moderated by 43 dams . Fourteen of these dams are located above Minneapolis in the headwaters region and serve multiple purposes , including power generation and recreation . The remaining 29 dams , beginning in downtown Minneapolis , all contain locks and were constructed to improve commercial navigation of the upper river . Taken as a whole , these 43 dams significantly shape the geography and influence the ecology of the upper river . Beginning just below Saint Paul , Minnesota , and continuing throughout the upper and lower river , the Mississippi is further controlled by thousands of wing dikes that moderate the river 's flow in order to maintain an open navigation channel and prevent the river from eroding its banks . The head of navigation on the Mississippi is the Coon Rapids Dam in Coon Rapids , Minnesota . Before it was built in 1913 , steamboats could occasionally go upstream as far as Saint Cloud , Minnesota , depending on river conditions . The uppermost lock and dam on the Upper Mississippi River is the Upper St. Anthony Falls Lock and Dam in Minneapolis . Above the dam , the river 's elevation is 799 feet ( 244 m ) . Below the dam , the river 's elevation is 750 feet ( 230 m ) . This 49 - foot ( 15 m ) drop is the largest of all the Mississippi River locks and dams . The origin of the dramatic drop is a waterfall preserved adjacent to the lock under an apron of concrete . Saint Anthony Falls is the only true waterfall on the entire Mississippi River . The water elevation continues to drop steeply as it passes through the gorge carved by the waterfall . After the completion of the St. Anthony Falls Lock and Dam in 1963 , the river 's head of navigation moved upstream , to the Coon Rapids Dam . However , the Locks were closed in 2015 to control the spread of invasive Asian carp , making Minneapolis once again the site of the head of navigation of the river . The Upper Mississippi has a number of natural and artificial lakes , with its widest point being Lake Winnibigoshish , near Grand Rapids , Minnesota , over 11 miles ( 18 km ) across . Lake Onalaska , created by Lock and Dam No. 7 , near La Crosse , Wisconsin , is more than 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) wide . Lake Pepin , a natural lake formed behind the delta of the Chippewa River of Wisconsin as it enters the Upper Mississippi , is more than 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) wide . By the time the Upper Mississippi reaches Saint Paul , Minnesota , below Lock and Dam No. 1 , it has dropped more than half its original elevation and is 687 feet ( 209 m ) above sea level . From St. Paul to St. Louis , Missouri , the river elevation falls much more slowly , and is controlled and managed as a series of pools created by 26 locks and dams . The Upper Mississippi River is joined by the Minnesota River at Fort Snelling in the Twin Cities ; the St. Croix River near Prescott , Wisconsin ; the Cannon River near Red Wing , Minnesota ; the Zumbro River at Wabasha , Minnesota ; the Black , La Crosse , and Root rivers in La Crosse , Wisconsin ; the Wisconsin River at Prairie du Chien , Wisconsin ; the Rock River at the Quad Cities ; the Iowa River near Wapello , Iowa ; the Skunk River south of Burlington , Iowa ; and the Des Moines River at Keokuk , Iowa . Other major tributaries of the Upper Mississippi include the Crow River in Minnesota , the Chippewa River in Wisconsin , the Maquoketa River and the Wapsipinicon River in Iowa , and the Illinois River in Illinois . The Upper Mississippi is largely a multi-thread stream with many bars and islands . From its confluence with the St. Croix River downstream to Dubuque , Iowa , the river is entrenched , with high bedrock bluffs lying on either side . The height of these bluffs decreases to the south of Dubuque , though they are still significant through Savanna , Illinois . This topography contrasts strongly with the Lower Mississippi , which is a meandering river in a broad , flat area , only rarely flowing alongside a bluff ( as at Vicksburg , Mississippi ) . The confluence of the Mississippi ( left ) and Ohio ( right ) rivers at Cairo , Illinois , the demarcation between the Middle and the Lower Mississippi River Middle Mississippi ( edit ) The Mississippi River is known as the Middle Mississippi from the Upper Mississippi River 's confluence with the Missouri River at St. Louis , Missouri , for 190 miles ( 310 km ) to its confluence with the Ohio River at Cairo , Illinois . The Middle Mississippi is relatively free - flowing . From St. Louis to the Ohio River confluence , the Middle Mississippi falls 220 feet ( 67 m ) over 180 miles ( 290 km ) for an average rate of 1.2 feet per mile ( 23 cm / km ) . At its confluence with the Ohio River , the Middle Mississippi is 315 feet ( 96 m ) above sea level . Apart from the Missouri and Meramec rivers of Missouri and the Kaskaskia River of Illinois , no major tributaries enter the Middle Mississippi River . Lower Mississippi ( edit ) Lower Mississippi River near New Orleans The Mississippi River is called the Lower Mississippi River from its confluence with the Ohio River to its mouth at the Gulf of Mexico , a distance of about 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) . At the confluence of the Ohio and the Middle Mississippi , the long - term mean discharge of the Ohio at Cairo , Illinois is 281,500 cubic feet per second ( 7,970 cubic metres per second ) , while the long - term mean discharge of the Mississippi at Thebes , Illinois ( just upriver from Cairo ) is 208,200 cu ft / s ( 5,900 m / s ) . Thus , by volume , the main branch of the Mississippi River system at Cairo can be considered to be the Ohio River ( and the Allegheny River further upstream ) , rather than the Middle Mississippi . In addition to the Ohio River , the major tributaries of the Lower Mississippi River are the White River , flowing in at the White River National Wildlife Refuge in east central Arkansas ; the Arkansas River , joining the Mississippi at Arkansas Post ; the Big Black River in Mississippi ; and the Yazoo River , meeting the Mississippi at Vicksburg , Mississippi . The widest point of the Mississippi River is in the Lower Mississippi portion where it exceeds 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) in width in several places . Deliberate water diversion at the Old River Control Structure in Louisiana allows the Atchafalaya River in Louisiana to be a major distributary of the Mississippi River , with 30 % of the Mississippi flowing to the Gulf of Mexico by this route , rather than continuing down the Mississippi 's current channel past Baton Rouge and New Orleans on a longer route to the Gulf . Although the Red River is commonly thought to be a tributary , it is actually not , because its water flows separately into the Gulf of Mexico through the Atchafalaya River . Watershed ( edit ) Map of the Mississippi River watershed . Play media An animation of the flows along the rivers of the Mississippi watershed . See also : List of drainage basins by area The Mississippi River has the world 's fourth - largest drainage basin ( `` watershed '' or `` catchment '' ) . The basin covers more than 1,245,000 square miles ( 3,220,000 km ) , including all or parts of 31 U.S. states and two Canadian provinces . The drainage basin empties into the Gulf of Mexico , part of the Atlantic Ocean . The total catchment of the Mississippi River covers nearly 40 % of the landmass of the continental United States . The highest point within the watershed is also the highest point of the Rocky Mountains , Mount Elbert at 14,440 feet ( 4,400 m ) . Sequence of NASA MODIS images showing the outflow of fresh water from the Mississippi ( arrows ) into the Gulf of Mexico ( 2004 ) In the United States , the Mississippi River drains the majority of the area between the crest of the Rocky Mountains and the crest of the Appalachian Mountains , except for various regions drained to Hudson Bay by the Red River of the North ; to the Atlantic Ocean by the Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence River ; and to the Gulf of Mexico by the Rio Grande , the Alabama and Tombigbee rivers , the Chattahoochee and Appalachicola rivers , and various smaller coastal waterways along the Gulf . The Mississippi River empties into the Gulf of Mexico about 100 miles ( 160 km ) downstream from New Orleans . Measurements of the length of the Mississippi from Lake Itasca to the Gulf of Mexico vary somewhat , but the United States Geological Survey 's number is 2,320 miles ( 3,730 km ) . The retention time from Lake Itasca to the Gulf is typically about 90 days . Outflow ( edit ) The Mississippi River discharges at an annual average rate of between 200 and 700 thousand cubic feet per second ( 7,000 -- 20,000 m / s ) . Although it is the fifth - largest river in the world by volume , this flow is a small fraction of the output of the Amazon , which moves nearly 7 million cubic feet per second ( 200,000 m / s ) during wet seasons . On average , the Mississippi has only 8 % the flow of the Amazon River . Fresh river water flowing from the Mississippi into the Gulf of Mexico does not mix into the salt water immediately . The images from NASA 's MODIS ( to the right ) show a large plume of fresh water , which appears as a dark ribbon against the lighter - blue surrounding waters . These images demonstrate that the plume did not mix with the surrounding sea water immediately . Instead , it stayed intact as it flowed through the Gulf of Mexico , into the Straits of Florida , and entered the Gulf Stream . The Mississippi River water rounded the tip of Florida and traveled up the southeast coast to the latitude of Georgia before finally mixing in so thoroughly with the ocean that it could no longer be detected by MODIS . Before 1900 , the Mississippi River transported an estimated 400 million metric tons of sediment per year from the interior of the United States to coastal Louisiana and the Gulf of Mexico . During the last two decades , this number was only 145 million metric tons per year . The reduction in sediment transported down the Mississippi River is the result of engineering modification of the Mississippi , Missouri , and Ohio rivers and their tributaries by dams , meander cutoffs , river - training structures , and bank revetments and soil erosion control programs in the areas drained by them . Course changes ( edit ) Over geologic time , the Mississippi River has experienced numerous large and small changes to its main course , as well as additions , deletions , and other changes among its numerous tributaries , and the lower Mississippi River has used different pathways as its main channel to the Gulf of Mexico across the delta region . Through a natural process known as avulsion or delta switching , the lower Mississippi River has shifted its final course to the mouth of the Gulf of Mexico every thousand years or so . This occurs because the deposits of silt and sediment begin to clog its channel , raising the river 's level and causing it to eventually find a steeper , more direct route to the Gulf of Mexico . The abandoned distributaries diminish in volume and form what are known as bayous . This process has , over the past 5,000 years , caused the coastline of south Louisiana to advance toward the Gulf from 15 to 50 miles ( 24 to 80 km ) . The currently active delta lobe is called the Birdfoot Delta , after its shape , or the Balize Delta , after La Balize , Louisiana , the first French settlement at the mouth of the Mississippi . Prehistoric courses ( edit ) The current form of the Mississippi River basin was largely shaped by the Laurentide Ice Sheet of the most recent Ice Age . The southernmost extent of this enormous glaciation extended well into the present - day United States and Mississippi basin . When the ice sheet began to recede , hundreds of feet of rich sediment were deposited , creating the flat and fertile landscape of the Mississippi Valley . During the melt , giant glacial rivers found drainage paths into the Mississippi watershed , creating such features as the Minnesota River , James River , and Milk River valleys . When the ice sheet completely retreated , many of these `` temporary '' rivers found paths to Hudson Bay or the Arctic Ocean , leaving the Mississippi Basin with many features `` oversized '' for the existing rivers to have carved in the same time period . Ice sheets during the Illinoian Stage about 300,000 to 132,000 years before present , blocked the Mississippi near Rock Island , Illinois , diverting it to its present channel farther to the west , the current western border of Illinois . The Hennepin Canal roughly follows the ancient channel of the Mississippi downstream from Rock Island to Hennepin , Illinois . South of Hennepin , to Alton , Illinois , the current Illinois River follows the ancient channel used by the Mississippi River before the Illinoian Stage . View along the former riverbed at the Tennessee / Arkansas state line near Reverie , Tennessee ( 2007 ) Timeline of outflow course changes c. 5000 BC : The last Ice Age ended ; world sea level became what it is now . c. 2500 BC : Bayou Teche became the main course of the Mississippi . c. 800 BC : The Mississippi diverted further east . c. 200 AD : Bayou Lafourche became the main course of the Mississippi . c. 1000 AD : The Mississippi 's present course took over . Before c. 1400 AD : The Red River of the South flowed parallel to the lower Mississippi to the sea 15th century : Turnbull 's Bend in the lower Mississippi extended so far west that it captured the Red River of the South . The Red River below the captured section became the Atchafalaya River . 1831 : Captain Henry M. Shreve dug a new short course for the Mississippi through the neck of Turnbull 's Bend . 1833 to November 1873 : The Great Raft ( a huge logjam in the Atchafalaya River ) was cleared . The Atchafalaya started to capture the Mississippi and to become its new main lower course . 1963 : The Old River Control Structure was completed , controlling how much Mississippi water entered the Atchafalaya . Cahokia 's rise and fall linked to river flooding ( article in Popular Archaeology periodical ) Historic course changes ( edit ) In March 1876 , the Mississippi suddenly changed course near the settlement of Reverie , Tennessee , leaving a small part of Tipton County , Tennessee , attached to Arkansas and separated from the rest of Tennessee by the new river channel . Since this event was an avulsion , rather than the effect of incremental erosion and deposition , the state line still follows the old channel . The town of Kaskaskia , Illinois once stood on a peninsula at the confluence of the Mississippi and Kaskaskia ( Okaw ) Rivers . Founded as a French colonial community , it later became the capital of the Illinois Territory and was the first state capital of Illinois until 1819 . Beginning in 1844 , successive flooding caused the Mississippi River to slowly encroach east . A major flood in 1881 caused it to overtake the lower 10 miles of the Kaskaskia River , forming a new Mississippi channel and cutting off the town from the rest of the state . Later flooding destroyed most of the remaining town , including the original State House . Today , the remaining 2,300 acre island and community of 14 residents is known as an enclave of Illinois and is accessible only from the Missouri side . New Madrid Seismic Zone ( edit ) The New Madrid Seismic Zone , along the Mississippi River near New Madrid , Missouri , between Memphis and St. Louis , is related to an aulacogen ( failed rift ) that formed at the same time as the Gulf of Mexico . This area is still quite active seismically . Four great earthquakes in 1811 and 1812 , estimated at approximately 8 on the Richter magnitude scale , had tremendous local effects in the then sparsely settled area , and were felt in many other places in the midwestern and eastern U.S. These earthquakes created Reelfoot Lake in Tennessee from the altered landscape near the river . Cultural geography ( edit ) State boundaries ( edit ) The Mississippi River runs through or along 10 states , from Minnesota to Louisiana , and was used to define portions of these states ' borders , with Wisconsin , Illinois , Kentucky , Tennessee , and Mississippi along the east side of the river , and Iowa , Missouri , and Arkansas along its west side . Substantial parts of both Minnesota and Louisiana are on either side of the river , although the Mississippi defines part of the boundary of each of these states . In all of these cases , the middle of the riverbed at the time the borders were established was used as the line to define the borders between adjacent states . In various areas , the river has since shifted , but the state borders have not changed , still following the former bed of the Mississippi River as of their establishment , leaving several small isolated areas of one state across the new river channel , contiguous with the adjacent state . Also , due to a meander in the river , a small part of western Kentucky is contiguous with Tennessee , but isolated from the rest of its state . Lake Pepin , the widest naturally occurring part of the Mississippi , is part of the Minnesota -- Wisconsin border . The Mississippi River in downtown Baton Rouge Communities along the River ( edit ) Metro Area Population Minneapolis - Saint Paul 3,615,901 St. Louis 2,916,447 Memphis 1,316,100 New Orleans 1,214,932 Baton Rouge 802,484 Quad Cities , IA - IL 382,630 St. Cloud , MN 189,148 La Crosse , WI 133,365 Cape Girardeau -- Jackson MO - IL 96,275 Dubuque , IA 93,653 In Minnesota , the Mississippi River runs through the Twin Cities ( 2007 ) Community of boathouses on the Mississippi River in Winona , MN ( 2006 ) The Mississippi River at the Chain of Rocks just north of St. Louis ( 2005 ) Many of the communities along the Mississippi River are listed below ; most have either historic significance or cultural lore connecting them to the river . They are sequenced from the source of the river to its end . Bemidji , Minnesota Grand Rapids , Minnesota Jacobson , Minnesota Palisade , Minnesota Aitkin , Minnesota Riverton , Minnesota Brainerd , Minnesota Fort Ripley , Minnesota Little Falls , Minnesota Sartell , Minnesota St. Cloud , Minnesota Monticello , Minnesota Anoka , Minnesota Coon Rapids , Minnesota Brooklyn Park , Minnesota Brooklyn Center , Minnesota Minneapolis , Minnesota Saint Paul , Minnesota Nininger , Minnesota Hastings , Minnesota Prescott , Wisconsin Prairie Island , Minnesota Diamond Bluff , Wisconsin Red Wing , Minnesota Hager City , Wisconsin Maiden Rock , Wisconsin Stockholm , Wisconsin Lake City , Minnesota Maple Springs , Minnesota Camp Lacupolis , Minnesota Pepin , Wisconsin Reads Landing , Minnesota Wabasha , Minnesota Nelson , Wisconsin Alma , Wisconsin Buffalo City , Wisconsin Weaver , Minnesota Minneiska , Minnesota Fountain City , Wisconsin Winona , Minnesota Homer , Minnesota Trempealeau , Wisconsin Dakota , Minnesota Dresbach , Minnesota La Crescent , Minnesota La Crosse , Wisconsin Brownsville , Minnesota Stoddard , Wisconsin Genoa , Wisconsin Victory , Wisconsin Potosi , Wisconsin De Soto , Wisconsin Lansing , Iowa Ferryville , Wisconsin Lynxville , Wisconsin Prairie du Chien , Wisconsin Marquette , Iowa McGregor , Iowa Wyalusing , Wisconsin Guttenberg , Iowa Cassville , Wisconsin Dubuque , Iowa Galena , Illinois Bellevue , Iowa Savanna , Illinois Sabula , Iowa Fulton , Illinois Clinton , Iowa Cordova , Illinois Port Byron , Illinois LeClaire , Iowa Rapids City , Illinois Hampton , Illinois Bettendorf , Iowa East Moline , Illinois Moline , Illinois Davenport , Iowa Rock Island , Illinois Buffalo , Iowa Muscatine , Iowa New Boston , Illinois Keithsburg , Illinois Oquawka , Illinois Burlington , Iowa Dallas City , Illinois Fort Madison , Iowa Nauvoo , Illinois Keokuk , Iowa Warsaw , Illinois Quincy , Illinois Hannibal , Missouri Louisiana , Missouri Clarksville , Missouri Grafton , Illinois Portage Des Sioux , Missouri Alton , Illinois St. Louis , Missouri Ste . Genevieve , Missouri Kaskaskia , Illinois Chester , Illinois Grand Tower , Illinois Cape Girardeau , Missouri Thebes , Illinois Commerce , Missouri Cairo , Illinois Wickliffe , Kentucky Columbus , Kentucky Hickman , Kentucky New Madrid , Missouri Tiptonville , Tennessee Caruthersville , Missouri Osceola , Arkansas Reverie , Tennessee Memphis , Tennessee West Memphis , Arkansas Tunica , Mississippi Helena - West Helena , Arkansas Napoleon , Arkansas ( historical ) Arkansas City , Arkansas Greenville , Mississippi Vicksburg , Mississippi Waterproof , Louisiana Natchez , Mississippi Morganza , Louisiana St. Francisville , Louisiana New Roads , Louisiana Baton Rouge , Louisiana Donaldsonville , Louisiana Lutcher , Louisiana Destrehan , Louisiana New Orleans , Louisiana Pilottown , Louisiana La Balize , Louisiana ( historical ) Bridge crossings ( edit ) See also : List of crossings of the Upper Mississippi River and List of crossings of the Lower Mississippi River The Stone Arch Bridge , the Third Avenue Bridge and the Hennepin Avenue Bridge in Minneapolis ( 2004 ) The road crossing highest on the Upper Mississippi is a simple steel culvert , through which the river ( locally named `` Nicolet Creek '' ) flows north from Lake Nicolet under `` Wilderness Road '' to the West Arm of Lake Itasca , within Itasca State Park . The earliest bridge across the Mississippi River was built in 1855 . It spanned the river in Minneapolis , Minnesota where the current Hennepin Avenue Bridge is located . No highway or railroad tunnels cross under the Mississippi River . The first railroad bridge across the Mississippi was built in 1856 . It spanned the river between the Rock Island Arsenal in Illinois and Davenport , Iowa . Steamboat captains of the day , fearful of competition from the railroads , considered the new bridge a hazard to navigation . Two weeks after the bridge opened , the steamboat Effie Afton rammed part of the bridge , setting it on fire . Legal proceedings ensued , with Abraham Lincoln defending the railroad . The lawsuit went to the Supreme Court of the United States , which ruled in favor of the railroad . Below is a general overview of selected Mississippi bridges which have notable engineering or landmark significance , with their cities or locations . They are sequenced from the Upper Mississippi 's source to the Lower Mississippi 's mouth . Stone Arch Bridge -- Former Great Northern Railway ( now pedestrian ) bridge at Saint Anthony Falls connecting downtown Minneapolis with the historic Marcy - Holmes neighborhood . I - 35W Saint Anthony Falls Bridge -- In Minneapolis , opened in September 2008 , replacing the I - 35W Mississippi River bridge which had collapsed catastrophically on August 1 , 2007 , killing 13 and injuring over 100 . Eisenhower Bridge ( Mississippi River ) -- In Red Wing , Minnesota , opened by Dwight D. Eisenhower in November 1960 . I - 90 Mississippi River Bridge -- Connects La Crosse , Wisconsin , and Winona County , Minnesota , located just south of Lock and Dam No. 7 . Black Hawk Bridge -- Connects Lansing in Allamakee County , Iowa and rural Crawford County , Wisconsin ; locally referred to as the Lansing Bridge and documented in the Historic American Engineering Record . The Dubuque - Wisconsin Bridge ( 2004 ) Dubuque - Wisconsin Bridge -- Connects Dubuque , Iowa , and Grant County , Wisconsin . Julien Dubuque Bridge -- Joins the cities of Dubuque , Iowa , and East Dubuque , Illinois ; listed in the National Register of Historic Places . Savanna - Sabula Bridge -- A truss bridge and causeway connecting the city of Savanna , Illinois , and the island city of Sabula , Iowa . The bridge carries U.S. Highway 52 over the river , and is the terminus of both Iowa Highway 64 and Illinois Route 64 . Added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1999 . Fred Schwengel Memorial Bridge -- A 4 - lane steel girder bridge that carries Interstate 80 and connects LeClaire , Iowa , and Rapids City , Illinois . Completed in 1966 . I - 74 Bridge -- Connects Bettendorf , Iowa , and Moline , Illinois ; originally known as the Iowa - Illinois Memorial Bridge . Government Bridge -- Connects Rock Island , Illinois and Davenport , Iowa , adjacent to Lock and Dam No. 15 ; the fourth crossing in this vicinity , built in 1896 . Rock Island Centennial Bridge -- Connects Rock Island , Illinois , and Davenport , Iowa ; opened in 1940 . Sergeant John F. Baker , Jr . Bridge -- Connects Rock Island , Illinois , and Davenport , Iowa ; opened in 1973 . Norbert F. Beckey bridge at Muscatine , Iowa , with LED lighting Norbert F. Beckey Bridge -- Connects Muscatine , Iowa , and Rock Island County , Illinois ; became first U.S. bridge to be illuminated with light - emitting diode ( LED ) lights decoratively illuminating the facade of the bridge . Great River Bridge -- A cable - stayed bridge connecting Burlington , Iowa , to Gulf Port , Illinois . Fort Madison Toll Bridge -- Connects Fort Madison , Iowa , and unincorporated Niota , Illinois ; also known as the Santa Fe Swing Span Bridge ; at the time of its construction the longest and heaviest electrified swing span on the Mississippi River . Listed in the National Register of Historic Places since 1999 . Keokuk -- Hamilton Bridge -- Connects Keokuk , Iowa and Hamilton , Illinois ; opened in 1985 replacing an older bridge which is still in use as a railroad bridge . Bayview Bridge -- A cable - stayed bridge bringing westbound U.S. Highway 24 over the river , connecting the cities of West Quincy , Missouri , and Quincy , Illinois . Quincy Memorial Bridge -- Connects the cities of West Quincy , Missouri , and Quincy , Illinois , carrying eastbound U.S. 24 , the older of these two U.S. 24 bridges . Clark Bridge -- A cable - stayed bridge connecting West Alton , Missouri , and Alton , Illinois , also known as the Super Bridge as the result of an appearance on the PBS program , Nova ; built in 1994 , carrying U.S. Route 67 across the river . This is the northernmost river crossing in the St. Louis metropolitan area , replacing the Old Clark Bridge , a truss bridge built in 1928 , named after explorer William Clark . The Chain of Rocks Bridge at St. Louis , Missouri Chain of Rocks Bridge -- Located on the northern edge of St. Louis , notable for a 22 - degree bend occurring at the middle of the crossing , necessary for navigation on the river ; formerly used by U.S. Route 66 to cross the Mississippi . Replaced for road traffic in 1966 by a nearby pair of new bridges ; now a pedestrian bridge . Eads Bridge -- A combined road and railway bridge , connecting St. Louis and East St. Louis , Illinois . When completed in 1874 , it was the longest arch bridge in the world , with an overall length of 6,442 feet ( 1,964 m ) . The three ribbed steel arch spans were considered daring , as was the use of steel as a primary structural material ; it was the first such use of true steel in a major bridge project . Chester Bridge -- A truss bridge connecting Route 51 in Missouri with Illinois Route 150 , between Perryville , Missouri , and Chester , Illinois . The bridge can be seen in the beginning of the 1967 film In the Heat of the Night . In the 1940s , the main span was destroyed by a tornado . Bill Emerson Memorial Bridge -- Connecting Cape Girardeau , Missouri and East Cape Girardeau , Illinois , completed in 2003 and illuminated by 140 lights . Caruthersville Bridge -- A single tower cantilever bridge carrying Interstate 155 and U.S. Route 412 across the Mississippi River between Caruthersville , Missouri and Dyersburg , Tennessee . The Hernando de Soto Bridge in Memphis , Tennessee ( 2009 ) Hernando de Soto Bridge -- A through arch bridge carrying Interstate 40 across the Mississippi between West Memphis , Arkansas , and Memphis , Tennessee . Harahan Bridge -- A cantilevered through truss bridge , carrying two rail lines of the Union Pacific Railroad across the river between West Memphis , Arkansas , and Memphis , Tennessee . Frisco Bridge -- A cantilevered through truss bridge , carrying a rail line across the river between West Memphis , Arkansas , and Memphis , Tennessee , previously known as the Memphis Bridge . When it opened on May 12 , 1892 , it was the first crossing of the Lower Mississippi and the longest span in the U.S. Listed as a Historic Civil Engineering Landmark . Memphis & Arkansas Bridge -- A cantilevered through truss bridge , carrying Interstate 55 between Memphis and West Memphis ; listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Helena Bridge Greenville Bridge Vicksburg Bridge Old Vicksburg Bridge Vicksburg Bridge Natchez - Vidalia Bridge John James Audubon Bridge -- The second - longest cable - stayed bridge in the Western Hemisphere ; connects Pointe Coupee and West Feliciana Parishes in Louisiana . It is the only crossing between Baton Rouge and Natchez . This bridge was opened a month ahead of schedule in May 2011 , due to the 2011 floods . Huey P. Long Bridge -- A truss cantilever bridge carrying US 190 ( Airline Highway ) and one rail line between East Baton Rouge and West Baton Rouge Parishes in Louisiana . Horace Wilkinson Bridge -- A cantilevered through truss bridge , carrying six lanes of Interstate 10 between Baton Rouge and Port Allen in Louisiana . It is the highest bridge over the Mississippi River . Sunshine Bridge Gramercy Bridge Hale Boggs Memorial Bridge Huey P. Long Bridge -- In Jefferson Parish , Louisiana , the first Mississippi River span built in Louisiana . Crescent City Connection -- Connects the east and west banks of New Orleans , Louisiana ; the fifth - longest cantilever bridge in the world . Navigation and flood Control ( edit ) Main article : List of locks and dams of the Upper Mississippi River Towboat and barges at Memphis , Tennessee Ships on the lower part of the Mississippi A clear channel is needed for the barges and other vessels that make the main stem Mississippi one of the great commercial waterways of the world . The task of maintaining a navigation channel is the responsibility of the United States Army Corps of Engineers , which was established in 1802 . Earlier projects began as early as 1829 to remove snags , close off secondary channels and excavate rocks and sandbars . Steamboats entered trade in the 1820s , so the period 1830 -- 1850 became the golden age of steamboats . As there were few roads or rails in the lands of the Louisiana Purchase , river traffic was an ideal solution . Cotton , timber and food came down the river , as did Appalachian coal . The port of New Orleans boomed as it was the trans - shipment point to deep sea ocean vessels . As a result , the image of the twin stacked , wedding cake Mississippi steamer entered into American mythology . Steamers worked the entire route from the trickles of Montana , to the Ohio River ; down the Missouri and Tennessee , to the main channel of the Mississippi . Only with the arrival of the railroads in the 1880s did steamboat traffic diminish . Steamboats remained a feature until the 1920s . Most have been superseded by pusher tugs . A few survive as icons -- the Delta Queen and the River Queen for instance . Oil tanker on the Lower Mississippi near the Port of New Orleans Barge on the Lower Mississippi River A series of 29 locks and dams on the upper Mississippi , most of which were built in the 1930s , is designed primarily to maintain a 9 - foot - deep ( 2.7 m ) channel for commercial barge traffic . The lakes formed are also used for recreational boating and fishing . The dams make the river deeper and wider but do not stop it . No flood control is intended . During periods of high flow , the gates , some of which are submersible , are completely opened and the dams simply cease to function . Below St. Louis , the Mississippi is relatively free - flowing , although it is constrained by numerous levees and directed by numerous wing dams . On the lower Mississippi , from Baton Rouge to the mouth of the Mississippi , the navigation depth is 45 feet ( 14 m ) , allowing container ships and cruise ships to dock at the Port of New Orleans and bulk cargo ships shorter than 150 - foot ( 46 m ) air draft that fit under the Huey P. Long Bridge to traverse the Mississippi to Baton Rouge . There is a feasibility study to dredge this portion of the river to 50 feet ( 15 m ) to allow New Panamax ship depths . 19th century ( edit ) Lock and Dam No. 11 , north of Dubuque , Iowa ( 2007 ) In 1829 , there were surveys of the two major obstacles on the upper Mississippi , the Des Moines Rapids and the Rock Island Rapids , where the river was shallow and the riverbed was rock . The Des Moines Rapids were about 11 miles ( 18 km ) long and just above the mouth of the Des Moines River at Keokuk , Iowa . The Rock Island Rapids were between Rock Island and Moline , Illinois . Both rapids were considered virtually impassable . In 1848 , the Illinois and Michigan Canal was built to connect the Mississippi River to Lake Michigan via the Illinois River near Peru , Illinois . The canal allowed shipping between these important waterways . In 1900 , the canal was replaced by the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal . The second canal , in addition to shipping , also allowed Chicago to address specific health issues ( typhoid fever , cholera and other waterborne diseases ) by sending its waste down the Illinois and Mississippi river systems rather than polluting its water source of Lake Michigan . The Corps of Engineers recommended the excavation of a 5 - foot - deep ( 1.5 m ) channel at the Des Moines Rapids , but work did not begin until after Lieutenant Robert E. Lee endorsed the project in 1837 . The Corps later also began excavating the Rock Island Rapids . By 1866 , it had become evident that excavation was impractical , and it was decided to build a canal around the Des Moines Rapids . The canal opened in 1877 , but the Rock Island Rapids remained an obstacle . In 1878 , Congress authorized the Corps to establish a 4.5 - foot - deep ( 1.4 m ) channel to be obtained by building wing dams which direct the river to a narrow channel causing it to cut a deeper channel , by closing secondary channels and by dredging . The channel project was complete when the Moline Lock , which bypassed the Rock Island Rapids , opened in 1907 . To improve navigation between St. Paul , Minnesota , and Prairie du Chien , Wisconsin , the Corps constructed several dams on lakes in the headwaters area , including Lake Winnibigoshish and Lake Pokegama . The dams , which were built beginning in the 1880s , stored spring run - off which was released during low water to help maintain channel depth . Lock and Dam No. 2 , near Hastings , Minnesota ( 2007 ) Lock and Dam No. 15 , is the largest roller dam in the world Davenport , Iowa ; Rock Island , Illinois . ( 1990 ) 20th century ( edit ) In 1907 , Congress authorized a 6 - foot - deep ( 1.8 m ) channel project on the Mississippi , which was not complete when it was abandoned in the late 1920s in favor of the 9 - foot - deep ( 2.7 m ) channel project . In 1913 , construction was complete on Lock and Dam No. 19 at Keokuk , Iowa , the first dam below St. Anthony Falls . Built by a private power company ( Union Electric Company of St. Louis ) to generate electricity ( originally for streetcars in St. Louis ) , the Keokuk dam was one of the largest hydro - electric plants in the world at the time . The dam also eliminated the Des Moines Rapids . Lock and Dam No. 1 was completed in Minneapolis , Minnesota in 1917 . Lock and Dam No. 2 , near Hastings , Minnesota , was completed in 1930 . Before the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 , the Corps 's primary strategy was to close off as many side channels as possible to increase the flow in the main river . It was thought that the river 's velocity would scour off bottom sediments , deepening the river and decreasing the possibility of flooding . The 1927 flood proved this to be so wrong that communities threatened by the flood began to create their own levee breaks to relieve the force of the rising river . The Rivers and Harbors Act of 1930 authorized the 9 - foot ( 2.7 m ) channel project , which called for a navigation channel 9 feet ( 2.7 m ) feet deep and 400 feet ( 120 m ) wide to accommodate multiple - barge tows . This was achieved by a series of locks and dams , and by dredging . Twenty - three new locks and dams were built on the upper Mississippi in the 1930s in addition to the three already in existence . Formation of the Atchafalaya River and construction of the Old River Control Structure . Project design flood flow capacity for the Mississippi river in thousands of cubic feet per second . Until the 1950s , there was no dam below Lock and Dam 26 at Alton , Illinois . Chain of Rocks Lock ( Lock and Dam No. 27 ) , which consists of a low - water dam and an 8.4 - mile - long ( 13.5 km ) canal , was added in 1953 , just below the confluence with the Missouri River , primarily to bypass a series of rock ledges at St. Louis . It also serves to protect the St. Louis city water intakes during times of low water . U.S. government scientists determined in the 1950s that the Mississippi River was starting to switch to the Atchafalaya River channel because of its much steeper path to the Gulf of Mexico . Eventually the Atchafalaya River would capture the Mississippi River and become its main channel to the Gulf of Mexico , leaving New Orleans on a side channel . As a result , the U.S. Congress authorized a project called the Old River Control Structure , which has prevented the Mississippi River from leaving its current channel that drains into the Gulf via New Orleans . Because the large scale of high - energy water flow threatened to damage the structure , an auxiliary flow control station was built adjacent to the standing control station . This $300 million project was completed in 1986 by the Corps of Engineers . Beginning in the 1970s , the Corps applied hydrological transport models to analyze flood flow and water quality of the Mississippi . Dam 26 at Alton , Illinois , which had structural problems , was replaced by the Mel Price Lock and Dam in 1990 . The original Lock and Dam 26 was demolished . A low - water dam deepens the pool above the Chain of Rocks Lock near St. Louis ( 2006 ) Soldiers of the Missouri Army National Guard sandbag the River in Clarksville , Missouri , June 2008 , following flooding . 21st century ( edit ) The Corps now actively creates and maintains spillways and floodways to divert periodic water surges into backwater channels and lakes , as well as route part of the Mississippi 's flow into the Atchafalaya Basin and from there to the Gulf of Mexico , bypassing Baton Rouge and New Orleans . The main structures are the Birds Point - New Madrid Floodway in Missouri ; the Old River Control Structure and the Morganza Spillway in Louisiana , which direct excess water down the west and east sides ( respectively ) of the Atchafalaya River ; and the Bonnet Carré Spillway , also in Louisiana , which directs floodwaters to Lake Pontchartrain ( see diagram ) . Some experts blame urban sprawl for increases in both the risk and frequency of flooding on the Mississippi River . Some of the pre-1927 strategy is still in use today , with the Corps actively cutting the necks of horseshoe bends , allowing the water to move faster and reducing flood heights . History ( edit ) Native Americans ( edit ) Main articles : Woodland period , Hopewell tradition , and Mississippian culture Monks Mound , a platform mound at the site of the Mississippian city of Cahokia . The area of the Mississippi River basin was first settled by hunting and gathering Native American peoples and is considered one of the few independent centers of plant domestication in human history . Evidence of early cultivation of sunflower , a goosefoot , a marsh elder and an indigenous squash dates to the 4th millennium BCE . The lifestyle gradually became more settled after around 1000 BCE during what is now called the Woodland period , with increasing evidence of shelter construction , pottery , weaving and other practices . A network of trade routes referred to as the Hopewell interaction sphere was active along the waterways between about 200 and 500 CE , spreading common cultural practices over the entire area between the Gulf of Mexico and the Great Lakes . A period of more isolated communities followed , and agriculture introduced from Mesoamerica based on the Three Sisters ( maize , beans and squash ) gradually came to dominate . After around 800 CE there arose an advanced agricultural society today referred to as the Mississippian culture , with evidence of highly stratified complex chiefdoms and large population centers . The most prominent of these , now called Cahokia , was occupied between about 600 and 1400 CE and at its peak numbered between 8,000 and 40,000 inhabitants , larger than London , England of that time . At the time of first contact with Europeans , Cahokia and many other Mississippian cities had dispersed , and archaeological finds attest to increased social stress . Modern American Indian nations inhabiting the Mississippi basin include Cheyenne , Sioux , Ojibwe , Potawatomi , Ho - Chunk , Fox , Kickapoo , Tamaroa , Moingwena , Quapaw and Chickasaw . The word Mississippi itself comes from Messipi , the French rendering of the Anishinaabe ( Ojibwe or Algonquin ) name for the river , Misi - ziibi ( Great River ) . The Ojibwe called Lake Itasca Omashkoozo - zaaga'igan ( Elk Lake ) and the river flowing out of it Omashkoozo - ziibi ( Elk River ) . After flowing into Lake Bemidji , the Ojibwe called the river Bemijigamaag - ziibi ( River from the Traversing Lake ) . After flowing into Cass Lake , the name of the river changes to Gaa - miskwaawaakokaag - ziibi ( Red Cedar River ) and then out of Lake Winnibigoshish as Wiinibiigoonzhish - ziibi ( Miserable Wretched Dirty Water River ) , Gichi - ziibi ( Big River ) after the confluence with the Leech Lake River , then finally as Misi - ziibi ( Great River ) after the confluence with the Crow Wing River . After the expeditions by Giacomo Beltrami and Henry Schoolcraft , the longest stream above the juncture of the Crow Wing River and Gichi - ziibi was named `` Mississippi River '' . The Mississippi River Band of Chippewa Indians , known as the Gichi - ziibiwininiwag , are named after the stretch of the Mississippi River known as the Gichi - ziibi . The Cheyenne , one of the earliest inhabitants of the upper Mississippi River , called it the Máʼxe - éʼometaaʼe ( Big Greasy River ) in the Cheyenne language . The Arapaho name for the river is Beesniicíe . The Pawnee name is Kickaátit . The Mississippi was spelled Mississipi or Missisipi during French Louisiana and was also known as the Rivière Saint - Louis . European exploration ( edit ) Discovery of the Mississippi by De Soto A.D. 1541 by William Henry Powell depicts Hernando De Soto and Spanish Conquistadores seeing the Mississippi River for the first time . Ca . 1681 map of Marquette and Jolliet 's 1673 expedition . On May 8 , 1541 , Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto became the first recorded European to reach the Mississippi River , which he called Río del Espíritu Santo ( `` River of the Holy Spirit '' ) , in the area of what is now Mississippi . In Spanish , the river is called Río Mississippi . French explorers Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette began exploring the Mississippi in the 17th century . Marquette traveled with a Sioux Indian who named it Ne Tongo ( `` Big river '' in Sioux language ) in 1673 . Marquette proposed calling it the River of the Immaculate Conception . When Louis Jolliet explored the Mississippi Valley in the 17th century , natives guided him to a quicker way to return to French Canada via the Illinois River . When he found the Chicago Portage , he remarked that a canal of `` only half a league '' ( less than 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) , 3 km ) would join the Mississippi and the Great Lakes . In 1848 , the continental divide separating the waters of the Great Lakes and the Mississippi Valley was breached by the Illinois and Michigan canal via the Chicago River . This both accelerated the development , and forever changed the ecology of the Mississippi Valley and the Great Lakes . In 1682 , René - Robert Cavelier , Sieur de La Salle and Henri de Tonti claimed the entire Mississippi River Valley for France , calling the river Colbert River after Jean - Baptiste Colbert and the region La Louisiane , for King Louis XIV . On March 2 , 1699 , Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville rediscovered the mouth of the Mississippi , following the death of La Salle . The French built the small fort of La Balise there to control passage . In 1718 , about 100 miles ( 160 km ) upriver , New Orleans was established along the river crescent by Jean - Baptiste Le Moyne , Sieur de Bienville , with construction patterned after the 1711 resettlement on Mobile Bay of Mobile , the capital of French Louisiana at the time . Colonization ( edit ) See also : Flood of 1851 A Home on the Mississippi ( 1871 ) Following Britain 's victory in the Seven Years War the Mississippi became the border between the British and Spanish Empires . The Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) gave Great Britain rights to all land east of the Mississippi and Spain rights to land west of the Mississippi . Spain also ceded Florida to Britain to regain Cuba , which the British occupied during the war . Britain then divided the territory into East and West Florida . Article 8 of the Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) states , `` The navigation of the river Mississippi , from its source to the ocean , shall forever remain free and open to the subjects of Great Britain and the citizens of the United States '' . With this treaty , which ended the American Revolutionary War , Britain also ceded West Florida back to Spain to regain the Bahamas , which Spain had occupied during the war . In 1800 , under duress from Napoleon of France , Spain ceded an undefined portion of West Florida to France . When France then sold the Louisiana Territory to the U.S. in 1803 , a dispute arose again between Spain and the U.S. on which parts of West Florida exactly had Spain ceded to France , which would in turn decide which parts of West Florida were now U.S. property versus Spanish property . These aspirations ended when Spain was pressured into signing Pinckney 's Treaty in 1795 . France reacquired ' Louisiana ' from Spain in the secret Treaty of San Ildefonso in 1800 . The United States then secured effective control of the river when it bought the Louisiana Territory from France in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 . The last serious European challenge to U.S. control of the river came at the conclusion of War of 1812 when British forces mounted an attack on New Orleans -- the attack was repulsed by an American army under the command of General Andrew Jackson . In the Treaty of 1818 , the U.S. and Great Britain agreed to fix the border running from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains along the 49th parallel north . In effect , the U.S. ceded the northwestern extremity of the Mississippi basin to the British in exchange for the southern portion of the Red River basin . So many settlers traveled westward through the Mississippi river basin , as well as settled in it , that Zadok Cramer wrote a guide book called The Navigator , detailing the features and dangers and navigable waterways of the area . It was so popular that he updated and expanded it through 12 editions over a period of 25 years . Shifting sand bars made early navigation difficult . The colonization of the area was barely slowed by the three earthquakes in 1811 and 1812 , estimated at approximately 8 on the Richter magnitude scale , that were centered near New Madrid , Missouri . Steamboat era ( edit ) Main article : Steamboats of the Mississippi Mark Twain 's book , Life on the Mississippi , covered the steamboat commerce which took place from 1830 to 1870 on the river before more modern ships replaced the steamer . The book was published first in serial form in Harper 's Weekly in seven parts in 1875 . The full version , including a passage from the then unfinished Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and works from other authors , was published by James R. Osgood & Company in 1885 . The first steamboat to travel the full length of the Lower Mississippi from the Ohio River to New Orleans was the New Orleans in December 1811 . Its maiden voyage occurred during the series of New Madrid earthquakes in 1811 -- 12 . The Upper Mississippi was treacherous , unpredictable and to make traveling worse , the area was not properly mapped out or surveyed . Until the 1840s only two trips a year to the Twin Cities landings were made by steamboats which suggests it was not very profitable . Steamboat transport remained a viable industry , both in terms of passengers and freight until the end of the first decade of the 20th century . Among the several Mississippi River system steamboat companies was the noted Anchor Line , which , from 1859 to 1898 , operated a luxurious fleet of steamers between St. Louis and New Orleans . Italian explorer Giacomo Beltrami , wrote about his journey on the Virginia , which was the first steam boat to make it to Fort St. Anthony in Minnesota . He referred to his voyage as a promenade that was once a journey on the Mississippi . The steamboat era changed the economic and political life of the Mississippi , as well as the nature of travel itself . The Mississippi was completely changed by the steamboat era as it transformed into a flourishing tourists trade . Civil War ( edit ) Battle of Vicksburg ( ca . 1888 ) Mississippi River from Eunice , Arkansas , a ghost town . Eunice was destroyed by gunboats during the Civil War . Control of the river was a strategic objective of both sides in the American Civil War . In 1862 Union forces coming down the river successfully cleared Confederate defenses at Island Number 10 and Memphis , Tennessee , while Naval forces coming upriver from the Gulf of Mexico captured New Orleans , Louisiana . The remaining major Confederate stronghold was on the heights overlooking the river at Vicksburg , Mississippi , and the Union 's Vicksburg Campaign ( December 1862 to July 1863 ) , and the fall of Port Hudson , completed control of the lower Mississippi River . The Union victory ending the Siege of Vicksburg on July 4 , 1863 , was pivotal to the Union 's final victory of the Civil War . 20th and 21st centuries ( edit ) See also : Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 , Great Flood of 1951 , and Great Mississippi and Missouri Rivers Flood of 1993 The `` Big Freeze '' of 1918 -- 19 blocked river traffic north of Memphis , Tennessee , preventing transportation of coal from southern Illinois . This resulted in widespread shortages , high prices , and rationing of coal in January and February . In the spring of 1927 , the river broke out of its banks in 145 places , during the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and inundated 27,000 sq mi ( 70,000 km ) to a depth of up to 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) . In 1962 and 1963 , industrial accidents spilled 3.5 million US gallons ( 13,000,000 L ) of soybean oil into the Mississippi and Minnesota rivers . The oil covered the Mississippi River from St. Paul to Lake Pepin , creating an ecological disaster and a demand to control water pollution . On October 20 , 1976 , the automobile ferry , MV George Prince , was struck by a ship traveling upstream as the ferry attempted to cross from Destrehan , Louisiana , to Luling , Louisiana . Seventy - eight passengers and crew died ; only eighteen survived the accident . In 1988 , the water level of the Mississippi fell to 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) below zero on the Memphis gauge . The remains of wooden - hulled water craft were exposed in an area of 4.5 acres ( 18,000 m ) on the bottom of the Mississippi River at West Memphis , Arkansas . They dated to the late 19th to early 20th centuries . The State of Arkansas , the Arkansas Archeological Survey , and the Arkansas Archeological Society responded with a two - month data recovery effort . The fieldwork received national media attention as good news in the middle of a drought . The Great Flood of 1993 was another significant flood , primarily affecting the Mississippi above its confluence with the Ohio River at Cairo , Illinois . Two portions of the Mississippi were designated as American Heritage Rivers in 1997 : the lower portion around Louisiana and Tennessee , and the upper portion around Iowa , Illinois , Minnesota and Missouri . The Nature Conservancy 's project called `` America 's Rivershed Initiative '' announced a ' report card ' assessment of the entire basin in October 2015 and gave the grade of D+ . The assessment noted the aging navigation and flood control infrastructure along with multiple environmental problems . Campsite at the river in Arkansas In 2002 , Slovenian long - distance swimmer Martin Strel swam the entire length of the river , from Minnesota to Louisiana , over the course of 68 days . In 2005 , the Source to Sea Expedition paddled the Mississippi and Atchafalaya Rivers to benefit the Audubon Society 's Upper Mississippi River Campaign . Future ( edit ) Geologists believe that the lower Mississippi could take a new course to the Gulf . Either of two new routes -- through the Atchafalaya Basin or through Lake Pontchartrain -- might become the Mississippi 's main channel if flood - control structures are overtopped or heavily damaged during a severe flood . Failure of the Old River Control Structure , the Morganza Spillway , or nearby levees would likely re-route the main channel of the Mississippi through Louisiana 's Atchafalaya Basin and down the Atchafalaya River to reach the Gulf of Mexico south of Morgan City in southern Louisiana . This route provides a more direct path to the Gulf of Mexico than the present Mississippi River channel through Baton Rouge and New Orleans . While the risk of such a diversion is present during any major flood event , such a change has so far been prevented by active human intervention involving the construction , maintenance , and operation of various levees , spillways , and other control structures by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . The Old River Control Structure complex . View is to the east - southeast , looking downriver on the Mississippi , with the three dams across channels of the Atchafalaya River to the right of the Mississippi . Concordia Parish , Louisiana is in the foreground , on the right , and Wilkinson County , Mississippi , is in the background , across the Mississippi on the left . The Old River Control Structure , between the present Mississippi River channel and the Atchafalaya Basin , sits at the normal water elevation and is ordinarily used to divert 30 % of the Mississippi 's flow to the Atchafalaya River . There is a steep drop here away from the Mississippi 's main channel into the Atchafalaya Basin . If this facility were to fail during a major flood , there is a strong concern the water would scour and erode the river bottom enough to capture the Mississippi 's main channel . The structure was nearly lost during the 1973 flood , but repairs and improvements were made after engineers studied the forces at play . In particular , the Corps of Engineers made many improvements and constructed additional facilities for routing water through the vicinity . These additional facilities give the Corps much more flexibility and potential flow capacity than they had in 1973 , which further reduces the risk of a catastrophic failure in this area during other major floods , such as that of 2011 . Because the Morganza Spillway is slightly higher and well back from the river , it is normally dry on both sides . Even if it failed at the crest during a severe flood , the flood waters would have to erode to normal water levels before the Mississippi could permanently jump channel at this location . During the 2011 floods , the Corps of Engineers opened the Morganza Spillway to 1 / 4 of its capacity to allow 150,000 ft / sec of water to flood the Morganza and Atchafalaya floodways and continue directly to the Gulf of Mexico , bypassing Baton Rouge and New Orleans . In addition to reducing the Mississippi River crest downstream , this diversion reduced the chances of a channel change by reducing stress on the other elements of the control system . Some geologists have noted that the possibility for course change into the Atchafalaya also exists in the area immediately north of the Old River Control Structure . Army Corps of Engineers geologist Fred Smith once stated , `` The Mississippi wants to go west . 1973 was a forty - year flood . The big one lies out there somewhere -- when the structures ca n't release all the floodwaters and the levee is going to have to give way . That is when the river 's going to jump its banks and try to break through . '' Another possible course change for the Mississippi River is a diversion into Lake Pontchartrain near New Orleans . This route is controlled by the Bonnet Carré Spillway , built to reduce flooding in New Orleans . This spillway and an imperfect natural levee about 4 -- 6 meters ( 12 to 20 feet ) high are all that prevents the Mississippi from taking a new , shorter course through Lake Pontchartrain to the Gulf of Mexico . Diversion of the Mississippi 's main channel through Lake Pontchartrain would have consequences similar to an Atchafalaya diversion , but to a lesser extent , since the present river channel would remain in use past Baton Rouge and into the New Orleans area . Recreation ( edit ) Great River Road in Wisconsin near Lake Pepin ( 2005 ) The sport of water skiing was invented on the river in a wide region between Minnesota and Wisconsin known as Lake Pepin . Ralph Samuelson of Lake City , Minnesota , created and refined his skiing technique in late June and early July 1922 . He later performed the first water ski jump in 1925 and was pulled along at 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) by a Curtiss flying boat later that year . There are seven National Park Service sites along the Mississippi River . The Mississippi National River and Recreation Area is the National Park Service site dedicated to protecting and interpreting the Mississippi River itself . The other six National Park Service sites along the river are ( listed from north to south ) : Effigy Mounds National Monument Jefferson National Expansion Memorial ( includes Gateway Arch ) Vicksburg National Military Park Natchez National Historical Park New Orleans Jazz National Historical Park Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve Ecology ( edit ) The American paddlefish is an ancient relict from the Mississippi The Mississippi basin is home to a highly diverse aquatic fauna and has been called the `` mother fauna '' of North American fresh water . Fish ( edit ) About 375 fish species are known from the Mississippi basin , far exceeding other North Hemisphere river basin exclusively within temperate / subtropical regions , except the Yangtze . Within the Mississippi basin , streams that have their source in the Appalachian and Ozark highlands contain especially many species . Among the fish species in the basin are numerous endemics , as well as relicts such as paddlefish , sturgeon , gar and bowfin . Because of its size and high species diversity , the Mississippi basin is often divided into subregions . The Upper Mississippi River alone is home to about 120 fish species , including walleye , sauger , large mouth bass , small mouth bass , white bass , northern pike , bluegill , crappie , channel catfish , flathead catfish , common shiner , freshwater drum and shovelnose sturgeon . Other fauna ( edit ) In addition to fish , several species of turtles ( such as snapping , musk , mud , map , cooter , painted and softshell turtles ) , American alligator , aquatic amphibians ( such as hellbender , mudpuppy , three - toed amphiuma and lesser siren ) , and cambarid crayfish ( such as the red swamp crayfish ) are native to the Mississippi basin . Introduced species ( edit ) Numerous introduced species are found in the Mississippi and some of these are invasive . Among the introductions are fish such as Asian carp , including the silver carp that have become infamous for outcompeting native fish and their potentially dangerous jumping behavior . They have spread throughout much of the basin , even approaching ( but not yet invading ) the Great Lakes . The Minnesota Department of Natural Resources has designated much of the Mississippi River in the state as infested waters by the exotic species zebra mussels and Eurasian watermilfoil . Cultural references ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Literature ( edit ) William Faulkner uses the Mississippi River and Delta as the setting for many hunts throughout his novels . It has been proposed that in Faulkner 's famous story , The Bear , young Ike first begins his transformation into a man , thus relinquishing his birthright to land in Yoknapatawpha County through his realizations found within the woods surrounding the Mississippi River . Many of the works of Mark Twain deal with or take place near the Mississippi River . One of his first major works , Life on the Mississippi , is in part a history of the river , in part a memoir of Twain 's experiences on the river , and a collection of tales that either take place on or are associated with the river . The river was noted for the number of bandits which called its islands and shores home , including John Murrell who was a well - known murderer , horse stealer and slave `` re-trader '' . His notoriety was such that author Twain devoted an entire chapter to him in Life on the Mississippi , and Murrell was rumored to have an island headquarters on the river at Island 37 . Twain 's most famous work , Adventures of Huckleberry Finn , is largely a journey down the river . The novel works as an episodic meditation on American culture with the river having multiple different meanings including independence , escape , freedom , and adventure . Herman Melville 's novel The Confidence - Man portrayed a Canterbury Tales - style group of steamboat passengers whose interlocking stories are told as they travel down the Mississippi River . The novel is written both as cultural satire and a metaphysical treatise . Like Huckleberry Finn , it uses the Mississippi River as a metaphor for the larger aspects of American and human identity that unify the otherwise disparate characters . The river 's fluidity is reflected by the often shifting personalities and identities of Melville 's `` confidence man '' . Much of Edna Ferber 's 1926 novel Show Boat takes place on the Mississippi River . The novel is the basis for the celebrated 1927 musical play by Jerome Kern and Oscar Hammerstein II . Music ( edit ) On The Mississippi , music sheet cover for a 1912 song The song `` When the Levee Breaks '' , made famous in the version performed by Led Zeppelin on the album Led Zeppelin IV , was composed by Memphis Minnie McCoy in 1929 after the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 . Another song about the flood was `` Louisiana 1927 '' by Randy Newman for the album Good Old Boys . Ferde Grofé composed a set of movements for symphony orchestra entitled `` Mississippi Suite '' , based on the lands the river travels through . The stage and movie musical Show Boat 's central musical piece is the spiritual - influenced ballad `` Ol ' Man River '' . Its composer , Jerome Kern , also composed an orchestral piece entitled `` Mark Twain Suite '' . The musical Big River is based on the travels of Huckleberry Finn down the river . The Johnny Cash song `` Big River '' is about the Mississippi River , and about drifting the length of the river to pursue a relationship that fails . The places mentioned in the song are Saint Paul , Davenport , St. Louis , Memphis , Baton Rouge and New Orleans . `` Louisiana 1927 '' is a 1974 song written and recorded by Randy Newman on the album Good Old Boys . It tells the story of the Great Mississippi River Flood of 1927 which left 700,000 people homeless in Louisiana and Mississippi . Illinois - born singer Lissie has a song called Oh Mississippi dedicated to the river . `` Roll On Mississippi '' and `` Mississippi Cotton Picking Delta Town '' are two classics from Charley Pride that refer to the Mississippi River . The late Conway Twitty and Loretta Lynn collaborated on the song `` Louisiana Woman , Mississippi Man '' . Paul Simon mentions the river and the Mississippi Delta in his song `` Graceland '' . See also ( edit ) Atchafalaya Basin Capes on the Mississippi River Chemetco Great River Road List of crossings of the Lower Mississippi River List of locks and dams of the Upper Mississippi River List of longest rivers of the United States ( by main stem ) Lists of crossings of the Mississippi River Mississippi embayment Mississippi River floods The Waterways Journal Weekly Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge References ( edit ) Jump up ^ decolonialatlas ( January 12 , 2015 ) . `` The Headwaters of the Mississippi River in Ojibwe '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ AISRI Dictionary Database Search Jump up ^ `` Myaamia Dictionary Search '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` English -- Cheyenne '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` English -- Kiowa '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . 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Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Contributing Op - Ed columnist . `` Floods are a reminder of the Mississippi River 's power : John Barry '' . NOLA.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Morganza ready for flood The Advertiser '' . theadvertiser.com . May 12 , 2011 . Retrieved May 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Estimated Inundation ( US Army Corps of Engineers ) Jump up ^ Mark Schleifstein , The Times - Picayune . `` Mississippi River flooding in New Orleans area could be massive if Morganza spillway stays closed '' . NOLA.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McPhee , John ( February 23 , 1987 ) . `` McPhee , The Control of Nature : Atchafalaya '' . Newyorker.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bonnet Carre Spillway , Norco , LA '' . Johnweeks.com. April 10 , 2008 . Retrieved May 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Beginning '' . USA Water Ski.org. 2009 . Retrieved July 30 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Matthews , W.J. ( 1998 ) . Patterns in Freshwater Fish Ecology . pp. 5 and 236 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4615 - 4066 - 3 . Jump up ^ Ye , S. ; Li , Z. ; Liu , J ; , Zhang , T. ; and Xie , S. ( 2011 ) . `` Distribution , Endemism and Conservation Status of Fishes in the Yangtze River Basin , China '' . Ecosystems Biodiversity . pp. 41 -- 66 . ISBN 978 - 953 - 307 - 417 - 7 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Fish of the Mississippi River '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Fish Species of the Mississippi River '' . Jump up ^ Conant , R. ; and J.T. Collins ( 1998 ) . Reptiles and Amphibians , Eastern and Central North America . Peterson Field Guides ( 3 ed . ) . ISBN 0 - 395 - 90452 - 8 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Hobbs , H.H. , Jr. ( 1989 ) . `` An Illustrated Checklist of the American Crayfishes ( Decapoda : Astacidae , Cambaridae , and Parastacidae ) '' . Smithsonian Journal of Zoology. 480 : 1 -- 236 . doi : 10.5479 / si. 00810282.480 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Matheny , K. ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` Invasive Asian carp less than 50 miles from Lake Michigan '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Designation of Infested Waters '' . Minnesota Department of Natural Resources . Further reading ( edit ) Ambrose , Stephen . The Mississippi and the Making of a Nation : From the Louisiana Purchase to Today ( National Geographical Society , 2002 ) heavily illustrated Anfinson , John O. ; Thomas Madigan ; Drew M. Forsberg ; Patrick Nunnally ( 2003 ) . The River of History : A Historic Resources Study of the Mississippi National River and Recreation Area . St. Paul , MN : U.S. Army Corps of Engineers , St. Paul District . OCLC 53911450 . Anfinson , John Ogden . Commerce and conservation on the Upper Mississippi River ( US Army Corps of Engineers , St. Paul District , 1994 ) Bartlett , Richard A. ( 1984 ) . Rolling rivers : an encyclopedia of America 's rivers . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 003910 - 0 . OCLC 10807295 . Botkin , Benjamin Albert . A Treasury of Mississippi River folklore : stories , ballads & traditions of the mid-American river country ( 1984 ) . Carlander , Harriet Bell . A history of fish and fishing in the upper Mississippi River ( PhD Diss . Iowa State College , 1954 ) online ( PDF ) Daniel , Pete . Deep'n as it come : The 1927 Mississippi River flood ( University of Arkansas Press , 1977 ) Fremling , Calvin R. Immortal river : the Upper Mississippi in ancient and modern times ( U. of Wisconsin Press , 2005 ) , popular history Milner , George R . `` The late prehistoric Cahokia cultural system of the Mississippi River valley : Foundations , florescence , and fragmentation . '' Journal of World Prehistory ( 1990 ) 4 # 1 pp : 1 -- 43 . Morris , Christopher . The Big Muddy : An Environmental History of the Mississippi and Its Peoples From Hernando de Soto to Hurricane Katrina ( Oxford University Press ; 2012 ) 300 pages ; links drought , disease , and flooding to the impact of centuries of increasingly intense human manipulation of the river . Penn , James R. ( 2001 ) . Rivers of the world : a social , geographical , and environmental sourcebook . Santa Barbara , Calif. : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 042 - 5 . OCLC 260075679 . Smith , Thomas Ruys ( 2007 ) . River of dreams : imagining the Mississippi before Mark Twain . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 3233 - 3 . OCLC 182615621 . Scott , Quinta ( 2010 ) . The Mississippi : A Visual Biography . Columbia , Missouri : University of Missouri Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 1840 - 7 . OCLC 277196207 . Pasquier , Michael ( 2013 ) . Gods of the Mississippi . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 2530 - 0806 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mississippi River . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Mississippi River . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Mississippi River . Mississippi River , project of the American Land Conservancy Flood management in the Mississippi River Friends of the Mississippi River Mississippi River Challenge -- annual canoe & kayak event on the Twin Cities stretch Mississippi River Field Guide Mississippi National River and Recreation Area ( MN ) from the NPS Mississippi River Facts from the NPS `` Mark Twain 's Mississippi '' , from the digital library of Northern Illinois University Interactive detailed satellite photos and zoomable USGS topographic quad maps of the lower Mississippi , the alternative course for the river , and the various control structures and floodways Lower Mississippi Valley -- Engineering Geology Mapping Program -- PDF files of publications about and maps of the geology of the Mississippi River Valley and its tributaries . Ecoregions of the Mississippi Alluvial Plain Map `` Old Man River Loses His Kinks '' , April 1942 , Popular Science article on 1930 - 40s project to improve barge navigation between Helena and Natchez The short film `` The River ( 1938 ) '' is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film `` The River ( Part II ) ( 1937 ) '' is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film `` The Valley of the Giant : Mississippi River story '' is available for free download at the Internet Archive Geographic data related to Mississippi River at OpenStreetMap Roundtable discussion on Imagining the River , University of Minnesota , 2009 MRTIS -- Mississippi River Traffic Information System American Heritage Rivers Rivers Blackstone & Woonasquatucket Connecticut Cuyahoga Detroit Hanalei Hudson Lower Mississippi Potomac New Rio Grande St. Johns Upper Mississippi Upper Susquehanna & Lackawanna Willamette United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - 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when did michael jordan do the air jordan	Jordan is also known for his product endorsements . He fueled the success of Nike 's Air Jordan sneakers , which were introduced in 1985 and remain popular today . Jordan also starred in the 1996 film Space Jam as himself . In 2006 , he became part - owner and head of basketball operations for the then - Charlotte Bobcats , buying a controlling interest in 2010 . In 2015 , Jordan became the first billionaire NBA player in history as a result of the increase in value of NBA franchises . He is the third - richest African - American , behind Oprah Winfrey and Robert F. Smith .	1985	Michael Jordan	michael jordan	Michael Jeffrey Jordan ( born February 17 , 1963 ) , also known by his initials , MJ , is an American retired professional basketball player , businessman , and principal owner and chairman of the Charlotte Hornets of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . Jordan played 15 seasons in the NBA for the Chicago Bulls and Washington Wizards . His biography on the NBA website states : `` By acclamation , Michael Jordan is the greatest basketball player of all time . '' Jordan was one of the most effectively marketed athletes of his generation and was considered instrumental in popularizing the NBA around the world in the 1980s and 1990s .	Jordan played three seasons for coach Dean Smith at the University of North Carolina . As a freshman , he was a member of the Tar Heels ' national championship team in 1982 . Jordan joined the Bulls in 1984 as the third overall draft pick . He quickly emerged as a league star , entertaining crowds with his prolific scoring . His leaping ability , demonstrated by performing slam dunks from the free throw line in slam dunk contests , earned him the nicknames Air Jordan and His Airness . He also gained a reputation for being one of the best defensive players in basketball . In 1991 , he won his first NBA championship with the Bulls , and followed that achievement with titles in 1992 and 1993 , securing a `` three - peat '' . Although Jordan abruptly retired from basketball before the beginning of the 1993 -- 94 NBA season and started a new career playing minor league baseball , he returned to the Bulls in March 1995 and led them to three additional championships in 1996 , 1997 , and 1998 , as well as a then - record 72 regular - season wins in the 1995 -- 96 NBA season . Jordan retired for a second time in January 1999 , but returned for two more NBA seasons from 2001 to 2003 as a member of the Wizards . Jordan 's individual accolades and accomplishments include five Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) Awards , ten All - NBA First Team designations , nine All - Defensive First Team honors , fourteen NBA All - Star Game appearances , three All - Star Game MVP Awards , ten scoring titles , three steals titles , six NBA Finals MVP Awards , and the 1988 NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award . Among his numerous accomplishments , Jordan holds the NBA records for highest career regular season scoring average ( 30.12 points per game ) and highest career playoff scoring average ( 33.45 points per game ) . In 1999 , he was named the greatest North American athlete of the 20th century by ESPN , and was second to Babe Ruth on the Associated Press 's list of athletes of the century . Jordan is a two - time inductee into the Basketball Hall of Fame , having been enshrined in 2009 for his individual career , and again in 2010 as part of the group induction of the 1992 United States men 's Olympic basketball team ( `` The Dream Team '' ) . He became a member of the FIBA Hall of Fame in 2015 . Jordan is also known for his product endorsements . He fueled the success of Nike 's Air Jordan sneakers , which were introduced in 1985 and remain popular today . Jordan also starred in the 1996 film Space Jam as himself . In 2006 , he became part - owner and head of basketball operations for the then - Charlotte Bobcats , buying a controlling interest in 2010 . In 2015 , Jordan became the first billionaire NBA player in history as a result of the increase in value of NBA franchises . He is the third - richest African - American , behind Oprah Winfrey and Robert F. Smith . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early years 2 High school career 3 College career 4 Professional career 4.1 Early NBA years ( 1984 -- 1987 ) 4.2 Pistons roadblock ( 1987 -- 1990 ) 4.3 First three - peat ( 1991 -- 1993 ) 4.3. 1 Gambling controversy 4.4 First retirement and stint in minor league baseball ( 1993 -- 1994 ) 4.5 `` I 'm back '' : Return to the NBA ( 1995 ) 4.6 Second three - peat ( 1995 -- 1998 ) 4.7 Second retirement ( 1999 -- 2001 ) 4.8 Washington Wizards comeback ( 2001 -- 2003 ) 5 Olympic career 6 Post-retirement 6.1 Charlotte Bobcats / Hornets 7 Player profile 8 NBA career statistics 8.1 Regular season 8.2 Playoffs 9 Legacy 10 Personal life 11 Media figure and business interests 12 Awards and honors 12.1 College awards and honors 12.2 NBA awards and honors 12.3 Other awards and honors 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 Bibliography 17 Further reading 18 External links Early years Jordan was born in Brooklyn , New York , to Deloris ( née Peoples ) , who worked in banking , and James R. Jordan Sr. , an equipment supervisor . His family moved to Wilmington , North Carolina , when he was a toddler . Jordan is the fourth of five children . He has two older brothers , Larry Jordan and James R. Jordan , Jr. , one older sister , Deloris , and one younger sister , Roslyn . Jordan 's brother James retired in 2006 as the Command Sergeant Major of the 35th Signal Brigade of the XVIII Airborne Corps in the U.S. Army . High School career Jordan getting ready to slam - dunk for the Laney High School varsity basketball team in 1979 -- 80 . Jordan attended Emsley A. Laney High School in Wilmington , where he highlighted his athletic career by playing basketball , baseball , and football . He tried out for the varsity basketball team during his sophomore year , but at 5'11 '' ( 1.80 m ) , he was deemed too short to play at that level . His taller friend , Harvest Leroy Smith , was the only sophomore to make the team . Motivated to prove his worth , Jordan became the star of Laney 's junior varsity squad , and tallied several 40 - point games . The following summer , he grew four inches ( 10 cm ) and trained rigorously . Upon earning a spot on the varsity roster , Jordan averaged about 20 points per game over his final two seasons of high school play . As a senior , he was selected to the McDonald 's All - American Team after averaging a triple - double : 29.2 points , 11.6 rebounds , and 10.1 assists . Jordan was recruited by numerous college basketball programs , including Duke , North Carolina , South Carolina , Syracuse , and Virginia . In 1981 , Jordan accepted a basketball scholarship to North Carolina , where he majored in cultural geography . College career Jordan 's jersey in the rafters of The Dean Smith Center As a freshman in coach Dean Smith 's team - oriented system , he was named ACC Freshman of the Year after he averaged 13.4 points per game ( ppg ) on 53.4 % shooting ( field goal percentage ) . He made the game - winning jump shot in the 1982 NCAA Championship game against Georgetown , which was led by future NBA rival Patrick Ewing . Jordan later described this shot as the major turning point in his basketball career . During his three seasons at North Carolina , he averaged 17.7 ppg on 54.0 % shooting , and added 5.0 rebounds per game ( rpg ) . He was selected by consensus to the NCAA All - American First Team in both his sophomore ( 1983 ) and junior ( 1984 ) seasons . After winning the Naismith and the Wooden College Player of the Year awards in 1984 , Jordan left North Carolina one year before his scheduled graduation to enter the 1984 NBA draft . The Chicago Bulls selected Jordan with the third overall pick , after Hakeem Olajuwon ( Houston Rockets ) and Sam Bowie ( Portland Trail Blazers ) . One of the primary reasons why Jordan was not drafted sooner was because the first two teams were in need of a center . However , Trail Blazers general manager Stu Inman contended that it was not a matter of drafting a center , but more a matter of taking Sam Bowie over Jordan , in part because Portland already had Clyde Drexler , who was a guard with similar skills to Jordan . ESPN , citing Bowie 's injury - laden college career , named the Blazers ' choice of Bowie as the worst draft pick in North American professional sports history . Jordan returned to North Carolina to complete his degree in 1986 . Professional career Early NBA years ( 1984 -- 1987 ) During his rookie season in the NBA , Jordan averaged 28.2 ppg on 51.5 % shooting . He quickly became a fan favorite even in opposing arenas , and appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated with the heading `` A Star Is Born '' just over a month into his professional career . Jordan was also voted in as an All - Star starter by the fans in his rookie season . Controversy arose before the All - Star game when word surfaced that several veteran players -- led by Isiah Thomas -- were upset by the amount of attention Jordan was receiving . This led to a so - called `` freeze - out '' on Jordan , where players refused to pass the ball to him throughout the game . The controversy left Jordan relatively unaffected when he returned to regular season play , and he would go on to be voted Rookie of the Year . The Bulls finished the season 38 -- 44 and lost to the Milwaukee Bucks in four games in the first round of the playoffs . Jordan 's second season was cut short when he broke his foot in the third game of the year , causing him to miss 64 games . Despite Jordan 's injury and a 30 -- 52 record ( at the time it was fifth worst record of any team to qualify for the playoffs in NBA history ) , the Bulls made the playoffs . Jordan recovered in time to participate in the playoffs and performed well upon his return . Against a 1985 -- 86 Boston Celtics team that is often considered one of the greatest in NBA history , Jordan set the still - unbroken record for points in a playoff game with 63 in Game 2 . The Celtics , however , managed to sweep the series . Jordan had completely recovered in time for the 1986 -- 87 season , and he had one of the most prolific scoring seasons in NBA history . He joined Wilt Chamberlain as the only two players to score 3,000 points in a season , averaging a league high 37.1 points on 48.2 % shooting . In addition , Jordan demonstrated his defensive prowess , as he became the first player in NBA history to record 200 steals and 100 blocked shots in a season . Despite Jordan 's success , Magic Johnson won the league 's Most Valuable Player Award . The Bulls reached 40 wins , and advanced to the playoffs for the third consecutive year . However , they were again swept by the Celtics . Pistons roadblock ( 1987 -- 1990 ) Jordan ( center ) in 1987 Jordan again led the league in scoring during the 1987 -- 88 season , averaging 35.0 ppg on 53.5 % shooting and won his first league MVP Award . He was also named the Defensive Player of the Year , as he had averaged 1.6 blocks and a league high 3.16 steals per game . The Bulls finished 50 -- 32 , and made it out of the first round of the playoffs for the first time in Jordan 's career , as they defeated the Cleveland Cavaliers in five games . However , the Bulls then lost in five games to the more experienced Detroit Pistons , who were led by Isiah Thomas and a group of physical players known as the `` Bad Boys '' . In the 1988 -- 89 season , Jordan again led the league in scoring , averaging 32.5 ppg on 53.8 % shooting from the field , along with 8 rpg and 8 assists per game ( apg ) . The Bulls finished with a 47 -- 35 record , and advanced to the Eastern Conference Finals , defeating the Cavaliers and New York Knicks along the way . The Cavaliers series included a career highlight for Jordan when he hit The Shot over Craig Ehlo at the buzzer in the fifth and final game of the series . However , the Pistons again defeated the Bulls , this time in six games , by utilizing their `` Jordan Rules '' method of guarding Jordan , which consisted of double and triple teaming him every time he touched the ball . The Bulls entered the 1989 -- 90 season as a team on the rise , with their core group of Jordan and young improving players like Scottie Pippen and Horace Grant , and under the guidance of new coach Phil Jackson . Jordan averaged a league leading 33.6 ppg on 52.6 % shooting , to go with 6.9 rpg and 6.3 apg in leading the Bulls to a 55 -- 27 record . They again advanced to the Eastern Conference Finals after beating the Bucks and Philadelphia 76ers . However , despite pushing the series to seven games , the Bulls lost to the Pistons for the third consecutive season . First three - peat ( 1991 -- 1993 ) In the 1990 -- 91 season , Jordan won his second MVP award after averaging 31.5 ppg on 53.9 % shooting , 6.0 rpg , and 5.5 apg for the regular season . The Bulls finished in first place in their division for the first time in 16 years and set a franchise record with 61 wins in the regular season . With Scottie Pippen developing into an All - Star , the Bulls had elevated their play . The Bulls defeated the New York Knicks and the Philadelphia 76ers in the opening two rounds of the playoffs . They advanced to the Eastern Conference Finals where their rival , the Detroit Pistons , awaited them . However , this time the Bulls beat the Pistons in a four - game sweep . The Bulls advanced to the NBA Finals for the first time in franchise history to face the Los Angeles Lakers , who had Magic Johnson and James Worthy , two formidable opponents . The Bulls won the series four games to one , and compiled an outstanding 15 -- 2 playoff record along the way . Perhaps the best known moment of the series came in Game 2 when , attempting a dunk , Jordan avoided a potential Sam Perkins block by switching the ball from his right hand to his left in mid-air to lay the shot into the basket . In his first Finals appearance , Jordan posted per game averages of 31.2 points on 56 % shooting from the field , 11.4 assists , 6.6 rebounds , 2.8 steals , and 1.4 blocks . Jordan won his first NBA Finals MVP award , and he cried while holding the NBA Finals trophy . Jordan and the Bulls continued their dominance in the 1991 -- 92 season , establishing a 67 -- 15 record , topping their franchise record from 1990 -- 91 . Jordan won his second consecutive MVP award with averages of 30.1 points , 6.4 rebounds and 6.1 assists per game on 52 % shooting . After winning a physical 7 - game series over the New York Knicks in the second round of the playoffs and finishing off the Cleveland Cavaliers in the Conference Finals in 6 games , the Bulls met Clyde Drexler and the Portland Trail Blazers in the Finals . The media , hoping to recreate a Magic -- Bird rivalry , highlighted the similarities between `` Air '' Jordan and Clyde `` The Glide '' during the pre-Finals hype . In the first game , Jordan scored a Finals - record 35 points in the first half , including a record - setting six three - point field goals . After the sixth three - pointer , he jogged down the court shrugging as he looked courtside . Marv Albert , who broadcast the game , later stated that it was as if Jordan was saying , `` I ca n't believe I 'm doing this . '' The Bulls went on to win Game 1 , and defeat the Blazers in six games . Jordan was named Finals MVP for the second year in a row and finished the series averaging 35.8 ppg , 4.8 rpg , and 6.5 apg , while shooting 53 % from the floor . In the 1992 -- 93 season , despite a 32.6 ppg , 6.7 rpg , and 5.5 apg campaign , Jordan 's streak of consecutive MVP seasons ended as he lost the award to his friend Charles Barkley . Coincidentally , Jordan and the Bulls met Barkley and his Phoenix Suns in the 1993 NBA Finals . The Bulls won their third NBA championship on a game - winning shot by John Paxson and a last - second block by Horace Grant , but Jordan was once again Chicago 's leader . He averaged a Finals - record 41.0 ppg during the six - game series , and became the first player in NBA history to win three straight Finals MVP awards . He scored more than 30 points in every game of the series , including 40 or more points in 4 consecutive games . With his third Finals triumph , Jordan capped off a seven - year run where he attained seven scoring titles and three championships , but there were signs that Jordan was tiring of his massive celebrity and all of the non-basketball hassles in his life . Gambling controversy During the Bulls ' playoff run in 1993 , controversy arose when Jordan was seen gambling in Atlantic City , New Jersey , the night before a game against the New York Knicks . In that same year , he admitted that he had to cover $57,000 in gambling losses , and author Richard Esquinas wrote a book claiming he had won $1.25 million from Jordan on the golf course . In 2005 , Jordan talked to Ed Bradley of the CBS evening show 60 Minutes about his gambling and admitted that he made some reckless decisions . Jordan stated , `` Yeah , I 've gotten myself into situations where I would not walk away and I 've pushed the envelope . Is that compulsive ? Yeah , it depends on how you look at it . If you 're willing to jeopardize your livelihood and your family , then yeah . '' When Bradley asked him if his gambling ever got to the level where it jeopardized his livelihood or family , Jordan replied , `` No . '' First retirement and stint in minor league baseball ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Michael Jordan Birmingham Barons -- No. 45 & No. 35 Outfielder Batted : Right Threw : Right Professional debut Southern League : April 8 , 1994 , for the Birmingham Barons Arizona Fall League : 1994 , for the Scottsdale Scorpions Last Southern League appearance March 10 , 1995 , for the Birmingham Barons Southern League statistics ( through 1994 ) Batting average . 202 Home runs Runs batted in 51 Arizona Fall League statistics Batting average . 252 Teams Birmingham Barons ( 1994 -- 1995 ) Scottsdale Scorpions ( 1994 ) Jordan in training with the Scottsdale Scorpions On October 6 , 1993 , Jordan announced his retirement , citing a loss of desire to play the game . Jordan later stated that the death of his father three months earlier also shaped his decision . Jordan 's father was murdered on July 23 , 1993 , at a highway rest area in Lumberton , North Carolina , by two teenagers , Daniel Green and Larry Martin Demery , who carjacked the luxury vehicle . The assailants were traced from calls that they made on James Jordan 's cell phone . The two criminals were caught , convicted at trial , and sentenced to life in prison . Jordan was close to his father ; as a child he had imitated his father 's proclivity to stick out his tongue while absorbed in work . He later adopted it as his own signature , displaying it each time he drove to the basket . In 1996 , he founded a Chicago area Boys & Girls Club and dedicated it to his father . In his 1998 autobiography For the Love of the Game , Jordan wrote that he had been preparing for retirement as early as the summer of 1992 . The added exhaustion due to the Dream Team run in the 1992 Olympics solidified Jordan 's feelings about the game and his ever - growing celebrity status . Jordan 's announcement sent shock waves throughout the NBA and appeared on the front pages of newspapers around the world . Jordan then further surprised the sports world by signing a minor league baseball contract with the Chicago White Sox on February 7 , 1994 . He reported to spring training in Sarasota , Florida , and was assigned to the team 's minor league system on March 31 , 1994 . Jordan has stated this decision was made to pursue the dream of his late father , who had always envisioned his son as a Major League Baseball player . The White Sox were another team owned by Bulls owner Jerry Reinsdorf , who continued to honor Jordan 's basketball contract during the years he played baseball . In 1994 , Jordan played for the Birmingham Barons , a Double - A minor league affiliate of the Chicago White Sox , batting . 202 with three home runs , 51 runs batted in , 30 stolen bases , 114 strikeouts , 51 base on balls , and 11 errors . He also appeared for the Scottsdale Scorpions in the 1994 Arizona Fall League , batting . 252 against the top prospects in baseball . On November 1 , 1994 , his number 23 was retired by the Bulls in a ceremony that included the erection of a permanent sculpture known as The Spirit outside the new United Center . `` I 'm back '' : return to the NBA ( 1995 ) In the 1993 -- 94 season , the Bulls , without Jordan , achieved a 55 -- 27 record , and lost to the New York Knicks in the second round of the playoffs . But the 1994 -- 95 Bulls were a shell of the championship team of just two years earlier . Struggling at mid-season to ensure a spot in the playoffs , Chicago was 31 -- 31 at one point in mid-March . The team received help , however , when Jordan decided to return to the NBA for the Bulls . In March 1995 , Jordan decided to quit baseball due to the ongoing Major League Baseball strike , as he wanted to avoid becoming a potential replacement player . On March 18 , 1995 , Jordan announced his return to the NBA through a two - word press release : `` I 'm back . '' The next day , Jordan took to the court with the Bulls to face the Indiana Pacers in Indianapolis , scoring 19 points . The game had the highest Nielsen rating of a regular season NBA game since 1975 . Although he could have opted to wear his normal number in spite of the Bulls having retired it , Jordan instead wore number 45 , as he had while playing baseball . Although he had not played an NBA game in a year and a half , Jordan played well upon his return , making a game - winning jump shot against Atlanta in his fourth game back . He then scored 55 points in the next game against the Knicks at Madison Square Garden on March 28 , 1995 . Boosted by Jordan 's comeback , the Bulls went 13 -- 4 to make the playoffs and advanced to the Eastern Conference Semifinals against the Orlando Magic . At the end of Game 1 , Orlando 's Nick Anderson stripped Jordan from behind , leading to the game - winning basket for the Magic ; he would later comment that Jordan `` did n't look like the old Michael Jordan '' and that `` No. 45 does n't explode like No. 23 used to . '' Jordan responded by scoring 38 points in the next game , which Chicago won . Before the game , Jordan decided that he would resume wearing his former number , 23 , immediately . The Bulls were fined $25,000 for failing to report the impromptu number change to the NBA . Jordan was fined an additional $5,000 for opting to wear white shoes as the rest of the Bulls wore black . He averaged 31 points per game in the series , but Orlando won the series in 6 games . Second three - peat ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Freshly motivated by the playoff defeat , Jordan trained aggressively for the 1995 -- 96 season . Strengthened by the addition of rebound specialist Dennis Rodman , the Bulls dominated the league , starting the season 41 -- 3 , and eventually finishing with the then - best regular season record in NBA history ( later surpassed by the 2015 -- 16 Golden State Warriors ) : 72 -- 10 . Jordan led the league in scoring with 30.4 ppg , and won the league 's regular season and All - Star Game MVP awards . In the playoffs , the Bulls lost only three games in four series ( Miami Heat 3 -- 0 , New York Knicks 4 -- 1 , Orlando Magic 4 -- 0 ) . They defeated the Seattle SuperSonics 4 -- 2 in the NBA Finals to win their fourth championship . Jordan was named Finals MVP for a record fourth time , surpassing Magic Johnson 's three Finals MVP awards . He also achieved only the second sweep of the MVP Awards in the All - Star Game , regular season and NBA Finals , Willis Reed having achieved the first , during the 1969 -- 70 season . Because this was Jordan 's first championship since his father 's murder , and it was won on Father 's Day , Jordan reacted very emotionally upon winning the title , including a memorable scene of him crying on the locker room floor with the game ball . In the 1996 -- 97 season , the Bulls started out 69 -- 11 , but missed out on a second consecutive 70 - win season by losing their final two games to finish 69 -- 13 . However , this year Jordan was beaten for the NBA MVP Award by Karl Malone . The Bulls again advanced to the Finals , where they faced Malone and the Utah Jazz . The series against the Jazz featured two of the more memorable clutch moments of Jordan 's career . He won Game 1 for the Bulls with a buzzer - beating jump shot . In Game 5 , with the series tied at 2 , Jordan played despite being feverish and dehydrated from a stomach virus . In what is known as the `` Flu Game '' , Jordan scored 38 points , including the game - deciding 3 - pointer with 25 seconds remaining . The Bulls won 90 -- 88 and went on to win the series in six games . For the fifth time in as many Finals appearances , Jordan received the Finals MVP award . During the 1997 NBA All - Star Game , Jordan posted the first triple double in All - Star Game history in a victorious effort ; however , he did not receive the MVP award . Jordan with coach Phil Jackson in 1997 Jordan and the Bulls compiled a 62 -- 20 record in the 1997 -- 98 season . Jordan led the league with 28.7 points per game , securing his fifth regular - season MVP award , plus honors for All - NBA First Team , First Defensive Team and the All - Star Game MVP . The Bulls won the Eastern Conference Championship for a third straight season , including surviving a seven - game series with the Indiana Pacers in the Eastern Conference Finals ; it was the first time Jordan had played in a Game 7 since the 1992 Eastern Conference Semifinals with the Knicks . After winning , they moved on for a rematch with the Jazz in the Finals . The Bulls returned to the Delta Center for Game 6 on June 14 , 1998 , leading the series 3 -- 2 . Jordan executed a series of plays , considered to be one of the greatest clutch performances in NBA Finals history . With the Bulls trailing 86 -- 83 with 41.9 seconds remaining in the fourth quarter , Phil Jackson called a timeout . When play resumed , Jordan received the inbound pass , drove to the basket , and hit a shot over several Jazz defenders , cutting the Utah lead to 86 -- 85 . The Jazz brought the ball upcourt and passed the ball to forward Karl Malone , who was set up in the low post and was being guarded by Rodman . Malone jostled with Rodman and caught the pass , but Jordan cut behind him and took the ball out of his hands for a steal . Jordan then dribbled down the court and paused , eyeing his defender , Jazz guard Bryon Russell . With 10 seconds remaining , Jordan started to dribble right , then crossed over to his left , possibly pushing off Russell , although the officials did not call a foul . With 5.2 seconds left , Jordan gave Chicago an 87 -- 86 lead with a game - winning jumper , the climactic shot of his Bulls career . Afterwards , John Stockton missed a game - winning three - pointer . Jordan and the Bulls won their sixth NBA championship and second three - peat . Once again , Jordan was voted the Finals MVP , having led all scorers averaging 33.5 points per game , including 45 in the deciding Game 6 . Jordan 's six Finals MVPs is a record ; Shaquille O'Neal , Magic Johnson , LeBron James and Tim Duncan are tied for second place with three apiece . The 1998 Finals holds the highest television rating of any Finals series in history . Game 6 also holds the highest television rating of any game in NBA history . Second retirement ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Plaque at the United Center chronicling Jordan 's career achievements . With Phil Jackson 's contract expiring , the pending departures of Scottie Pippen and Dennis Rodman looming , and being in the latter stages of an owner - induced lockout of NBA players , Jordan retired for the second time on January 13 , 1999 . On January 19 , 2000 , Jordan returned to the NBA not as a player , but as part owner and President of Basketball Operations for the Washington Wizards . Jordan 's responsibilities with the Wizards were comprehensive . He controlled all aspects of the Wizards ' basketball operations , and had the final say in all personnel matters . Opinions of Jordan as a basketball executive were mixed . He managed to purge the team of several highly paid , unpopular players ( such as forward Juwan Howard and point guard Rod Strickland ) , but used the first pick in the 2001 NBA draft to select high schooler Kwame Brown , who did not live up to expectations and was traded away after four seasons . Despite his January 1999 claim that he was `` 99.9 % certain '' that he would never play another NBA game , in the summer of 2001 Jordan expressed interest in making another comeback , this time with his new team . Inspired by the NHL comeback of his friend Mario Lemieux the previous winter , Jordan spent much of the spring and summer of 2001 in training , holding several invitation - only camps for NBA players in Chicago . In addition , Jordan hired his old Chicago Bulls head coach , Doug Collins , as Washington 's coach for the upcoming season , a decision that many saw as foreshadowing another Jordan return . Washington Wizards comeback ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Jordan as a member of the Washington Wizards on April 14 , 2003 On September 25 , 2001 , Jordan announced his return to the NBA to play for the Washington Wizards , indicating his intention to donate his salary as a player to a relief effort for the victims of the September 11 , 2001 attacks . In an injury - plagued 2001 -- 02 season , he led the team in scoring ( 22.9 ppg ) , assists ( 5.2 apg ) , and steals ( 1.42 spg ) . However , torn cartilage in his right knee ended Jordan 's season after only 60 games , the fewest he had played in a regular season since playing 17 games after returning from his first retirement during the 1994 -- 95 season . Jordan started 53 of his 60 games for the season , averaging 24.3 points , 5.4 assists , and 6.0 rebounds , and shooting 41.9 % from the field in his 53 starts . His last seven appearances were in a reserve role , in which he averaged just over 20 minutes per game . Playing in his 14th and final NBA All - Star Game in 2003 , Jordan passed Kareem Abdul - Jabbar as the all - time leading scorer in All - Star Game history ( a record since broken by Kobe Bryant ) . That year , Jordan was the only Washington player to play in all 82 games , starting in 67 of them . He averaged 20.0 points , 6.1 rebounds , 3.8 assists , and 1.5 steals per game . He also shot 45 % from the field , and 82 % from the free throw line . Even though he turned 40 during the season , he scored 20 or more points 42 times , 30 or more points nine times , and 40 or more points three times . On February 21 , 2003 , Jordan became the first 40 - year - old to tally 43 points in an NBA game . During his stint with the Wizards , all of Jordan 's home games at the MCI Center were sold out , and the Wizards were the second most - watched team in the NBA , averaging 20,172 fans a game at home and 19,311 on the road . However , neither of Jordan 's final two seasons resulted in a playoff appearance for the Wizards , and Jordan was often unsatisfied with the play of those around him . At several points he openly criticized his teammates to the media , citing their lack of focus and intensity , notably that of the number one draft pick in the 2001 NBA draft , Kwame Brown . With the recognition that 2002 -- 03 would be Jordan 's final season , tributes were paid to him throughout the NBA . In his final game at his old home court , the United Center in Chicago , Jordan received a four - minute standing ovation . The Miami Heat retired the number 23 jersey on April 11 , 2003 , even though Jordan never played for the team . At the 2003 All - Star Game , Jordan was offered a starting spot from Tracy McGrady and Allen Iverson , but refused both . In the end , he accepted the spot of Vince Carter , who decided to give it up under great public pressure . Jordan played in his final NBA game on April 16 , 2003 in Philadelphia . After scoring only 13 points in the game , Jordan went to the bench with 4 minutes and 13 seconds remaining in the third quarter and with his team trailing the Philadelphia 76ers , 75 -- 56 . Just after the start of the fourth quarter , the First Union Center crowd began chanting `` We want Mike ! '' After much encouragement from coach Doug Collins , Jordan finally rose from the bench and re-entered the game , replacing Larry Hughes with 2 : 35 remaining . At 1 : 45 , Jordan was intentionally fouled by the 76ers ' Eric Snow , and stepped to the line to make both free throws . After the second foul shot , the 76ers in - bounded the ball to rookie John Salmons , who in turn was intentionally fouled by Bobby Simmons one second later , stopping time so that Jordan could return to the bench . Jordan received a three - minute standing ovation from his teammates , his opponents , the officials and the crowd of 21,257 fans . Olympic career Jordan on the `` Dream Team '' in 1992 Jordan played on two Olympic gold medal - winning American basketball teams . He won a gold medal as a college player in the 1984 Summer Olympics . The team was coached by Bob Knight and featured players such as Patrick Ewing , Sam Perkins , Chris Mullin , Steve Alford , and Wayman Tisdale . Jordan led the team in scoring , averaging 17.1 ppg for the tournament . In the 1992 Summer Olympics , he was a member of the star - studded squad that included Magic Johnson , Larry Bird , and David Robinson and was dubbed the `` Dream Team '' . Jordan was the only player to start all 8 games in the Olympics . Playing limited minutes due to the frequent blowouts , Jordan averaged 14.9 ppg , finishing second on the team in scoring . Jordan and fellow Dream Team members Patrick Ewing and Chris Mullin are the only American men 's basketball players to win Olympic gold medals as amateurs and professionals . Post-retirement Jordan on a golf course in 2007 After his third retirement , Jordan assumed that he would be able to return to his front office position as Director of Basketball Operations with the Wizards . However , his previous tenure in the Wizards ' front office had produced the aforementioned mixed results and may have also influenced the trade of Richard `` Rip '' Hamilton for Jerry Stackhouse ( although Jordan was not technically Director of Basketball Operations in 2002 ) . On May 7 , 2003 , Wizards owner Abe Pollin fired Jordan as Washington 's President of Basketball Operations . Jordan later stated that he felt betrayed , and that if he knew he would be fired upon retiring he never would have come back to play for the Wizards . Jordan kept busy over the next few years . He stayed in shape , played golf in celebrity charity tournaments , and spent time with his family in Chicago . He also promoted his Jordan Brand clothing line and rode motorcycles . Since 2004 , Jordan has owned Michael Jordan Motorsports , a professional closed - course motorcycle road racing team that competed with two Suzukis in the premier Superbike championship sanctioned by the American Motorcyclist Association ( AMA ) until the end of the 2013 season . In 2006 , Jordan and his wife Juanita pledged $5 million to Chicago 's Hales Franciscan High School . The Jordan Brand has made donations to Habitat for Humanity and a Louisiana branch of the Boys & Girls Clubs of America . Charlotte Bobcats / Hornets On June 15 , 2006 , Jordan bought a minority stake in the Charlotte Bobcats , becoming the team 's second - largest shareholder behind majority owner Robert L. Johnson . As part of the deal , Jordan took full control over the basketball side of the operation , with the title `` Managing Member of Basketball Operations . '' Despite Jordan 's previous success as an endorser , he has made an effort not to be included in Charlotte 's marketing campaigns . A decade earlier , Jordan had made a bid to become part - owner of Charlotte 's original NBA team , the Charlotte Hornets , but talks collapsed when owner George Shinn refused to give Jordan complete control of basketball operations . In February 2010 , it was reported that Jordan was seeking majority ownership of the Bobcats . As February wore on , it became apparent that Jordan and former Houston Rockets president George Postolos were the leading contenders for ownership of the team . On February 27 , the Bobcats announced that Johnson had reached an agreement with Jordan and his group , MJ Basketball Holdings , to buy the team pending NBA approval . On March 17 , the NBA Board of Governors unanimously approved Jordan 's purchase , making him the first former player to become the majority owner of an NBA team . It also made him the league 's only African - American majority owner of an NBA team . During the 2011 NBA lockout , The New York Times wrote that Jordan led a group of 10 to 14 hardline owners who wanted to cap the players ' share of basketball - related income at 50 percent and as low as 47 . Journalists observed that , during the labor dispute in 1998 , Jordan had told Washington Wizards then - owner Abe Pollin , `` If you ca n't make a profit , you should sell your team . '' Jason Whitlock of FoxSports.com called Jordan a `` sellout '' wanting `` current players to pay for his incompetence . '' He cited Jordan 's executive decisions to draft disappointing players Kwame Brown and Adam Morrison . During the 2011 -- 12 NBA season that was shortened to 66 games by the lockout , the Bobcats posted a 7 -- 59 record . Their . 106 winning percentage was the worst in NBA history . `` I 'm not real happy about the record book scenario last year . It 's very , very frustrating '' , Jordan said later that year . Player profile Jordan goes to the basket for a score in 1987 . Jordan was a shooting guard who was also capable of playing as a small forward ( the position he would primarily play during his second return to professional basketball with the Washington Wizards ) , and as a point guard . Jordan was known throughout his career for being a strong clutch performer . With the Bulls , he decided 25 games with field goals or free throws in the last 30 seconds , including two NBA Finals games and five other playoff contests . His competitiveness was visible in his prolific trash - talk and well - known work ethic . As the Bulls organization built the franchise around Jordan , management had to trade away players who were not `` tough enough '' to compete with him in practice . To help improve his defense , he spent extra hours studying film of opponents . On offense , he relied more upon instinct and improvisation at game time . Noted as a durable player , Jordan did not miss four or more games while active for a full season from 1986 -- 87 to 2001 -- 02 , when he injured his right knee . He played all 82 games nine times . Jordan has frequently cited David Thompson , Walter Davis , and Jerry West as influences . Confirmed at the start of his career , and possibly later on , Jordan had a special `` Love of the Game Clause '' written into his contract ( unusual at the time ) which allowed him to play basketball against anyone at any time , anywhere . Jordan had a versatile offensive game . He was capable of aggressively driving to the basket , as well as drawing fouls from his opponents at a high rate ; his 8,772 free throw attempts are the ninth - highest total of all time . As his career progressed , Jordan also developed the ability to post up his opponents and score with his trademark fadeaway jump shot , using his leaping ability to `` fade away '' from block attempts . According to Hubie Brown , this move alone made him nearly unstoppable . Despite media criticism as a `` selfish '' player early in his career , Jordan 's 5.3 assists per game also indicate his willingness to defer to his teammates . After shooting under 30 % from three - point range in his first five seasons in the NBA , including a career - low 13 % in the 1987 -- 88 season , Jordan improved to a career - high 50 % in the 1994 -- 95 season . The three - point shot became more of a focus of his game from 1994 -- 95 to 1996 -- 97 , when the NBA shortened its three - point line to 22 ft ( 6.7 m ) ( from 23 ft 9 in ( 7.24 m ) ) . His three - point field - goal percentages ranged from 35 % to 43 % in seasons in which he attempted at least 230 three - pointers between 1989 -- 90 and 1996 -- 97 . For a guard , Jordan was also a good rebounder ( 6.2 per game ) . In 1988 , Jordan was honored with the NBA 's Defensive Player of the Year Award and became the first NBA player to win both the Defensive Player of the Year and MVP awards in a career ( since equaled by Hakeem Olajuwon , David Robinson , and Kevin Garnett ; Olajuwon is the only player other than Jordan to win both during the same season ) . In addition , he set both seasonal and career records for blocked shots by a guard , and combined this with his ball - thieving ability to become a standout defensive player . He ranks third in NBA history in total steals with 2,514 , trailing John Stockton and Jason Kidd . Jerry West often stated that he was more impressed with Jordan 's defensive contributions than his offensive ones . He was also known to have strong eyesight ; broadcaster Al Michaels said that he was able to read baseball box scores on a 27 - inch television clearly from about 50 feet away . NBA career statistics For a comprehensive listing of Jordan 's statistics , see List of career achievements by Michael Jordan . Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field goal percentage FT % Free throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high † Denotes seasons in which Jordan won an NBA championship * Led the league NBA record Regular season Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 1984 -- 85 Chicago 82 * 82 * 38.3 . 515 . 173 . 845 6.5 5.9 2.4 . 8 28.2 1985 -- 86 Chicago 18 7 25.1 . 457 . 167 . 840 3.6 2.9 2.1 22.7 1986 -- 87 Chicago 82 * 82 * 40.0 . 482 . 182 . 857 5.2 4.6 2.9 1.5 37.1 * 1987 -- 88 Chicago 82 82 * 40.4 * . 535 . 132 . 841 5.5 5.9 3.2 * 1.6 35.0 * 1988 -- 89 Chicago 81 81 40.2 * . 538 . 276 . 850 8.0 8.0 2.9 . 8 32.5 * 1989 -- 90 Chicago 82 * 82 * 39.0 . 526 . 376 . 848 6.9 6.3 2.8 * . 7 33.6 * 1990 -- 91 † Chicago 82 * 82 * 37.0 . 539 . 312 . 851 6.0 5.5 2.7 1.0 31.5 * 1991 -- 92 † Chicago 80 80 38.8 . 519 . 270 . 832 6.4 6.1 2.3 . 9 30.1 * 1992 -- 93 † Chicago 78 78 39.3 . 495 . 352 . 837 6.7 5.5 2.8 * . 8 32.6 * 1994 -- 95 Chicago 17 17 39.3 . 411 . 500 . 801 6.9 5.3 1.8 . 8 26.9 1995 -- 96 † Chicago 82 82 37.7 . 495 . 427 . 834 6.6 4.3 . 5 30.4 * 1996 -- 97 † Chicago 82 82 * 37.9 . 486 . 374 . 833 5.9 4.3 1.7 . 5 29.6 * 1997 -- 98 † Chicago 82 * 82 * 38.8 . 465 . 238 . 784 5.8 3.5 1.7 . 5 28.7 * 2001 -- 02 Washington 60 53 34.9 . 416 . 189 . 790 5.7 5.2 1.4 . 4 22.9 2002 -- 03 Washington 82 67 37.0 . 445 . 291 . 821 6.1 3.8 1.5 . 5 20.0 Career 1,072 1,039 38.3 . 497 . 327 . 835 6.2 5.3 2.3 . 8 30.1 All - Star 13 13 29.4 . 472 . 273 . 750 4.7 4.2 2.8 . 5 20.2 Playoffs Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 1985 Chicago 42.8 . 436 . 125 . 828 5.8 8.5 2.8 1.0 29.3 1986 Chicago 45.0 . 505 1.000 . 872 6.3 5.7 2.3 1.3 43.7 Chicago 42.7 . 417 . 400 . 897 7.0 6.0 2.0 2.3 35.7 1988 Chicago 10 10 42.7 . 531 . 333 . 869 7.1 4.7 2.4 36.3 Chicago 17 17 42.2 . 510 . 286 . 799 7.0 7.6 2.5 . 8 34.8 1990 Chicago 16 16 42.1 . 514 . 320 . 836 7.2 6.8 2.8 . 9 36.7 1991 † Chicago 17 17 40.5 . 524 . 385 . 845 6.4 8.4 2.4 1.4 31.1 1992 † Chicago 22 22 41.8 . 499 . 386 . 857 6.2 5.8 2.0 . 7 34.5 1993 † Chicago 19 19 41.2 . 475 . 389 . 805 6.7 6.0 2.1 . 9 35.1 1995 Chicago 10 10 42.0 . 484 . 367 . 810 6.5 4.5 2.3 1.4 31.5 1996 † Chicago 18 18 40.7 . 459 . 403 . 818 4.9 4.1 1.8 . 3 30.7 1997 † Chicago 19 19 42.3 . 456 . 194 . 831 7.9 4.8 1.6 . 9 31.1 1998 † Chicago 21 21 41.5 . 462 . 302 . 812 5.1 3.5 1.5 . 6 32.4 Career 179 179 41.8 . 487 . 332 . 828 6.4 5.7 2.1 . 8 33.4 Legacy Jordan in 1997 Jordan 's marked talent was clear from his rookie season . In his first game in Madison Square Garden against the New York Knicks , Jordan received a prolonged standing ovation , a rarity for an opposing player . After Jordan scored a playoff record 63 points against the Boston Celtics on April 20 , 1986 , Celtics star Larry Bird described him as `` God disguised as Michael Jordan . '' Jordan led the NBA in scoring in 10 seasons ( NBA record ) and tied Wilt Chamberlain 's record of seven consecutive scoring titles . He was also a fixture on the NBA All - Defensive First Team , making the roster nine times ( NBA record shared with Gary Payton , Kevin Garnett and Kobe Bryant ) . Jordan also holds the top career regular season and playoff scoring averages of 30.1 and 33.4 points per game , respectively . By 1998 , the season of his Finals - winning shot against the Jazz , he was well known throughout the league as a clutch performer . In the regular season , Jordan was the Bulls ' primary threat in the final seconds of a close game and in the playoffs , Jordan would always demand the ball at crunch time . Jordan 's total of 5,987 points in the playoffs is the second - highest in NBA history . He retired with 32,292 points in regular season play , placing him fourth on the NBA 's all - time scoring list behind Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Karl Malone , and Kobe Bryant . With five regular - season MVPs ( tied for second place with Bill Russell -- only Kareem Abdul - Jabbar has won more , with six ) , six Finals MVPs ( NBA record ) , and three All - Star MVPs , Jordan is the most decorated NBA player . Jordan finished among the top three in regular - season MVP voting a record 10 times , and was named one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History in 1996 . He is one of only seven players in history to win an NCAA championship , an NBA championship , and an Olympic gold medal ( doing so twice with the 1984 and 1992 U.S. men 's basketball teams ) . Since 1976 , the year of the NBA 's merger with the American Basketball Association , Jordan and Pippen are the only two players to win six NBA Finals playing for one team . In the All - Star Game fan ballot , Jordan received the most votes nine times , more than any other player . `` There 's Michael Jordan and then there is the rest of us . '' -- Magic Johnson Many of Jordan 's contemporaries say that Jordan is the greatest basketball player of all time . In 1999 , an ESPN survey of journalists , athletes and other sports figures ranked Jordan the greatest North American athlete of the 20th century , above such luminaries as Babe Ruth and Muhammad Ali . Jordan placed second to Babe Ruth in the Associated Press 's December 1999 list of 20th century athletes . In addition , the Associated Press voted him as the greatest basketball player of the 20th century . Jordan has also appeared on the front cover of Sports Illustrated a record 50 times . In the September 1996 issue of Sport , which was the publication 's 50th anniversary issue , Jordan was named the greatest athlete of the past 50 years . Jordan 's athletic leaping ability , highlighted in his back - to - back slam dunk contest championships in 1987 and 1988 , is credited by many with having influenced a generation of young players . Several current NBA All - Stars have stated that they considered Jordan their role model while growing up , including LeBron James and Dwyane Wade . In addition , commentators have dubbed a number of next - generation players `` the next Michael Jordan '' upon their entry to the NBA , including Anfernee `` Penny '' Hardaway , Grant Hill , Allen Iverson , Kobe Bryant , LeBron James , Vince Carter , and Dwyane Wade . Although Jordan was a well - rounded player , his `` Air Jordan '' image is also often credited with inadvertently decreasing the jump shooting skills , defense , and fundamentals of young players , a fact Jordan himself has lamented . I think it was the exposure of Michael Jordan ; the marketing of Michael Jordan . Everything was marketed towards the things that people wanted to see , which was scoring and dunking . That Michael Jordan still played defense and an all - around game , but it was never really publicized . Although Jordan has done much to increase the status of the game , some of his impact on the game 's popularity in America appears to be fleeting . Television ratings in particular increased only during his time in the league , and Finals ratings have not returned to the level reached during his last championship - winning season . Jordan receiving the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Barack Obama at the White House . In August 2009 , the Basketball Hall of Fame in Springfield , Massachusetts , opened a Michael Jordan exhibit that contained items from his college and NBA careers , as well as from the 1992 `` Dream Team '' . The exhibit also has a batting glove to signify Jordan 's short career in minor league baseball . After Jordan received word of his acceptance into the Hall of Fame , he selected Class of 1996 member David Thompson to present him . As Jordan would later explain during his induction speech in September 2009 , growing up in North Carolina , he was not a fan of the Tar Heels , and greatly admired Thompson , who played at rival North Carolina State . He was inducted into the Hall in September , with several former Bulls teammates in attendance , including Scottie Pippen , Dennis Rodman , Charles Oakley , Ron Harper , Steve Kerr , and Toni Kukoč . Two of Jordan 's former coaches , Dean Smith and Doug Collins , were also among those present . His emotional reaction during his speech -- when he began to cry -- was captured by Associated Press photographer Stephan Savoia and would later become widely shared on social media as the Crying Jordan Internet meme . In 2016 , President Barack Obama honored Jordan with a Presidential Medal of Freedom . Personal life Jordan married Juanita Vanoy in September 1989 , and they had two sons , Jeffrey Michael and Marcus James , and a daughter , Jasmine . Jordan and Vanoy filed for divorce on January 4 , 2002 , citing irreconcilable differences , but reconciled shortly thereafter . They again filed for divorce and were granted a final decree of dissolution of marriage on December 29 , 2006 , commenting that the decision was made `` mutually and amicably '' . It is reported that Juanita received a $168 million settlement ( equivalent to $200 million in 2016 ) , making it the largest celebrity divorce settlement on public record at the time . In 1991 , Jordan purchased a lot in Highland Park , Illinois , to build a 56,000 square foot mansion , which was completed four years later . Jordan listed his Highland Park mansion for sale in 2012 . Both of his sons attended Loyola Academy , a private Roman Catholic high school located in Wilmette , Illinois . Jeffrey graduated as a member of the 2007 graduating class and played his first collegiate basketball game on November 11 , 2007 , for the University of Illinois . After two seasons , Jeffrey left the Illinois basketball team in 2009 . He later rejoined the team for a third season , then received a release to transfer to the University of Central Florida , where Marcus was attending . Marcus transferred to Whitney Young High School after his sophomore year at Loyola Academy and graduated in 2009 . He began attending UCF in the fall of 2009 , and played three seasons of basketball for the school . On July 21 , 2006 , a judge in Cook County , Illinois , determined that Jordan did not owe his alleged former lover Karla Knafel $5 million in a breach of contract claim . Jordan had allegedly paid Knafel $250,000 to keep their relationship a secret . Knafel claimed Jordan promised her $5 million for remaining silent and agreeing not to file a paternity suit after Knafel learned she was pregnant in 1991 . A DNA test showed Jordan was not the father of the child . He proposed to his longtime girlfriend , Cuban - American model Yvette Prieto , on Christmas 2011 , and they were married on April 27 , 2013 , at Bethesda - by - the - Sea Episcopal Church . It was announced on November 30 , 2013 , that the two were expecting their first child together . On February 11 , 2014 , Prieto gave birth to identical twin daughters named Victoria and Ysabel . Media figure and Business interests Michael Jordan in 2008 Jordan is one of the most marketed sports figures in history . He has been a major spokesman for such brands as Nike , Coca - Cola , Chevrolet , Gatorade , McDonald 's , Ball Park Franks , Rayovac , Wheaties , Hanes , and MCI . Jordan has had a long relationship with Gatorade , appearing in over 20 commercials for the company since 1991 , including the `` Be Like Mike '' commercials in which a song was sung by children wishing to be like Jordan . Nike created a signature shoe for him , called the Air Jordan . One of Jordan 's more popular commercials for the shoe involved Spike Lee playing the part of Mars Blackmon . In the commercials Lee , as Blackmon , attempted to find the source of Jordan 's abilities and became convinced that `` it 's got ta be the shoes '' . The hype and demand for the shoes even brought on a spate of `` shoe - jackings '' where people were robbed of their sneakers at gunpoint . Subsequently , Nike spun off the Jordan line into its own division named the `` Jordan Brand '' . The company features an impressive list of athletes and celebrities as endorsers . The brand has also sponsored college sports programs such as those of North Carolina , Cal , Georgetown , and Marquette . Jordan also has been associated with the Looney Tunes cartoon characters . A Nike commercial shown during 1992 's Super Bowl XXVI featured Jordan and Bugs Bunny playing basketball . The Super Bowl commercial inspired the 1996 live action / animated film Space Jam , which starred Jordan and Bugs in a fictional story set during the former 's first retirement from basketball . They have subsequently appeared together in several commercials for MCI . Jordan also made an appearance in the music video of Michael Jackson 's `` Jam '' ( 1992 ) . Jordan 's yearly income from the endorsements is estimated to be over forty million dollars . In addition , when Jordan 's power at the ticket gates was at its highest point , the Bulls regularly sold out both their home and road games . Due to this , Jordan set records in player salary by signing annual contracts worth in excess of US $30 million per season . An academic study found that Jordan 's first NBA comeback resulted in an increase in the market capitalization of his client firms of more than $1 billion . Most of Jordan 's endorsement deals , including his first deal with Nike , were engineered by his agent , David Falk . Jordan has described Falk as `` the best at what he does '' and that `` marketing-wise , he 's great . He 's the one who came up with the concept of ' Air Jordan . ' '' In June 2010 , Jordan was ranked by Forbes magazine as the 20th-most powerful celebrity in the world with $55 million earned between June 2009 and June 2010 . According to the Forbes article , Jordan Brand generates $1 billion in sales for Nike . In June 2014 , Jordan was named the first NBA player to become a billionaire , after he increased his stake in the Charlotte Hornets from 80 % to 89.5 % . On January 20 , 2015 , Jordan was honored with the Charlotte Business Journal 's Business Person of the Year for 2014 . In 2017 , he became a part owner of the Miami Marlins of Major League Baseball . As of April 2017 , his current net worth is estimated at $1.31 billion by Forbes . Jordan is the third - richest African - American as of 2017 , behind Oprah Winfrey and Robert F. Smith . Awards and honors James Worthy , Jordan , and Dean Smith at a North Carolina Tar Heels men 's basketball game honoring the 1957 and 1982 men 's basketball teams . Main article : List of career achievements by Michael Jordan College awards and honors Two - time Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame class of 2009 -- individual class of 2010 -- as a member of the `` Dream Team '' NCAA national championship -- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill : 1981 -- 82 ACC Freshman of the Year -- 1981 -- 82 Two - time Consensus NCAA All - American First Team -- 1982 -- 83 , 1983 -- 84 ACC Men 's Basketball Player of the Year -- 1983 -- 84 USBWA College Player of the Year -- 1983 -- 84 Naismith College Player of the Year -- 1983 -- 84 Adolph Rupp Trophy -- 1983 -- 84 John R. Wooden Award -- 1983 -- 84 Number 23 retired by the North Carolina Tar Heels NBA awards and honors Six - time NBA champion Six - time NBA Finals MVP Five - time NBA MVP 10 - time NBA scoring leader ( 1987 -- 1993 , 1996 -- 1998 ) 14 - time NBA All - Star Three - time NBA All - Star Game MVP 11 - time All - NBA Nine - time NBA All - Defensive First Team Two - time NBA Slam Dunk Contest champion -- 1987 , 1988 NBA Rookie of the Year -- 1984 -- 85 IBM Award winner -- 1985 NBA Defensive Player of the Year -- 1987 -- 88 Named one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History in 1996 Number 23 retired by the Chicago Bulls Number 23 retired by the Miami Heat Other awards and honors U.S. Olympic Hall of Fame -- class of 2009 ( as a member of the `` Dream Team '' ) FIBA Hall of Fame -- class of 2015 Two - time Olympic Gold Medal winner -- 1984 , 1992 `` Triple Crown of Basketball '' winner Three - time AP Athlete of the Year -- 1991 , 1992 , 1993 Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year -- 1991 Section of Madison Street in Chicago renamed Michael Jordan Drive -- 1994 Ranked No. 1 by SLAM Magazine 's Top 50 Players of All - Time Ranked No. 1 by ESPN SportsCentury 's Top North American Athletes of the 20th century North Carolina Sports Hall of Fame 1997 Marca Leyenda winner Seven - time ESPY Award winner ( in various categories ) Statue in front of the United Center 2016 Presidential Medal of Freedom Sources : See also African American portal Basketball portal National Basketball Association portal Michael Jordan Steakhouse Michael Jordan 's Restaurant Michael Jordan : Chaos in the Windy City Michael Jordan in Flight NBA 2K11 NBA 2K12 Notes Jump up ^ Jordan wore a nameless no . 12 jersey in a February 14 , 1990 game against the Orlando Magic because his no . 23 jersey had been stolen . Jordan scored 49 points , setting a franchise record for players wearing that jersey number . References Jump up ^ Strauss , Chris . `` The greatest No. 12 that no one is talking about '' , USA Today , December 12 , 2012 . Retrieved December 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sam ( February 15 , 1990 ) . `` Magic has the Bulls ' number : Catledge leads rally ; Jordan scores 49 points '' , Chicago Tribune , pg . A1 . Jump up ^ Rein , Kotler and Shields , pg. 173 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Jordan , National Basketball Association . Retrieved January 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Markovits and Rensman , pg. 89 . Jump up ^ Berkow , Ira . `` Sports of The Times ; Air Jordan And Just Plain Folks '' , The New York Times , June 15 , 1991 . Retrieved February 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Skidmore , Sarah . `` 23 years later , Air Jordans maintain mystique '' , The Seattle Times , January 10 , 2008 . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Michael Jordan biography , 23jordan.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2007 . Sachare , pgs. 172 -- 173 . Jump up ^ Associated Press , `` Michael Jordan 's big brother ends Army career '' , charlotte.com , May 16 , 2006 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Halberstam , pgs. 20 -- 21 . ^ Jump up to : Poppel , Seth . `` Michael Jordan Did n't Make Varsity -- At First '' , Newsweek , October 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Jordan , basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 8 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Jordan : The Stats , infoplease.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Williams , Lena . PLUS : Basketball ; `` A McDonald 's Game For Girls , Too '' , The New York Times , December 7 , 2001 . Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ SportsCenter , ESPN , air date February 2 , 2007 . Lucas , Adam . Lucas : One Extraordinary Night , tarheelblue.cstv.com , February 10 , 2007 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Halberstam , pgs. 67 -- 68 . Jump up ^ LeFeber , pg. 32 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Jordan , databaseBasketball.com , archived link , archive date February 11 , 2009 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ qtd. in Lazenby , Roland . `` Michaelangelo : Portrait of a Champion '' . Michael Jordan : The Ultimate Career Tribute . Bannockburn , Illinois : H&S Media , 1999 . pg. 128 . Jump up ^ DuPree , David ( November 26 , 1984 ) . `` Trail Blazers do n't regret bypassing Jordan '' . USA Today . p. 6C . Jump up ^ Sakamoto , Bob ( November 25 , 1984 ) . `` Portland GM is happy with Bowie '' . Chicago Tribune . p . B2 . Jump up ^ Schoenfield , David . The 100 worst draft picks ever , ESPN . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Morris , Mike . `` The Legend : A Highlight - Reel History of the NBA 's Greatest Player '' . Michael Jordan : The Ultimate Career Tribute . Bannockburn , Illinois : H&S Media , 1999 . pg. 67 . ^ Jump up to : Gross , Jane . `` Jordan Makes People Wonder : Is He the New Dr. J ? '' , The New York Times , October 21 , 1984 . Retrieved March 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Goldaper , Sam . `` Jordan dazzles crowd at Garden '' , The New York Times , October 19 , 1984 . Retrieved March 7 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Roy S. `` Jordan - Led Bulls Romp Before 19,252 '' , The New York Times , November 9 , 1984 . Retrieved March 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ SI cover search December 10 , 1984 , Sports Illustrated . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chicago Bulls 1984 -- 85 Game Log and Scores , Archived June 30 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . databasebasketball.com . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Jordan bio , National Basketball Association . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chicago Bulls ( 1966 -- ) , Archived October 14 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . databasebasketball.com . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Worst Records of Playoff Teams '' , The Sporting News ( April 28 , 1986 ) , pg. 46 . Jump up ^ Top 10 Teams in NBA History at the Wayback Machine ( archived March 6 , 2007 ) , National Basketball Association . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : God Disguised as Michael Jordan , National Basketball Association . Retrieved January 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan Adds Most Valuable Player Award to Honors '' , The Washington Post ( May 26 , 1988 ) , pg . D8 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Jordan statistics , National Basketball Association . Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Chicago Bulls 1987 -- 88 Game Log and Scores , Archived June 30 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . databasebasketball.com . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Halberstam , pg. 235 . Jump up ^ Jordan Hits `` The Shot '' , National Basketball Association . Retrieved May 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Chicago Bulls 1990 -- 91 Game Log and Scores , Archived June 30 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . databasebasketball.com . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , Clifton . Basketball ; Bulls Brush Aside Pistons for Eastern Title , The New York Times , May 28 , 1991 . Retrieved April 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Wilbon , Michael . Great Shot ! Jordan 's Best Amazingly Goes One Better , The Washington Post , pg . D01 , June 7 , 1991 . Retrieved March 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ 1991 Finals stats , National Basketball Association . Retrieved March 24 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Finals Most Valuable Player , National Basketball Association . Retrieved February 6 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Larry . Michael Jordan transcends hoops , ESPN . Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sports Illustrated cover , May 11 , 1992 . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jordan Blazes Away From Long Range , National Basketball Association . Retrieved March 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ A Stroll Down Memory Lane , National Basketball Association . Retrieved February 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Paxson 's Trey Propels Bulls Into NBA History , National Basketball Association . Retrieved January 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ McCallum , Jack . `` ' The Desire Is n't There ' '' , Sports Illustrated , October 18 , 1993 . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Dave . `` Sports of The Times ; Jordan 's Atlantic City Caper '' , The New York Times , May 27 , 1993 . Retrieved April 8 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Monifa . `` Jordan on gambling : ' Very embarrassing ' '' ( scroll down to see article ) , Chicago Sun - Times , available at winningstreak.com , October 21 , 2005 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Jordan Still Flying High , CBS News , August 20 , 2006 . Retrieved January 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Berkow , Ira . `` A Humbled Jordan Learns New Truths '' , The New York Times , April 11 , 1994 . Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Alison . The Nation ; `` So Many Criminals Trip Themselves Up '' , The New York Times , August 22 , 1993 . Retrieved March 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Janofsky , Michael ( August 16 , 1993 ) . `` Two Men Are Charged With Murder Of Jordan '' , The New York Times . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Edward . `` On the City 's West Side , Jordan 's Legacy Is Hope '' , The Washington Post , January 14 , 1998 . Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan , family attend groundbreaking ceremony for James Jordan Center '' . Jet . Johnson Publishing Company . 88 ( 14 ) : 51 -- 53 . August 14 , 1995 . ISSN 0021 - 5996 . Jump up ^ Jordan , pg. 100 . Jump up ^ Thomsen , Ian ; Rodgers , Ted ( October 18 , 1993 ) . `` Europe loses a role model ; Even in countries where basketball is a minor pursuit , Jordan 's profile looms large -- includes related article on Jordan 's stature in Japan '' . The Sporting News . 216 ( 16 ) : 35 . ISSN 0038 - 805X . Jump up ^ The Sporting News Official NBA Register 1994 -- 95 , pg. 334 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Jordan Chronology , Sports Illustrated , January 12 , 1999 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Michael Jordan : A Tribute , Sports Illustrated . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Araton , Harvey . Basketball ; `` Jordan Keeping the Basketball World in Suspense '' , The New York Times , March 10 , 1995 . Retrieved March 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan Statue '' . United Center . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Artner , Alan G. ( November 2 , 1994 ) . `` Jordan Truly Larger Than Life : Sculpture Shows Spirit Of The Man , But Little More '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bye - bye , No. 23 : Buzz went to see Michael Jordan 's Chicago ... '' . Chicago Tribune . November 8 , 1994 . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Phil . `` What Goes Up ... Must Come Down , Or So It Seems '' , Sports Illustrated , March 20 , 1995 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lazenby , pgs. 513 -- 515 . Jump up ^ Lazenby , pgs. 511 -- 512 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Jordan returns to Bulls in overtime loss to Indiana Pacers -- Chicago Bulls '' . Jet . Johnson Publishing Company . 87 ( 21 ) : 51 -- 53 . April 3 , 1995 . ISSN 0021 - 5996 . Jump up ^ Hausman , Jerry A. and Gregory K. Leonard . `` Superstars in the National Basketball Association : Economic Value and Policy . '' Journal of Labor Economics , 15 ( 4 ) : 586 -- 624 ( 587 ) , 1997 . doi : 10.1086 / 209839 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Mitch . Memories of MJ 's first two acts , ESPN , September 10 , 2001 . Retrieved December 16 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Walks , Matt ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` Flashback : 20 years ago today , Anderson forces MJ back to No. 23 '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Heisler , Mark . `` NBA Fines Jordan for Shoes , Bulls for No. 23 '' , Los Angeles Times , May 12 , 1995 . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kerr , Steve . The greatest team in history -- day four : Chicago Bulls , BBC . Retrieved March 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Chicago Bulls 1995 -- 96 Game Log and Scores , Archived January 25 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . databasebasketball.com . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ NBA Team Regular Season Records for Wins , Basketball - Reference . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 1995 -- 96 Chicago Bulls , National Basketball Association . Retrieved January 15 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Chicago Bulls 1996 -- 97 Game Log and Scores , Archived January 25 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . databasebasketball.com . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burns , Marty . 23 to remember , Sports Illustrated , January 16 , 1999 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Belock , Joe ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` NBA All - Star Game 's most memorable moments '' , New York Daily News . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , pg. 119 . Jump up ^ Smith , Stephen A. ( May 30 , 1998 ) . `` Still In The Hunt : Pacers Hold Off Bulls To Force Game 7 '' , The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lazenby , pg. 596 . ^ Jump up to : Greatest Finals Moments , National Basketball Association . Retrieved February 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kerber , Fred . Former NBA Ref Blasts Officiating , New York Post , August 17 , 2007 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Knott , Tom . `` Someone has to win Eastern Conference '' , The Washington Times , December 8 , 2006 . Retrieved November 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Deveney , Sean . Crying Foul , sportingnews.com , March 14 , 2005 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Jeff . History of the NBA Finals : Chicago Bulls vs. Utah Jazz -- 1998 , sportingnews.com . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Rachel . Lakers - Celtics should grab big TV ratings , charleston.net , June 5 , 2008 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Finals Game 6 nets ratings record for NBC '' . Jet . Johnson Publishing Company . 94 ( 6 ) : 47 . July 6 , 1998 . ISSN 0021 - 5996 . Jump up ^ Kruger , pgs. 55 -- 56 , 59 . Jump up ^ Wise , Mike ( January 19 , 2002 ) . `` Pro Basketball ; It 's Bitter In Chicago For Jordan '' , The New York Times . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wise , Mike ( January 21 , 1999 ) . `` Pro Basketball ; The Business Of Basketball Now Begins In Earnest '' , The New York Times . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard . Jordan Sheds Uniform for Suit as a Wizards Owner , The New York Times , January 20 , 2000 . Retrieved March 24 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Pollin 's decision to cut ties leaves Jordan livid , ESPN , May 9 , 2003 . Retrieved December 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Brady , Erik . `` Wizards show Jordan the door '' , USA Today , May 7 , 2003 . Retrieved February 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Making his move , Sports Illustrated , February 22 , 2001 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Marcus . Losing never looked so good for Wizards , USA Today , March 1 , 2001 . Retrieved February 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wilbon , Michael . `` So Long , Kwame , Thanks for Nothing '' , The Washington Post , July 16 , 2005 . Retrieved February 23 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Araton , Harvey . `` Sports of The Times ; Old Coach Rejoins Old Warrior '' , The New York Times , October 2 , 2001 . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : White , Joseph . `` Jordan comeback raises questions '' , cbc.ca , September 23 , 2001 . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Jordan watched Lemieux 's comeback very closely , ESPN , October 2 , 2001 . Retrieved March 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Penny outshines MJ at ' Comeback Camp ' , CNNSI.com , August 25 , 2001 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pollin Establishes Education Fund , National Basketball Association , September 9 , 2002 . Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ News Summary , The New York Times , September 26 , 2001 . Retrieved April 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Michael Jordan 2001 -- 02 Splits , Basketball - Reference . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bryant , West hold on to win NBA All - Star game , National Basketball Association , February 26 , 2012 . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jordan Pours in History - Making 43 , National Basketball Association , February 21 , 2003 . Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ NBA Attendance Report -- 2003 . ESPN . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Maaddi , Rob . Collins feels Jordan 's pain , Associated Press , USA Today , November 29 , 2001 . Retrieved March 11 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press . Bad chemistry left MJ unable to win in Washington , Sports Illustrated , April 12 , 2003 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , K.C. Lengthy ovation moves Jordan , Chicago Tribune , January 25 , 2003 . Retrieved October 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Heat retires first number , Sports Illustrated , April 11 , 2003 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Thanks , but no thanks : Jordan not interested in ceremonial starting role , Sports Illustrated , February 8 , 2003 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zeisberger , Mike . Vince 's wild ride , slam.canoe.ca , December 18 , 2004 . Retrieved April 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sixers Prevail in Jordan 's Final Game , National Basketball Association , April 16 , 2003 . Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Games of the XXIIIrd Olympiad -- 1984 , USA Basketball , Inc . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Games of the XXVth Olympiad -- 1992 , USA Basketball Inc . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hareas , John . 1992 Dream Team : By the Numbers , National Basketball Association . Retrieved March 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wise , Mike . `` Pro Basketball ; Jordan 's Strained Ties to Wizards May Be Cut '' , The New York Times , May 4 , 2003 . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Grass , Ray ( June 22 , 2006 ) . `` Michael Jordan is now riding superbikes '' , Deseret News . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jordan Suzuki Previews The AMA Superbike Championship Finale At Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca , Roadracing World & Motorcycle Technology , September 11 , 2007 . Retrieved March 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Swarts , David . Michael Jordan Motorsports Suspending AMA Pro Road Racing Operations , Focusing On Move To International Competition , Roadracing World & Motorcycle Technology , October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved October 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Gregory . Jordans to pledge $5 M to Hales Franciscan H.S. , chicagobusiness.com , March 13 , 2006 . Retrieved July 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jordan Brand Donates $500,000 to Boys and Girls Club in Louisiana , Reuters , February 14 , 2008 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Michael Jordan to Become Part Owner of the Charlotte Bobcats , National Basketball Association , June 15 , 2006 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Jordan writes state of Bobcats letter to fans , ESPN , June 15 , 2006 . Retrieved February 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Shinn says others interested in buying piece of Hornets , lubbockonline.com , May 10 , 1999 . Retrieved January 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cox , Marty ( February 16 , 2010 ) . `` Michael Jordan & Charlotte Bobcats -- NBA Legend Wants to Buy Team , Report '' , National Ledger . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . MJ to buy controlling stake in Bobcats , ESPN , February 27 , 2010 . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Jordan purchase of Bobcats approved , ESPN , March 17 , 2010 . Retrieved March 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rhoden , William C. `` Want to Make an Impact ? Join Jordan '' , The New York Times , April 27 , 2010 . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( November 5 , 2011 ) . `` Hard - Line Factions Threaten Latest N.B.A. Negotiations '' . The New York Times . p . D7 . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2011 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Whitlock , Jason ( November 5 , 2011 ) . `` MJ sells out players with hard - line stance '' . FoxSports.com . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2011 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Knicks earn No. 7 , Bobcats set dubious record '' . Fox News . April 27 , 2012 . Retrieved November 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan committed to Bobcats '' . ESPN . November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved November 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Michael Jordan 's Game - Winners : How Many Has Michael Made ? . National Basketball Association . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ DeCourcy , Mike . A suspension for talking trash ? Mamma mia ! , sportingnews.com , July 21 , 2006 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Phil . `` Michael and Me '' , Inside Stuff , June / July 1998 , available at nba.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Donnelly , Sally B. `` Great Leapin ' Lizards ! Michael Jordan Ca n't Actually Fly , But '' , Time , January 9 , 1989 . Retrieved March 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Condor , pgs . xviii -- xx . Jump up ^ Pro Basketball ; Jordan 's Knee Problems May Force Him to Sideline . The New York Times , February 26 , 2002 . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jordan , pg. 155 . Jump up ^ DuPree , David ( February 9 , 2003 ) . Jordan wears ' greatest ' crown , USA Today . Retrieved October 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jordan , pg. 5 . Jump up ^ Career Leaders for Free Throw Attempts , basketball-reference.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Brown , Hubie . Hubie Brown on Jordan , National Basketball Association . Retrieved January 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Ethan Sherwood ( August 13 , 2013 ) . Jordan 's forgotten advantage over LeBron , ESPN . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ladewski , Paul . What Does He Do for an Encore ? , Hoop Magazine , December 1987 , available at nba.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Career Leaders for Steals , basketball-reference.com . Retrieved May 23 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Jordan : A tribute : Praise from his peers , NBA 's 50 greatest sing MJ 's praises , Sports Illustrated , February 1 , 1999 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Bill ( June 19 , 2014 ) . B.S. Report : Al Michaels , Grantland , 1 : 29 -- 2 : 45 . Retrieved June 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ NBA & ABA All - Defensive Teams , Basketball - Reference . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sachare , Alex . Go - Two Guys , Hoop Magazine , June 1996 . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ NBA & ABA Career Playoff Leaders and Records for Points , Basketball - Reference . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : NBA History -- Points Leaders , espn.com . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Basketball 's Triple Crown '' . The Post Game.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Malinowski , Erik . Four decades after NBA merger , ABA 's spirit stronger than ever , Fox Sports , June 17 , 2014 . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Most NBA Championships Won , basketball-reference.com . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moving Pictures : All - Star Ballot winners , National Basketball Association , January 21 , 2005 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Top N. American athletes of the century , ESPN . Retrieved May 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ruth , Didrikson Named Top Athletes '' , Los Angeles Times , December 12 , 1999 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ AP Basketball Player of the Century , lubbockonline.com , December 11 , 1999 . Retrieved January 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Michael Jordan 's 50 SI Covers , Sports Illustrated . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Final Out : 1996 '' , Sport , volume 90 , issue 7 , July 1999 , pg. 96 . ^ Jump up to : Hubbard , Jan . Michael Jordan interview , Hoop Magazine , April 1997 , via nba.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Curry . `` In An Orbit All His Own '' , Sports Illustrated , November 9 , 1987 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . James says he 'll decide his future soon , Sports Illustrated , April 16 , 2003 . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ginsbrug , Steve . `` Wade scoffs at Jordan comparisons '' , Reuters , June 21 , 2006 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stein , Mark . Kobe , Hill deal with being the next Michael , ESPN , October 29 , 2001 . Retrieved March 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Isidore , Chris . The next ' next Jordan ' , money.cnn.com , June 23 , 2006 . Retrieved March 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Araton , Harvey . `` Sports of The Times ; Will James Be the Next Jordan or the Next Carter ? '' , The New York Times , December 28 , 2005 . Retrieved April 8 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Rovell , Darren . NBA could cash in if TV ratings soar with Jordan , ESPN , September 23 , 2001 . Retrieved March 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kent , Milton ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` NBA Finals TV ratings finish highest since Michael Jordan 's last title '' , The Washington Post . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hall opens a Jordan exhibit '' , The New York Times ( August 3 , 2009 ) , pg . D5 . Jump up ^ Spears , Marc J. `` Thompson to open Hall 's doors for Jordan '' , Yahoo ! Sports , September 7 , 2009 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sam . Jordan makes a Hall of Fame address , National Basketball Association , September 12 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Germano , Sara ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Michael Jordan Surges on Web as ' Crying Jordan ' '' , The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carson , Dan ( April 5 , 2016 ) . How Crying Jordan became the most divisive image on the Internet , Fox Sports . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` President Obama Names Recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom '' , whitehouse.gov . The White House . November 16 , 2016 . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Jordan , wife end marriage ' mutually , amicably ' , ESPN , December 30 , 2006 . Retrieved January 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Michael Jordan , Wife to Divorce After 17 Years , People , December 30 , 2006 . Retrieved January 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Forbes : Jordan Divorce Most Costly Ever , The Washington Post , April 14 , 2007 . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tadena , Nathalie and Momo Zhou . Divorce Has a Hefty Price Tag for Celebrities , Billionaires , abcnews.go.com , August 20 , 2009 . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rodkin , Dennis . `` Michael Jordan Lists Highland Park Mansion for $29 Million '' , Chicago Magazine , February 29 , 2012 . Retrieved May 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Heir Jordan out to prove he can play like Mike , nbcsports.msnbc.com , July 9 , 2005 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Jeff Jordan prepares for life after hoops , ESPN , June 24 , 2009 . Retrieved August 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jordan Returns to Illini , Illinois Fighting Illini , October 16 , 2009 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Jordan 's Career at Illinois Ends , The New York Times , May 21 , 2010 . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey Jordan lands at Central Florida , ESPN , June 1 , 2010 . Retrieved December 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Weir , Tom . `` Second Jordan son headed to Division - I , at UCF '' , USA Today , April 7 , 2009 . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Marcus Jordan leaving Central Florida 's program '' , SI.com , August 20 , 2012 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press . `` Judge says Jordan not obligated to pay ex-lover '' , USA Today , June 12 , 2003 . Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . `` Judge : Alleged deal between Jordan , ex-lover invalid '' , ESPN , July 22 , 2006 . Retrieved March 3 , 2011 , Jump up ^ Jordan 's former girlfriend should n't get another cent , USA Today , November 25 , 2002 . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jordan 's Ex-Lover Counters With $5 Million Lawsuit , whiotv.com , November 19 , 2002 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Troop , Caleb . `` Bobcats owner Michael Jordan is engaged '' , WCNC - TV , December 29 , 2011 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Jennifer . `` Michael Jordan Marries Model Yvette Prieto '' , People , April 27 , 2013 . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Reuters . Michael Jordan marries longtime girlfriend , Chicago Tribune , April 27 , 2013 . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Golliver , Ben . Reports : Michael Jordan , wife Yvette Prieto expecting first child , Sports Illustrated , November 30 , 2013 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Webber , Stephanie . Michael Jordan , Wife Yvette Prieto Expecting First Child Seven Months After Tying the Knot , Us Weekly , November 30 , 2013 . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michael Jordan , Yvette Prieto welcome twin girls , CBS News , February 12 , 2014 . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rovell , Darren . `` Jordan 's 10 greatest commercials ever '' , ESPN , February 17 , 2003 . Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Vancil , Mark . `` Michael Jordan : Phenomenon '' , Hoop Magazine , December 1991 . Retrieved March 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan '' , Forbes . Retrieved February 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Team Jordan , nike.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jordan Brand Gearing Up For March Madness , nikeinc.com , March 14 , 2012 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Horovitz , Bruce . ' Hare Jordan ' May Give Animation Ads a Lift , Los Angeles Times , January 28 , 1992 . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , pg. 96 . Jump up ^ `` '' Jam '' ( 1992 ) -- Michael Jackson 's 20 Greatest Videos : The Stories Behind the Vision `` , Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Redenbach , Andrew . A Multiple Product Endorser can be a Credible Source , Cyber-Journal of Sport Marketing . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ # 18 Michael Jordan , Forbes . Retrieved February 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren . `` Cashing in on the ultimate cash cow '' , ESPN , April 15 , 2003 . Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan signs deal with Bulls worth more than $30 million '' . Jet . Johnson Publishing Company . 82 ( 17 ) : 51 . September 15 , 1997 . ISSN 0021 - 5996 . Jump up ^ Mathur , Lynette Knowles , Ike Mathur and Nanda Rangan . `` The Wealth Effects Associated with a Celebrity Endorser : The Michael Jordan Phenomenon . '' Journal of Advertising Research , May , 67 -- 73 , 1997 . Jump up ^ Powell , Shaun ( March 29 , 1999 ) . `` Executive privilege '' . The Sporting News . 223 ( 13 ) : 10 . ISSN 0038 - 805X . Jump up ^ Benes , Alejandro . `` Fame Jam '' , Archived June 7 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . cigaraficionado.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` # 20 Michael Jordan '' . Forbes , 2010 . Retrieved September 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Davis , Adam ( June 20 , 2014 ) . Michael Jordan Becomes First Billionaire NBA Player . Fox Business Network . Retrieved June 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ozanian , Mike ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` Michael Jordan Is A Billionaire After Increasing Stake In Hornets '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Spanberg , Eric ( January 20 , 2015 ) . `` Michael Jordan in tears as he accepts Business Person of the Year honors '' , Charlotte Business Journal . Retrieved January 21 . 2015 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Barry ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` Loria agrees to sell Miami Marlins to Sherman and Jeter , source says '' , Miami Herald . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 27 . 2017 . Jump up ^ Nsehe , Mfonobong ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Black Billionaires 2017 '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan to be inducted into FIBA Hall of Fame '' , ESPN , July 17 , 2015 . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AP Athletes of the Year '' , Associated Press . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Robert ( March 1 , 1994 ) . `` Jordan to get his own street near stadium '' , Chicago Tribune . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The New Top 50 '' . SLAM Magazine . June 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jordan 's Streak Crashes and Burns at Indy , National Basketball Association , December 27 , 2001 . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cover . Sports Illustrated , December 23 , 1991 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Bibliography External video Discussion with Halberstam on Playing for Keeps : Michael Jordan and the World He Made , February 22 , 1999 , C - SPAN Condor , Bob . Michael Jordan 's 50 Greatest Games . Carol Publishing Group , 1998 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8065 - 2030 - 8 . Halberstam , David . Playing for Keeps : Michael Jordan and the World He Made . Broadway Books , 2000 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7679 - 0444 - 5 . Jordan , Michael . For the Love of the Game : My Story . New York City : Crown Publishers , 1998 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 609 - 60206 - 5 . Kruger , Mitchell . One Last Shot : The Story of Michael Jordan 's Comeback . New York City : St. Martin 's Paperbacks , 2003 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 99223 - 1 . Lazenby , Roland . Michael Jordan : The Life . New York City : Little , Brown and Company , 2014 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 19477 - 8 . LaFeber , Walter . Michael Jordan and the New Global Capitalism . W.W. Norton , 2002 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 32369 - 6 . Markovits , Andrei S. and Lars Rensman . Gaming the World : How Sports are Reshaping Global Politics and Culture . Princeton University Press , June 3 , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 13751 - 3 . Porter , David L. Michael Jordan : A Biography , Greenwood Publishing Group , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33767 - 3 . Rein , Irving J. ; Kotler , Philip ; Shields , Ben ( 2006 ) . The Elusive Fan : Reinventing Sports in a Crowded Marketplace . The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 149114 - 3 . Sachare , Alex . The Chicago Bulls Encyclopedia . Chicago : Contemporary Books , 1999 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8092 - 2515 - 6 . The Sporting News Official NBA Register 1994 -- 95 . The Sporting News , 1994 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89204 - 501 - 3 . Further reading Leahy , Michael ( 2004 ) , When Nothing Else Matters : Michael Jordan 's Last Comeback , Simon & Schuster , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 7648 - 1 McGovern , Mike ( 2005 ) , Michael Jordan : basketball player , Ferguson , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 5876 - 1 External links Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Michael Jordan '' dated 2013 - 01 - 19 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Find more aboutMichael Jordanat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Michael Jordan at DMOZ Michael Jordan biography at the Wayback Machine ( archived July 7 , 2006 ) at NBA Encyclopedia Career statistics and player information from Basketball-Reference.com Michael Jordan at the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Career statistics and player information from The Baseball Cube , or Baseball - Reference ( Minors ) Michael Jordan Career Retrospective on YouTube Michael Jordan on IMDb Michael Jordan articles in the archive of the Chicago Tribune Michael Jordan Main Career achievements The Shot Game 6 of the 1998 NBA Finals 1982 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship Game Air Jordan ( Jumpman ) Jordan Rules Family James R. Jordan Sr. ( father ) Jeffrey Jordan ( son ) Marcus Jordan ( son ) Films Space Jam Michael Jordan : An American Hero Michael Jordan to the Max Like Mike Video games Jordan vs. Bird : One on One Michael Jordan in Flight Michael Jordan : Chaos in the Windy City Space Jam NBA 2K11 NBA 2K12 Other Michael Jordan statue The Jordan Rules `` Jam '' Michael Jordan 's Restaurant Michael Jordan 's Steakhouse Crying Jordan Be Like Mike ProStars When Nothing Else Matters Current majority team owners in the National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Basketball Partners ( Boston Celtics ) Mikhail Prokhorov ( Brooklyn Nets ) The Madison Square Garden Company ( New York Knicks ) Joshua Harris ( Philadelphia 76ers ) Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment ( Toronto Raptors ) Central Jerry Reinsdorf ( Chicago Bulls ) Dan Gilbert ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) Tom Gores ( Detroit Pistons ) Herbert Simon ( Indiana Pacers ) Wesley Edens and Marc Lasry ( Milwaukee Bucks ) Southeast Tony Ressler ( Atlanta Hawks ) Michael Jordan ( Charlotte Hornets ) Micky Arison ( Miami Heat ) RDV Sports , Inc . ( Orlando Magic ) Ted Leonsis ( Washington Wizards ) Western Conference Southwest Mark Cuban ( Dallas Mavericks ) Tilman Fertitta ( Houston Rockets ) Robert Pera ( Memphis Grizzlies ) Tom Benson ( New Orleans Pelicans ) Spurs Sports & Entertainment ( Peter Holt , Chairman & CEO ) ( San Antonio Spurs ) Northwest Ann Walton Kroenke ( Denver Nuggets ) Glen Taylor ( Minnesota Timberwolves ) Professional Basketball Club ( Clayton Bennett , Chairman & CEO ) ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) Paul Allen ( Portland Trail Blazers ) Gail Miller ( Utah Jazz ) Pacific Peter Guber and Joe Lacob ( Golden State Warriors ) Steve Ballmer ( Los Angeles Clippers ) Jeanie Buss ( Los Angeles Lakers ) Robert Sarver ( Phoenix Suns ) Vivek Ranadivé ( Sacramento Kings ) Awards and achievements North Carolina Tar Heels Men 's Basketball 1981 -- 82 NCAA Champions 21 Jimmy Black 22 Buzz Peterson 23 Michael Jordan 32 John Brownlee 41 Sam Perkins 44 Matt Doherty 50 Cecil Exum 52 James Worthy ( MOP ) Head Coach Dean Smith Assistant Coaches Bill Guthridge Eddie Fogler Roy Williams United States men 's basketball squad -- 1983 Pan American Games -- Gold medal Cage Jordan Master Mullin Perkins Pinckney Price Reynolds Sitton Stokes Tisdale Wood Coach : Hartman United States men 's basketball squad -- 1984 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Alford 5 Turner 6 Ewing 7 Fleming 8 Robertson 9 Jordan 10 Kleine 11 Koncak 12 Mullin 13 Tisdale 14 Perkins 15 Wood Coach : Knight 1984 NBA Draft First round Hakeem Olajuwon Sam Bowie Michael Jordan Sam Perkins Charles Barkley Melvin Turpin Alvin Robertson Lancaster Gordon Otis Thorpe Leon Wood Kevin Willis Tim McCormick Jay Humphries Michael Cage Terence Stansbury John Stockton Jeff Turner Vern Fleming Bernard Thompson Tony Campbell Kenny Fields Tom Sewell Earl Jones Michael Young Second round Devin Durrant Victor Fleming Ron Anderson Cory Blackwell Stuart Gray Steve Burtt Sr . Jay Murphy Eric Turner Steve Colter Tony Costner Othell Wilson Charles Jones Ben Coleman Charlie Sitton Danny Young Anthony Teachey Tom Sluby Willie White Greg Wiltjer Fred Reynolds Gary Plummer Jerome Kersey Ronnie Williams United States squad -- 1992 Tournament of the Americas -- Gold medal 4 Laettner 5 Robinson 6 Ewing 7 Bird 8 Pippen 9 Jordan 10 Drexler 11 Malone 12 Stockton 13 Mullin 14 Barkley 15 Johnson Coach : Daly United States men 's basketball squad -- 1992 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Laettner 5 Robinson 6 Ewing 7 Bird 8 Pippen 9 Jordan 10 Drexler 11 Malone 12 Stockton 13 Mullin 14 Barkley 15 Johnson Coach : Daly Chicago Bulls 1990 -- 91 NBA champions 2 Hopson 5 Paxson 10 Armstrong 14 Hodges 23 Jordan ( Finals MVP ) 24 Cartwright 32 Perdue 33 Pippen 34 King 42 Williams 53 Levingston 54 Grant Head coach Jackson Assistant coaches Winter Bach Cleamons Regular season Playoffs Chicago Bulls 1991 -- 92 NBA champions 5 Paxson 10 Armstrong 14 Hodges 20 Hansen 21 King 23 Jordan ( Finals MVP ) 24 Cartwright 32 Perdue 33 Pippen 42 Williams 53 Levingston 54 Grant Head coach Jackson Assistant coaches Winter Bach Cleamons Regular season Playoffs Chicago Bulls 1992 -- 93 NBA champions 5 Paxson 6 Tucker 10 Armstrong 20 Walker 21 King 22 McCray 23 Jordan ( Finals MVP ) 24 Cartwright 32 Perdue 33 Pippen 42 Williams 54 Grant Head coach Jackson Assistant coaches Winter Bach Cleamons Regular season Playoffs Chicago Bulls 1995 -- 96 NBA champions 0 Brown 7 Kukoč 9 Harper 13 Longley 22 Salley 23 Jordan ( Finals MVP ) 25 Kerr 30 Buechler 33 Pippen 34 Wennington 53 Edwards 91 Rodman Head coach Jackson Assistant coaches Winter Rodgers Cleamons Paxson Regular season Playoffs Chicago Bulls 1996 -- 97 NBA champions 00 Parish 1 Brown 7 Kukoč 9 Harper 13 Longley 18 Dele 23 Jordan ( Finals MVP ) 25 Kerr 30 Buechler 33 Pippen 34 Wennington 35 Caffey 91 Rodman Head coach Phil Jackson Assistant coaches Winter Cartwright Rodgers Hamblen Regular season Playoffs Chicago Bulls 1997 -- 98 NBA champions 1 Brown 7 Kukoč 8 Simpkins 9 Harper 13 Longley 23 Jordan ( Finals MVP ) 24 Burrell 25 Kerr 30 Buechler 33 Pippen 34 Wennington 91 Rodman Head coach Jackson Assistant coaches Winter Cartwright Rodgers Hamblen Regular season Playoffs Members of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Players Guards Archibald Beckman Belov Bing Blazejowski Borgmann Brennan Cervi Cooper - Dyke Cousy Dampier Davies Drexler Dumars Edwards Frazier Friedman Galis Gervin Goodrich Greer Guerin Hanson Haynes Holman Hyatt Isaacs Iverson Jeannette D. Johnson E. Johnson K. Jones S. Jones Jordan Lieberman Maravich Marcari Marčiulionis Martin McDermott McGrady McGuire Meyers R. Miller Monroe Murphy Page Payton Petrović Phillip Posey Richmond Robertson Rodgers Roosma Russell Schommer Sedran Sharman Staley Steinmetz Stockton Swoopes Thomas Thompson Vandivier Wanzer West J. White Wilkens Woodard Wooden Forwards Arizin Barkley Barry Baylor Bird Bradley R. Brown Cunningham Curry Dalipagić Dantley DeBusschere Dehnert Endacott English Erving Foster Fulks Gale Gates Gola Hagan Havlicek Hawkins Hayes Haywood Heinsohn Howell G. Johnson King Lucas Luisetti K. Malone McClain B. McCracken J. McCracken McHale Mikkelsen C. Miller Mullin Pettit Pippen Pollard Ramsey Rodman Schayes E. Schmidt O. Schmidt Stokes Thompson Twyman Walker N. White Wilkes Wilkins Worthy Yardley Centers Abdul - Jabbar Barlow Beaty Bellamy Chamberlain Ćosić Cowens Crawford Daniels DeBernardi Donovan Ewing Gallatin Gilmore Gruenig Harris - Stewart Houbregs Issel W. Johnson Johnston Krause Kurland Lanier Leslie Lovellette Lapchick Macauley M. Malone McAdoo Meneghin Mikan Mourning Murphy Mutombo Olajuwon O'Neal Parish Pereira Reed Risen Robinson Russell Sabonis Sampson Semjonova Thurmond Unseld Wachter Walton Yao Coaches Alexeeva Allen Anderson Auerbach Auriemma Barmore Barry Blood Boeheim Brown Calhoun Calipari Cann Carlson Carnesecca Carnevale Carril Case Chancellor Chaney Conradt Crum Daly Dean Díaz - Miguel Diddle Drake Ferrándiz Gaines Gamba Gardner Gaze Gill Gomelsky Gunter Hannum Harshman Haskins Hatchell Heinsohn Hickey Hobson Holzman Hurley Iba Izzo Jackson Julian Keaney Keogan Knight Krzyzewski Kundla Lambert Leonard Lewis Litwack Loeffler Lonborg Magee McCutchan A. McGuire F. McGuire McLendon Meanwell Meyer Miller Moore Nelson Nikolić Novosel Olson Pitino Ramsay Richardson Riley Rubini Rupp Rush Sachs Sharman Shelton Sloan Smith Stringer Summitt Tarkanian Taylor Teague Thompson VanDerveer Wade Watts Wilkens G. Williams R. Williams Wooden Woolpert Wootten Yow Contributors Abbott Barksdale Bee Biasone H. Brown W. Brown Bunn Buss Clifton Colangelo Cooper Davidson Douglas Duer Embry Fagan Fisher Fleisher Gavitt Gottlieb Granik Gulick Harrison Hearn Henderson Hepp Hickox Hinkle Irish Jones Kennedy Knight Lemon Liston Lloyd McLendon Mokray Morgan Morgenweck Naismith Newell Newton J. O'Brien L. O'Brien Olsen Podoloff Porter Raveling Reid Reinsdorf Ripley Sanders Saperstein Schabinger St. John Stagg Stanković Steitz Stern Taylor Tower Trester Vitale Wells Wilke Winter Zollner Referees Bavetta Enright Garretson Hepbron Hoyt Kennedy Leith Mihalik Nichols Nucatola Quigley Rudolph Shirley Strom Tobey Walsh Teams 1960 United States Olympic Team 1992 United States Olympic Team All - American Red Heads Buffalo Germans The First Team Harlem Globetrotters Immaculata College New York Renaissance Original Celtics Texas Western Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Class of 2009 Players Michael Jordan David Robinson John Stockton Coaches Jerry Sloan C. Vivian Stringer FIBA Hall of Fame inductees Coaches ( 22 ) Alexeyeva Canavesi Díaz - Miguel Donohue Ferrándiz A. Gomelsky E. Gomelsky Gaze Iba Ivković Kondrashin Newell Nikolić Novosel Primo Rubini Smith Soares Stirling Summitt Yow Žeravica Contributors ( 35 ) Airaldi Rivarola Ashry Atakol Bouffard Busnel Calvo Carneiro Dos Reis Greim Hepp Jones Killian Klieger Kozlowski López Martín Naismith Otto Pitzl Popović Ramsay Samaranch Šaper Saporta Scuri Seguro de Luna Semashko Seye Moreau Stanković Steitz Stern Ueda Vitale Wahby Yoon Players ( 55 ) A. Belov S. Belov Berkovich Cameron Chazalon Ćosić Cruz Dalipagić Daneu Delibašić Divac Donovan Edwards Epi Fasoulas Furlong Galis Gaze Gonçalves González Herrera Jean - Jacques Jordan Kićanović Korać Kukoč Maciel Marcari Marčiulionis Martín Marzorati Meneghin Meyers Miller Mujanović Olajuwon O'Neal Pasos Petrović Raga Rigaudeau Robertson Robinson Rodríguez Ronchetti Russell Sabonis Schmidt Semjonova Slavnić Timms Tkachenko Valters Voynova Zasulskaya Teams ( 1 ) United States Men 's 1992 Olympic Dream Team Technical officials ( 14 ) Arabadjian Bain Belošević Blanchard Dimou Hopenhaym Kassai Kostin Lazarov Pfeuti Rae Reverberi Rigas Righetto National Basketball Association 's 50 Greatest Players in NBA History Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Nate Archibald Paul Arizin Charles Barkley Rick Barry Elgin Baylor Dave Bing Larry Bird Wilt Chamberlain Bob Cousy Dave Cowens Billy Cunningham Dave DeBusschere Clyde Drexler Julius Erving Patrick Ewing Walt Frazier George Gervin Hal Greer John Havlicek Elvin Hayes Magic Johnson Sam Jones Michael Jordan Jerry Lucas Karl Malone Moses Malone Pete Maravich Kevin McHale George Mikan Earl Monroe Hakeem Olajuwon Shaquille O'Neal Robert Parish Bob Pettit Scottie Pippen Willis Reed Oscar Robertson David Robinson Bill Russell Dolph Schayes Bill Sharman John Stockton Isiah Thomas Nate Thurmond Wes Unseld Bill Walton Jerry West Lenny Wilkens James Worthy Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award 1969 : West 1970 : Reed 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Chamberlain 1973 : Reed 1974 : Havlicek 1975 : Barry 1976 : White 1977 : Walton 1978 : Unseld 1979 : D. Johnson 1980 : E. Johnson 1981 : Maxwell 1982 : E. Johnson 1983 : Malone 1984 : Bird 1985 : Abdul - Jabbar 1986 : Bird 1987 : E. Johnson 1988 : Worthy 1989 : Dumars 1990 : Thomas 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Olajuwon 1995 : Olajuwon 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Jordan 1998 : Jordan 1999 : Duncan 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : O'Neal 2002 : O'Neal 2003 : Duncan 2004 : Billups 2005 : Duncan 2006 : Wade 2007 : Parker 2008 : Pierce 2009 : Bryant 2010 : Bryant 2011 : Nowitzki 2012 : James 2013 : James 2014 : Leonard 2015 : Iguodala 2016 : James 2017 : Durant NBA Most Valuable Player Award 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Cousy 1958 : Russell 1959 : Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Russell 1962 : Russell 1963 : Russell 1964 : Robertson 1965 : Russell 1966 : Chamberlain 1967 : Chamberlain 1968 : Chamberlain 1969 : Unseld 1970 : Reed 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Abdul - Jabbar 1973 : Cowens 1974 : Abdul - Jabbar 1975 : McAdoo 1976 : Abdul - Jabbar 1977 : Abdul - Jabbar 1978 : Walton 1979 : M. Malone 1980 : Abdul - Jabbar 1981 : Erving 1982 : M. Malone 1983 : M. Malone 1984 : Bird 1985 : Bird 1986 : Bird 1987 : Johnson 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Johnson 1990 : Johnson 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Barkley 1994 : Olajuwon 1995 : Robinson 1996 : Jordan 1997 : K. Malone 1998 : Jordan 1999 : K. Malone 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Duncan 2003 : Duncan 2004 : Garnett 2005 : Nash 2006 : Nash 2007 : Nowitzki 2008 : Bryant 2009 : James 2010 : James 2011 : Rose 2012 : James 2013 : James 2014 : Durant 2015 : Curry 2016 : Curry 2017 : Westbrook NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award 1983 : Moncrief 1984 : Moncrief 1985 : Eaton 1986 : Robertson 1987 : Cooper 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Eaton 1990 : Rodman 1991 : Rodman 1992 : Robinson 1993 : Olajuwon 1994 : Olajuwon 1995 : Mutombo 1996 : Payton 1997 : Mutombo 1998 : Mutombo 1999 : Mourning 2000 : Mourning 2001 : Mutombo 2002 : Wallace 2003 : Wallace 2004 : Artest 2005 : Wallace 2006 : Wallace 2007 : Camby 2008 : Garnett 2009 : Howard 2010 : Howard 2011 : Howard 2012 : Chandler 2013 : Gasol 2014 : Noah 2015 : Leonard 2016 : Leonard 2017 : Green NBA Rookie of the Year Award 1953 : Meineke 1954 : Felix 1955 : Pettit 1956 : Stokes 1957 : Heinsohn 1958 : Sauldsberry 1959 : Baylor 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Robertson 1962 : Bellamy 1963 : Dischinger 1964 : Lucas 1965 : Reed 1966 : Barry 1967 : Bing 1968 : Monroe 1969 : Unseld 1970 : Alcindor 1971 : Cowens & Petrie 1972 : Wicks 1973 : McAdoo 1974 : DiGregorio 1975 : Wilkes 1976 : Adams 1977 : Dantley 1978 : Davis 1979 : Ford 1980 : Bird 1981 : Griffith 1982 : Williams 1983 : Cummings 1984 : Sampson 1985 : Jordan 1986 : Ewing 1987 : Person 1988 : Jackson 1989 : Richmond 1990 : Robinson 1991 : Coleman 1992 : Johnson 1993 : O'Neal 1994 : Webber 1995 : Hill & Kidd 1996 : Stoudamire 1997 : Iverson 1998 : Duncan 1999 : Carter 2000 : Brand & Francis 2001 : Miller 2002 : Gasol 2003 : Stoudemire 2004 : James 2005 : Okafor 2006 : Paul 2007 : Roy 2008 : Durant 2009 : Rose 2010 : Evans 2011 : Griffin 2012 : Irving 2013 : Lillard 2014 : Carter - Williams 2015 : Wiggins 2016 : Towns 2017 : Brogdon NBA All - Star Game Most Valuable Player Award 1951 : Macauley 1952 : Arizin 1953 : Mikan 1954 : Cousy 1955 : Sharman 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Cousy 1958 : Pettit 1959 : Baylor & Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Robertson 1962 : Pettit 1963 : Russell 1964 : Robertson 1965 : Lucas 1966 : A. Smith 1967 : Barry 1968 : Greer 1969 : Robertson 1970 : Reed 1971 : Wilkens 1972 : West 1973 : Cowens 1974 : Lanier 1975 : Frazier 1976 : Bing 1977 : Erving 1978 : R. Smith 1979 : Thompson 1980 : Gervin 1981 : Archibald 1982 : Bird 1983 : Erving 1984 : Thomas 1985 : Sampson 1986 : Thomas 1987 : Chambers 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Malone 1990 : Johnson 1991 : Barkley 1992 : Johnson 1993 : Stockton & Malone 1994 : Pippen 1995 : Richmond 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Rice 1998 : Jordan 1999 : No game played 2000 : O'Neal & Duncan 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Bryant 2003 : Garnett 2004 : O'Neal 2005 : Iverson 2006 : James 2007 : Bryant 2008 : James 2009 : Bryant & O'Neal 2010 : Wade 2011 : Bryant 2012 : Durant 2013 : Paul 2014 : Irving 2015 : Westbrook 2016 : Westbrook 2017 : Davis IBM Award 1984 : Johnson 1985 : Jordan 1986 : Barkley 1987 : Barkley 1988 : Barkley 1989 : Jordan 1990 : Robinson 1991 : Robinson 1992 : Rodman 1993 : Olajuwon 1994 : Robinson 1995 : Robinson 1996 : Robinson 1997 : Hill 1998 : K. Malone 1999 : Mutombo 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : O'Neal 2002 : Duncan NBA season scoring leaders 1947 : Fulks 1948 : Zaslofsky 1949 : Mikan 1950 : Mikan 1951 : Mikan 1952 : Arizin 1953 : Johnston 1954 : Johnston 1955 : Johnston 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Arizin 1958 : Yardley 1959 : Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Chamberlain 1962 : Chamberlain 1963 : Chamberlain 1964 : Chamberlain 1965 : Chamberlain 1966 : Chamberlain 1967 : Barry 1968 : Bing 1969 : Hayes 1970 : West 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Abdul - Jabbar 1973 : Archibald 1974 : McAdoo 1975 : McAdoo 1976 : McAdoo 1977 : Maravich 1978 : Gervin 1979 : Gervin 1980 : Gervin 1981 : Dantley 1982 : Gervin 1983 : English 1984 : Dantley 1985 : King 1986 : Wilkins 1987 : Jordan 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Jordan 1990 : Jordan 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Robinson 1995 : O'Neal 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Jordan 1998 : Jordan 1999 : Iverson 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Iverson 2003 : McGrady 2004 : McGrady 2005 : Iverson 2006 : Bryant 2007 : Bryant 2008 : James 2009 : Wade 2010 : Durant 2011 : Durant 2012 : Durant 2013 : Anthony 2014 : Durant 2015 : Westbrook 2016 : Curry 2017 : Westbrook NBA season steals leaders 1974 : Steele 1975 : Barry 1976 : Watts 1977 : Buse 1978 : Lee 1979 : Carr 1980 : Richardson 1981 : Johnson 1982 : Johnson 1983 : Richardson 1984 : Green 1985 : Richardson 1986 : Robertson 1987 : Robertson 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Stockton 1990 : Jordan 1991 : Robertson 1992 : Stockton 1993 : Jordan 1994 : McMillan 1995 : Pippen 1996 : Payton 1997 : Blaylock 1998 : Blaylock 1999 : Gill 2000 : Jones 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Iverson 2003 : Iverson 2004 : Davis 2005 : Hughes 2006 : Wallace 2007 : Davis 2008 : Paul 2009 : Paul 2010 : Rondo 2011 : Paul 2012 : Paul 2013 : Paul 2014 : Paul 2015 : Leonard 2016 : Curry 2017 : Green Sports Illustrated Sportsperson of the Year 1954 : Roger Bannister 1955 : Johnny Podres 1956 : Bobby Morrow 1957 : Stan Musial 1958 : Rafer Johnson 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Arnold Palmer 1961 : Jerry Lucas 1962 : Terry Baker 1963 : Pete Rozelle 1964 : Ken Venturi 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Jim Ryun 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Bill Russell 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : Bobby Orr 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Billie Jean King & John Wooden 1973 : Jackie Stewart 1974 : Muhammad Ali 1975 : Pete Rose 1976 : Chris Evert 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Jack Nicklaus 1979 : Terry Bradshaw & Willie Stargell 1980 : U.S. Olympic Hockey Team 1981 : Sugar Ray Leonard 1982 : Wayne Gretzky 1983 : Mary Decker 1984 : Edwin Moses & Mary Lou Retton 1985 : Kareem Abdul - Jabbar 1986 : Joe Paterno 1987 : Bob Bourne , Judi Brown King , Kipchoge Keino , Dale Murphy , Chip Rives , Patty Sheehan , Rory Sparrow , & Reggie Williams 1988 : Orel Hershiser 1989 : Greg LeMond 1990 : Joe Montana 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Arthur Ashe 1993 : Don Shula 1994 : Bonnie Blair & Johann Olav Koss 1995 : Cal Ripken Jr . 1996 : Tiger Woods 1997 : Dean Smith 1998 : Mark McGwire & Sammy Sosa 1999 : U.S. Women 's Soccer Team 2000 : Tiger Woods 2001 : Curt Schilling & Randy Johnson 2002 : Lance Armstrong 2003 : David Robinson & Tim Duncan 2004 : Boston Red Sox 2005 : Tom Brady 2006 : Dwyane Wade 2007 : Brett Favre 2008 : Michael Phelps 2009 : Derek Jeter 2010 : Drew Brees 2011 : Mike Krzyzewski & Pat Summitt 2012 : LeBron James 2013 : Peyton Manning 2014 : Madison Bumgarner 2015 : Serena Williams 2016 : LeBron James Sporting News Sportsman / Pro Athlete of the Year 1968 : Denny McLain 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : John Wooden 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Charlie Finley 1973 : O.J. Simpson 1974 : Lou Brock 1975 : Archie Griffin 1976 : Larry O'Brien 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Ron Guidry 1979 : Willie Stargell 1980 : George Brett 1981 : Wayne Gretzky 1982 : Whitey Herzog 1983 : Bowie Kuhn 1984 : Peter Ueberroth 1985 : Pete Rose 1986 : Larry Bird 1987 : None 1988 : Jackie Joyner - Kersee 1989 : Joe Montana 1990 : Nolan Ryan 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Mike Krzyzewski 1993 : Cito Gaston & Pat Gillick 1994 : Emmitt Smith 1995 : Cal Ripken , Jr . 1996 : Joe Torre 1997 : Mark McGwire 1998 : Mark McGwire & Sammy Sosa 1999 : New York Yankees 2000 : Marshall Faulk & Kurt Warner 2001 : Curt Schilling 2002 : Tyrone Willingham 2003 : Dick Vermeil & Jack McKeon 2004 : Tom Brady 2005 : Matt Leinart 2006 : Dwyane Wade 2007 : Tom Brady 2008 : Eli Manning 2009 : Mariano Rivera 2010 : Roy Halladay 2011 : Aaron Rodgers 2012 : LeBron James USA Basketball Male Athlete of the Year 1980 : Thomas 1981 : Boyle 1982 : Rivers 1983 : Jordan 1984 : Jordan & Perkins 1985 : Person 1986 : Robinson 1987 : Manning 1988 : Majerle 1989 : Johnson 1990 : Mourning 1991 : Laettner 1992 : U.S. Olympic team 1993 : Finley 1994 : O'Neal 1995 : Allen 1996 : Pippen 1997 : Boykins 1998 : Brand 1999 : Payton 2000 : Mourning 2001 : Duhon 2002 : Miller 2003 : Duncan 2004 : May & Paul 2005 : Williams 2006 : Anthony 2007 : Kidd 2008 : U.S. Olympic team 2009 : McAdoo 2010 : Durant 2011 : Parker 2012 : James 2013 : Gordon 2014 : Irving 2015 : Brunson 2016 : Anthony & Durant Slam Dunk Contest winners 1984 : Nance 1985 : Wilkins 1986 : Webb 1987 : Jordan 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Walker 1990 : Wilkins 1991 : Brown 1992 : Ceballos 1993 : Miner 1994 : Rider 1995 : Miner 1996 : Barry 1997 : Bryant 2000 : Carter 2001 : Mason 2002 : Richardson 2003 : Richardson 2004 : Jones 2005 : Smith 2006 : Robinson 2007 : Green 2008 : Howard 2009 : Robinson 2010 : Robinson 2011 : Griffin 2012 : Evans 2013 : Ross 2014 : Wall 2015 : LaVine 2016 : LaVine 2017 : Robinson III Naismith Men 's College Player of the Year 1969 : Alcindor 1970 : Maravich 1971 : Carr 1972 : Walton 1973 : Walton 1974 : Walton 1975 : Thompson 1976 : May 1977 : M. Johnson 1978 : Lee 1979 : Bird 1980 : Aguirre 1981 : Sampson 1982 : Sampson 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Jordan 1985 : Ewing 1986 : Dawkins 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Manning 1989 : Ferry 1990 : Simmons 1991 : L. Johnson 1992 : Laettner 1993 : Cheaney 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : Smith 1996 : Camby 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Jamison 1999 : Brand 2000 : Martin 2001 : Battier 2002 : Williams 2003 : Ford 2004 : Nelson 2005 : Bogut 2006 : Redick 2007 : Durant 2008 : Hansbrough 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Turner 2011 : Fredette 2012 : Davis 2013 : Burke 2014 : McDermott 2015 : Kaminsky 2016 : Hield 2017 : Mason III John R. Wooden Men 's Player of the Year Award winners 1977 : M. Johnson 1978 : P. Ford 1979 : Bird 1980 : Griffith 1981 : Ainge 1982 : Sampson 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Jordan 1985 : Mullin 1986 : Berry 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Manning 1989 : Elliott 1990 : Simmons 1991 : L. Johnson 1992 : Laettner 1993 : Cheaney 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : O'Bannon 1996 : Camby 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Jamison 1999 : Brand 2000 : Martin 2001 : Battier 2002 : Williams 2003 : T.J. Ford 2004 : Nelson 2005 : Bogut 2006 : Redick 2007 : Durant 2008 : Hansbrough 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Turner 2011 : Fredette 2012 : Davis 2013 : Burke 2014 : McDermott 2015 : Kaminsky 2016 : Hield 2017 : Mason III Oscar Robertson Trophy winners 1959 : Robertson 1960 : Robertson 1961 : Lucas 1962 : Lucas 1963 : Heyman 1964 : Hazzard 1965 : Bradley 1966 : Russell 1967 : Alcindor 1968 : Alcindor 1969 : Maravich 1970 : Maravich 1971 : Wicks 1972 : Walton 1973 : Walton 1974 : Walton 1975 : Thompson 1976 : Dantley 1977 : M. Johnson 1978 : Ford 1979 : Bird 1980 : Aguirre 1981 : Sampson 1982 : Sampson 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Jordan 1985 : Mullin 1986 : Berry 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Hawkins 1989 : Ferry 1990 : Simmons 1991 : L. Johnson 1992 : Laettner 1993 : Cheaney 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : O'Bannon 1996 : Camby 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Jamison 1999 : Brand 2000 : Martin 2001 : Battier 2002 : Williams 2003 : West 2004 : Nelson 2005 : Bogut 2006 : Morrison & Redick 2007 : Durant 2008 : Hansbrough 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Turner 2011 : Fredette 2012 : Davis 2013 : Burke 2014 : McDermott 2015 : Kaminsky 2016 : Hield 2017 : Mason III Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year 1931 : Pepper Martin 1932 : Gene Sarazen 1933 : Carl Hubbell 1934 : Dizzy Dean 1935 : Joe Louis 1936 : Jesse Owens 1937 : Don Budge 1938 : Don Budge 1939 : Nile Kinnick 1940 : Tom Harmon 1941 : Joe DiMaggio 1942 : Frank Sinkwich 1943 : Gunder Hägg 1944 : Byron Nelson 1945 : Byron Nelson 1946 : Glenn Davis 1947 : Johnny Lujack 1948 : Lou Boudreau 1949 : Leon Hart 1950 : Jim Konstanty 1951 : Dick Kazmaier 1952 : Bob Mathias 1953 : Ben Hogan 1954 : Willie Mays 1955 : Howard Cassady 1956 : Mickey Mantle 1957 : Ted Williams 1958 : Herb Elliott 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Rafer Johnson 1961 : Roger Maris 1962 : Maury Wills 1963 : Sandy Koufax 1964 : Don Schollander 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Frank Robinson 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Denny McLain 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : George Blanda 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Mark Spitz 1973 : O.J. Simpson 1974 : Muhammad Ali 1975 : Fred Lynn 1976 : Bruce Jenner 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Ron Guidry 1979 : Willie Stargell 1980 : U.S. Olympic Hockey Team 1981 : John McEnroe 1982 : Wayne Gretzky 1983 : Carl Lewis 1984 : Carl Lewis 1985 : Dwight Gooden 1986 : Larry Bird 1987 : Ben Johnson 1988 : Orel Hershiser 1989 : Joe Montana 1990 : Joe Montana 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Michael Jordan 1993 : Michael Jordan 1994 : George Foreman 1995 : Cal Ripken , Jr . 1996 : Michael Johnson 1997 : Tiger Woods 1998 : Mark McGwire 1999 : Tiger Woods 2000 : Tiger Woods 2001 : Barry Bonds 2002 : Lance Armstrong 2003 : Lance Armstrong 2004 : Lance Armstrong 2005 : Lance Armstrong 2006 : Tiger Woods 2007 : Tom Brady 2008 : Michael Phelps 2009 : Jimmie Johnson 2010 : Drew Brees 2011 : Aaron Rodgers 2012 : Michael Phelps 2013 : LeBron James 2014 : Madison Bumgarner 2015 : Stephen Curry 2016 : LeBron James Best Male Athlete ESPY Award winners 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Bonds 1995 : Young 1996 : Ripken Jr . 1997 : Johnson 1998 : Woods / Griffey Jr . 1999 : McGwire 2000 : Woods 2001 : Woods 2002 : Woods 2003 : Armstrong 2004 : Armstrong 2005 : Armstrong 2006 : Armstrong 2007 : Tomlinson 2008 : Woods 2009 : Phelps 2010 : Brees 2011 : Nowitzki 2012 : James 2013 : James 2014 : Durant 2015 : Curry 2016 : James 2017 : Westbrook Adolph Rupp Trophy winners 1972 : Walton 1973 : Walton 1974 : Walton 1975 : Thompson 1976 : May 1977 : Johnson 1978 : Lee 1979 : Bird 1980 : Aguirre 1981 : Sampson 1982 : Sampson 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Jordan 1985 : Ewing 1986 : Berry 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Hawkins 1989 : Elliott 1990 : Simmons 1991 : O'Neal 1992 : Laettner 1993 : Cheaney 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : Smith 1996 : Camby 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Jamison 1999 : Brand 2000 : Martin 2001 : Battier 2002 : Williams 2003 : West 2004 : Nelson 2005 : Redick 2006 : Redick 2007 : Durant 2008 : Hansbrough 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Wall 2011 : Fredette 2012 : Davis 2013 : Oladipo 2014 : McDermott 2015 : Kaminsky NABC Player of the Year 1975 : Thompson 1976 : May 1977 : M. Johnson 1978 : Ford 1979 : Bird 1980 : Brooks 1981 : Ainge 1982 : Sampson 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Jordan 1985 : Ewing 1986 : Berry 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Manning 1989 : Elliott 1990 : Simmons 1991 : L. Johnson 1992 : Laettner 1993 : Cheaney 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : Respert 1996 : Camby 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Jamison 1999 : Brand 2000 : Martin 2001 : Williams 2002 : Gooden & Williams 2003 : Collison 2004 : Nelson & Okafor 2005 : Bogut 2006 : Morrison & Redick 2007 : Durant 2008 : Hansbrough 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Turner 2011 : Fredette 2012 : Green 2013 : Burke 2014 : McDermott 2015 : Kaminsky 2016 : Valentine 2017 : Mason Associated Press Men 's College Basketball Player of the Year 1961 : Lucas 1962 : Lucas 1963 : Heyman 1964 : Bradds 1965 : Bradley 1966 : Russell 1967 : Alcindor 1968 : Hayes 1969 : Alcindor 1970 : Maravich 1971 : Carr 1972 : Walton 1973 : Walton 1974 : Thompson 1975 : Thompson 1976 : May 1977 : Johnson 1978 : Lee 1979 : Bird 1980 : Aguirre 1981 : Sampson 1982 : Sampson 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Jordan 1985 : Ewing 1986 : Berry 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Hawkins 1989 : Elliott 1990 : Simmons 1991 : O'Neal 1992 : Laettner 1993 : Cheaney 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : Smith 1996 : Camby 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Jamison 1999 : Brand 2000 : Martin 2001 : Battier 2002 : Williams 2003 : West 2004 : Nelson 2005 : Bogut 2006 : Redick 2007 : Durant 2008 : Hansbrough 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Turner 2011 : Fredette 2012 : Davis 2013 : Burke 2014 : McDermott 2015 : Kaminsky 2016 : Valentine 2017 : Mason III UPI College Basketball Player of the Year Award winners 1955 : Gola 1956 : B. Russell 1957 : Forte 1958 : Robertson 1959 : Robertson 1960 : Robertson 1961 : Lucas 1962 : Lucas 1963 : Heyman 1964 : Bradds 1965 : Bradley 1966 : C. Russell 1967 : Alcindor 1968 : Hayes 1969 : Alcindor 1970 : Maravich 1971 : Carr 1972 : Walton 1973 : Walton 1974 : Walton 1975 : Thompson 1976 : May 1977 : Johnson 1978 : Lee 1979 : Bird 1980 : Aguirre 1981 : Sampson 1982 : Sampson 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Jordan 1985 : Mullin 1986 : Berry 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Hawkins 1989 : Ferry 1990 : Simmons 1991 : O'Neal 1992 : Jackson 1993 : Cheaney 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : Smith 1996 : Allen Sporting News Men 's College Basketball Player of the Year 1943 : Phillip 1944 : Hall 1945 : Mikan 1946 : Kurland 1947 -- 49 : None selected 1950 : Arizin 1951 : White 1952 -- 57 : None selected 1958 : Robertson 1959 : Robertson 1960 : Robertson 1961 : Lucas 1962 : Lucas 1963 : Heyman 1964 : Bradley 1965 : Bradley 1966 : Russell 1967 : Alcindor 1968 : Hayes 1969 : Alcindor 1970 : Maravich 1971 : Wicks 1972 : Walton 1973 : Walton 1974 : Walton 1975 : Thompson 1976 : May 1977 : M. Johnson 1978 : P. Ford 1979 : Bird 1980 : Griffith 1981 : Aguirre 1982 : Sampson 1983 : Jordan 1984 : Jordan 1985 : Ewing 1986 : Berry 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Hawkins 1989 : King 1990 : Scott 1991 : L. Johnson 1992 : Laettner 1993 : Cheaney 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : Respert 1996 : Camby 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Jamison 1999 : Brand 2000 : Martin 2001 : Battier 2002 : Williams 2003 : T.J. Ford 2004 : Nelson 2005 : Brown 2006 : Redick 2007 : Durant 2008 : Hansbrough 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Turner 2011 : Fredette 2012 : Davis 2013 : Oladipo 2014 : McDermott 2015 : Kaminsky 2016 : Hield 2017 : Mason III 1983 NCAA Men 's Basketball Consensus All - Americans First Team Dale Ellis Patrick Ewing Michael Jordan Keith Lee Sam Perkins Ralph Sampson Wayman Tisdale Second Team Clyde Drexler Sidney Green John Paxson Steve Stipanovich Jon Sundvold Darrell Walker Randy Wittman 1984 NCAA Men 's Basketball Consensus All - Americans First Team Patrick Ewing Michael Jordan Akeem Olajuwon Sam Perkins Wayman Tisdale Second Team Michael Cage Devin Durrant Keith Lee Chris Mullin Melvin Turpin Leon Wood Atlantic Coast Conference Men 's Basketball Player of the Year 1954 : Hemric 1955 : Hemric 1956 : Shavlik 1957 : Rosenbluth 1958 : Brennan 1959 : Pucillo 1960 : Shaffer 1961 : Chappell 1962 : Chappell 1963 : Heyman 1964 : Mullins 1965 : Cunningham 1966 : Vacendak 1967 : Miller 1968 : Miller 1969 : Roche 1970 : Roche 1971 : Davis 1972 : Parkhill 1973 : Thompson 1974 : Thompson 1975 : Thompson 1976 : Kupchak 1977 : Griffin 1978 : Ford 1979 : Gminski 1980 : King 1981 : Sampson 1982 : Sampson 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Jordan 1985 : Bias 1986 : Bias 1987 : Grant 1988 : Ferry 1989 : Ferry 1990 : Scott 1991 : Monroe 1992 : Laettner 1993 : Rogers 1994 : Hill 1995 : J. Smith 1996 : Duncan 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Jamison 1999 : Brand 2000 : Carrawell 2001 : Battier & Forte 2002 : Dixon 2003 : Howard 2004 : Hodge 2005 : Redick 2006 : Redick 2007 : Dudley 2008 : Hansbrough 2009 : Lawson 2010 : Vásquez 2011 : N. Smith 2012 : Zeller 2013 : Green & Larkin 2014 : Warren 2015 : Okafor 2016 : Brogdon 2017 : Jackson ACC Athlete of the Year Athlete of the Year 1954 : Joel Shankle 1955 : Dickie Hemric 1956 : Dave Sime 1957 : Lennie Rosenbluth 1958 : Dick Christy 1959 : Lou Pucillo 1960 : Mike McGee 1961 : Roman Gabriel 1962 : Len Chappell 1963 : Art Heyman 1964 : Jeff Mullins 1965 : Brian Piccolo 1966 : Danny Talbott 1967 : Bobby Bryant 1968 : Larry Miller 1969 : Frank Quayle 1970 : Charlie Scott 1971 : Don McCauley 1972 : Barry Parkhill 1973 : David Thompson 1974 : Tony Waldrop 1975 : David Thompson 1976 : John Lucas 1977 : Phil Ford 1978 : Phil Ford 1979 : Renaldo Nehemiah 1980 : Julie Shea 1981 : Julie Shea 1982 : James Worthy 1983 : Ralph Sampson 1984 : Michael Jordan 1985 : B.J. Surhoff 1986 : Len Bias 1987 : Riccardo Ingram 1988 : Danny Ferry 1989 : Danny Ferry Male Athlete of the Year 1990 : Clarkston Hines 1991 : Christian Laettner 1992 : Christian Laettner 1993 : Charlie Ward 1994 : Charlie Ward 1995 : Randolph Childress 1996 : Kris Benson 1997 : Tim Duncan 1998 : Antawn Jamison 1999 : Elton Brand 2000 : Joe Hamilton 2001 : Shane Battier 2002 : Juan Dixon 2003 : Chris Rotelli 2004 : Philip Rivers 2005 : Sean May 2006 : J.J. Redick 2007 : Walter Dix 2008 : Tyler Hansbrough 2009 : Matt Hill 2010 : Ned Crotty 2011 : Ngoni Makusha 2012 : Luke Kuechly 2013 : Jarmere Jenkins 2014 : Jameis Winston 2015 : Laken Tomlinson 2016 : Deshaun Watson 2017 : Deshaun Watson Female Athlete of the Year 1990 : Shannon Higgins 1991 : Dawn Staley 1992 : Dawn Staley 1993 : Mia Hamm 1994 : Beverly Smith 1995 : Tisha Venturini 1996 : Kelly Amonte Hiller 1997 : Sarah Forbes 1998 : Vanessa Webb 1999 : Cindy Parlow 2000 : Jen Adams 2001 : Jen Adams 2002 : Bea Bielik 2003 : Alana Beard 2004 : Alana Beard 2005 : Kelly Dostal 2006 : Paula Infante 2007 : Lindsey Harding 2008 : Angela Tincher 2009 : Casey Nogueira 2010 : Whitney Engen 2011 : Katie O'Donnell 2012 : Rebecca Ward 2013 : Crystal Dunn 2014 : Alyssa Thomas 2015 : Morgan Brian 2016 : Molly Seidel 2017 : Kenzie Kent Chicago Bulls Founded in 1966 Based in Chicago , Illinois Franchise Franchise Expansion Draft All - time roster Draft history Seasons Records Broadcasters Head coaches Current season Arenas International Amphitheatre Chicago Stadium United Center Personnel Owner : Jerry Reinsdorf Vice president of basketball operations : John Paxson General manager : Gar Forman Head coach : Fred Hoiberg Culture and lore Phantom Buzzer Game The Shot Air Jordan Jumpman Tommy Edwards Benny the Bull `` Sirius '' Ray Clay 72 -- 10 Michael Jordan 's last shot Jordan Rules Triangle offense Ashland Green / Pink Line Station Tex Winter The Spirit ( Michael Jordan statue ) Rivals Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Miami Heat New York Knicks Retired numbers 10 23 33 Coach General Manager G League affiliate Windy City Bulls NBA Championships ( 6 ) 1991 1992 1993 1997 1998 Eastern Conference Championships ( 6 ) 1991 1992 1993 1997 1998 Division titles ( 9 ) 1991 1992 1993 1997 1998 2011 2012 Hall of Famers George Gervin Artis Gilmore Phil Jackson Michael Jordan Robert Parish Scottie Pippen Dennis Rodman Jerry Sloan Nate Thurmond Tex Winter Jerry Reinsdorf Media TV WGN9 ( through WGN Sports ) WGN America Chicago 's CW 50 NBC Sports Chicago CN100 Radio 89 WLS Announcers Neil Funk Stacey King Chuck Swirsky Bill Wennington Charlotte Hornets Founded in 1988 Formerly the Charlotte Bobcats ( 2004 -- 2014 ) Based in Charlotte , North Carolina Franchise History Seasons 1988 Expansion Draft 2004 Expansion Draft Draft history All - time roster Head coaches Accomplishments Broadcasters Current season Arenas Charlotte Coliseum Spectrum Center Administration Owner Michael Jordan President of Basketball Operations Rod Higgins General Manager Rich Cho General Managers Scheer Bass Bickerstaff Higgins Cho G League affiliate Greensboro Swarm Retired numbers 13 Hall of Famers Robert Parish Alonzo Mourning Dave Cowens Larry Brown Culture and lore Buzz City George Shinn Hugo Charlotte Honey Bees `` Grandmama '' `` Zo '' NBA Playoff Appearances ( 10 ) 1993 1995 1997 1998 2000 2001 2002 2014 2016 Media TV Fox Sports Carolinas Fox Sports Southeast Radio WFNZ Announcers Eric Collins Dell Curry Stephanie Ready Steve Martin Miami Heat Founded in 1988 Based in Miami , Florida Franchise Franchise Team history Expansion Draft All - time roster Draft history Seasons Records Broadcasters Head coaches Current season Arenas Miami Arena American Airlines Arena G League affiliates Florida Flame Arkansas RimRockers Albuquerque Thunderbirds Sioux Falls Skyforce General managers Schaffel Wohl Pfund Riley Elisburg NBA Championships ( 3 ) 2006 2012 2013 Eastern Conference Championships ( 5 ) 2006 2011 2012 2013 2014 Culture and lore Micky Arison Pat Riley Michael Baiamonte Burnie `` The Heat Is On '' ( Glenn Frey song ) Shaq The Decision The Big Three 27 in a row Retired numbers 10 23 32 33 Rivals Chicago Bulls New York Knicks Media TV Fox Sports Sun Radio 790 The Ticket Announcers Eric Reid Tony Fiorentino Jason Jackson Mike Inglis VIAF : 114945073 LCCN : n86020198 ISNI : 0000 0001 1455 4934 GND : 119184486 SUDOC : 032511205 BNF : cb139910665 ( data ) BIBSYS : 26929 NDL : 00514147 BNE : XX1017832 IATH : w6pk1hw4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Jordan&oldid=807217620 '' Categories : Michael Jordan 1963 births Living people African - American basketball players African - American billionaires African - American investors American investors African - American sports executives and administrators American sports executives and administrators All - American college men 's basketball players American businesspeople in retailing Baseball players from New York ( state ) Baseball players from North Carolina Basketball players at the 1982 NCAA Men 's Division I Final Four Basketball players at the 1983 Pan American Games Basketball players at the 1984 Summer Olympics Basketball players at the 1992 Summer Olympics Basketball players from New York ( state ) Basketball players from North Carolina Birmingham Barons players Businesspeople from Illinois Businesspeople from New York City Businesspeople from North Carolina Charlotte Bobcats executives Charlotte Bobcats owners Charlotte Hornets executives Chicago Bulls draft picks Chicago Bulls players FIBA Hall of Fame inductees McDonald 's High School All - Americans Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductees National Basketball Association All - 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a device that removes oil from hot compressed vapor			Vapor - compression refrigeration	vapor - compression refrigeration	Vapor - compression refrigeration or vapor - compression refrigeration system ( VCRS ) , in which the refrigerant undergoes phase changes , is one of the many refrigeration cycles and is the most widely used method for air - conditioning of buildings and automobiles . It is also used in domestic and commercial refrigerators , large - scale warehouses for chilled or frozen storage of foods and meats , refrigerated trucks and railroad cars , and a host of other commercial and industrial services . Oil refineries , petrochemical and chemical processing plants , and natural gas processing plants are among the many types of industrial plants that often utilize large vapor - compression refrigeration systems .	Refrigeration may be defined as lowering the temperature of an enclosed space by removing heat from that space and transferring it elsewhere . A device that performs this function may also be called an air conditioner , refrigerator , air source heat pump , geothermal heat pump or chiller ( heat pump ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description of the vapor - compression refrigeration system 1.1 Refrigerants 2 Thermodynamic analysis of the system 3 Types of gas compressors 3.1 Reciprocating compressors 3.2 Rotary screw compressors 3.3 Centrifugal compressors 3.4 Scroll compressors 3.5 Others 4 Compressor lubrication 5 Control 6 Other features and facts of interest 7 Applications 8 Economic analysis 8.1 Advantages 8.2 Disadvantages 9 History 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Description of the vapor - compression refrigeration system ( edit ) Figure 1 : Vapor compression refrigeration The vapor - compression uses a circulating liquid refrigerant as the medium which absorbs and removes heat from the space to be cooled and subsequently rejects that heat elsewhere . Figure 1 depicts a typical , single - stage vapor - compression system . All such systems have four components : a compressor , a condenser , a thermal expansion valve ( also called a throttle valve or metering device ) , and an evaporator . Circulating refrigerant enters the compressor in the thermodynamic state known as a saturated vapor and is compressed to a higher pressure , resulting in a higher temperature as well . The hot , compressed vapor is then in the thermodynamic state known as a superheated vapor and it is at a temperature and pressure at which it can be condensed with either cooling water or cooling air flowing across the coil or tubes . This is where the circulating refrigerant rejects heat from the system and the rejected heat is carried away by either the water or the air ( whichever may be the case ) . A fictitious pressure - volume diagram for a typical refrigeration cycle The condensed liquid refrigerant , in the thermodynamic state known as a saturated liquid , is next routed through an expansion valve where it undergoes an abrupt reduction in pressure . That pressure reduction results in the adiabatic flash evaporation of a part of the liquid refrigerant . The auto - refrigeration effect of the adiabatic flash evaporation lowers the temperature of the liquid and vapor refrigerant mixture to where it is colder than the temperature of the enclosed space to be refrigerated . The cold mixture is then routed through the coil or tubes in the evaporator . A fan circulates the warm air in the enclosed space across the coil or tubes carrying the cold refrigerant liquid and vapor mixture . That warm air evaporates the liquid part of the cold refrigerant mixture . At the same time , the circulating air is cooled and thus lowers the temperature of the enclosed space to the desired temperature . The evaporator is where the circulating refrigerant absorbs and removes heat which is subsequently rejected in the condenser and transferred elsewhere by the water or air used in the condenser . To complete the refrigeration cycle , the refrigerant vapor from the evaporator is again a saturated vapor and is routed back into the compressor . Refrigerants ( edit ) `` Freon '' is a trade name for a family of haloalkane refrigerants manufactured by DuPont and other companies . These refrigerants were commonly used due to their superior stability and safety properties : they were not flammable at room temperature and atmospheric pressure , nor obviously toxic as were the fluids they replaced , such as sulfur dioxide . Haloalkanes are also an order ( s ) of magnitude more expensive than petroleum derived flammable alkanes of similar or better cooling performance . Unfortunately , chlorine - and fluorine - bearing refrigerants reach the upper atmosphere when they escape . In the stratosphere , CFCs break up due to UV radiation , releasing their chlorine free radicals . These chlorine free radicals act as catalysts in the breakdown of ozone through chain reactions . One CFC molecule can cause thousands of ozone molecules to break down . This causes severe damage to the ozone layer that shields the Earth 's surface from the Sun 's strong UV radiation , and has been shown to lead to increased rates of skin cancer . The chlorine will remain active as a catalyst until and unless it binds with another particle , forming a stable molecule . CFC refrigerants in common but receding usage include R - 11 and R - 12 . Newer refrigerants with reduced ozone depletion effect such as HCFCs ( R - 22 , used in most homes today ) and HFCs ( R - 134a , used in most cars ) have replaced most CFC use . HCFCs in turn are being phased out under the Montreal Protocol and replaced by hydrofluorocarbons ( HFCs ) , such as R - 410A , which lack chlorine . However , CFCs , HCFCs , and HFCs all have large global warming potential . More benign refrigerants are currently the subject of research , such as supercritical carbon dioxide , known as R - 744 . These have similar efficiencies compared to existing CFC and HFC based compounds , and have many orders of magnitude lower global warming potential . Thermodynamic analysis of the system ( edit ) Figure 2 : Temperature -- Entropy diagram The thermodynamics of the vapor compression cycle can be analyzed on a temperature versus entropy diagram as depicted in Figure 2 . At point 1 in the diagram , the circulating refrigerant enters the compressor as a saturated vapor . From point 1 to point 2 , the vapor is isentropically compressed ( compressed at constant entropy ) and exits the compressor as a superheated vapor . From point 2 to point 3 , the vapor travels through part of the condenser which removes the superheat by cooling the vapor . Between point 3 and point 4 , the vapor travels through the remainder of the condenser and is condensed into a saturated liquid . The condensation process occurs at essentially constant pressure . Between points 4 and 5 , the saturated liquid refrigerant passes through the expansion valve and undergoes an abrupt decrease of pressure . That process results in the adiabatic flash evaporation and auto - refrigeration of a portion of the liquid ( typically , less than half of the liquid flashes ) . The adiabatic flash evaporation process is isenthalpic ( occurs at constant enthalpy ) . Between points 5 and 1 , the cold and partially vaporized refrigerant travels through the coil or tubes in the evaporator where it is totally vaporized by the warm air ( from the space being refrigerated ) that a fan circulates across the coil or tubes in the evaporator . The evaporator operates at essentially constant pressure and boils off all available liquid there after adding 4 -- 8 kelvins of superheat to the refrigerant as a safeguard for the compressor as it can not pump liquid . The resulting refrigerant vapor returns to the compressor inlet at point 1 to complete the thermodynamic cycle . It should be noted that the above discussion is based on the ideal vapor - compression refrigeration cycle which does not take into account real world items like frictional pressure drop in the system , slight internal irreversibility during the compression of the refrigerant vapor , or non-ideal gas behavior ( if any ) . Types of gas compressors ( edit ) Main article : Gas compressor The most common compressors used in chillers are reciprocating , rotary screw , centrifugal , and scroll compressors . Each application prefers one or another due to size , noise , efficiency and pressure issues . Compressors are often described as being either open , hermetic , or semi-hermetic , to describe how the compressor and / or motor is situated in relation to the refrigerant being compressed . Variations of motor / compressor types can lead to the following configurations : Hermetic motor , hermetic compressor Hermetic motor , semi-hermetic compressor Open motor ( belt driven or close coupled ) , hermetic compressor Open motor ( belt driven or close coupled ) , semi-hermetic compressor Typically in hermetic , and most semi-hermetic compressors ( sometimes known as accessible hermetic compressors ) , the compressor and motor driving the compressor are integrated , and operate within the refrigerant system . The motor is hermetic and is designed to operate , and be cooled by , the refrigerant being compressed . The obvious disadvantage of hermetic motor compressors is that the motor drive can not be maintained in situ , and the entire compressor must be removed if a motor fails . A further disadvantage is that burnt out windings can contaminate whole refrigeration systems requiring the system to be entirely pumped down and the refrigerant replaced . An open compressor has a motor drive which is outside of the refrigeration system , and provides drive to the compressor by means of an input shaft with suitable gland seals . Open compressor motors are typically air - cooled and can be fairly easily exchanged or repaired without degassing of the refrigeration system . The disadvantage of this type of compressor is a failure of the shaft seals , leading to loss of refrigerant . Open motor compressors are generally easier to cool ( using ambient air ) and therefore tend to be simpler in design and more reliable , especially in high pressure applications where compressed gas temperatures can be very high . However the use of liquid injection for additional cooling can generally overcome this issue in most hermetic motor compressors . Reciprocating compressors ( edit ) Reciprocating compressor Main article : Reciprocating compressor Reciprocating compressors are piston - style , positive displacement compressors . Rotary screw compressors ( edit ) Lysholm screw compressor Main article : Rotary screw compressor Rotary screw compressors are also positive displacement compressors . Two meshing screw - rotors rotate in opposite directions , trapping refrigerant vapor , and reducing the volume of the refrigerant along the rotors to the discharge point . Centrifugal compressors ( edit ) Centrifugal principle Main article : Centrifugal compressor Centrifugal compressors are dynamic compressors . These compressors raise the pressure of the refrigerant by imparting velocity or dynamic energy , using a rotating impeller , and converting it to pressure energy . Scroll compressors ( edit ) Figure 4 : Operating principle of a Scroll Compressor Main article : Scroll compressor Scroll compressors are also positive displacement compressors . The refrigerant is compressed when one spiral orbits around a second stationary spiral , creating smaller and smaller pockets and higher pressures . By the time the refrigerant is discharged , it is fully pressurized . Others ( edit ) Main articles : Diaphragm compressor , Axial - flow compressor , Diagonal or mixed - flow compressor , Liquid ring compressor , and Roots blower Diaphragm pump Axial - flow compressor mixed - flow compressor Liquid ring Roots blower Compressor lubrication ( edit ) In order to lubricate the moving parts of the compressor , oil is added to the refrigerant during installation or commissioning . The type of oil may be mineral or synthetic to suit the compressor type , and also chosen so as not to react with the refrigerant type and other components in the system . In small refrigeration systems the oil is allowed to circulate throughout the whole circuit , but care must be taken to design the pipework and components such that oil can drain back under gravity to the compressor . In larger more distributed systems , especially in retail refrigeration , the oil is normally captured at an oil separator immediately after the compressor , and is in turn re-delivered , by an oil level management system , back to the compressor ( s ) . Oil separators are not 100 % efficient so system pipework must still be designed so that oil can drain back by gravity to the oil separator or compressor . Some newer compressor technologies use magnetic bearings and require no lubrication , for example the Danfoss Turbocor range of centrifugal compressors . Avoiding the need for oil lubrication and the design requirements and ancillaries associated with it , simplifies the design of the refrigerant system and reduces maintenance requirements . Control ( edit ) In simple commercial refrigeration systems the compressor is normally controlled by a simple pressure switch , with the expansion performed by a capillary tube or simple thermostatic expansion valve . In more complex systems , including multiple compressor installations , the use of electronic controls is typical , with adjustable set points to control the pressure at which compressors cut in and cut out , and temperature control by the use of electronic expansion valves . In addition to the operational controls , separate high pressure and low pressure switches are normally utilised to provide secondary protection to the compressors and other components of the system from operating outside of safe parameters . In more advanced electronic control systems the use of floating head pressure , and proactive suction pressure , control routines allow the compressor operation to be adjusted to accurately meet differing cooling demands whilst reducing energy consumption . Other features and facts of interest ( edit ) The schematic diagram of a single - stage refrigeration system shown in Figure 1 does not include other equipment items that would be provided in a large commercial or industrial vapor compression refrigeration system , such as : A horizontal or vertical pressure vessel , equipped internally with a demister , between the evaporator and the compressor inlet to capture and remove any residual , entrained liquid in the refrigerant vapor because liquid may damage the compressor . Such vapor - liquid separators are most often referred to as `` suction line accumulators '' . ( In other industrial processes , they are called `` compressor suction drums '' or `` knockout pots '' . ) Large commercial or industrial refrigeration systems may have multiple expansion valves and multiple evaporators in order to refrigerate multiple enclosed spaces or rooms . In such systems , the condensed liquid refrigerant may be routed into a pressure vessel , called a receiver , from which liquid refrigerant is withdrawn and routed through multiple pipelines to the multiple expansion valves and evaporators . Filter Dryers , installed before the compressors to catch any moisture or contaminants in the system and thus protect the compressors from internal damage Some refrigeration units may have multiple stages which requires the use of multiple compressors in various arrangements . The cooling capacity of refrigeration systems is often defined in units called `` tons of refrigeration '' . The most common definition of that unit is : 1 ton of refrigeration is the rate of heat removal required to freeze a short ton ( i.e. , 2000 pounds , 907.2 kg ) of water at 32 ° F ( 0 0C ) in 24 hours . Based on the heat of fusion for water being 144 Btu per pound , 1 ton of refrigeration = 12,000 Btu / h = 12,660 kJ / h = 3.517 kW . Most residential air conditioning units range in capacity from about 1 to 5 tons ( 3.5 -- 18 kW ) of refrigeration . A much less common definition is : 1 tonne of refrigeration is the rate of heat removal required to freeze a metric ton ( i.e. , 1000 kg ) of water at 0 ° C in 24 hours . Based on the heat of fusion being 334.9 kJ / kg , 1 tonne of refrigeration = 13,954 kJ / h = 3.876 kW . As can be seen , the definition of 1 tonne of refrigeration in metric units is 10 percent larger than 1 ton of refrigeration using imperial units . Applications ( edit ) Refrigeration application Short descriptions Typical refrigerators used Domestic refrigeration Appliances used for keeping food in dwelling units R - 600a , R - 134a , R - 22 , Commercial refrigeration Holding and displaying frozen and fresh food in retail outlets R - 134a , R - 404A , R - 507 Food processing and cold storage Equipment to preserve , process and store food from its source to the wholesale distribution point R - 123 , R - 134a , R - 407C , R - 410A , R - 507 Industrial refrigeration Large equipment , typically 25 kW to 30 MW , used for chemical processing , cold storage , food processing , building and district heating and cooling R - 123 , R - 134a , R - 404A , R - 407C , R - 507 , R - 717 Transport refrigeration Equipment to preserve and store goods , primarily foodstuffs , during transport by road , rail , air and sea R - 134a , R - 407C , R - 410A Electronic cooling Low - temperature cooling of CMOS circuitry and other components in large computers and servers R - 134a , R - 404A , R - 507 Medical refrigeration R - 134a , R - 404A , R - 507 Cryogenic refrigeration Ethylene , Propane , Nitrogen , Helium Figure 5 : Commercial water - cooled liquid chiller installation for building air conditioning Economic analysis ( edit ) Advantages ( edit ) Very mature technology . Relatively inexpensive . Can be driven directly using mechanical energy ( water , car / truck motor ) or with electrical energy . Efficient up to 60 % of Carnot 's theoretical limit ( as evaluated in ASHRAE testing conditions : evaporation temperature of − 23.3 ° C , condensing temperature of 54.4 ° C , and ambient temperature of 32 ° C ) based on some of the best commercially available compressors , as produced by manufacturers Danfoss , Matsushita , Copeland , Embraco , Bristol and Tecumseh . However , many refrigeration systems use compressors that have lower efficiencies of between 40 -- 55 % , since the 60 % efficient ones cost almost twice as much as the lower efficiency ones . Disadvantages ( edit ) Many systems still use HCFC refrigerants , which contribute to depletion of the Earth 's ozone layer . In countries adhering to the Montreal Protocol , HCFCs are due to be phased out and are largely being replaced by ozone - friendly HFCs . However , systems using HFC refrigerants tend to be slightly less efficient than systems using HCFCs . HFCs also have an extremely large global warming potential , because they remain in the atmosphere for many years and trap heat more effectively than carbon dioxide . With the ultimate phasing out of HCFCs already a certainty , alternative non-haloalkane refrigerants are gaining popularity . In particular , once - abandoned refrigerants such as hydrocarbons ( butane for example ) and CO are coming back into more extensive use . For example , Coca - Cola 's vending machines at the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany used refrigeration utilizing CO . Ammonia ( NH ) is one of the oldest refrigerants , with excellent performance and essentially no pollution problems . However , ammonia has two disadvantages : it is toxic and it is incompatible with copper tubing . History ( edit ) Schematic of Dr. John Gorrie 's 1841 mechanical ice machine . In 1805 , the American inventor Oliver Evans described a closed vapor - compression refrigeration cycle for the production of ice by ether under vacuum . Heat would be removed from the environment by recycling vaporized refrigerant , where it would move through a compressor and condenser and would eventually revert to a liquid form in order to repeat the refrigeration process over again . However , no such refrigeration unit was built by Evans . In 1834 , an American expatriate to Great Britain , Jacob Perkins , built the first working vapor - compression refrigeration system in the world . It was a closed - cycle that could operate continuously , as he described in his patent : I am enabled to use volatile fluids for the purpose of producing the cooling or freezing of fluids , and yet at the same time constantly condensing such volatile fluids , and bringing them again into operation without waste . His prototype system worked although it did not succeed commercially . A similar attempt was made in 1842 , by American physician , John Gorrie , who built a working prototype , but it was a commercial failure . American engineer Alexander Twining took out a British patent in 1850 for a vapor compression system that used ether . Ferdinand Carré 's ice - making device . The first practical vapor compression refrigeration system was built by James Harrison , a British journalist who had emigrated to Australia . His 1856 patent was for a vapor compression system using ether , alcohol or ammonia . He built a mechanical ice - making machine in 1851 on the banks of the Barwon River at Rocky Point in Geelong , Victoria , and his first commercial ice - making machine followed in 1854 . Harrison also introduced commercial vapor - compression refrigeration to breweries and meat packing houses , and by 1861 , a dozen of his systems were in operation in Australia and England . The first gas absorption refrigeration system using gaseous ammonia dissolved in water ( referred to as `` aqua ammonia '' ) was developed by Ferdinand Carré of France in 1859 and patented in 1860 . Carl von Linde , an engineering professor at the Technological University Munich in Germany , patented an improved method of liquefying gases in 1876 . His new process made possible using gases such as ammonia , sulfur dioxide SO 2 and methyl chloride ( CH Cl ) as refrigerants and they were widely used for that purpose until the late 1920s . See also ( edit ) Absorption refrigerator Einstein refrigerator Air conditioning Flash evaporation Heat pump Heating , ventilation , and air conditioning ( HVAC ) Magnetic refrigeration Refrigeration Refrigeration cycle References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Y.V.C. Rao ( 2003 ) . An Introduction to Thermodynamics ( 2nd ed . ) . Universities Press . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7371 - 461 - 0 . Jump up ^ Saturated vapors and saturated liquids are vapors and liquids at their saturation temperature and saturation pressure. HELL YEAH PEOPLE A superheated vapor is at a temperature higher than the saturation temperature corresponding to its pressure . Jump up ^ r744.com -- Everything R744 , The Natural Refrigerant R744 ( CO ) , 2006 -- 2012 Jump up ^ Vapor - compression refrigeration cycles , Schematic diagrams of multi-stage units , Southern Illinois University Carbondale , 1998 - 11 - 30 Jump up ^ Schmidt , R.R. and Notohardjono , B.D. ( 2002 ) , `` High - end server low - temperature cooling '' , IBM Journal of Research and Development , Vol. 46 , Issue 6 , pp. 739 - 751 . Jump up ^ 2006 Environmental Performance , the Coca - Cola Company ( scroll down to pdf page 6 of 9 pdf pages ) . Jump up ^ osha.gov -- Ammonia Refrigeration -- Properties of Ammonia , 2011 Jump up ^ Colin Hempstead and William E. Worthington ( Editors ) ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of 20th - Century Technology , Volume 2 . Taylor& Francis . ISBN 1 - 57958 - 464 - 0 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Robert T. Balmer ( 2011 ) . Modern Engineering Thermodynamic . Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 374996 - 3 . Jump up ^ Burstall , Aubrey F. ( 1965 ) . A History of Mechanical Engineering . The MIT Press . ISBN 0 - 262 - 52001 - X . Jump up ^ `` Improved process for the artificial production of ice '' , U.S. Patent Office , Patent 8080 , 1851 Jump up ^ `` Harrison Refrigerator Model '' . Further reading ( edit ) Yunus A. Cengel and Michael A. Boles ( 2008 ) . Thermodynamics : An Engineering Approach ( 6th ed . ) . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 352921 - 4 . External links ( edit ) `` The ideal vapor compression refrigeration cycle '' , University of Nevada ( US ) `` The Refrigeration Cycle : Central Air Conditioner For Homeowners '' `` The Refrigeration Cycle '' , from HowStuffWorks Scientific papers about CO heat pumps / refrigeration ( hide ) Thermodynamic cycles External combustion Without phase change ( hot air engines ) Bell Coleman Brayton / Joule Carnot Ericsson Stirling Stirling ( pseudo / adiabatic ) Stoddard With phase change Kalina Hygroscopic Rankine ( Organic Rankine ) Regenerative Internal combustion Atkinson Brayton / Joule Diesel Expander Gas - generator Homogeneous charge compression ignition Lenoir Miller Otto Scuderi Staged combustion Mixed Combined HEHC Mixed / Dual Refrigeration Hampson -- Linde Kleemenko Pulse tube Regenerative cooling Transcritical Vapor absorption Vapor - compression Siemens Vuilleumier Uncategorized Barton Humphrey Heating , ventilation and air conditioning Fundamental concepts Air changes per hour Bake - 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who dies at the end of west side story	Doc relates the news to Tony , who has been dreaming of heading to the countryside to have children with Maria . Feeling there is no longer anything to live for , Tony leaves to find Chino , begging for him to shoot him as well . Just as Tony sees Maria alive , Chino arrives and shoots Tony . The Jets , Sharks , and adults flock around the lovers . Maria holds Tony in her arms ( and sings a quiet , brief reprise of `` Somewhere '' ) as he dies . Angry at the death of another friend , the Jets move towards the Sharks but Maria takes Chino 's gun and tells everyone that `` all of ( them ) '' killed Tony and the others because of their hate for each other , and , `` Now I can kill too , because now I have hate ! '' she yells . However , she is unable to bring herself to fire the gun and drops it , crying in grief . Gradually , all the members of both gangs assemble on either side of Tony 's body , showing that the feud is over . The Jets and Sharks form a procession , and together carry Tony away , with Maria the last one in the procession .	Tony	West Side Story	west side story	West Side Story is a musical with a book by Arthur Laurents , music by Leonard Bernstein , lyrics by Stephen Sondheim and conception and choreography by Jerome Robbins . It was inspired by William Shakespeare 's play Romeo and Juliet .	The story is set in the Upper West Side neighborhood in New York City in the mid 1950s , an ethnic , blue - collar neighborhood ( in the early 1960s , much of the neighborhood was cleared in an urban renewal project for the Lincoln Center , which changed the neighborhood 's character ) . The musical explores the rivalry between the Jets and the Sharks , two teenage street gangs of different ethnic backgrounds . The members of the Sharks , from Puerto Rico , are taunted by the Jets , a white gang . The young protagonist , Tony , a former member of the Jets and best friend of the gang 's leader , Riff , falls in love with Maria , the sister of Bernardo , the leader of the Sharks . The dark theme , sophisticated music , extended dance scenes , and focus on social problems marked a turning point in American musical theatre . Bernstein 's score for the musical includes `` Something 's Coming '' , `` Maria '' , `` America '' , `` Somewhere '' , `` Tonight '' , `` Jet Song '' , `` I Feel Pretty '' , `` A Boy Like That '' , `` One Hand , One Heart '' , `` Gee , Officer Krupke '' , and `` Cool '' . The original 1957 Broadway production , directed and choreographed by Jerome Robbins and produced by Robert E. Griffith and Harold Prince , marked Sondheim 's Broadway debut . It ran for 732 performances before going on tour . The production was nominated for six Tony Awards including Best Musical in 1957 , but the award for Best Musical went to Meredith Willson 's The Music Man . Robbins won the Tony Award for his choreography and Oliver Smith won for his scenic designs . The show had an even longer - running London production , a number of revivals and international productions . A 1961 musical film of the same name , directed by Robert Wise and Robbins , starred Natalie Wood , Richard Beymer , Rita Moreno , George Chakiris and Russ Tamblyn . The film was nominated for eleven Academy Awards and won ten , including George Chakiris for Supporting Actor , Rita Moreno for Supporting Actress , and Best Picture . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Genesis 1.2 Collaboration and development 1.3 Production period 2 Synopsis 2.1 Act 1 2.2 Act 2 3 Characters 4 Principal cast 5 Musical numbers 5.1 Act 1 5.2 Act 2 6 Productions 6.1 Original Broadway production 6.2 UK productions 6.3 1980 Broadway revival 6.4 2009 Broadway revival 6.5 US national tours and other notable productions 6.6 International productions 7 Critical reaction 8 Score 9 Recordings 10 Film 11 References in popular culture 12 Awards and nominations 12.1 Original Broadway production 12.2 1980 Broadway revival 12.3 2008 West End revival 12.4 2009 Broadway revival 13 References 14 Sources 15 Further reading 16 External links Background ( edit ) L-R : Elizabeth Taylor , Carmen Guitterez , Marilyn Cooper , and Carol Lawrence from the original Broadway cast sing `` I Feel Pretty '' ( 1957 ) Genesis ( edit ) In 1947 , Jerome Robbins approached Leonard Bernstein and Arthur Laurents about collaborating on a contemporary musical adaptation of Romeo and Juliet . He proposed that the plot focus on the conflict between an Irish Catholic family and a Jewish family living on the Lower East Side of Manhattan , during the Easter -- Passover season . The girl has survived the Holocaust and emigrated from Israel ; the conflict was to be centered around anti-Semitism of the Catholic `` Jets '' towards the Jewish `` Emeralds '' ( a name that made its way into the script as a reference ) . Eager to write his first musical , Laurents immediately agreed . Bernstein wanted to present the material in operatic form , but Robbins and Laurents resisted the suggestion . They described the project as `` lyric theater '' , and Laurents wrote a first draft he called East Side Story . Only after he completed it did the group realize it was little more than a musicalization of themes that had already been covered in plays like Abie 's Irish Rose . When he opted to drop out , the three men went their separate ways , and the piece was shelved for almost five years . In 1955 , theatrical producer Martin Gabel was working on a stage adaptation of the James M. Cain novel Serenade , about an opera singer who comes to the realization he is homosexual , and he invited Laurents to write the book . Laurents accepted and suggested Bernstein and Robbins join the creative team . Robbins felt if the three were going to join forces , they should return to East Side Story , and Bernstein agreed . Laurents , however , was committed to Gabel , who introduced him to the young composer / lyricist Stephen Sondheim . Sondheim auditioned by playing the score for Saturday Night , his musical that was scheduled to open in the fall . Laurents liked the lyrics but was not impressed with the music . Sondheim did not care for Laurents ' opinion . Serenade ultimately was shelved . Laurents was soon hired to write the screenplay for a remake of the 1934 Greta Garbo film The Painted Veil for Ava Gardner . While in Hollywood , he contacted Bernstein , who was in town conducting at the Hollywood Bowl . The two met at The Beverly Hills Hotel , and the conversation turned to juvenile delinquent gangs , a fairly recent social phenomenon that had received major coverage on the front pages of the morning newspapers due to a Chicano turf war . Bernstein suggested they rework East Side Story and set it in Los Angeles , but Laurents felt he was more familiar with Puerto Rican immigrants and Harlem than he was with Mexican Americans and Olvera Street . The two contacted Robbins , who was enthusiastic about a musical with a Latin beat . He arrived in Hollywood to choreograph the dance sequences for The King and I , and he and Laurents began developing the musical while working on their respective projects , keeping in touch with Bernstein , who had returned to New York . When the producer of The Painted Veil replaced Gardner with Eleanor Parker and asked Laurents to revise his script with her in mind , he backed out of the film , freeing him to devote all his time to the stage musical . Collaboration and development ( edit ) In New York City , Laurents went to the opening night party for a new play by Ugo Betti , and there he met Sondheim , who had heard that East Side Story , now retitled West Side Story , was back on track . Bernstein had decided he needed to concentrate solely on the music , and he and Robbins had invited Betty Comden and Adolph Green to write the lyrics , but the team opted to work on Peter Pan instead . Laurents asked Sondheim if he would be interested in tackling the task . Initially he resisted , because he was determined to write the full score for his next project ( Saturday Night had been aborted ) , but Oscar Hammerstein convinced him that he would benefit from the experience , and he accepted . Meanwhile , Laurents had written a new draft of the book changing the characters ' backgrounds : Anton , once an Irish American , was now of Polish and Irish descent , and the formerly Jewish Maria had become a Puerto Rican . The original book Laurents wrote closely adhered to Romeo and Juliet , but the characters based on Rosaline and the parents of the doomed lovers were eliminated early on . Later the scenes related to Juliet 's faking her death and committing suicide also were deleted . Language posed a problem ; four - letter curse words were uncommon in the theater at the time , and slang expressions were avoided for fear they would be dated by the time the production opened . Laurents ultimately invented what sounded like real street talk but actually was not : `` cut the frabba - jabba '' , for example . Sondheim converted long passages of dialogue , and sometimes just a simple phrase like `` A boy like that would kill your brother '' , into lyrics . With the help of Oscar Hammerstein , Laurents convinced Bernstein and Sondheim to move `` One Hand , One Heart '' , which he considered too pristine for the balcony scene , to the scene set in the bridal shop , and as a result `` Tonight '' was written to replace it . Laurents felt that the building tension needed to be alleviated in order to increase the impact of the play 's tragic outcome , so comic relief in the form of Officer Krupke was added to the second act . He was outvoted on other issues : he felt the lyrics to `` America '' and `` I Feel Pretty '' were too witty for the characters singing them , but they stayed in the score and proved to be audience favorites . Another song , `` Kid Stuff '' , was added and quickly removed during the Washington , D.C. tryout when Laurents convinced the others it was helping tip the balance of the show into typical musical comedy . Bernstein composed West Side Story and Candide concurrently , which led to some switches of material between the two works . Tony and Maria 's duet , `` One Hand , One Heart '' , was originally intended for Cunegonde in Candide . The music of `` Gee , Officer Krupke '' was pulled from the Venice scene in Candide . Laurents explained the style that the creative team finally decided on : Just as Tony and Maria , our Romeo and Juliet , set themselves apart from the other kids by their love , so we have tried to set them even further apart by their language , their songs , their movement . Wherever possible in the show , we have tried to heighten emotion or to articulate inarticulate adolescence through music , song or dance . The show was nearly complete in the fall of 1956 , but almost everyone on the creative team needed to fulfill other commitments first . Robbins was involved with Bells Are Ringing , then Bernstein with Candide , and in January 1957 A Clearing in the Woods , Laurents ' latest play , opened and quickly closed . When a backers ' audition failed to raise any money for West Side Story late in the spring of 1957 , only two months before the show was to begin rehearsals , producer Cheryl Crawford pulled out of the project . Every other producer had already turned down the show , deeming it too dark and depressing . Bernstein was despondent , but Sondheim convinced his friend Hal Prince , who was in Boston overseeing the out - of - town tryout of the new George Abbott musical New Girl in Town , to read the script . He liked it but decided to ask Abbott , his longtime mentor , for his opinion , and Abbott advised him to turn it down . Prince , aware that Abbott was the primary reason New Girl was in trouble , decided to ignore him , and he and his producing partner Robert Griffith flew to New York to hear the score . In his memoirs , Prince recalled , `` Sondheim and Bernstein sat at the piano playing through the music , and soon I was singing along with them . '' Production period ( edit ) Larry Kert as Tony , original Broadway production ( 1957 ) Kert and Lawrence in the balcony scene ( 1957 ) Prince began cutting the budget and raising money . Robbins then announced he did not want to choreograph the show , but changed his mind when Prince agreed to an eight - week dance rehearsal period ( instead of the customary four ) , since there was to be more dancing in West Side Story than in any previous Broadway show , and allowed Robbins to hire Peter Gennaro as his assistant . Originally , when considering the cast , Laurents wanted James Dean for the lead role of Tony , but the actor had recently died . Sondheim found Larry Kert and Chita Rivera , who created the roles of Tony and Anita , respectively . Getting the work on stage was still not easy . Bernstein said : Everyone told us that ( West Side Story ) was an impossible project ... And we were told no one was going to be able to sing augmented fourths , as with `` Ma - ri - a '' ... Also , they said the score was too rangy for pop music ... Besides , who wanted to see a show in which the first - act curtain comes down on two dead bodies lying on the stage ? ... And then we had the really tough problem of casting it , because the characters had to be able not only to sing but dance and act and be taken for teenagers . Ultimately , some of the cast were teenagers , some were 21 , some were 30 but looked 16 . Some were wonderful singers but could n't dance very well , or vice versa ... and if they could do both , they could n't act . Throughout the rehearsal period , the New York newspapers were filled with articles about gang warfare , keeping the show 's plot timely . Robbins kept the cast members playing the Sharks and the Jets separate in order to discourage them from socializing with each other and reminded everyone of the reality of gang violence by posting news stories on the bulletin board backstage . Robbins wanted a gritty realism from his sneaker - and jeans - clad cast . He gave the ensemble more freedom than Broadway dancers had previously been given to interpret their roles , and the dancers were thrilled to be treated like actors instead of just choreographed bodies . As the rehearsals wore on , Bernstein fought to keep his score together , as other members of the team called on him to cut out more and more of the sweeping or complex `` operatic '' passages . Columbia Records initially declined to record the cast album , saying the score was too depressing and too difficult . There were problems with Oliver Smith 's designs . His painted backdrops were stunning , but the sets were , for the most part , either shabby looking or too stylized . Prince refused to spend money on new construction , and Smith was obliged to improve what he had as best he could with very little money to do it . The pre-Broadway run in Washington , D.C. was a critical and commercial success , although none of the reviews mentioned Sondheim , listed as co-lyricist , who was overshadowed by the better - known Bernstein . Bernstein magnanimously removed his name as co-author of the lyrics , although Sondheim was uncertain he wanted to receive sole credit for what he considered to be overly florid contributions by Bernstein . Robbins demanded and received a `` Conceived by '' credit , and used it to justify his making major decisions regarding changes in the show without consulting the others . As a result , by opening night on Broadway , none of his collaborators were talking to him . It has been rumored that while Bernstein was off trying to fix the musical Candide , Sondheim wrote some of the music for West Side Story , and that Bernstein 's co-lyricist billing mysteriously disappeared from the credits of West Side Story during the tryout , presumably as a trade - off . However , Suskin states in Show Tunes that `` As the writing progressed and the extent of Bernstein 's lyric contributions became less , the composer agreed to rescind his credit ... Contrary to rumor , Sondheim did not write music for the show ; his only contribution came on `` Something 's Coming '' , where he developed the main strain of the chorus from music Bernstein wrote for the verse . ) Synopsis ( edit ) Act 1 ( edit ) Two rival teenage gangs , the Jets ( White Americans ) and the Sharks ( Puerto Rican immigrants ) , struggle for control of the neighborhood somewhere in the Upper West Side of New York City amidst the police ( Prologue ) . They are warned by Lt. Schrank and Officer Krupke to stop fighting on their beat . The police chase the Sharks off , and then the Jets plan how they can assure their continued dominance of the street . The Jets ' leader , Riff , suggests setting up a rumble with the Sharks . He plans to make the challenge to Bernardo , the Sharks ' leader , that night at the neighborhood dance . Riff wants to convince his friend and former member of the Jets , Tony , to meet the Jets at the dance . Some of the Jets are unsure of his loyalty , but Riff is adamant that Tony is still one of them ( `` Jet Song '' ) . Riff meets Tony while he 's working at Doc 's Drugstore to persuade him to come . Tony initially refuses , but Riff wins him over . Tony is convinced that something important is round the corner ( `` Something 's Coming '' ) . Maria works in a bridal shop with Anita , the girlfriend of her brother , Bernardo . Maria has just arrived from Puerto Rico for her arranged marriage to Chino , a friend of Bernardo 's . Maria confesses to Anita that she is not in love with Chino . Anita makes Maria a dress to wear to the neighborhood dance . The Shark girls extol the virtues of `` America '' in Portland Center Stage 's production of West Side Story in 2007 . At the dance , after introductions , the teenagers begin to dance ; soon a challenge dance is called ( `` Dance at the Gym '' ) , during which Tony and Maria ( who are n't taking part in the challenge dance ) see each other across the room and are drawn to each other . They dance together , forgetting the tension in the room , and fall in love , but Bernardo pulls his sister from Tony and sends her home . Riff and Bernardo agree to meet for a War Council at Doc 's , a drug store which is considered neutral ground , but meanwhile , an infatuated and happy Tony finds Maria 's building and serenades her outside her bedroom ( `` Maria '' ) . She appears on her fire escape , and the two profess their love for one another ( `` Tonight '' ) . Meanwhile , Anita , Rosalia , and the other Shark girls discuss the differences between the territory of Puerto Rico and the mainland United States of America , with Anita defending America , and Rosalia yearning for Puerto Rico ( `` America '' ) . The Jets get antsy while waiting for the Sharks inside Doc 's Drug Store . Riff helps them let out their aggression ( `` Cool '' ) . The Sharks arrive to discuss weapons to use in the rumble . Tony suggests `` a fair fight '' ( fists only ) , which the leaders agree to , despite the other members ' protests . Bernardo believes that he will fight Tony , but must settle for fighting Diesel , Riff 's second - in - command , instead . This is followed by a monologue by the ineffective Lt. Schrank trying to find out the location of the rumble . Tony tells Doc about Maria . Doc is worried for them while Tony is convinced that nothing can go wrong ; he is in love . Tony stabs Bernardo in the 1957 Broadway production . The next day , Maria is in a very happy mood at the bridal shop , as she anticipates seeing Tony again . However , she learns about the upcoming rumble from Anita and is dismayed . When Tony arrives , Maria asks him to stop the fight altogether , which he agrees to do . Before he goes , they dream of their wedding ( `` One Hand , One Heart '' ) . Tony , Maria , Anita , Bernardo and the Sharks , and Riff and the Jets all anticipate the events to come that night ( `` Tonight Quintet '' ) . The gangs meet under the highway and , as the fight between Bernardo and Diesel begins , Tony arrives and tries to stop it . Though Bernardo taunts and provokes Tony , ridiculing his attempt to make peace , Tony keeps his composure . When Bernardo pushes Tony , Riff punches him in Tony 's defense . The two draw their switchblades and get in a fight ( `` The Rumble '' ) . Tony attempts to intervene , inadvertently leading to Riff being fatally stabbed by Bernardo . Tony kills Bernardo in a fit of rage , which in turn provokes an all - out fight like the fight in the Prologue . The sound of approaching police sirens is heard , and everyone scatters , except Tony , who stands in shock at what he has done . The tomboy Anybodys , who stubbornly wishes that she could become a Jet , tells Tony to flee from the scene at the last moment and flees with the knives . Only the bodies of Riff and Bernardo remain . Act 2 ( edit ) Tony ( Justin Gordon ) and Maria ( Erica Racz ) in a Pacific Repertory Theatre production in 2001 . Blissfully unaware of the gangs ' plans for that night , Maria daydreams with her friends , Rosalia , Consuelo , Teresita and Francisca , about seeing Tony ( `` I Feel Pretty '' ) . Later , as Maria dances on the roof happily because she has seen Tony and believes he went to stop the rumble , Chino brings the news that Tony has killed Bernardo . Maria flees to her bedroom , praying that Chino is lying . Tony arrives to see Maria and she initially pounds on his chest with rage , but she still loves him . They plan to run away together . As the walls of Maria 's bedroom disappear , they find themselves in a dreamlike world of peace ( `` Somewhere '' ) . Two of the Jets , A-Rab and Baby John , are set on by Officer Krupke , but they manage to escape him . They meet the rest of the gang . To cheer themselves up , they lampoon Officer Krupke , and the other adults who do n't understand them ( `` Gee Officer Krupke '' ) . Anybodys arrives and tells the Jets she has been spying on the Puerto Ricans ; she has discovered that Chino is looking for Tony with a gun . The gang separates to find Tony . Action has taken charge ; he accepts Anybodys into the Jets and includes her in the search . A grieving Anita arrives at Maria 's apartment . As Tony leaves , he tells Maria to meet him at Doc 's so they can run away to the country . In spite of her attempts to conceal it , Anita sees that Tony has been with Maria , and launches an angry tirade against him ( `` A Boy Like That '' ) . Maria counters by telling Anita how powerful love is ( `` I Have a Love '' ) , and Anita realizes that Maria loves Tony as much as she had loved Bernardo . She admits that Chino has a gun and is looking for Tony . Lt. Schrank arrives to question Maria about her brother 's death , and Anita agrees to go to Doc 's to tell Tony to wait . Unfortunately , the Jets , who have found Tony , have congregated at Doc 's , and they taunt Anita with racist slurs and eventually simulate rape . Doc arrives and stops them . Anita is furious , and in anger spitefully delivers the wrong message , telling the Jets that Chino has shot Maria dead . Doc relates the news to Tony , who has been dreaming of heading to the countryside to have children with Maria . Feeling there is no longer anything to live for , Tony leaves to find Chino , begging for him to shoot him as well . Just as Tony sees Maria alive , Chino arrives and shoots Tony . The Jets , Sharks , and adults flock around the lovers . Maria holds Tony in her arms ( and sings a quiet , brief reprise of `` Somewhere '' ) as he dies . Angry at the death of another friend , the Jets move towards the Sharks but Maria takes Chino 's gun and tells everyone that `` all of ( them ) '' killed Tony and the others because of their hate for each other , and , `` Now I can kill too , because now I have hate ! '' she yells . However , she is unable to bring herself to fire the gun and drops it , crying in grief . Gradually , all the members of both gangs assemble on either side of Tony 's body , showing that the feud is over . The Jets and Sharks form a procession , and together carry Tony away , with Maria the last one in the procession . Characters ( edit ) `` Gee , Officer Krupke '' sung by the Jets , original Broadway cast ( 1957 ) The Jets Riff , the leader Tony , his best friend Diesel , Riff 's lieutenant Action , A-Rab , Baby John , Big Deal , Gee - Tar , Mouthpiece , Snowboy , Tiger and Anybodys The Jet Girls Velma ( Riff 's girlfriend ) , Graziella ( Diesel 's girlfriend ) , Minnie , Clarice and Pauline The Sharks Bernardo , the leader Chino , his best friend Pepe , second - in - command Indio , Luis , Anxious , Nibbles , Pepe , Juano , Toro and Moose The Shark Girls Maria , Bernardo 's sister Anita , Bernardo 's girlfriend Rosalia , Consuelo , Teresita , Francisca , Estella and Marguerita The Adults Doc , Schrank , Krupke and Glad Hand Principal cast ( edit ) Characters Original Broadway Cast ( 1957 ) West End ( 1958 ) 1980 Broadway Revival 2009 Broadway Revival Tony Larry Kert Don McKay Ken Marshall Matt Cavenaugh Maria Carol Lawrence Marlys Watters Josie de Guzman Josefina Scaglione Riff Michael Callan George Chakiris James J. Mellon Cody Green Bernardo Ken LeRoy Héctor Jaime Mercado George Akram Anita Chita Rivera Debbie Allen Karen Olivo Musical numbers ( edit ) Act 1 ( edit ) `` Prologue '' -- Orchestra , danced by Jets & Sharks `` Jet Song '' -- Riff & Jets `` Something 's Coming '' -- Tony `` The Dance at the Gym '' -- Jets & Sharks `` Maria '' -- Tony `` Tonight '' -- Tony & Maria `` America '' -- Anita , Rosalia , & Shark Girls `` Cool '' -- Riff & Jets `` One Hand , One Heart '' -- Tony & Maria `` Tonight ( Quintet & Chorus ) '' -- Company `` The Rumble '' -- Orchestra , danced by Riff , Bernardo , Jets , & Sharks Act 2 ( edit ) `` I Feel Pretty '' -- Maria , Rosalia , Estella , & Consuelo `` Somewhere '' -- Consuelo , danced by Company `` Gee , Officer Krupke '' -- Action , Snowboy & Jets `` A Boy Like That '' -- Anita & Maria `` I Have a Love '' -- Anita & Maria `` Taunting '' -- Anita & Jets `` Finale '' -- Company Notes In the 1964 and 1980 revivals , `` Somewhere '' was sung by Francisca rather than Consuelo . In the 2009 revival , `` Cool '' was performed by Riff , the Jets , and the Jet Girls . `` I Feel Pretty '' was sung in Spanish as `` Siento Hermosa '' and `` A Boy Like That '' was sung in Spanish as `` Un Hombre Así '' . `` Somewhere '' was sung by Kiddo , a young Jet . Productions ( edit ) Original Broadway production ( edit ) After tryouts in Washington , D.C. and Philadelphia beginning in August 1957 , the original Broadway production opened at the Winter Garden Theatre on September 26 , 1957 to positive reviews . The production was directed and choreographed by Jerome Robbins , produced by Robert E. Griffith and Harold Prince with lighting designed by Jean Rosenthal . The cast starred Larry Kert as Tony , Carol Lawrence as Maria , Chita Rivera as Anita and David Winters as Baby John . The other notable cast members in the original production were : Riff : Michael Callan , A-Rab : Tony Mordente , Big Deal : Martin Charnin , Gee - Tar : Tommy Abbott , Chino : Jamie Sanchez , Rosalia : Marilyn Cooper , Consuela ( sic ) : Reri Grist and Doc : Art Smith . The production closed on June 27 , 1959 , after 732 performances . Robbins won the Tony Award for Best Choreographer , and Oliver Smith won the Tony for Best Scenic Designer . Also nominated were Carol Lawrence , as Best Actress in a Supporting Role in a Musical , Max Goberman as Best Musical Director and Conductor , and Irene Sharaff for Best Costume Design . Carol Lawrence received the 1958 Theatre World Award . The production toured and then returned to the Winter Garden Theatre in April 1960 for another 249 performance engagement . Several dances from West Side Story were included in the Tony Award - winning 1989 Broadway production , Jerome Robbins ' Broadway . UK productions ( edit ) The 1958 European premiere at the Manchester Opera House transferred to London , where it opened at Her Majesty 's Theatre in the West End on December 12 , 1958 and ran until June 1961 with a total of 1,039 performances . Robbins directed and choreographed , and it was co-choreographed by Peter Gennaro , with scenery by Oliver Smith . Featured performers were George Chakiris , who won an Academy Award as Bernardo in the 1961 film version , as Riff , Marlys Watters as Maria , Don McKay as Tony , and Chita Rivera reprising her Broadway role as Anita . David Holliday , who had been playing Gladhand since the London opening , took over as Tony . A UK national tour started in 1997 and starred David Habbin as Tony , Katie Knight Adams as Maria and Anna - Jane Casey as Anita . The production transferred to London 's West End opening at the Prince Edward Theatre in October 1998 , transferring to the Prince of Wales Theatre where it closed in January 2000 . The production subsequently toured the UK for a second time . 1980 Broadway revival ( edit ) A Broadway revival opened at the Minskoff Theatre on February 14 , 1980 and closed on November 30 , 1980 , after 333 performances . It was directed and choreographed by Robbins , with the book scenes co-directed by Gerald Freedman ; produced by Gladys Nederlander and Tom Abbott and Lee Becker Theodore assisted the choreography reproduction . The original scenic , lighting , and costume designs were used . It starred Ken Marshall as Tony , Josie de Guzman as Maria and Debbie Allen as Anita . Both de Guzman and Allen received Tony Award nominations as Best Featured Actress in a Musical , and the musical was nominated as Best Reproduction ( Play or Musical ) . Allen won the Drama Desk Award as Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical . Other notable cast members in the revival included Brent Barrett as Diesel , Harolyn Blackwell as Francisca , Stephen Bogardus as Mouth Piece and Reed Jones as Big Deal The Minskoff production subsequently opened the Nervi Festival in Genoa , Italy in July 1981 with Josie de Guzman as Maria and Brent Barrett as Tony . 2009 Broadway revival ( edit ) In 2007 , Arthur Laurents stated , `` I 've come up with a way of doing ( West Side Story ) that will make it absolutely contemporary without changing a word or a note . '' He directed a pre-Broadway production of West Side Story at the National Theatre in Washington , D.C. that ran from December 15 , 2008 through January 17 , 2009 . The Broadway revival began previews at the Palace Theatre on February 23 , 2009 and opened on March 19 , 2009 . The production wove Spanish lyrics and dialogue into the English libretto . The translations are by Tony Award winner Lin - Manuel Miranda . Laurents stated , `` The musical theatre and cultural conventions of 1957 made it next to impossible for the characters to have authenticity . Every member of both gangs was always a potential killer even then . Now they actually will be . Only Tony and Maria try to live in a different world '' . In August 2009 , some of the lyrics for `` A Boy Like That '' ( `` Un Hombre Asi '' ) and `` I Feel Pretty '' ( `` Me Siento Hermosa '' ) , which were previously sung in Spanish in the revival , were changed back to the original English . However , the Spanish lyrics sung by the Sharks in the `` Tonight '' ( Quintet ) remained in Spanish . The cast featured Matt Cavenaugh as Tony , Josefina Scaglione as Maria and Karen Olivo as Anita . Olivo won the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress , while Scaglione was nominated for the award for Leading Actress . The cast recording won the Grammy Award for Best Musical Show Album . In July 2010 , the producers reduced the size of the orchestra , replacing five musicians with an off - stage synthesizer . The production closed on January 2 , 2011 after 748 performances and 27 previews . The revival sold 1,074,462 tickets on Broadway over the course of nearly two years . Us national tours and other notable productions ( edit ) A national tour was launched on July 1 , 1959 . The show played in Denver , Los Angeles , San Francisco , Chicago , Detroit , Cincinnati , Cleveland , Baltimore , Philadelphia , and Boston . This tour returned to the Winter Garden Theater in New York on April 27 , 1960 and closed on December 10 of that year . The New York City Center Light Opera Company production played for a four - week limited engagement of 31 performances in 1964 . Tony was Don McKay , Maria was Julia Migenes and Anita was played by Luba Lisa . It was staged by Gerald Freedman based on Robbins ' original concept , and the choreography was re-mounted by Tom Abbott . The Musical Theater of Lincoln Center and Richard Rodgers production opened at the New York State Theater , Lincoln Center , in June 1968 and closed in September 1968 after 89 performances . Direction and choreography were reproduced by Lee Theodore , and scenery was by Oliver Smith . Tony was played by Kurt Peterson , with Victoria Mallory as Maria . A 1987 U.S. tour starred Jack Wagner as Tony , with Valarie Pettiford as Anita and was directed by Alan Johnson . A bus and truck ( non-Equity ) tour was produced in 1998 by City Vision Theatricals . A national tour , directed by Alan Johnson , was produced in 2002 . A national tour of the 2009 Broadway revival began in October 2010 at the Fisher Theatre in Detroit , Michigan . The cast features Kyle Harris as Tony , Ali Ewoldt as Maria and Eric Hoffmann as Officer Krupke . After a very successful year , the tour was sent out for another year . A Non-equity tour version of the 2009 Revival , presented by Troika Entertainment , began in fall 2012 . The musical has also been adapted to be performed as Deaf Side Story using both English and American Sign Language , with deaf Sharks and hearing Jets . International productions ( edit ) The original Australian production opened in October 1960 at the Princess Theatre in Melbourne , before touring to the Tivoli Theatre in Sydney in February 1961 . Subsequent Australian national tours have been staged in 1983 , 1994 and 2010 . In 1961 , a tour of Israel , Africa and the Near East was mounted . In February 1962 , the West End ( H.M. Tennent ) production launched a five - month Scandinavian tour opening in Copenhagen , continuing to Oslo , Gothenburg , Stockholm and Helsinki . Robert Jeffrey took over from David Holliday as Tony and Jill Martin played Maria . In 1977 , Amor Sin Barreras was produced in Mexico City by Alfonso Rosas Prigo , & Ruben Boido , Direction by Ruben Boido , presented at the Hidalgo Theater . Gualberto Castro played the part of Tony ; Maria Medina was Maria , among other cast members was Macaria . From 1982 -- 1984 a tour of South America , Israel and Europe was mounted with talent from New York . The Director / Choreographers for that production were Jay Norman and Lee Theodore , veterans of the original Broadway cast . The Japanese Takarazuka Revue has performed the show twice . It was produced by the Moon Troupe in 1998 and again in 1999 by the Star Troupe . A Hong Kong production was produced in 2000 with Cantonese lyrics , featuring Hong Kong rock star Paul Wong as Tony . It was staged at the outdoor plaza of Hong Kong Cultural Centre . Canada 's Stratford Shakespeare Festival performed West Side Story in 1999 , starring Tyley Ross as Tony and Ma - Anne Dionisio as Maria , and again in 2009 , The Austrian Bregenz Festival presented West Side Story in a German translation by Marcel Prawy in 2003 and 2004 , directed by the Francesca Zambello , followed by a German tour . A French language adaptation , translated by Philippe Gobeille , opened in Montreal , Quebec in March 2008 . A Philippine version played in 2008 at the Meralco Theatre . It featured Christian Bautista as Tony , Karylle and Joanna Ampil as Maria . Also in 2008 , an adaptation played in Portugal , directed by Filipe La Féria , with the name West Side Story -- Amor Sem Barreiras , in the Politeama Theater , in Lisbon , with Ricardo Soler as Tony and Lúcia Moniz and Anabela splitting the role of Anita . An international tour ( 2005 -- 2010 ) , directed and choreographed by Joey McKneely played in Tokyo , Paris , Austria , Switzerland , Germany , Singapore , São Paulo , France , Taiwan , China , Italy , Rotterdam and Madrid . In 2011 , a Lima production was produced by `` Preludio Asociación Cultural '' with Marco Zunino as Tony , Rossana Fernández - Maldonado as Maria , Jesús Neyra as Bernardo , Tati Alcántara as Anita and Joaquín de Orbegoso as Riff . Critical reaction ( edit ) The creators ' innovations in dance , music and theatrical style resulted in strong reactions from the critics . Walter Kerr wrote in the New York Herald Tribune on September 27 , 1957 : The radioactive fallout from West Side Story must still be descending on Broadway this morning . Director , choreographer , and idea - man Jerome Robbins has put together , and then blasted apart , the most savage , restless , electrifying dance patterns we 've been exposed to in a dozen seasons ... the show rides with a catastrophic roar over the spider - web fire - escapes , the shadowed trestles , and the plain dirt battlegrounds of a big city feud ... there is fresh excitement in the next debacle , and the next . When a gang leader advises his cohorts to play it `` Cool '' , the intolerable tension between an effort at control and the instinctive drives of these potential killers is stingingly graphic . When the knives come out , and bodies begin to fly wildly through space under buttermilk clouds , the sheer visual excitement is breathtaking ... Mr. Bernstein has permitted himself a few moments of graceful , lingering melody : in a yearning `` Maria '' , in the hushed falling line of `` Tonight '' , in the wistful declaration of `` I Have a Love '' . But for the most part he has served the needs of the onstage threshing machine ... When hero Larry Kert is stomping out the visionary insistence of `` Something 's Coming '' both music and tumultuous story are given their due . Otherwise it 's the danced narrative that takes urgent precedence ... The other reviews generally joined in speculation about how the new work would influence the course of musical theater . Typical was John Chapman 's review in the New York Daily News on September 27 , 1957 , headed : `` West Side Story a Splendid and Super-Modern Musical Drama '' . The American theatre took a venturesome forward step when the firm of Griffith & Prince presented West Side Story at the Winter Garden last evening . This is a bold new kind of musical theatre -- a juke - box Manhattan opera . It is , to me , extraordinarily exciting ... the manner of telling the story is a provocative and artful blend of music , dance and plot -- and the music and the dancing are superb . In ( the score ) , there is the drive , the bounce , the restlessness and the sweetness of our town . It takes up the American musical idiom where it was left when George Gershwin died . It is fascinatingly tricky and melodically beguiling , and it marks the progression of an admirable composer ... Time magazine found the dance and gang warfare more compelling than the love story and noted that the show 's `` putting choreography foremost , may prove a milestone in musical - drama history ... '' While critics speculated about the comic - tragic darkness of the musical , audiences were captivated . The story appealed to society 's undercurrent of rebellion from authority that surfaced in 1950s films like Rebel Without a Cause . West Side Story took this one step further by combining the classic and the hip . Robbins ' energetic choreography and Bernstein 's grand score accentuated the satiric , hard - edged lyrics of Sondheim , and Laurents ' capture of the angry voice of urban youth . The play was criticized for glamorizing gangs , and its portrayal of Puerto Ricans and lack of authentic Latin casting were weaknesses . Yet , the song `` America '' shows the triumph of the spirit over the obstacles often faced by immigrants . The musical also made points in its description of troubled youth and the devastating effects of poverty and racism . Juvenile delinquency is seen as an ailment of society : `` No one wants a fella with a social disease ! '' One writer summed up the reasons for the show 's popularity in these terms : `` On the cusp of the 1960s , American society , still recovering from the enormous upheaval of World War II , was seeking stability and control . '' Score ( edit ) The score for West Side Story was orchestrated by Sid Ramin and Irwin Kostal following detailed instructions from Bernstein , who then wrote revisions on their manuscript ( the original , heavily annotated by Ramin , Kostal and Bernstein himself is in the Rare Books and Manuscripts Library at Columbia University ) . Ramin , Kostal , and Bernstein are billed as orchestrators for the show . The orchestra consisted of 31 players : a large Broadway pit orchestra enhanced to include 5 percussionists , a guitarist and a piano / celesta player . In 1961 , Bernstein prepared a suite of orchestral music from the show , titled Symphonic Dances from West Side Story : Prologue ( Allegro Moderato ) `` Somewhere '' ( Adagio ) Scherzo ( Vivace e Leggiero ) Mambo ( Meno Presto ) Cha - Cha ( Andantino Con Grazia ) Meeting Scene ( Meno Mosso ) `` Cool '' , Fugue ( Allegretto ) Rumble ( Molto Allegro ) Finale ( Adagio ) Recordings ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Recordings of West Side Story include the following : The 1957 original Broadway cast album , with Carol Lawrence as Maria , Larry Kert as Tony and Chita Rivera as Anita . A 1959 recording by the pianist André Previn comprised jazz versions of eight songs from the musical . The movie soundtrack , with Marni Nixon singing Maria 's role ( played in the film by Natalie Wood ) and Tony ( played in the film by Richard Beymer ) sung by Jimmy Bryant . It won the Grammy Award for Best Sound Track Album or Recording of Original Cast from Motion Picture or Television . The 1992 remastered re-release of this album included the `` Overture '' , the `` End Credits '' music , the complete `` Dance at the Gym '' and dialogue from the film . The 2004 re-release added the `` Intermission '' music . In 1961 , Cal Tjader released a jazz version , arranged by Clare Fischer , on Fantasy Records . The album was released again in 2002 as Cal Tjader Plays Harold Arlen & West Side Story ( double CD ) . In 1961 , Stan Kenton recorded Kenton 's West Side Story ( a jazz version ) that received a 1962 Grammy Award for Best Jazz Performance -- Large Group ( Instrumental ) . In 1962 , Oscar Peterson and his trio recorded a jazz version , West Side Story . In 1962 , Dave Brubeck recorded jazz versions of selections from the film score on Music From West Side Story . In 1963 , Bill Barron recorded West Side Story Bossa Nova ( Dauntless , 1963 ) In 1966 , Buddy Rich and his big band performed an arrangement penned by Bill Reddie called West Side Story Medley for many years . In 1984 , Bernstein re-recorded the musical , conducting his own music for the first time . Generally known as the `` operatic version '' of West Side Story , it stars Kiri Te Kanawa as Maria , José Carreras as Tony , Tatiana Troyanos as Anita , Kurt Ollmann as Riff , Louise Edeiken as Rosalia , and Marilyn Horne as the offstage voice who sings `` Somewhere '' . It won a Grammy Award for Best Musical Show Album in 1985 . The recording process was filmed as a documentary `` The Making of West Side Story '' , which was made by the BBC for Unitel , Produced by Humphrey Burton and Directed by Christopher Swann . The documentary won the Flaherty BAFTA for documentary direction , a Prix Italia and was nominated for a Prime Time Emmy . It is available on YouTube . A 1993 recording on the TER label , the first recording to document the full score including the overture performed by Britain 's National Symphony Orchestra using cast members of the 1992 Leicester Haymarket Theatre production , conducted by John Owen Edwards . In 1996 , RCA Victor released the tribute album The Songs of West Side Story featuring new versions of the songs from the musical sung by popular music stars , including : `` The Jet Song '' sung by Brian Setzer , `` A Boy Like That '' sung by Selena , `` I feel Pretty '' sung by Little Richard , two versions of `` Somewhere '' performed by Aretha Franklin and Phil Collins , `` Tonight '' sung by Wynonna Judd and Kenny Loggins , `` America '' sung by Patti LaBelle , Natalie Cole and Sheila E. , `` I Have a Love '' sung by Trisha Yearwood and `` Rumble '' performed by Chick Corea Elektric Band and Steve Vai 's Monsters . Proceeds from the sale of this album go to benefit the Leonard Bernstein Education Through The Arts Fund , the NARAS Foundation and The Leonard Bernstein Center at Nashville , Tennessee . In 2002 , Naxos Records released a CD with the Nashville Symphony Orchestra playing the music with soloists Mike Eldred ( Tony ) , Betsi Morrison ( Maria ) , Marianne Cook ( Anita ) , Robert Dean ( Riff ) , Michael San Giovanni , Joanna Chozen , and Michelle Prentice . A 2007 tribute album entitled A Place for Us marking the 50th anniversary of the show . The album features cover versions previously recorded and a new recording of `` Tonight '' by Kristin Chenoweth and Hugh Panaro . A 2007 recording was released by Decca Broadway in honor of West Side Story 's 50th anniversary . This album stars Hayley Westenra as Maria and Vittorio Grigolo as Tony . The Bernstein Foundation in New York has authorized the recording . It was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Show Album . Bernstein recorded the Symphonic Dances suite with the New York Philharmonic in 1961 , and with the Los Angeles Philharmonic in 1983 . The Symphonic Dances have entered the repertoire of many major world orchestras , most recently by the Simon Bolivar Youth Orchestra under Gustavo Dudamel . It has been recorded by many orchestras , including the San Francisco Symphony under the direction of Seiji Ozawa . The 2009 new Broadway cast album , with Josefina Scaglione as Maria , Matt Cavenaugh as Tony and Karen Olivo as Anita won the 2010 Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album . A live , semi-staged 2013 recording by the San Francisco Symphony under Music Director Michael Tilson Thomas , featuring Cheyenne Jackson , Alexandra Silber and others , debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard Classical Albums chart in May 2014 . It was released in 2014 as a hybrid SACD on the SFS Media label , and was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album . Film ( edit ) Main article : West Side Story ( film ) On October 18 , 1961 , a film adaptation of the musical was released . It received praise from critics and the public , and became the second highest - grossing film of the year in the United States . The film won ten Academy Awards in its eleven nominated categories , including Best Picture and a special award for Robbins . The film holds the distinction of being the musical film with the most Academy Award wins ( 10 wins ) , including Best Picture . Rita Moreno ( Anita ) was the first Latino actress ever to win an Oscar . The soundtrack album won a Grammy Award and was ranked No. 1 on the Billboard chart for a record 54 weeks . Differences in the film adaptation from the stage version include that `` Tonight '' is moved to follow `` America '' ; Bernardo sings a line in `` America '' instead of Rosalia , with changes in the lyrics . Diesel is renamed Ice . `` Gee , Officer Krupke '' is moved before `` Cool '' and is sung by Riff instead of Action , and `` Cool '' is sung by Ice instead of Riff . After Riff is killed , Ice takes control of the Jets , rather than Action . References in popular Culture ( edit ) In addition to Bernstein 's own West Side Story Suite , the music from the musical has been adapted by The Buddy Rich Big Band , which arranged and recorded `` West Side Story Medley '' on the 1966 album Buddy Rich 's Swingin ' New Big Band . The Stan Kenton Orchestra recorded Johnny Richards ' 1961 Kenton 's West Side Story , an album of jazz orchestrations based on the Bernstein scores . It won the 1962 Grammy Award for Best Jazz Recording by a Large Group . The 1996 album The Songs of West Side Story included covers by such diverse artists as Selena ( `` A Boy Like That '' ) , Little Richard ( `` I Feel Pretty '' ) , Trisha Yearwood ( `` I Have a Love '' ) and Salt - n - Pepa , Def Jef , Lisa Lopes , the Jerky Boys , and Paul Rodriguez all collaborating on `` Gee , Officer Krupke '' , as well as Chick Corea Elektric Band collaborating with Steve Vai 's Monsters on `` Rumble '' . The television show Curb Your Enthusiasm extensively referenced West Side Story in the season seven episode `` Officer Krupke '' . An episode of Welcome Back , Kotter , `` Sweatside Story '' , parodies West Side Story when the Sweathogs engage in a rumble with students from rival New Utrecht High School . In the third season of the series Glee , three episodes feature characters auditioning , rehearsing and performing a school production of West Side Story . Songs from the musical are performed in episode 2 `` I Am Unicorn '' , episode 3 `` Asian F '' and episode 5 `` The First Time '' and also given digital releases . The Animaniacs episode `` West Side Pigeons '' features a parody romance and rivalry that mirrors that of the Jets and the Sharks . In the Tom and Jerry Tales episode `` The League of Cats '' , Tom 's and Jerry 's respective leagues act very similar to the Jets and the Sharks . They also perform a number similar to the `` Jet Song '' . In film , Pixar animator Aaron Hartline used the first meeting between Tony and Maria as inspiration for the moment when Ken meets Barbie in Toy Story 3 . In the 2013 movie Teen Beach Movie , two teens are trapped inside a movie called Wet Side Story , in which a group of surfers and a group of bikers are competing in a turf war . Bring It On : In It to Win It has a plot that parallels West Side Story , and makes the reference explicit to the point where the two rival cheerleading squads are named the Jets and the Sharks . The 2005 short musical comedy film West Bank Story , which won the Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film , concerns a love story between a Jew and a Palestinian and parodies several aspects of West Side Story . In 1963 , Mad Magazine published `` East Side Story '' set at the United Nations building on the East Side of Manhattan , a parody of the Cold War , with the two rival gangs led by John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev , by writer Frank Jacobs and illustrator Mort Drucker . From 1973 to 2004 , Wild Side Story , a camp parody musical , based loosely on West Side Story and adapting parts of the musical 's music and lyrics , was performed a total of more than 500 times in Miami Beach , Florida , Stockholm , Gran Canaria and Los Angeles . The show lampoons the musical 's tragic love story , and also lip - synching and drag shows . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Original Broadway production ( edit ) Year Award ceremony Category Nominee Result 1958 Theatre World Award Carol Lawrence Won Tony Award Best Musical Nominated Best Performance by an Actress in a Featured Role in a Musical Carol Lawrence Nominated Best Choreography Jerome Robbins Won Best Scenic Design Oliver Smith Won Best Costume Design Irene Sharaff Nominated Best Conductor and Musical Director Max Goberman Nominated 1980 Broadway revival ( edit ) Year Award ceremony Category Nominee Result 1980 Drama Desk Award Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical Debbie Allen Won Tony Award Best Revival Nominated Best Performance by an Actress in a Featured Role in a Musical Josie de Guzman Nominated Debbie Allen Nominated 2008 West End revival ( edit ) Year Award ceremony Category Nominee Result 2009 Laurence Olivier Award Best Musical Revival Nominated Best Actress in a Musical Sofia Escobar Nominated 2009 Broadway revival ( edit ) Year Award ceremony Category Nominee Result 2009 Tony Award Best Revival of a Musical Nominated Best Performance by an Actress in a Lead Role in a Musical Josefina Scaglione Nominated Best Performance by an Actress in a Featured Role in a Musical Karen Olivo Won Best Lighting Design Howell Binkley Nominated Drama Desk Award Outstanding Revival of a Musical Nominated Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical Karen Olivo Nominated Grammy Award Best Musical Theater Album Won Theatre World Award Josefina Scaglione Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ West Side Story , SondheimGuide.com , accessed October 15 , 2016 Jump up ^ Sarah Waxman . `` The History of the Upper West Side '' , ny.com Jump up ^ `` About Lincoln Center '' , City Realty.com , accessed October 15 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` ' West Side Story plot and production listing '' , guidetomusicaltheatre.com , accessed August 18 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` West Side Story Broadway '' IBDB.com , accessed October 15 , 2016 Jump up ^ Long , Robert Emmet . `` West Side Story '' , Broadway , The Golden Years : Jerome Robbins and The Great Choreographer - Directors : 1940 to the present , Continuum International Publishing Group , 2003 , ISBN 0 - 8264 - 1462 - 1 , p. 96 ^ Jump up to : Information from a Leonard Bernstein.com Archived March 25 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Laurents 2000 , pp. 329 -- 330 . Jump up ^ `` Excerpts from Bernstein 's West Side Log , see 1949 and 1955 '' , WestSideStory.com , originally published in 1957 , accessed August 18 , 2011 Jump up ^ Laurents 2000 , p. 334 . Jump up ^ Laurents 2000 , pp. 336 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Laurents 2000 , pp. 346 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Gottlieb , Jack ( Guide and Commentary ) . `` ' West Side Story ' Fact Sheet '' , WestSideStory.com , 2001 , accessed August 18 , 2011 Jump up ^ Laurents 2000 , p. 349 . Jump up ^ Laurents 2000 , pp. 350 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Some of the music Bernstein wrote for West Side Story , but that was not used in the production , was later integrated into the Chichester Psalms . ^ Jump up to : Burton , Humphrey . `` Leonard Bernstein by Humphrey Burton , Chapter 26 '' , WestSideStory.com , 1994 , accessed August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Laurents , Arthur ( August 4 , 1957 ) . `` The Growth of an Idea '' . New York Herald Tribune . Jump up ^ Laurents 2000 , pp. 351 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Laurents 2000 , pp. 326 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Laurents 2000 , p. 354 . Jump up ^ Laurents 2000 , pp. 354 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Wenner , Jann S. ; Levy , Joe ( 2007 ) . `` Leonard Bernstein '' . The Rolling Stone Interviews . New York : Back Bay Books . ISBN 0 - 316 - 00526 - 6 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Terri ( Winter 2003 ) . `` West Side Story : ' We were all very young ' '' . The Sondheim Review . 9 ( 3 ) : 28 -- 29 . ISSN 1076 - 450X . Jump up ^ Laurents 2000 , pp. 357 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Laurents 2000 , pp. 360 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Laurents 2000 , pp. 362 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Suskin , Steven ( 1990 ) . Opening Night on Broadway : A Critical Quotebook of the Golden Era of the Musical Theatre . New York : Schirmer Books , p. 697 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 872625 - 1 . Jump up ^ Suskin , Steven ( 2010 ) . Show Tunes : The Songs , Shows , and Careers of Broadway 's Major Composers ( 4th ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press US , p. 206 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 531407 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : West Side Story , Playbill ( vault ) , accessed November 30 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` West Side Story -- Cast '' , Playbill ( vault ) , accessed November 30 , 2016 Jump up ^ West Side Story ibdb.com , accessed November 30 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` ' West Side Story ' London Production , 1958 '' , Broadwayworld.com , accessed August 18 , 2011 Jump up ^ albemarle - london `` Archive Page , ' West Side Story ' '' Archived December 7 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , albemarle-london.com , accessed August 18 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` West Side Story : Opening Night Production Credits '' . PlaybillVault . Playbill . Retrieved December 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tedeschi , Rubens ( 9 July 1981 ) . `` Broadway s'addice ai `` guerrieri della notte '' '' Archived April 26 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , l'Unità . Retrieved 26 April 2014 ( in Italian ) . Jump up ^ Riedel , Michael . `` Director 's Cut -- At 90 , Playwright Still Vibrant , Vicious '' , New York Post , July 27 , 2007 , p. 55 Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` Laurents - Directed ' West Side Story ' Sets Broadway Preview Date '' Archived May 26 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill.com , May 23 , 2008 Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew and Jones , Kenneth . `` ' West Side Story ' Revival , Directed by Laurents , Sets Broadway Opening Date '' Archived August 9 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill.com , August 8 , 2008 Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth . `` West Side Story , This Time with Bilingual Approach '' , Playbill.com , July 16 , 2008 Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew and Jones , Kenneth . `` Broadway - Bound ' West Side Story ' Revival Launches '' Archived December 18 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill.com , December 15 , 2008 Jump up ^ Marks , Peter ( December 14 , 2008 ) . `` The Director 's Route Back To ' West Side ' '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` A Song Like That : Collaborators Reconsider Spanish Lyrics in ' West Side Story ' '' Archived August 28 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill.com , August 25 , 2009 Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` Cavenaugh , Scaglione , Olivo , Green and Akram to Lead Cast of ' West Side Story ' Revival '' Archived November 1 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill.com , October 28 , 2008 Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth . `` Billy Elliot , Norman Conquests , Hair , God of Carnage Are Tony Award Winners '' Archived June 12 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill.com , June 8 , 2009 Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew and Jones , Kenneth . `` Nominations for 2009 Tony Awards Announced ; Billy Elliot Earns 15 Nominations '' Archived May 8 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill.com , May 5 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : Jones , Kenneth . `` ' West Side Story ' Cast Album Wins Grammy Award '' Archived June 29 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill.com , January 31 , 2010 Jump up ^ Woodiel , Paul ( July 10 , 2010 ) . `` Gee , Officer Krupke , I Need Those Violins '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . Broadway `` Revival of West Side Story to Close in January ; Olivo Will Not Return '' Archived September 18 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill.com , September 15 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Cumulative Broadway Grosses by Show '' , Broadwayworld.com , accessed August 18 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` West Side Story : Birth of a Classic '' . www.loc.gov . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Frank , Leah ( August 30 , 1987 ) . `` Theater Review ; ' West Side Story ' : Staging At Its Best '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Information from the WestSideStory.com `` 2002 West Side Story tour archives '' , Westsidestory.com Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` ' West Side Story ' National Tour to Launch in October '' Archived March 12 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill , February 5 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Grammy Award - Winning Smash Hit ' West Side Story ' Launches National Tour at Detroit 's Fisher Theatre '' Archived July 8 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , broadwayindetroit.com , September 16 , 2010 , accessed August 18 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Ross Lekites , Evy Ortiz Join Cast of WEST SIDE STORY National Tour '' . Broadwayworld.com . October 3 , 2011 . Retrieved February 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Photo Flash : New Cast Joins WEST SIDE STORY National Tour ! '' . Broadwayworld.com . October 28 , 2011 . Retrieved February 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Troika Entertainment Launches National Tour of WEST SIDE STORY at Paramount Arts Center '' . broadwayworld.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mark Rigney . Deaf Side Story : Deaf Sharks , Hearing Jets , and a Classic American Musical . Book description Jump up ^ `` AusStage - West Side Story '' . www.ausstage.edu.au . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ Ouzounian , Richard ( June 8 , 2009 ) . `` This Story achieves greatness '' . The Star . Toronto . Jump up ^ `` ' West Side Story ' News , Bregenz Festival '' , westsidestory.com , accessed August 18 , 2011 Jump up ^ Information about the translation ( in French only ) westsidestory08.com , Archived September 26 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` ' West Side Story ' at the Meralco Theater this September '' Archived September 5 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , Thefilipinoweb , July 2 , 2008 , accessed August 18 , 2011 Jump up ^ Lash , Larry ( November 12 , 2007 ) . `` West Side Story '' . Variety . Retrieved August 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Loveridge , Lizzie . `` ' West Side Story ' 50th Anniversary Production '' , Curtain Up , August 1 , 2008 , accessed August 17 , 2008 Jump up ^ Marco Zunino y Rossana Fernández Maldonado protagonizan Amor sin barreras La República Perú , accessed June 1 , 2011 Jump up ^ Kerr , Walter ( September 27 , 1957 ) . `` ' West Side Story ' '' . New York Herald Tribune . Jump up ^ `` Theater : New Musical in Manhattan ( West Side Story ) '' , Time , October 7 , 1957 Jump up ^ Gianoulis , Tina ( January 29 , 2002 ) . `` West Side Story '' . St. James Encyclopedia of Pop Culture . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2012 . Retrieved August 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ See Simeone , Nigel ( 2009 ) `` Leonard Bernstein : West Side Story '' , pp. 85 -- 92 : ' Sid Ramin and Irwin Kostal : Orchestrating the Show ' Jump up ^ Simeone , Nigel ( 2009 ) . Leonard Bernstein , West Side Story . Ashgate Publishing , Ltd . ISBN 0754664848 . Jump up ^ http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/Name/Joanna-Chozen/Performer/98338-2 Jump up ^ http://www.musicweb-international.com/film/2003/Jan03/west_side_story.html Jump up ^ http://www.allmusic.com/album/leonard-bernstein-west-side-story-the-original-score-mw0000631082/credits Jump up ^ Album reviews , Manchester Evening News , 2007 - 08 - 06 , accessed August 13 , 2007 Jump up ^ Tatum , Charles M. ( 2014 ) . Encyclopedia of Latino Culture : From Calaveras to Quinceañeras . ABC - CLIO . p. 741 . ISBN 1440800995 . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Berson , p. 182 Jump up ^ Berson , p. 155 et . seq Jump up ^ `` ' Curb Your Enthusiasm ' , Season 7 , Episode 68 , ' Officer Krupke ' '' , HBO.com , accessed August 19 , 2011 Jump up ^ Futterman , Erica . `` Glee Recap : West Side Story Auditions and the Return of Shelby Corcoran '' , Rolling Stone , September 28 , 2011 , accessed October 4 , 2016 Jump up ^ Cerasaro , Pat . `` World Premiere Exclusive : Glee Takes On West Side Story 's ' Something 's Coming ' With Darren Criss '' , BroadwayWorld.com , September 26 , 2011 , accessed October 4 , 2016 Jump up ^ Hartline , Aaron . `` Ken meets Barbie -- A Toy Side Story '' , aaronhartline.blogspot.com ( blog ) , accessed August 19 , 2011 Jump up ^ Norris , Michele . `` West Bank Story Tells Tale of Star - Crossed Lovers '' , NPR , February 26 , 2007 , accessed October 15 , 2017 Jump up ^ Cohen , Randy . `` Children of Mad : Completely Mad '' , Los Angeles Times , December 1 , 1991 , accessed January 26 , 2017 Jump up ^ Ekemar , Kim . Wild Side Story at Showcase Alexandra 's Stockholm , theatre playbill , January 6 , 1976 , p. 8 ; Stevens , Rob . Data Boy Pacific Southwest , West Hollywood , California , October 26 , 1979 , p. 76 ; Kearns , Michael . San Diego Update ( L.A. Life section ) , November 30 , 1979 , p. 13 ; Norlén , Eva . Aftonbladet , July 21 , 1997 , p. 37 ; Island Connections , Los Cristianos , April 7 , 2000 , p. 2 ; Metro Stockholm , August 2 , 2013 , p. 18 ; and Aftonbladet / Nöjesbladet , August 2 , 2013 , p. 25 Sources ( edit ) Laurents , Arthur ( 2000 ) . Original story by : a memoir of Broadway and Hollywood . New York : Knopf . ISBN 0 - 375 - 40055 - 9 . Berson , Misha ( 2011 ) . Something 's Coming , Something Good : West Side Story and the American Imagination . Applause Theatre & Cinema Books . Further reading ( edit ) Acevedo - Munoz , Ernesto R. ( 2013 ) `` West Side Story '' as Cinema : The Making and Impact of an American Masterpiece , University Press of Kansas Bauch , Marc A. ( 2013 ) Europäische Einflüsse im amerikanischen Musical , Marburg , Germany : Tectum Verlag , ISBN 978 - 3 - 8288 - 3209 - 1 Laurents , Arthur ( 2009 ) . Mainly on directing : Gypsy , West Side Story , and other musicals . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 27088 - 7 . Simeone , Nigel ( 2009 ) Leonard Bernstein : West Side Story , Ashgate , Farnham , ISBN 0 - 7546 - 6484 - 8 Vaill , A. ( 2006 ) Somewhere : The Life of Jerome Robbins , Broadway Books , New York , ISBN 0 - 7679 - 0420 - 6 Wells , Elizabeth A. ( 2010 ) West Side Story : Cultural Perspectives on an American Musical , Scarecrow Press , Lanham , Maryland , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 7666 - 8 Williams , Mary E. ( editor ) ( 2001 ) Readings on West Side Story , Greenhaven Press , San Diego , California , ISBN 0 - 7377 - 0694 - 5 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to West Side Story ( musical ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : West Side Story The Official West Side Story website West Side Story at the Internet Broadway Database West Side Story at the Music Theatre International website West Side Story at The Stephen Sondheim Reference Guide Moving Pictures : West Side Story by Doug Reside , curator at the New York Public Library West Side Story , extensive material at stageagent.com Twelve Jazz Versions of West Side Story at Jazz.com NYC Youth Gangs -- 1950s Musicals and operas of Leonard Bernstein On the Town Peter Pan Trouble in Tahiti Wonderful Town Candide West Side Story 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue A Quiet Place The Race to Urga Musicals by Stephen Sondheim Saturday Night West Side Story Gypsy A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum Anyone Can Whistle Do I Hear a Waltz ? Evening Primrose The Race to Urga Company Follies A Little Night Music The Frogs Pacific Overtures Side by Side by Sondheim Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street Marry Me a Little Merrily We Roll Along Sunday in the Park with George Into the Woods Assassins Putting It Together Passion Road Show Sondheim on Sondheim William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Characters Romeo Juliet Mercutio Tybalt Benvolio Friar Laurence Nurse Paris Rosaline Queen Mab Atomy Sources The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Palace of Pleasure Troilus and Criseyde Ballets Romeo and Juliet ( 1938 , Prokofiev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1962 , Cranko ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , MacMillan ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1977 , Nureyev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , Lavery ) Radio and Juliet ( 2005 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 2007 , Martins ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2008 , Pastor ) Operas Romeo und Julie ( 1776 , Benda ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1796 , Zingarelli ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1825 , Vaccai ) I Capuleti ei Montecchi ( 1830 , Bellini ) Gloria ( 1874 , Cilea ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1867 , Gounod ) A Village Romeo and Juliet ( 1907 , Delius ) Romeo und Julia ( 1940 , Sutermeister ) Musicals The Belle of Mayfair ( 1906 ) West Side Story ( 1957 ) Once on This Island ( 1990 ) Roméo et Juliette , de la Haine à l'Amour ( 2001 ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 2007 ) Classical Beethoven 's String Quartet No. 1 ( c. 1800 ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1839 , Berlioz ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1870 , Tchaikovsky ) On screen 1900 1908 1916 Metro Pictures 1916 Fox 1936 1953 1954 1955 1968 1978 ( TV ) 1992 ( TV ) 2006 2007 2013 Film adaptations English Beneath the 12 - Mile Reef ( 1953 ) Romanoff and Juliet ( 1961 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Gonks Go Beat ( 1965 ) Lonesome Cowboys ( 1968 ) Romie - 0 and Julie - 8 ( TV ; 1979 ) The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet ( 1982 ) Valley Girl ( 1983 ) Bullies ( 1986 ) China Girl ( 1987 ) Romeo. Juliet ( 1990 ) Tromeo and Juliet ( 1996 ) Love Is All There Is ( 1996 ) Rose by Any Other Name ... ( 1997 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns ( 1999 ) Romeo Must Die ( 2000 ) Brooklyn Babylon ( 2001 ) Pizza My Heart ( TV ; 2005 ) West Bank Story ( 2005 ) Life and Lyrics ( 2006 ) Romeo & Juliet : Sealed with a Kiss ( 2006 ) Rome & Jewel ( 2006 ) David & Fatima ( 2008 ) The Cross Road ( 2008 ) Vicious Circle ( 2008 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Private Romeo ( 2011 ) Warm Bodies ( 2013 ) Make Your Move ( 2013 ) Romeo & Juliet ( 2013 ) Hindi Ek Duuje Ke Liye ( 1981 ) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( 1988 ) Saudagar ( 1991 ) Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein ( 2002 ) Bollywood Queen ( 2002 ) Ishaqzaade ( 2012 ) Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram - Leela ( Hindi 2013 ) Issaq ( Hindi 2013 ) Telugu Maro Charitra ( 1978 ) Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi ( 1996 ) Kalisundam Raa ( 2000 ) Maro Charitra ( 2010 ) Spanish Romeo and Juliet ( 1940 ) Los Tarantos ( 1963 ) 30 : e november ( Swedish / Spanish 1995 ) Amar te duele ( 2002 ) Italian Fury of Johnny Kid ( 1967 ) Ma che musica maestro ( 1971 ) Portuguese Mônica e Cebolinha : No Mundo de Romeu e Julieta ( 1979 ) O Casamento de Romeu e Julieta ( 2005 ) Other Ambikapathy ( Tamil 1937 ) Les amants de Vérone ( French 1949 ) Romeo , Juliet and Darkness ( Czech 1960 ) The Phantom Lover ( Mandarin 1995 ) Chicken Rice War ( Cantonese / English 2000 ) Ondagona Baa ( Kannada 2003 ) Mamay ( Ukrainian 2003 ) The District ! ( Hungarian 2004 ) In Fair Palestine : A Story of Romeo and Juliet ( 2006 ) The Bubble ( Hebrew / Arabic 2006 ) Priyatama ( Marathi 2014 ) Arshinagar ( Bengali 2015 ) Eeda ( Malayalam 2017 ) The Sea Prince and the Fire Child ( Japanese 1981 ) TV series Sons and Daughters ( 1982 ) Family and Friends ( 1990 ) Villa Quintana ( 1995 ) Yo amo a Paquita Gallego ( 1998 ) Skin ( 2003 ) A Touch Away ( 2006 ) Dangerous ( 2007 ) Romeo × Juliet ( 2007 ) Romeo y Julieta ( 2007 ) Saints & Sinners ( 2007 ) Harina de otro costal ( 2010 ) Villa Quintana ( 2013 ) Westside ( 2013 pilot ) Star - Crossed ( 2014 ) Still Star - Crossed ( 2017 ) Plays Romanoff and Juliet ( 1956 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2013 ) Songs Lan và Điệp ( 1930s ) `` Montagues and Capulets '' ( 1935 ) `` Fever '' ( 1956 ) Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) `` ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper '' ( 1976 ) `` Angelo '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1981 ) `` Cherish '' ( 1989 ) `` Amor Prohibido '' ( 1994 ) `` Kissing You '' ( 1996 ) `` Exit Music '' ( 1997 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1998 ) `` Starcrossed '' ( 2004 ) `` Peut - être toi '' ( 2006 ) `` Mademoiselle Juliette '' ( 2007 ) `` Love Story '' ( 2008 ) `` Love Me Again '' `` Laal Ishq '' `` Mor Bani Thanghat Kare '' `` Nagada Sang Dhol '' `` Ram Chahe Leela '' ( 2013 ) Albums Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) Romeo & Julia ( 2006 ) Tragic Lovers ( 2008 ) Literature Les Chouans The Wandering Jew ( 1844 ) The Stolen Dormouse ( 1941 ) The Faraway Lurs ( 1963 ) Romiette and Julio ( 2001 ) New Moon ( 2006 ) Warm Bodies ( 2010 ) Art Romeo and Juliet : the Tomb Scene ( 1790 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1978 ) Phrases `` Star - crossed '' `` A rose by any other name would smell as sweet '' Story within a story Nicholas Nickleby 1912 film 1947 film 1980 play 2001 film 2002 film The Picture of Dorian Gray 1910 film 1913 film 1915 film 1916 film 1917 film 1918 film 1945 film 1976 TV special 2009 film Harlequinade W Juliet `` Nothing Broken but My Heart '' Panic Button Bare : A Pop Opera `` '' Into the Light '' Bolji život The Sky Is Everywhere Pay as You Exit The White Mercedes She Died a Lady `` Moonshine River '' Rendez - vous Fame `` I Am Unicorn '' The Frog Prince Molly Smart Girls Get What They Want Tumbleweeds `` The Thief of Baghead '' The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke Prince Charming Km. 0 Phileine Says Sorry Hamateur Night `` Say You 'll Be Mine '' Into the Gauntlet Wandering Son K - On ! Foreign stories Adam Khan and Durkhanai Tum Teav Yusuf Khan and Sherbano Solomon & Gaenor Butterfly Lovers Hani and Sheh Mureed Lục Vân Tiên film Teav Aek Layla and Majnun Lovers of Teruel film Lord Saltoun and Auchanachie Ishaqzaade Other Such Tweet Sorrow Romeo and Juliet effect After Juliet `` Upper West Side Story '' ( 2012 ) Millennium Dome Show Inge Sylten and Heinz Drosihn Boys Do n't Cry My Wedding and Other Secrets Donkey in Lahore Upside Down Letters to Juliet Sherlock Gnomes Book : Romeo and Juliet Arthur Laurents , Leonard Bernstein and Stephen Sondheim 's West Side Story ( 1957 ) Characters Maria Inspiration William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Adaptations West Side Story ( 1961 film ) West Side Story Suite ( 1995 ballet ) Variations Deaf Side Story ( c. 2002 musical ) Swango ( 2002 musical ) West Bank Story ( 2005 parody film ) Boogie Town ( 2012 film ) Songs Act 1 `` Something 's Coming '' `` Maria '' `` Tonight '' `` America '' `` Cool '' `` One Hand , One Heart '' `` Tonight ( Quintet & Chorus ) '' Act 2 `` I Feel Pretty '' `` Somewhere '' `` A Boy Like That '' Albums West Side Story ( 1957 original cast ) West Side Story ( 1959 Previn ) West Side Story ( 1961 soundtrack ) West Side Story ( 1961 Tjader ) Bernstein Plays Brubeck Plays Bernstein ( 1961 Brubeck Quartet ) West Side Story ( 1962 Peterson Trio ) Kenton 's West Side Story ( 1962 Kenton ) Toshiko -- Mariano Quartet ( in West Side ) ( 1963 Akiyoshi ) West Side Story ( 1974 Earl Hines ) Related `` The First Time '' `` Upper West Side Story '' Wild Side Story China Girl `` Roses '' Play It Again Josh Superjail ! Works by Arthur Laurents Writer Musicals West Side Story ( 1957 ) Gypsy ( 1959 ) Anyone Can Whistle ( 1964 ) Do I Hear a Waltz ? ( 1965 ) Hallelujah , Baby ! ( 1967 ) The Madwoman of Central Park West ( 1979 ) Nick & Nora ( 1991 ) Plays Home of the Brave ( 1945 ) The Time of the Cuckoo ( 1952 ) Films Rope ( 1948 ) Caught ( 1949 ) Anastasia ( 1956 ) Bonjour Tristesse ( 1958 ) The Way We Were ( 1973 ) The Turning Point ( 1977 ) Director I Can Get It for You Wholesale ( 1962 ) Anyone Can Whistle ( 1964 ) Gypsy ( 1974 ) The Madwoman of Central Park West ( 1979 ) La Cage aux Folles ( 1983 ) Birds of Paradise ( 1987 ) Gypsy ( 1989 ) Nick & Nora ( 1991 ) Gypsy ( 2008 ) West Side Story ( 2009 ) New York City portal Dance portal VIAF : 184912960 GND : 300019726 BNF : cb13908546r ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Side_Story&oldid=821408992 '' Categories : 1957 musicals Broadway musicals Modern adaptations of works by William Shakespeare Musicals based on plays Musicals by Leonard Bernstein Musicals by Stephen Sondheim Plays and musicals based on Romeo and Juliet Plays set in New York City Plays set in the 1950s West End musicals Musicals directed by Jerome Robbins Musicals choreographed by Jerome Robbins Teen musicals Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Italian - language external links Use mdy dates from March 2013 Articles containing Spanish - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 January 2018 , at 08 : 37 . 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who played the raelettes in the movie ray			Ray ( film )	ray ( film )	Ray is a 2004 American musical biographical film focusing on 30 years in the life of rhythm and blues musician Ray Charles . The independently produced film was written , produced and directed by Taylor Hackford , and stars Jamie Foxx in the title role . Foxx received an Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance as well as the Golden Globe , BAFTA , Screen Actors Guild and Critics ' Choice awards , becoming the second actor to win all five major lead actor awards for the same performance , and the only one to win the Golden Globe in the Musical or Comedy ( rather than the Drama ) category .	Charles was set to attend an opening of the completed film , but died of liver disease in June , several months before its premiere . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical reaction 5.3 Awards 5.4 Differences from noted events 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Raised on a sharecropping plantation in Northern Florida , Ray Charles Robinson went blind at the age of seven , shortly after witnessing his younger brother drown . Inspired by a fiercely independent mother who insisted he make his own way in the world , Charles found his calling and his gift behind a piano keyboard . Touring across the chitlin circuit , the soulful singer gained a reputation before exploding onto the worldwide stage when he pioneered the incorporation of rhythm and blues , rock and roll , gospel , country , jazz and orchestral influences into his inimitable style . Cast ( edit ) Jamie Foxx as Ray Charles C.J. Sanders as Young Ray Robinson Sharon Warren as Ray Charles ' mother , Aretha Robinson . Kerry Washington as Della Bea Robinson Regina King as Margie Hendricks Renee Wilson as Pat Lyle Larenz Tate as Quincy Jones Harry Lennix as Joe Adams Clifton Powell as Jeff Brown Curtis Armstrong as Ahmet Ertegun Richard Schiff as Jerry Wexler Kurt Fuller as Sam Clark Richard A. Smith as Til Patrick Bauchau as Dr. Hacker Terrence Dashon Howard as Gossie McKee Chris Thomas King as Lowell Fulson Wendell Pierce as Wilbur Brassfield Tequan Richmond as Ray Charles , Jr Bokeem Woodbine as David `` Fathead '' Newman Aunjanue Ellis as Mary Ann Fisher Denise Dowse as Marlene Andres Warwick Davis as Oberon David Krumholtz as Milt Shaw Johnny O'Neal as Art Tatum Rick Gomez as Tom Dowd Production ( edit ) The film 's production was entirely financed by Philip Anschutz , through his Bristol Bay Productions company . Taylor Hackford said in a DVD bonus feature that it took 15 years to make the film ; or more specifically , as he later clarified in the liner notes of the soundtrack album , this is how long it took him to secure the financing . It was made on a budget of $40 million . Charles was given a Braille copy of the film 's original script ; he objected only to a scene showing him taking up piano grudgingly , and a scene implying that Charles had shown mistress and lead `` Raelette '' Margie Hendricks how to shoot heroin . Ray debuted at the 2004 Toronto International Film Festival . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Ray ( soundtrack ) The following songs were used in the film : `` Every Day I Have the Blues '' `` Baby , Let Me Hold Your Hand '' `` Mess Around '' `` I Got a Woman '' `` Hallelujah , I Love Her So '' `` Drown in My Own Tears '' `` Mary Ann '' `` Leave My Woman Alone '' `` What Kind of Man Are You ? '' `` Night Time Is the Right Time '' `` I Believe To My Soul '' `` What 'd I Say '' `` Georgia on My Mind '' `` Hit the Road Jack '' `` Unchain My Heart '' `` You Do n't Know Me '' `` I Ca n't Stop Loving You '' `` Bye Bye Love '' `` Born to Lose '' `` Hard Times ( No One Knows Better Than I ) '' Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Ray was released in theaters on October 29 , 2004 . The film went on to become a box - office hit , earning $75 million in the U.S. with an additional $50 million internationally , bringing its worldwide gross to $125 million . Critical reaction ( edit ) The film received mostly positive reviews , with most of the praise going to Jamie Foxx 's performance for which he was awarded the Academy Award for Best Actor . The film did receive some negative reviews , with critics complaining that the film suffered from a mediocre screenplay which was buoyed by powerful performances . As of March 2014 , Ray has a certified fresh rating of 81 % based on 197 reviews at Rotten Tomatoes , with Critics Consensus say it 's `` An engrossing and energetic portrait of a great musician 's achievements and foibles , Ray is anchored by Jamie Foxx 's stunning performance as Ray Charles . '' According to music critic Robert Christgau , `` Foxx does the impossible -- radiates something approaching the charisma of the artist he 's portraying ... that 's the only time an actor has ever brought a pop icon fully to life on - screen . '' Awards ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Ray ( film ) Differences from noted events ( edit ) The film 's credits state that Ray is based on true events , but includes some characters , names , locations , and events which have been changed and others which have been `` fictionalized for dramatization purposes . '' Examples of the fictionalized scenes include : The film 's portrayal of Charles ' brother George 's death in 1935 shows him drowning in a metal tub after Ray does n't attempt to rescue him because he assumes he is just playing ; Ray 's mother then discovers George drowning when calling the boys in for dinner . Though George did drown in a metal tub , Ray did try to pull him out , but was unable to do so due to George 's large body weight ; Ray then ran inside to tell his mother what happened . In the studio scene when Charles is taught the `` Mess Around , '' he is told it is in the `` key of G '' , but the `` Mess Around '' is actually in the key of E flat . In the film , when he arrives in Seattle at the club where he is going to audition , Ray meets a teenage Quincy Jones that very night . This event is only partly true , as Ray actually met Quincy a few days after arriving . Throughout the film , it is suggested that Ray 's depression and heroin addiction were fueled by nervous breakdowns he had over the deaths of both George and his mother , as well as his blindness . In reality , the death of his mother did give him a nervous breakdown and was thought to be a leading cause of his depression , but the death of George and his blindness did not lead to nervous breakdowns . It is true that Charles kicked his heroin addiction after undergoing treatment in a psychiatric hospital during 1965 , as stated towards the end of the film , but it is not mentioned that he would often use gin and marijuana as substitutes for heroin throughout much of the remaining years of his life . In the scene in which `` What 'd I Say '' is being played , Charles is depicted as playing a Fender Rhodes electric piano , but in reality , he used a Wurlitzer electric piano on the original recording and begun using it on tour in 1956 , because he did n't trust the tuning and quality of the pianos provided to him at every venue . In the film , when his backing singer and mistress Margie Hendricks informs Ray she is pregnant with his child , Ray suggests she should have an abortion , out of loyalty to Della ; Margie decides to keep the baby and soon leaves Ray to pursue a separate singing career after he refuses to abandon his family , move in with her and welcome the baby into his life . In reality , Hendricks did conceive a child with Charles and abandoned him after he refused to leave Della , but Charles never asked her to have an abortion , and welcomed any child he conceived , whether from Della or any mistress , into his personal life . The film shows Ray having a party in Los Angeles sometime in 1965 when he is informed that Margie has died of a drug overdose , and he is devastated by the tragedy . In reality , her death from an alleged drug overdose did reportedly upset Charles , but it did not occur until 1973 . In the scene in which Charles is about to enter a segregated music hall in Augusta , Georgia , in 1962 , a group of civil rights activists protesting just outside the hall successfully persuade him not to perform ; Charles then declares that he will no longer perform in segregated public facilities and in response , the Georgia state legislature passes a resolution banning Charles from ever performing again in the state . In reality , a group of civil rights activists did successfully persuade Charles to reject this invitation , but the advice came in the form of a telegram rather than a street protest ; Charles also did make up for the gig later , and was never banned from performing in Georgia and still accepted invitations to perform at segregated public facilities . During the final scene in the film , when Charles ' version of `` Georgia on My Mind '' becomes Georgia 's state song , Charles is congratulated by his wife Della , and a resolution is also passed to lift the lifetime ban he had received in 1962 after he declared he would no longer perform at segregated public facilities . In reality , by the time `` Georgia on My Mind '' became Georgia 's state song in 1979 , Charles and Delia had already divorced , so she was n't present when Charles performed at the Georgia State Legislature ; and since he had never been banned from performing in Georgia in the first place , no such resolution was ever passed . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Ray ( 2004 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved March 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Director Taylor Hackford noted this focus on the years 1935 -- 1965 in his DVD commentary for the film ; the only exception to this focus is the film 's final scene featuring Julian Bond and set in the Georgia State Capitol in 1979 , a scene Hackford included at Charles ' specific request . ^ Jump up to : `` Music legend Ray Charles dies at 73 '' . AP Associated Press . October 10 , 2004 . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ray ( 2004 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixter . Retrieved March 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert ( July 5 , 2005 ) . `` All This Useless Beauty '' . The Village Voice . New York . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charles , Ray ( 1930 -- 2004 ) -- HistoryLink.org '' . www.historylink.org . ^ Jump up to : Ritz , David ( 22 October 2004 ) . `` It 's a Shame About Ray '' -- via Slate . ^ Jump up to : `` History in the Movies '' . www.stfrancis.edu . Jump up ^ Evans , p. 109 . Jump up ^ http://married.answers.com/famous-couples/the-truth-about-margie-hendricks-death External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Ray ( film ) Official website Ray on IMDb Ray at the TCM Movie Database Ray at AllMovie Ray at Box Office Mojo Ray at Rotten Tomatoes Taylor Hackford 's Unchained Art , an October 2004 article from the Washington Post It 's a shame about Ray , a review at Slate Magazine that lists factual inaccuracies Ray Charles Studio albums Atlantic Ray Charles ( Hallelujah , I Love Her So ) The Great Ray Charles Yes Indeed ! Soul Brothers What 'd I Say The Genius of Ray Charles The Genius Sings the Blues Soul Meeting The Genius After Hours True to Life Love & Peace Ai n't It So Brother Ray Is at It Again ABC The Genius Hits the Road Dedicated to You Ray Charles and Betty Carter Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music , Vol. 2 Ingredients in a Recipe for Soul Sweet & Sour Tears Have a Smile with Me Together Again / Country and Western Meets Rhythm and Blues Crying Time Ray 's Moods Ray Charles Invites You to Listen A Portrait of Ray I 'm All Yours Baby ! Doing His Thing My Kind of Jazz Love Country Style Volcanic Action of My Soul Jazz Number II A Message From The People Through The Eyes Of Love Crossover Renaissance My Kind of Jazz Part 3 Columbia Wish You Were Here Tonight Do I Ever Cross Your Mind Friendship The Spirit of Christmas From the Pages of My Mind Just Between Us Warner Bros . Would You Believe My World Strong Love Affair Other labels Genius + Soul = Jazz Porgy and Bess Thanks for Bringing Love Around Again Genius Loves Company Posthumous studio creations Genius & Friends Ray Sings , Basie Swings Rare Genius Live albums Ray Charles at Newport Ray Charles in Person Live in Concert Ray Charles Live Notable compilations Do the Twist ! with Ray Charles Ray Charles Greatest Hits A Man and His Soul The Best of Ray Charles Anthology The Birth of Soul Genius and Soul Ray Charles in Concert Billboard Hot 100 Top 10 Singles `` What 'd I Say '' `` Georgia on My Mind '' `` Hit the Road Jack '' `` One Mint Julep '' `` Unchain My Heart '' `` I Ca n't Stop Loving You '' `` You Do n't Know Me '' `` You Are My Sunshine '' `` Busted '' `` Take These Chains from My Heart '' `` Crying Time '' Other Billboard Charts # 1 singles `` I Got a Woman '' `` A Fool for You '' `` Mary Ann '' `` Drown in My Own Tears '' `` Together Again '' `` Let 's Go Get Stoned '' `` Seven Spanish Angels '' `` I 'll Be Good to You '' Grammy Awarded Works ( not included above ) `` Let The Good Times Roll '' `` Living for the City '' `` A Song for You '' `` Heaven Help Us All '' `` Here We Go Again '' See also Discography David `` Fathead '' Newman Fathead / Ray Charles Sextet Hank Crawford The Raelettes Ray ( soundtrack ) Quincy Jones The Blues Brothers Here We Go Again : Celebrating the Genius of Ray Charles Tribute to Uncle Ray `` Confession Blues '' Diet Pepsi Book Commons Wikiquote Films directed by Taylor Hackford Teenage Father ( 1978 ) The Idolmaker ( 1980 ) An Officer and a Gentleman ( 1982 ) Against All Odds ( 1984 ) White Nights ( 1985 ) Hail ! Hail ! Rock ' n ' Roll ( 1987 ) Everybody 's All - American ( 1988 ) Blood In Blood Out ( 1993 ) Dolores Claiborne ( 1995 ) The Devil 's Advocate ( 1997 ) Proof of Life ( 2000 ) Ray ( 2004 ) Love Ranch ( 2010 ) Parker ( 2013 ) The Comedian ( 2016 ) NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Motion Picture 1972 -- 2000 Lady Sings the Blues ( 1972 ) Let 's Do It Again ( 1976 ) The Greatest ( 1978 ) Fame ( 1980 ) Bustin ' Loose ( 1981 ) An Officer and a Gentleman ( 1982 ) A Soldier 's Story ( 1985 ) The Color Purple ( 1986 ) Lethal Weapon ( 1987 ) Coming to America ( 1988 ) Lean on Me ( 1989 ) Glory ( 1990 ) Boyz n the Hood ( 1992 ) Sister Act ( 1993 ) Malcolm X ( 1994 ) Waiting to Exhale ( 1996 ) A Time to Kill ( 1997 ) Soul Food ( 1998 ) How Stella Got Her Groove Back ( 1999 ) The Best Man ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Remember the Titans ( 2001 ) Ali ( 2002 ) Antwone Fisher ( 2003 ) The Fighting Temptations ( 2004 ) Ray ( 2005 ) Crash ( 2006 ) The Pursuit of Happyness ( 2007 ) The Great Debaters ( 2008 ) The Secret Life of Bees ( 2009 ) Precious ( 2010 ) For Colored Girls ( 2011 ) The Help ( 2012 ) Red Tails ( 2013 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2014 ) Selma ( 2015 ) Straight Outta Compton ( 2016 ) Hidden Figures ( 2017 ) Black Reel Award for Outstanding Film 2000 - 2009 The Hurricane ( 2000 ) Love & Basketball ( 2001 ) Training Day ( 2002 ) Antwone Fisher ( 2003 ) Out of Time ( 2004 ) Ray ( 2005 , drama ) Lightning in a Bottle ( 2005 , comedy / musical ) Crash ( 2006 ) Dreamgirls ( 2007 ) Cadillac Records ( 2008 ) no awards in 2009 2010 - present Precious ( 2010 ) Night Catches Us ( 2011 ) The Help ( 2012 ) Beasts of the Southern Wild ( 2013 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2014 ) Selma ( 2015 ) Creed ( 2016 ) Moonlight ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_(film)&oldid=799891156 '' Categories : 2004 films English - language films 2000s drama films African - American musical films American biographical films American independent films American musical drama films American films Best Musical or Comedy Picture Golden Globe winners Biographical films about musicians Films about blind people Films about pianos and pianists Films directed by Taylor Hackford Films featuring a Best Actor Academy Award - winning performance Films featuring a Best Musical or Comedy Actor Golden Globe winning performance Films set in the 1930s Films set in the 1940s Films set in the 1950s Films set in the 1960s Films set in the 1970s Films set in the 1980s Films shot in New Orleans Films that won the Best Sound Mixing Academy Award Musical films based on actual events Ray Charles Universal Pictures films Films about drugs Film scores by Craig Armstrong ( composer ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 12 : 42 . 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where was the first oil well drilled in oklahoma	The First Oil Well in Oklahoma was drilled in 1885 in Atoka County , Choctaw Nation , Indian Territory , though it was not completed until 1888 .	Atoka County , Choctaw Nation , Indian Territory	First oil well in Oklahoma	first oil well in oklahoma	The First Oil Well in Oklahoma was drilled in 1885 in Atoka County , Choctaw Nation , Indian Territory , though it was not completed until 1888 .	The First Oil Well in Oklahoma ( also known as Old Faucett Well ) is a historic oil well site near the present Wapanucka , Johnston County , Oklahoma . It was drilled by Dr. H.W. Faucett , who started work in 1885 on Choctaw land for the Choctaw Oil and Refining Company , but the 1,414 - foot ( 431 m ) well was not completed until 1888 . A small amount of oil and gas was produced , but not in commercially usable quantity . The well was abandoned after Faucett fell ill and died later in 1888 . The first commercially productive well in Indian Territory was the Nellie Johnstone No. 1 well near Bartlesville , Oklahoma ( then in the Cherokee Nation ) , drilled in 1897 . The well was added to the National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) in 1972 . The capped well casing is the well 's only remnant . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Drilling operation 3 End of the Choctaw project 4 Notes 5 References Background ( edit ) The presence of oil in Indian Territory had been observed for many years , usually as natural seepage from the ground . Oklahoma Historian Muriel H. Wright described an incident in 1859 , in which Lewis Ross , the brother of Cherokee Chief John Ross , attempted to drill a deep water well for the salt works he owned in the Cherokee Nation . Instead , the well hit an oil formation . She reported that production was estimated at ten barrels a day for nearly a year . Production stopped when gas pressure in the formation dropped too low to continue the flow . According to the NRHP submission , Dr. H.W. Faucett , a resident of New York , was one of the first businessmen to recognize the potential of oil as a fuel in Indian Territory . He wrote the following letter to Rev. Allen Wright , Governor of the Choctaw Nation in Indian Territory , dated December 12 , 1883 , proposing terms for exploiting this resource . ... It would be impossible to interest capital in the work unless there was some agreement as to the extent of territory that could be had and the specified royalty ; it would not do to wait until petroleum was found . You will please write me fully and explicitly as to what can be done in both the Choctaw and Chickasaw nations . Say if you think the exclusive privilege can be had , also the pipe line privilege for transporting oil . '' Allen Wright evidently approved the proposal in principle and passed it on to the tribal council . On October 23 , 1883 , the council approved creating the `` ... Choctaw Oil and Refining Company , for the purpose of finding petroleum or rock oil , and increasing the revenue of the Choctaw Nation . '' The authorizations ( basically concessions ) gave exclusive rights for producing , transporting and refining in both nations ... an larea of nearly 20,000 square miles ( 52,000 km ) . Muriel Wright reported that Dr. Eliphalet Nott Wright , then president of the Choctaw and Refining Company , enthusiastically backed Faucett . On several occasions when funds ran dangerously low , Dr. Wright supplied his own money to pay the workers and keep the well digging work going . This calmed the fears of other important Choctaws that Faucett was at fault for delaying completion of the well . Drilling operation ( edit ) Faucett 's crew erected a drilling rig on Choctaw land near Clear Boggy Creek in late 1885 . The actual drilling operation was a very slow operation because all supplies had to be shipped by railroad from St. Louis to Atoka , then loaded onto oxcarts and driven 14 miles ( 23 km ) to the job site . Poor lines of communications with Faucett 's backers in the East slowed the delivery of funds , further hampering progress . Construction of the Choctaw well apparently did not begin until after August 1885 . By that time , members of both the Choctaw and Cherokee companies were complaining openly about the delays . Faucett explained to the Choctaw company that everything was ready to begin . However , the Cherokee operation , which had been approved a few months after the Choctaw agreements , would be started later . So , the Cherokee council repealed its 1884 act , effectively canceling their part of the project . On receiving this news , Faucett 's New York backers , also backed out of the deal . That forced Faucett to find new financial backing in St. Louis . When Robert L. Owen tried to get the Cherokee council to reinstate the project in the following year , he found that both the Cherokees and the St. Louis backers had lost interest , so the Cherokee well was never resumed . End of the Choctaw project ( edit ) The Choctaw project continued as promised , without unnecessary delays . Finally , the hole reached a depth of 1,414 feet ( 431 m ) , when the well started showing both oil and gas . Faucett became ill at the jobsite just as work was being completed . He rushed to his home in Neosho , Missouri to seek medical treatment , but died shortly after . Evidently , all other parties to the project felt they could not continue without him , so the Choctaw Oil Company capped the well , abandoned the site and went out of business . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Faucett had also contacted the Cherokee Nation with similar arrangement for drilling on its lands . The Cherokee Council approved his proposal on December 13 , 1884 . Jump up ^ Dr. E.N. Wright was the son of Rev. Allen Wright ( and the uncle of Muriel Wright ) Jump up ^ Robert L. Owen was an influential Cherokee , who became one of Oklahoma 's first two U.S. Senators immediately after statehood in 1907 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : National Park Service ( 2010 - 07 - 09 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . ^ Jump up to : Ruth , Kent ( August 1971 ) . `` National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form : First Oil Well in Oklahoma '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Retrieved 9 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Wright , Muriel H. `` First Oklahoma Oil was Produced in 1859 . '' Chronicles of Oklahoma . Vol. 4 , No. 4 . December , 1926 . Accessed August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wright , Muriel H. `` A Brief Review of the Life of Doctor Eliphalet Nott Wright ( 1858 - 1932 ) . '' Chronicles of Oklahoma . Vol. 10 , No. 2 , June 1932 . ) Accessed August 19 , 2016 ( hide ) U.S. National Register of Historic Places Topics Architectural style categories Contributing property Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places Keeper of the Register National Park Service Property types Lists by states Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Lists by insular areas American Samoa Guam Minor Outlying Islands Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Lists by associated states Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Other areas District of Columbia Morocco Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Oil_Well_in_Oklahoma&oldid=825203847 '' Categories : Oil wells in Oklahoma Energy infrastructure completed in 1888 Buildings and structures in Atoka County , Oklahoma Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Oklahoma National Register of Historic Places in Atoka County , Oklahoma Pre-statehood history of Oklahoma 1885 in Indian Territory Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018 , at 01 : 46 . 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scramble and partition of east africa in the 19th century			Scramble for Africa	scramble for africa	The Scramble for Africa was the occupation , division , and colonisation of African territory by European powers during the period of New Imperialism , between 1881 and 1914 . It is also called the Partition of Africa and by some the Conquest of Africa . In 1870 , only 10 percent of Africa was under formal European control ; by 1914 it had increased to almost 90 percent of the continent , with only Ethiopia ( Abyssinia ) , the Dervish state ( a portion of present - day Somalia ) and Liberia still being independent . There were multiple motivations including the quest for national prestige , tensions between pairs of European powers , religious missionary zeal and internal African native politics .	The Berlin Conference of 1884 , which regulated European colonisation and trade in Africa , is usually referred to as the ultimate point of the scramble for Africa . Consequent to the political and economic rivalries among the European empires in the last quarter of the 19th century , the partitioning , or splitting up of Africa was how the Europeans avoided warring amongst themselves over Africa . The later years of the 19th century saw the transition from `` informal imperialism '' ( hegemony ) , by military influence and economic dominance , to direct rule , bringing about colonial imperialism . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Causes 2.1 Africa and global markets 2.2 Strategic rivalry 2.2. 1 Germany 's Weltpolitik 2.2. 2 Italy 's expansion 3 Crises prior to World War I 3.1 Colonisation of the Congo 3.2 Suez Canal 3.3 Berlin Conference ( 1884 -- 85 ) 3.4 Britain 's administration of Egypt and South Africa 3.5 Moroccan Crisis 3.6 Dervish resistance 3.7 Herero Wars and the Maji - Maji Rebellion 4 Colonial encounter 4.1 Colonial consciousness and exhibitions 4.1. 1 Colonial lobby 4.1. 2 Colonial propaganda and jingoism 4.1. 2.1 Colonial exhibitions 4.2 Countering disease 4.3 Slavery abolition 5 Colonialism leading to World War I 6 African colonies listed by colonising power 6.1 Belgium 6.2 France 6.3 Germany 6.4 Italy 6.5 Portugal 6.6 Spain 6.7 United Kingdom 6.8 Independent states 6.9 Modern Scramble for Africa 6.10 Petro - states 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Background ( edit ) David Livingstone , early explorer of the interior of Africa and fighter against the slave trade By 1840 European powers had established small trading posts along the coast , but seldom moved inland . In the middle decades of the 19th century , European explorers had mapped areas of East Africa and Central Africa . Even as late as the 1870s , European states still controlled only ten percent of the African continent , with all their territories located near the coast . The most important holdings were Angola and Mozambique , held by Portugal ; the Cape Colony , held by the United Kingdom ; and Algeria , held by France . By 1914 , only Ethiopia and Liberia remained independent of European control . Technological advances facilitated European expansion overseas . Industrialisation brought about rapid advancements in transportation and communication , especially in the forms of steamships , railways and telegraphs . Medical advances also played an important role , especially medicines for tropical diseases . The development of quinine , an effective treatment for malaria , made vast expanses of the tropics more accessible for Europeans . Causes ( edit ) Africa and global markets ( edit ) Comparison of Africa in the years 1880 and 1913 Sub-Saharan Africa , one of the last regions of the world largely untouched by `` informal imperialism '' , was also attractive to Europe 's ruling elites for economic , political and social reasons . During a time when Britain 's balance of trade showed a growing deficit , with shrinking and increasingly protectionist continental markets due to the Long Depression ( 1873 -- 96 ) , Africa offered Britain , Germany , France , and other countries an open market that would garner them a trade surplus : a market that bought more from the colonial power than it sold overall . Surplus capital was often more profitably invested overseas , where cheap materials , limited competition , and abundant raw materials made a greater premium possible . Another inducement for imperialism arose from the demand for raw materials , especially copper , cotton , rubber , palm oil , cocoa , diamonds , tea , and tin , to which European consumers had grown accustomed and upon which European industry had grown dependent . Additionally , Britain wanted the southern and eastern coasts of Africa for stopover ports on the route to Asia and its empire in India . However , in Africa -- excluding the area which became the Union of South Africa in 1910 -- the amount of capital investment by Europeans was relatively small , compared to other continents . Consequently , the companies involved in tropical African commerce were relatively small , apart from Cecil Rhodes 's De Beers Mining Company . Rhodes had carved out Rhodesia for himself ; Léopold II of Belgium later , and with considerable brutality , exploited the Congo Free State . These events might detract from the pro-imperialist arguments of colonial lobbyists such as the Alldeutscher Verband , Francesco Crispi and Jules Ferry , who argued that sheltered overseas markets in Africa would solve the problems of low prices and over-production caused by shrinking continental markets . John A. Hobson argued in Imperialism that this shrinking of continental markets was a key factor of the global `` New Imperialism '' period . William Easterly , however , disagrees with the link made between capitalism and imperialism , arguing that colonialism is used mostly to promote state - led development rather than `` corporate '' development . He has stated that `` imperialism is not so clearly linked to capitalism and the free markets ... historically there has been a closer link between colonialism / imperialism and state - led approaches to development . '' Strategic rivalry ( edit ) Contemporary illustration of Major Marchand 's trek across Africa in 1898 The rivalry between Britain , France , Germany , and the other European powers accounts for a large part of the colonization . While tropical Africa was not a large zone of investment , other overseas regions were . The vast interior between Egypt and the gold and diamond - rich southern Africa had strategic value in securing the flow of overseas trade . Britain was under political pressure to secure lucrative markets against encroaching rivals in China and its eastern colonies , most notably India , Malaya , Australia and New Zealand . Thus , it was crucial to secure the key waterway between East and West -- the Suez Canal . However , a theory that Britain sought to annex East Africa during the 1880 onwards , out of geostrategic concerns connected to Egypt ( especially the Suez Canal ) , has been challenged by historians such as John Darwin ( 1997 ) and Jonas F. Gjersø ( 2015 ) . The scramble for African territory also reflected concern for the acquisition of military and naval bases , for strategic purposes and the exercise of power . The growing navies , and new ships driven by steam power , required coaling stations and ports for maintenance . Defense bases were also needed for the protection of sea routes and communication lines , particularly of expensive and vital international waterways such as the Suez Canal . Colonies were also seen as assets in `` balance of power '' negotiations , useful as items of exchange at times of international bargaining . Colonies with large native populations were also a source of military power ; Britain and France used large numbers of British Indian and North African soldiers , respectively , in many of their colonial wars ( and would again be utilised in the coming World Wars ) . In the age of nationalism there was pressure for a nation to acquire an empire as a status symbol ; the idea of `` greatness '' became linked with the sense of duty underlying many nations ' strategies . In the early 1880s , Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza was exploring the Kingdom of Kongo for France , at the same time Henry Morton Stanley explored it on behalf of Léopold II of Belgium , who would have it as his personal Congo Free State ( see section below ) . France occupied Tunisia in May 1881 , which may have convinced Italy to join the German - Austrian Dual Alliance in 1882 , thus forming the Triple Alliance . The same year , Britain occupied Egypt ( hitherto an autonomous state owing nominal fealty to the Ottoman Empire ) , which ruled over Sudan and parts of Chad , Eritrea , and Somalia . In 1884 , Germany declared Togoland , the Cameroons and South West Africa to be under its protection ; and France occupied Guinea . French West Africa ( AOF ) was founded in 1895 , and French Equatorial Africa in 1910 . Germany 's weltpolitik ( edit ) The Askari colonial troops in German East Africa , circa 1906 Germany was hardly a colonial power before the New Imperialism period , but would eagerly participate in this race . Fragmented in various states , Germany was only unified under Prussia 's rule after the 1866 Battle of Königgrätz and the 1870 Franco - Prussian War . A rising industrial power close on the heels of Britain , Germany began its world expansion in the 1880s . After isolating France by the Dual Alliance with Austria - Hungary and then the 1882 Triple Alliance with Italy , Chancellor Otto von Bismarck proposed the 1884 -- 85 Berlin Conference , which set the rules of effective control of a foreign territory . Weltpolitik ( world policy ) was the foreign policy adopted by Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1890 , with the aim of transforming Germany into a global power through aggressive diplomacy , the acquisition of overseas colonies , and the development of a large navy . Some Germans , claiming themselves of Friedrich List 's thought , advocated expansion in the Philippines and Timor ; others proposed to set themselves up in Formosa ( modern Taiwan ) , etc . At the end of the 1870s , these isolated voices began to be relayed by a real imperialist policy , backed by mercantilist thesis . In 1881 , Hübbe - Schleiden , a lawyer , published Deutsche Kolonisation , according to which the `` development of national consciousness demanded an independent overseas policy '' . Pan-Germanism was thus linked to the young nation 's imperialist drives . In the beginning of the 1880s , the Deutscher Kolonialverein was created , and got its own magazine in 1884 , the Kolonialzeitung . This colonial lobby was also relayed by the nationalist Alldeutscher Verband . Generally , Bismarck was opposed to widespread German colonialism , but he had to resign at the insistence of the new German Emperor Wilhelm II on 18 March 1890 . Wilhelm II instead adopted a very aggressive policy of colonisation and colonial expansion . Germany 's expansionism would lead to the Tirpitz Plan , implemented by Admiral von Tirpitz , who would also champion the various Fleet Acts starting in 1898 , thus engaging in an arms race with Britain . By 1914 , they had given Germany the second - largest naval force in the world ( roughly three - fifths the size of the Royal Navy ) . According to von Tirpitz , this aggressive naval policy was supported by the National Liberal Party rather than by the conservatives , implying that imperialism was supported by the rising middle classes . Germany became the third - largest colonial power in Africa . Nearly all of its overall empire of 2.6 million square kilometres and 14 million colonial subjects in 1914 was found in its African possessions of Southwest Africa , Togoland , the Cameroons , and Tanganyika . Following the 1904 Entente cordiale between France and the British Empire , Germany tried to isolate France in 1905 with the First Moroccan Crisis . This led to the 1905 Algeciras Conference , in which France 's influence on Morocco was compensated by the exchange of other territories , and then to the Agadir Crisis in 1911 . Along with the 1898 Fashoda Incident between France and Britain , this succession of international crises reveals the bitterness of the struggle between the various imperialist nations , which ultimately led to World War I . Italy 's expansion ( edit ) Tapestry depicting the Battle of Adwa between Ethiopian and Italian forces Italy took possession of parts of Eritrea in 1870 and 1882 . Following its defeat in the First Italo -- Ethiopian War ( 1895 -- 1896 ) , it acquired Italian Somaliland in 1889 -- 90 and the whole of Eritrea ( 1899 ) . In 1911 , it engaged in a war with the Ottoman Empire , in which it acquired Tripolitania and Cyrenaica ( modern Libya ) . In 1919 Enrico Corradini -- who fully supported the war , and later merged his group in the early fascist party ( PNF ) -- developed the concept of Proletarian Nationalism , supposed to legitimise Italy 's imperialism by a mixture of socialism with nationalism : We must start by recognizing the fact that there are proletarian nations as well as proletarian classes ; that is to say , there are nations whose living conditions are subject ... to the way of life of other nations , just as classes are . Once this is realised , nationalism must insist firmly on this truth : Italy is , materially and morally , a proletarian nation . The Second Italo - Abyssinian War ( 1935 -- 36 ) , ordered by the Fascist Benito Mussolini , would actually be one of the last colonial wars ( that is , intended to colonise a foreign country , as opposed to wars of national liberation ) , occupying Ethiopia -- which had remained the last independent African territory , apart from Liberia . Crises prior to World War I ( edit ) Colonisation of the Congo ( edit ) Henry Morton Stanley David Livingstone 's explorations , carried on by Henry Morton Stanley , excited imaginations with Stanley 's grandiose ideas for colonisation ; but these found little support owing to the problems and scale of action required , except from Léopold II of Belgium , who in 1876 had organised the International African Association ( the Congo Society ) . From 1869 to 1874 , Stanley was secretly sent by Léopold II to the Congo region , where he made treaties with several African chiefs along the Congo River and by 1882 had sufficient territory to form the basis of the Congo Free State . Léopold II personally owned the colony from 1885 and used it as a source of ivory and rubber . Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza in his version of `` native '' dress , photographed by Félix Nadar While Stanley was exploring Congo on behalf of Léopold II of Belgium , the Franco - Italian marine officer Pierre de Brazza travelled into the western Congo basin and raised the French flag over the newly founded Brazzaville in 1881 , thus occupying today 's Republic of the Congo . Portugal , which also claimed the area due to old treaties with the native Kongo Empire , made a treaty with Britain on 26 February 1884 to block off the Congo Society 's access to the Atlantic . By 1890 the Congo Free State had consolidated its control of its territory between Leopoldville and Stanleyville , and was looking to push south down the Lualaba River from Stanleyville . At the same time , the British South Africa Company of Cecil Rhodes was expanding north from the Limpopo River , sending the Pioneer Column ( guided by Frederick Selous ) through Matabeleland , and starting a colony in Mashonaland . To the west , in the land where their expansions would meet , was Katanga , site of the Yeke Kingdom of Msiri . Msiri was the most militarily powerful ruler in the area , and traded large quantities of copper , ivory and slaves -- and rumors of gold reached European ears . The scramble for Katanga was a prime example of the period . Rhodes and the BSAC sent two expeditions to Msiri in 1890 led by Alfred Sharpe , who was rebuffed , and Joseph Thomson , who failed to reach Katanga . Leopold sent four CFS expeditions . First , the Le Marinel Expedition could only extract a vaguely worded letter . The Delcommune Expedition was rebuffed . The well - armed Stairs Expedition was given orders to take Katanga with or without Msiri 's consent . Msiri refused , was shot , and the expedition cut off his head and stuck it on a pole as a `` barbaric lesson '' to the people . The Bia Expedition finished the job of establishing an administration of sorts and a `` police presence '' in Katanga . Thus , the half million square kilometers of Katanga came into Leopold 's possession and brought his African realm up to 2,300,000 square kilometres ( 890,000 sq mi ) , about 75 times larger than Belgium . The Congo Free State imposed such a terror regime on the colonised people , including mass killings and forced labour , that Belgium , under pressure from the Congo Reform Association , ended Leopold II 's rule and annexed it in 1908 as a colony of Belgium , known as the Belgian Congo . Native Congo Free State laborers who failed to meet rubber collection quotas were often punished by having their hands cut off . The brutality of King Leopold II of Belgium in his former colony of the Congo Free State , now the Democratic Republic of the Congo , was well documented ; up to 8 million of the estimated 16 million native inhabitants died between 1885 and 1908 . According to the former British diplomat Roger Casement , this depopulation had four main causes : `` indiscriminate war '' , starvation , reduction of births and diseases . Sleeping sickness ravaged the country and must also be taken into account for the dramatic decrease in population ; it has been estimated that sleeping sickness and smallpox killed nearly half the population in the areas surrounding the lower Congo River . Estimates of the total death toll vary considerably . As the first census did not take place until 1924 , it is difficult to quantify the population loss of the period . Casement 's report set it at three million . William Rubinstein wrote : `` More basically , it appears almost certain that the population figures given by Hochschild are inaccurate . There is , of course , no way of ascertaining the population of the Congo before the twentieth century , and estimates like 20 million are purely guesses . Most of the interior of the Congo was literally unexplored if not inaccessible . '' See Congo Free State for further details including numbers of victims . A similar situation occurred in the neighbouring French Congo . Most of the resource extraction was run by concession companies , whose brutal methods , along with the introduction of disease , resulted in the loss of up to 50 percent of the indigenous population . The French government appointed a commission , headed by de Brazza , in 1905 to investigate the rumoured abuses in the colony . However , de Brazza died on the return trip , and his `` searingly critical '' report was neither acted upon nor released to the public . In the 1920s , about 20,000 forced labourers died building a railroad through the French territory . Suez Canal ( edit ) Main article : Suez Canal Port Said entrance to Suez Canal , showing De Lesseps ' statue French diplomat Ferdinand de Lesseps had obtained many concessions from Isma'il Pasha , the Khedive of Egypt and Sudan , in 1854 -- 56 , to build the Suez Canal . Some sources estimate the workforce at 30,000 , but others estimate that 120,000 workers died over the ten years of construction due to malnutrition , fatigue and disease , especially cholera . Shortly before its completion in 1869 , Khedive Isma'il borrowed enormous sums from British and French bankers at high rates of interest . By 1875 , he was facing financial difficulties and was forced to sell his block of shares in the Suez Canal . The shares were snapped up by Britain , under its Prime Minister , Benjamin Disraeli , who sought to give his country practical control in the management of this strategic waterway . When Isma'il repudiated Egypt 's foreign debt in 1879 , Britain and France seized joint financial control over the country , forcing the Egyptian ruler to abdicate , and installing his eldest son Tewfik Pasha in his place . The Egyptian and Sudanese ruling classes did not relish foreign intervention . During the 1870s , European initiatives against the slave trade caused an economic crisis in northern Sudan , precipitating the rise of Mahdist forces . In 1881 , the Mahdist revolt erupted in Sudan under Muhammad Ahmad , severing Tewfik 's authority in Sudan . The same year , Tewfik suffered an even more perilous rebellion by his own Egyptian army in the form of the Urabi Revolt . In 1882 , Tewfik appealed for direct British military assistance , commencing Britain 's administration of Egypt . A joint British - Egyptian military force ultimately defeated the Mahdist forces in Sudan in 1898 . Thereafter , Britain ( rather than Egypt ) seized effective control of Sudan . Berlin Conference ( 1884 -- 85 ) ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Berlin Conference Otto von Bismarck at the Berlin Conference , 1884 The occupation of Egypt , and the acquisition of the Congo were the first major moves in what came to be a precipitous scramble for African territory . In 1884 , Otto von Bismarck convened the 1884 -- 85 Berlin Conference to discuss the African problem . The diplomats put on a humanitarian façade by condemning the slave trade , prohibiting the sale of alcoholic beverages and firearms in certain regions , and by expressing concern for missionary activities . More importantly , the diplomats in Berlin laid down the rules of competition by which the great powers were to be guided in seeking colonies . They also agreed that the area along the Congo River was to be administered by Léopold II of Belgium as a neutral area , known as the Congo Free State , in which trade and navigation were to be free . No nation was to stake claims in Africa without notifying other powers of its intentions . No territory could be formally claimed prior to being effectively occupied . However , the competitors ignored the rules when convenient and on several occasions war was only narrowly avoided . Britain 's administration of Egypt and South Africa ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Boer child in a British concentration camp during the Second Boer War ( 1899 -- 1902 ) Britain 's administration of Egypt and the Cape Colony contributed to a preoccupation over securing the source of the Nile River . Egypt was overrun by British forces in 1882 ( although not formally declared a protectorate until 1914 , and never an actual colony ) ; Sudan , Nigeria , Kenya and Uganda were subjugated in the 1890s and early 20th century ; and in the south , the Cape Colony ( first acquired in 1795 ) provided a base for the subjugation of neighboring African states and the Dutch Afrikaner settlers who had left the Cape to avoid the British and then founded their own republics . Theophilus Shepstone annexed the South African Republic ( or Transvaal ) in 1877 for the British Empire , after it had been independent for twenty years . In 1879 , after the Anglo - Zulu War , Britain consolidated its control of most of the territories of South Africa . The Boers protested , and in December 1880 they revolted , leading to the First Boer War ( 1880 -- 81 ) . British Prime Minister William Gladstone signed a peace treaty on 23 March 1881 , giving self - government to the Boers in the Transvaal . The Jameson Raid of 1895 was a failed attempt by the British South Africa Company and the Johannesburg Reform Committee to overthrow the Boer government in the Transvaal . The Second Boer War , fought between 1899 and 1902 , was about control of the gold and diamond industries ; the independent Boer republics of the Orange Free State and the South African Republic ( or Transvaal ) were this time defeated and absorbed into the British Empire . The French thrust into the African interior was mainly from the coasts of West Africa ( modern day Senegal ) eastward , through the Sahel along the southern border of the Sahara , a huge desert covering most of present - day Senegal , Mali , Niger , and Chad . Their ultimate aim was to have an uninterrupted colonial empire from the Niger River to the Nile , thus controlling all trade to and from the Sahel region , by virtue of their existing control over the Caravan routes through the Sahara . The British , on the other hand , wanted to link their possessions in Southern Africa ( modern South Africa , Botswana , Zimbabwe , Lesotho , Swaziland , and Zambia ) , with their territories in East Africa ( modern Kenya ) , and these two areas with the Nile basin . Muhammad Ahmad , leader of the Mahdists . This fundamentalist group of Muslim dervishes over-ran much of Sudan and fought British forces . The Sudan ( which in those days included most of present - day Uganda ) was the key to the fulfillment of these ambitions , especially since Egypt was already under British control . This `` red line '' through Africa is made most famous by Cecil Rhodes . Along with Lord Milner , the British colonial minister in South Africa , Rhodes advocated such a `` Cape to Cairo '' empire , linking the Suez Canal to the mineral - rich Southern part of the continent by rail . Though hampered by German occupation of Tanganyika until the end of World War I , Rhodes successfully lobbied on behalf of such a sprawling African empire . If one draws a line from Cape Town to Cairo ( Rhodes 's dream ) , and one from Dakar to the Horn of Africa ( now Ethiopia , Eritrea , Djibouti and Somalia ) , ( the French ambition ) , these two lines intersect somewhere in eastern Sudan near Fashoda , explaining its strategic importance . In short , Britain had sought to extend its East African empire contiguously from Cairo to the Cape of Good Hope , while France had sought to extend its own holdings from Dakar to the Sudan , which would enable its empire to span the entire continent from the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea . A French force under Jean - Baptiste Marchand arrived first at the strategically located fort at Fashoda , soon followed by a British force under Lord Kitchener , commander in chief of the British Army since 1892 . The French withdrew after a standoff and continued to press claims to other posts in the region . In March 1899 , the French and British agreed that the source of the Nile and Congo Rivers should mark the frontier between their spheres of influence . Moroccan Crisis ( edit ) Main articles : First Moroccan Crisis and Second Moroccan Crisis Although the 1884 -- 85 Berlin Conference had set the rules for the Scramble for Africa , it had not weakened the rival imperialists . The 1898 Fashoda Incident , which had seen France and the British Empire on the brink of war , ultimately led to the signature of the Entente Cordiale of 1904 , which countered the influence of the European powers of the Triple Alliance . As a result , the new German Empire decided to test the solidity of such influence , using the contested territory of Morocco as a battlefield . Thus , Kaiser Wilhelm II visited Tangiers on 31 March 1905 and made a speech in favor of Moroccan independence , challenging French influence in Morocco . France 's influence in Morocco had been reaffirmed by Britain and Spain in 1904 . The Kaiser 's speech bolstered French nationalism , and with British support the French foreign minister , Théophile Delcassé , took a defiant line . The crisis peaked in mid-June 1905 , when Delcassé was forced out of the ministry by the more conciliation - minded premier Maurice Rouvier . But by July 1905 Germany was becoming isolated and the French agreed to a conference to solve the crisis . Both France and Germany continued to posture up until the conference , with Germany mobilizing reserve army units in late December and France actually moving troops to the border in January 1906 . The Moroccan Sultan Abdelhafid , who led the resistance to French expansionism during the Agadir Crisis The 1906 Algeciras Conference was called to settle the dispute . Of the thirteen nations present , the German representatives found their only supporter was Austria - Hungary . France had firm support from Britain , the US , Russia , Italy and Spain . The Germans eventually accepted an agreement , signed on 31 May 1906 , whereby France yielded certain domestic changes in Morocco but retained control of key areas . However , five years later the Second Moroccan Crisis ( or Agadir Crisis ) was sparked by the deployment of the German gunboat Panther to the port of Agadir on 1 July 1911 . Germany had started to attempt to surpass Britain 's naval supremacy -- the British navy had a policy of remaining larger than the next two naval fleets in the world combined . When the British heard of the Panther 's arrival in Morocco , they wrongly believed that the Germans meant to turn Agadir into a naval base on the Atlantic . The German move was aimed at reinforcing claims for compensation for acceptance of effective French control of the North African kingdom , where France 's pre-eminence had been upheld by the 1906 Algeciras Conference . In November 1911 a convention was signed under which Germany accepted France 's position in Morocco in return for territory in the French Equatorial African colony of Middle Congo ( now the Republic of the Congo ) . France and Spain subsequently established a full protectorate over Morocco ( 30 March 1912 ) , ending what remained of the country 's formal independence . Furthermore , British backing for France during the two Moroccan crises reinforced the Entente between the two countries and added to Anglo - German estrangement , deepening the divisions that would culminate in the First World War . Dervish resistance ( edit ) Statue of Sayyid Mohammed Abdullah Hassan ( the `` Mad Mullah '' ) , leader of the Dervish State Following the Berlin Conference at the end of the 19th century , the British , Italians , and Ethiopians sought to claim lands owned by the Somalis such as the Warsangali Sultanate , the Ajuran Sultanate and the Gobroon Dynasty . The Dervish State was a state established by Mohammed Abdullah Hassan , a Somali religious leader who gathered Muslim soldiers from across the Horn of Africa and united them into a loyal army known as the Dervishes . This Dervish army enabled Hassan to carve out a powerful state through conquest of lands sought after by the Ethiopians and the European powers . The Dervish State successfully repulsed the British Empire four times and forced it to retreat to the coastal region . Due to these successful expeditions , the Dervish State was recognised as an ally by the Ottoman and German empires . The Turks also named Hassan Emir of the Somali nation , and the Germans promised to officially recognise any territories the Dervishes were to acquire . After a quarter of a century of holding the British at bay , the Dervishes were finally defeated in 1920 as a direct consequence of Britain 's use of aircraft . Herero wars and the Maji - Maji rebellion ( edit ) Main articles : Herero Wars and Maji - Maji Rebellion Surviving Herero , emaciated , after their escape through the Omaheke desert Between 1904 and 1908 , Germany 's colonies in German South - West Africa and German East Africa were rocked by separate , contemporaneous native revolts against their rule . In both territories the threat to German rule was quickly defeated once large - scale reinforcements from Germany arrived , with the Herero rebels in German South - West Africa being defeated at the Battle of Waterberg and the Maji - Maji rebels in German East Africa being steadily crushed by German forces slowly advancing through the countryside , with the natives resorting to guerrilla warfare . German efforts to clear the bush of civilians in German South - West Africa then resulted in a genocide of the population . In total , as many as 65,000 Herero ( 80 % of the total Herero population ) , and 10,000 Namaqua ( 50 % of the total Namaqua population ) either starved , died of thirst , or were worked to death in camps such as Shark Island Concentration Camp between 1904 and 1908 . Characteristic of this genocide was death by starvation and the poisoning of the population 's wells whilst they were trapped in the Namib Desert . Colonial encounter ( edit ) Colonial consciousness and exhibitions ( edit ) Colonial lobby ( edit ) Pygmies and a European . Some pygmies would be exposed in human zoos , such as Ota Benga displayed by eugenicist Madison Grant in the Bronx Zoo . In its earlier stages , imperialism was generally the act of individual explorers as well as some adventurous merchantmen . The colonial powers were a long way from approving without any dissent the expensive adventures carried out abroad . Various important political leaders , such as Gladstone , opposed colonisation in its first years . However , during his second premiership between 1880 and 1885 he could not resist the colonial lobby in his cabinet , and thus did not execute his electoral promise to disengage from Egypt . Although Gladstone was personally opposed to imperialism , the social tensions caused by the Long Depression pushed him to favor jingoism : the imperialists had become the `` parasites of patriotism '' ( John A. Hobson ) . In France , then Radical politician Georges Clemenceau also adamantly opposed himself to it : he thought colonisation was a diversion from the `` blue line of the Vosges '' mountains , that is revanchism and the patriotic urge to reclaim the Alsace - Lorraine region which had been annexed by the German Empire with the 1871 Treaty of Frankfurt . Clemenceau actually made Jules Ferry 's cabinet fall after the 1885 Tonkin disaster . According to Hannah Arendt in The Origins of Totalitarianism ( 1951 ) , this expansion of national sovereignty on overseas territories contradicted the unity of the nation state which provided citizenship to its population . Thus , a tension between the universalist will to respect human rights of the colonised people , as they may be considered as `` citizens '' of the nation state , and the imperialist drive to cynically exploit populations deemed inferior began to surface . Some , in colonising countries , opposed what they saw as unnecessary evils of the colonial administration when left to itself ; as described in Joseph Conrad 's Heart of Darkness ( 1899 ) -- published around the same time as Kipling 's The White Man 's Burden -- or in Louis - Ferdinand Céline 's Journey to the End of the Night ( 1932 ) . Colonial lobbies emerged to legitimise the Scramble for Africa and other expensive overseas adventures . In Germany , France , and Britain , the middle class often sought strong overseas policies to ensure the market 's growth . Even in lesser powers , voices like Enrico Corradini claimed a `` place in the sun '' for so - called `` proletarian nations '' , bolstering nationalism and militarism in an early prototype of fascism . Colonial propaganda and jingoism ( edit ) Colonial exhibitions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Poster for the 1906 Colonial Exhibition in Marseilles ( France ) However , by the end of World War I the colonial empires had become very popular almost everywhere in Europe : public opinion had been convinced of the needs of a colonial empire , although most of the metropolitans would never see a piece of it . Colonial exhibitions had been instrumental in this change of popular mentalities brought about by the colonial propaganda , supported by the colonial lobby and by various scientists . Thus , the conquest of territories were inevitably followed by public displays of the indigenous people for scientific and leisure purposes . Karl Hagenbeck , a German merchant in wild animals and a future entrepreneur of most Europeans zoos , thus decided in 1874 to exhibit Samoa and Sami people as `` purely natural '' populations . In 1876 , he sent one of his collaborators to the newly conquered Egyptian Sudan to bring back some wild beasts and Nubians . Presented in Paris , London , and Berlin these Nubians were very successful . Such `` human zoos '' could be found in Hamburg , Antwerp , Barcelona , London , Milan , New York City , Paris , etc. , with 200,000 to 300,000 visitors attending each exhibition . Tuaregs were exhibited after the French conquest of Timbuktu ( visited by René Caillié , disguised as a Muslim , in 1828 , thereby winning the prize offered by the French Société de Géographie ) ; Malagasy after the occupation of Madagascar ; Amazons of Abomey after Behanzin 's mediatic defeat against the French in 1894 . Not used to the climatic conditions , some of the indigenous exposed died , such as some Galibis in Paris in 1892 . Geoffroy de Saint - Hilaire , director of the Parisian Jardin d'acclimatation , decided in 1877 to organise two `` ethnological spectacles '' , presenting Nubians and Inuit . The public of the Jardin d'acclimatation doubled , with a million paying entrances that year , a huge success for these times . Between 1877 and 1912 , approximately thirty `` ethnological exhibitions '' were presented at the Jardin zoologique d'acclimatation . `` Negro villages '' would be presented in Paris ' 1878 and 1879 World 's Fair ; the 1900 World 's Fair presented the famous diorama `` living '' in Madagascar , while the Colonial Exhibitions in Marseilles ( 1906 and 1922 ) and in Paris ( 1907 and 1931 ) would also display human beings in cages , often nudes or quasi-nudes . Nomadic `` Senegalese villages '' were also created , thus displaying the power of the colonial empire to all the population . In the US , Madison Grant , head of the New York Zoological Society , exposed Pygmy Ota Benga in the Bronx Zoo alongside the apes and others in 1906 . At the behest of Grant , a prominent scientific racist and eugenicist , zoo director Hornaday placed Ota Benga in a cage with an orangutan and labeled him `` The Missing Link '' in an attempt to illustrate Darwinism , and in particular that Africans like Ota Benga are closer to apes than were Europeans . Other colonial exhibitions included the 1924 British Empire Exhibition and the successful 1931 Paris `` Exposition coloniale '' . Countering disease ( edit ) From the beginning of the 20th century onward , the elimination or control of disease in tropical countries became a driving force for all colonial powers . The sleeping sickness epidemic in Africa was arrested due to mobile teams systematically screening millions of people at risk . In the 20th century , Africa saw the biggest increase in its population due to lessening of the mortality rate in many countries due to peace , famine relief , medicine , and above all , the end or decline of the slave trade . Africa 's population has grown from 120 million in 1900 to over 1 billion today . Slavery abolition ( edit ) Main article : Slavery in Africa § Abolition The continuing anti-slavery movement in Europe became a reason and an excuse for the conquest and colonization of the Africa . It was the central theme of the Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889 - 90 . During the Scramble for Africa , an early but secondary focus of all colonial regimes was the suppression of slavery and the slave trade . In French West Africa , following conquest and abolition by the French , over a million slaves fled from their masters to earlier homes between 1906 and 1911 . In Madagascar , the French abolished slavery in 1896 and approximately 500,000 slaves were freed . Slavery was abolished in the French controlled Sahel by 1911 . Independent nations attempting to westernize or impress Europe sometimes cultivated an image of slavery suppression . In response to European pressure , the Sokoto Caliphate abolished slavery in 1900 and Ethiopia officially abolished slavery in 1932 . Colonial powers were mostly successful in abolishing slavery , though slavery remained active in Africa even though it has gradually moved to a wage economy . Slavery was never fully eradicated in Africa . Colonialism leading to World War I ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) German Cameroon , painting by R. Hellgrewe , 1908 During the New Imperialism period , by the end of the 19th century , Europe added almost 9,000,000 square miles ( 23,000,000 km ) -- one - fifth of the land area of the globe -- to its overseas colonial possessions . Europe 's formal holdings now included the entire African continent except Ethiopia , Liberia , and Saguia el - Hamra , the latter of which would be integrated into Spanish Sahara . Between 1885 and 1914 , Britain took nearly 30 % of Africa 's population under its control ; 15 % for France , 11 % for Portugal , 9 % for Germany , 7 % for Belgium and 1 % for Italy . Nigeria alone contributed 15 million subjects , more than in the whole of French West Africa or the entire German colonial empire . It was paradoxical that Britain , the staunch advocate of free trade , emerged in 1914 with not only the largest overseas empire thanks to its long - standing presence in India , but also the greatest gains in the `` scramble for Africa '' , reflecting its advantageous position at its inception . In terms of surface area occupied , the French were the marginal victors but much of their territory consisted of the sparsely populated Sahara . The political imperialism followed the economic expansion , with the `` colonial lobbies '' bolstering chauvinism and jingoism at each crisis in order to legitimise the colonial enterprise . The tensions between the imperial powers led to a succession of crises , which finally exploded in August 1914 , when previous rivalries and alliances created a domino situation that drew the major European nations into World War I. Austria - Hungary attacked Serbia to avenge the murder by Serbian agents of Austrian crown prince Francis Ferdinand , Russia would mobilise to assist allied Serbia , Germany would intervene to support Austria - Hungary against Russia . Since Russia had a military alliance with France against Germany , the German General Staff , led by General von Moltke decided to realise the well prepared Schlieffen Plan to invade and quickly knock France out of the war before turning against Russia in what was expected to be a long campaign . This required an invasion of Belgium which brought Britain into the war against Germany , Austria - Hungary and their allies . German U-Boat campaigns against ships bound for Britain eventually drew the United States into what had become World War I . Moreover , using the Anglo - Japanese Alliance as an excuse , Japan leaped onto this opportunity to conquer German interests in China and the Pacific to become the dominating power in the Western Pacific , setting the stage for the Second Sino - Japanese War ( starting in 1937 ) and eventually World War II . African colonies listed by colonising power ( edit ) Belgium ( edit ) Congo Free State and Belgian Congo ( today 's Democratic Republic of the Congo ) Ruanda - Urundi ( comprising modern Rwanda and Burundi , 1922 -- 62 ) France ( edit ) Further information : List of French possessions and colonies § In Africa French West Africa : Mauritania Senegal Albreda ( 1681 -- 1857 , now part of Gambia ) French Sudan ( now Mali ) French Guinea ( now Guinea ) Ivory Coast Niger French Upper Volta ( now Burkina Faso ) French Dahomey ( now Benin ) French Togoland ( 1916 -- 60 , now Togo ) Enclaves of Forcados and Badjibo ( in modern Nigeria ) French Equatorial Africa : Gabon French Cameroun ( 1922 -- 60 ) French Congo ( now Republic of the Congo ) Oubangui - Chari ( now Central African Republic ) Chad French North Africa : French Algeria French Protectorate of Tunisia French Morocco Fezzan - Ghadames ( 1943 -- 1951 ) ( administration given by the UNO after its conquest by Charles de Gaulle ) Egypt ( ownership ( 1798 -- 1801 ) ) ( Condominium of France and the United Kingdom ) ( 1876 -- 1882 ) French East Africa : French Madagascar Comoros Scattered islands in the Indian Ocean French Somaliland ( now Djibouti ) Isle de France ( 1715 - 1810 ) ( now Mauritius ) The Senegalese Tirailleurs , led by Colonel Alfred - Amédée Dodds , conquered Dahomey ( present - day Benin ) in 1892 Germany ( edit ) German Kamerun ( now Cameroon and part of Nigeria , 1884 -- 1916 ) German East Africa ( now Rwanda , Burundi and most of Tanzania , 1885 -- 1919 ) German South - West Africa ( now Namibia , 1884 -- 1915 ) German Togoland ( now Togo and eastern part of Ghana , 1884 -- 1914 ) After the First World War , Germany 's possessions were partitioned among Britain ( which took a sliver of western Cameroon , Tanzania , western Togo , and Namibia ) , France ( which took most of Cameroon and eastern Togo ) and Belgium ( which took Rwanda and Burundi ) . Italy ( edit ) Italian Libya Italian Eritrea Italian Somaliland Later , during the Interwar period , with the Second Italo - Ethiopian War Italy would annex Ethiopia , which formed together with Eritrea and Italian Somaliland the Italian East Africa ( A.O.I. , `` Africa Orientale Italiana '' , also defined by the fascist government as L'Impero ) . Portugal ( edit ) Marracuene in Portuguese Mozambique was the site of a decisive battle between Portuguese and Gaza king Gungunhana in 1895 Portuguese West Africa ( now Angola ) Mainland Angola Portuguese Congo ( now Cabinda Province of Angola ) Portuguese East Africa ( now Mozambique ) Portuguese Guinea ( now Guinea - Bissau ) Portuguese Cape Verde Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe São Tomé Island Príncipe Island Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá ( now Ouidah , in Benin ) Spain ( edit ) Spanish North Africa Northern Spanish Morocco Chefchaouen ( Chauen ) Jebala ( Yebala ) Kert Loukkos ( Lucus ) Rif Spanish West Africa Southern Spanish Morocco Cape Juby Ifni Spanish Sahara ( now Western Sahara ) Río de Oro Saguia el - Hamra Spanish Guinea ( now Equatorial Guinea ) Fernando Pó Río Muni Annobón United Kingdom ( edit ) Opening of the railway in Rhodesia , 1899 Following the Fourth Anglo - Ashanti War in 1896 , the British proclaimed a protectorate over the Ashanti Kingdom . The British were primarily interested in maintaining secure communication lines to India , which led to initial interest in Egypt and South Africa . Once these two areas were secure , it was the intent of British colonialists such as Cecil Rhodes to establish a Cape - Cairo railway and to exploit mineral and agricultural resources . Control of the Nile was viewed as a strategic and commercial advantage . Egypt Anglo - Egyptian Sudan ( 1899 -- 1956 ) British Somaliland ( now part of Somalia ) British East Africa : Kenya Colony Uganda Protectorate Tanzania : Tanganyika Territory ( 1919 -- 61 ) Zanzibar British Mauritius Bechuanaland ( now Botswana ) Southern Rhodesia ( now Zimbabwe ) Northern Rhodesia ( now Zambia ) British Seychelles British South Africa South Africa : Transvaal Colony Cape Colony Colony of Natal Orange River Colony South - West Africa ( from 1915 , now Namibia ) British West Africa Gambia Colony and Protectorate Sierra Leone Nigeria British Togoland ( 1916 -- 56 , today part of Ghana ) Cameroons ( 1922 -- 61 , now parts of Cameroon and Nigeria ) Gold Coast ( British colony ) ( now Ghana ) Nyasaland ( now Malawi ) Basutoland ( now Lesotho ) Swaziland Independent states ( edit ) Liberia was the only nation in Africa that was a colony and a protectorate of the United States . Liberia was founded , colonised , established and controlled by the American Colonization Society , a private organisation established in order to relocate freed African - American and Caribbean slaves from the United States and the Caribbean islands in 1821 . Liberia declared its independence from the American Colonization Society on July 26 , 1847 . Liberia is Africa 's oldest democratic republic , and the second - oldest black republic in the world ( after Haiti ) . Ethiopia maintained its independence from Italy after the Battle of Adwa which resulted in the Treaty of Addis Ababa . With the exception of the occupation between 1936 and 1941 by Benito Mussolini 's military forces , Ethiopia is Africa 's oldest independent nation . Modern Scramble for Africa ( edit ) Oil and gas concessions in Sudan -- 2004 The new scramble for Africa began with the emergence of the Afro - Neo-Liberal capitalist movement in Post-Colonial Africa . When African nations began to gain independence during the Post World War II Era , their post colonial economic structures remained undiversified and linear . In most cases , the bulk of a nation 's economy relied on cash crops or natural resources . The decolonisation process kept independent African nations at the mercy of colonial powers due to structurally - dependent economic relations . Structural adjustment programs led to the privatization and liberalization of many African political and economic systems , forcefully pushing Africa into the global capitalist market . The economic decline in the 1990s fostered democratization by the World Bank intervening in the political and economic affairs of Africa once again. All of these factors led to Africa 's forced development under Western ideological systems of economics and politics . Petro - states ( edit ) In the era of globalization , many African countries have emerged as petro - states ( for example Sudan , Cameroon , Nigeria , Angola ) . These are nations with an economic and political partnership between transnational oil companies and the ruling elite class in oil - rich African nations . Numerous countries have entered into a neo-imperial relationship with Africa during this time period . Mary Gilmartin notes that `` material and symbolic appropriation of space ( is ) central to imperial expansion and control '' ; nations in the globalization era who invest in controlling land internationally are engaging in neo-imperialism . Chinese ( and other Asian countries ) state oil companies have entered Africa 's highly competitive oil sector . China National Petroleum Corporation purchased 40 % of Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company . Furthermore , Sudan exports 50 -- 60 % of its domestically produced oil to China , making up 7 % of China 's imports . China has also been purchasing equity shares in African oil fields , invested in industry related infrastructure development and acquired continental oil concessions throughout Africa . See also ( edit ) Chronology of colonialism Civilizing mission Decolonisation of Africa Economic history of Africa French colonial empire Historiography of the British Empire Impact and evaluation of colonialism and colonisation International relations ( 1814 -- 1919 ) List of French possessions and colonies List of former sovereign states # Pre-colonial Africa Scientific racism White African References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jihad in the Arabian Sea 2011 , Camille Pecastaing , In the land of the Mad Mullah : Somalia Jump up ^ Brantlinger , Patrick ( 1985 ) . `` Victorians and Africans : The Genealogy of the Myth of the Dark Continent '' . Critical Inquiry. 12 ( 1 ) : 166 -- 203 . doi : 10.1086 / 448326 . JSTOR 1343467 . Jump up ^ R. Robinson , J. Gallagher and A. Denny , Africa and the Victorians , London , 1965 , p. 175 . ^ Jump up to : Kevin Shillington , History of Africa . Revised second edition ( New York : Macmillian Publishers Limited , 2005 ) , 301 . Jump up ^ Thomas Pakenham , The Scramble for Africa : White Man 's Conquest of the Dark Continent from 1876 to 1912 ( 1991 ) ch 1 Jump up ^ Compare : Killingray , David ( 1998 ) . `` 7 : The War in Africa '' . In Strachan , Hew . The Oxford Illustrated History of the First World War : New Edition ( 2 ed . ) . Oxford : Oxfors University Press ( published 2014 ) . p. 101 . ISBN 9780191640407 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 21 . In 1914 the only independent states in Africa were Liberia and Abyssinia . Jump up ^ Ewout Frankema , Jeffrey Williamson , and Pieter Woltjer , `` An Economic Rationale for the West African Scramble ? The Commercial Transition and the Commodity Price Boom of 1835 -- 1885 , '' Journal of Economic History 78 # 1 ( 2018 ) , pp. 231 - 267 . Jump up ^ Lynn Hunt , The Making of the West : volume C , Bedford : St. Martin , 2009 . Jump up ^ Easterly , William ( September 17 , 2009 ) . `` The Imperial Origins of State - Led Development '' . New York University Blogs . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Langer , William A ; Bureau of International Research of Harvard University and Radcliffe College ( 1935 ) . The Diplomacy of Imperialism , 1890 - 1902 . 1 . New York and London : Alfred A Knopf . Jump up ^ Robinson , Ronald ; Gallagher , John ; Denny , Alice ( 1961 ) . Africa and the Victorians : The Official Mind of Imperialism . The University of California : Macmillan . Jump up ^ Darwin , John . `` Imperialism and the Victorians : The dynamics of territorial expansion . '' English Historical Review ( 1997 ) 112 # 447 pp : 614 -- 642 . http://ehr.oxfordjournals.org/content/CXII/447/614.full.pdf+html Jump up ^ Gjersø , Jonas Fossli ( 2015 ) . `` The Scramble for East Africa : British Motives Reconsidered , 1884 - 95 '' . Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History . Taylor & Francis . 43 ( 5 ) : 831 -- 60 . doi : 10.1080 / 03086534.2015. 1026131 . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : H.R. Cowie , Imperialism and Race Relations . Revised edition , Nelson Publishing , Vol. 5 , 1982 . Jump up ^ Thomas Pakenham , The Scramble for Africa : White Man 's Conquest of the Dark Continent from 1876 to 1912 ( 1991 ) . Jump up ^ Robert Aldrich , Greater France : A history of French overseas expansion ( 1996 ) . Jump up ^ German colonial imperialism : a late and short - term phenomenon ( PDF ) by Bernard Poloni , in `` Imperialism , hegemony , leadership '' , 26 March 2004 Conference in the Sorbonne University , Paris ( in French ) . Jump up ^ Alfred von Tirpitz , Erinnerungen ( 1919 ) , quoted by Hannah Arendt , The Origins of Totalitarianism , section on Imperialism , chapter I , part 3 . Jump up ^ Ullendorff , Edward . The Ethiopians : An Introduction to Country and People 2nd ed. , p. 90 . Oxford University Press ( London ) , 1965 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 285061 - X . Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Eritrea '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 9 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 747 . Jump up ^ Enrico Corradini , Report to the First Nationalist Congress , Florence , 3 December 1919 . Jump up ^ Bourne , Henry Richard Fox ( 1903 ) . Civilisation in Congoland : A Story of International Wrong - doing . London : P.S. King & Son . p. 253 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Forbath , Peter ( 1977 ) . The River Congo : The Discovery , Exploration and Exploitation of the World 's Most Dramatic Rivers. ( Harper & Row ) . p. 374 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 122490 - 1 . Jump up ^ Michiko Kakutani ( 30 August 1998 ) . `` '' King Leopold 's Ghost `` : Genocide With Spin Control '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2009 . Retrieved 2 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Hochschild 2006 , pp. 226 -- 32 . Jump up ^ John D. Fage , The Cambridge History of Africa : From the earliest times to c. 500 BC , Cambridge University Press , 1982 , p. 748 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 22803 - 4 Jump up ^ `` Report of the British Consul , Roger Casement , on the Administration of the Congo Free State '' . Jump up ^ Rubinstein , W.D. ( 2004 ) . Genocide : a history . Pearson Education . pp. 98 -- 99 . ISBN 0 - 582 - 50601 - 8 Jump up ^ Vansina , Jan ( 1966 ) . Paths in the Rainforest . Madison : University of Wisconsin Press . p. 239 . Jump up ^ Hochschild 2006 , pp. 280 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Coquéry - Vidrovitch , Catherine ( 1971 ) . Le Congo au temps des grandes compagnies concessionaires 1898 -- 1930 . Paris : Mouton . p. 195 . Jump up ^ L'Aventure Humaine : Le canal de Suez , Article de l'historien Uwe Oster Archived 2011 - 08 - 19 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ BBC News website : The Suez Crisis -- Key maps . Jump up ^ Domke , D. Michelle ( November 1997 ) . `` ICE Case Studies ; Case Number : 3 ; Case Identifier : Sudan ; Case Name : Civil War in the Sudan : Resources or Religion ? '' . Inventory of Conflict and Environment ( via the School of International Service at the American University ) . Retrieved 8 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ch. 18 : Colonial Encounters , Indian Responses & the Scramble for Africa '' . Reflections on World History . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Kevin Shillington , Encyclopedia of African History ( CRC Press , 2005 ) , p. 1406 . Jump up ^ I.M. Lewis , The Modern History of Somaliland : from nation to state ( Weidenfeld & Nicolson : 1965 ) , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Thomas P. Ofcansky , Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia ( The Scarecrow Press , Inc. : 2004 ) , p. 405 . Jump up ^ Samatar , Said Sheikh ( 1982 ) . Oral Poetry and Somali Nationalism . Cambridge University Press . pp. 131 & 135 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 23833 - 1 . Jump up ^ John A. Hobson , Imperialism , 1902 , p. 61 ( quoted by Arendt ) . Jump up ^ Pascal Blanchard , Nicolas Bancel , and Sandrine Lemaire , `` From human zoos to colonial apotheoses : the era of exhibiting the Other '' . Jump up ^ `` These human zoos of the Colonial Republic '' , Le Monde diplomatique , August 2000 ( in French ) . ( Translation ( in English ) ) Jump up ^ `` February 2003 , the end of an era '' . Discoverparis.net . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Conquest and Disease or Colonialism and Health ? Archived 2008 - 12 - 07 at the Wayback Machine. , Gresham College Lectures and Events . Jump up ^ WHO Media centre ( 2001 ) . `` Fact sheet N ° 259 : African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness '' . Jump up ^ John Iliffe , `` The Origins of African Population Growth '' , The Journal of African History , Vol. 30 , No. 1 ( 1989 ) , pp. 165 -- 169 . Jump up ^ R. Cameron , Concise Economic History of the World ( New York : OUP , 1993 ) , p. 193 . Jump up ^ `` Africa 's population now 1 billion '' Archived 2011 - 04 - 27 at the Wayback Machine ... AfricaNews . August 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Shillington , Kevin ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of African history . New York : CRC Press , p. 878 Jump up ^ Manning , Patrick ( 1990 ) . Slavery and African Life : Occidental , Oriental , and African Slave Trades . London : Cambridge . Jump up ^ Lovejoy , Paul E. ( 2012 ) . Transformations of Slavery : A History of Slavery in Africa . London : Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Martin Klein , ' Slave Descent and Social Status in Sahara and Sudan ' , in Reconfiguring Slavery : West African Trajectories , ed . Benedetta Rossi ( Liverpool : Liverpool University Press , 2009 ) , 29 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Southall , Roger and Melber , Henning . A New Scramble For Africa ? : Imperialism , Investment and Development , ( University of KwaZulu - Natal Press , 2009 ) p 40 Jump up ^ Southall and Melber , A New Scramble For Africa ? : Imperialism , Investment and Development , pp 41 - 45 Jump up ^ Southall , Roger and Melber , Henning . `` A New Scramble For Africa ? : Imperialism , Investment and Development , '' South Africa : University of KwaZulu - Natal Press , 2009 : 46 / 47 Jump up ^ Gallaher , Carolyn et al. `` Key Concepts in Political Geography , '' London : Sage Printing Press , 2009 : 123 Jump up ^ Southall , Roger and Melber , Henning . `` A New Scramble For Africa ? : Imperialism , Investment and Development , '' South Africa : University of KwaZulu - Natal Press , 2009 : 192 Further reading ( edit ) Aldrich , Robert . Greater France : A History of French Overseas Expansion ( 1996 ) Atkinson , David . `` Constructing Italian Africa : Geography and Geopolitics . '' Italian colonialism ( 2005 ) : 15 -- 26 . Axelson , Eric . Portugal and the Scramble for Africa : 1875 -- 1891 ( Johannesburg , Witwatersrand UP , 1967 ) Boddy - Evans , Alistair . `` What Caused the Scramble for Africa ? '' African History ( 2012 ) . online Brantlinger , Patrick . `` Victorians and Africans : The genealogy of the myth of the dark continent . '' Critical Inquiry ( 1985 ) : 166 -- 203 . online Chamberlain , Muriel Evelyn . The scramble for Africa ( 4th ed . Routledge , 2014 ) excerpt and text search Curtin , Philip D. Disease and empire : The health of European Troops in the Conquest of Africa ( Cambridge University Press , 1998 ) Darwin , John . `` Imperialism and the Victorians : The dynamics of territorial expansion . '' English Historical Review ( 1997 ) 112 # 447 pp : 614 -- 642 . Finaldi , Giuseppe . Italian National Identity in the Scramble for Africa : Italy 's African Wars in the Era of Nation - building , 1870 -- 1900 ( Peter Lang , 2009 ) Gifford , Prosser and William Roger Louis . France and Britain in Africa : Imperial Rivalry and Colonial Rule ( 1971 ) Gifford , Prosser and William Roger Louis . Britain and Germany in Africa : Imperial rivalry and colonial rule ( 1967 ) . Gjersø , Jonas Fossli ( 2015 ) . `` The Scramble for East Africa : British Motives Reconsidered , 1884 - 95 '' . Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History . Taylor & Francis . 43 ( 5 ) : 831 -- 60 . doi : 10.1080 / 03086534.2015. 1026131 . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Hammond , Richard James . Portugal and Africa , 1815 -- 1910 : a study in uneconomic imperialism ( Stanford University Press , 1966 ) Henderson , W.O. The German Colonial Empire , 1884 -- 1919 ( London : Frank Cass , 1993 ) Hinsley , F.H. ed . The New Cambridge Modern History , Vol. 11 : Material Progress and World - Wide Problems , 1870 - 98 ( 1962 ) contents pp 593 - 40 . Hochschild , Adam ( 2006 ) ( 1998 ) . King Leopold 's Ghost : A Story of Greed , Terror , and Heroism in Colonial Africa . London : Pan Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 330 - 44198 - 8 . Klein , Martin A. Slavery and colonial rule in French West Africa ( Cambridge University Press , 1998 ) Lovejoy , Paul E. Transformations in slavery : a history of slavery in Africa ( Cambridge University Press , 2011 ) Lloyd , Trevor Owen . Empire : the history of the British Empire ( 2001 ) . Mackenzie J.M. The Partition of Africa , 1880 -- 1900 , and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century ( London 1983 ) . Oliver , Roland , Sir Harry Johnston and the Scramble for Africa ( 1959 ) online Pakenham , Thomas ( 1992 ) ( 1991 ) . The Scramble for Africa . London : Abacus . ISBN 978 - 0 - 349 - 10449 - 2 . Penrose E.F. , ed . European Imperialism and the Partition of Africa ( London 1975 ) . Perraudin , Michael , and Jürgen Zimmerer , eds . German colonialism and national identity ( London : Taylor & Francis , 2010 ) Robinson R ,. and J. Gallagher , `` The partition of Africa '' , in The New Cambridge Modern History vol XI , pp 593 -- 640 ( Cambridge , 1962 ) . Rotberg , Robert I . The Founder : Cecil Rhodes and the Pursuit of Power ( 1988 ) excerpt and text search ; online Sanderson G.N. , `` The European partition of Africa : Coincidence or conjuncture ? '' Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History ( 1974 ) 3 # 1 pp 1 -- 54 . Stoecker , Helmut . German imperialism in Africa : From the beginnings until the Second World War ( Hurst & Co. , 1986 . ) Thomas , Antony . Rhodes : The Race for Africa ( 1997 ) excerpt and text search Thompson , Virginia , and Richard Adloff . French West Africa ( Stanford University Press , 1958 ) Wesseling , H.L. and Arnold J. Pomerans . Divide and rule : The partition of Africa , 1880 -- 1914 ( Praeger , 1996 . ) online External links ( edit ) `` Belgium exhumes its colonial demons '' . The Guardian . 13 July 2002 . Gülstorff , Torben ( 2016 ) . `` Trade follows Hallstein ? Deutsche Aktivitäten im zentralafrikanischen Raum des Second Scramble '' . Berlin . 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where does the game tag get its name from			Tag ( game )	tag ( game )	Tag is a playground game that involves two or more players chasing other players in an attempt to `` tag '' or touch them , usually with their hands . There are many variations ; most forms have no teams , scores , or equipment . Usually when a person is tagged , the tagger says , `` Tag , you 're it '' .	Contents 1 Basic rules 1.1 Base and truce terms 2 Bans and restrictions 3 Variants 3.1 British bulldogs 3.2 Chain tag 3.3 Duck , duck , goose 3.4 Freeze tag 3.5 Kiss chase 3.6 Last tag 3.7 Octopus tag 3.8 Shipwrecked 4 Team tag 4.1 Cops and robbers 4.2 Zombie tag 4.3 Manhunt 4.4 Prisoner 's Base 4.5 What 's the time , Mr Wolf ? 4.6 Ringolevio 5 Variants requiring equipment 5.1 Blind man 's bluff 5.2 Computer tag 5.3 Flashlight tag 5.4 Fox and geese 5.5 Kick the can 5.6 Laser tag 5.7 Marco Polo 5.8 Muckle 5.9 Paintball 5.10 Sock tag 5.11 Spud 6 Team tag sports 7 See also 8 References Basic rules ( edit ) Children playing a version of tag A group of players ( two or more ) decide who is going to be `` it '' , often using a counting - out game such as eeny , meeny , miny , moe . The player selected to be `` it '' then chases the others , attempting to get close enough to `` tag '' one of them ( touching them with a hand ) while the others try to escape . A tag makes the tagged player `` it '' . In some variations , the previous `` it '' is no longer `` it '' and the game can continue indefinitely , while in others , both players remain `` it '' and the game ends when all players have become `` it '' . There are many variants which modify the rules for team play , or place restrictions on tagged players ' behavior . A simple variation makes tag an elimination game , so those tagged drop out of play . Some variants have a rule preventing a player from tagging the person who has just tagged them ( known as `` no tag - backs '' , `` no returns '' , or `` ca n't tag your master '' ) . Base and truce terms ( edit ) Players may be safe from being tagged under certain circumstances : if they are within a pre-determined area , off the ground , or when touching a particular structure . Traditional variants are Wood tag , Iron tag , and Stone tag , when a player is safe when touching the named material . This safe zone has been called a `` gool '' , `` ghoul '' , or `` Dell '' , probably a corruption of `` goal '' . The term `` gool '' was first recorded in print in Massachusetts in the 1870s , and is common in the northern states of the US . Variants include gould , goul , and ghoul , and alternatives include base and home . In the United Kingdom , the base is frequently known as `` den '' . In much of Canada and parts of the northern United States , the state or home base of being immune from tagging is known as `` times '' or `` T . '' Players may also make themselves safe from being tagged by the use of a truce term . When playing the game tag , some may cross fingers as to let others know that they , the player , can not be it . Yet , this rule may only come into play if the crossing of fingers is shown , if the fingers are not shown to the person that is it , then the crossing does not count . Bans and restrictions ( edit ) Tag and other chasing games have been banned in some schools in the United States due to concerns about injuries , complaints from children that it can lead to harassment and bullying , and that there is an aspect to the game that possesses an unhealthily predatory element to its nature . In 2008 , a 10 - year - old boy in Omaha , Nebraska died from brain injuries suffered from falling onto a metal pole while playing tag . A school dinner lady in Dorset was left partially paralyzed after a boy playing tag ran into her in 2004 ; her claim for damage was rejected by three Court of Appeal judges , who ruled that the boy had not broken any school rules by playing the game . A principal who banned tag in her school criticized the game for creating a `` self - esteem issue '' in nominating one child as a victim , and noted that the oldest and biggest children usually dominated the game . A dislike of elimination games is another reason for banning tag . In some schools only supervised tag is allowed , sometimes with a type of tagging called butterfly tagging -- a light tap on the shoulders , arms or upper back . The president of the US National Association for Sport and Physical Education said that `` Tag games are not inherently bad ... teachers must modify rules , select appropriate boundaries and equipment , and make sure pupils are safe . Teachers should emphasize tag games that develop self - improvement , participation , fair play , and cooperation . '' Variants ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) British bulldogs ( edit ) Main article : British bulldogs ( game ) The game `` British bulldogs '' ( sometimes also called Bullrush , Cat and Mouse , Red Rover , Cats and Mice , Sharks and Minnows , Spiders and Flies , or Octopus ) is mainly played in the United Kingdom , Australia , New Zealand , Canada , and other Commonwealth countries . It is banned from many schools . One or two players start as the `` bulldogs '' , who stand in the middle of the play area , while the other players stand at one end of the area . The aim is to run from one end of the area to the other without being caught by the bulldogs . When a player is caught , they become a bulldog themselves . The winner is the last player `` free '' . Chain tag ( edit ) This is a variant of Build Ups in which each person to be caught joins hands with `` it , '' and the chain thus formed must chase the others as a pair . As more people are caught they too join hands with the `` it '' players , forming a lengthening chain . This variation is also called Blob , or in some places , Gargon . Only those at the ends of the chain are able to catch someone , as they are the only ones with a free hand . A variant has chains of four splitting in two . Duck , duck , goose ( edit ) Main article : Duck , duck , goose How Duck , duck , goose is played In this game , usually played by young children , the players sit in a circle facing inward . One player , the `` picker '' or `` fox '' , walks around tapping or pointing to each player in turn , calling each of them a `` duck '' , until finally announcing one of his choosing to be the `` goose '' . The goose then rises and runs around the circle in the same direction as the picker , attempting to return to their seat before the `` picker '' can sit back down in the vacated spot . In Minnesota , this game is referred to as `` Duck , duck , gray duck '' . Freeze tag ( edit ) Also known as Stuck in the Mud , Scarecrow , Sticky - Glue , Zombie Tag , Ice - and - Water ( in Asia ) or Ice - and - Fire ( in Malaysia ) , players who are tagged are `` stuck in the mud '' or `` frozen '' and must stand in place with their arms stretched out until they are unfrozen . An unstuck player can perform an action to unfreeze them , such as tagging them , crawling between their legs , or `` flushing '' them by hitting their outstretched hand . The last person standing , for most games , is usually the next person who will be it . Kiss chase ( edit ) See also : Category : Kissing games . Kiss chase , also referred to as Catch and Kiss , is a tag variant in which tagging is performed by kissing . All members of one gender are `` it '' at once and chase players of the opposite sex until everyone is caught , then the roles are reversed . A variant is that the player chosen to be `` it '' will , with assistance from players of the same gender , chase all members of the opposite sex and kiss one of them , who is then `` it '' on behalf of the other gender . Last tag ( edit ) Last tag was played in the early 20th century , when it was a way to say goodbye when leaving school for home . A player tags another and makes them `` it '' before leaving on their way home . There is no tagging back . It was a point of honor not to be left with the last tag . If a player is unable to tag anyone by the end of the game , they became `` it '' the next day . Octopus tag ( edit ) Octopus tag is a mix between Red Rover and tag . `` It , '' or `` octopus , '' attempts to tag the other players . The playing field is known as the ocean . The players , or `` fish , '' line up along one side of the ocean . When the Octopus calls out , `` Come fishies come ! '' , they try to run to the other side without getting tagged . In a variation , once the fish run to the other side without getting tagged , the game pauses until the octopus starts it again . Upon getting tagged the fish become `` seaweed '' and must freeze or sit where they were tagged , but they can wave their arms around and assist the Octopus in tagging other fish within their reach . The last fish to be tagged becomes the next Octopus . This game can also be played in the water and then it is called Sharks and Minnows . Shipwrecked ( edit ) Also known as budge , one player is it and tries to tag the other players . There are safe zones , such as circles , but their number is one fewer than the number of the other players . A player is not allowed to enter an occupied safe zone . If a player is tagged , that player becomes `` it '' . Team tag ( edit ) Cops and robbers ( edit ) Cops and robbers , sometimes called `` jail '' , `` jail tag '' , `` team tag '' , `` chase '' , `` police and thief '' , `` prisoner 's base '' `` jailbreak '' , `` release '' ( in South Philly ) , `` releaseo '' or `` manhunt '' , has players split into two teams : cops and robbers . A.M. Burrage calls this version of the game `` Smee '' in his 1931 ghost story of the same name . The cops , who are in pursuit of robbers ( the team being chased ) , arrest the robbers by tagging and putting them in jail . Robbers can stage a jailbreak by tagging one of the prisoners without getting tagged themselves . The game ends if all the robbers are in jail . In a variant , the robbers have five minutes to hide before being hunted , and only one jailbreak may be allowed per robber . Zombie tag ( edit ) Main article : Humans vs. Zombies Humans vs. Zombies is a survival game of tag , where `` human '' players fight off increasingly large numbers of `` zombies '' ; if a human is `` turned '' ( i.e. tagged ) , then that player becomes a zombie in turn . At the game 's beginning , there are only one or two zombies ; the zombies multiply by tagging humans , turning them into zombies after a period of one hour . Humans can defend themselves from zombies by using socks , marshmallows , Nerf Blasters or any other toys deemed safe and appropriate ; if a zombie is hit by one of these methods of defense , they are stunned ( not allowed to interact with the game in any way ) for 15 seconds . The goal of the zombies is to turn all the humans ; the humans , meanwhile , must outlast all the zombies . Manhunt ( edit ) Main article : Manhunt ( urban game ) Manhunt is a mixture of hide and seek and tag , often played during the night . One person is `` it '' , while the other players have to hide . Then , the person who is `` it '' tries to find and tag them . The game is over when all players are out . Manhunt is sometimes played in teams . In one variant there is a home base in which a player is safe . That version ends when all players who are not safe are out . Prisoner 's base ( edit ) In Prisoner 's Base , each team starts in a chain , holding hands , with one end of the chain touching the base . The end two players on each team break from the chain and try to tag each other , taking them to their base if they do . The end pair progressively break from the chain and join the tagging . As with Cops and Robbers , prisoners can be freed by tagging them in the base . The game is thought to date back to the Renaissance period , and may be inspired by the act of bride kidnapping . A game of Prisoner 's Base was played by members of Lewis & Clark 's Corps of Discovery against a group of Nez Perce . What 's the time , Mr Wolf ? ( edit ) Main article : What 's the time , Mr Wolf ? One player is chosen to be Mr Wolf and stands facing away from the other players at the opposite end of the playing field . All players except Mr Wolf chant in unison `` What 's the time , Mr Wolf ? '' , and Mr Wolf will answer in one of two ways : Mr Wolf may call a time - usually an hour ending in `` o'clock '' . The other players take that many steps towards Mr Wolf . They then ask the question again . Alternatively Mr Wolf may call `` Dinner time ! '' , and turn and chase the other players back to their starting point . If Mr Wolf tags a player , that player becomes Mr Wolf for the next round . Ringolevio ( edit ) Main article : Ringolevio In Ringolevio , there are two teams . In one version , one team goes off and hides . The other team counts to a number such as 30 and then goes looking for them . In another version , each team has its own `` jail '' , a park bench or other defendable area . The game goes on until all of one team is in jail . In many ways , Ringolevio is similar to Prisoner 's Base . Variants requiring equipment ( edit ) The `` Blind man 's bluff '' variant requires a blindfold to be played Some variants of tag use equipment such as balls , paintball guns , or even flashlights to replace tagging by hand . Blind man 's bluff ( edit ) Main article : Blind man 's buff Blind man 's bluff , also known as Mr. Blind Man , is a version of tag in which one player , designated as `` it '' , is blindfolded and attempts to tag the other players , while the other players try to avoid them . Computer tag ( edit ) Research students developed a version of tag played using handheld WiFi - enabled computers with GPS . Flashlight tag ( edit ) Flashlight tag , also called `` Army tag '' , `` Spotlight '' , and `` German Spotlight '' , is played at night . Rather than physically tagging , the `` it '' player tags by shining a flashlight beam on other players . Fox and geese ( edit ) A traditional type of line tag , sometimes played in snow , is Fox and geese . The fox starts at the centre of a spoked wheel , and the geese flee from the fox along the spokes and around the wheel . Geese that are tagged become foxes . The intersections of the spokes with the wheel are safe zones . Kick the can ( edit ) Main article : Kick the can One person is `` it '' and a can is placed in an open space . The other players run off and hide , then it tries to find and tag each of them . Tagged players are sent to jail . Any player who has not been caught can kick the can , setting the other players free from jail . Laser tag ( edit ) Main article : Laser tag Laser tag is similar to flashlight tag , but using special equipment to avoid the inevitable arguments that arise about whether one was actually tagged . Players carry guns that emit beams of light and wear electronic equipment that can detect the beams and register being hit . The equipment often has built - in scoring systems and various penalties for taking hits . Pay - per - game laser tag facilities are common in North America . Marco Polo ( edit ) Main article : Marco Polo ( game ) An aquatic American variant of blind man 's bluff , most commonly played in a swimming pool , although it may also be played while swimming in shallow natural bodies of water ( typically the areas near the shores of oceans , seas , and lakes ) . The players may be swimming , treading water , or walking on the bottom of the pool or body of water . The person designated `` it '' is required to close their eyes , and shouts `` Marco ! '' at regular intervals ; the other players must shout `` Polo ! '' in response . `` It '' must use sound localization to find one of the other players and tag them . The tagged player then generally becomes `` it , '' and the process repeats . Muckle ( edit ) Muckle ( sometimes called `` muckle the man with the ball '' , `` kill - the - guy - with - the - ball '' , `` kill the carrier '' , among other names ) is the reverse of regular tag ; all of the other players chase `` it '' . This player is denoted by carrying a ball ( usually a football ) . When they are caught , they are tackled , or `` muckled '' . Whoever retrieves the ball first or whoever attacks the one who is it then becomes it . Sometimes the last player arriving to tackle the former ball carrier is the next person to be it ; in other variations the player with the ball throws the ball up in the air , where it is caught by another player who becomes it . Paintball ( edit ) Main article : Paintball Paintball is a sport in which players use compressed air guns ( called paintball markers ) to tag other players with paint - filled pellets . Games are usually played on commercial fields with a strict set of safety and gameplay rules . Sock tag ( edit ) A tube sock is filled with a small amount of flour in the toe of the sock ; the sock is then gripped by the leg hole and wielded as a flail . Striking a player with any part of the sock counts as a tag . Spud ( edit ) Main article : Spud ( game ) Spud is a tag variant that is best played in large , open areas . Players begin each round in a central location . `` it '' then throws a ball high into the air . The other players run but must stop as soon as `` it '' catches the ball and shouts `` Spud ! '' It may then take three large steps toward the player of his choosing before throwing the ball at that player . If the ball hits the target , that player becomes it , and the game starts over . Team tag sports ( edit ) Main articles : Kabaddi , Kho Kho , and Tag rugby In South Asia , two sports are variants of tag , played at the team level , sometimes internationally . In Kabaddi , raiders cross a dividing line to try to tag defenders , while continuously chanting `` kabbadi '' on one breath while over the line . It is included in the Asian Games and even has a world championship , being played throughout India , Pakistan , Bangladesh , Sri Lanka , and Iran , as well as in Indian communities in Canada , Great Britain , the U.S. , Australia , New Zealand , and the Netherlands . It was also demonstrated in 1936 Berlin Olympics . The other tag sport is called Kho Kho . Tag or flag rugby is a non-contact variation in which each player wears a belt that has two velcro tags attached to it , or shorts with velcro patches . The mode of play is also similar to rugby league with attacking players attempting to dodge , evade and pass a rugby ball while defenders attempt to prevent them scoring by tagging - pulling a velcro attached tag from the ball carrier . However , the `` tag '' in `` tag rugby '' is derived from the `` tags '' that the players wear and the children 's game of tag more closely resembles touch rugby whereby a touch replaces a tackle . See also ( edit ) Games portal Assassin ( game ) Flag football References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The games children play '' . BBC News . 21 May 1999 . Retrieved 15 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Wise , Debra ( 2003 ) . Great big book of children 's games : over 450 indoor and outdoor games for kids . McGraw - Hill Professional . p. 320 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 142246 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Beard , Daniel Carter ( 1900 ) . `` Games of tag '' . The Outdoor Handy Book : For Playground Field and Forest . The Minerva Group , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89875 - 135 - 2 . Jump up ^ Sanborn , Frank B. ( 1904 ) . `` History and poetry from the life of F.B. Sanborn of Concord , Massachusetts '' . The Granite monthly : a magazine of literature , history and state progress . J.N. McClintock. 36 - 37 . Jump up ^ Cassidy , Frederic Gomes ; Joan Houston Hall ( 1985 ) . Dictionary of American regional English , Volume 4 . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 00884 - 7 . Jump up ^ Cassidy , Frederic G. ( 1991 ) . Dictionary of American Regional English : D - H , Volume 2 . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 20511 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` gool '' . The Mavens ' Word of the Day . Random House , Inc. 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Mass. grade school bans tag , other chase games '' . Associated Press . 19 October 2006 . Retrieved 14 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Elementary school bans tag on its playground '' . Associated Press . 31 August 2007 . Retrieved 14 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Schoetz , David ( 16 April 2008 ) . `` Nanny State of Play ? Another Tag Ban '' . ABC News . Retrieved 14 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dinner lady bid to sue boy fails '' . BBC News . 3 April 2009 . Retrieved 14 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Sealey , Geraldine ( 24 June 2002 ) . `` Is Tag Too Tough for Kids ? '' . ABC News . Retrieved 15 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Bafile , Cara ( 8 October 2007 ) . `` Is This `` It '' for Tag ? `` . Education World . Retrieved 14 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Jennifer ( 10 September 2009 ) . `` Schools try to reduce playground conflicts '' . Portland Tribune . Retrieved 15 October 2009 . Jump up ^ McFarlane , Andy ( 2 September 2008 ) . `` The return of British Bulldog '' . BBC News . Retrieved 14 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Lileks , James ( 19 February 1999 ) . `` ' Duck , duck ' apparently has no shades of gray ; ' Research ' shows that Minnesota is only state that flat - out refuses to say ' goose ' '' . StarTribune . Retrieved 4 September 2011 . Jump up ^ McQueen , Craig ( 22 October 2008 ) . `` New book celebrates games which were playground favourites of yesteryear '' . Daily Record . Retrieved 15 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Claude H. ( 1911 ) . Outdoor sports and games . The Library of Work and Play . Garden City , New York : Doubleday , Page & Company . Jump up ^ `` Disney Family - Recipes , Crafts and Activities '' . Disney Family . Jump up ^ `` Prisoner 's base '' . Jump up ^ The Oxford Book of English Ghost Stories , OUP 1986 . Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=wTuZMWvmUisC&pg=PA160&lpg=PA160&dq=%22cops+and+robbers%22+childrens+game&source=web&ots=w_kxD5FGvk&sig=CxWAXEqizRySVTFQ5S-Z7CSzR3o&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=5&ct=result/ Great Big Book of Children 's Games , by Debra Wise and Sandra Forrest . ISBN 0 - 07 - 142246 - 3 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 142246 - 8 ^ Jump up to : Leibs , Andrew ( 2004 ) . Sports and games of the Renaissance . Sports and games through history . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 199 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32772 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday 8th June 1806 . the 2 men returnd from the villages . a number of the natives visited us and gave Frazer a fine young horse a number of the natives joined and got out our canoe which was Sank . our party exercised themselves running and playing games called base in the evening danced after the fiddle as the Indians were anxious to See them . '' `` The Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition '' . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Forgotten Games of the Corps of Discovery '' . 16 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Reichardt , Patricia ( 3 August 2004 ) . `` PCs bring a game of tag to the urban playground '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` CitiTag '' . Centre for New Media . Open University . Retrieved 15 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Flashlight Tag '' . Lori Donnahue . Retrieved 16 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Grover , Kathryn ( 1992 ) . Hard at play : leisure in America , 1840 - 1940 . Univ of Massachusetts Press . p. 262 . ISBN 0 - 87023 - 792 - 6 . Jump up ^ Newcombe , Jack ( 6 March 1970 ) . `` The Games Children Play '' . LIFE . Retrieved 15 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Doll , Beth ; Katherine Brehm ( 2009 ) . Resilient Playgrounds . School - based Practice in Action . CRC Press . p. 256 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 96088 - 6 . Jump up ^ Anthony , Michelle ; Publishing , Group ; McLaughlin , Dennis R. ( 24 February 1999 ) . `` The Gigantic Book of Games for Youth Ministry '' . Group Pub . -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Flour Sock Tag - Ultimate Camp Resource '' . www.ultimatecampresource.com . Gym , outdoor and playground games Tag Ante Over British Bulldog Capture the flag Cooties Duck , duck , goose Four corners Kho kho Marco Polo Pie Steal the Flingsock Catch Chinese jump rope Dodgeball Four square Hide - and - seek Hopscotch Kick the can Leapfrog Marbles Playground songs list Red Rover Simon Says Skipping rope Double Dutch Rhymes Skully Statues The floor is lava Tinikling Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tag_(game)&oldid=854733824 '' Categories : Children 's games Tag variants Street games Outdoor games Pursuit - evasion Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Use dmy dates from September 2010 Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Latina Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 12 : 12 ( UTC ) . 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4. public opinion about the vietnam war began to turn increasingly negative after which event(s)			Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam war	opposition to united states involvement in the vietnam war	Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War began with demonstrations in 1964 against the escalating role of the U.S. military in the Vietnam War and grew into a broad social movement over the ensuing several years . This movement informed and helped shape the vigorous and polarizing debate , primarily in the United States , during the second half of the 1960s and early 1970s on how to end the war .	Many in the peace movement within the U.S. were students , mothers , or anti-establishment hippies . Opposition grew with participation by the African - American civil rights , women 's liberation , and Chicano movements , and sectors of organized labor . Additional involvement came from many other groups , including educators , clergy , academics , journalists , lawyers , physicians ( such as Benjamin Spock ) , and military veterans . Their actions consisted mainly of peaceful , nonviolent events ; few events were deliberately provocative and violent . In some cases , police used violent tactics against peaceful demonstrators . By 1967 , according to Gallup Polls , an increasing majority of Americans considered U.S. military involvement in Vietnam to be a mistake , echoed decades later by the then head of American war planning , former U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara . Contents ( hide ) 1 Reasons 2 Polarization 3 Antiwar movement 3.1 Students 3.2 Arts 3.3 Women 3.4 African Americans 3.5 Asian Americans 3.6 Clergy 3.7 Organizations 4 Music 5 Growth 6 Political factors 7 Draft 8 Environment 9 Congressional hearings 9.1 United Nations intervention 9.2 Dellums ( war crimes ) 9.3 Fulbright ( end to war ) 10 Effects 10.1 Fewer soldiers 10.2 College campuses 10.3 American soldiers 11 Timeline 11.1 1964 11.2 1965 11.3 1966 11.4 1967 11.5 1968 11.6 1969 11.7 1970 11.8 1971 and after 12 Public opinion on the Vietnam War 13 Slogans and chants 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 17 Further reading 18 External links Reasons ( edit ) Vietnam War protesters in Wichita , Kansas , 1967 The draft , a system of conscription that mainly drew from minorities and lower and middle class whites , drove much of the protest after 1965 . Conscientious objectors played an active role despite their small numbers . The prevailing sentiment that the draft was unfairly administered inflamed blue - collar American , especially African - American , opposition to the military draft itself . Opposition to the war arose during a time of unprecedented student activism , which followed the free speech movement and the Civil Rights Movement . The military draft mobilized the baby boomers , who were most at risk , but it grew to include a varied cross-section of Americans . The growing opposition to the Vietnam War was partly attributed to greater access to uncensored information through extensive television coverage on the ground in Vietnam . Beyond opposition to the draft , anti-war protesters also made moral arguments against U.S. involvement in Vietnam . That moral imperative argument against the war was especially popular among American college students , who were more likely than the general public to accuse the United States of having imperialistic goals in Vietnam and to criticize the war as `` immoral . '' Civilian deaths , which were downplayed or omitted entirely by the Western media , became a subject of protest when photographic evidence of casualties emerged . An infamous photo of General Nguyễn Ngọc Loan shooting an alleged terrorist in handcuffs during the Tet Offensive also provoked public outcry . Another element of the American opposition to the war was the perception that U.S. intervention in Vietnam , which had been argued as acceptable because of the domino theory and the threat of communism , was not legally justifiable . Some Americans believed that the communist threat was used as a scapegoat to hide imperialistic intentions , and others argued that the American intervention in South Vietnam interfered with the self - determination of the country and felt that the war in Vietnam was a civil war that ought to have determined the fate of the country and that America was wrong to intervene . Media coverage of the war also shook the faith of citizens at home as new television brought images of wartime conflict to the kitchen table . Newsmen like NBC 's Frank McGee stated that the war was all but lost as a `` conclusion to be drawn inescapably from the facts . '' For the first time in American history , the media had the means to broadcast battlefield images . Graphic footage of casualties on the nightly news eliminated any myth of the glory of war . With no clear sign of victory in Vietnam , American military casualties helped stimulate opposition to the war by Americans . In their book Manufacturing Consent , Noam Chomsky and Edward Herman challenge that traditional view of how the media influenced the war and propose that the media instead censored the more brutal images of the fighting and the death of millions of innocent people . Polarization ( edit ) If America 's soul becomes totally poisoned , part of the autopsy must read `` Vietnam . '' -- Martin Luther King , Jr. , 1967 The U.S. became polarized over the war . Many supporters of U.S. involvement argued for what was known as the domino theory , a theory that believed if one country fell to communism , then the bordering countries would be sure to fall as well , much like falling dominoes . This theory was largely held due to the fall of eastern Europe to communism and the Soviet sphere of influence following World War II . However , military critics of the war pointed out that the Vietnam War was political and that the military mission lacked any clear idea of how to achieve its objectives . Civilian critics of the war argued that the government of South Vietnam lacked political legitimacy , or that support for the war was completely immoral . The media also played a substantial role in the polarization of American opinion regarding the Vietnam War . For example , In 1965 a majority of the media attention focused on military tactics with very little discussion about the necessity for a full scale intervention in Southeast Asia . After 1965 , the media covered the dissent and domestic controversy that existed within the United States , but mostly excluded the actual view of dissidents and resisters . The media established a sphere of public discourse surrounding the Hawk versus Dove debate . The Dove was a liberal and a critic of the war . Doves claimed that the war was well -- intentioned but a disastrously wrong mistake in an otherwise benign foreign policy . It is important to note the Doves did not question the U.S. intentions in intervening in Vietnam , nor did they question the morality or legality of the U.S. intervention . Rather , they made pragmatic claims that the war was a mistake . Contrarily , the Hawks argued that the war was legitimate and winnable and a part of the benign U.S. foreign policy . The Hawks claimed that the one - sided criticism of the media contributed to the decline of public support for the war and ultimately helped the U.S. lose the war . Author William F. Buckley repeatedly wrote about his approval for the war and suggested that `` The United States has been timid , if not cowardly , in refusing to seek ' victory ' in Vietnam . '' The hawks claimed that the liberal media was responsible for the growing popular disenchantment with the war and blamed the western media for losing the war in Southeast Asia as communism was no longer a threat for them . Antiwar movement ( edit ) As the Vietnam War continued to escalate , public disenchantment grew and a variety of different groups were formed or became involved in the movement . Students ( edit ) U.S. Marshals dragging away a Vietnam War protester in Washington , D.C. , 1967 There was a great deal of civic unrest on college campuses throughout the 1960s as students became increasingly involved in the Civil Rights Movement , Second Wave Feminism , and anti-war movement . Doug McAdam explains the success of the mass mobilization of volunteers for Freedom Summer in terms of `` Biographical Availability '' , where individuals must have a certain degree of social , economic , and psychological freedom to be able to participate in large scale social movements . This explanation can also be applied to the Anti-War Movement because it occurred around the same time and the same biographical factors applied to the college - aged anti-war protesters . David Meyers ( 2007 ) also explains how the concept of personal efficacy affects mass movement mobilization . For example , according to Meyers ' thesis , consider that American wealth increased drastically after World War II . At this time , America was a superpower and enjoyed great affluence after thirty years of depression , war , and sacrifice . Benjamin T. Harrison ( 2000 ) argues that the post World War II affluence set the stage for the protest generation in the 1960s . His central thesis is that the World Wars and Great Depression spawned a ' beat generation ' refusing to conform to mainstream American values which lead to the emergence of the Hippies and the counterculture . The Anti-war movement became part of a larger protest movement against the traditional American Values and attitudes . Meyers ( 2007 ) builds off this claim in his argument that the `` relatively privileged enjoy the education and affirmation that afford them the belief that they might make a difference . '' As a result of the present factors in terms of affluence , biographical availability ( defined in the sociological areas of activism as the lack of restrictions on social relationships of which most likely increases the consequences of participating in a social movement ) , and increasing political atmosphere across the county , political activity increased drastically on college campuses . College enrollment reached 9 million by the end of the 1960s . Colleges and universities in America had more students than ever before , and these institutions often tried to restrict student behavior to maintain order on the campuses . To combat this , many college students became active in causes that promoted free speech , student input in the curriculum , and an end to archaic social restrictions . Students joined the antiwar movement because they did not want to fight in a foreign civil war that they believed did not concern them or because they were morally opposed to all war . Others disliked the war because it diverted funds and attention away from problems in the U.S. Intellectual growth and gaining a liberal perspective at college caused many students to become active in the antiwar movement . Another attractive feature of the opposition movement was the fact that it was a popular social event . As one student said , antiwar demonstrations were the places to `` get laid , get high , and listen to some great rock . '' Most student antiwar organizations were locally or campus - based because they were easier to organize and participate in than national groups . Common antiwar demonstrations for college students featured attempts to sever ties between the war machine and universities through burning draft cards , protesting universities furnishing grades to draft boards , and protesting military and Dow Chemical job fairs on campus . From 1969 to 1970 , student protestors attacked 197 ROTC buildings on college campuses . Protests grew after the Kent State shootings , radicalizing more and more students . Although the media often portrayed the student antiwar movement as aggressive and widespread , only 10 % of the 2500 colleges in the United States had violent protests throughout the Vietnam War years . By the early 1970s , most student protest movements died down due to President Nixon 's de-escalation of the war , the economic downturn , and disillusionment with the powerlessness of the antiwar movement . Arts ( edit ) Many artists during the 1960s and 1970s opposed the war and used their creativity and careers to visibly oppose the war . Writers and poets opposed to involvement in the war included Allen Ginsberg , Denise Levertov , Robert Duncan , and Robert Bly . Their pieces often incorporated imagery based on the tragic events of the war as well as the disparity between life in Vietnam and life in the United States . Visual artists Ronald Haeberle , Peter Saul , and Nancy Spero , among others , used war equipment , like guns and helicopters , in their works while incorporating important political and war figures , portraying to the nation exactly who was responsible for the violence . Filmmakers such as Lenny Lipton , Jerry Abrams , Peter Gessner , and David Ringo created documentary - style movies featuring actual footage from the antiwar marches to raise awareness about the war and the diverse opposition movement . Playwrights like Frank O'Hara , Sam Shepard , Robert Lowell , Megan Terry , Grant Duay , and Kenneth Bernard used theater as a vehicle for portraying their thoughts about the Vietnam War , often satirizing the role of America in the world and juxtaposing the horrific effects of war with normal scenes of life . Regardless of medium , antiwar artists ranged from pacifists to violent radicals and caused Americans to think more critically about the war . Art as war opposition was quite popular in the early years of the war , but soon faded as political activism became the more common and most visible way of opposing the war . Women ( edit ) Women were a large part of the antiwar movement , even though they were sometimes relegated to second - class status within the organizations or faced sexism within opposition groups . Some leaders of anti-war groups viewed women as sex objects or secretaries , not actual thinkers who could contribute positively and tangibly to the group 's goals , or believed that women could not truly understand and join the antiwar movement because they were unaffected by the draft . Women involved in opposition groups disliked the romanticism of the violence of both the war and the antiwar movement that was common amongst male war protestors . Despite the inequalities , participation in various antiwar groups allowed women to gain experience with organizing protests and crafting effective antiwar rhetoric . These newfound skills combined with their dislike of sexism within the opposition movement caused many women to break away from the mainstream antiwar movement and create or join women 's antiwar groups , such as Another Mother for Peace , Women 's International League for Peace and Freedom ( WILPF ) , and Women Strike for Peace ( WSP ) , also known as Women For Peace . Female soldiers serving in Vietnam joined the movement to battle the war and sexism , racism , and the established military bureaucracy by writing articles for antiwar and antimilitary newspapers . Mothers and older generations of women joined the opposition movement , as advocates for peace and people opposed to the effects of the war and the draft on the generation of young men . These women saw the draft as one of the most disliked parts of the war machine and sought to undermine the war itself through undermining the draft . Another Mother for Peace and WSP often held free draft counseling centers to give young men legal and illegal methods to oppose the draft . Members of Women For Peace showed up at the White House every Sunday for 8 years from 11 to 1 for a peace vigil . Such female antiwar groups often relied on maternalism , the image of women as peaceful caretakers of the world , to express and accomplish their goals . The government often saw middle - aged women involved in such organizations as the most dangerous members of the opposition movement because they were ordinary citizens who quickly and efficiently mobilized . Many women in America sympathized with the Vietnamese civilians affected by the war and joined the opposition movement . They protested the use of napalm , a highly flammable jelly weapon created by the Dow Chemical Company and used as a weapon during the war , by boycotting Saran Wrap , another product made by the company . Faced with the sexism sometimes found in the antiwar movement , New Left , and Civil Rights Movement , some women created their own organizations to establish true equality of the sexes . Some of frustrations of younger women became apparent during the antiwar movement : they desired more radical change and decreased acceptance of societal gender roles than older women activists . Female activists ' disillusion with the antiwar movement led to the formation of the Women 's Liberation Movement to establish true equality for American women in all facets of life . African Americans ( edit ) Martin Luther King , Jr. speaking to an anti-Vietnam War rally at the University of Minnesota , St. Paul on April 27 , 1967 African - American leaders of earlier decades like W.E.B. Du Bois were often anti-imperialist and anti-capitalist . Paul Robeson weighed in on the Vietnamese struggle in 1954 , calling Ho Chi Minh `` the modern day Toussaint L'Overture , leading his people to freedom . '' These figures were driven from public life by McCarthyism , however , and black leaders were more cautious about criticizing US foreign policy as the 1960s began . By the middle of the decade , open condemnation of the war became more common , with figures like Malcolm X and Robert Parris Moses speaking out . Champion boxer Muhammad Ali risked his career and a prison sentence to resist the draft in 1966 . Soon Martin Luther King , Jr. , Coretta Scott King and James Bevel of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) became prominent opponents of the Vietnam War , and the Black Panther Party vehemently opposed U.S. involvement in Vietnam . In the beginning of the war , some African Americans did not want to join the war opposition movement because of loyalty to President Johnson for pushing Civil Rights legislation , but soon the escalating violence of the war and the perceived social injustice of the draft propelled involvement in antiwar groups . In 1965 , the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) became the first major civil rights group to issue a formal statement against the war . When SNCC - backed Georgia Representative Julian Bond acknowledged his agreement with the anti-war statement , he was refused his seat by the State of Georgia , an injustice which he successfully appealed up to the Supreme Court . SNCC had special significance as a nexus between the student movement and the black movement . At an SDS - organized conference at UC Berkeley in October 1966 , SNCC Chair Stokely Carmichael challenged the white left to escalate their resistance to the military draft in a manner similar to the black movement . Some participants in ghetto rebellions of the era had already associated their actions with opposition to the Vietnam War , and SNCC first disrupted an Atlanta draft board in August 1966 . According to historians Joshua Bloom and Waldo Martin , SDS 's first Stop the Draft Week of October 1967 was `` inspired by Black Power ( and ) emboldened by the ghetto rebellions . '' SNCC appear to have originated the popular anti-draft slogan : `` Hell no ! We wo n't go ! '' Black antiwar groups opposed the war for similar reasons as white groups , but often protested in separate events and sometimes did not cooperate with the ideas of white antiwar leadership . They harshly criticized the draft because poor and minority men were usually most affected by conscription . In 1965 and 1966 , Afro - Americans comprised 25 percent of combat deaths , more than twice their proportion of the population . As a result , black enlisted men themselves protested and began the resistance movement among veterans . After taking measures to reduce the fatalities , apparently in response to widespread protest , the military brought the proportion of blacks down to 12.6 percent of casualties . African Americans involved in the antiwar movement often formed their own groups , such as Black Women Enraged , National Black Anti-War Anti-Draft Union , and National Black Draft Counselors . Within these groups , however , many African American women were seen as subordinate members by black male leaders . Many African American women viewed the war in Vietnam as racially motivated and sympathized strongly with Vietnamese women . Such concerns often propelled their participation in the antiwar movement and their creation of new opposition groups . Asian Americans ( edit ) Many Asian Americans were strongly opposed to the Vietnam War . They saw the war as being a bigger action of U.S. imperialism and `` connected the oppression of the Asians in the United States to the prosecution of the war in Vietnam . '' Unlike many Americans in the anti-war movement , they viewed the war `` not just as imperialist but specifically as anti-Asian . '' Groups like the Asian American Political Alliance ( AAPA ) , the Bay Area Coalition Against the War ( BAACAW ) , and the Asian Americans for Action made opposition to the war their main focus . Of these organizations , the Bay Area Coalition Against the War was the biggest and most significant . One of the major reasons leading to their significance was that the BAACAW was `` highly organized , holding biweekly ninety - minute meetings of the Coordinating Committee at which each regional would submit detailed reports and action plans . '' The driving force behind their formation was their anger at `` the bombing of Hanoi and the mining of Haiphong Harbor . '' Another aspect of the group 's prevalence was the support of the Japanese Community Youth Center , members of the Asian Community Center , student leaders of Asian American student unions , etc. who stood behind it . The BAACAW members consisted of many Asians Americans and they were involved in antiwar efforts like marches , study groups , fundraisers , teach - ins and demonstrations . During marches , Asian American activists carried banners that read `` Stop the Bombing of Asian People and Stop Killing Our Asian Brothers and Sisters . '' Its newsletter stated , `` our goal is to build a solid , broad - based anti-imperialist movement of Asian people against the war in Vietnam . '' The anti-war sentiment by Asian Americans was fueled by the racial inequality that they faced in the United States . As historian Daryl Maeda notes , `` the antiwar movement articulated Asian Americans ' racial commonality with Vietnamese people in two distinctly gendered ways : identification based on the experiences of male soldiers and identification by women . '' Asian American soldiers in the U.S. military were many times classified as being like the enemy . They were referred to as gooks and had a racialized identity in comparison to their non-Asian counterparts . There was also the hypersexualization of Vietnamese women which in turn affected how Asian American women in the military were treated . `` In a Gidra article , ( a prominent influential newspaper of the Asian American movement ) , Evelyn Yoshimura noted that the U.S. military systematically portrayed Vietnamese women as prostitutes as a way of dehumanizing them . '' Asian American groups realized in order to extinguish racism , they also had to address sexism as well . This in turn led to women 's leadership in the Asian American antiwar movement . Patsy Chan , a `` Third World '' activist , said at an antiwar rally in San Francisco , `` We , as Third World women ( express ) our militant solidarity with our brothers and sisters from Indochina . We , as Third World people know of the struggle the Indochinese are waging against imperialism , because we share that common enemy in the United States . '' Some other notable figures were Grace Lee Boggs and Yuri Kochiyama . Both Boggs and Kochiyama were inspired by the civil rights movement of the 1960s and `` a growing number of Asian Americans began to push forward a new era in radical Asian American politics . '' There were also Asian American musicians who traveled around the United States to oppose the imperialist actions of the American government , specifically their involvement in Vietnam . `` The folk trio ' A Grain of Sand ' ... ( consisting of the members ) JoAnne ' Nobuko ' Miyamoto , Chris Iijima , and William ' Charlie ' Chin , performed across the nation as traveling troubadours who set the antiracist politics of the Asian American movement to music . '' This band was so against the imperialistic actions of the United States , that they supported the Vietnamese people vocally through their song ' War of the Flea ' . Asian American poets and playwrights also joined in unity with the movement 's antiwar sentiments . Melvyn Escueta created the play ' Honey Bucket ' and was an Asian American veteran of the war . Through this play , `` Escueta establishes equivalencies between his protagonist , a Filipino American soldier named Andy , and the Vietnamese people . '' `` The Asian American antiwar movement emerged from a belief that the mainstream peace movement was racist in its disregard to Asians ... Steve Louie remembers that while the white antiwar movement had ' this moral thing about no killing , ' Asian Americans sought to bring attention to ' a bigger issue ... genocide . ' ... the broader movement had a hard time with the Asian movement ... because it broadened the issues out beyond where they wanted to go ... the whole question of U.S. imperialism as a system , at home and abroad . '' Clergy ( edit ) The clergy , often a forgotten group during the opposition to the Vietnam War , played a large role as well . The clergy covered any of the religious leaders and members including individuals such as Martin Luther King Jr . In his speech `` Beyond Vietnam '' King stated , `` the greatest purveyor of violence in the world today : my own government . For the sake of those boys , for the sake of this government , for the sake of the hundreds of thousands trembling under our violence , I can not be silent . '' King was not looking for racial equality through this speech , but tried to voice for an end to the war instead . The involvement of the clergy did not stop at King though . The analysis entitled `` Social Movement Participation : Clergy and the Anti-Vietnam War Movement '' expands upon the anti-war movement by taking King , a single religious figurehead , and explaining the movement from the entire clergy 's perspective . The clergy were often forgotten though throughout this opposition . The analysis refers to that fact by saying , `` The research concerning clergy anti-war participation is even more barren than the literature on student activism . '' There is a relationship and correlation between theology and political opinions and during the Vietnam War , the same relationship occurred between feelings about the war and theology . This article basically was a social experiment finding results on how the pastors and clergy members reacted to the war . Based on the results found , they most certainly did not believe in the war and wished to help end it . Another source , Lift Up Your Voice Like A Trumpet : White Clergy And The Civil Rights And Antiwar Movements , 1954 -- 1973 explains the story of the entire spectrum of the clergy and their involvement . Michael Freidland is able to completely tell the story in his chapter entitled , `` A Voice of Moderation : Clergy and the Anti-War Movement : 1966 -- 1967 '' . In basic summary , each specific clergy from each religion had their own view of the war and how they dealt with it , but as a whole , the clergy was completely against the war . Organizations ( edit ) Committee for NonViolent Action ( CNVA ) -- radical pacifist organization that `` blended philosophical anarchism with Gandhian pacifism . '' The organization used civil disobedience in direct action against military action . Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy ( SANE ) -- liberal international organization that was founded in 1957 by a group of nuclear pacifists . They attempted to increase public opinion in favor of their cause in an attempt to influence policy makers to halt atmospheric nuclear testing and reversing the arms race and the Cold War . Another committee was called SNCC -- Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee . Black Women Enraged -- a Harlem antiwar movement . National Black Anti-War Anti-Draft Union ( NBAWADU ) -- led by Gwen Patton and formed from black members of SNCC and socialist parties . National Black Draft Counselors ( NBDC ) -- led by Pat Berg and created to help young black men avoid being drafted . Women 's International League for Peace and Freedom ( WILPF ) -- founded in 1919 after World War I and provided women with an early entry into the antiwar movement . The League of Women Voters -- founded in 1920 , was one of the first groups to call for an end to military involvement in Vietnam . Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur -- popularized the use of kneel - ins and prayer to end the war and stop its escalation . Bay Area Asian Coalition Against the War ( BAACAW ) Asian American Political Alliance ( AAPA ) Asian Americans for Action Third World Liberation Front ( TWLF ) - Some Asian American student organizations under this were : Filipino American Collegiate ( PACE ) , Asian American Political Alliance ( AAPA ) , and Chinese for Social Action ( ICSA ) Vietnam Veterans Against the War American Writers and Artists Against the War in Vietnam Americans for Democratic Action FTA -- a group whose initials either stand for Free the Army or Fuck the Army , depending on the situation , was led by Jane Fonda and Donald Sutherland . Clergy and Laymen Concerned about Vietnam ( CALCAV ) WIN ( Workshop in Nonviolence ) Magazine editors and staff included Maris Cakars , Marty Jezer , Paul Johnson , Susan Kent Cakars and Tad Richards . Published authors such as Grace Paley , Barbara Deming , Andrea Dworkin and Abbie Hoffman . The Student Libertarian Movement -- Libertarian organization that was formed in 1972 . The guiding principles of this organization were opposition to the war in Vietnam and opposition to the draft . The organization did not take a strong stand on racial issues . For example , `` In virtually hundreds of issues of libertarian newspapers , bulletins , and journals , the civil rights movement , Black nationalism , or race in general composed no more than 1 percent of all articles surveyed . '' Students for Democratic Society ( SDS ) -- founded in 1960 and was seen as one of the most active college campus groups of the New Left and the antiwar movement . Student Peace Union . Furman University Corps of Kazoos ( FUCK ) -- created to make fun of the military and campus ROTC program at Furman University in South Carolina . Such anti-campus ROTC groups were common throughout the U.S. Traditional peace groups like Fellowship of Reconciliation , American Friends Service Committee , the War Resisters League , and the Catholic Workers Movement , became involved in the antiwar movement as well . Various committees and campaigns for peace in Vietnam came about , including Campaign for Disarmament , Campaign to End the Air War , Campaign to Stop Funding the War , Campaign to Stop the Air War , Catholic Peace Fellowship , and Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors . Music ( edit ) Waist Deep in the Big Muddy ; the Big Fool said to push on . -- Pete Seeger , 1963 / 1967 Cornelis Vreeswijk , Fred Åkerström , Gösta Cervin in a protest march against the Vietnam War in Stockholm , 1965 Protest to American participation in the Vietnam War was a movement that many popular musicians appropriated , which was a stark contrast to the pro-war compositions of artists during World War II . These musicians included Joni Mitchell , Joan Baez , Phil Ochs , Lou Harrison , Gail Kubik , William Mayer , Elie Siegmeister , Robert Fink , David Noon , Richard Wernick , and John W. Downey . The two most notable genres involved in this protest were Rock and Roll and Folk music . While composers created pieces affronting the war , they were not limited to their music . Often protesters were being arrested and participating in peace marches and popular musicians were among their ranks . This concept of intimate involvement reached new heights in May 1968 when the `` Composers and Musicians for Peace '' concert was staged in New York . As the war continued , and with the new media coverage , the movement snowballed and popular music reflected this . As early as the summer of 1965 , music - based protest against the American involvement in Southeast Asia began with works like P.F. Sloan 's folk rock song Eve of Destruction , recorded by Barry McGuire as one of the earliest musical protests against the Vietnam War . A key figure on the rock end of the antiwar spectrum was Jimi Hendrix ( 1942 -- 1970 ) . Hendrix had a huge following among the youth culture exploring itself through drugs and experiencing itself through rock music . He was not an official protestor of the war ; one of Hendrix 's biographers contends that Hendrix , being a former soldier , sympathized with the anticommunist view . He did , however , protest the violence that took place in the Vietnam War . With the song `` Machine Gun '' , dedicated to those fighting in Vietnam , this protest of violence is manifest . David Henderson , author of ' Scuse Me While I Kiss the Sky , describes the song as `` scary funk ( ... ) his sound over the drone shifts from a woman 's scream , to a siren , to a fighter plane diving , all amid Buddy Miles ' Gatling - gun snare shots . ( ... ) he says ' evil man make me kill you ( ... ) make you kill me although we 're only families apart . ' '' This song was often accompanied with pleas from Hendrix to bring the soldiers back home and cease the bloodshed . While Hendrix 's views may not have been analogous to the protestors , his songs became anthems to the antiwar movement . Songs such as `` Star Spangled Banner '' showed individuals that `` you can love your country , but hate the government . '' Hendrix 's anti-violence efforts are summed up in his words : `` when the power of love overcomes the love of power ... the world will know peace . '' Thus , Hendrix 's personal views did not coincide perfectly with those of the antiwar protestors ; however , his anti-violence outlook was a driving force during the years of the Vietnam War even after his death ( 1970 ) . The song known to many as the anthem of the protest movement was The `` Fish '' Cheer / I - Feel - Like - I 'm - Fixin ' - to - Die Rag -- first released on an EP in the October 1965 issue of Rag Baby -- by Country Joe and the Fish , one of the most successful protest bands . Although this song was not on music charts probably because it was too radical , it was performed at many public events including the famous Woodstock music festival ( 1969 ) . `` Feel - Like - I 'm - Fixin ' - To - Die Rag '' was a song that used sarcasm to communicate the problems with not only the war but also the public 's naïve attitudes towards it . It was said that `` the happy beat and insouciance of the vocalist are in odd juxtaposition to the lyrics that reinforce the sad fact that the American public was being forced into realizing that Vietnam was no longer a remote place on the other side of the world , and the damage it was doing to the country could no longer be considered collateral , involving someone else . '' Along with singer - songwriter Phil Ochs , who attended and organized anti-war events and wrote such songs as `` I Ai n't Marching Anymore '' and `` The War Is Over '' , another key historical figure of the antiwar movement was Bob Dylan . Folk and Rock were critical aspects of counterculture during the Vietnam War both were genres that Dylan would dabble in . His success in writing protest songs came from his pre-existing popularity , as he did not initially intend on doing so . Tor Egil Førland , in his article `` Bringing It All Back Home or Another Side of Bob Dylan : Midwestern Isolationist '' , quotes Todd Gitlin , a leader of a student movement at the time , in saying `` Whether he liked it or not , Dylan sang for us ... We followed his career as if he were singing our songs . '' The anthem `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' embodied Dylan 's anti-war , pro-civil rights sentiment . To complement `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' Dylan 's song `` The Times they are A-Changin ' '' alludes to a new method of governing that is necessary and warns those who currently participate in government that the change is imminent . Dylan tells the `` senators and congressmen ( to ) please heed the call . '' Dylan 's songs were designed to awaken the public and to cause a reaction . The protestors of the Vietnam War identified their cause so closely with the artistic compositions of Dylan that Joan Baez and Judy Collins performed `` The Times they are A-Changin ' '' at a march protesting the Vietnam War ( 1965 ) and also for President Johnson . While Dylan renounced the idea of subscribing to the ideals of one individual , his feelings of protest towards Vietnam were appropriated by the general movement and they `` awaited his gnomic yet oracular pronouncements '' , which provided a guiding aspect to the movement as a whole . John Lennon , former member of the Beatles , did most of his activism in his solo career with wife Yoko Ono . Given his immense fame due to the success of the Beatles , he was a very prominent movement figure with the constant media and press attention . Still being proactive on their honeymoon , the newlyweds controversially held a sit - in , where they sat in bed for a week answering press questions . They held numerous sit - ins , one where they first introduced their song `` Give Peace a Chance '' . Lennon and Ono 's song overshadowed many previous held anthems , as it became known as the ultimate anthem of peace in the 1970s , with their words `` all we are saying ... is give peace a chance '' being sung globally . `` ( McCormick , Anita Louise . The Vietnam Antiwar Movement in American History . Berkeley Heights , New Jersey : Enslow , 2000 . Print . ) '' Growth ( edit ) Gruesome images of two anti-war activists who set themselves on fire in November 1965 provided iconic images of how strongly some people felt that the war was immoral . On November 2 , 32 - year - old Quaker Norman Morrison set himself on fire in front of The Pentagon . On November 9 , 22 - year - old Catholic Worker Movement member Roger Allen LaPorte did the same in front of United Nations Headquarters in New York City . Both protests were conscious imitations of earlier ( and ongoing ) Buddhist protests in South Vietnam . 1967 Anti-Vietnam War demonstration at The Pentagon Protests against the Vietnam War took place in the late 1960s and early 1970s . The protests were part of a movement in opposition to the Vietnam War and took place mainly in the United States . ( See also Students for a Democratic Society , Free Speech Movement , Jerry Rubin , Abbie Hoffman , Youth International Party , Chicago Seven . ) The growing anti-war movement alarmed many in the U.S. government . On August 16 , 1966 the House Un-American Activities Committee ( HUAC ) began investigations of Americans who were suspected of aiding the NLF , with the intent to introduce legislation making these activities illegal . Anti-war demonstrators disrupted the meeting and 50 were arrested . In February 1967 , The New York Review of Books published `` The Responsibility of Intellectuals '' , an essay by Noam Chomsky , one of the leading intellectual opponents of the war . In the essay Chomsky argued that much responsibility for the war lay with liberal intellectuals and technical experts who were providing what he saw as pseudoscientific justification for the policies of the U.S. government . On February 1 , 1968 , Nguyễn Văn Lém , a Vietcong officer suspected of participating in murder of South Vietnamese government officials during the Tet Offensive , was summarily executed by General Nguyễn Ngọc Loan , the South Vietnamese National Police Chief . Loan shot Lém in the head on a public street in Saigon front of journalists . South Vietnamese reports provided as justification after the fact claimed that Lém was captured near the site of a ditch holding as many as thirty - four bound and shot bodies of police and their relatives , some of whom were the families of General Loan 's deputy and close friend . The execution provided an iconic image that helped sway public opinion in the United States against the war . The events of Tet in early 1968 as a whole were also remarkable in shifting public opinion regarding the war . U.S. military officials had previously reported that counter-insurgency in South Vietnam was being prosecuted successfully . While the Tet Offensive provided the U.S. and allied militaries with a great victory in that the Vietcong was finally brought into open battle and destroyed as a fighting force , the American media , including respected figures such as Walter Cronkite , interpreted such events as the attack on the American embassy in Saigon as an indicator of U.S. military weakness . The military victories on the battlefields of Tet were obscured by shocking images of violence on television screens , long casualty lists , and a new perception among the American people that the military had been untruthful to them about the success of earlier military operations , and ultimately , the ability to achieve a meaningful military solution in Vietnam . On October 15 , 1969 , hundreds of thousands of people took part in National Moratorium anti-war demonstrations across the United States ; the demonstrations prompted many workers to call in sick from their jobs and adolescents nationwide engaged in truancy from school . However , the proportion of individuals doing either who actually participated in the demonstrations is uncertain . A second round of `` Moratorium '' demonstrations was held on November 15 , but was less well - attended . The My Lai massacre was used as an example of bad military conduct during the Vietnam War . The U.S. realized that the South Vietnamese government needed a solid base of popular support if it were to survive the insurgency . To pursue this goal of winning the `` Hearts and Minds '' of the Vietnamese people , units of the United States Army , referred to as `` Civil Affairs '' units , were used extensively for the first time since World War II . Civil Affairs units , while remaining armed and under direct military control , engaged in what came to be known as `` nation - building '' : constructing ( or reconstructing ) schools , public buildings , roads and other infrastructure ; conducting medical programs for civilians who had no access to medical facilities ; facilitating cooperation among local civilian leaders ; conducting hygiene and other training for civilians ; and similar activities . This policy of attempting to win the hearts and minds of the Vietnamese people , however , often was at odds with other aspects of the war which sometimes served to antagonize many Vietnamese civilians and provided ammunition to the anti-war movement . These included the emphasis on `` body count '' as a way of measuring military success on the battlefield , civilian casualties during the bombing of villages ( symbolized by journalist Peter Arnett 's famous quote , `` it was necessary to destroy the village to save it '' ) , and the killing of civilians in such incidents as the My Lai massacre . In 1974 the documentary Hearts and Minds sought to portray the devastation the war was causing to the South Vietnamese people , and won an Academy Award for best documentary amid considerable controversy . The South Vietnamese government also antagonized many of its citizens with its suppression of political opposition , through such measures as holding large numbers of political prisoners , torturing political opponents , and holding a one - man election for President in 1971 . Covert counter-terror programs and semi-covert ones such as the Phoenix Program attempted , with the help of anthropologists , to isolate rural South Vietnamese villages and affect the loyalty of the residents . This man wears a Purple Heart medal as he watches a San Francisco peace march , April 1967 . Despite the increasingly depressing news of the war , many Americans continued to support President Johnson 's endeavors . Aside from the domino theory mentioned above , there was a feeling that the goal of preventing a communist takeover of a pro-Western government in South Vietnam was a noble objective . Many Americans were also concerned about saving face in the event of disengaging from the war or , as President Richard M. Nixon later put it , `` achieving Peace with Honor . '' In addition , instances of Viet Cong atrocities were widely reported , most notably in an article that appeared in Reader 's Digest in 1968 entitled The Blood - Red Hands of Ho Chi Minh . However , anti-war feelings also began to rise . Many Americans opposed the war on moral grounds , appalled by the devastation and violence of the war . Others claimed the conflict was a war against Vietnamese independence , or an intervention in a foreign civil war ; others opposed it because they felt it lacked clear objectives and appeared to be unwinnable . Many anti-war activists were themselves Vietnam veterans , as evidenced by the organization Vietnam Veterans Against the War . In April 1971 , thousands of these veterans converged on the White House in Washington , D.C. , and hundreds of them threw their medals and decorations on the steps of the United States Capitol . By this time , it had also become commonplace for the most radical anti-war demonstrators to prominently display the flag of the Viet Cong `` enemy '' , an act which alienated many who were otherwise morally opposed to the war . Political factors ( edit ) In 1968 , President Lyndon B. Johnson began his re-election campaign . Eugene McCarthy ran against him for the nomination on an anti-war platform . McCarthy did not win the first primary election in New Hampshire , but he did surprisingly well against an incumbent . The resulting blow to the Johnson campaign , taken together with other factors , led the President to make a surprise announcement in a March 31 televised speech that he was pulling out of the race . He also announced the initiation of the Paris Peace Negotiations with Vietnam in that speech . Then , on August 4 , 1969 , U.S. representative Henry Kissinger and North Vietnamese representative Xuan Thuy began secret peace negotiations at the apartment of French intermediary Jean Sainteny in Paris . After breaking with Johnson 's pro-war stance , Robert F. Kennedy entered the race on March 16 and ran for the nomination on an anti-war platform . Johnson 's vice president , Hubert Humphrey , also ran for the nomination , promising to continue to support the South Vietnamese government . Draft ( edit ) See also : Kent State shootings and Jackson State killings Students demonstrate in Saigon , July 1964 , observing the tenth anniversary of the July 1954 Geneva Agreements . Anti-Vietnam War protest . Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . 1968 . Anti-Vietnam War protest . Vancouver , B.C. , Canada . 1968 Protests bringing attention to `` the draft '' began on May 5 , 1965 . Student activists at the University of California , Berkeley marched on the Berkeley Draft board and forty students staged the first public burning of a draft card in the United States . Another nineteen cards were burnt on May 22 at a demonstration following the Berkeley teach - in . Draft card protests were not aimed so much at the draft as at the immoral conduct of the war . At that time , only a fraction of all men of draft age were actually conscripted , but the Selective Service System office ( `` Draft Board '' ) in each locality had broad discretion on whom to draft and whom to exempt where there was no clear guideline for exemption . In late July 1965 , Johnson doubled the number of young men to be drafted per month from 17,000 to 35,000 , and on August 31 , signed a law making it a crime to burn a draft card . On October 15 , 1965 the student - run National Coordinating Committee to End the War in Vietnam in New York staged the first draft card burning to result in an arrest under the new law . In 1967 , the continued operation of a seemingly unfair draft system then calling as many as 40,000 men for induction each month fueled a burgeoning draft resistance movement . The draft favored white , middle - class men , which allowed an economically and racially discriminating draft to force young African American men to serve in rates that were disproportionately higher than the general population . Although in 1967 there was a smaller field of draft eligible black men -- 29 percent versus 63 percent of draft eligible white men -- 64 percent of black men were chosen to serve in the war through conscription , compared to only 31 percent of eligible white men . On October 16 , 1967 , draft card turn - ins were held across the country , yielding more than 1,000 draft cards , later returned to the Justice Department as an act of civil disobedience . Resisters expected to be prosecuted immediately , but Attorney General Ramsey Clark instead prosecuted a group of ringleaders including Dr. Benjamin Spock and Yale chaplain William Sloane Coffin , Jr. in Boston in 1968 . By the late 1960s , one quarter of all court cases dealt with the draft , including men accused of draft - dodging and men petitioning for the status of conscientious objector . Over 210,000 men were accused of draft - related offenses , 25,000 of whom were indicted . The charges of unfairness led to the institution of a draft lottery for the year 1970 in which a young man 's birthday determined his relative risk of being drafted ( September 14 was the birthday at the top of the draft list for 1970 ; the following year July 9 held this distinction ) . The first draft lottery since World War II in the United States was held on 1 December 1969 and was met with large protests and a great deal of controversy ; statistical analysis indicated that the methodology of the lotteries unintentionally disadvantaged men with late year birthdays . This issue was treated at length in a January 4 , 1970 New York Times article titled `` Statisticians Charge Draft Lottery Was Not Random '' . Various antiwar groups , such as Another Mother for Peace , WILPF , and WSP , had free draft counseling centers , where they gave young American men advice for legally and illegally evading the draft . Over 30,000 people left the country and went to Canada , Sweden , and Mexico to avoid the draft . The Japanese anti-war group Beheiren helped some American soldiers to desert and hide from the military in Japan . To gain an exemption or deferment , many men attended college , though they had to remain in college until their 26th birthday to be certain of avoiding the draft . Some men were rejected by the military as 4 - F unfit for service failing to meet physical , mental , or moral standards . Still others joined the National Guard or entered the Peace Corps as a way of avoiding Vietnam . All of these issues raised concerns about the fairness of who got selected for involuntary service , since it was often the poor or those without connections who were drafted . Ironically , in light of modern political issues , a certain exemption was a convincing claim of homosexuality , but very few men attempted this because of the stigma involved . Also , conviction for certain crimes earned an exclusion , the topic of the anti-war song `` Alice 's Restaurant '' by Arlo Guthrie . Even many of those who never received a deferment or exemption never served , simply because the pool of eligible men was so huge compared to the number required for service , that the draft boards never got around to drafting them when a new crop of men became available ( until 1969 ) or because they had high lottery numbers ( 1970 and later ) . Of those soldiers who served during the war , there was increasing opposition to the conflict amongst GIs , which resulted in fragging and many other activities which hampered the US 's ability to wage war effectively . Most of those subjected to the draft were too young to vote or drink in most states , and the image of young people being forced to risk their lives in the military without the privileges of enfranchisement or the ability to drink alcohol legally also successfully pressured legislators to lower the voting age nationally and the drinking age in many states . Student opposition groups on many college and university campuses seized campus administration offices , and in several instances forced the expulsion of ROTC programs from the campus . Some Americans who were not subject to the draft protested the conscription of their tax dollars for the war effort . War tax resistance , once mostly isolated to solitary anarchists like Henry David Thoreau and religious pacifists like the Quakers , became a more mainstream protest tactic . As of 1972 , an estimated 200,000 -- 500,000 people were refusing to pay the excise taxes on their telephone bills , and another 20,000 were resisting part or all of their income tax bills . Among the tax resisters were Joan Baez and Noam Chomsky . Environment ( edit ) Momentum from the protest organizations and the war 's impact on the environment became focal point of issues to an overwhelmingly main force for the growth of an environmental movement in the United States . Many of the environment - oriented demonstrations were inspired by Rachel Carson 's 1962 book Silent Spring , which warned of the harmful effects of pesticide use on the earth . For demonstrators , Carson 's warnings paralleled with the United States ' use of chemicals in Vietnam such as Agent Orange , a chemical compound which was used to clear forestry being used as cover , initially conducted by the United States Air Force in Operation Ranch Hand in 1962 . Congressional hearings ( edit ) U.S. Congressional opposition to American involvement in wars and interventions 1812 North America House Federalists ' Address 1847 Mexican -- American War Spot Resolutions 1917 World War I Filibuster of the Armed Ship Bill 1935 -- 1939 Neutrality Acts 1935 -- 1940 Ludlow Amendment 1970 Vietnam McGovern -- Hatfield Amendment 1970 Southeast Asia Cooper -- Church Amendment 1971 Vietnam Repeal of Tonkin Gulf Resolution 1973 Southeast Asia Case -- Church Amendment 1973 War Powers Resolution Hughes -- Ryan Amendment 1976 Angola Clark Amendment 1982 Nicaragua Boland Amendment 2007 Iraq House Concurrent Resolution 63 See also : List of Congressional opponents of the Vietnam War United Nations intervention ( edit ) In October 1967 the Senate Foreign Relations Committee held hearings on resolutions urging President Johnson to request an emergency session of the United Nations security council to consider proposals for ending the war . Dellums ( war crimes ) ( edit ) In January 1971 , just weeks into his first term , Congressman Ron Dellums set up a Vietnam war crimes exhibit in an annex to his Congressional office . The exhibit featured four large posters depicting atrocities committed by American soldiers embellished with red paint . This was followed shortly thereafter by four days of hearings on `` war crimes '' in Vietnam , which began April 25 . Dellums , assisted by the Citizens Commission of Inquiry , had called for formal investigations into the allegations , but Congress chose not to endorse these proceedings . As such , the hearings were ad hoc and only informational in nature . As a condition of room use , press and camera presence were not permitted , but the proceedings were transcribed . In addition to ( Ron Dellums ) ( Dem - CA ) , an additional 19 Congressional representatives took part in the hearings , including : Bella Abzug ( Dem - NY ) , Shirley Chisholm ( Dem - NY ) , Patsy Mink ( Dem - HI ) , Parren Mitchell ( Dem - MD ) , John Conyers ( Dem - MI ) , Herman Badillo ( Dem - NY ) , James Abourezk ( Dem - SD ) , Leo Ryan ( Dem - CA ) , Phil Burton ( Dem - CA ) , Don Edwards ( Dem - CA ) , Pete McCloskey ( Rep - CA ) , Ed Koch ( Dem - NY ) , John Seiberling ( Dem - OH ) , Henry Reuss ( Dem - WI ) , Benjamin Stanley Rosenthal ( Dem - NY ) , Robert Kastenmeier ( Dem - WI ) , and Abner J. Mikva ( Dem - IL ) . The transcripts describe alleged details of U.S. military 's conduct in Vietnam . Some tactics were described as `` gruesome '' , such as the severing of ears from corpses to verify body count . Others involved the killing of civilians . Soldiers claimed to have ordered artillery strikes on villages which did not appear to have any military presence . Soldiers were claimed to use racist terms such as `` gooks '' , `` dinks '' and `` slant eyes '' when referring to the Vietnamese . Witnesses described that legal , by - the - book instruction was augmented by more questionable training by non-commissioned officers as to how soldiers should conduct themselves . One witness testified about `` free - fire zones '' , areas as large as 80 square miles ( 210 km ) in which soldiers were free to shoot any Vietnamese they encountered after curfew without first making sure they were hostile . Allegations of exaggeration of body count , torture , murder and general abuse of civilians and the psychology and motivations of soldiers and officers were discussed at length . Fulbright ( end to war ) ( edit ) Main article : Fulbright Hearing In April and May 1971 , the Senate Foreign Relations Committee , chaired by Senator J. William Fulbright , held a series of 22 hearings ( referred to as the Fulbright Hearings ) on proposals relating to ending the war . On the third day of the hearings , April 22 , 1971 , future Senator and 2004 presidential candidate John Kerry became the first Vietnam veteran to testify before Congress in opposition to the war . Speaking on behalf of Vietnam Veterans Against the War , he argued for the immediate , unilateral withdrawal of U.S. forces from Vietnam . During nearly two hours of discussions with committee members , Kerry related in some detail the findings of the Winter Soldier Investigation , in which veterans had described personally committing or witnessing atrocities and war crimes . Effects ( edit ) The opposition to the United States ' involvement in the Vietnam War had many effects , which arguably led to the eventual end of the involvement of the United States . Howard Zinn , a controversial historian , states in his book A People 's History of the United States that , `` in the course of the war , there developed in the United States the greatest antiwar movement the nation had ever experienced , a movement that played a critical role in bringing the war to an end . '' Fewer soldiers ( edit ) The first effect the opposition had that led to the end of the war was that fewer soldiers were available for the army . The draft was protested and even ROTC programs too . Howard Zinn first provides a note written by a student of Boston University on May 1 , 1968 , which stated to his draft board , `` I have absolutely no intention to report for that exam , or for induction , or to aid in any way the American war effort against the people of Vietnam ... '' The opposition to the United States ' involvement in the Vietnam War had many effects , which led to the eventual end of the involvement of the United States . This refusal letter soon led to an overflow of refusals ultimately leading to the event provided by Zinn stating , `` In May 1969 the Oakland induction center , where draftees reported from all of Northern California , reported that of 4,400 men ordered to report for induction , 2,400 did not show up . In the first quarter of 1970 the Selective Service System , for the first time , could not meet its quota . '' The fewer numbers of soldiers as an effect of the opposition to the war also can be traced to the protests against the ROTC programs in colleges . Zinn argues this by stating , `` Student protests against the ROTC resulted in the canceling of those programs in over forty colleges and universities . In 1966 , 191,749 college students enrolled in ROTC . By 1973 , the number was 72,459 . '' The number of ROTC students in college drastically dropped and the program lost any momentum it once had before the anti-war movement . College campuses ( edit ) A further effect of the opposition was that many college campuses were completely shut down due to protests . These protests led to wear on the government who tried to mitigate the tumultuous behavior and return the colleges back to normal . The colleges involved in the anti-war movement included ones such as , Brown University , Kent State University , and the University of Massachusetts . Even at The College of William and Mary unrest occurred with protests by the students and even some faculty members that resulted in `` multiple informants '' hired to report to the CIA on the activities of students and faculty members . At the University of Massachusetts , `` The 100th Commencement of the University of Massachusetts yesterday was a protest , a call for peace '' , `` Red fists of protest , white peace symbols , and blue doves were stenciled on black academic gowns , and nearly every other senior wore an armband representing a plea for peace . '' Additionally , `` At Boston College , a Catholic institution , six thousand people gathered that evening in the gymnasium to denounce the war . '' At Kent State University , `` on May 4 , when students gathered to demonstrate against the war , National Guardsmen fired into the crowd . Four students were killed . '' Finally , `` At the Brown University commencement in 1969 , two - thirds of the graduating class turned their backs when Henry Kissinger stood up to address them . '' Basically , from all of the evidence here provided by the historians , Zinn and McCarthy , the second effect was very prevalent and it was the uproar at many colleges and universities as an effect of the opposition to the United States ' involvement in Vietnam . American soldiers ( edit ) Another effect the opposition to the war had was that the American soldiers in Vietnam began to side with the opposition and feel remorse for what they were doing . Zinn argues this with an example in which the soldiers in a POW camp formed a peace committee as they wondered who the enemy of the war was , because it certainly was not known among them . The statement of one of the soldiers reads , `` Until we got to the first camp , we did n't see a village intact ; they were all destroyed . I sat down and put myself in the middle and asked myself : Is this right or wrong ? Is it right to destroy villages ? Is it right to kill people en masse ? After a while it just got to me . '' Howard Zinn provides that piece of evidence to reiterate how all of this destruction and fighting against an enemy that seems to be unknown has been taking a toll on the soldiers and that they began to sense a feeling of opposition as one effect of the opposition occurring in the United States . Timeline ( edit ) 1964 ( edit ) On May 12 , twelve young men in New York publicly burned their draft cards to protest the war . August -- Prompted by the Gulf of Tonkin incident , Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution . In December 1964 , Joan Baez leads six hundred people in an antiwar demonstration in San Francisco . 1965 ( edit ) On March 24 , organized by professors against the war at the University of Michigan , a teach - in protest was attended by 2,500 participants . This model was to be repeated at 35 campuses across the country . On March 16 , Alice Herz , an 82 - year - old pacifist , set herself on fire in the first known act of self - immolation to protest the Vietnam War . On April 17 , the Students for a Democratic Society ( SDS ) and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) , a civil rights activist group , led the first of several anti-war marches in Washington , D.C. , with about 25,000 protesters . Draft - card burnings took place at University of California , Berkeley at student demonstrations in May organized by a new anti-war group , the Vietnam Day Committee . Events included a teach - in attended by 30,000 , and the burning in effigy of president Lyndon B. Johnson . A Gallup poll in May showed 48 % of U.S. respondents felt the government was handling the war effectively , 28 % felt the situation was being handled badly , and the rest had no opinion . May -- First anti-Vietnam War demonstration in London was staged outside the U.S. embassy . Protests were held in June on the steps of the Pentagon , and in August , attempts were made by activists at Berkeley to stop the movement of trains carrying troops . A Gallup poll in late August showed that 24 % of Americans view sending troops to Vietnam as a mistake versus 60 % who do not . By mid-October , the anti-war movement had significantly expanded to become a national and even global phenomenon , as anti-war protests drawing 100,000 were held simultaneously in as many as 80 major cities around the US , London , Paris , and Rome . On October 15 , 1965 , the first large scale act of civil disobedience in opposition to the Vietnam War occurred when approximately 40 people staged a sit - in at the Ann Arbor , Michigan draft board . They were sentenced to 10 to 15 days in jail . On November 2 , Norman Morrison , a 31 - year - old pacifist , set himself on fire below the third - floor window of Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara at the Pentagon , emulating the actions of the Vietnamese monk Thích Quảng Đức . On November 27 , Coretta Scott King , SDS President Carl Oglesby , and Dr. Benjamin Spock , among others , spoke at an anti-war rally of about 30,000 in Washington , D.C. , in the largest demonstration to date . Parallel protests occurred elsewhere around the nation . On that same day , President Johnson announced a significant escalation of U.S. involvement in Indochina , from 120,000 to 400,000 troops . 1966 ( edit ) In February , a group of about 100 veterans attempted to return their military decorations to the White House in protest of the war , but were turned back . On March 26 , anti-war demonstrations were held around the country and the world , with 20,000 taking part in New York City . A Gallup poll shows that 59 % believe that sending troops to Vietnam was not a mistake . Among the age group of 21 -- 29 , 71 % believe it was not a mistake compared to 48 % of those over 50 . On May 15 , another large demonstration , with 10,000 picketers calling for an end to the war , took place outside the White House and the Washington Monument . June -- The Gallup poll respondents supporting the U.S. handling of the war slipped to 41 % , 37 % expressed disapproval , and the rest had no opinion . A crowd of 4,000 demonstrated against the U.S. war in London on July 3 and scuffled with police outside the U.S. embassy. 33 protesters were arrested . Joan Baez and A.J. Muste organized over 3,000 people across the nation in an antiwar tax protest . Participants refused to pay their taxes or did not pay the amount designated for funding the war . Protests , strikes and sit - ins continued at Berkeley and across other campuses throughout the year . Three army privates , known as the `` Fort Hood Three '' , refused to deploy in Vietnam , calling the war `` illegal and immoral '' , and were sentenced to prison terms . Heavyweight boxing champion Muhammad Ali -- formerly known as Cassius Clay -- declared himself a conscientious objector and refused to go to war . According to a writer for Sports Illustrated , the governor of Illinois , Otto Kerner , Jr. , called Ali `` disgusting '' and the governor of Maine , John H. Reed , said that Ali `` should be held in utter contempt by every patriotic American . '' In 1967 Ali was sentenced to 5 years in prison for draft evasion , but his conviction was later overturned on appeal . In addition , he was stripped of his title and banned from professional boxing for more than three years . In June 1966 American students and others in England meeting at the London School of Economics formed the Stop It Committee . The group was prominent in every major London anti-war demonstration . It remained active until the end of the war in April 1975 . 1967 ( edit ) The protest on June 23 in Los Angeles is particularly significant . It was one of the first massive war protests in the United States and the first in Los Angeles , Ending in a clash with riot police , it set a pattern for the massive protests which followed and due to the size and violence of this event , Johnson attempted no further public speeches in venues outside military bases . Play media Universal Newsreel about peace marches in April , 1967 Mounted policemen watch a protest march in San Francisco on April 15 , 1967 . The San Francisco City Hall is in the background . Vietnam War protests at the Pentagon , October 1967 Another Mother for Peace group founded . January 14 -- 20,000 -- 30,000 people staged a `` Human Be-In '' in Golden Gate Park in San Francisco , near the Haight - Ashbury neighborhood that had become the center of hippie activity . In February , about 2,500 members of Women Strike for Peace ( WSP ) marched to the Pentagon . This was a peaceful protest that became rowdier when the demonstrators were denied a meeting with Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara . February 8 -- Christian groups opposed to the war staged a nationwide `` Fast for Peace . '' February 23 -- The New York Review of Books published `` The Responsibility of Intellectuals '' by Noam Chomsky as a special supplement . March 12 -- A three - page anti-war ad appeared in The New York Times bearing the signatures of 6,766 teachers and professors . The advertisement spanned two and a quarter pages in Section 4 , The Week in Review . The advertisement itself cost around $16,500 and was sponsored by the Inter-University Committee for Debate on Foreign Policy . March 17 -- a group of antiwar citizens marched to the Pentagon to protest American involvement in Vietnam . March 25 -- Martin Luther King Jr. , a leader of the civil rights movement , led a march of 5,000 against the war in Chicago . April 4 -- Martin Luther King Jr. gave a speech in New York City . `` America rejected Ho Chi Minh 's revolutionary government seeking self - determination ... '' ( See details here . ) On April 15 , 400,000 people organized by the Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam marched from Central Park to the UN building in New York City to protest the war , where they were addressed by critics of the war such as Benjamin Spock , Martin Luther King , event initiator and director James Bevel , Harry Belafonte , and Jan Barry Crumb , a veteran of the war . On the same date 100,000 , including Coretta Scott King , marched in San Francisco . On April 24 , Abbie Hoffman led a small group of protesters against both the war and capitalism who interrupted the New York Stock Exchange , causing chaos by throwing fistfuls of both real and fake dollars down from the gallery . May 2 -- British philosopher Bertrand Russell presided over the `` Russell Tribunal '' in Stockholm , a mock war crimes tribunal , which ruled that the U.S. and its allies had committed war crimes in Vietnam . The proceedings were criticized as being a `` show trial . '' On May 22 , the fashionable À L'Innovation department store in Brussels , Belgium burnt down , killing over 300 people amid speculation that the fire was caused by Belgian Maoists against the Vietnam War . On May 30 Jan Crumb and ten like - minded men attended a peace demonstration in Washington , D.C. , and on June 1 Vietnam Veterans Against the War was born . In the summer of 1967 , Neil Armstrong and various other NASA officials began a tour of South America to raise awareness for space travel . According to First Man , a biography of Armstrong 's life , during the tour , several college students protested the astronaut , and shouted such phrases as `` Murderers get out of Vietnam ! '' and other anti-Vietnam War messages . June 23 , 1967 President Johnson traveled to Los Angeles for a Democratic fundraiser . He was met by a massive anti-war protest on the street outside the hotel where he was speaking as Progressive Labor Party and SDS protestors at the head of a march halted . The Riot Act was read and 51 protestors arrested . This was one of the first massive war protests in the United States and the first in Los Angeles , Ending in a clash with riot police , it set a pattern for the massive protests which followed . The vigor of the response from the LAPD , initially intended to prevent the demonstrators from storming the hotel where Johnson was speaking , was to a certain extent based on exaggerated reports from undercover agents which had infiltrated the organizations sponsoring the protest . `` Unresisting demonstrators were beaten -- some in front of literally thousands of witnesses -- without even the pretext of and attempt to make an arrest . '' A crowd the Los Angeles Times reports at 10,000 clashed with 500 riot police outside President Johnson 's fundraiser at the Century City Plaza Hotel . Expecting only 1,000 or 2,000 protesters , the LAPD field commander later told reporters he had been ' astounded ' by the size of the demonstration . `` Where did all those people come from ? I asked myself . '' Scores were injured , including many peaceful middle - class protestors . Some sources put the crowd as high as 15,000 and noted that the police attacked the marchers with nightsticks to disperse the crowd . Due to the size and violence of this event , Johnson attempted no further public speeches in venues outside military bases . July 30 -- Gallup poll reported 52 % of Americans disapproved of Johnson 's handling of the war , 41 % thought the U.S. made a mistake in sending troops , and over 56 % thought the U.S. was losing the war or at an impasse . On August 28 , 1967 , U.S. representative Tim Lee Carter ( R - KY ) stated before congress : `` Let us now , while we are yet strong , bring our men home , every man jack of them . The Vietcong fight fiercely and tenaciously because it is their land and we are foreigners intervening in their civil war . If we must fight , let us fight in defense of our homeland and our own hemisphere . '' On September 20 , over one thousand members of WSP rallied at the White House . The police used brutal tactics to try to limit it to 100 people ( as per the law ) or stop the demonstration , and the event tarnished the wholesome and nonviolent reputation of the WSP . Demonstrations in The Hague in the Netherlands , 1967 . The placards read `` USA out of Vietnam '' . In October 1967 , Stop the Draft Week resulted in major clashes at the Oakland , California military induction center , and saw more than a thousand registrants return their draft cards in events across the country . The cards were delivered to the Justice Department on October 20 . Singer / musician - activist Joan Baez , a longtime critic of the war in Vietnam , was among those arrested in the Oakland demonstrations In October 1967 , 300 students at the University of Wisconsin attempted to prevent Dow Chemical Company , the maker of napalm , from holding a job fair on campus . The police eventually forced the demonstration to end , but Dow was banned from the campus . Three police officers and 65 students were injured in the two - day event . The next day , October 21 , 1967 , the March on the Pentagon took place . A large demonstration organized by the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam , a crowd of nearly 100,000 met at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington , D.C. and at least 30,000 people then marched to the Pentagon for another rally and an all night vigil . Some , including Abbie Hoffman , Jerry Rubin , and Allen Ginsberg , attempted to `` exorcise '' and `` levitate '' the building , while others engaged in civil disobedience on the steps of the Pentagon . These actions were interrupted by clashes with soldiers and police . In all , 647 arrests were made . When a plot to airdrop 10,000 flowers on the Pentagon was foiled by undercover agents , some of these flowers ended up being placed in the barrels of MP 's rifles , as seen in famous photographs of the event ( such as Flower Power and The Ultimate Confrontation : The Flower and the Bayonet ) . Norman Mailer documented the events surrounding the march , and the march on the Pentagon itself , in his non-fiction novel , The Armies of the Night . In November 1967 a non-binding referendum was voted on in San Francisco , California which posed the question of whether there should be an immediate withdrawal of American troops from Vietnam . The vote was 67 % against the referendum , which was taken by a Johnson administration official as support for the war 1968 ( edit ) Olof Palme marching against the Vietnam War in Stockholm , 1968 On January 15 , 1968 , over five thousand women rallied in D.C. in the Jeannette Rankin Brigade protest . This was the first all female antiwar protest intended to get Congress to withdrawal troops from Vietnam . On January 18 , 1968 , while in the White House for a conference about juvenile delinquency , black singer - entertainer Eartha Kitt yelled at Lady Bird Johnson about the generation of young men dying in the war . January 30 , 1968 -- Tet Offensive was launched and resulted in much higher casualties and changed perceptions . The optimistic assessments made prior to the offensive by the administration and the Pentagon came under heavy criticism and ridicule as the `` credibility gap '' that had opened in 1967 widened into a chasm . February -- Gallup poll showed 35 % approved of Johnson 's handling of the war ; 50 % disapproved ; the rest , no opinion . ( NYT , 2 / 14 / 68 ) In another poll that month , 23 % of Americans defined themselves as `` doves '' and 61 % `` hawks . '' March 12 -- anti-war candidate Eugene McCarthy received more votes than expected in the New Hampshire primary , leading to more expressions of opposition against the war . McCarthy urged his supporters to exchange the ' unkempt look ' rapidly becoming fashionable among war opponents for a more clean - cut style to in order not to scare voters . These were known as `` Clean Genes . '' March 16 -- Robert Kennedy joined the race for the US Presidency as an anti-war candidate . He was shot and killed on June 5 , the morning after he won a decisive victory over McCarthy in the Democratic primary in California . March 17 -- Major rally outside the U.S. Embassy in London 's Grosvenor Square turned to a riot with 86 people injured and over 200 arrested . Over 10,000 had rallied peacefully in Trafalgar Square but met a police barricade outside the embassy . A UK Foreign Office report claimed that the rioting had been organized by 100 members of the German SDS who were `` acknowledged experts in methods of riot against the police . '' In March , Gallup poll reported that 49 % of respondents felt involvement in the war was an error . April 17 -- National media films the anti-war riot that breaks out in Berkeley , California . The over-reaction by the police in Berkeley is shown in Berlin and Paris , sparking reactions in those cities . On April 26 , 1968 , a million college and high school students boycotted class to show opposition to the war . April 27 -- an anti-war march in Chicago organized by Rennie Davis and others ended with police beating many of the marchers , a precursor to the police riots later that year at the Democratic Convention . During the 1968 Democratic National Convention , held August 26 -- August 29 in Chicago , anti-war protesters marched and demonstrated throughout the city . Chicago mayor Richard J. Daley brought to bear 23,000 police and National Guardsman upon 10,000 protestors . Tensions between police and protesters quickly escalated , resulting in a `` police riot . '' Eight leading anti-war activists were indicted by the U.S. Attorney and prosecuted for conspiracy to riot ; the convictions of the Chicago Seven were subsequently overturned on appeal . August -- Gallup poll shows 53 % said it was a mistake to send troops to Vietnam . Among the academic or scholarly groups was the Committee of Concerned Asian Scholars , founded in 1968 by graduate students and junior faculty in Asian studies . 1969 ( edit ) Late - 1960 's - early - 1970 's anti-Vietnam War demonstrations in Lund , Sweden . March polls indicated that 19 % of Americans wanted the war to end as soon as possible , 26 % wanted South Vietnam to take over responsibility for the war from the U.S. , 19 % favored the current policy , and 33 % wanted total military victory . In March , students at SUNY Buffalo destroyed a Themis construction site . On March 5 , Senator J. William Fulbright was prevented from speaking at the first National Convocation on the Challenge of Building Peace by members of the Veterans and Reservists to End the War in Vietnam . On April 6 , a spontaneous anti-war rally in Central Park was recorded and later released as Environments 3 . On May 22 , the Canadian government announced that immigration officials would not and could not ask about immigration applicants ' military status if they showed up at the border seeking permanent residence in Canada . On July 16 , activist David Harris was arrested for refusing the draft , and would ultimately serve a fifteen - month prison sentence ; Harris ' wife , prominent musician , pacifist and activist Joan Baez , toured and performed on behalf of her husband , throughout the remainder of 1969 , attempting to raise consciousness around the issue of ending the draft . On July 31 , The New York Times published the results of a Gallup poll showing that 53 % of the respondents approved of Nixon 's handling of the war , 30 % disapproved , and the balance had no opinion . On August 15 -- 18 , the Woodstock Festival was held at Max Yasgur 's farm in Bethel , New York . Peace was a primary theme in this pivotal popular music event . On October 15 the Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam demonstrations took place . Millions of Americans took the day off from work and school to participate in local demonstrations against the war . These were the first major demonstrations against the Nixon administration 's handling of the war . In October , 58 % of Gallup respondents said U.S. entry into the war was a mistake . In November , Sam Melville , Jane Alpert , and several others bombed several corporate offices and military installations ( including the Whitehall Army Induction Center ) in and around New York City . On November 15 , crowds of up to half a million people participated in an anti-war demonstration in Washington , D.C. and a similar demonstration was held in San Francisco . These protests were organized by the New Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam ( New Mobe ) and the Student Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam ( SMC ) . On December 7 , The 5th Dimension performed their song `` Declaration '' on the Ed Sullivan Show . Consisting of the opening of the Declaration of Independence ( through `` for their future security '' ) , it suggests that the right and duty of revolting against a tyrannical government is still relevant . In late December , the And babies poster is published -- `` easily the most successful poster to vent the outrage that so many felt about the war in Southeast Asia . '' By end of the year , 69 % of students identified themselves as doves . 1970 ( edit ) On March 4 Antonia Martínez , a 21 - year - old student at the University of Puerto Rico at Río Piedras was shot and killed by a policeman while watching and commenting on the anti-Vietnam War and education reform student protests at the University of Puerto Rico . On March 14 , two merchant seamen , claiming allegiance to the SDS , hijacked the SS Columbia Eagle , a U.S. - flagged merchant vessel under contract with the U.S. government , carrying 10,000 tons of napalm bombs for use by the U.S. Air Force in the Vietnam War . The hijackers forced its master to divert to then - neutral Cambodia ( which promptly was taken over by anti-Communists , who eventually returned to the ship to the U.S. ) . Kent State / Cambodia Invasion Protest , Washington , D.C. : After the Kent State shootings , on May 4 , 100,000 anti-war demonstrators converged on Washington , D.C. to protest the shooting of the students in Ohio and the Nixon administration 's incursion into Cambodia . Even though the demonstration was quickly put together , protesters were still able to bring out thousands to march in the Capital . It was an almost spontaneous response to the events of the previous week . Police ringed the White House with buses to block the demonstrators from getting too close to the executive mansion . Early in the morning before the march , Nixon met with protesters briefly at the Lincoln Memorial but nothing was resolved and the protest went on as planned . National Student Strike : more than 450 university , college and high school campuses across the country were shut by student strikes and both violent and non-violent protests that involved more than 4 million students , in the only nationwide student strike in U.S. history . A Gallup poll in May shows that 56 % of the public believed that sending troops to Vietnam was a mistake , 61 % of those over 50 expressed that belief compared to 49 % of those between the ages of 21 -- 29 . On June 13 , President Nixon established the President 's Commission on Campus Unrest . The commission was directed to study the dissent , disorder , and violence breaking out on college and university campuses . In July 1970 . the award - winning documentary The World of Charlie Company was broadcast . `` It showed GI 's close to mutiny , balking at orders that seemed to them unreasonable . This was something never seen on television before . '' The documentary was produced by CBS News . On August 24 , 1970 , near 3 : 40 a.m. , a van filled with ammonium nitrate and fuel oil mixture was detonated on the University of Wisconsin - Madison in the Sterling Hall bombing . One researcher was killed and three others were injured . Vortex I : A Biodegradable Festival of Life : To avert potential violence arising from planned anti-war protests , a government - sponsored rock festival was held near Portland , Oregon from August 28 to September 3 , attracting 100,000 participants . The festival , arranged by the People 's Army Jamboree ( an ad hoc group ) and Oregon governor Tom McCall , was set up when the FBI told the governor that President Nixon 's planned appearance at an American Legion convention in Portland could lead to violence worse than that seen at 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago . The Chicano Moratorium : on August 29 , some 25,000 Mexican - Americans participated in the largest anti-war demonstration in Los Angeles . Police attacked the crowd with billyclubs and tear gas ; two people were killed . Immediately after the marchers were dispersed , sheriff 's deputies raided a nearby bar , where they shot and killed Rubén Salazar , KMEX news director and Los Angeles Times columnist , with a tear - gas projectile . 1971 and after ( edit ) Protests against the Vietnam War in Washington D.C. on April 24 , 1971 On April 23 , 1971 , Vietnam veterans threw away over 700 medals on the West Steps of the Capitol building . The next day , antiwar organizers claimed that 500,000 marched , making this the largest demonstration since the November , 1969 march . Two weeks later , on May 5 , 1971 , 1146 people were arrested on the Capitol grounds trying to shut down Congress . This brought the total arrested during the 1971 May Day Protests to over 12,000 . Abbie Hoffman was arrested on charges of interstate travel to incite a riot and assaulting a police officer . In August , 1971 , the Camden 28 conducted a raid on the Camden , New Jersey draft board offices . The 28 included five or more members of the clergy , as well as a number of local blue - collar workers . Beginning December 26 , 1971 , 15 anti-war veterans occupied the Statue of Liberty , flying a US flag upside down from her crown . They left on December 28 , following issuance of a Federal Court order . Also on December 28 , 80 young veterans clashed with police and were arrested while trying to occupy the Lincoln Memorial in Washington , D.C. On March 29 , 1972 , 166 people , many of them seminarians , were arrested in Harrisburg , Pennsylvania for encircling the Federal Courthouse with a chain , to protest the trial of the Harrisburg Seven . On April 19 , 1972 , in response to renewed escalation of bombing , students at many colleges and universities around the country broke into campus buildings and threatened strikes . The following weekend , protests were held in Los Angeles , New York City , San Francisco , and elsewhere . On May 13 , 1972 , protests again spread across the country in response to President Nixon 's decision to mine harbors in North Vietnam and renewed bombing of North Vietnam ( Operation Linebacker ) . On July 6 , 1972 , four Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur on a White House Tour stopped and began praying to protest the war . In the next six weeks , such kneel - ins became a popular form of protest and led to over 158 protestors arrests . Public opinion on the Vietnam war ( edit ) The American public 's support of the Vietnam War decreased as the war continued on . As public support decreased , opposition grew . The Gallup News Service began asking the American public whether it was a `` mistake to send troops to Vietnam '' in August 1965 . At the time less than a quarter of Americans polled , 24 % , believed it was a mistake to send troops to Vietnam while 60 % of Americans polled believed the opposite . Three years later , in September 1968 , 54 % of Americans polled believed it was a mistake to send troops to Vietnam while 37 % believed it was not a mistake . A 1965 Gallup Poll asked the question , `` Have you ever felt the urge to organize or join a public demonstration about something ? '' Positive responses were quite low ; not many people wanted to protest anything , and those who did want to show a public demonstration often wanted to demonstrate in support of the Vietnam War . However , when the American Public was asked in 1990 , `` Looking back , do you wish that you had made a stronger effort to protest or demonstrate against the Vietnam War , or not '' , 25 percent said they wished they had . Urge to Organize or Demonstrate Yes % No % U.S. adults 10 90 21 to 29 years old 15 85 30 to 49 years 12 88 50 and older 6 94 College graduates 21 79 High school graduates 9 91 High school nongraduates 5 95 GALLUP , OCT. 29 - NOV. 2 , 1965 A major factor in the American public 's disapproval of the Vietnam War came from the casualties being inflicted on US forces . In a Harris poll from 1967 asking what aspect most troubled people most about the Vietnam war the plurality answer of 31 % was `` the loss of our young men . '' A separated 1967 Harris poll asked the American public , `` How has the war affected your own family , job or financial life ? '' The majority of respondents , 55 % , said that it had had no effect on their lives . Of the 45 % who indicated the war had affected their lives , 32 % listed inflation as the most important factor while 25 % listed casualties inflicted . As the war continued the public became much more opposed to the war as they could see was not ending . In a poll from December 1967 , 71 % of the public believed the war would not be settled in 1968 . A year later the same question was asked and 55 % of people did not think the war would be settled in 1969 . When the American public was asked about the Vietnam - era Anti-War movement in the 1990s , 39 % of the public said the approved while 39 % said they disapproved . The last 22 % were unsure . Slogans and chants ( edit ) `` Hell , no , we wo n't go ! '' was heard in antidraft and antiwar protests throughout the country . `` Bring the troops home now ! '' was heard in mass marches in Washington D.C. , Seattle , San Francisco , Berkeley , New York , and San Diego . `` Dow shall not kill '' and `` Making money burning babies ! '' were two slogans used by students at UCLA and other colleges to protest the Dow Chemical Company , the maker of napalm and Agent Orange . `` Stop the war , feed the poor '' was a popular slogan used by socially conscious and minority antiwar groups , protesting that the war diverted funds that struggling Americans desperately needed . `` Girls say yes to men who say no '' was an antidraft slogan used by the SDS and other organizations . `` War is not healthy for children and other living things '' was a slogan of Another Mother for Peace , and was popular on posters . `` End the nuclear race , not the human race '' was first used by the WSP in antinuclear demonstrations and became incorporated into the antiwar events . `` Not my son , not your son , not their sons '' was an antiwar and antidraft slogan used by the WSP during protests . `` Ho , Ho , Ho Chi Minh , the Viet Cong are gon na win '' was a common anti-war chant during anti-war marches and rallies in the later sixties . `` Hey , hey , LBJ ! How many kids did you kill today ? '' was especially chanted by students and other marchers and demonstrators in opposition to Lyndon B. Johnson . `` One , two , three , four , we do n't want your fucking war '' was chanted in marches from Brisbane to Boston . `` Fuck , fuck , fuck it all we do n't want this anymore '' this was also chanted in marches from Brisbane to Boston The whole world is watching May 1970 march See also ( edit ) Social movements portal Bed - in Civil disobedience Congressional opponents of the Vietnam War Legality of the Vietnam War Canada and the Vietnam War Nonviolence Opposition to the Iraq War Pacifism in the United States List of peace activists List of anti-war organizations List of protest marches on Washington , D.C. May Day Protests 1971 Sir ! No Sir ! , a documentary about the anti-war movement within the ranks of the United States Armed Forces Sterling Hall bombing Soviet - run peace movements in Western Europe and USA Teach - in Writers and Editors War Tax Protest Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ deLeon , Rudy ( June 25 , 2015 ) . `` 5 ways Vietnam War changed America '' . CNN . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Robert S. McNamara , Architect of a Futile War , Dies at 93 '' . The New York Times . July 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Schuman , Howard. 2000 . ' Two Sources of Antiwar Sentiment in America , ' in Hixson , Walter L. ( ed ) The United States and the Vietnam War : Significant Scholarly Articles . New York : Garland Publishing , pp127 -- 150 ^ Jump up to : Guttmann , Allen . 1969 . Protest against the War in Vietnam . Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science , 382 . pp. 56 -- 63 , Jump up ^ Life magazine : Remembering Martin Luther King Jr. 40 Years Later . Time Inc , 2008 . Pg 139 ^ Jump up to : Herman , Edward S. & Chomsky , Noam. ( 2002 ) Manufacturing Consent : The Political Economy of the Mass Media . New York : Pantheon Books . Jump up ^ Meyer , David S. 2007 . The Politics of Protest : Social Movements in America . New York : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Harrison , Benjamin T. ( 2000 ) ' Roots of the Anti-Vietnam War Movement , ' in Hixson , Walter ( ed ) the Vietnam Antiwar Movement . New York : Garland Publishing Jump up ^ p49 Jump up ^ University of Wisconsin - Madison ( 2017 ) . `` A Turning Point '' . Retrieved 26 Oct 2017 . Jump up ^ Worland , Gayle ( 8 Oct 2017 ) . `` 50 years ago , ' Dow Day ' left its mark on Madison '' . Wisconsin State Journal . Madison , WI : John Humenik . Retrieved 26 Oct 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Joseph Fry ( 2007 ) . David Anderson , John Ernst , ed . The War That Never Ends : Student Opposition to the Vietnam War . University of Kentucky . pp. 219 -- 243 . Jump up ^ Alexis Greene ( 1992 ) . Barbara Tischler , ed . Sights on the Sixties . Rutgers , the State University Press . pp. 149 -- 161 . Jump up ^ Nina Adams ( 1992 ) . Barbara Tischler , ed . Sights on the Sixties . Rutgers , the State University Press . pp. 149 -- 161 . ^ Jump up to : Swerdlow 1992 , pp. 159 -- 170 Jump up ^ Rosen , Ruth ( 2006 ) . The World Split Open : How the Modern Women 's Movement Changed America . New York : Penguin Books . Jump up ^ Barbara Tischler ( 1992 ) . Barbara Tischler , ed . Sights on the Sixties . Rutgers , the State University Press . pp. 197 -- 209 . Jump up ^ Small 1992 , p. 92 Jump up ^ Small 1992 , p. 56 Jump up ^ Small 1992 , p. 44 Jump up ^ Rosen 2006 , p. 201 Jump up ^ Adams 1992 , pp. 182 -- 195 Jump up ^ Lucks , Daniel S. ( 2014 - 03 - 19 ) . Selma to Saigon : The Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War . University Press of Kentucky . pp. 9 -- 10 . ISBN 9780813145099 . Jump up ^ Lucks , Daniel S. ( 2014 - 03 - 19 ) . Selma to Saigon : The Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War . University Press of Kentucky . pp. 83 -- 84 . ISBN 9780813145099 . ^ Jump up to : Small 1992 , pp. 57 -- 60 Jump up ^ Lucks , Daniel S. ( 2014 - 03 - 19 ) . Selma to Saigon : The Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War . University Press of Kentucky . pp. 113 -- 120 . ISBN 9780813145099 . Jump up ^ Joshua Bloom and Waldo E. Martin , Black Against Empire : The History and Politics of the Black Panther Party ( University of California Press , 2013 ) , pp. 29 , 41 - 42 , 102 - 103 , 128 - 130 . Jump up ^ Gills 1992 , p. 188 Jump up ^ Appy , Christian G. ( 2015 - 02 - 05 ) . American Reckoning : The Vietnam War and Our National Identity . Penguin . ISBN 9780698191556 . ^ Jump up to : Gills 1992 , pp. 177 -- 195 Jump up ^ Gills 1992 , pp. 57 -- 60 Jump up ^ Maeda , Daryl ( 2009 ) . Chaines of Babylon : Rise of Asian America . University of Minnesota Press . p. 96 . Jump up ^ Maeda , Daryl ( 2009 ) . Chains of Babylon : Rise of Asian America . University of Minnesota Press . p. 99 . Jump up ^ Maeda , Daryl ( 2009 ) . Chains of Babylon : The Rise of Asian America . University of Minnesota Press . p. 101 . Jump up ^ Maeda , Daryl ( 2009 ) . Chains of Babylon : Rise of Asian America . University of Minnesota Press . p. 101 . Jump up ^ Lee , Erika ( 2015 ) . The Making of Asian America : A History . Simon & Schuster . p. 308 . Jump up ^ Maeda , Daryl ( 2009 ) . Chains of Babylon : Rise of Asian America . University of Minnesota Press . p. 120 . Jump up ^ Maeda , Daryl ( 2009 ) . Chains of Babylon : Rise of Asian America . University of Minnesota Press . p. 104 . Jump up ^ Maeda , Daryl ( 2009 ) . Chains of Babylon : Rise of Asian America . University of Minnesota Press . p. 113 . ^ Jump up to : Srikanth , Rajini ; Hyoung Song , Min ( 2015 ) . The Cambridge History of Asian American Literature . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Lee , Erika ( 2015 ) . The Making of Asian America : A History . Simon & Schuster . pp. 301 -- 303 . Jump up ^ Maeda , Daryl ( 2009 ) . Chains of Babylon : Rise of Asian America . University of Minnesota Press . pp. 123 -- 124 . Jump up ^ King , `` Beyond Vietnam '' Jump up ^ Tygart , `` Social Movement Participation : Clergy and the Anti-Vietnam War Movement '' Jump up ^ Tygart , `` Social Movement Participation : Clergy and the Anti-Vietnam War Movement '' Jump up ^ Friedland , Lift Up Your Voice Like A Trumpet : White Clergy And The Civil Rights And Antiwar Movements , 1954 -- 1973 ^ Jump up to : Debenedette , Charles . ( 2000 ) . On the Significance of Citizen Peace Activism : America , 1961 -- 1975 , ' in Hixson , Walter ( ed ) the Vietnam Antiwar Movement . New York : Garland Publishing Jump up ^ DeBenedetti 1990 , p. 14 Jump up ^ DeBenedetti , 1990 & p329 ^ Jump up to : DeBenedetti 1990 , p. 360 ^ Jump up to : Maeda , Daryl ( 2009 ) . Chains of Babylon : Rise of Asian America . University of Minnesota Press . Jump up ^ Terry Anderson ( 2007 ) . David Anderson , John Ernst , ed . The War That Never Ends : Student Opposition to the Vietnam War . University of Kentucky . pp. 245 -- 264 . Jump up ^ DeBenedetti 1990 , p. 146 Jump up ^ DeBenedetti , 1990 & p18 Jump up ^ Small 1992 , p. 150 Jump up ^ DeBenedetti 1990 , p. 144 Jump up ^ Schoenwald Jonathan ( 2001 ) . `` No War , No Welfare , and No Damm Taxation : The Student Libertarian Movement , 1968 -- 1972 '' , in Gilbert , Marc Jason ( ed ) . The Vietnam War on Campus : Other Voices , More Distant Drums . Westport , Connecticut : Praeger . pp. 1 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : DeBenedetti 1990 Jump up ^ Arnold , Ben . `` War Music and the American Composer during the Vietnam Era . '' The Musical Quarterly 75.3 ( 1991 ) : 317 . JSTOR . Web . 27 Jan. 2011 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Ben . `` War Music and the American Composer during the Vietnam Era . '' The Musical Quarterly 75.3 ( 1991 ) : 318 . JSTOR . Web . 27 Jan. 2011 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Ben . `` War Music and the American Composer during the Vietnam Era . '' The Musical Quarterly 75.3 ( 1991 ) : 320 . JSTOR . Web . 27 Jan. 2011 . Jump up ^ Cross , Charles R. Room Full of Mirrors : a Biography of Jimi Hendrix . New York : Hyperion , 2006 . 248 . Print . Jump up ^ Henderson , David . ' Scuse Me While I Kiss the Sky : Jimi Hendrix , Voodoo Child . New York : Atria , 2009 . 339 . Print Jump up ^ Cross , Charles R. Room Full of Mirrors : a Biography of Jimi Hendrix . New York : Hyperion , 2006 . 221 . Print . Jump up ^ Cross , Charles R. Room Full of Mirrors : a Biography of Jimi Hendrix . New York : Hyperion , 2006 . 271 . Print . Jump up ^ `` Country Joe 's Place '' . Retrieved 16 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Andresen , Lee . Battle Notes . Superior : Savage Press , 2000 . Jump up ^ James , David . `` The Vietnam War and American Music . '' Social Text 23 ( 1989 ) : 132 . JSTOR . Web . 27 Jan. 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Førland , Tor Egil . `` Bringing It All Back Home or Another Side of Bob Dylan : Midwestern Isolationist . '' Journal of American Studies 26.3 ( 1992 ) : 351 . JSTOR . Web . 26 Jan. 2011 . Jump up ^ Førland , Tor Egil . `` Bringing It All Back Home or Another Side of Bob Dylan : Midwestern Isolationist . '' Journal of American Studies 26.3 ( 1992 ) : 352 . JSTOR . Web . 26 Jan. 2011 . Jump up ^ Karnow , Stanley `` Vietnam '' Jump up ^ `` UC Berkeley Library Social Activism Sound Recording Project : Anti-Vietnam War Protests -- San Francisco Bay Area '' . Lib.berkeley.edu . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Flynn , George Q. ( 1993 ) . The Draft , 1940 -- 1973 . Modern war studies . University Press of Kansas . p. 175 . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0586 - X . Jump up ^ Graham III , Herman ( 2003 ) . The Brothers ' Vietnam War : Black Power , Manhood , and the Military Experience . Gainesville : University of Florida Press . pp. 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Small 1992 ^ Jump up to : Fry 2007 , p. 228 Jump up ^ Nonrandom Risk : The 1970 Draft Lottery , Norton Starr , Journal of Statistics Education v. 5 , n. 2 , 1997 Jump up ^ Antiwar campaigners to donate documents to Vietnamese museum , Keiji Hirano , Kyodo News , The Japan Times , February 16 , 2002 . ( Web edition hosted by lbo - talk under the title `` What Japanese Anti-Vietnam War activists are up to '' ) Jump up ^ 1961 -- 1973 : GI Resistance in the Vietnam War , libcom.org Jump up ^ War Tax Resistance War Resisters League ( 2003 ) p. 75 Jump up ^ Koehn , Nancy F. ( 2012 - 10 - 27 ) . `` Rachel Carson 's Lessons , 50 Years After ' Silent Spring ' '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 - Operation Ranch Hand > Air Force Historical Support Division > Fact Sheets '' . www.afhistory.af.mil . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Chicago Tribune , Give Viet Cong Voice In Peace Talks -- Cohen ( October 27 , 1967 ) ^ Jump up to : Uhl , Michael ( 2007 ) . Vietnam Awakening . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company . pp. 203 -- 207 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 3074 - 1 . Jump up ^ Howard Zinn , A People 's History of the United States Page 469 ^ Jump up to : Howard Zinn , A People 's History of the United States ^ Jump up to : Howard Zinn , A People 's History of the United States Page 486 Jump up ^ Howard Zinn , A People 's History of the United States Page 491 Jump up ^ David McCarthy , `` ' The Sun Never Sets on the Activities of the CIA ' : Project Resistance at William and Mary '' Jump up ^ Howard Zinn , A People 's History of the United States Page 491 Jump up ^ Howard Zinn , A People 's History of the United States Page 490 ^ Jump up to : Howard Zinn , A People 's History of the United States Page 490 Jump up ^ Howard Zinn , A People 's History of the United States Page 496 Jump up ^ Howard Zinn , A People 's History of the United States Page 496 Jump up ^ Flynn , George Q. ( 1993 ) . The Draft , 1940 -- 1973 . Modern war studies . University Press of Kansas . p. 175 . ISBN 070060586X . Jump up ^ Gottlieb , Sherry Gershon ( 1991 ) . Hell no , we wo n't go ! : resisting the draft during the Vietnam War . Viking . p. xix . ISBN 0670839353 . 1964 : May 12 -- Twelve students at a New York rally burn their draft cards ... Jump up ^ Charles DeBenedetti ; Charles Chatfield ( 1990 ) . An American Ordeal : The Antiwar Movement of the Vietnam Era . Syracuse , New York : Syracuse University Press . ^ Jump up to : Ronald B. Frankum Jr. ( 2011 ) . `` Chronology '' . Historical Dictionary of the War in Vietnam . Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 7956 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` IV '' . Library.law.ua.edu . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Usa Today / Cnn Gallup Poll '' . USA Today . November 15 , 2005 . Retrieved May 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ DeBenedetti 1990 , p. 132 Jump up ^ `` Commentaries for 2011 -- Pew Research Center for the People & the Press '' . People-press.org. 2002 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Small , Melvin ( 2002 ) . Antiwarriors : The Vietnam War and the Battle for America 's Hearts and Minds . Delaware : Scholarly Resources Inc . Jump up ^ `` Gale -- Free Resources -- Black History -- Biographies -- Muhammad Ali '' . Gale.cengage.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Crowd Battles LAPD as War Protest Turns Violent '' , http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/thedailymirror/2009/05/crowd-battles-lapd-as-war-protest-turns-violent-.html ^ Jump up to : Jim Dann and Hari Dillon . `` The Five Retreats : A History of the Failure of the Progressive Labor Party CHAPTER 2 : THE RETREAT FROM THE ANTI-WAR MOVEMENT 1967 - 1968 '' . Marxist.org . Marxist.org . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . On June 23 , 1967 President Johnson came to Century City , Los Angeles to speak . The Mobe got permission to march past his hotel without stopping . PLP , SDS , the War Resisters ' League and other left forces determined to stop in front of the hotel . Leadership of the march of 20,000 was wrested from the hands of the Mobe 's marshals by the PL - led militants . A 4 hour bloody battle ensued after the police attacked the march , with injuries on both sides and - a partial victory for the anti-war movement because LBJ never dared speak in public again . Jump up ^ DeBenedetti 1990 , p. 172 Jump up ^ Gladwin Hill ( June 24 , 1967 ) . `` 51 Protesters Arrested '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : ACLU , Southern California Branch , Day of Protest , Night of Violence : The Century City Peace March , a Report ( Los Angeles : Sawyer Press , 1967 ) , on Scribd Jump up ^ Amy Swerdlow ( 1992 ) . Melvin Small , William Hoover , ed . Give Peace A Chance : Exploring the Vietnam Antiwar Movement . Syracuse , New York : Syracuse University Press . pp. 159 -- 170 . Jump up ^ Davies , Lawrence E. ( November 8 , 1967 ) . `` The New York Times '' . Voters in San Francisco Reject Immediate Vietnam Cease - Fire ; San Franciscans Reject Proposal for a Cease - Fire and Withdrawal of Troops . pp. 1 , 3 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Alice Echols ( 1992 ) . `` ' Women Power ' and Women 's Liberation : Exploring the Relationship between the Antiwar Movement and the Women 's Liberation Movement '' . In Melvin Small , William Hoover . Give Peace A Chance : Exploring the Vietnam Antiwar Movement . Syracuse , New York : Syracuse University Press . pp. 171 -- 181 . Jump up ^ Gerald Gills ( 1992 ) . Barbara Tischler , ed . Sights on the Sixties . Rutgers , the State University of New Jersey . pp. 177 -- 195 . Jump up ^ Clark Clifford , Counsel to the President : A Memoir pp. 47 -- 55 . ^ Jump up to : Bowman , Karlyn ( 2001 - 10 - 18 ) . `` Articles & Commentary '' . Aei.org . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Jennings & Brewster 1998 : 413 . Jump up ^ Gallup , Alec ( 2006 ) . The Gallup Poll : Public Opinion 2005 . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 315 -- 318 . ISBN 0742552586 . Jump up ^ `` At Peace Meal , Protestors Drown Out Fulbright '' . Lubbock Avalanche - Journal . Lubbock , Texas . March 6 , 1969 . p. 10 - A. Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nicholas Keung ( Aug 20 , 2010 ) . `` Iraq war resisters meet cool reception in Canada '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . Jump up ^ M. Paul Holsinger , `` And Babies '' in War and American Popular Culture , Greenwood Press , 1999 , p. 363 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Evan , `` 6 Famous Naval Mutinies , '' November 6 , 2012 , History in the Headlines newsletter , retrieved March 1 , 2018 from History.com . Jump up ^ Cronkite , Walter , and Nelson Benton , `` Columbia Eagle / Mutiny / Cambodia , '' segment # 208707 , in transcript : CBS Evening News for 1970 - 03 - 16 , from the Vanderbilt Television News Archive , Vanderbilt University , retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Emery , Fred , `` Two Who Say They Support S.D.S. Tell How They Hijacked Ship , '' March 26 , 1970 , New York Times archives , retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Asks Return of Ship , '' March 25 , 1970 , New York Times archives , retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mutiny Involved 5 : Captain , '' , March 19 , 1970 , Nashville Tennessean , Page 13 retrieved March 1 , 2018 from OCR transcription in Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Fred S. , Associated Press , `` U.S. Bomb Ship Seized in Mutiny : Anchored Off Cambodia '' , March 16 , 1970 , San Bernardino Sun , San Bernardino , California , Volume 76 , Number 137 , pp. 1 - 2 , photocopy at retrieved March 1 , 2018 from OCR transcription in California Digital Newspaper Collection . Jump up ^ Associated Press , `` 2 American Ship Hijackers Want to Quit Cambodia , '' written July 3 , 1970 , published July 4 , 1970 , New York Times , retrieved March 1 , 2018 from the Harold Weisberg Archive , Hood College , Maryland . Jump up ^ `` Pew Research Center : Generations Divide Over Military Action in Iraq '' . People-press.org. 2002 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ The Report of the President 's Commission on Campus Unrest . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office . 1970 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . This book is also known as The Scranton Commission Report . Jump up ^ Bliss , Edward Jr. ( 1991 ) . Now the news . p. 349 Jump up ^ `` Veterans Discard Medals In War Protest At Capitol '' , New York Times , April 24 , 1971 , P. 1 Jump up ^ `` Reports of Its Death Have Been Greatly Exaggerated '' , James Buckley , New York Times , April 25 , 1971 , P. E1 Jump up ^ `` Protesters Fail to Stop Congress , Police Seize 1,146 '' , James M. McNaughton , New York Times , May 6 , 1971 , P. 1 Jump up ^ Blumberg , Barbara ( 1985 ) . `` Statue of Liberty NM : An Administrative History ( Chapter 1 ) '' . STATUE OF LIBERTY -- Celebrating the Immigrant : An Administrative History of the Statue of Liberty National Monument 1952 -- 1982 . United States National Park Service . pp. Ch. 1 . Retrieved January 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 1973 World Almanac , p. 996 . Jump up ^ `` Students Picket Harrisburg Trial '' , Eleanor Blaus , New York Times , March 30 , 1972 , p. 15 Jump up ^ `` Campus Outbreaks Spread '' , Martin Arnold , New York Times , April 19 , 1972 , p. 1 Jump up ^ `` War Foes March in the Rain Here '' , Martin Arnold , New York Times , April 23 , 1972 , p. 1 Jump up ^ James Stuart Olson , ed. ( 1999 ) . `` Chronology '' . Historical Dictionary of the 1970s . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30543 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Peaceful Antiwar Protests Held Here And in Other Cities Across the Nation '' , John Darnton , New York Times , May 14 , 1972 , p. 30 Jump up ^ Lunch , William ( March 1979 ) . `` American Public Opinion and the War in VietnamWar '' . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Inc. , Gallup , . `` Iraq Versus Vietnam : A Comparison of Public Opinion '' . Gallup.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ Inc. , Gallup , . `` Gallup Vault : The Urge to Demonstrate '' . Gallup.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Inc. , Gallup , . `` Gallup Vault : The Urge to Demonstrate '' . Gallup.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Lorell , Mark ( March 1985 ) . `` Casualties , Public Opinion , and Presidential Policy during the Vietnam War '' ( PDF ) . Casualties , Public Opinion , and Presidential Policy during the Vietnam War : 27 -- via Rand Corporation . Jump up ^ 2008 , Solomon Berhe , Derek Doran , Alberto De la Rosa Algaran , Darlene Hart , Marc Maynard , Meena Stout , . `` The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research '' . ropercenter.cornell.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ 2008 , Solomon Berhe , Derek Doran , Alberto De la Rosa Algaran , Darlene Hart , Marc Maynard , Meena Stout , . `` The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research '' . ropercenter.cornell.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ 2008 , Solomon Berhe , Derek Doran , Alberto De la Rosa Algaran , Darlene Hart , Marc Maynard , Meena Stout , . `` The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research '' . ropercenter.cornell.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` '' Hell no , we wo n't go ! '' The infamous chant is shouted by draft opponents in the streets of New York City `` . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ Gills 1992 , p. 192 Jump up ^ Adams 1992 , p. 185 Jump up ^ DeBenedetti 1990 , p. 185 Jump up ^ DeBenedetti 1990 , p. 54 Jump up ^ Swerdlow 1992 , p. 159 Jump up ^ https://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21586830-what-current-fascination-lyndon-johnson-says-about-barack-obamas-america-hey-hey Jump up ^ Walker , Frank ( 2013 ) . Ghost Platoon . Hachette Australia . p. 69 . ISBN 0733628001 . References ( edit ) Charles DeBenedetti ; Charles Chatfield . An American Ordeal : The Antiwar Movement of the Vietnam Era . Syracuse , New York : Syracuse University Press , 1990 . ISBN 0815602456 John Hagan , Northern passage : American Vietnam War resisters in Canada , Harvard University Press , 2001 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 00471 - 9 Mary Susannah Robbins , Against the Vietnam War : Writings by Activists , Rowman & Littlefield , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 5914 - 1 Robert R. Tomes , Apocalypse Then : American Intellectuals and the Vietnam War , 1954 -- 1975 , NYU Press , 2000 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 8262 - 0 King Jr. , Martin Luther . `` Beyond Vietnam '' . New York . 4 April 1967 . Tygart , Clarence . `` Social Movement Participation : Clergy and the Anti-Vietnam War Movement . '' Sociological Analysis Vol. 34 . No. 3 ( Autumn , 1973 ) : pp. 202 -- 211 . Print . Friedland , Michael B. Lift Up Your Voice Like A Trumpet : White Clergy And The Civil Rights And Antiwar Movements , 1954 -- 1973 . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 1998 . eBook Collection ( EBSCOhost ) . Web . 15 Dec. 2013 . McCarthy , David . `` ' The Sun Never Sets on the Activities of the CIA ' : Project Resistance at William and Mary '' . Routledge Publishing : 4 September 2012 . Patler , Nicholas . Norman 's Triumph : the Transcendent Language of Self - Immolation Quaker History , Fall 2105 , 18 - 39 . Zinn , Howard . A People 's History of the United States . New York : HarperCollins Publishing , 2003 . Print . Maeda , Daryl . Chains of Babylon : Rise of Asian America . University of Minnesota Press , 2009 . Lee , Erika . The Making of Asian Ameria : A History . Simon & Schuster , 2015 . Srikanth , Rajini and Hyoung Song , Min . The Cambridge History of Asian American Literature . Cambridge University Press , 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Bates , Tom . Rads : The 1970 Bombing of the Army Math Research Center at the University of Wisconsin and Its Aftermath . New York : HarperCollins , 1992 . Heineman , Kenneth J. Campus Wars : The Peace Movement at American State Universities in the Vietnam Era . New York : New York University Press , 2010 . Olson , James S. , ed. ( 1999 ) . `` Antiwar Movement '' . Historical Dictionary of the 1960s . Greenwood . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 29271 - 2 . Patler , Nicholas . `` Norman 's Triumph : the Transcendent Language of Self - Immolation '' . Quaker History , Fall 2015 , 18 - 39 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Opposition to the Vietnam War . Social Activism Sound Recording Project : Anti-Vietnam War Protests in the San Francisco Bay Area & Beyond Includes chronology , texts , online audio and video ( via UC Berkeley ) Pacific Northwest Antiwar and Radical History Project , multimedia collection of photographs , video , oral histories and essays on Vietnam War resistance . Sir , No Sir ! -- Documentary on GI resistance during the Vietnam War . GI resistance during the Vietnam War Book excerpt of student seizure of WSU in Detroit Vietnam War : Disturbing Images -- slideshow by Life magazine University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections -- Vietnam War Era Ephemera This collection contains leaflets and newspapers that were distributed on the University of Washington campus during the decades of the 1960s and 1970s . Tavis Smiley on Rev. Martin Luther King and His Opposition to the Vietnam War -- video by Democracy Now ! Records of Statement on the War in Vietnam are held by Simon Fraser University 's Special Collections and Rare Books The Boys Who Said NO -- Documentary on draft resistance and its impact during the Vietnam War . Vietnam Peace Commemoration Committee -- Organization of Vietnam War peace activists , including veterans and scholars . ( hide ) Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War Protests and events General 1960s Berkeley protests Central Park be-ins Before 1967 Edmonton aircraft bombing 1965 March Against the Vietnam War Alice Herz , Norman Morrison , Roger Allen LaPorte 1965 political self - immolations Human Be-In 1967 Angry Arts week `` Beyond Vietnam : A Time to Break Silence '' ( April 4 speech ) April 15 , 1967 Anti-Vietnam war demonstrations Nhat Chi Mai self - immolation 1968 Columbia University protests of 1968 1968 Democratic National Convention protest activity Presidio mutiny 1969 Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District Bed - In Zip to Zap Weather High School Jailbreaks Days of Rage Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam 1970 Greenwich Village townhouse explosion Free The Army tour Kent State shootings Student strike of 1970 Hard Hat Riot Sterling Hall bombing After 1970 1971 May Day protests People and Organizations Chicago Seven Chicano Moratorium National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam Students for a Democratic Society Vietnam Veterans Against the War Weather Underground Yippies Chicago Seven Defendants Rennie Davis David Dellinger John Froines Tom Hayden Abbie Hoffman Jerry Rubin Bobby Seale Lee Weiner Lawyers / Judge William Kunstler Leonard Weinglass Julius Hoffman ( Judge ) Tom Foran Richard Schultz Supporters Stew Albert Noam Chomsky Judy Collins Bernardine Dohrn Allen Ginsberg Anita Hoffman Paul Krassner Timothy Leary Norman Mailer Country Joe McDonald Graham Nash Phil Ochs Pigasus Ed Sanders Context Youth International Party ( Yippies ) 1968 Democratic National Convention protests `` The whole world is watching '' Counterculture of the 1960s National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam Mayor Richard J. Daley Vietnam War Opposition Miami and the Siege of Chicago ( 1968 book ) Weather Underground Media `` Chicago '' ( 1970 song ) Steal This Movie ! ( 2000 film ) Chicago 10 ( 2007 film ) William Kunstler : Disturbing the Universe ( 2009 documentary ) The Chicago 8 ( 2010 film ) Peace movement / Anti-war movement Peace advocates Anti-nuclear organizations Anti-war movement Anti-war organizations Bed - In Central Park be-ins Conscientious objectors Counterculture Draft evasion Human Be-In List of peace activists Peace and conflict studies Peace camp Peace churches Peace commission Peace education Peace movement Peace walk Teach - in War resisters War tax resisters Ideologies Ahimsa Anarchism Anarcho - pacifism Anarcho - punks Christian anarchism Anti-imperialism Anti-nuclear movement Antimilitarism Appeasement Direct action Finvenkismo Hippie Isolationism Non-interventionism Nonkilling Nonviolence Pacificism Pacifism Peace Satyagraha Simple living Socialism Soviet influence on the peace movement Media and cultural Art Books Films International Day of Non-Violence International Day of Peace Dialogue Among Civilizations List of places named Peace `` Make love , not war '' Monuments and memorials Museums Peace journalism Peace News Plays Promoting Enduring Peace Songs Symbols World Game Opposition to specific wars or their aspects Afghan War American Civil War Iraq War Landmines Military action in Iran Military intervention in Libya Military taxation Nuclear armament Second Boer War Sri Lankan Civil War Vietnam War War of 1812 War on Terror World War I World War II Countries Canada Germany Israel Netherlands Spain United Kingdom United States Protests of 1968 Movements 1968 movement in Italy Civil rights movement Anti-nuclear movement Black Consciousness Movement Black Power movement Black Power Revolution Chicano Movement Cultural Revolution Gay liberation German student movement Hippie movement Human rights movement in the Soviet Union May 1968 events in France Mexico 68 Northern Ireland civil rights movement Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War Prague Spring Red Power movement Sexual revolution The Troubles Women 's liberation movement Events 1968 Polish political crisis 1968 student demonstrations in Yugoslavia 1968 Democratic National Convention protest activity 1968 Miami riot 1968 Red Square demonstration Båstad riots Battle of Valle Giulia Ceaușescu 's speech of 21 August 1968 Central Park be-ins Columbia University protests of 1968 East L.A. walkouts King assassination riots March of the One Hundred Thousand Memphis sanitation strike Movement of 22 March Occupation of the Old Student House Occupation of the Student Union Building Poor People 's Campaign Presidio mutiny Rodney riots Third World Liberation Front strikes of 1968 Tlatelolco massacre Related Anti-capitalism Black Power Counterculture of the 1960s Desegregation Flower power Free love Hippie Antisemitism in Poland New Left Racism in the United States School discipline Second - wave feminism Segregation in Northern Ireland Student activism Vietnam War Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War&oldid=842827984 '' Categories : Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War Protests Anti-war protests Counterculture of the 1960s 1970s in politics Criticism of the United States 1960s in politics Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 23 : 18 . 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who's running for senate in florida 2018			United States Senate Election in Florida , 2018	united states senate election in florida, 2018	Bill Nelson Democratic	Elections in Florida Federal government ( show ) Presidential elections 1848 1852 1856 1860 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Presidential primaries Democratic 1932 1936 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Republican 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1988 1992 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 U.S. Senate elections 1932 1934 1938 1940 1944 1946 1950 1952 1956 1958 1962 1964 1968 1964 1968 1970 1976 1980 1982 1986 1988 1992 1994 1998 2000 2006 2012 2016 2018 U.S. House elections 2000 2002 2006 5th 8th 9th 16th 2008 2012 2014 2016 Special elections 18th district , 1989 13th district , 2014 19th district , 2014 State government ( show ) Gubernatorial elections 1845 1849 1853 1857 1861 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Attorney General elections 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Chief Financial Officer elections 2006 2014 2018 Agriculture Commissioner of Florida 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Ballot measures Florida Amendment 2 ( 2008 ) Florida Amendment 2 ( 2014 ) Florida Amendment 1 ( 2016 ) Florida Amendment 2 ( 2016 ) Other elections 2006 Jacksonville ( show ) Mayoral elections 2003 2007 2011 2015 Miami ( show ) Mayoral elections 2009 2013 2017 Miami - Dade County ( show ) Mayoral elections 2011 2012 2016 Orange County ( show ) Mayoral elections 2014 2018 Orlando ( show ) Mayoral elections 2012 2015 St. Petersburg ( show ) Mayoral elections 2013 2017 Tampa ( show ) Mayoral elections 2011 2015 Government The 2018 United States Senate election in Florida will be held on November 6 , 2018 , alongside a gubernatorial election , U.S. House elections , and other state and local elections . Incumbent Democratic Senator Bill Nelson is running for reelection to a fourth term . The candidate filing deadline for this Senate race was May 4 , 2018 , with primary elections being held on August 28 , 2018 . Florida uses a closed primary process , in which the selection of each respective party 's candidates for a general election is limited to registered party members . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Democratic primary 2.1 Candidates 2.1. 1 Declared 2.1. 2 Declined 2.2 Endorsements 3 Republican primary 3.1 Candidates 3.1. 1 Declared 3.1. 2 Withdrew 3.1. 3 Declined 3.2 Endorsements 3.3 Polling 4 Libertarian Party 4.1 Candidates 4.1. 1 Potential 4.1. 2 Withdrew 4.1. 3 Declined 5 American Independent Party 5.1 Candidates 5.1. 1 Withdrew 6 Independents 6.1 Declared 6.2 Withdrew 7 General election 7.1 Candidates 7.2 Predictions 7.3 Polling 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) Incumbent Democratic Senator Bill Nelson currently holds a 47 % - 29 % approval rating among his constituents , though President Donald Trump also holds a positive approval rating of 50 % - 45 % in Florida as of January 2018 . Trump won the state in 2016 by 1.2 % over Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton . Nelson is being challenged by term - limited Governor Rick Scott , who has contributed more than $86 million of his own fortune into two successful gubernatorial bids in 2010 and 2014 . Nelson is seen as vulnerable heading into the race , as he is the only statewide elected Democrat , despite winning re-election in 2012 by 13 % . The 75 - year - old ( 76 on election day ) is described as a `` low - key centrist '' that may not be able to energize progressive voters . Scott announced his candidacy on April 9 , 2018 , weeks after his last regular 60 - day legislative session as governor . In September 2017 , during a Hurricane Irma recovery trip to Fort Myers , President Trump encouraged Scott to run , saying `` I do n't know what ( Scott is ) gon na do , but I know that at a certain point it ends for you , and we ca n't let it end . So I hope he runs for Senate . '' Scott currently holds a 58 % - 31 % approval rating among his constituents , with a majority of Florida voters believing the state is moving in the right direction . Combined with a good economy , it has been said that Governor Scott may be the only Republican that could defeat Senator Nelson . Gun control is an expected key issue for this race . The election comes less than nine months after the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting in Parkland , the deadliest school shooting in American history that killed 17 people . Senator Nelson has also mentioned the Orlando nightclub shooting that occurred in June 2016 and killed 49 people , stating that `` nothing was done '' by Governor Scott 's administration . In the wake of Stoneman Douglas , Scott has raised the age to purchase a gun from 18 to 21 , set a three - day waiting period to purchase assault - style weapons , and banned bump stocks , moves that Nelson describes as `` doing the bare minimum . '' The National Rifle Association has come out against Scott 's legislation . Additionally , an undetermined number of Puerto Ricans , a largely Democratic voter demographic , have moved to Florida after the island was ravaged by Hurricane Maria in September 2017 . Whether they will have an impact on the race is unclear . Democratic primary ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Tamika Lyles , Air Force veteran , mediator , and philanthropist Bill Nelson , incumbent U.S. Senator since 2001 ; U.S. Representative from FL - 11 1979 -- 1991 Randy White , pastor , bishop , philanthropist , and activist Declined ( edit ) Randolph Bracy , State Senator ( District 11 ) since 2016 Tim Canova , law professor specializing in banking and finance ; candidate for FL - 23 in 2016 ( running for FL - 23 ) Pam Keith , Navy veteran , labor attorney ; candidate for U.S. Senate in 2016 ( running for FL - 18 ) Endorsements ( edit ) show Bill Nelson U.S. Senators Kamala Harris , U.S. Senator from California 2017 -- present Elizabeth Warren , U.S. Senator from Massachusetts 2013 -- present Cory Booker , U.S. Senator from New Jersey 2013 -- present ; Mayor of Newark 2006 -- 2013 Individuals Barbra Streisand , singer , songwriter , actress , and filmmaker Organizations American Federation of Teachers American Gastroenterological Association American Health Care Association American Hotel and Lodging Association American Institute of Certified Public Accountants American Seniors Housing Association American Trucking Associations End Citizens United Forward Together PAC International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers International Union of Painters and Allied Trades League of Conservation Voters Midwest Values PAC National Apartment Association National Association of Broadcasters National Association of Enrolled Agents National Association of Letter Carriers Natural Resources Defense Council Sierra Club Transport Workers Union of America Republican primary ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Virginia Fuller , registered nurse ; Republican nominee for U.S. Representative from CA - 11 in 2012 Lateresa Jones , life coach ; Independent candidate for Lieutenant Governor in 2014 and U.S. Senate in 2016 Martin Mikhail Rick Scott , Governor since 2011 Joseph Smith , chiropractor ; candidate for U.S. Senate in 1988 and FL - 19 in 1996 ; Republican nominee for FL - 16 in 1988 Rocky De La Fuente , American businessman & ex-Reform Party candidate for President in 2016 . On February 26 , 2018 De La Fuente filed to run for the 2018 Senate election in California under the Republican Party to unseat incumbent Dianne Feinstein . Withdrew ( edit ) Alexander George , businessman , political activist , and minister ; candidate for U.S. Senate in 2012 Augustus Sol Invictus , far - right activist and attorney ; Libertarian candidate for U.S. Senate in 2016 Mike Pompura Marcia R. Thorne , pastor ( ran as an Independent ) Declined ( edit ) Jeff Atwater , CFO of Florida 2011 -- 2017 Carlos Beruff , real estate developer and Republican donor ; candidate for U.S. Senate in 2016 Pam Bondi , Attorney General since 2011 Richard Corcoran , State Representative ( district 37 ) since 2010 ; Speaker of the Florida House since 2016 John Delaney , Mayor of Jacksonville 1995 -- 2003 Ron DeSantis , U.S. Representative from FL - 6 since 2013 ; candidate for U.S. Senate in 2016 ( running for Governor ) Hulk Hogan , retired professional wrestler , actor , television personality , entrepreneur , and musician David Jolly , U.S. Representative from FL - 13 2014 -- 2017 ; candidate for U.S. Senate in 2016 Carlos López - Cantera , Lieutenant Governor since 2014 ; candidate for U.S. Senate in 2016 Tom Rooney , U.S. Representative from FL - 17 since 2009 Endorsements ( edit ) show Rick Scott U.S. Executive Branch officials Donald Trump , President of the United States 2017 -- present U.S. Senators Cory Gardner , U.S. Senator from Colorado 2015 -- present ; U.S. Representative from CO-4 2011 -- 2015 Marco Rubio , U.S. Senator from Florida 2011 -- present ; candidate for President in 2016 Todd Young , U.S. Senator from Indiana 2017 -- present ; U.S. Representative from IN - 9 2011 -- 2017 Joni Ernst , U.S. Senator from Iowa 2015 -- present Mitch McConnell , U.S. Senator from Kentucky 1985 -- present John Cornyn , U.S. Senator from Texas 2002 -- present U.S. Representatives Kevin McCarthy , U.S. Representative from CA - 23 2007 -- present Matt Gaetz , U.S. Representative from FL - 1 2017 -- present Ron DeSantis , U.S. Representative from FL - 6 2013 -- present ; candidate for Governor in 2018 Governors Jeb Bush , Governor of Florida 1999 -- 2007 ; candidate for President in 2016 Haley Barbour , Governor of Mississippi 2004 -- 2012 Statewide officials Adam Putnam , Commissioner of Agriculture of Florida 2011 -- present ; U.S. Representative from FL - 12 2001 -- 2011 ; candidate for Governor in 2018 State legislators Richard Corcoran , State Representative from Florida ( District 37 ) 2010 -- present ; Speaker of the Florida House 2016 -- present Matt Caldwell , State Representative from Florida ( District 79 ) 2010 -- present Territorial officials Luis G. Rivera Marín , Secretary of State of Puerto Rico 2017 -- present ( New Progressive ) Jenniffer González , Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico Individuals Charles R. Black Jr. , Chairman of Prime Policy Group Erick Erickson , conservative columnist Ryan Petty , activist Andrew Pollack , school safety activist Organizations Florida Chamber of Commerce JAX Chamber United States Chamber of Commerce Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) Sample size Margin of error Ron DeSantis Augustus Sol Invictus David Jolly Carlos López - Cantera Tom Rooney Rick Scott Marcia R . Thorne Others Undecided Saint Leo University November 19 -- 24 , 2017 166 -- -- 1 % -- -- 8 % 54 % 1 % 4 % 33 % Saint Leo University November 27 -- 30 , 2016 501 ± 4.5 % < 3 % -- 6 % < 3 % < 3 % 41 % -- 11 % 33 % Libertarian Party ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Potential ( edit ) Roger Stone , political consultant , lobbyist , and strategist Withdrew ( edit ) Joe Wendt , janitor Declined ( edit ) Augustus Sol Invictus , far - right activist and attorney ; candidate for U.S. Senate in 2016 ( ran as a Republican ) American Independent Party ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Withdrew ( edit ) Franklin `` Ed '' Shoemaker Independents ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Joe Allen , author and former teacher ; candidate for Governor in 2010 and 2014 ; Democratic candidate for U.S. Senate in 2010 Gregory Bowles Carlos Garcia Edward Janowski David Weeks Withdrew ( edit ) Marcia R. Thorne , pastor General election ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Howard Knepper ( R , write - in ) , businessman and real estate developer ; Independent candidate for President in 2012 Scott McCatty ( I , write - in ) Charles Frederick Tolbert ( I , write - in ) , pastor Predictions ( edit ) Source Ranking As of The Cook Political Report 100 ! Toss - Up April 9 , 2018 Rothenberg Political Report 100 ! Toss - Up April 9 , 2018 Sabato 's Crystal Ball 100 ! Toss - Up April 5 , 2018 Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) Sample size Margin of error Bill Nelson Rick Scott Others Undecided Florida Atlantic University May 4 -- 7 , 2018 1,000 ± 3.0 % 40 % 44 % -- 16 % Public Policy Polling April 10 -- 11 , 2018 661 ± 3.9 % 50 % 44 % -- 6 % Gravis Marketing February 26 -- March 19 , 2018 2,212 ± 2.1 % 44 % 40 % -- 16 % McLaughlin & Associates ( R - New Republican ) March 10 -- 13 , 2018 800 ± 3.4 % 46 % 47 % -- 6 % Clearview Research March 1 -- 7 , 2018 750 ± 3.6 % 41 % 43 % -- 16 % SurveyMonkey / Axios February 12 -- March 5 , 2018 1,806 -- 53 % 43 % -- 4 % Quinnipiac University February 23 -- 26 , 2018 1,156 ± 3.6 % 46 % 42 % 2 % 9 % Florida Atlantic University February 23 -- 25 , 2018 800 ± 3.6 % 40 % 38 % -- 22 % Saint Leo University February 18 -- 24 , 2018 500 ± 4.5 % 35 % 42 % 9 % 15 % Gravis Marketing February 1 -- 18 , 2018 1,978 ± 2.2 % 44 % 40 % -- 16 % Florida Atlantic University February 1 -- 4 , 2018 750 ± 3.7 % 34 % 44 % -- 22 % Mason - Dixon Polling & Research Inc . January 30 -- February 1 , 2018 625 ± 4.0 % 45 % 44 % -- 11 % University of North Florida January 29 -- February 4 , 2018 619 -- 48 % 42 % 2 % 7 % Gravis Marketing December 19 -- 24 , 2017 5,778 ± 1.3 % 44 % 39 % -- 17 % Saint Leo University November 19 -- 24 , 2017 500 ± 4.5 % 32 % 42 % 8 % 18 % Mason - Dixon Polling & Research Inc . October 17 -- 19 , 2017 625 ± 4.0 % 44 % 44 % -- 12 % University of North Florida October 11 -- 17 , 2017 706 -- 37 % 36 % 7 % 20 % Florida Chamber of Commerce September 17 -- 24 , 2017 615 ± 4.0 % 45 % 47 % -- 8 % Saint Leo University September 10 -- 16 , 2017 500 ± 4.5 % 33 % 35 % 11 % 21 % Florida Atlantic University August 25 -- 26 , 2017 800 ± 4.0 % 42 % 40 % -- 18 % Gravis Marketing April 4 -- 10 , 2017 1,243 ± 2.8 % 56 % 28 % -- 16 % Gravis Marketing March 28 -- 29 , 2017 1,453 ± 2.6 % 52 % 37 % -- 12 % Florida Chamber of Commerce March 6 -- 14 , 2017 600 ± 4.0 % 48 % 42 % -- 10 % Saint Leo University March 3 -- 11 , 2017 507 ± 4.5 % 39 % 34 % 10 % 17 % Florida Hospital Association / Public Opinion Strategies March 1 -- 5 , 2017 600 ± 4.0 % 46 % 44 % -- 10 % Mason - Dixon Polling & Research Inc . February 24 -- 28 , 2017 625 ± 4.0 % 46 % 41 % -- 13 % University of North Florida February 13 -- 26 , 2017 957 ± 3.1 % 44 % 38 % 3 % 12 % Gravis Marketing November 22 -- 25 , 2016 3,250 ± 2.4 % 51 % 38 % -- 11 % Public Policy Polling September 4 -- 6 , 2016 744 ± 3.6 % 45 % 41 % -- 14 % Public Policy Polling September 11 -- 13 , 2015 814 ± 3.4 % 46 % 42 % -- 12 % Public Policy Polling March 19 -- 22 , 2015 923 ± 3.2 % 47 % 43 % -- 10 % ( show ) Hypothetical polling Nelson vs. Bondi Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Bill Nelson Pam Bondi Undecided Gravis Marketing 3,250 November 22 -- 25 , 2016 ± 2.4 % 50 % 35 % 15 % See also ( edit ) United States Senate elections , 2018 Florida gubernatorial election , 2018 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://floridapolitics.com/archives/193260-bill-nelson-all-but-announces-2018-bid-for-u-s-senate Jump up ^ `` United States Senate election in Florida , 2018 - Ballotpedia '' . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Easley , Cameron ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` America 's Most and Least Popular Senators '' . Morning Consult . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Easley , Cameron ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` Trump Makes Gains Ahead of Midterms but Risks Remain for GOP '' . Morning Consult . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caputo , Marc ; Dovere , Edward - Isaac ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` Florida 's Senate race shaping up as a clash of titans '' . Politico . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Caputo , Marc ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` Invitation to a primary ? Doubts among Democrats bedevil Sen. Nelson against Scott in 2018 '' . Politico . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagner , John ; Sullivan , Sean ( 2018 - 04 - 09 ) . `` Republican Gov. Rick Scott enters Senate race in Florida , setting up marquee contest '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : McCaskill , Nolan D. ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Trump pushes Rick Scott to run for Senate during Irma recovery visit '' . Politico . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Easley , Cameron ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` America 's Most and Least Popular Governors '' . Morning Consult . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caputo , Marc ; Dixon , Matt ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` Scott takes big step toward Florida Senate challenge '' . Politico . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Newell , Jim ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` The Florida Senate Race Is Already About Guns '' . Slate . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tackett , Michael ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` An Exodus From Puerto Rico Could Remake Florida Politics '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lyles , Tamika ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` FEC FORM 2 '' ( PDF ) . Federal Election Commission . Jump up ^ Nelson , Bill ( June 6 , 2013 ) . `` FEC FORM 2 '' ( PDF ) . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Candidate Tracking System '' . Florida Department of State . March 14 , 2018 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Tia ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` U.S. Sen. Bill Nelson could face primary challenge in state Sen. Randolph Bracy '' . The Florida Times - Union . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Amy ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` Canova announces rematch against Wasserman Schultz '' . Miami Herald . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rangel , Isadora ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Democrat would be district 's first black congresswoman if she beats Brian Mast '' . TC Palm . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hollyfield , Amy ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` California 's Kamala Harris to fundraise in Florida for Bill Nelson '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Seitz - Wald , Alex ( April 22 , 2018 ) . `` Favor bank : Potential presidential candidates are collecting IOUs for 2020 '' . NBC News . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Streisand , Barbra ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` SCHEDULE A ( FEC Form 3 ) ITEMIZED RECEIPTS '' . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SCHEDULE A ( FEC Form 3 ) ITEMIZED RECEIPTS '' . Federal Election Commission . June 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SCHEDULE A ( FEC Form 3 ) ITEMIZED RECEIPTS '' . Federal Election Commission . June 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SCHEDULE A ( FEC Form 3 ) ITEMIZED RECEIPTS '' . Federal Election Commission . June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SCHEDULE A ( FEC Form 3 ) ITEMIZED RECEIPTS '' . Federal Election Commission . May 31 , 2017 . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SCHEDULE A ( FEC Form 3 ) ITEMIZED RECEIPTS '' . Federal Election Commission . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SCHEDULE A ( FEC Form 3 ) ITEMIZED RECEIPTS '' . Federal Election Commission . May 31 , 2017 . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SCHEDULE A ( FEC Form 3 ) ITEMIZED RECEIPTS '' . Federal Election Commission . May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` End Citizens United Endorses Senator Bill Nelson for Re-election '' . End Citizens United . July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SCHEDULE A ( FEC Form 3 ) ITEMIZED RECEIPTS '' . Federal Election Commission . June 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SCHEDULE A ( FEC Form 3 ) ITEMIZED RECEIPTS '' . Federal Election Commission . June 26 , 2017 . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SCHEDULE A ( FEC Form 3 ) ITEMIZED RECEIPTS '' . Federal Election Commission . June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lopez - Wagner , Betsy ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` LCV Action Fund Endorses Senator Bill Nelson '' . League of Conservation Voters . Jump up ^ `` SCHEDULE A ( FEC Form 3 ) ITEMIZED RECEIPTS '' . Federal Election Commission . June 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SCHEDULE A ( FEC Form 3 ) ITEMIZED RECEIPTS '' . Federal Election Commission . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SCHEDULE A ( FEC Form 3 ) ITEMIZED RECEIPTS '' . Federal Election Commission . June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SCHEDULE A ( FEC Form 3 ) ITEMIZED RECEIPTS '' . Federal Election Commission . March 27 , 2017 . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SCHEDULE A ( FEC Form 3 ) ITEMIZED RECEIPTS '' . Federal Election Commission . May 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dison , Denis ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` NRDC Action Fund endorses Sens. Tammy Baldwin and Bill Nelson '' . Natural Resources Defense Council . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ENDORSEMENTS '' . Sierra Club . Jump up ^ `` SCHEDULE A ( FEC Form 3 ) ITEMIZED RECEIPTS '' . Federal Election Commission . June 26 , 2017 . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fuller , Virginia ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` FEC FORM 2 '' ( PDF ) . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jones , Lateresa Ann ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` FEC FORM 2 '' ( PDF ) . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Candidate Tracking System '' . Florida Department of State . October 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Matt ; Caputo , Marc ( April 9 , 2018 ) . `` Scott running for Senate in epic showdown with Nelson '' . Politico . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tures , John A. ( December 28 , 2017 ) . `` The 5 Most Critical US Senate Elections of 2018 '' . New York Observer . Jump up ^ http://www.sdvote.com/content/dam/rov/en/election/2018June/Candidate_List.pdf Jump up ^ http://postonpolitics.blog.palmbeachpost.com/2018/05/02/ex-dem-reform-party-candidate-joins-rick-scott-in-gop-senate-primary/ . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Candidate Tracking System '' . Florida Department of State . June 16 , 2014 . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Feuer , Alan ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Far Right Plans Its Next Moves With a New Energy '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Janik , Rachel ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` Augustus Invictus withdraws from Senate race while strengthening ties to the racist `` alt - right '' in - crowd `` . Southern Poverty Law Center . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Candidate Tracking System '' . Florida Department of State . February 19 , 2018 . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Thorne , Marcia Roberta ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` FEC FORM 2 '' ( PDF ) . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Thorne , Marcia Roberta ( December 27 , 2017 ) . `` FEC FORM 2 '' ( PDF ) . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Smith , Adam C. ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` A leading Florida political figure rules out another campaign '' . Tampa Bay Times . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kamisar , Ben ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` 10 Senate seats that could flip in 2018 '' . The Hill . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Torres , Frank ( November 27 , 2016 ) . `` Gravis Marketing : Florida 2018 race for Governor and Senator '' . Gravis Marketing . Jump up ^ Smith , Adam C. ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's Richard Corcoran 's timeline for governor race '' . Tampa Bay Times . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patterson , Steve ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` UNF President John Delaney announces he will retire in 2018 '' . The Florida Times - Union . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Matt ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` DeSantis makes it official , enters governor 's race '' . Politico . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` HULK HOGAN IF I RUN FOR U.S. SENATE I 'D WIN BIG ! ! ! '' . TMZ . January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ammann , Phil ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` Politics is about timing : David Jolly wo n't run for elected office in 2018 '' . Florida Politics . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mazzei , Patricia ( August 20 , 2017 ) . `` Lopez - Cantera says no to Miami run for Congress '' . Miami Herald . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bennett , George ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` GOP Rep. Tom Rooney will not run for Senate in 2016 '' . The Palm Beach Post . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Leary , Alex ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` Possible Paul Ryan successor Kevin McCarthy to appear at DC fundraiser with Rick Scott '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rubio , Marco ( @ marcorubio ) ( April 9 , 2018 ) . `` One of most important roles of senate is confirming federal judges & scotus . The road to growing the senate # GOP majority runs through # Florida Please join me in contributing to , voting for & supporting @ ScottforFlorida # Sayfie '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Gaetz , Matt ( @ mattgaetz ) ( April 9 , 2018 ) . `` So proud to have fellow swamp - drainer @ FLGovScott running to # FightWashington and bring Florida solutions to this crazy town ! # letsgettowork # sayfie '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ DeSantis , Ron ( @ RonDeSantisFL ) ( April 9 , 2018 ) . `` Rick Scott 's record of accomplishment as Governor stands in sharp contrast to the lack of leadership displayed by @ SenBillNelson . @ FLGovScott will hold Nelson accountable , win the race and serve Florida well in the U.S. Senate ! # sayfie '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Bush , Jeb ( @ JebBush ) ( April 9 , 2018 ) . `` Rick Scott has provided strong , conservative leadership for our state throughout his time as governor . Rick 's exactly the type of leader we need in Washington right now , and I know he will represent Florida well in the U.S. Senate . @ ScottforFlorida '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Putnam , Adam ( @ adamputnam ) ( April 9 , 2018 ) . `` Rick Scott is just the kind of leader we need to represent Florida in the hot , wet mess that is Washington . I 'm proud to support his run for U.S. Senate . '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Corcoran , Richard ( @ richardcorcoran ) ( April 9 , 2018 ) . `` Gov @ ScottforFlorida has spent the last 8yrs putting the priorities of every Floridian first . Tax cuts , massive job growth , and an improved Ed system will be his legacy as gov . Now we need his proven conservative leadership in D.C. I could n't be more excited 4 this announcement . '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Matt ( @ mattcaldwell_fl ) ( April 9 , 2018 ) . `` I proudly endorse @ FLGovScott in his bid to fight for Florida in the U.S. Senate . With Gov. Scott 's leadership as a principled conservative , Florida has roared with jobs , shed needless taxes , and staked its claim as the best state for Americans to pursue their dreams . '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Angel , Greg ( @ NewsGuyGreg ) ( April 9 , 2018 ) . `` Lieutenant Governor of # PuertoRico talking in support for Gov Rick Scott for Senate . @ MyNews13 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Pérez , José Javier ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` González backs Rick Scott '' . El Nuevo Día . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Erickson , Erick ( May 9 , 2018 ) . `` Rick Scott for Senate '' . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petty , Ryan ( @ rpetty ) ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` I am thrilled to endorse my friend , Rick Scott for US Senate . @ ScottforFlorida demonstrated true leadership in making our kids & teachers safer here in Florida . We need this same leadership in DC . Please join with me in supporting him for US Senate . # rickscottforsenate '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Pollack , Andrew ( @ AndrewPollackFL ) ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` I am proud to endorse my friend Governor Rick Scott for US Senate . @ ScottforFlorida has helped me tremendously in my pursuit to make schools in America safe & secure . He signed the PS Bill 7026 that I advocated for after my daughter was killed at # MSD . He 's a great man '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Dixon , Matt ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` U.S. Chamber places 6 - figure ad hitting Nelson on economy '' . Politico . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The @ USChamber , @ FLChamber and @ GoodGovtPAC -- the Federal Political Committee of @ JAXChamber -- endorse @ ScottforFlorida for U.S. Senate . '' JAX Alliance . Jump up ^ @ Politics_Polls ( December 3 , 2017 ) . `` 2018 Florida Senate Republican Primary : Rick Scott 54 % ( + 46 ) Tom Rooney 8 % Others / Undecided 36 % Saint Leo University poll 11 / 19 - 24 polls.saintleo.edu/post-hurricane-season-saint-leo-university-poll-finds-conditions-look-favorable-for-rick-scott-race-for-u-s-senate/ ... # FLsen '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Orlando , Frank ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` Saint Leo University Poll Shows Early Base of GOP Support for U.S. Senate Candidacy Favoring Governor Rick Scott '' . Saint Leo University . ^ Jump up to : Powers , Scott ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` Libertarian candidate Joe Wendt entering 2018 U.S. Senate race '' . Florida Politics . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Powers , Scott ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Another Libertarian quake : Joe Wendt suspends U.S. Senate campaign , citing threats '' . Florida Politics . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shoemaker , Franklin `` Ed '' ( May 12 , 2013 ) . `` FEC FORM 2 '' ( PDF ) . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Candidate Tracking System '' . Florida Department of State . May 15 , 2013 . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Green Papers : Florida 2018 General Election '' . The Green Papers . Jump up ^ `` Gregory Bowles '' . Ballotpedia . September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Carlos Garcia ( Florida ) '' . Ballotpedia . December 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Candidate Tracking System '' . Florida Department of State . April 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Weeks , David Kenneth ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` FEC FORM 2 '' ( PDF ) . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Candidate Tracking System '' . Florida Department of State . April 27 , 2018 . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Candidate Tracking System '' . Florida Department of State . April 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Senate '' . The Cook Political Report . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Senate Ratings '' . The Rothenberg Political Report . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Senate Race Ratings '' . Sabato 's Crystal Ball . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New poll shows Rick Scott with four - point lead over Bill Nelson '' . Florida Politics . Jump up ^ Jensen , Tom ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Survey of Florida politics '' . Public Policy Polling . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Doug ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` Gravis Marketing March Florida Poll '' . Gravis Marketing . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Florida U.S. Senate Race -- Executive Survey Summary '' ( PDF ) . McLaughlin & Associates . March 29 , 2018 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rick Scott edges out Bill Nelson in new poll '' . Tampa Bay Times . March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Among registered voters interviewed Feb 12 - Mar 05 , 2018 '' . SurveyMonkey . Jump up ^ Brown , Peter A. ; Smith , Pat ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` NELSON ON PLUS SIDE OF CLOSE FLORIDA SENATE RACE , QUINNIPIAC UNIVERSITY POLL FINDS ; TRUMP , RUBIO HAVE BIG NEGATIVE SCORES , SCOTT IS POSITIVE '' . Quinnipiac University . Jump up ^ https://business.fau.edu/images/business/economics/departments-economics-pages/business-economics-polling-initiative/bepi-polls/files/2018-2-28_BEPI_Press_Release.pdf Jump up ^ McCoy , Mary ; Johnston , Jo - Ann ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` New Florida Survey from Saint Leo University Shows Rick Scott Favored by More Voters than Bill Nelson for U.S. Senate Seat '' . Saint Leo University . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Doug . `` Florida Polling '' ( PDF ) . Gravis Marketing . Jump up ^ `` FAU POLL FINDS FLORIDIANS SUPPORT DREAMERS , SPLIT ON BUILDING WALL ALONG BORDER WITH MEXICO '' . Florida Atlantic University . Jump up ^ `` Bill Nelson , Rick Scott Running Close in New Senate Poll '' . Sunshine State News . February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Public Opinion Research Lab at the University of North Florida - Florida Statewide Poll February 7 , 2018 '' . University of North Florida . February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Doug ( December 26 , 2017 ) . `` FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE '' ( PDF ) . Gravis Marketing . Jump up ^ Johnston , Jo - Ann ; McCoy , Mary ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` Post-Hurricane Season , Saint Leo University Poll Finds Conditions Look Favorable for Rick Scott Race for U.S. Senate '' . Saint Leo University . Jump up ^ `` OCTOBER 2017 2018 SENATE RACE '' ( PDF ) . Mason - Dixon Polling & Research Inc . October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Norris , Joanna ; Binder , Micheal ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` New UNF Poll Finds Razor Thin Lead for Nelson in Upcoming Senatorial Election '' ( PDF ) . University of North Florida . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bennett , George ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Florida Chamber poll : Scott - Nelson tight ; undeclared John Morgan tops Dems for governor '' . The Palm Beach Post . Jump up ^ Derby , Kevin ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` Rick Scott Edges Bill Nelson in New 2018 Poll '' . Sunshine State News . Jump up ^ Man , Anthony ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Bill Nelson , Rick Scott tied in 2018 Senate race , Florida poll shows '' . Sun - Sentinel . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Doug ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` Political Climate Forecast for Florida in 2018 looks positive for John Morgan , Negative for Gay Conversion Therapy , and uncertain on the future of American involvement in Syria '' . Orlando Political Observer . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Doug ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive Florida Poll Results '' . Orlando Political Observer . Jump up ^ `` FLORIDA CHAMBER OF COMMERCE STATEWIDE POLL '' . Politico . March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Jo - Ann ; McCoy , Mary ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` New Saint Leo University Poll Finds Florida Divided on Scott 's Job Performance , But More Still Favorably Impressed '' . Saint Leo University . Jump up ^ Schorsch , Peter ; Sparks , Bob . `` 2018 U.S. Senate race could be a nail biter '' . The Delegation . Jump up ^ `` Mason - Dixon poll : Nelson leads Scott in potential 2018 Florida Senate race '' . Mason - Dixon Polling & Research Inc . March 8 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Norris , Joanna ; Binder , Michael ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` New UNF Poll Shows Sen. Bill Nelson Leading Gov. Rick Scott in 2018 Senate Election '' . University of North Florida . Jump up ^ Jensen , Tom ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Presidential Race Up for Grabs in Florida '' ( PDF ) . Public Policy Polling . Jump up ^ Jensen , Tom ( September 16 , 2015 ) . `` Most Voters Undecided in Florida Senate Primaries '' ( PDF ) . Public Policy Polling . Jump up ^ Jensen , Tom ( March 26 , 2015 ) . `` Majority of Florida voters support Medicaid expansion '' ( PDF ) . Public Policy Polling . 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States and territories Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas U.S. Virgin Islands Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Senate_election_in_Florida,_2018&oldid=842846873 '' Categories : United States Senate elections in Florida United States Senate elections , 2018 Florida elections , 2018 Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use mdy dates from October 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018 , at 02 : 12 . 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how are luke's aunt and uncle related to him			Skywalker family	skywalker family	The Skywalker family is a fictional family in the Star Wars franchise . Within the series ' fictional universe , the Skywalkers are a bloodline with strong inherent capabilities related to the Force . Luke Skywalker , his twin sister Princess Leia , and their father Darth Vader are central characters in the original Star Wars film trilogy . Vader , in his previous identity as Anakin Skywalker , is a lead character in the prequel film trilogy . Luke , Leia , and Leia 's son Kylo Ren play crucial roles in the sequel trilogy of films .	Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Family members 2.1 Shmi Skywalker - Lars 2.2 Anakin Skywalker ( Darth Vader ) 2.3 Padmé Amidala 2.4 Luke Skywalker 2.5 Leia Organa 2.6 Ben Solo ( Kylo Ren ) 3 Family tree 4 Legends 4.1 Ben Skywalker 4.2 Nat Skywalker 4.3 Kol Skywalker 4.4 Cade Skywalker 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) In terms of the series ' internal chronology , the Skywalkers first appeared in the 1999 film Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace . In this film , Jedi Knight Qui - Gon Jinn discovers Shmi Skywalker and her son Anakin as slaves on the planet Tatooine . Qui - Gon finds that Anakin has a higher count of midi - chlorians ( force - imparting microorganisms ) than any Jedi , even Yoda , counting to about 20,000 . Shmi informs Qui - Gon that Anakin has no father , leading Qui - Gon to suggest that Anakin is a product of midi - chlorians , an example of a miraculous birth . As the film progresses , Anakin leaves Tatooine to begin his Jedi training . Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones reveals that , in Anakin 's absence , Shmi has married Cliegg Lars , becoming the stepmother of Owen . Owen tells Anakin they are stepbrothers . Owen later marries Beru Whitesun . As a Jedi Knight , Anakin secretly marries Padmé Amidala . In Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith Padme gives birth to twins , Luke and Leia . Luke is raised by Beru and Owen Lars on Tatooine . While Leia is raised by Senator Bail Organa and Queen Breha Organa on Alderaan . In Star Wars : The Force Awakens , Leia and her husband Han Solo , after marrying have a son named Ben Solo , who later adopts the name Kylo Ren . The family breaks apart following Ben 's descent into the dark side , with Leia and Han separating . Family members ( edit ) Shmi Skywalker - Lars ( edit ) Shmi Skywalker is a fictional character in the Star Wars universe , portrayed by Pernilla August . She appears in Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace and Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones . She is the mother of Anakin Skywalker , paternal grandmother to Luke Skywalker and Leia Organa and paternal - maternal great - grandmother to Kylo Ren . Her first name is derived from Lakshmi , a Hindu goddess . In The Phantom Menace , she and her son are introduced as slaves of junk merchant Watto on the desert world Tatooine . She welcomes Jedi Master Qui - Gon Jinn ( Liam Neeson ) into their home , and tells him that Anakin has no father ; she simply became pregnant with him . Qui - Gon helps Anakin win his freedom , but can not get Shmi out of slavery . She allows Anakin to leave with Qui - Gon , assuring her heartbroken son that they will meet again . In Attack of the Clones , Anakin ( Hayden Christensen ) , now a young adult Jedi apprentice , senses through the Force that she is in pain . He travels to Tatooine to find her , and , upon arriving , learns that she had been freed by and married to moisture farmer Cliegg Lars ( Jack Thompson ) , but had recently been abducted by Tusken Raiders . He finds her inside one of their encampments , but it 's too late -- beaten and tortured beyond help , she dies in his arms . Heartbroken and enraged , Anakin slaughters every single Tusken in the camp , including the women and children . His mother 's death ignites a strong anger in Anakin , and sets him on the path to becoming Darth Vader . Anakin Skywalker ( Darth Vader ) ( edit ) Main article : Darth Vader Anakin Skywalker is the son of Shmi Skywalker and no father , due to being conceived through the force . Anakin is discovered on Tatooine by Jedi Master Qui - Gon Jinn who is sure that the boy is the `` Chosen One '' of Jedi Prophecy , who will bring balance to the Force . After the death of Qui - Gon , he becomes the Padawan of Obi - Wan Kenobi . He also forms a close bond with Padmé Amidala , the young senator of Naboo . The newly elected Chancellor of the Galactic Republic , Palpatine , also befriends Anakin , promising to watch the boy 's progress `` with great interest '' and advise him . Torn between his loyalty to the Jedi and his drive for power , Anakin succumbs to temptation and becomes Darth Vader . Padmé Amidala ( edit ) Main article : Padmé Amidala The secret wife of Anakin Skywalker , and mother of Luke and Leia and maternal grandmother of Kylo Ren . She served as Queen of Naboo , and later as a Senator for her planet . Her closest friend in the Senate was Senator Bail Organa . She reconnected and fell in love with Anakin Skywalker after he was assigned to protect her from an assassination attempt , and secretly married him shortly after the Battle of Geonosis , and died while giving birth to her children shortly after the first Empire Day . Obi - Wan and Yoda decided to separate the children in order to keep them hidden from Darth Vader . Luke Skywalker ( edit ) Main article : Luke Skywalker Luke Skywalker is the son of Jedi Knight Anakin Skywalker and Senator of Naboo , Padmé Amidala . He is taken in by his uncle and aunt , Owen and Beru Lars , after the death of Padmé and Anakin 's fall to the dark side . He is force sensitive and skilled with a lightsaber . In Return of the Jedi , a dying Yoda confirms to Luke , that Darth Vader ( previously Anakin Skywalker ) is actually his father , despite Luke 's belief that Vader 's claim to fatherhood in The Empire Strikes Back was a ruse to pull Luke to the dark side . He also finds out from Obi - Wan 's force ghost that Princess Leia Organa is his sister . In The Force Awakens , as the last known Jedi , Luke is in hiding after failing to prevent his nephew Ben ( now Kylo Ren ) from turning to the dark side to join Supreme Leader Snoke . Leia Organa ( edit ) Main article : Princess Leia The daughter of Anakin Skywalker and Padmé Amidala , Leia Organa was adopted by Bail and Breha Organa of Alderaan . At age 19 she is the Princess of Alderaan , and is captured by Darth Vader while in the Tantive IV blockade runner on a so - called `` diplomatic mission '' . Leia is shown to be force sensitive . In The Empire Strikes Back , Leia professes her love for Han Solo when he is put into carbonite stasis , although it is originally Han and Luke who compete for her affections . In Return of the Jedi , planning to feed Luke , Han , and Chewbacca to the flesh eating Sarlacc , Jabba the Hutt is instead strangled to death by Leia by a chain he has on her . She later becomes involved in the Battle of Endor . In the years that follow , she becomes General Organa , the leader of the Resistance , a military organization unofficially backed by the New Republic to counter the First Order . She married Han Solo and had a son named Ben Solo , later Kylo Ren , whose turning to the dark side separated the couple before the events of The Force Awakens . Leia has been on a search to find her missing brother Luke and save her son from the dark side . Ben Solo ( Kylo Ren ) ( edit ) Main article : Kylo Ren Ben Solo is the son of Leia Organa and Han Solo . He initially trains to be a Jedi under his uncle , Luke Skywalker , before he falls to the dark side and becomes Kylo Ren , working for the First Order and under the influence of Supreme Leader Snoke . He is obsessed with the legacy of his grandfather , the Sith Lord Darth Vader , and aspires to finish what Vader started : the elimination of the Jedi . Family tree ( edit ) ( hide ) Skywalker family tree Aika Lars Cliegg Lars Shmi Skywalker Jobal Naberrie Ruwee Naberrie Beru Whitesun Owen Lars Anakin Skywalker Padmé Amidala Bail Organa Breha Organa Luke Skywalker Leia Organa Han Solo Ben Solo References : Jump up ^ Hidalgo , Pablo ( 2016 ) . Star Wars Character Encyclopedia : Updated and Expanded . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Cliegg Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Shmi Skywalker Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) and Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ `` Databank : Beru Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Owen Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Anakin Skywalker '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Darth Vader '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Padmé Amidala '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adopted father of Leia Organa , as established in Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Bail Organa '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adopted mother of Leia Organa , as established in Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Luke Skywalker '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ In the alternate Star Wars expanded universe ( Legends ) , Luke is married to Mara Jade and has a son , Ben Skywalker . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Princess Leia Organa '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : The Force Awakens. 2015 . Jump up ^ In the alternate Star Wars expanded universe ( Legends ) continuity , Han and Leia have three children : Jaina , Jacen and Anakin Solo . Legends ( edit ) With the 2012 acquisition of Lucasfilm by The Walt Disney Company , most of the licensed Star Wars novels and comics produced since the originating 1977 film Star Wars were rebranded as Star Wars Legends and declared non-canon to the franchise in April 2014 . In the Star Wars expanded universe , Luke , following his sister 's marriage to Han Solo and the birth of the Solo children ( Anakin , Jacen , and Jaina ) , marries Mara Jade , who has a son named Ben . A further complication in this continuity is the fact that the Return of the Jedi novelization includes a detail about Owen Lars being Obi - Wan Kenobi 's estranged brother . To explain subsequent references , Star Wars : Lone Wolf : A Tale of Obi - Wan and Luke introduces `` Owen Kenobi '' , a personification of the bond Kenobi feels toward Owen Lars . In the Expanded Universe book Tatooine Ghost , Shmi 's granddaughter , Leia , is given Shmi 's old journal , which describes Anakin 's childhood . Leia learns , through Shmi 's love for Anakin , to forgive her father for his role in the destruction of Alderaan and for torturing her aboard the Death Star , as depicted in A New Hope . Ben Skywalker ( edit ) Luke Skywalker and Mara Jade Skywalker 's son . Named after Obi - Wan `` Ben '' Kenobi , Jedi Knight . Former student of Jacen Solo , his cousin . In Fate of the Jedi : Outcast , he voluntarily accompanies his father into exile . He proves himself as both a fighter and as an investigator to carry on his father 's name . His love interest is Vestara Khai , formerly a Sith apprentice , then a Jedi apprentice . The character was voted the 40th top Star Wars character by IGN and the top 6th Star Wars Expanded Universe character by UGO Networks . Nat Skywalker ( edit ) Nat is a former / returned Jedi master and the older brother of Kol . He took the name `` Bantha '' Rawk He was also with him all the time . Kol Skywalker ( edit ) Kol Skywalker is a character in Star Wars : Legacy . He is a descendant of Luke Skywalker and is a Jedi master . He is the father of Cade Skywalker . Cade Skywalker ( edit ) The descendant of Anakin Skywalker , Luke Skywalker , Mara Jade Skywalker and Ben Skywalker , and the son of Kol Skywalker . He is a protagonist of the Star Wars : Legacy comic series . According to the comic book series from Dark Horse called Star Wars : Legacy , which takes place 125 years after Return of the Jedi , Cade Skywalker , son of Kol Skywalker and a direct descendant of Luke Skywalker , is the last surviving Skywalker of his time . It is shown that he has completely abandoned the Jedi way after an attack by the New Sith Order on the Jedi Academy on Ossus . Nevertheless , he still encounters other Jedi , as well as the ghost of Luke Skywalker . The character was voted the 84th top Star Wars character by IGN . See also ( edit ) Solo family References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Star Wars I : The Phantom Menace , script . Jump up ^ O'Keefe , Kevin . `` There 's Either an Error in the New ' Star Wars ' Crawl or a Big Surprise for Luke and Leia '' . Mic . Retrieved 24 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Wendig , Chuck ( 2017 ) . Star Wars : Aftermath : Empire 's End . Del Rey . ISBN 9781101966976 . What is known is this : The child 's name is Ben , and he takes his father 's last name , even as Leia keeps only her own family name , Organa . Jump up ^ McMilian , Graeme ( April 25 , 2014 ) . `` Lucasfilm Unveils New Plans for Star Wars Expanded Universe '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Legendary Star Wars Expanded Universe Turns a New Page '' . StarWars.com. April 25 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disney and Random House announce relaunch of Star Wars Adult Fiction line '' . StarWars.com. April 25 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kahn , James ( 1983 ) . Star Wars Episode VI : Return of the Jedi . Del - Rey . ISBN 0 - 345 - 30767 - 4 . Jump up ^ Watson , Jude ( 1999 ) . Jedi Apprentice : The Hidden Past . Scholastic . ISBN 0590519336 . Jump up ^ `` Rare Clone Wars Comics and Literature '' . Starwars.com . Archived from the original on 2015 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 100 Star Wars Characters '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 24 September 2010 . Retrieved 16 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Adam Rosenberg ( 1 July 2008 ) . `` Top 50 Star Wars Expanded Universe Characters '' . UGO Networks . Archived from the original on 12 December 2012 . Retrieved 16 December 2010 . External links ( edit ) Skywalker family on Wookieepedia , a Star Wars wiki Fictional universe of Star Wars Concepts The Force Architecture Languages Physics Organizations First Order Galactic Empire Galactic Republic Jedi New Republic Rebel Alliance Resistance Sith Characters Admiral Ackbar Padmé Amidala Cassian Andor Wedge Antilles Cad Bane Darth Bane BB - 8 Jar Jar Binks C - 3PO Lando Calrissian Chewbacca Lieutenant Connix Poe Dameron Count Dooku Jyn Erso Boba Fett Jango Fett Finn ( FN - 2187 ) Saw Gerrera Greedo Tag Greenley General Grievous HK - 47 Jabba the Hutt General Hux Mara Jade Kanan Jarrus Qui - Gon Jinn K - 2SO Maz Kanata Kyle Katarn Obi - Wan Kenobi Kreia Orson Krennic Darth Maul Nien Nunb Leia Organa Bink Otauna Emperor Palpatine Captain Phasma Admiral Piett R2 - D2 Kylo Ren ( Ben Solo ) Revan Rey Captain Rex Bodhi Rook Bail Organa Anakin Skywalker / Darth Vader Luke Skywalker Supreme Leader Snoke Han Solo Jacen Solo Starkiller Ahsoka Tano Grand Moff Tarkin Grand Admiral Thrawn Rose Tico Asajj Ventress Watto Wicket W. Warrick Mace Windu Yoda Lists The Clone Wars characters Rebels characters Legends characters KotOR Groups Militaries Clone trooper Stormtrooper Droid Army Rogue Squadron Families Skywalker Solo Music Bands Figrin D'an and the Modal Nodes Max Rebo Band Planets and moons Alderaan Bespin Coruscant Dagobah Endor Hoth Jakku Kashyyyk Naboo Tatooine Yavin Species A -- E Bantha Droid Ewok F -- J Hutt K -- O P -- T Sarlacc Tusken Raiders U -- Z Wookiee List of creatures Technology Weapons Blaster Death Star Lightsaber Terrestrial vehicles Landspeeder Speeder bike Sandcrawler Walkers Starfighters A-wing B - wing TIE fighter X-wing Y - wing Spacecraft Death Star Millennium Falcon Mon Calamari cruiser Star Destroyer Tantive IV Other Clone Wars Galactic Civil War Mos Eisley Mos Eisley Cantina Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skywalker_family&oldid=835230063 '' Categories : Star Wars characters Fictional family trees Hidden categories : Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from February 2008 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Star Wars articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Español Français ქართული Polski Português Svenska ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 11 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skywalker%20family	3,105
a means to obtain pii to commit fraud is what			Identity theft	identity theft	Identity theft is the deliberate use of someone else 's identity , usually as a method to gain a financial advantage or obtain credit and other benefits in the other person 's name , and perhaps to the other person 's disadvantage or loss . The person whose identity has been assumed may suffer adverse consequences , especially if they are held responsible for the perpetrator 's actions . Identity theft occurs when someone uses another 's personally identifying information , like their name , identifying number , or credit card number , without their permission , to commit fraud or other crimes . The term identity theft was coined in 1964 . Since that time , the definition of identity theft has been statutorily prescribed throughout both the U.K. and the United States as the theft of personally identifying information , generally including a person 's name , date of birth , social security number , driver 's license number , bank account or credit card numbers , PIN numbers , electronic signatures , fingerprints , passwords , or any other information that can be used to access a person 's financial resources .	`` Determining the link between data breaches and identity theft is challenging , primarily because identity theft victims often do not know how their personal information was obtained '' , and identity theft is not always detectable by the individual victims , according to a report done for the FTC . Identity fraud is often but not necessarily the consequence of identity theft . Someone can steal or misappropriate personal information without then committing identity theft using the information about every person , such as when a major data breach occurs . A US Government Accountability Office study determined that `` most breaches have not resulted in detected incidents of identity theft '' . The report also warned that `` the full extent is unknown '' . A later unpublished study by Carnegie Mellon University noted that `` Most often , the causes of identity theft is not known '' , but reported that someone else concluded that `` the probability of becoming a victim to identity theft as a result of a data breach is ... around only 2 % '' . More recently , an association of consumer data companies noted that one of the largest data breaches ever , accounting for over four million records , resulted in only about 1,800 instances of identity theft , according to the company whose systems were breached . An October 2010 article entitled `` Cyber Crime Made Easy '' explained the level to which hackers are using malicious software . As one security specialist named Gunter Ollmann said , `` Interested in credit card theft ? There 's an app for that . '' This statement summed up the ease with which these hackers are accessing all kinds of information online . The new program for infecting users ' computers is called Zeus ; and the program is so hacker friendly that even an inexperienced hacker can operate it . Although the hacking program is easy to use , that fact does not diminish the devastating effects that Zeus ( or other software like Zeus ) can do to a computer and the user . For example , the article stated that programs like Zeus can steal credit card information , important documents , and even documents necessary for homeland security . If the hacker were to gain this information , it would mean identity theft or even a possible terrorist attack . The ITAC says that about 15 million Americans are having their identity stolen , in 2012 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Types 1.1 Identity cloning and concealment 1.2 Criminal identity theft 1.3 Synthetic identity theft 1.4 Medical identity theft 1.5 Child identity theft 1.6 Financial identity theft 2 Techniques for obtaining and exploiting personal information for identity theft 3 Indicators that you may be a victim of identity theft 4 Individual identity protection 5 Identity protection by organizations 6 Legal responses 6.1 International 6.2 Australia 6.3 Canada 6.4 France 6.5 Hong Kong 6.6 India 6.7 Philippines 6.8 Sweden 6.9 United Kingdom 6.10 United States 6.10. 1 Notification 7 Spread and impact 8 See also 8.1 Types of fraud and theft 8.2 Organisations 8.3 Laws 8.4 Notable identity thieves and cases 9 References 10 External links Types ( edit ) Sources such as the non-profit Identity Theft Resource Center sub-divide identity theft into five categories : Criminal identity theft ( posing as another person when apprehended for a crime ) Financial identity theft ( using another 's identity to obtain credit , goods and services ) Identity cloning ( using another 's information to assume his or her identity in daily life ) Medical identity theft ( using another 's identity to obtain medical care or drugs ) Child identity theft . Identity theft may be used to facilitate or fund other crimes including illegal immigration , terrorism , phishing and espionage . There are cases of identity cloning to attack payment systems , including online credit card processing and medical insurance . Identity cloning and concealment ( edit ) In this situation , the identity thief impersonates someone else in order to conceal their own true identity . Examples might be illegal immigrants , people hiding from creditors or other individuals , or those who simply want to become `` anonymous '' for personal reasons . Another example are posers , a label given to people who use somebody else 's photos and information through social networking sites . Mostly , posers create believable stories involving friends of the real person they are imitating . Unlike identity theft used to obtain credit which usually comes to light when the debts mount , concealment may continue indefinitely without being detected , particularly if the identity thief is able to obtain false credentials in order to pass various authentication tests in everyday life . Criminal identity theft ( edit ) When a criminal fraudulently identifies himself to police as another individual at the point of arrest , it is sometimes referred to as `` Criminal Identity Theft . '' In some cases criminals have previously obtained state - issued identity documents using credentials stolen from others , or have simply presented a fake ID . Provided the subterfuge works , charges may be placed under the victim 's name , letting the criminal off the hook . Victims might only learn of such incidents by chance , for example by receiving court summons , discovering their drivers licenses are suspended when stopped for minor traffic violations , or through background checks performed for employment purposes . It can be difficult for the victim of a criminal identity theft to clear their record . The steps required to clear the victim 's incorrect criminal record depend in which jurisdiction the crime occurred and whether the true identity of the criminal can be determined . The victim might need to locate the original arresting officers and prove their own identity by some reliable means such as fingerprinting or DNA testing , and may need to go to a court hearing to be cleared of the charges . Obtaining an expungement of court records may also be required . Authorities might permanently maintain the victim 's name as an alias for the criminal 's true identity in their criminal records databases . One problem that victims of criminal identity theft may encounter is that various data aggregators might still have the incorrect criminal records in their databases even after court and police records are corrected . Thus it is possible that a future background check will return the incorrect criminal records . This is just one example of the kinds of impact that may continue to affect the victims of identity theft for some months or even years after the crime , aside from the psychological trauma that being ' cloned ' typically engenders . Synthetic identity theft ( edit ) A variation of identity theft which has recently become more common is synthetic identity theft , in which identities are completely or partially fabricated . The most common technique involves combining a real social security number with a name and birthdate other than the ones associated with the number . Synthetic identity theft is more difficult to track as it does n't show on either person 's credit report directly , but may appear as an entirely new file in the credit bureau or as a subfile on one of the victim 's credit reports . Synthetic identity theft primarily harms the creditors who unwittingly grant the fraudsters credit . Individual victims can be affected if their names become confused with the synthetic identities , or if negative information in their subfiles impacts their credit ratings . Medical identity theft ( edit ) Privacy researcher Pam Dixon , founder of the World Privacy Forum , coined the term medical identity theft and released the first major report about this issue in 2006 . In the report , she defined the crime for the first time and made the plight of victims public . The report 's definition of the crime is that medical identity theft occurs when someone seeks medical care under the identity of another person . Insurance theft is also very common , if a thief has your insurance information and or your insurance card , they can seek medical attention posing as yourself . In addition to risks of financial harm common to all forms of identity theft , the thief 's medical history may be added to the victim 's medical records . Inaccurate information in the victim 's records is difficult to correct and may affect future insurability or cause doctors relying on the misinformation to deliver inappropriate medical care . After the publication of the report , which contained a recommendation that consumers receive notifications of medical data breach incidents , California passed a law requiring this , and then finally HIPAA was expanded to also require medical breach notification when breaches affect 500 or more people . Data collected and stored by hospitals and other organisations such as medical aid schemes is up to 10 times more valuable to cybercriminals than credit card information . Child identity theft ( edit ) Child identity theft occurs when a minor 's identity is used by another person for the impostor 's personal gain . The impostor can be a family member , a friend , or even a stranger who targets children . The Social Security numbers of children are valued because they do not have any information associated with them . Thieves can establish lines of credit , obtain driver 's licenses , or even buy a house using a child 's identity . This fraud can go undetected for years , as most children do not discover the problem until years later . Child identity theft is fairly common , and studies have shown that the problem is growing . The largest study on child identity theft , as reported by Richard Power of the Carnegie Mellon Cylab with data supplied by AllClear ID , found that of 40,000 children , 10.2 % were victims of identity theft . Financial identity theft ( edit ) The most common type is financial identity theft , where someone wants to gain economical benefits in someone else 's name . This includes getting credits , loans , goods and services , claiming to be someone else . Techniques for obtaining and exploiting personal information for identity theft ( edit ) Identity thieves typically obtain and exploit personally identifiable information about individuals , or various credentials they use to authenticate themselves , in order to impersonate them . Examples include : Rummaging through rubbish for personal information ( dumpster diving ) Retrieving personal data from redundant IT equipment and storage media including PCs , servers , PDAs , mobile phones , USB memory sticks and hard drives that have been disposed of carelessly at public dump sites , given away or sold on without having been properly sanitized Using public records about individual citizens , published in official registers such as electoral rolls Stealing bank or credit cards , identification cards , passports , authentication tokens ... typically by pickpocketing , housebreaking or mail theft Common - knowledge questioning schemes that offer account verification and compromise : `` What 's your mother 's maiden name ? '' , `` what was your first car model ? '' , or `` What was your first pet 's name ? '' , etc . Skimming information from bank or credit cards using compromised or hand - held card readers , and creating clone cards Using ' contactless ' credit card readers to acquire data wirelessly from RFID - enabled passports Shoulder - Surfing , involves an individual who discreetly watches or hears others providing valuable personal information . This is particularly done in crowded places because it is relatively easy to observe someone as they fill out forms , enter PIN numbers on ATM 's or even type passwords on smartphones . Stealing personal information from computers using breaches in browser security or malware such as Trojan horse keystroke logging programs or other forms of spyware Hacking computer networks , systems and databases to obtain personal data , often in large quantities Exploiting breaches that result in the publication or more limited disclosure of personal information such as names , addresses , Social Security number or credit card numbers Advertising bogus job offers in order to accumulate resumes and applications typically disclosing applicants ' names , home and email addresses , telephone numbers and sometimes their banking details Exploiting insider access and abusing the rights of privileged IT users to access personal data on their employers ' systems Infiltrating organizations that store and process large amounts or particularly valuable personal information Impersonating trusted organizations in emails , SMS text messages , phone calls or other forms of communication in order to dupe victims into disclosing their personal information or login credentials , typically on a fake corporate website or data collection form ( phishing ) Brute - force attacking weak passwords and using inspired guesswork to compromise weak password reset questions Obtaining castings of fingers for falsifying fingerprint identification . Browsing social networking websites for personal details published by users , often using this information to appear more credible in subsequent social engineering activities Diverting victims ' email or post in order to obtain personal information and credentials such as credit cards , billing and bank / credit card statements , or to delay the discovery of new accounts and credit agreements opened by the identity thieves in the victims ' names Using false pretenses to trick individuals , customer service representatives and help desk workers into disclosing personal information and login details or changing user passwords / access rights ( pretexting ) Stealing cheques ( checks ) to acquire banking information , including account numbers and bank routing numbers or sort code Guessing Social Security numbers by using information found on Internet social networks such as Facebook and MySpace Low security / privacy protection on photos that are easily clickable and downloaded on social networking sites . Befriending strangers on social networks and taking advantage of their trust until private information is given . Indicators that you may be a victim of identity theft ( edit ) The majority of identity theft victims do not realize that they are a victim until it has negatively impacted their lives . Many people do not find out that their identities have been stolen until they are contacted by financial institutions or discover suspicious activities on their bank accounts . According to an article by Herb Weisbaum , everyone in the US should assume that their personal information has been compromised at one point . It is therefore of great importance to watch out for warning signs that your identity has been compromised . The following are ten indicators that someone else might be using your identity . Credit or debit card charges for goods or services you are not aware of , including unauthorized withdrawals from your account Receiving calls from credit or debit card fraud control department warning of possible suspicious activity on your credit card account Receiving credit cards that you did not apply for Receiving information that a credit scoring investigation was done . They are often done when a loan or phone subscription was applied for . Checks bouncing for lack of enough money in your account to cover the amount . This might be as a result of unauthorized withdrawals from your account Identity theft criminals may commit crimes with your personal information . You may not realize this until you see the police on your door arresting you for crimes that you did not commit Sudden changes to your credit score may indicate that someone else is using your credit cards Bills for services like gas , water , electricity not arriving in time . This can be an indication that your mail was stolen or redirected Being not approved for loans because your credit report indicates that you are not credit worthy Receiving notification from your post office informing you that your mails are being forwarded to another unknown address Your yearly tax returns indicating that you have earned more than you have actually earned . This might indicate that someone is using your national identification number e.g. SSN to report their earnings to the tax authorities Individual identity protection ( edit ) The acquisition of personal identifiers is made possible through serious breaches of privacy . For consumers , this is usually a result of them naively providing their personal information or login credentials to the identity thieves as a result of being duped but identity - related documents such as credit cards , bank statements , utility bills , checkbooks etc. may also be physically stolen from vehicles , homes , offices , and not the least letter boxes , or directly from victims by pickpockets and bag snatchers . Guardianship of personal identifiers by consumers is the most common intervention strategy recommended by the US Federal Trade Commission , Canadian Phone Busters and most sites that address identity theft . Such organizations offer recommendations on how individuals can prevent their information falling into the wrong hands . Identity theft can be partially mitigated by not identifying oneself unnecessarily ( a form of information security control known as risk avoidance ) . This implies that organizations , IT systems and procedures should not demand excessive amounts of personal information or credentials for identification and authentication . Requiring , storing and processing personal identifiers ( such as Social Security number , national identification number , driver 's license number , credit card number , etc . ) increases the risks of identity theft unless this valuable personal information is adequately secured at all times . Committing personal identifiers to memory is a sound practice that can reduce the risks of a would - be identity thief from obtaining these records . To help in remembering numbers such as social security numbers and credit card numbers , it is helpful to consider using mnemonic techniques or memory aids such as the mnemonic Major System . Identity thieves sometimes impersonate dead people , using personal information obtained from death notices , gravestones and other sources to exploit delays between the death and the closure of the person 's accounts , the inattentiveness of grieving families and weaknesses in the processes for credit - checking . Such crimes may continue for some time until the deceased 's families or the authorities notice and react to anomalies . In recent years , commercial identity theft protection / insurance services have become available in many countries . These services purport to help protect the individual from identity theft or help detect that identity theft has occurred in exchange for a monthly or annual membership fee or premium . The services typically work either by setting fraud alerts on the individual 's credit files with the three major credit bureaus or by setting up credit report monitoring with the credit bureaux . While identity theft protection / insurance services have been heavily marketed , their value has been called into question . Identity protection by organizations ( edit ) In their May 1998 testimony before the United States Senate , the Federal Trade Commission ( FTC ) discussed the sale of Social Security numbers and other personal identifiers by credit - raters and data miners . The FTC agreed to the industry 's self - regulating principles restricting access to information on credit reports . According to the industry , the restrictions vary according to the category of customer . Credit reporting agencies gather and disclose personal and credit information to a wide business client base . Poor stewardship of personal data by organizations , resulting in unauthorized access to sensitive data , can expose individuals to the risk of identity theft . The Privacy Rights Clearinghouse has documented over 900 individual data breaches by US companies and government agencies since January 2005 , which together have involved over 200 million total records containing sensitive personal information , many containing social security numbers . Poor corporate diligence standards which can result in data breaches include : failure to shred confidential information before throwing it into dumpsters failure to ensure adequate network security credit card numbers stolen by call center agents and people with access to call recordings the theft of laptop computers or portable media being carried off - site containing vast amounts of personal information . The use of strong encryption on these devices can reduce the chance of data being misused should a criminal obtain them . the brokerage of personal information to other businesses without ensuring that the purchaser maintains adequate security controls Failure of governments , when registering sole proprietorships , partnerships , and corporations , to determine if the officers listed in the Articles of Incorporation are who they say they are . This potentially allows criminals access to personal information through credit rating and data mining services . The failure of corporate or government organizations to protect consumer privacy , client confidentiality and political privacy has been criticized for facilitating the acquisition of personal identifiers by criminals . Using various types of biometric information , such as fingerprints , for identification and authentication has been cited as a way to thwart identity thieves , however there are technological limitations and privacy concerns associated with these methods as well . Legal responses ( edit ) International ( edit ) In March 2014 , after it was learned two passengers with stolen passports were on board Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 which went missing on March 8 , 2014 , it came to light that Interpol maintains a database of 40 million lost and stolen travel documents from 157 countries which it makes available to governments and the public , including airlines and hotels . The Stolen and Lost Travel Documents ( SLTD ) database however is little used . Big News Network which is based in the UAE , observed that Interpol Secretary General Ronald K. Noble told a forum in Abu Dhabi the previous month this was the case . `` The bad news is that , despite being incredibly cost effective and deployable to virtually anywhere in the world , only a handful of countries are systematically using SLTD to screen travelers . The result is a major gap in our global security apparatus that is left vulnerable to exploitation by criminals and terrorists , '' Noble is quoted as saying . Australia ( edit ) In Australia , each state has enacted laws that deal with different aspects of identity or fraud issues . Some states have now amended relevant criminal laws to reflect crimes of identity theft , such as the Criminal Law Consolidation Act 1935 ( SA ) , Crimes Amendment ( Fraud , Identity and Forgery Offences ) Act 2009 and also in Queensland under the Criminal Code 1899 ( QLD ) . Other states and territories are in states of development in respect of regulatory frameworks relating to identity theft such as Western Australia in respect of Criminal Code Amendment ( Identity Crime ) Bill 2009 . On the Commonwealth level , under the Criminal Code Amendment ( Theft , Fraud , Bribery & Related Offences ) Act 2000 which amended certain provisions within the Criminal Code Act 1995 , 135.1 General dishonesty ( 3 ) A person is guilty of an offence if a ) the person does anything with the intention of dishonestly causing a loss to another person ; and b ) the other person is a Commonwealth entity . Penalty : Imprisonment for 5 years . Likewise , each state has enacted their own privacy laws to prevent misuse of personal information and data . The Commonwealth Privacy Act is applicable only to Commonwealth and territory agencies , and to certain private sector bodies ( where for example they deal with sensitive records , such as medical records , or they have more than $3 million turnover PA ) . Canada ( edit ) Under section 402.2 of the Criminal Code , Everyone commits an offence who knowingly obtains or possesses another person 's identity information in circumstances giving rise to a reasonable inference that the information is intended to be used to commit an indictable offence that includes fraud , deceit or falsehood as an element of the offence . is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than five years ; or is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction . Under section 403 of the Criminal Code , ( 1 ) Everyone commits an offence who fraudulently personates another person , living or dead , ( a ) with intent to gain advantage for themselves or another person ; ( b ) with intent to obtain any property or an interest in any property ; ( c ) with intent to cause disadvantage to the person being personated or another person ; or ( d ) with intent to avoid arrest or prosecution or to obstruct , pervert or defeat the course of justice . is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than 10 years ; or guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction . In Canada , Privacy Act ( federal legislation ) covers only federal government , agencies and crown corporations . Each province and territory has its own privacy law and privacy commissioners to limit the storage and use of personal data . For the private sector , the purpose of the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act ( 2000 , c. 5 ) ( known as PIPEDA ) is to establish rules to govern the collection , use and disclosure of personal information ; except for the provinces of Quebec , Ontario , Alberta and British Columbia where provincial laws have been deemed substantially similar . France ( edit ) In France , a person convicted of identity theft can be sentenced up to five years in prison and fined up to € 75,000 . Hong kong ( edit ) Under HK Laws . Chap 210 Theft Ordinance , sec . 16A Fraud ( 1 ) If any person by any deceit ( whether or not the deceit is the sole or main inducement ) and with intent to defraud induces another person to commit an act or make an omission , which results either - ( a ) in benefit to any person other than the second - mentioned person ; or ( b ) in prejudice or a substantial risk of prejudice to any person other than the first - mentioned person , the first - mentioned person commits the offense of fraud and is liable on conviction upon indictment to imprisonment for 14 years . Under the Personal Data ( Privacy ) Ordinance , it established the post of Privacy Commissioner for Personal Data and mandate how much personal information one can collect , retain and destruction . This legislation also provides citizens the right to request information held by businesses and government to the extent provided by this law . India ( edit ) Under the Information Technology Act 2000 Chapter IX Sec 66C SECTION 66C PUNISHMENT FOR IDENTITY THEFT Whoever , fraudulently or dishonestly makes use of the electronic signature , password or any other unique identification feature of any other person , shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to three years and shall also be liable to fine which may extend to rupees one lakh . Philippines ( edit ) Social networking sites are one of the most famous spreader of posers in the online community , giving the users freedom to place any information they want without any verification that the account is being used by the real person . Philippines , which ranks eighth in the numbers of users of Facebook and other social networking sites such as Twitter , Multiply and Tumblr , has been known as source of various identity theft problems . Identities of those people who carelessly put personal information on their profiles can easily be stolen just by simple browsing . There are people who meet online , get to know each other through the free Facebook chat and exchange of messages that then leads to sharing of private information . Others get romantically involved with their online friends that they tend to give too much information such as their social security number , bank account and even personal basic information such as home address and company address . This phenomenon lead to the creation of Senate Bill 52 : Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2010 . Section 2 of this bill states that it recognizes the importance of communication and multimedia for the development , exploitation and dissemination of information but violators will be punished by the law through imprisonment or a fine upwards of Php200 , 000 , but not exceeding 1 million , or depending on the damage caused , or both ( Section 7 ) . Sweden ( edit ) Sweden has had relatively few problems with identity theft . This is because only Swedish identity documents have been accepted for identity verification . Stolen documents are traceable by banks and some other institutions . The banks have the duty to check the identity of people withdrawing money or getting loans . If a bank gives money to someone using an identity document reported as stolen , the bank must take the loss . Since 2008 , any EU passport is valid in Sweden for identity check , and Swedish passports are valid all over the EU . This makes it harder to detect stolen documents , but still banks in Sweden must ensure that stolen documents are not accepted . Other types of identity theft have become more common in Sweden . One common example is ordering a credit card to someone who has an unlocked letterbox and is not home in the daytime . The thief steals the letter with the credit card and then the letter with the code which typically arrives a few days later . Usage of a stolen credit card is hard in Sweden , since an identity document or a PIN code it is normally demanded . If the shop does not demand that , it must take the loss from stolen credit cards . The method of observing someone using the credit card PIN code , stealing the card or skimming it , and then using the card , has become more common . Legally , Sweden is an open society . The Principle of Public Access says that all information kept by public authorities must be available for anyone except in certain cases . Specifically , anyone 's address , income , taxes etc. are available to anyone . This makes fraud easier ( the address is restricted only for people who needs to hide ) . There was until 2016 no legal ban specifically against using someone 's identity , only on the indirect damage caused . To impersonate someone else for financial gain is a kind of fraud , which is described in the Criminal Code ( Swedish : brottsbalken ) . To impersonate someone else to discredit someone by breaking into social media accounts and provoke , is libel , but that is hard to sentence someone for . A new law was introduced late 2016 which partially banned unpermitted identity usage . United Kingdom ( edit ) In the United Kingdom personal data is protected by the Data Protection Act 1998 . The Act covers all personal data which an organization may hold , including names , birthday and anniversary dates , addresses , telephone numbers , etc . Under English law ( which extends to Wales but not to Northern Ireland or Scotland ) , the deception offences under the Theft Act 1968 increasingly contend with identity theft situations . In R v Seward ( 2005 ) EWCA Crim 1941 the defendant was acting as the `` front man '' in the use of stolen credit cards and other documents to obtain goods . He obtained goods to the value of £ 10,000 for others who are unlikely ever to be identified . The Court of Appeal considered sentencing policy for deception offenses involving `` identity theft '' and concluded that a prison sentence was required . Henriques J. said at para 14 : `` Identity fraud is a particularly pernicious and prevalent form of dishonesty calling for , in our judgment , deterrent sentences . '' Statistics released by CIFAS - The UK 's Fraud Prevention Service show that there were 89,000 victims of identity theft in the UK 2010 . This compared with 2009 where there were 85,000 victims . Men in their 30s and 40s are the most common UK victims and identity fraud now accounts for nearly half of all frauds recorded . United states ( edit ) See also : Identity theft in the United States The increase in crimes of identity theft led to the drafting of the Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act . In 1998 , The Federal Trade Commission appeared before the United States Senate . The FTC discussed crimes which exploit consumer credit to commit loan fraud , mortgage fraud , lines - of - credit fraud , credit card fraud , commodities and services frauds . The Identity Theft Deterrence Act ( 2003 ) ( ITADA ) amended U.S. Code Title 18 , § 1028 ( `` Fraud related to activity in connection with identification documents , authentication features , and information '' ) . The statute now makes the possession of any `` means of identification '' to `` knowingly transfer , possess , or use without lawful authority '' a federal crime , alongside unlawful possession of identification documents . However , for federal jurisdiction to prosecute , the crime must include an `` identification document '' that either : ( a ) is purportedly issued by the United States , ( b ) is used or intended to defraud the United States , ( c ) is sent through the mail , or ( d ) is used in a manner that affects interstate or foreign commerce . See 18 U.S.C. § 1028 ( c ) . Punishment can be up to 5 , 15 , 20 , or 30 years in federal prison , plus fines , depending on the underlying crime per 18 U.S.C. § 1028 ( b ) . In addition , punishments for the unlawful use of a `` means of identification '' were strengthened in § 1028A ( `` Aggravated Identity Theft '' ) , allowing for a consecutive sentence under specific enumerated felony violations as defined in § 1028A ( c ) ( 1 ) through ( 11 ) . The Act also provides the Federal Trade Commission with authority to track the number of incidents and the dollar value of losses . Their figures relate mainly to consumer financial crimes and not the broader range of all identification - based crimes . If charges are brought by state or local law enforcement agencies , different penalties apply depending on the state . Six Federal agencies conducted a joint task force to increase the ability to detect identity theft . Their joint recommendation on `` red flag '' guidelines is a set of requirements on financial institutions and other entities which furnish credit data to credit reporting services to develop written plans for detecting identity theft . The FTC has determined that most medical practices are considered creditors and are subject to requirements to develop a plan to prevent and respond to patient identity theft . These plans must be adopted by each organization 's Board of Directors and monitored by senior executives . Identity theft complaints as a percentage of all fraud complaints decreased from 2004 - 2006 . The Federal Trade Commission reported that fraud complaints in general were growing faster than ID theft complaints . The findings were similar in two other FTC studies done in 2003 and 2005 . In 2003 , 4.6 percent of the US population said they were a victim of ID theft . In 2005 , that number had dropped to 3.7 percent of the population . The Commission 's 2003 estimate was that identity theft accounted for some $52.6 billion of losses in the preceding year alone and affected more than 9.91 million Americans ; the figure comprises $47.6 billion lost by businesses and $5 billion lost by consumers . According to the U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics , in 2010 , 7 % of US households experienced identity theft - up from 5.5 % in 2005 when the figures were first assembled , but broadly flat since 2007 . In 2012 , approximately 16.6 million persons , or 7 % of all U.S. residents age 16 or older , reported being victims of one or more incidents of identity theft . At least two states , California and Wisconsin have created an Office of Privacy Protection to assist their citizens in avoiding and recovering from identity theft . In 2009 , Indiana created an Identity Theft Unit within their Office of Attorney General to educate and assist consumers in avoiding and recovering from identity theft as well as assist law enforcement in investigating and prosecuting identity theft crimes . In Massachusetts in 2009 - 2010 , Governor Deval Patrick made a commitment to balance consumer protection with the needs of small business owners . His Office of Consumer Affairs and Business Regulation announced certain adjustments to Massachusetts ' identity theft regulations that maintain protections and also allows flexibility in compliance . These updated regulations went into effect on March 1 , 2010 . The regulations are clear that their approach to data security is a risk - based approach important to small businesses and might not handle a lot of personal information about customers . The IRS has created the IRS Identity Protection Specialized Unit to help taxpayers ' who are victims of federal tax - related identity theft . Generally , the identity thief will use a stolen SSN to file a forged tax return and attempt to get a fraudulent refund early in the filing season . A taxpayer will need to fill out Form 14039 , Identity Theft Affidavit . Notification ( edit ) Many states followed California 's lead and enacted mandatory data breach notification laws . As a result , companies that report a data breach typically report it to all their customers . Spread and impact ( edit ) Surveys in the USA from 2003 to 2006 showed a decrease in the total number of victims and a decrease in the total value of identity fraud from US $47.6 billion in 2003 to $15.6 billion in 2006 . The average fraud per person decreased from $4,789 in 2003 to $1,882 in 2006 . A Microsoft report shows that this drop is due to statistical problems with the methodology , that such survey - based estimates are `` hopelessly flawed '' and exaggerate the true losses by orders of magnitude . The 2003 survey from the Identity Theft Resource Center found that : Only 15 % of victims find out about the theft through proactive action taken by a business The average time spent by victims resolving the problem is about 330 hours 73 % of respondents indicated the crime involved the thief acquiring a credit card In a widely publicized account , Michelle Brown , a victim of identity fraud , testified before a U.S. Senate Committee Hearing on Identity Theft . Ms. Brown testified that : `` over a year and a half from January 1998 through July 1999 , one individual impersonated me to procure over $50,000 in goods and services . Not only did she damage my credit , but she escalated her crimes to a level that I never truly expected : she engaged in drug trafficking . The crime resulted in my erroneous arrest record , a warrant out for my arrest , and eventually , a prison record when she was booked under my name as an inmate in the Chicago Federal Prison . '' In Australia , identity theft was estimated to be worth between A $1 billion and A $4 billion per annum in 2001 . In the United Kingdom , the Home Office reported that identity fraud costs the UK economy £ 1.2 billion annually ( experts believe that the real figure could be much higher ) although privacy groups object to the validity of these numbers , arguing that they are being used by the government to push for introduction of national ID cards . Confusion over exactly what constitutes identity theft has led to claims that statistics may be exaggerated . An extensively reported study from Microsoft Research in 2011 finds that estimates of identity theft losses contain enormous exaggerations , writing that surveys `` are so compromised and biased that no faith whatever can be placed in their findings . '' See also ( edit ) Capgras delusion Hacking Identity Based Security Identity score Impostor Internet fraud prevention Internet security Lapsed lurker Pharming Robert Siciliano Spam Types of fraud and theft ( edit ) Bank fraud Carding ( fraud ) Check fraud Check washing Ghosting ( identity theft ) Identity document forgery Organisations ( edit ) Civil Identity Program of the Americas U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation Immigration and Customs Enforcement United States Postal Inspection Service United States Secret Service Laws ( edit ) 201 CMR 17.00 ( Massachusetts personal information protection law ) Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act Fair Credit Billing Act Fair Credit Reporting Act Notable identity thieves and cases ( edit ) 2017 Equifax security breach 2007 UK child benefit data misplacement Frank Abagnale Albert Gonzalez Yuri Kondratyuk , the inventor of spaceflight References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Synthetic ID Theft Cyber Space Times Archived October 9 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Hoofnagle , Chris Jay ( 13 March 2007 ) . `` Identity Theft : Making the Known Unknowns Known '' . Social Science Research Network . Jump up ^ Drew Armstrong ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` My Three Years in Identity Theft Hell '' . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Oxford English Dictionary online '' . Oxford University Press . September 2007 . Retrieved 27 September 2010 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , `` Wisconsin Statutes , Sec . 943.201 . Unauthorized use of an individual 's personal identifying information or documents . '' . Wisconsin State Legislature . Retrieved 19 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Federal Trade Commission -- 2006 Identity Theft Survey Report , p. 4 Jump up ^ `` Data Breaches Are Frequent , but Evidence of Resulting Identity Theft Is Limited ; However , the Full Extent Is Unknown '' ( PDF ) . Highlights of GAO - 07 - 737 , a report to congressional requesters . gao.gov . Retrieved 22 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Sasha Romanosky . `` Do Data Breach Disclosure Laws Reduce Identity Theft ? '' ( PDF ) . Heinz First Research Paper . heinz.cmu.edu . Jump up ^ Giles , Jim . `` Cyber Crime Made Easy . '' New Scientist 205.2752 ( 2010 ) : 20 - 21 . Academic Search Premier . EBSCO . Web . 3 Oct. 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Identity Theft Resource Center website '' . idtheftcenter.org . Jump up ^ `` Medical Identity Theft : What to Do if You are a Victim ( or are concerned about it ) '' . , World Privacy Forum Jump up ^ `` Privacy Rights Clearinghouse '' . - `` Fact Sheet 17g : Criminal Identity Theft : What to Do if It Happens to You '' Jump up ^ In re Marie A. COLOKATHIS , Catherine Bauer , M.D. , Plaintiff v. Marie Colokathis , 417 B.R. 150 ( 2009 ) Archived July 19 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ McFadden , Leslie ( 2007 - 05 - 16 ) . `` Detecting synthetic identity fraud '' . Bankrate.com . pp. 1 -- 2 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Get to Know These Common Types of ID Theft '' . iGrad . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The Medical Identity Theft Information Page '' . World Privacy Forum . Archived from the original on 16 April 2013 . Retrieved 26 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Correcting Misinformation on Medical Records '' . Identity Theft Resource Center . Jump up ^ `` What is Financial Identity Theft '' . ID Theft Center . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Loviglio , Joann ( March 2012 ) . `` If Microsoft co-founder's ID is n't safe , is yours ? '' . msnbc.com . Jump up ^ `` Identity Theft '' . , Douglas County Sheriff 's Office , Washington Jump up ^ Olmos , David ( 2009 - 07 - 06 ) . `` Social Security Numbers Can Be Guessed From Data , Study Finds '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Weisbaum , Herb ( 2014 - 01 - 18 ) . `` Seven signs you 're a victim of identity theft '' . CNBC . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Sandra K ( 2009 ) . Identity Theft : A Reference Handbook . Santa Barbara , US : ABC - CLIO . pp. 42 -- 44 . ISBN 9781598841442 -- via Contemporary World Issues . ^ Jump up to : Arata , Michael J. ( 2010 ) . For Dummies : Identity Theft For Dummies ( 1 ) . Hoboken , US : For Dummies . pp. 43 -- 45 . ISBN 9780470622735 -- via ProQuest ebrary . ^ Jump up to : U.S. News Staff ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` 10 Signs You Might Be a Victim of Identity Theft '' . money.usnews.com . U.S. News . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ IDtheftcenter.org Archived April 17 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Identity Theft Resource Center Fact Sheet 117 Identity Theft and the Deceased - Prevention and Victim Tips . Jump up ^ `` Identity Theft Protection Services '' . retrieved on 2008 - 12 - 16 Jump up ^ `` Identity - Theft Protection : What Services Can You Trust ? '' . PC World.com , retrieved on 2008 - 12 - 16 Jump up ^ `` Testimony before the Subcommittee on Technology , Terrorism and Government Information '' . , Committee of the Judiciary , United States Senate May 20 , 1998 pp 5 , 6 Jump up ^ A Chronology of Data Breaches Archived June 13 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Internet Identity Theft - A Tragedy for Victims Archived April 22 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Software and Information Industry Association . Retrieved June 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Airlines and governments not checking stolen passports register '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved September 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Journaldunet.com '' . Jump up ^ `` The Information Technology Act 2000 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ List Of Facebook Users By Country Wise Top Ranking 2016 Archived March 10 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . 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Commonwealth of Massachusetts , 2010 Archived November 5 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Question Regarding 201 CMR 17.00 '' Archived August 11 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Commonwealth of Massachusetts , Office of Consumer Affairs and Business Regulation , November 3 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Taxpayer Guide to Identity Theft '' . IRS.gov . US Internal Revenue Service . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Form 14039 '' ( PDF ) . IRS website . US Internal Revenue Service . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` ALERT : Beware of Phishing Scam Mentioning TAS '' . Taxpayer Advocate . Archived from the original on 18 December 2014 . Retrieved 18 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` States Offer Data Breach Protection '' . Jump up ^ `` Sex , Lies and Cybercrime Surveys '' ( PDF ) . Microsoft . 2011 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` IDtheftcenter.org '' . Jump up ^ `` Verbal Testimony by Michelle Brown '' . , July 2000 , U.S. Senate Committee Hearing on the Judiciary Subcommittee on Technology , Terrorism and Government Information -- `` Identity Theft : How to Protect and Restore Your Good Name '' Jump up ^ Identity Crime Research and Coordination Archived December 30 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine. , Australasian Center for Policing Research . Retrieved June 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Home Office ( May 26 , 2004 ) . `` What is Identity theft ? '' . identitytheft.co.uk . Retrieved September 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Free help , tips and advice on avoiding and dealing with Identity Theft '' . identity-theft.weebly.com . Jump up ^ Bruce Schneier . `` Identity Theft Over-Reported '' . Retrieved June 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Hi - tech crime and sexual partner surveys ' biased ' '' . BBC . June 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Measuring the black web '' . The Economist . October 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Florencio , D. ; Herley , C. `` Sex , Lies and Cybercrime Surveys '' ( PDF ) . Proc. WEIS . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Identity theft . Identity theft -- United States Federal Trade Commission Identity Theft Recovery Plan FTC steps for identity theft victims . The President 's Task Force on Identity Theft -- a government task force established by US President George W. Bush to fight identity theft . Identity theft at DMOZ Identity Theft -- Carnegie Mellon University Identity Theft : A Research Review , National Institute of Justice 2007 Identity Theft and Fraud -- United States Department of Justice Dateline NBC investigation ' To Catch an ID Thief ' `` Transcript of Attorney General Alberto R. Gonzales and FTC Chairman Deborah Platt Majoras Announcing the Release of the President 's Identity Theft Task Force '' . US Department of Justice . April 23 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . Roxana , Hegeman ( March 25 , 2013 ) . `` Woman Gets Prison Time in ' Total Identity Theft ' - ABC News '' . ABC News . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . Scam on the Run - Fugitive Identity Thief Led Global Criminal Enterprise FBI Types of crime Note : Crimes vary by jurisdiction . Not all types are listed here . Classes Infraction Misdemeanor Felony Summary Indictable Hybrid Against the person Assault Battery Extortion Harassment Kidnapping Identity theft Manslaughter corporate Murder Rape Robbery Sexual assault Against property Arson Blackmail Burglary Deception Embezzlement False pretenses Fraud Handling Larceny Theft Vandalism Against public order Drug possession Public order Breach of the peace Against the state Tax evasion Espionage Treason High treason Against justice Bribery Misprision of felony Obstruction Perjury Malfeasance in office Inchoate offenses Accessory Attempt Conspiracy Incitement Encouraging or assisting a crime Solicitation Common purpose WikiSource Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikinews Types of fraud Business - related Billing Cramming Disability Drug / Pharmaceutical Email Employment Fixing Impersonation Intellectual property Internet Job Long firm Odometer Phone Quackery / Health care Racketeering Return Slamming Telemarketing Family - related Marriage Paternity Financial - related Advance - fee ( Lottery scam ) Bank Bankruptcy Chargeback Cheque Credit card Forex Insurance Mortgage Securities Tax Government - related Benefit Electoral Medicare Visa Welfare Other types Affinity fraud Charity Confidence trick Counterfeiting Faked death Forgery Hoax Impersonation Mail and wire ( honest services ) Scientific Spyware White - collar crime Privacy Principles Expectation of privacy Right to privacy Privacy laws Australia Canada Denmark England European Union Germany Ghana New Zealand Switzerland USA Data protection authorities Australia Denmark European Union ( working group ) France Germany Ireland Isle of Man Norway Philippines Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Areas Consumer Medical Workplace Information privacy Law Financial Internet Political Personally identifiable information ( Personal identifiers ) Privacy - enhancing technologies Social networking services Privacy engineering Advocacy organizations American Civil Liberties Union Center for Democracy and Technology Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility Future of Privacy Forum Electronic Privacy Information Center Electronic Frontier Foundation Global Network Initiative Privacy International Privacy Rights Clearinghouse See also Anonymity Cellphone surveillance Cyberstalking Data security Privacy engineering Human rights Identity theft Panopticon Personality rights Search warrant Surveillance en masse state global Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Identity_theft&oldid=804808155 '' Categories : Identity theft Fraud Identity documents Organized crime activity Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from December 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Articles containing Swedish - language text All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from August 2017 Pages using div col with small parameter Articles with DMOZ links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 08 : 19 . 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what time does riverdale season 2 come out in america			Riverdale ( 2017 TV series )	riverdale ( 2017 tv series )	Riverdale is an American television series based on the characters by Archie Comics . The series was adapted for The CW by Archie Comics ' chief creative officer Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa . The series is produced by CBS Television Studios and Warner Bros. Television , in association with Berlanti Productions and Archie Comics . Originally conceived as a feature film adaptation for Warner Bros. Pictures , the idea was re-imagined as a television series for Fox . In 2015 , development on the project moved to The CW , where the series was ordered for a pilot . Filming takes place in Vancouver , British Columbia .	The series features an ensemble cast based on the characters of Archie Comics , with KJ Apa in the role of Archie Andrews ; Lili Reinhart as Betty Cooper , Camila Mendes as Veronica Lodge , and Cole Sprouse as Jughead Jones , the series ' narrator . The cast also features Ashleigh Murray as Josie McCoy and Madelaine Petsch as Cheryl Blossom . Other characters in the series include Fred Andrews , Alice Cooper , FP Jones , and Hermione Lodge , the parents of Archie , Betty , Jughead , and Veronica respectively . The thirteen - episode first season premiered on January 26 , 2017 to positive reviews , before concluding on May 11 , 2017 . On March 7 , 2017 , The CW renewed the series for a second season , which premiered on October 11 , 2017 . In September 2017 , a spin - off series , titled The Chilling Adventures of Sabrina , was revealed to be in development . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Episodes 3.1 Series overview 3.2 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 3.3 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 5 Release 5.1 Broadcast 5.2 Marketing 5.3 Comic - book adaptation 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Ratings 6.2. 1 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 6.2. 2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 6.3 Awards and nominations 7 Spin - off 8 References 9 External links Premise The series follows Archie Andrews ' life in the small town of Riverdale and explores the darkness hidden behind its seemingly perfect image . Cast and characters Main KJ Apa as Archibald `` Archie '' Andrews : An intense and conflicted teen , Archie is a boyish high school sophomore who got pumped up over the summer working at his father 's construction business . He is now juggling the interest of several girls , as well as trying to balance his passion for writing and performing music -- against the wishes of his father and his football coach . Lili Reinhart as Elizabeth `` Betty '' Cooper : A sweet , smart , eager - to - please and beautiful girl with a longtime crush on her best friend , Archie . She is tired of being the perfect daughter , student , sister , etc. , so she turns to her new friend , Veronica , for life advice -- much to the consternation of her emotionally brittle mother . Camila Mendes as Veronica Lodge : A beautiful , sophisticated , confident , silver - tongued high school sophomore and former socialite . Veronica is the `` new girl '' in town and is eager for a fresh start . Veronica sees the move to Riverdale from New York as an opportunity to reinvent herself while making amends to redeem herself from the rich spoiled girl she once was . Humbled from her old ways in the past and from an embezzlement scandal involving her father , she and her mother have lost most of their status and wealth . Cole Sprouse as Forsythe `` Jughead '' Jones III : A philosophically inclined social outcast who was once Archie 's best friend , and who is still dealing with the rift that developed between them over the summer . His father is the leader of a local motorcycle gang called the Southside Serpents . Marisol Nichols as Hermione Lodge : Veronica 's mother , who has returned to Riverdale with her daughter in order to continue a deal established by Lodge Industries and to start an affair with Fred Andrews , following the recent incarceration of her husband Hiram Lodge . Madelaine Petsch as Cheryl Blossom : A wealthy , entitled , and manipulative girl who recently lost her twin brother in a mysterious accident . Ashleigh Murray as Josephine `` Josie '' McCoy : A striving , competitive , fierce , snooty , and ambitious girl who is the lead singer for the popular band Josie and the Pussycats . Mädchen Amick as Alice Cooper : Polly and Betty 's mother , who is the editor of the local paper . She is a controlling and demanding perfectionist who places exceedingly high expectations on her daughters . Luke Perry as Frederick `` Fred '' Andrews : Archie 's father , who owns a construction firm that he hopes his son will take over one day . Mark Consuelos as Hiram Lodge : Veronica 's father , who was recently incarcerated for illegal activities . Casey Cott as Kevin Keller : An openly gay high school student who is friends with Betty Cooper and Veronica Lodge . He is the son of Riverdale 's sheriff . Cott was promoted to series regular in the second season . Skeet Ulrich as Forsythe `` F.P. '' Jones II : Jughead 's estranged father and the leader of the Southside Serpents , a gang of criminals that live and operate on the fringes of Riverdale . Ulrich was promoted to series regular in the second season . Recurring Martin Cummins as Sheriff Keller : The town 's police chief and Kevin 's father . Robin Givens as Sierra McCoy : the Mayor of Riverdale and mother of Josie McCoy . Nathalie Boltt as Penelope Blossom : Cheryl and Jason 's mother . Lochlyn Munro as Hal Cooper : Polly and Betty 's father , and Alice Cooper 's husband . Colin Lawrence as Coach Floyd Clayton : Chuck 's father , and coach of Riverdale Bulldogs Football Team . Peter James Bryant as Mr. Waldo Weatherbee : Riverdale High School 's principal . Sarah Habel as Miss Geraldine Grundy : Riverdale High School 's young music teacher , who had a sexual relationship with Archie over the summer . It is revealed in the fourth episode of Riverdale that Grundy moved to Riverdale after changing her name from Jennifer Gibson after her divorce , to escape from an abusive relationship . Since then Grundy has moved from Riverdale to avoid police capture because of her relationship with Archie . Ross Butler ( season 1 ) and Charles Melton ( season 2 ) as Reginald `` Reggie '' Mantle : Archie 's long - time friend and rival , a football player at Riverdale High and town prankster . Butler left the series after season 1 owing to his commitments as a series regular on 13 Reasons Why ; Melton has been cast to take over the role of Reggie in season 2 . Jordan Calloway as Chuck Clayton : A football - star jock at Riverdale High School with a reputation for being a player Rob Raco as Joaquin DeSantos : The youngest member of the Southside Serpents , who finds himself tied between a romantic relationship with Kevin and the mystery of Jason Blossom 's murder . Asha Bromfield as Melody Valentine : The drummer for the popular band Josie and the Pussycats . Cody Kearsley as Marmaduke `` Moose '' Mason : Archie 's bicurious jock friend who propositions Kevin . Hayley Law as Valerie Brown : The songwriter , bassist , and backup vocalist for the popular band Josie and the Pussycats and Archie 's ex-girlfriend . Shannon Purser as Ethel Muggs : A victim of Chuck Clayton 's slut - shaming . Trevor Stines as Jason Blossom : Cheryl 's twin brother , whose murder hangs over the town of Riverdale . Olivia Ryan Stern as Tina Patel : The super-smart little sister of Archie Comics character Raj Patel , Tina has been described as an Indian Veronica . Tina is one of Cheryl Blossom 's best friends . Caitlin Mitchell - Markovitch as Ginger Lopez : One of Cheryl 's best friends . Major Curda as Dilton Doiley : The leader of the town 's troop of Ranger Scouts . Daniel Yang portrayed Dilton in the pilot . Tiera Skovbye as Polly Cooper : Betty 's older sister , and the daughter of Alice and Hal Cooper . She is pregnant with Jason Blossom 's children . Barclay Hope as Clifford Blossom : Cheryl and Jason 's father . Alvin Sanders as Pop Tate : The owner of the local diner ; Pop 's Chock'lit Shoppe . Tom McBeath as Smithers : The Lodge family butler . Adain Bradley as Trev Brown : Valerie 's younger brother . Hart Denton as Chic Cooper : Betty and Polly 's long - lost older brother . Guest Raúl Castillo as Oscar Castillo : A serious and successful songwriter from New York who is a visiting professor at Riverdale 's Carson College who agrees to audition Archie in the hopes of possibly mentoring the aspiring singer - songwriter . Molly Ringwald as Mary Andrews : Archie 's mother , who left two years ago to Chicago to follow her dreams , but returns to Riverdale in her family 's hour of need . She not only reconnects with Archie and her husband , Fred , but also her former high school friends Hermione and Alice . Episodes Series overview Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Average viewers ( in millions inc . DVR ) 13 January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 154 1.69 22 October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) TBA TBA TBA Season 1 ( 2017 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Chapter One : The River 's Edge '' Lee Toland Krieger Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) T15. 10136 1.38 During an eventful summer , including the tragic death of quarterback Jason Blossom on the Fourth of July , Archie Andrews discovers his passion for music . He soon begins his sophomore year and expresses his love for music to Betty Cooper , the sweet girl - next - door who harbors her own secret -- her feelings for Archie . Meanwhile , Veronica Lodge , the daughter of Hermione and Hiram , a millionaire facing embezzlement charges , arrives in town , instantly capturing Archie 's attention . Despite the fact that a love triangle is developing , Betty and Veronica become fast friends , united when Veronica stands up against the condescending captain of the cheerleading squad , Cheryl Blossom , who may be hiding a secret concerning her brother 's death . Archie 's former best friend , Jughead Jones , begins to write a novel retelling the events of the summer , including what happened between him and Archie . Kevin Keller and Moose Mason stumble across Jason 's body by the lake . `` Chapter Two : A Touch of Evil '' Lee Toland Krieger Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa February 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 02 ) T13. 20302 1.15 Veronica 's kiss with Archie strains his relationship with both girls , while Miss Grundy insists that he not reveal that the two of them heard the gunshot that may have killed Jason since it would also expose their secret affair . Kevin , disturbed by the discovery of Jason 's body , refuses to acknowledge Moose 's affections for him . Jughead , after accidentally discovering Archie and Grundy holding hands , deduces their secret and confronts Archie for refusing to go to the sheriff , Kevin 's father . Archie asks his father , Fred , for advice and decides to come clean . Cheryl strikes up a friendship with Betty , but it soon ends when it becomes clear that she blames Betty 's sister , Polly , for Jason 's death . At a pep rally in his honor , Cheryl runs away after hallucinating Jason on the field ; in the locker room , where Veronica has followed to comfort her , Cheryl admits to her that Jason was supposed to `` come back . '' Against the wishes of her mother , Alice , Betty renews her friendship with both Archie and Veronica , while Archie also reconciles with Jughead . The next day , during science class , Cheryl is arrested due to evidence from Jason 's autopsy , which revealed that he was actually murdered a week after the Fourth of July . `` Chapter Three : Body Double '' Lee Toland Krieger Yolonda E. Lawrence February 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 09 ) T13. 20303 1.20 Cheryl is questioned by Sheriff Keller about her role in Jason 's death , but she gets bailed out by her parents , Clifford and Penelope . Betty , upset with how Alice is attacking the Blossom family in the press , restarts the school newspaper , the Blue and Gold , and sends Jughead to interview the Adventure Scouts who found Cheryl at Sweet Water River just after Jason died . Veronica is enraged to learn that Chuck Clayton , whom she had one date with , has been slut shaming her to the rest of the school and , when he refuses to stop , she , Betty , and Cheryl find evidence linking him and his friends , including Jason , to the shaming . Jughead learns from one of the Scouts that the shot heard on the Fourth of July was fired by the troop 's Scoutmaster , Dilton Doiley , during a training exercise . Betty and Veronica drug and torture Chuck until he apologizes and Jughead pressures Dilton to come clean . Fred builds Archie a studio in which to practice , Chuck is kicked off the football team , and Betty and Cheryl burn the evidence together . Dilton reveals that he saw Miss Grundy 's car by the river and Jughead realizes Archie 's secret is at risk . `` Chapter Four : The Last Picture Show '' Mark Piznarski Michael Grassi February 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 16 ) T13. 20304 1.14 Jughead despairs over the news that the local drive - in where he works is closing and compares Riverdale 's atmosphere of suspicion to that of Salem . At the diner , Betty spots Archie and Fred having dinner with Miss Grundy and she confronts him about their relationship . Under the guise of an interview , Betty questions Miss Grundy about her life , while Veronica demands answers from Hermione upon learning she was speaking to a gangbanger ; Hermione insists that nothing shady happened . Betty and Veronica meet with Archie and inform him that there is no trace of Geraldine Grundy ever existing aside from a woman who died seven years ago . They break into her car and find a gun and ID with the name `` Jennifer Gibson . '' Grundy reveals that she was in an abusive relationship and only wanted to escape . At the drive - in 's final night , Veronica spots Hermione meeting with the same man from before . Alice exposes Archie 's affair and threatens to put Grundy on trial , but agrees to stand down as long as she leaves town . Sheriff Keller finds that all of his evidence pertaining to Jason 's murder has been stolen . Jughead vandalizes the projectionist 's booth before leaving his temporary home in full view of the gang leader , who turns out to be his father . 5 5 `` Chapter Five : Heart of Darkness '' Jesse Warn Ross Maxwell February 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 23 ) T13. 20305 0.98 Clifford and Penelope refuse to allow Cheryl to speak at Jason 's memorial , but she does so anyway , ultimately breaking down during her speech while wearing the white dress she had on the day he left . Coach Clayton pits Archie and Reggie against each other for the coveted spot of team captain . Archie is introduced to a potential songwriting mentor , who ultimately decides not to teach him . Trev informs Betty that Jason had become much more secretive in the weeks before his death and was rumored to be selling drugs . Jughead suggests searching the Blossom family mansion for clues during the memorial dinner . He and Betty encounter Jason 's grandmother , Rose , who mistakes Betty for Polly and reveals that she and Jason were engaged . While cleaning the diner , Hermione finds a box with a snake inside it , a warning from the Serpents . Betty learns that her family has hated the Blossoms ever since their ancestor killed great - grandfather Cooper decades before . Archie is named captain , but turns it down to focus on his music . Jughead and Betty deduce that her father , Hal , is responsible for stealing the sheriff 's evidence . 6 6 `` Chapter Six : Faster , Pussycats ! Kill ! Kill ! '' Steven A. Adelson Tessa Leigh Williams & Nicholas Zwart March 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 02 ) T13. 20306 1.09 With Riverdale High 's annual variety show approaching , Valerie 's efforts to help Archie prepare for his debut performance lead to a major fallout with Josie . Meanwhile , Betty and Jughead 's investigation into Jason 's murder brings them face - to - face with Betty 's sister Polly , who is revealed to be captive at a home for troubled youth , unaware of Jason 's death and seven months pregnant . As Veronica decides to rebuild her relationship with her mother , she learns that Hermione is using her for her own purposes . At the same time , Hermione 's first day of work at Andrews Construction brings her closer to Fred . Josie deals with her own family pressures after her father visits for her performance at the variety show . Betty confronts Hal and Alice about Jason 's death to no avail , but grows closer to Jughead , eventually kissing him . After , they discover a car hidden in the woods containing drugs and Jason 's belongings . However , an unknown perpetrator torches the car and destroys all the evidence before the police arrive , around the same time that Polly escapes from the home . 7 7 `` Chapter Seven : In a Lonely Place '' Allison Anders Aaron Allen March 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 09 ) T13. 20307 1.03 Cheryl informs Sheriff Keller that Polly has escaped and the town organizes a search party to find her , which fails . As tensions continue to grow between the Blossoms and the Coopers , Betty finds her sister hiding in the attic of their house . Cheryl offers to help Betty take care of Polly . F.P. , after being offered a job by Fred , reveals that he and Fred founded Andrews Construction together , but Fred kicked him out of the business after bailing him out of jail . Fred counters that F.P. was stealing money from him while abusing drugs and alcohol and that he had no choice . Jughead is taken into custody as a suspect in Jason 's murder , but Fred provides Keller with an alibi . Cheryl suspects that her parents have bad intentions with Polly , so Polly moves in with the Lodges instead . F.P. is revealed to have Jason 's jacket in his trailer . 8 8 `` Chapter Eight : The Outsiders '' David Katzenberg Julia Cohen March 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 30 ) T13. 20308 0.99 Polly reveals to Sheriff Keller that Jason was supposed to make a drug delivery for `` some biker gang '' , implied to be the Southside Serpents , in exchange for money before both of them ran away . Veronica suggests hosting a baby shower for Polly . Fred 's workers leave because of promised work from Clifford . Archie tries to help Fred by getting some friends to work on the construction project , but Moose is attacked after witnessing someone vandalize the machinery and warned they should stop . After a confrontation with F.P. Jones in the Serpents ' bar , Archie realizes Jughead 's father is a Serpent . At the baby shower , Penelope and Alice argue over with whom Polly should live . Alice learns that Hal threatened Polly with an abortion , and when he refuses to let her come back , Alice kicks him out of the Cooper household . F.P. recruits some of his Serpents to replace Fred 's crew and informs Hermione that Hiram was behind the attack on Fred 's construction site . Polly chooses to live with the Blossoms . 9 9 `` Chapter Nine : La Grande Illusion '' Lee Rose James DeWille April 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 06 ) T13. 20309 0.91 As the Blossom family 's annual maple tree - tapping ceremony approaches , Cheryl asks Archie to be her escort . When he refuses , Penelope offers to get him into an exclusive music school as a favor . Veronica grows close to Ethel but , when Hermione reveals that her father was one of Hiram 's investors , she becomes distraught upon learning that he attempted suicide due to his financial hardship . Alice prepares to publish a full - blown exposé on the Blossoms , but Hal fires her from the paper as retaliation for being kicked out of the house . Betty gets a call from Archie , learning that Polly moved in with the Blossoms to uncover the truth about Jason 's death . She and Jughead decide to write the tell - all exposé in the Blue and Gold and ask Alice to join them . Finally realizing that the Blossoms are using him , Archie attempts to reconcile with Val , but she breaks up with him . 10 10 `` Chapter Ten : The Lost Weekend '' Dawn Wilkinson Britta Lundin & Brian E. Paterson April 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 13 ) T13. 20310 0.87 Fred leaves for Chicago to finalize his divorce , leaving Archie alone . Betty learns that Jughead 's birthday is coming up and that he has never had an actual party . She and Veronica persuade Archie to let them throw it at his house . Hiram threatens retaliation against Hermione if Veronica refuses to testify on his behalf . The Vixens elect Veronica as captain over Cheryl , who retaliates by crashing the party with Chuck and his friends . F.P. also shows up after Betty 's insistence . Jughead argues with Betty and tries to leave , but Cheryl forces him to stay for a `` game '' in which participants are forced to reveal their secrets . Jughead and Chuck get into a fight and F.P. declares the party over . He urges his son to reconcile with Betty and confronts Alice , implying she was once a member of the Serpents . Archie and Veronica comfort each other and share a kiss . Veronica agrees to testify on Hiram 's behalf . To Archie 's surprise , his father returns home with his mother , Mary . 11 11 `` Chapter Eleven : To Riverdale and Back Again '' Kevin Sullivan Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa April 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 27 ) T13. 20311 0.89 While Archie and his mother reconnect , Veronica learns that Hiram may soon be released from prison . F.P. questions the purpose of Jughead 's novel , urging him to consider moving on . To learn the truth about Hiram , Veronica decides to investigate F.P. as a possible suspect in Jason 's murder . The Blossoms , increasingly suspicious of Polly , forbid her from entering their master bedroom . Fred and Mary agree to attend homecoming together . Polly and Cheryl discover the former 's engagement ring in Penelope 's jewelry collection , which she claims is because Jason threw it away in disgust after arguing with Clifford . At a contentious dinner , Alice tries to question F.P. , but he shuts her down . Afterwards , he informs Jughead that they will be moving to Toledo to reunite with the rest of the Jones family . While Archie and Veronica perform `` Kids in America '' at homecoming , the police execute a search warrant on F.P. 's trailer , find a gun , and arrest him for murder . Jughead disappears and Archie and Veronica deduce that someone is framing F.P. for Jason 's death . 12 12 `` Chapter Twelve : Anatomy of a Murder '' Rob Seidenglanz Michael Grassi May 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 04 ) T13. 20312 0.98 Jughead calls his mother , but she refuses to let him move in with her . F.P. confesses to everything , including Jason 's murder . Betty and Alice catch Hal trying to destroy evidence and learn the family secret : the Coopers are , in fact , Blossoms by blood , making Jason and Polly 's relationship technically incest . The Coopers take Polly back to their home . Mary , posing as F.P. 's lawyer , advises Jughead to visit his father , who tells him never to come see him again . With Joaquin 's help , the group tracks down one of F.P. 's associates , but finds him dead of an apparent overdose . The police are summoned and find a bag full of money with Hermione 's initials on it . With both Hal and Hermione cleared as suspects , Jughead and Betty investigate a lead from Kevin and find Jason 's varsity jacket . Inside one of the pockets , they find a thumb drive and discover Clifford murdered Jason , which they tell Cheryl . Nevertheless , Jughead learns that his father 's other charges will not be dropped . Veronica learns that Hiram has been released and is coming to Riverdale and Mary returns to Chicago . When the police go to arrest Clifford , they discover he has hanged himself in the syrup distillery . 13 13 `` Chapter Thirteen : The Sweet Hereafter '' Lee Toland Krieger Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) T13. 20313 0.96 It is revealed that Clifford was in the drug business and Jason found out . Clifford killed Jason to stop him from exposing the family business . F.P. is cleared of all charges relating to the murder , but remains in police custody . Alice reveals to Betty that , in high school , she found out she was pregnant , but Hal sent her to the Sisters of Silent Mercy and made her give up the child , a baby boy , for adoption . Jughead is placed in the care of a foster family and transfers to Southside High . Devastated by her father 's secrets and suicide , Cheryl attempts to drown herself in Sweetwater River , but Archie , along with Veronica , Betty , and Jughead , saves her . Cheryl later burns down the Thornhill mansion , much to Penelope 's dismay . The next day , Archie meets Fred at Pop 's , where a masked gunman arrives and demands Pop turn over his money . He then tells Fred to turn over his wallet at gunpoint . When Archie tries to intervene , the gunman shoots Fred . Season 2 ( 2017 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 14 `` Chapter Fourteen : A Kiss Before Dying '' Rob Seidenglanz Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) T13. 20801 2.34 After being shot , Fred is rushed to the hospital by Archie , who is soon joined by his friends . Sheriff Keller gains a description of the shooter from Archie and calls him in for a lineup , but none of the men in the lineup are the shooter . When Veronica searches Fred 's belongings , Archie sees that his wallet is missing . Betty and Jughead visit Pop 's to look for the wallet but find nothing ; instead , they learn from Pop that the shooter did not take any money from the register , meaning that it was actually a hit against Fred . Jughead asks the Southside Serpents to investigate the shooting , but to no avail . Veronica accuses Hermione of hiring a hitman to kill Fred , but she vehemently denies this and tensions develop between them when Veronica is not sure of her mother is telling the truth . Meanwhile , Cheryl intimidates Penelope -- who suffers severe burns due to the fire at their mansion and is hospitalized -- into lying that it was an accident . Fred survives his shooting . Hiram returns to Riverdale , further escalating the tensions in the Lodge family . In the nearby town of Greendale , Ms. Grundy is strangled to death by Fred 's shooter . 15 `` Chapter Fifteen : Nighthawks '' Allison Anders Michael Grassi October 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) T13. 20802 1.76 After learning of Ms. Grundy 's murder , an increasingly anxious Archie suspects that her death is connected with Fred 's shooting , which pushes him to get a gun from Dilton Doiley . Following the shooting , business at Pop 's Chock'lit Shoppe has declined , leading Pop to consider selling the diner , but Betty convinces Pop to let her throw a retro fun night to drum up business . Jughead learns that F.P. is facing 20 years in prison and seeks help from Penny Peabody , a Serpent lawyer , who advises Jughead to ask the Blossoms to testify on F.P. 's behalf . Cheryl initially refuses , but relents when Betty extorts her with the video of Jason 's murder . With Cheryl 's testimony , the judge decides to revisit F.P 's sentence . Hiram quietly buys the diner from Pop , but tells Veronica he made a `` charitable donation '' . In the woods , Moose Mason and Midge Klump take some jingle jangle ( a new drug to Riverdale ) , and as they do so , they are shot by Fred 's shooter . 16 `` Chapter Sixteen : The Watcher in the Woods '' Kevin Sullivan Ross Maxwell October 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) T13. 20803 1.62 Kevin , who was in the forest , hears the gunshots and rushes to find Midge crying . Moose , who shielded Midge from the gunfire , is hospitalized and survives . Following the incident , Archie founds a vigilante group called the Red Circle , to protect Riverdale High students . The Coopers receive a letter from `` the Black Hood '' , taking responsibility for the shootings and the murder of Ms. Grundy , leaving Fred 's wallet and Grundy 's glasses as proof . Meanwhile , Jughead begins his tenure at Southside High and refounds the school newspaper , the Red and Black . Kevin keeps going out late at night , which concerns Betty . Betty follows him on one of his runs , which leads to him lashing out at her . Hiram tells Archie that he should utilize the Black Hood 's main weapons for the Red Circle . Inspired by this , the Red Circle makes a video calling out the Black Hood . 17 `` Chapter Seventeen : The Town That Dreaded Sundown '' Allison Anders Amanda Lasher November 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) T13. 20804 1.51 Archie 's viral video results in negative repercussions , as Principal Waldo Weatherby demands he disband the Red Circle . Though Archie refuses , the Red Circle disbands regardless due to the football team being suspended but later reassembles when Archie runs afoul of the Serpents and assists him in a rumble , in which Dilton is injured . Veronica finds out that Archie intends to murder the Black Hood and convinces him to discard his gun . Betty receives a letter from the Black Hood , revealing that her speech from the jubilee ball inspired his actions and gives her a cipher that only she could solve . Mayor Sierra McCoy ( Josie 's mother ) hosts a town meeting to discuss action against the Black Hood , in which Alice blames the Serpents , but Fred argues against letting fear rule them . Betty and Jughead figure out that the Black Hood intends to attack town hall and have the meeting evacuated , before showing the letter to her parents , Sheriff Keller and Mayor McCoy . Later , Betty receives a call from the Black Hood . 18 5 `` Chapter Eighteen : When a Stranger Calls '' Ellen Pressman Aaron Allen November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) TBA TBD 19 6 `` Chapter Nineteen : Death Proof '' Maggie Kiley Tessa Leigh Williams & Arabella Anderson November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) TBA TBD 20 7 `` Chapter Twenty : Tales from the Darkside '' TBA James DeWille November 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 29 ) TBA TBD 21 8 `` Chapter Twenty - One : House of the Devil '' TBA Yolonda Lawrence TBA TBA TBD 22 9 `` Chapter Twenty - Two : Silent Night , Deadly Night '' TBA Shepard Boucher TBA TBA TBD 23 10 `` Chapter Twenty - Three : The Blackboard Jungle '' TBA Britta Lundin & Brian E. Paterson TBA TBA TBD 24 11 `` Chapter Twenty - Four : The Wrestler '' Gregg Araki Greg Murray & Devon Turner TBA TBA TBD 25 12 `` Chapter Twenty - Five : The Wicked and the Divine '' Rachel Talalay Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa TBA TBA TBD 26 13 `` Chapter Twenty - Six : The Tell - Tale Heart '' Julie Plec Michael Grassi TBA TBA TBD Production Development Warner Bros. began development on an Archie feature film in 2013 , after a pitch from writer Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa and director Jason Moore that would place Archie 's gang into a teen comedy feature film in the John Hughes tradition . Dan Lin and Roy Lee became producers on the project , which eventually stalled as priorities shifted at Warner Bros. towards larger tentpole films and was reimagined as a television series . Riverdale was originally in development at Fox , with the network landing the project in 2014 with a script deal plus penalty . However , Fox did not go forward with the project . In 2015 , the show 's development was moved to The CW , which officially ordered a pilot on January 29 , 2016 . On March 7 , 2017 , The CW announced that the series had been renewed for a second season . Casting Casting Archie was a difficult process , with Aguirre - Sacasa stating `` I think we literally saw every redheaded young guy in L.A. It certainly felt that way . '' The production team found KJ Apa just three days before they had to present screen tests to the network , which created tension in the last few days leading up to the studio presentation . In April 2017 , it was announced Mark Consuelos had signed on for the second season to play Veronica Lodge 's father , Hiram Lodge . The role was in second position to his existing role on Pitch but the cancellation of that series was announced on May 1 , 2017 . The next month , it was announced Charles Melton was cast to take over the role of Reggie from Ross Butler in season 2 due to his status as a series regular on 13 Reasons Why . It was also announced that Casey Cott was promoted to a series regular . In July 2017 , it was announced that True Blood star Brit Morgan had been cast in the recurring role of Penny Peabody , an attorney the Southside Serpents call in case of any run - ins with the law . In August 2017 , it was announced Graham Phillips had been cast to play Nick St. Clair , Veronica 's ex-boyfriend from New York . Filming The Pop 's Chock'lit Shoppe set in Vancouver Filming of the pilot began on March 14 and ended on April 1 , in Vancouver , British Columbia . Production on the remaining 12 episodes of season one began on September 7 in Vancouver . Sets include Pop Tate 's Chock'lit Shoppe , a copy of the functioning diner used in the pilot that is so realistic a truck driver parked his 18 - wheeler there , believing that it was open . Production of season two will return to Vancouver and the Fraser Valley . Principal photography began on June 22 , 2017 . Release Broadcast Netflix acquired the exclusive international broadcast rights to Riverdale , making the series available as an original series to its platform less than a day after its original U.S. broadcast . Marketing In July 2016 , members of the cast and the executive producers attended San Diego Comic - Con to promote the upcoming series , where they premiered the first episode `` Chapter One : The River 's Edge '' . The first trailer for the series was released in early December 2016 , while additional teasers followed later that month and into 2017 . The CW also sponsored multiple Tastemade videos , where they cooked several foods that are popular in the Archie universe . Comic - book adaptation Along with heavily promoting the TV series in their regular comics since January 2017 , Archie Comics are planning to release a comic book adaptation of Riverdale , featuring auxiliary story arcs set within the television series ' own continuity . The comic book adaptation is being headed by Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa himself , along with various other writers from the show . Alongside a one - shot pilot issue , illustrated by Alitha Martinez , released in March 2017 , the first issue of the ongoing Riverdale comic book series was set to release starting April 2017 . In addition to the adaptation , Archie Comics are releasing a series of compilation graphic novels branded under the title Road to Riverdale . This series features early issues from the New Riverdale reboot line , introducing the audience of the TV series to the regular ongoing comic series that inspired it . Archie Comics plans to re-print the volumes of Road to Riverdale in subsequent months as digest magazines . The first volume was released in March 2017 . Reception Critical response The first season of Riverdale has received generally positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a fresh rating of 87 % based on 53 reviews , with a weighted average of 7.27 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Riverdale offers an amusingly self - aware reimagining of its classic source material that proves eerie , odd , daring , and above all addictive . '' On Metacritic , the season has a score of 67 out of 100 based on 35 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Dave Nemetz of TVLine gave the series a `` B + '' saying that it turned , `` out to be an artfully crafted , instantly engaging teen soap with loads of potential . '' Some writers have criticized the series for its handling of minority characters . While reviewing the first season , Kadeen Griffiths of Bustle declared `` the show marginalizes and ignores the ( people of color ) in the cast to the point where they may as well not be there . '' In an article for Vulture , Angelica Jade Bastien discussed the show 's treatment of Josie and the Pussycats ( who are each played by African Americans ) , noting , `` They 're not characters so much as they are a vehicle for a Message . Josie and her fellow pussycats are positioned to communicate the message that Riverdale is more modern and inclusive than teen dramas of the past , even though it has yet to prove it beyond its casting . '' Monique Jones of Ebony noted , `` Despite the show 's multi-racial casting choices , it seems like Riverdale is still a mostly white town . '' She also expressed fondness for the relationship between Archie Andrews and Valerie Brown , but declared `` Archie should n't be what makes Valerie interesting to us '' . Ratings Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Thursday 9 : 00 pm 13 January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) 1.38 May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 0.96 2016 -- 17 154 1.69 0.7 / 2 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm 22 October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 2.34 TBA TBD 2017 -- 18 TBD TBD TBD Riverdale : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Source : Nielsen Media Research Season 1 ( 2017 ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Chapter One : The River 's Edge '' January 26 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.38 0.4 1.01 0.9 2.38 `` Chapter Two : A Touch of Evil '' February 2 , 2017 0.4 / 2 1.15 0.4 0.76 0.8 1.91 `` Chapter Three : Body Double '' February 9 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.20 N / A 0.71 N / A 1.90 `` Chapter Four : The Last Picture Show '' February 16 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.14 0.4 0.73 0.8 1.87 5 `` Chapter Five : Heart of Darkness '' February 23 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.98 0.4 0.71 0.7 1.69 6 `` Chapter Six : Faster , Pussycats ! Kill ! Kill ! '' March 2 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.09 N / A N / A N / A N / A 7 `` Chapter Seven : In a Lonely Place '' March 9 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.03 0.3 0.76 0.7 1.80 8 `` Chapter Eight : The Outsiders '' March 30 , 2017 0.4 / 2 0.99 N / A 0.55 N / A 1.54 9 `` Chapter Nine : La Grande Illusion '' April 6 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.91 N / A 0.63 N / A 1.54 10 `` Chapter Ten : The Lost Weekend '' April 13 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.87 0.3 0.58 0.6 1.48 11 `` Chapter Eleven : To Riverdale and Back Again '' April 27 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.89 N / A N / A N / A N / A 12 `` Chapter Twelve : Anatomy of a Murder '' May 4 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.98 0.3 0.58 0.6 1.56 13 `` Chapter Thirteen : The Sweet Hereafter '' May 11 , 2017 0.4 / 2 0.96 N / A 0.56 N / A 1.52 Season 2 ( 2017 ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Chapter Fourteen : A Kiss Before Dying '' October 11 , 2017 0.8 / 3 2.34 0.6 1.40 1.4 3.74 `` Chapter Fifteen : Nighthawks '' October 18 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.76 0.6 1.34 3.10 `` Chapter Sixteen : The Watcher in the Woods '' October 25 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.62 TBD TBD TBD TBD `` Chapter Seventeen : The Town That Dreaded Sundown '' November 1 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.51 TBD TBD TBD TBD Awards and nominations Year Award Category Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2017 Saturn Awards Best Action - Thriller Television Series Riverdale Won Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series KJ Apa Nominated Breakthrough Performance KJ Apa Won Teen Choice Awards Choice Drama TV Show Riverdale Won Choice Drama TV Actor Cole Sprouse Won Choice Breakout TV Show Riverdale Won Choice Breakout TV Star K.J. Apa Nominated Lili Reinhart Won Choice TV Ship # BUGHEAD ( Lili Reinhart & Cole Sprouse ) Won Choice Hissy Fit Madelaine Petsch Won Choice Scene Stealer Camila Mendes Won Spin - off In September 2017 , it was reported that a live - action television series , The Chilling Adventures of Sabrina , was being developed for The CW by Warner Bros. Television and Berlanti Productions , with a planned release in the 2018 -- 2019 television season . Based on the comic series of the same name , featuring the Archie Comics character Sabrina the Teenage Witch , the series would be a companion series to Riverdale. Lee Toland Krieger will direct the pilot , which will be written by Aguirre - Sacasa . Both are executive producers along with Berlanti , Schechter , and Goldwater . References Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` CW Picks Up Four Pilots Including Greg Berlanti 's Archie Comics Project ' Riverdale ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Finds Its Archie & Josie : KJ Apa To Topline CW Pilot '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Archie Comics CW Pilot Casts Its Betty Cooper & Jughead Jones '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' CW Pilot Finds Veronica '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' CW Pilot Finds Hermione Lodge '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' CW Pilot Finds Cheryl Blossom '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' CW Pilot Casts Mädchen Amick As Alice Cooper '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' : Luke Perry To Play Archie 's Dad In Archie Comics CW Pilot '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Mark Consuelos Joins ' Riverdale ' For Season 2 ; ' Suits ' Casts Dulé Hill '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale Promotes Casey Cott to Regular for Season 2 '' . TVLine . May 12 , 2017 . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : @ CWRiverdaleNews ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` Episode 10 is called ' The Lost Weekend ' It confirms Jordan Calloway as Chuck Clayton and the recasting of Dilton Doily . And Mary Andrews 😱 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Scream 's Skeet Ulrich Joins Riverdale -- As Jughead 's Dad ? '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' : Skeet Ulrich Upped To Series Regular For Season 2 Of the CW Drama '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Martin Cummins Jan 13 , 2017 at 11 : 20pm UTC '' -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' : Robin Givens Cast As Riverdale 's Mayor In The CW Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mädchen Amick on Twitter '' -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Ge , Linda ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` CW 's Archie Pilot ' Riverdale ' Casts Reggie , Moose and Dilton ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Riverdale Set to Recast a Major Character Ahead of Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Riverdale ' Casts Its New Reggie '' . Entertainment Weekly . May 13 , 2017 . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ @ RiverdaleBrazil ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Rob Raco added to cast of CW 's Riverdale as `` Joaquin '' '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Barb from Stranger Things to join Archie reboot Riverdale '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/TieraSkovbye1/status/793673086956662784 Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Riverdale Casts Hart Denton to Play Betty 's Long - Lost Brother Chic '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( October 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Looking ' Star Raúl Castillo Joins The CW 's ' Riverdale ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwindt , Oriana ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` Molly Ringwald Joins The CW 's ' Riverdale ' as Archie 's Mom '' . Variety . ^ Jump up to : de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Apa , KJ ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` First ep of riverdale season 2 is wrapped up . directed by the legend @ robseidenglanz who is an epic director , but more importantly , an epic human being . One of the narliest weeks of shooting I 've done in a wee while , ca n't wait for you guys to see what we 're doing with Season2 ! ! 1 in the bank ! ! 21 left to go . # deehaa haha u know what 's up when u get into your trailer in the morning and the only wardrobe you have is a pair of skin * coloured jocks '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 -- via Instagram . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scandal ' and ' My Kitchen Rules ' adjust down , Mary Tyler Moore special adjusts up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scandal ' adjusts down a little : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' adjusts up ; ' Great Indoors , ' ' Powerless , ' ' Mom , ' ' Chicago Med ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' How to Get Away with Murder ' finale , ' Training Day ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' When We Rise , ' ' Life in Pieces ' rerun adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mom ' and NBC shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up ; ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Scandal , ' ' Mom , ' ' Powerless ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Blacklist : Redemption ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up ; ' The Catch ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up , ' Riverdale ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up , ' The Blacklist ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' Blacklist ' adjust up , ' Dynasty ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' SEAL Team ' adjust up , ' Criminal Minds ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Blacklist ' and ' Designated Survivor ' adjust down , final World Series numbers : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` World Series ends big , ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' Blacklist , ' ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 205 ) `` Chapter Eighteen : When a Stranger Calls '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 206 ) `` Chapter Nineteen : Death Proof '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa ( @ WriterRAS ) ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` This is one of my FAVORITE scripts for # Riverdale so far ... But it wo n't be for Jughead , Josie , and Betty ... '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - riverdale on cw '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa ( @ WriterRAS ) ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Uh - oh . Now it 's # Archie and # Veronica 's turn to enter # Riverdale 's ... House of the Devil ! ! Will # Varchie survive ? '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa ( @ WriterRAS ) ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` He sees you when you 're sleeping , he knows when you 're awake ... Who 's been naughty or nice in # Riverdale this year ? '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa ( @ WriterRAS ) ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` The Red Queen returns in all her glory in # Riverdale episode 210 ... You ready , @ madelainepetsch ? '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa ( @ WriterRAS ) ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` EPIC THANKS to # Riverdale fans for watching live this week ! We 're just getting started ... Episode 211 on deck ! ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa ( @ WriterRAS ) ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Our 25th episode of # Riverdale is on deck ! And this week , one of our best : `` The Watcher in the Woods '' ! Watch live ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa ( @ WriterRAS ) ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` And the # Riverdale train keeps going ... Never a dull moment in this town ... Love this script by @ thatthingofwhen ! ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Barth , Bob ( February 20 , 2017 ) . `` A Touch of Evil with creator and show runner Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa '' . Welcome to Riverdale : Official Podcast ( Podcast ) . Retrieved May 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` Archie Comics Drama Series ' Riverdale ' Set At Fox With Greg Berlanti Producing '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( July 10 , 2015 ) . `` Archie Comics Drama ' Riverdale ' Moved To CW With Greg Berlanti Producing -- Comic Con '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' , ' Transylvania ' , ' No Tomorrow ' & Mars Drama Get CW Pilot Orders '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Renewed For Season 2 By the CW '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jung , E. Alex ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` How Riverdale Found Its ( Hot ) Archie Andrews '' . Vulture . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Mark Consuelos Joins ' Riverdale ' For Season 2 ; ' Suits ' Casts Dulé Hill '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Fox 's Pitch Cancelled After One Season '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Riverdale Promotes Casey Cott to Series Regular for Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' : Brit Morgan Set To Recur In Season 2 Of the CW Drama '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Riverdale ' : Meet Veronica 's Ex-Boyfriend '' . Entertainment Weekly . August 11 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale Casts The Good Wife Alum as Veronica 's Ex '' . TV Guide . August 11 , 2017 . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RIVERDALE NEWS ! on Twitter : `` # RIVERDALE has officially wrapped filming ! '' `` . April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` Pilot Locations 2016 : Los Angeles Continues Rebound , New York Tally Slips '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Movies and TV Shows Filming in Vancouver Soon '' . Whatsfilming.ca . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Riesman , Abraham ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` Cole Sprouse on Riverdale , your drunk uncle at Thanksgiving , and Jughead 's Asexuality '' . New York . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale '' . Netflix Media Center . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix UK Acquires The CW 's ' Riverdale ' , Freeform 's ' Beyond ' & Polyamorous Comedy ' You Me Her ' '' . TVWise . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Will ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Comic - Con 2016 : Riverdale pilot things to know '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' -- via Youtube . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' -- via Youtube . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Tastemade Jan 26 , 2017 at 8 : 01pm UTC '' -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Tastemade Jan 23 , 2017 at 9 : 14pm UTC '' -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Tastemade Jan 17 , 2017 at 8 : 01pm UTC '' -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ C. , Ron ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Check out a preview of RIVERDALE ONE SHOT and more new Archie Comics on sale 3 / 1 / 17 ! '' . Archie Comics . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : C. , Ron ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Get a sneak peek at the Archie Comics solicitations for April 2017 ! '' . Archie Comics . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Review : Archie Gets a Dark , Moody Update ... and Surprise , It Works ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Griffiths , Kadeen ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Has A Huge Representation Problem Despite Its Amazingly Diverse Cast '' . Bustle.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bastien , Angelica ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Why Do Teen Dramas Like ' Riverdale ' Keep Sidelining Black Female Characters ? '' . Vulture.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Monique ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale 's ' Woke Report Card '' . Ebony . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale : Season One Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 12 , 2017 . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and TGIT rise above the rest in week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Agents of SHIELD ' benefit the most in week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' on top again : Week 22 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sleepy Hollow ' & 5 more shows double , ' This Is Us ' has biggest total gain : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' scores again , 7 shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' iZombie ' premiere gets decent bump in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` 6 shows double , led by ' Designated Survivor ' : Week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Big Bang ' gain the most , 10 shows double : Week 33 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' finale lead week 34 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staley , Brandon ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Supergirl , Luke Cage , Doctor Strange Win at Annual Saturn Awards '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : ' Riverdale , ' Fifth Harmony Shut Out Competition '' . Variety . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Companion Series ' The Chilling Adventures of Sabrina ' In the Works at The CW '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . External links Official website Riverdale on IMDb Archie Comics properties in other media Television series Archie The Archie Show Archie 's TV Funnies The U.S. of Archie The New Archie and Sabrina Hour The New Archies Archie 's Weird Mysteries Riverdale Episodes `` Chapter One : The River 's Edge '' Sabrina Sabrina the Teenage Witch ( 1970 ) Groovie Goolies Sabrina the Teenage Witch ( 1996 ) Sabrina : The Animated Series Sabrina 's Secret Life Sabrina : Secrets of a Teenage Witch Josie Josie and the Pussycats ( 1970 ) Films Archie : To Riverdale and Back Again Sabrina the Teenage Witch ( 1996 ) Sabrina Goes to Rome Sabrina Down Under Josie and the Pussycats ( 2001 ) The Archies in Jugman Sabrina : Friends Forever Music The Archies The Archies Everything 's Archie `` Sugar , Sugar '' `` Seventeen Ai n't Young '' `` Jingle Jangle '' Josie and the Pussycats Sabrina the Teenage Witch See also : Archie Comics in popular culture List of Sabrina , the Teenage Witch Books , CDs and DVDs Greg Berlanti Films Directed The Broken Hearts Club : A Romantic Comedy Life as We Know It Love , Simon Written only Green Lantern Wrath of the Titans Television series created Everwood Jack & Bobby Eli Stone No Ordinary Family Political Animals Arrow The Tomorrow People The Flash Supergirl Legends of Tomorrow The CW programming Former 2000s debuts 13 : Fear Is Real 4Real 7th Heaven 90210 Aliens in America All of Us America 's Next Top Model The Beautiful Life : TBL Beauty and the Geek Crowned : The Mother of All Pageants CW Now Easy Money Everybody Hates Chris Farmer Wants a Wife The Game Gilmore Girls Girlfriends Gossip Girl Hidden Palms Hitched or Ditched In Harm 's Way Judge Jeanine Pirro Life Is Wild Melrose Place One Tree Hill Online Nation Privileged Pussycat Dolls Present Reaper Reba Runaway Smallville Stylista The Tyra Banks Show The Vampire Diaries Valentine Veronica Mars WWE Friday Night SmackDown 2010s debuts 18 to Life A Wicked Offer Beauty & the Beast The Bill Cunningham Show ( daytime ) Breaking Pointe Capture The Carrie Diaries The Catalina Cedric 's Barber Battle Containment Cult Dates Emily Owens , M.D. Famous in 12 Fly Girls Frequency H8R Hart of Dixie Hellcats High Society MADtv Nikita No Tomorrow Oh Sit ! 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when did the land before time movies come out	The Land Before Time , is an American franchise of animated adventure films by Universal Studios centered on dinosaurs . The series began in 1988 with the eponymous The Land Before Time , directed and produced by Don Bluth and executive produced by George Lucas and Steven Spielberg . It was followed by a total of thirteen direct - to - video musical sequels , TV series , video games , soundtracks and related merchandising . Neither the sequels nor the series involve the participation of Bluth , Lucas , or Spielberg . All 14 films were released in a Complete Collection DVD set on June 14 , 2016 .	1988	The Land Before Time ( franchise )	the land before time ( franchise )	The Land Before Time , is an American franchise of animated adventure films by Universal Studios centered on dinosaurs . The series began in 1988 with the eponymous The Land Before Time , directed and produced by Don Bluth and executive produced by George Lucas and Steven Spielberg . It was followed by a total of thirteen direct - to - video musical sequels , TV series , video games , soundtracks and related merchandising . Neither the sequels nor the series involve the participation of Bluth , Lucas , or Spielberg . All 14 films were released in a Complete Collection DVD set on June 14 , 2016 .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 List of titles 2.1 Films 2.2 Albums 2.3 Television series 2.4 Games 3 Cast 3.1 Principal characters 3.2 Recurring characters 4 References Plot ( edit ) The films follow a friendship of a group of young dinosaurs by the names of Littlefoot ( Apatosaurus ) , Cera ( Triceratops ) , Petrie ( Pteranodon ) , Ducky ( Saurolophus ) , and Spike ( Stegosaurus ) . After finding The Great Valley , they raise a carnivorous baby who they name Chomper , survive a drought , a cold snap , and witness a solar eclipse . Throughout all films , they embark upon adventures , learning lessons about life and friendship along the way . List of titles ( edit ) Films ( edit ) The following is a list of the films in The Land Before Time series . Title Release Date Director ( s ) Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Editor ( s ) Composer ( s ) The Land Before Time November 18 , 1988 Don Bluth Screenplay : Stu Krieger Story : Judy Freudberg Tony Geiss Don Bluth Gary Goldman John Pomeroy Executive producers : Steven Spielberg George Lucas Co-executive producers : Frank Marshall Kathleen Kennedy Associate producer : Deborah Jelin Newmyer John K. Carr Dan Molina James Horner The Land Before Time II : The Great Valley Adventure December 13 , 1994 Roy Allen Smith Screenplay : John Loy John Ludin Dev Ross Characters : Judy Freudberg Tony Geiss Roy Allen Smith Co-producer : Zahra Dowlatabadi Animation producer : Nelson Shin Jay Bixsen Michael Tavera The Land Before Time III : The Time of the Great Giving December 12 , 1995 Screenplay : Dev Ross Characters : Judy Freudberg Tony Geiss Roy Allen Smith Zahra Dowlatabadi Animation producer : Nelson Shin The Land Before Time IV : Journey Through the Mists December 10 , 1996 Roy Allen Smith Co-producer : Zahra Dowlatabadi Animation producer : Nelson Shin Warren Taylor The Land Before Time V : The Mysterious Island December 9 , 1997 Charles Grosvenor Screenplay : John Loy 54 Characters : Judy Freudberg Tony Geiss Charles Grosvenor Associate producer : Rocky Solotoff Jay Bixsen The Land Before Time VI : The Secret of Saurus Rock December 1 , 1998 Screenplay : Libby Hinson John Loy Characters : Judy Freudberg Tony Geiss Charles Grosvenor Associate producer : Melinda Rediger Rocky Solotoff The Land Before Time VII : The Stone of Cold Fire December 5 , 2000 Len Uhley Charles Grosvenor Associate producer : Daniel J. Wiley Danik Thomas The Land Before Time VIII : The Big Freeze December 4 , 2001 John Loy The Land Before Time IX : Journey to Big Water December 10 , 2002 Dev Ross Characters : Judy Freudberg Tony Geiss Jay Bixsen The Land Before Time X : The Great Longneck Migration December 2 , 2003 John Loy Characters : Judy Freudberg Tony Geiss Charles Grosvenor Executive producer : James Wang Associate producer : Daniel J. Wiley The Land Before Time XI : Invasion of the Tinysauruses January 11 , 2005 John Loy Charles Grosvenor Associate producer : Daniel J. Wiley The Land Before Time XII : The Great Day of the Flyers December 6 , 2006 John Loy Characters : Judy Freudberg Tony Geiss Michael Tavera Kyle Kenneth Batter The Land Before Time XIII : The Wisdom of Friends November 27 , 2007 Jamie Mitchell Supervising director : Charles Grosvenor John Loy Daniel J. Wiley Michael Tavera The Land Before Time : Journey of the Brave February 2 , 2016 Davis Doi Elana Lesser Cliff Ruby Lisa Melbye Deidre Brenner Luke Guidici Albums ( edit ) The Land Before Time ( 1990 ) Original Motion Picture Soundtrack The Land Before Time : Sing - Along Songs ( 1997 ) Songs from The Land Before Time , II , III & IV The Land Before Time : More Sing - Along Songs ( 1999 ) Songs from The Land Before Time V & VI and An American Tail III & IV Television series ( edit ) Main article : The Land Before Time ( TV series ) A television series based on the films began airing on YTV in Canada on January 5 , 2007 . It consisted of one season of 26 episodes , and officially premiered on Cartoon Network in the United States on March 5 , 2007 , after the DVD release of The Land Before Time XII : The Great Day of the Flyers . The TV series takes place after the events of The Land Before Time XIII : The Wisdom of Friends . It has since been collected and released on 6 DVDs , each containing 4 episodes , in the United States and the UK . Games ( edit ) Main article : List of The Land Before Time video games The series has spawned 14 spin - off games , eight for PC , one for the Game Boy Color , two for the Game Boy Advance and three for the original PlayStation . The PC games are usually educational games aimed for preschool and kindergarten . Games for the Game Boy Color and Advance include The Land Before Time and The Land Before Time : Into the Mysterious Beyond , in which the original six characters must search for Chomper . Games for the PlayStation include The Land Before Time : Big Water Adventure , a spin - off of Journey to Big Water , The Land Before Time : Great Valley Racing Adventure and The Land Before Time : Return to the Great Valley . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of The Land Before Time characters Principal characters ( edit ) Characters Films Television series ( 1988 ) II ( 1994 ) III ( 1995 ) IV ( 1996 ) V ( 1997 ) VI ( 1998 ) VII ( 2000 ) VIII ( 2001 ) IX ( 2002 ) X ( 2003 ) XI ( 2005 ) XII ( 2006 ) XIII ( 2007 ) XIV ( 2016 ) TV series ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Littlefoot Gabriel Damon Scott McAfee Brandon LaCroix Thomas Dekker ( singing voice ) Thomas Dekker Alec Medlock Aaron Spann Nick Price Cody Arens and Logan Riley Arens Anthony Skillman ( singing voice ) Felix Avitia Cody Arens Anthony Skillman ( singing voice ) Cera Candace Hutson Anndi McAfee Ducky Judith Barsi Heather Hogan Aria Noelle Curzon Petrie Will Ryan Jeff Bennett Spike unvoiced Rob Paulsen Jeff Bennett Rob Paulsen Grandpa Longneck Bill Erwin Kenneth Mars unvoiced Barry Bostwick Kenneth Mars Grandma Longneck unvoiced Linda Gary Miriam Flynn unvoiced Miriam Flynn Cera 's Father Burke Byrnes John Ingle George Ball John Ingle Chomper Rob Paulsen Cannon Young Issac Brown Max Burkholder Ruby Meghan Strange Recurring characters ( edit ) Characters Films Television series II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV TV series Bron Kiefer Sutherland Scott Whyte Cam Clarke Petrie 's Mother unvoiced Tress MacNeille Tress MacNeille Tress MacNeille Tress MacNeille unvoiced Meghan Strange Tress MacNeille Tria Camryn Manheim Jessica Gee Ducky 's Mother unvoiced Tress MacNeille Tress MacNeille Tress MacNeille Tress MacNeille Meghan Strange Tress MacNeille Tricia Nika Futterman Nika Futterman Ali Juliana Hansen Nika Futterman Shorty Brandon Michael DePaul Elizabeth Daily Old One Carol Bruce Jessica Walter Tippy Jeremy Suarez Cree Summer Tippy 's Mother Susan Krebs Susan Krebs Hyp Whitby Herford Mikey Kelley Nod Scott Menville Scott Menville Mutt Jeff Bennett Jeff Bennett Kosh Rob Paulsen Jeff Bennett Rob Paulsen Pete Sepenuk Jeff Bennett Doc Kris Kristofferson Jeff Bennett Mo Rob Paulsen Rob Paulsen References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Grosvenor , Charles ; Bluth , Don ; Smith , Roy Allen ; Mitchell , Jamie ; Doi , Davis ( June 14 , 2016 ) , The Land Before Time : The Complete Collection , Universal Studios Home Entertainment , retrieved October 4 , 2016 Jump up ^ The Land Before Time , 2007 - 03 - 05 , retrieved 2016 - 07 - 26 ( hide ) The Land Before Time Film series The Land Before Time ( 1988 ) The Great Valley Adventure ( 1994 ) The Time of the Great Giving ( 1995 ) Journey Through the Mists ( 1996 ) The Mysterious Island ( 1997 ) The Secret of Saurus Rock ( 1998 ) The Stone of Cold Fire ( 2000 ) The Big Freeze ( 2001 ) Journey to Big Water ( 2002 ) The Great Longneck Migration ( 2003 ) Invasion of the Tinysauruses ( 2005 ) The Great Day of the Flyers ( 2006 ) The Wisdom of Friends ( 2007 ) Journey of the Brave ( 2016 ) Related TV series ( episodes ) Characters Video games `` If We Hold on Together '' Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Land_Before_Time_(franchise)&oldid=806260605 '' Categories : Film series introduced in 1988 The Land Before Time Dinosaurs in fiction Animated film series Universal Studios franchises Adventure films by series Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Español Français Italiano Magyar Română Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2017 , at 20 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Land%20Before%20Time%20%28franchise%29	3,107
is there a king and queen in france			List of French monarchs	list of french monarchs		Monarchy of France Royal coat of arms Charles X Details Style See article First monarch Clovis I ( as King ) Last monarch Napoleon III ( as Emperor ) Formation 509 Abolition 4 September 1870 Residence Palais de la Cité Louvre Palace Palace of Versailles Tuileries Palace Appointer Hereditary Pretender ( s ) Disputed : Louis Alphonse ( House of Bourbon ) Henri d'Orléans ( House of Orléans ) Jean - Christophe ( House of Bonaparte ) The monarchs of the Kingdom of France and its predecessors ( and successor monarchies ) ruled from the establishment of the Kingdom of the Franks in 486 until the fall of the Second French Empire in 1870 , with several interruptions . Sometimes included as `` Kings of France '' are the kings of the Franks of the Merovingian dynasty , which ruled from 486 until 751 , and of the Carolingians , who ruled until 987 ( with some interruptions ) . The Capetian dynasty , the male - line descendants of Hugh Capet , included the first rulers to adopt the title of `` King of France '' for the first time with Philip II ( r . 1180 -- 1223 ) . The Capetians ruled continuously from 987 to 1792 and again from 1814 to 1848 . The branches of the dynasty which ruled after 1328 , however , are generally given the specific branch names of Valois ( until 1589 ) and Bourbon ( until 1848 ) . During the brief period when the French Constitution of 1791 was in effect ( 1791 -- 92 ) and after the July Revolution in 1830 , the style of `` King of the French '' was used instead of `` King of France ( and Navarre ) '' . It was a constitutional innovation known as popular monarchy , which linked the monarch 's title to the French people rather than to the possession of the territory of France . With the House of Bonaparte , `` Emperors of the French '' ruled in 19th - century France between 1804 and 1814 , again in 1815 , and between 1852 and 1870 . Contents 1 Titles 2 Frankish Empire 2.1 Merovingian dynasty ( 509 -- 751 ) 2.2 Carolingian dynasty ( 751 -- 888 ) 2.3 Robertian dynasty ( 888 -- 898 ) 2.4 Carolingian dynasty ( 898 -- 922 ) 2.5 Robertian dynasty ( 922 -- 923 ) 2.6 Bosonid dynasty ( 923 -- 936 ) 2.7 Carolingian dynasty ( 936 -- 987 ) 3 Capetian dynasty ( 987 -- 1792 ) 3.1 Direct Capetians ( 987 -- 1328 ) 3.2 House of Valois ( 1328 -- 1589 ) 3.3 House of Plantagenet ( 1422 -- 1453 ) ( disputed ) 3.4 House of Valois ( 1328 -- 1589 ) 3.5 House of Bourbon ( 1589 -- 1792 ) 4 House of Bonaparte , First Empire ( 1804 -- 1814 ) 5 Capetian Dynasty ( 1814 -- 1815 ) 5.1 House of Bourbon , Bourbon Restoration ( 1814 -- 1815 ) 6 House of Bonaparte , First Empire ( Hundred Days , 1815 ) 7 Capetian dynasty ( 1815 -- 1848 ) 7.1 House of Bourbon ( 1815 -- 1830 ) 7.2 House of Orléans , July Monarchy ( 1830 -- 1848 ) 8 House of Bonaparte , Second Empire ( 1852 -- 1870 ) 9 Later pretenders 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 12.1 Citations 12.2 Sources Titles ( edit ) Further information : Style of the French sovereign Further information : French monarchs family tree ( simple ) and French monarchs family tree The title `` King of the Franks '' ( Latin : Rex Francorum ) gradually lost ground after 1190 , during the reign of Philip II ( but FRANCORUM REX continued to be used , for example by Louis XII in 1499 , by Francis I in 1515 , and by Henry II about 1550 ) . It was used on coins up to the eighteenth century . During the brief period when the French Constitution of 1791 was in effect ( 1791 -- 92 ) and after the July Revolution in 1830 , the style `` King of the French '' was used instead of `` King of France ( and Navarre ) '' . It was a constitutional innovation known as popular monarchy which linked the monarch 's title to the French people rather than to the possession of the territory of France . In addition to the Kingdom of France , there were also two French Empires , the first from 1804 to 1814 and again in 1815 , founded and ruled by Napoleon I , and the second from 1852 to 1870 , founded and ruled by his nephew Napoleon III ( also known as Louis - Napoleon ) . They used the title `` Emperor of the French '' . This article lists all rulers to have held the title `` King of the Franks '' , `` King of France '' , `` King of the French '' or `` Emperor of the French '' . For other Frankish monarchs , see List of Frankish kings . In addition to the monarchs listed below , the Kings of England and Great Britain from 1340 -- 60 , 1369 - 1420 , and 1422 -- 1801 also claimed the title of King of France . For a short time , this had some basis in fact -- under the terms of the 1420 Treaty of Troyes , Charles VI had recognized his son - in - law Henry V of England as regent and heir . Henry V predeceased Charles VI and so Henry V 's son , Henry VI , succeeded his grandfather Charles VI as King of France . Most of Northern France was under English control until 1435 , but by 1453 , the English had been expelled from all of France save Calais ( and the Channel Islands ) , and Calais itself fell in 1558 . Nevertheless , English and then British monarchs continued to claim the title for themselves until the creation of the United Kingdom in 1801 . Frankish Empire ( edit ) Main article : List of Frankish kings Merovingian dynasty ( 509 -- 751 ) ( edit ) Main article : Merovingian dynasty The Merovingians were a Salian Frankish dynasty that ruled the Franks for nearly 300 years in a region known as Francia in Latin , beginning in the middle of the 5th century . Their territory largely corresponded to ancient Gaul as well as the Roman provinces of Raetia , Germania Superior and the southern part of Germania . The Merovingian dynasty was supposedly founded by Merovech , son of Chlodio , leader of the Salian Franks . But it rose to historical prominence with the reign of his supposed son Childeric I ( c. 458 - 481 ) and supposed grandson Clovis I ( 481 -- 511 ) . ( who united all of Gaul under Merovingian rule ) Portrait Name King from King until Death Relationship with predecessor ( s ) Title Clovis I 509 511 Died of natural causes aged 45 . Buried at Abbey of St Genevieve until 18th century . Remains relocated to Basilica of St Denis . Son of Childeric I King of the Franks ( Roi des Francs ) After Clovis 's death , his kingdom was divided among his four sons , who took up residences in different cities . The number and extent of the parts of the kingdom varied over time . Clothar I , the youngest son , eventually reunited the kingdom . Theuderic , eldest son of Clovis , became king at Reims . His line ended in 555 , after which its lands passed to his youngest brother Chlothar . Theuderic I ( Thierry ) 511 533 or 534 Died aged 48 . Eldest son of Clovis I King of the Franks ( Roi des Francs ) at Reims Theudebert I ( Thibert ) 533 or 534 547 or 548 Killed in a hunting accident , aged 47 . Son of Theuderic I King of the Franks ( Roi des Francs ) at Reims Theudebald ( Thibaut ) 547 or 548 555 Died aged 20 . Son of Theudebert I King of the Franks ( Roi des Francs ) at Reims Chlodomer , Clovis ' second son , became king at Orléans . His sons were murdered and he died shortly afterwards ; his realm was divided between his two younger brothers , Childebert and Chlothar . Chlodomer ( Chlodomir ) 511 25 June 524 Killed in the Battle of Vézeronce , aged 29 . Second ( surviving ) son of Clovis I King of the Franks ( Roi des Francs ) at Orléans Childebert , third son of Clovis , became king at Paris . He died in 558 and his lands passed to his youngest brother Chlothar . Childebert I 511 13 December 558 Died aged 62 . Buried at Abbey of Saint - Germain - des - Prés . Third ( surviving ) son of Clovis I King of the Franks ( Roi des Francs ) at Paris Chlothar , fourth and youngest son of Clovis , became king at Soissons . By 558 he had inherited the lands of his older brothers and thus reunited all of the Frankish territories that had been held by his father . Chlothar the Old ( Clotaire ) 511 29 November 561 Died aged 64 . Buried at Abbey of St. Medard , Soissons . Youngest son of Clovis I King of the Franks ( Roi des Francs ) at Soissons After Clothar 's death , the kingdom was divided among his four sons . The parts of the kingdom varied over time and eventually developed into three distinct realms . Neustria , centred at Soisson and Paris , Austrasia , centered at Metz , and Burgundy , centered at Orléans . Clothar II , grandson of Clothar I , eventually reunited the kingdom . Charibert , Chlothar 's eldest surviving son , became king of the Franks at Paris . He died without issue in 567 and his realm was partitioned between his younger brothers . Charibert I ( Caribert ) 29 November 561 567 Died aged 50 . Buried at Abbey of Saint - Germain - des - Prés . Eldest son of Chlothar I King of the Franks ( Roi des Francs ) at Paris Guntram , Chlothar 's second surviving son , became king of Burgundy ( king of the Franks at Orléans ) . At his death he was succeeded by his nephew Childebert II of the Franks , who was the son of Guntram 's younger brother Sigebert . Guntram ( Gontran ) 29 November 561 592 Died aged 60 . Buried at Saint Marcellus , Chalon - sur - Saône . Second son of Chlothar I King of the Franks ( Roi des Francs ) at Orléans Sigebert , Chlothar 's third surviving son , became king of Austrasia ( king of the Franks at Reims / Metz ) . Sigebert I 29 November 561 575 Murdered at Vitry - en - Artois , aged 40 . Third son of Chlothar I King of the Franks ( Roi des Francs ) at Metz Childebert II , Sigebert 's son , inherited Austrasia from his father and Burgundy from his uncle . He was succeeded in Austrasia by his eldest son Theudebert II and in Burgundy by his yonger son Theuderic II . Childebert II 575 595 Died aged 24 . Son of Sigebert I Adopted son of Guntram King of the Franks ( Roi des Francs ) King of Austrasia and ( after 592 ) Burgundy Theudebert II , Childebert II 's eldest son , reigned as king in Austrasia but he and his son were murdered . His lands passed to his younger brother Theuderic II , who reunited the realms of Austrasia and Burgundy ( which had been both held by their father Childebert II ) . Theudebert II ( Thibert ) 595 612 Murdered , aged 26 . Older son of Childebert II King of the Franks ( Roi des Francs ) King of Austrasia Theuderic II , Childebert II 's youngest son , inherited Burgundy from his father and later Austrasia from his older brother Theudebert II . He was succeeded by his son Sigebert II . Theuderic II ( Thierry ) 595 613 Died , aged 26 . Younger son of Childebert II King of the Franks ( Roi des Francs ) King of Burgundy ( 595 - 613 ) and Austrasia ( 612 - 613 ) Sigebert II 613 613 Executed , aged 12 . Son of Theuderic II King of the Franks ( Roi des Francs ) King of Austrasia and Burgundy Chilperic , youngest son of Chlothar I , reigned as king of Neustria ( Soissons ) . The deaths of his older brothers and their descendants resulted in his son and successor Chlothar II once again reuniting the Frankish realms . Chilperic I ( Chilpéric ) 29 November 561 584 Died aged 45 . Buried at Abbey of Saint - Germain - des - Prés . Youngest son of Chlothar I King of the Franks ( Roi des Francs ) at Soissons Chlothar II the Great , the Young ( Clotaire ) 584 18 October 629 Died aged 45 . Buried at Abbey of Saint - Germain - des - Prés . Son of Chilperic I King of the Franks ( Roi des Francs ) at Soissons King of Neustria ( 595 - 639 ) King of Burgundy ( 613 - 629 ) King of Austrasia ( 613 - 623 ) Following the reunification of the kingdom , Neustria and Burgundy remained under the direct rule of the King of the Franks , while Austrasia was soon put under the rule of a junior king . The following list restricts itself to the kings ruling in Neustria and Burgundy . Dagobert I 18 October 629 19 January 639 Died aged 36 . Buried at Basilica of St Denis . Son of Chlothar II King of the Franks ( Roi des Francs ) Clovis II the Lazy c. 634 31 October 657 Died aged 23 . Buried at Basilica of St Denis . Son of Dagobert I King of Neustria and Burgundy ( Roi de Neustrie et de Bourgogne ) Chlothar III ( Clotaire ) 31 October 657 673 Died aged 24 . Buried at Basilica of St Denis . Son of Clovis II King of Neustria and Burgundy ( Roi de Neustrie et de Bourgogne ) King of Austrasia ( 661 -- 662 ) Childeric II ( Childéric ) 673 675 Died aged 22 . Buried at Abbey of Saint - Germain - des - Prés . Son of Clovis II Younger brother of Chlothar III King of the Franks ( Roi des Francs ) Theuderic III ( Thierry ) 675 691 Died aged 37 . Son of Clovis II Younger brother of Childeric II King of Neustria ( Roi de Neustrie ) King of the Franks ( Roi des Francs ) ( 687 -- 691 ) Clovis IV 691 695 Died aged 13 . Son of Theuderic III King of the Franks ( Roi des Francs ) Childebert III the Just 695 23 April 711 Died aged 28 . Buried at Church of St Stephen at Choisy - au - Bac , near Compiègne . Son of Theuderic III Younger brother of Clovis IV King of the Franks ( Roi des Francs ) Dagobert III 23 April 711 715 Died aged 14 . Son of Childebert III King of the Franks ( Roi des Francs ) Chilperic II ( Chilpéric II ) 715 13 February 721 Died aged 49 . Buried at Noyon . Probably son of Childeric II King of Neustria and Burgundy ( Roi de Neustrie et de Bourgogne ) King of the Franks ( Roi des Francs ) ( 719 -- 721 ) Theuderic IV 721 737 Died aged 25 . Son of Dagobert III King of the Franks ( Roi des Francs ) The last Merovingian kings , known as the lazy kings ( rois fainéants ) , did not hold any real political power , while the Mayor of the Palace governed instead . When Theuderic IV died in 737 , Mayor of the Palace Charles Martel left the throne vacant and continued to rule until his own death in 741 . His sons Pepin and Carloman briefly restored the Merovingian dynasty by raising Childeric III to the throne in 743 . In 751 , Pepin deposed Childeric and became King in his place . Childeric III ( Childéric ) 743 November 751 Died aged 37 . Son of Chilperic II or of Theuderic IV . King of the Franks ( Roi des Francs ) Carolingian dynasty ( 751 -- 888 ) ( edit ) Main article : Carolingian dynasty The Carolingian dynasty was a Frankish noble family with origins in the Arnulfing and Pippinid clans of the 7th century AD . The family consolidated its power in the 8th century , eventually making the offices of mayor of the palace and dux et princeps Francorum hereditary and becoming the real powers behind the Merovingian kings . In 751 , a Carolingian , Pepin the Younger , dethroned the Merovingians and with the consent of the Papacy and the aristocracy , was crowned King of the Franks . Portrait Name King from King until Death Relationship with predecessor ( s ) Title Pepin the Short 751 24 September 768 Son of Charles Martel and Rotrude of Hesbaye , a maternal granddaughter of Theuderic III King of the Franks Carloman I 24 September 768 4 December 771 Son of Pepin King of the Franks Charles I the Great Charlemagne 24 September 768 28 January 814 Son of Pepin King of the Franks Emperor of the Romans from 800 Louis I the Pious 28 January 814 20 June 840 Son of Charlemagne King of the Franks Emperor of the Romans Charles II the Bald 20 June 840 6 October 877 Son of Louis I King of the Franks Emperor of the Romans ( 875 -- 77 ) Louis II the Stammerer 6 October 877 10 April 879 Son of Charles II King of the Franks Louis III 10 April 879 5 August 882 Son of Louis II King of the Franks Carloman II 5 August 882 6 December 884 Son of Louis II King of the Franks Charles the Fat 20 May 885 13 January 888 Son of Louis the German Cousin of Louis II and Carloman II Grandson of Louis I King of the Franks Emperor of the Romans ( 881 -- 87 ) Robertian dynasty ( 888 -- 898 ) ( edit ) Main article : Robertian dynasty The Robertians were Frankish noblemen owing fealty to the Carolingians , and ancestors of the subsequent Capetian dynasty . Odo , Count of Paris , was chosen by the western Franks to be their king following the removal of emperor Charles the Fat . He was crowned at Compiègne in February 888 by Walter , Archbishop of Sens . Portrait Name King from King until Relationship with predecessor ( s ) Title Odo of Paris ( Eudes ) 29 February 888 1 January 898 Son of Robert the Strong ( Robertians ) Elected king against young Charles III . King of the Franks ( Roi des Francs ) Carolingian dynasty ( 898 -- 922 ) ( edit ) Main article : Carolingian dynasty Charles , the posthumous son of Louis II , was crowned by a faction opposed to the Robertian Odo at Reims Cathedral , though he only became the effectual monarch with the death of Odo in 898 . Portrait Name King from King until Relationship with predecessor ( s ) Title Charles III the Simple 28 January 898 30 June 922 Posthumous son of Louis II Younger half - brother of Louis III and Carloman II King of the Franks ( Roi des Francs ) Robertian dynasty ( 922 -- 923 ) ( edit ) Main article : Robertian dynasty Portrait Name King from King until Relationship with predecessor ( s ) Title Robert I 30 June 922 15 June 923 Son of Robert the Strong ( Robertians ) Younger brother of Odo King of the Franks ( Roi des Francs ) Bosonid dynasty ( 923 -- 936 ) ( edit ) Main article : Bosonid dynasty The Bosonids were a noble family descended from Boso the Elder , their member , Rudolph ( Raoul ) , was elected `` King of the Franks '' in 923 . Portrait Name King from King until Relationship with predecessor ( s ) Title Rudolph ( Raoul ) 13 July 923 14 January 936 Son of Richard , Duke of Burgundy ( Bosonids ) Son - in - law of Robert I King of the Franks ( Roi des Francs ) Carolingian dynasty ( 936 -- 987 ) ( edit ) Portrait Name King from King until Relationship with predecessor ( s ) Title Louis IV of Outremer 19 June 936 10 September 954 Son of Charles III the Simple King of the Franks ( Roi des Francs ) Lothair 12 November 954 2 March 986 Son of Louis IV King of the Franks ( Roi des Francs ) Louis V 8 June 986 22 May 987 Son of Lothair King of the Franks ( Roi des Francs ) Capetian dynasty ( 987 -- 1792 ) ( edit ) Main article : Capetian dynasty After the death of Louis V , the son of Hugh the Great and grandson of Robert I , Hugh Capet , was elected by the nobility as king of France . The Capetian Dynasty , the male - line descendants of Hugh Capet , ruled France continuously from 987 to 1792 and again from 1814 to 1848 . They were direct descendants of the Robertian kings . The cadet branches of the dynasty which ruled after 1328 , however , are generally given the specific branch names of Valois and Bourbon . Not listed below are Hugh Magnus , eldest son of Robert II , and Philip of France , eldest son of Louis VI ; both were co-kings with their fathers ( in accordance with the early Capetian practice whereby kings would crown their heirs in their own lifetimes and share power with the co-king ) , but predeceased them . Because neither Hugh nor Philip were sole or senior king in their own lifetimes , they are not traditionally listed as Kings of France , and are not given ordinals . Henry VI of England , son of Catherine of Valois , became titular King of France upon his grandfather Charles VI 's death in accordance with the Treaty of Troyes of 1420 ; however this was disputed and he is not always regarded as a legitimate king of France . English claims to the French throne actually date from 1328 , when Edward III claimed the throne after the death of Charles IV . Other than Henry VI , none had ever had their claim backed by treaty , and his title became contested after 1429 , when Charles VII was crowned . Henry himself was crowned by a different faction in 1431 , though at the age of 10 , he had yet to come of age . The final phase of the Hundred Years War was fought between these competing factions , resulting in a Valois victory at the Battle of Castillon in 1453 , putting an end to any meaningful claims of the English monarchs over the throne of France , though English ( and later British ) monarchs would continue to use the title `` King of France '' until 1801 . From 21 January 1793 to 8 June 1795 , Louis XVI 's son Louis - Charles was the titular King of France as Louis XVII ; in reality , however , he was imprisoned in the Temple throughout this duration , and power was held by the leaders of the Republic . Upon Louis XVII 's death , his uncle ( Louis XVI 's brother ) Louis - Stanislas claimed the throne , as Louis XVIII , but only became de facto King of France in 1814 . Direct Capetians ( 987 -- 1328 ) ( edit ) Main article : House of Capet The main line of descent from Hugh Capet is generally known as the `` direct Capetians '' . This line became extinct in 1328 , precipitating a succession crisis known as the Hundred Years War . While there were numerous claimants to succeed , the two best claimants were the House of Valois and the House of Plantagenet . Portrait Coat of arms Name King from King until Relationship with predecessor ( s ) Title Hugh Capet 3 July 987 24 October 996 Grandson of Robert I King of the Franks ( Roi des Francs ) Robert II the Pious , the Wise 24 October 996 20 July 1031 Son of Hugh Capet King of the Franks ( Roi des Francs ) Henry I ( Henri ) 20 July 1031 4 August 1060 Son of Robert II King of the Franks ( Roi des Francs ) Philip I the Amorous ( Philippe ) 4 August 1060 29 July 1108 Son of Henry I King of the Franks ( Roi des Francs ) Louis VI the Fat 29 July 1108 1 August 1137 Son of Philip I King of the Franks ( Roi des Francs ) Louis VII the Young 1 August 1137 18 September 1180 Son of Louis VI King of the Franks ( Roi des Francs ) Philip II Augustus ( Philippe Auguste ) 18 September 1180 14 July 1223 Son of Louis VII King of the Franks ( Roi des Francs ) King of France ( Roi de France ) Louis VIII the Lion 14 July 1223 8 November 1226 Son of Philip II Augustus King of France ( Roi de France ) Louis IX the Saint ( Saint Louis ) 8 November 1226 25 August 1270 Son of Louis VIII King of France ( Roi de France ) Philip III the Bold ( Philippe ) 25 August 1270 5 October 1285 Son of Louis IX King of France ( Roi de France ) Philip IV the Fair , the Iron King ( Philippe ) 5 October 1285 29 November 1314 Son of Philip III King of France and of Navarre ( Roi de France et de Navarre ) Louis X the Quarreller 29 November 1314 5 June 1316 Son of Philip IV King of France and of Navarre ( Roi de France et de Navarre ) John I the Posthumous ( Jean ) 15 November 1316 20 November 1316 Son of Louis X King of France and of Navarre ( Roi de France et de Navarre ) Philip V the Tall ( Philippe ) 20 November 1316 3 January 1322 Son of Philip IV Younger brother of Louis X King of France and of Navarre ( Roi de France et de Navarre ) Charles IV the Fair 3 January 1322 1 February 1328 Son of Philip IV Younger brother of Louis X and Philip V King of France and of Navarre ( Roi de France et de Navarre ) House of Valois ( 1328 -- 1589 ) ( edit ) Main article : House of Valois The death of the last Direct Capetian precipitated the Hundred Years ' War between the House of Valois and the House of Plantagenet over control of the French throne . The Valois claimed the right to the succession by male - only primogeniture , having the closest all - male line of descent from a recent French king . They were descended from the third son of Philip III , Charles , Count of Valois . The Plantagenets based their claim on being closer to a more recent French King , Edward III of England being a grandson of Philip IV through his mother , Isabella . The two houses fought the Hundred Years War to enforce their claims ; the Valois were ultimately successful , and French historiography counts their leaders as rightful kings . One Plantagenet , Henry VI of England , did enjoy de jure control of the French throne under the terms of the Treaty of Troyes , which formed the basis for continued English claims to the throne of France until the 19th century . The Valois line would rule France until the line became extinct in 1589 , in the backdrop of the French Wars of Religion . As Navarre did not have a tradition of male - only primogeniture , the Navarrese monarchy became distinct from the French , with Joan II , a daughter of Louis X , inheriting there . Portrait Coat of arms Name King from King until Relationship with predecessor ( s ) Title Philip VI the Fortunate ( Philippe ) 1 April 1328 22 August 1350 Grandson of Philip III of France King of France ( Roi de France ) John II the Good ( Jean ) 22 August 1350 8 April 1364 Son of Philip VI King of France ( Roi de France ) Charles V the Wise 8 April 1364 16 September 1380 Son of John II King of France ( Roi de France ) Charles VI the Beloved , the Mad 16 September 1380 21 October 1422 Son of Charles V King of France ( Roi de France ) House of Plantagenet ( 1422 -- 1453 ) ( disputed ) ( edit ) Main article : House of Plantagenet Further information : English claims to the French throne Portrait Coat of arms Name King from King until Claim Title Henry VI of England ( Henri VI d'Angleterre ) 21 October 1422 19 October 1453 By right of his father Henry V of England , who by the Treaty of Troyes became heir and regent of France . Grandson of Charles VI of France . King of France ( Roi de France ) House of Valois ( 1328 -- 1589 ) ( edit ) Main article : House of Valois Portrait Coat of arms Name King from King until Relationship with predecessor Title Charles VII the Victorious , the Well - Served 21 October 1422 22 July 1461 Son of Charles VI Uncle of Henry VI of England King of France . ( Roi de France ) Louis XI the Prudent , the Cunning , the Universal Spider 22 July 1461 30 August 1483 Son of Charles VII King of France ( Roi de France ) Charles VIII the Affable 30 August 1483 7 April 1498 Son of Louis XI King of France ( Roi de France ) Louis XII Father of the People 7 April 1498 1 January 1515 Great - grandson of Charles V Second cousin , and by first marriage son - in - law of Louis XI By second marriage husband of Anne of Brittany , widow of Charles VIII King of France ( Roi de France ) Francis I the Father and Restorer of Letters ( François ) 1 January 1515 31 March 1547 Great - great - grandson of Charles V First cousin once removed , and by first marriage son - in - law of Louis XII King of France ( Roi de France ) Henry II ( Henri ) 31 March 1547 10 July 1559 Son of Francis I / Maternal grandson of Louis XII King of France ( Roi de France ) Francis II ( François ) 10 July 1559 5 December 1560 Son of Henry II King of France ( Roi de France ) King of Scots ( 1558 -- 1560 ) Charles IX 5 December 1560 30 May 1574 Son of Henry II King of France ( Roi de France ) Henry III ( Henri ) 30 May 1574 2 August 1589 Son of Henry II King of France ( Roi de France ) King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania ( 1573 -- 1575 ) House of Bourbon ( 1589 -- 1792 ) ( edit ) Main article : House of Bourbon The Valois line looked strong on the death of Henry II , who left four male heirs . His first son , Francis II , died in his minority . His second son , Charles IX , had no legitimate sons to inherit . Following the premature death of his fourth son Hercule François , and the assassination of his third son , the childless Henry III , France was plunged into a succession crisis over which distant cousin of the king would inherit the throne . The best claimant , King Henry III of Navarre , was a Protestant , and thus unacceptable to much of the French nobility . Ultimately , after winning numerous battles in defense of his claim , Henry converted to Catholicism and was crowned king , founding the House of Bourbon . This marked the second time the thrones of Navarre and France were united under one monarch ; as different inheritance laws had caused them to become separated during the events of the Hundred Years Wars . The House of Bourbon would be overthrown during the French Revolution , replaced by a short - lived republic . Portrait Coat of arms Name King from King until Relationship with predecessor ( s ) Title Henry IV the Green Gallant Good King Henry ( Henri ) 2 August 1589 14 May 1610 Tenth generation descendant of Louis IX in the male line By first marriage son in law of Henry II , Brother in law of Francis II , Charles IX and Henry III King of France and of Navarre ( Roi de France et de Navarre ) Louis XIII the Just 14 May 1610 14 May 1643 Son of Henry IV King of France and of Navarre ( Roi de France et de Navarre ) Louis XIV the Great the Sun King 14 May 1643 1 September 1715 Son of Louis XIII King of France and of Navarre ( Roi de France et de Navarre ) Louis XV the Beloved 1 September 1715 10 May 1774 Great - grandson of Louis XIV King of France and of Navarre ( Roi de France et de Navarre ) Louis XVI the Restorer of French Liberty 10 May 1774 21 September 1792 Grandson of Louis XV King of France and of Navarre ( Roi de France et de Navarre ) ( 1774 -- 1791 ) King of the French ( Roi des Français ) ( 1791 -- 1792 ) Louis XVII ( Claimant ) 21 January 1793 8 June 1795 Son of Louis XVI ( Disputed ) King of France and of Navarre ( Roi de France et de Navarre ) House of Bonaparte , first Empire ( 1804 -- 1814 ) ( edit ) Main articles : House of Bonaparte and First French Empire The French First Republic lasted from 1792 to 1804 , when its First Consul , Napoléon Bonaparte , was declared Emperor of the French . Portrait Coat of arms Name Emperor from Emperor until Relationship with predecessor ( s ) Title Napoleon I the Great ( Napoléon ) 18 May 1804 11 April 1814 Founder of the Bonaparte dynasty Emperor of the French ( Empereur des Français ) Capetian dynasty ( 1814 -- 1815 ) ( edit ) Following the first defeat of Napoleon and his exile to Elba , the Bourbon monarchy was restored , with Louis XVI 's younger brother Louis Stanislas being crowned as Louis XVIII . Louis XVI 's son had been considered by monarchists as Louis XVII but he was never crowned and never ruled in his own right before his own death ; he is not usually counted among French monarchs , creating a gap in numbering on most traditional lists of French kings . Napoleon would briefly regain control of the country during his Hundred Days rule in 1815 . After his final defeat at the Battle of Waterloo , Napoleon attempted to abdicate in favor of his son , but the Bourbon Monarchy was re-established yet again , and would continue to rule France until the July Revolution of 1830 replaced it with a cadet branch , the House of Orleans . House of Bourbon , Bourbon Restoration ( 1814 -- 1815 ) ( edit ) Main article : Bourbon Restoration Portrait Coat of arms Name King from King until Relationship with predecessor ( s ) Title Louis XVIII the Desired 11 April 1814 20 March 1815 Grandson of Louis XV Younger Brother of Louis XVI Brother - in - law of Napoleon I 's wife 's great - aunt . King of France and of Navarre ( Roi de France et de Navarre ) House of Bonaparte , First Empire ( Hundred Days , 1815 ) ( edit ) Main article : Hundred Days Portrait Coat of arms Name Emperor from Emperor until Relationship with predecessor ( s ) Title Napoleon I the Great ( Napoléon ) 20 March 1815 22 June 1815 Founder of the Bonaparte dynasty Emperor of the French ( Empereur des Français ) Napoleon II the Eaglet ( Napoléon ) 22 June 1815 7 July 1815 Son of Napoleon I ( Disputed ) Emperor of the French ( Empereur des Français ) Capetian dynasty ( 1815 -- 1848 ) ( edit ) Main article : Capetian dynasty House of Bourbon ( 1815 -- 1830 ) ( edit ) Main article : House of Bourbon Portrait Coat of arms Name King from King until Relationship with predecessor ( s ) Title Louis XVIII the Desired 7 July 1815 16 September 1824 Grandson of Louis XV Younger Brother of Louis XVI King of France and of Navarre ( Roi de France et de Navarre ) Charles X 16 September 1824 2 August 1830 Grandson of Louis XV Younger Brother of Louis XVI and Louis XVIII King of France and of Navarre ( Roi de France et de Navarre ) Louis XIX Antoine 2 August 1830 2 August 1830 ( 20 minutes ) Son of Charles X ( Disputed ) King of France and of Navarre ( Roi de France et de Navarre ) Henry V ( Henri ) 2 August 1830 9 August 1830 ( 7 days ) Grandson of Charles X Nephew of Louis Antoine ( Disputed ) King of France and of Navarre ( Roi de France et de Navarre ) The Bourbon Restoration came to an end with the July Revolution of 1830 , which deposed Charles X and replaced him with Louis - Philippe I , a distant cousin with more liberal politics . Charles X 's son Louis signed a document renouncing his own right to the throne only after a 20 - minute argument with his father ; he is not usually counted as a king of France but monarchists considered him to be Louis XIX . Louis 's nephew Henry was likewise considered by some to be Henry V , but the new regime did not recognise his claim and he never ruled . House of Orléans , July monarchy ( 1830 -- 1848 ) ( edit ) Main articles : House of Orléans and July Monarchy Under Louis - Philippe , the popular monarchy changed the styles and forms of the ancien régime , replacing them with more populist forms ( i.e. replacing `` King of France '' with `` King of the French '' ) . Ultimately , it was overthrown as well during the continent - wide Revolutions of 1848 , to be replaced by the French Second Republic . Portrait Coat of arms Name King from King until Relationship with predecessor ( s ) Title Louis - Philippe I the Citizen King 9 August 1830 24 February 1848 Sixth generation descendant of Louis XIII in the male line Fifth cousin of Louis XVI , Louis XVIII and Charles X King of the French ( Roi des Français ) House of Bonaparte , second Empire ( 1852 -- 1870 ) ( edit ) Main article : Second French Empire The French Second Republic lasted from 1848 to 1852 , when its president , Louis - Napoléon Bonaparte , was declared Emperor of the French . He took the regnal name of Napoleon III , after his uncle ( Napoleon I ) and his cousin ( Napoleon II , who was declared but uncrowned as heir to the Imperial throne ) . Napoleon III would later be overthrown during the events of the Franco - Prussian War . He was the last monarch to rule France ; thereafter , the country was ruled by a succession of republican governments ( see French Third Republic ) . Portrait Coat of arms Name Emperor from Emperor until Relationship with predecessor ( s ) Title Napoleon III ( Napoléon ) 2 December 1852 4 September 1870 Nephew of Napoleon I Emperor of the French ( Empereur des Français ) Later pretenders ( edit ) Various pretenders descended from the preceding monarchs have claimed to be the legitimate monarch of France , rejecting the claims of the President of France , and of each other . These groups are : Legitimist claimants to the throne of France : descendants of the Bourbons , rejecting all heads of state 1792 -- 1814 , 1815 , and since 1830 . Unionists recognized the Orléanist claimant after 1883 . Legitimist - Anjou claimants to the throne of France : descendants of Louis XIV , claiming precedence over the House of Orléans by virtue of primogeniture Orléanist claimants to the throne of France : descendants of Louis - Phillippe , himself descended from a junior line of the Bourbon dynasty , rejecting all heads of state since 1848 . Bonapartist claimants to the throne of France : descendants of Napoleon I and his brothers , rejecting all heads of state 1815 -- 48 , and since 1870 . English claimants to the throne of France : Kings of England and later , of Great Britain ( renounced by Hanoverian King George III upon union with Ireland in 1800 ) . Jacobite claimants to the throne of France : senior heirs - general of King Edward III of England and thus his claim to the French throne , also claiming England , Scotland , and Ireland . See also ( edit ) Kings of France family tree ( detailed ) French monarchs family tree ( simple ) Style of the French sovereign British claims to the French throne List of French consorts List of heirs to the French throne Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ ' Louis XII , 1499 ( ... ) LVDOVIVS XII FRANCORUM REX MEDILANI DUX ( ... ) Francis I , 1515 ( ... ) FRANCISCUS REX FRANCORUM PRIMUS DOMINATOR ELVETIORUM ( ... ) Henri II , 1550 ? ( ... ) HENRICVS II FRANCORVM REX ' Jump up ^ From 22 June to 7 July 1815 , Bonapartists considered Napoleon II as the legitimate heir to the throne , his father having abdicated in his favor . However , throughout this period he resided in Austria , with his mother . Louis XVIII was reinstalled as king on 7 July . References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sullivan , William . Historical causes and effects , from the fall of the Roman empire , 476 , to the reformation , 1517 . p. 213 . Grimshaw , William . The history of France from the foundation of the monarchy to the death of Louis XVI . p. 11 Jump up ^ Claudio Rendina & Paul McCusker , The Popes : Histories and Secrets , ( New York : 2002 ) , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Deploige , Jeroen ; Deneckere , Gita , eds. ( 2006 ) . Mystifying the Monarch : Studies on Discourse , Power , and History . Amsterdam , Netherlands : Amsterdam University Press . p. 182 . ISBN 9789053567678 . Jump up ^ Potter , David ( 2008 ) . Renaissance France at War : Armies , Culture and Society , C. 1480 -- 1560 . Warfare in History Series . 28 . Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. viii . ISBN 9781843834052 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ Deploige , Jeroen ; Deneckere , Gita , eds. ( 2006 ) . Mystifying the Monarch : Studies on Discourse , Power , and History . Amsterdam , Netherlands : Amsterdam University Press . p. 182 . ISBN 9789053567678 . Jump up ^ Le Couronnement de Napoléon Premier , Empereur des Français . Paris , France : Guerin. 1806 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Pascal , Adrien ( 1853 ) . Histoire de Napoléon III , Empereur des Français . Paris , France : Barbier . p. 359 . Jump up ^ Brown , Peter ( 2003 ) . The Rise of Western Christendom . Malden , MA , USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd. p. 137 . Jump up ^ Babcock , Philip ( 1993 ) . Webster 's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language , Unabridged . MA , USA : Merriam - Webster . p. 341 . Jump up ^ Gwatking , H.M. ; Whitney , J.P. ; et al. ( 1930 ) . Cambridge Medieval History : Germany and the Western Empire . Volume III . London : Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Parisse , Michael ( 2005 ) . `` Lotharingia '' . In Reuter , T . The New Cambridge Medieval History : c. 900 -- c. 1024 . III . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . pp. 313 -- 315 . Jump up ^ Knecht , Robert ( 2004 ) . The Valois : Kings of France 1328 -- 1422 . NY , USA : Hambledon Continuum . pp. ix -- xii . ISBN 1852854200 . Jump up ^ `` Shortest reign of a monarch '' . guinnessworldrecords.com . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . Sources ( edit ) Hansen , M.H. , ed. ( 1967 ) . Kings , Rulers , and Statesmen . NY , USA : Sterling Publishing Co. , Inc . pp. 103 -- 107 . Heads of state of France Recognized as Francia from 481 to 843 -- Recognized as West Francia from 843 to 987 -- Recognized as France from 987 to present Styled President of the Republic after 1871 , except from 1940 to 1944 ( Chief of State ) and 1944 to 1947 ( Chairman of the Provisional Government ) . Detailed monarch family tree Simplified monarch family tree Merovingians ( 486 -- 751 ) Clovis I Childebert I Chlothar I Charibert I Guntram Chilperic I Sigebert I Childebert II Chlothar II Dagobert I Sigebert II Clovis II Chlothar III Childeric II Theuderic III Clovis IV Childebert III Dagobert III Chilperic II Chlothar IV Theuderic IV Childeric III Carolingians , Robertians and Bosonids ( 751 -- 987 ) Pepin the Short Carloman I Charlemagne ( Charles I ) Louis I Charles II Louis II Louis III Carloman II Charles the Fat Odo Charles III Robert I Rudolph Louis IV Lothair Louis V House of Capet ( 987 -- 1328 ) Hugh Capet Robert II Henry I Philip I Louis VI Louis VII Philip II Louis VIII Louis IX Philip III Philip IV Louis X John I Philip V Charles IV House of Valois ( 1328 -- 1589 ) Philip VI John II Charles V Charles VI Charles VII Louis XI Charles VIII Louis XII Francis I Henry II Francis II Charles IX Henry III House of Lancaster ( 1422 -- 1453 ) Henry VI of England House of Bourbon ( 1589 -- 1792 ) Henry IV Louis XIII Louis XIV Louis XV Louis XVI Louis XVII First Republic ( 1792 -- 1804 ) National Convention Directory Consulate First Empire ( 1804 -- 1815 ) Napoleon I Napoleon II Bourbon Restoration ( 1815 -- 1830 ) Louis XVIII Charles X Louis XIX Henry V July Monarchy ( 1830 -- 1848 ) Louis Philippe I Second Republic ( 1848 -- 1852 ) Jacques - Charles Dupont de l'Eure Executive Commission Louis - Eugène Cavaignac Louis - Napoléon Bonaparte Second Empire ( 1852 -- 1870 ) Napoleon III Government of National Defense ( 1870 -- 1871 ) Louis - Jules Trochu Third Republic ( 1871 -- 1940 ) Adolphe Thiers Patrice de Mac - Mahon Jules Armand Dufaure * Jules Grévy Maurice Rouvier * Sadi Carnot Charles Dupuy * Jean Casimir - Perier Charles Dupuy * Félix Faure Charles Dupuy * Émile Loubet Armand Fallières Raymond Poincaré Paul Deschanel Alexandre Millerand Frédéric François - Marsal * Gaston Doumergue Paul Doumer André Tardieu * Albert Lebrun Vichy France ( 1940 -- 1944 ) Philippe Pétain Provisional Government ( 1944 -- 1947 ) Charles de Gaulle Félix Gouin Georges Bidault Vincent Auriol Léon Blum Fourth Republic ( 1947 -- 1958 ) Vincent Auriol René Coty Fifth Republic ( 1958 -- present ) Charles de Gaulle Alain Poher * Georges Pompidou Alain Poher * Valéry Giscard d'Estaing François Mitterrand Jacques Chirac Nicolas Sarkozy François Hollande Emmanuel Macron Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics . Acting heads of state are denoted by an asterisk * . Millerand held the presidency in an acting capacity before being fully elected . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_French_monarchs&oldid=866144836 '' Categories : French monarchs Lists of monarchs Lists of political office - holders in France Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2011 Articles containing Latin - language text All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from April 2016 Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Аҧсшәа Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски मराठी مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Nouormand Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt West - Vlams 中文 57 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 15 : 33 ( UTC ) . 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how many countries are in the united nations security council	Membership of the United Nations Security Council is held by the five permanent members and ten elected , non-permanent members . Prior to 1966 , there were six elected members , while the permanent members have in essence not changed since the creation of the United Nations in 1945 , apart from the representation of China . Elected members hold their place on the Council for a two - year term , and half of these places are contested each year . To ensure geographical continuity , a certain number of members is allocated for each of the five UN regional groupings .		List of members of the United Nations Security Council	list of members of the united nations security council	Membership of the United Nations Security Council is held by the five permanent members and ten elected , non-permanent members . Prior to 1966 , there were six elected members , while the permanent members have in essence not changed since the creation of the United Nations in 1945 , apart from the representation of China . Elected members hold their place on the Council for a two - year term , and half of these places are contested each year . To ensure geographical continuity , a certain number of members is allocated for each of the five UN regional groupings .	Contents 1 Current membership 2 Regional Groups 3 Previous and future Security Council composition 4 Membership by year 4.1 Permanent 4.2 Non-permanent ( 1946 -- 1965 ) 4.3 Non-permanent ( 1966 -- present ) 5 List by number of years as Security Council member 6 Future candidacies 7 Non-members 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References Current membership ( edit ) Permanent members Country Regional Group Member since People 's Republic of China Asia - Pacific Group 1971 , replaced the Republic of China France Western European and Others Group 1946 Russian Federation Eastern European Group 1991 , replaced the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics United Kingdom Western European and Others Group 1946 United States Western European and Others Group 1946 Non-permanent members Country Regional Group Term began Term ends Bolivia Latin American and Caribbean Group ( GRULAC ) 2017 2018 Equatorial Guinea African Group 2018 2019 Ethiopia African Group 2017 2018 Ivory Coast African Group 2018 2019 Kazakhstan Asia - Pacific Group 2017 2018 Kuwait Asia - Pacific Group 2018 2019 Netherlands * Western European and Others Group 2018 2018 Peru Latin American and Caribbean Group ( GRULAC ) 2018 2019 Poland Eastern European Group 2018 2019 Sweden Western European and Others Group 2017 2018 * During the 2016 Security Council elections , Italy and the Netherlands agreed to split a two - year term , in which Italy would serve from 1 January 2017 to 31 December 2017 and the Netherlands would subsequently serve from 1 January 2018 to 31 December 2018 . Members of the current UNSC on the map of the world Permanent members Non-permanent members Regional groups ( edit ) African Group Asia - Pacific Group Eastern European Group Latin American and Caribbean Group ( GRULAC ) Western European and Others Group UN member not in any voting group Non-UN state or territory African Group : 3 members Asia - Pacific Group : 2 members Eastern European Group ( CEIT , or Countries with Economies in Transition ) : 1 member Latin American and Caribbean Group ( GRULAC ) : 2 members Western European and Others Group ( WEOG ) : 2 members ; at least one of these must be from Western Europe In addition , one of the non-permanent members of the council is an Arab country , alternately from the African or Asia - Pacific groups . This rule was added to the system in 1967 for it to be applied beginning with 1968 . Each year the UN General Assembly elects five new members for a two - year term ; these elections always begin in October of the year , and continue until the two - thirds majority for the number of countries for each region has been reached . Re-election is allowed , but the term must not be consecutive . Electoral timetable Term beginning in years that are : Odd Even African Group one member two members * Asia - Pacific Group one member one member * Eastern European Group none one member Latin American and Caribbean Group ( GRULAC ) one member one member Western European and Others Group two members none * The representative of Arab nations alternates between these two elected spaces . Previous and Future Security Council composition ( edit ) From 1946 to 1965 , the security council included six non-permanent members . The regional grouping at that time was : Latin America : 2 members Commonwealth of Nations : 1 member Eastern Europe : 1 member Middle East : 1 member Western Europe : 1 member There were some exceptions to this grouping : Liberia took the place of a Western European country in 1961 ; the Ivory Coast substituted a member of the Commonwealth in 1964 -- 1965 ; and the Eastern Europe group included Asian countries from 1956 . As part of a proposed expansion of the Security Council , Brazil , Germany , India and Japan , collectively the Group of 4 or G4 nations , are seeking permanent representation on this body . Italy opposed the expansion of the Security Council through the establishment of the group Uniting for Consensus . Membership by year ( edit ) Permanent ( edit ) Year Permanent seats 1945 -- 1949 Republic of China France Soviet Union United Kingdom United States 1949 -- 1970 Republic of China ( Taiwan ) 1971 -- 1991 People 's Republic of China 1992 -- present Russian Federation Non-permanent ( 1946 -- 1965 ) ( edit ) Year Latin American Seats Commonwealth Seat Eastern European & Asian Seat Middle Eastern Seat Western European Seat 1946 Brazil Mexico Australia Poland Egypt Netherlands 1947 Colombia Syria Belgium 1948 Argentina Canada Ukraine 1949 Cuba Egypt Norway 1950 Ecuador India Yugoslavia 1951 Brazil Turkey Netherlands 1952 Chile Pakistan Greece 1953 Colombia Lebanon Denmark 1954 Brazil New Zealand Turkey 1955 Peru Iran Belgium 1956 Cuba Australia Yugoslavia 1957 Colombia Philippines Iraq Sweden 1958 Panama Canada Japan 1959 Argentina Tunisia Italy 1960 Ecuador Ceylon Poland 1961 Chile Turkey United Arab Republic Liberia 1962 Venezuela Ghana Romania Ireland 1963 Brazil Philippines Morocco Norway 1964 Bolivia Ivory Coast Czechoslovakia 1965 Uruguay Malaysia Jordan Netherlands Non-permanent ( 1966 -- present ) ( edit ) Year African Group Asia - Pacific Group Latin American and Caribbean Group ( GRULAC ) Western European and Others Group Eastern European Group * indicates Arab nations ' representative 1966 Mali Nigeria Uganda Japan Jordan * Argentina Uruguay Netherlands New Zealand Bulgaria 1967 Ethiopia India Brazil Canada Denmark 1968 Algeria * Senegal Pakistan Paraguay Hungary 1969 Zambia Nepal Colombia Finland Spain 1970 Burundi Sierra Leone Syria * Nicaragua Poland 1971 Somalia Japan Argentina Belgium Italy 1972 Guinea Sudan * India Panama Yugoslavia 1973 Kenya Indonesia Peru Australia Austria Cameroon Mauritania Iraq * Costa Rica Byelorussia Tanzania Japan Guyana Italy Sweden 1976 Benin Libya * Pakistan Panama Romania 1977 Mauritius India Venezuela Canada West Germany 1978 Gabon Nigeria Kuwait * Bolivia Czechoslovakia 1979 Zambia Bangladesh Jamaica Norway Portugal 1980 Niger Tunisia * Philippines Mexico East Germany 1981 Uganda Japan Panama Ireland Spain 1982 Togo Zaire Jordan * Guyana Poland Zimbabwe Pakistan Nicaragua Malta Netherlands 1984 Burkina Faso Egypt * India Peru Ukraine 1985 Madagascar Thailand Trinidad and Tobago Australia Denmark 1986 Congo Ghana United Arab Emirates * Venezuela Bulgaria Zambia Japan Argentina West Germany Italy 1988 Algeria * Senegal Nepal Brazil Yugoslavia 1989 Ethiopia Malaysia Colombia Canada Finland 1990 Ivory Coast Zaire Yemen * Cuba Romania 1991 Zimbabwe India Ecuador Austria Belgium 1992 Cape Verde Morocco * Japan Venezuela Hungary 1993 Djibouti Pakistan Brazil New Zealand Spain 1994 Nigeria Rwanda Oman * Argentina Czech Republic 1995 Botswana Indonesia Honduras Germany Italy Egypt * Guinea - Bissau South Korea Chile Poland 1997 Kenya Japan Costa Rica Portugal Sweden 1998 Gabon Gambia Bahrain * Brazil Slovenia 1999 Namibia Malaysia Argentina Canada Netherlands 2000 Mali Tunisia * Bangladesh Jamaica Ukraine 2001 Mauritius Singapore Colombia Ireland Norway 2002 Cameroon Guinea Syria * Mexico Bulgaria 2003 Angola Pakistan Chile Germany Spain Algeria * Benin Philippines Brazil Romania 2005 Tanzania Japan Argentina Denmark Greece 2006 Ghana Congo Qatar * Peru Slovakia 2007 South Africa Indonesia Panama Belgium Italy 2008 Burkina Faso Libya * Vietnam Costa Rica Croatia 2009 Uganda Japan Mexico Austria Turkey Gabon Nigeria Lebanon * Brazil Bosnia and Herzegovina 2011 South Africa India Colombia Germany Portugal 2012 Morocco * Togo Pakistan Guatemala Azerbaijan 2013 Rwanda South Korea Argentina Australia Luxembourg 2014 Chad Nigeria Jordan * Chile Lithuania 2015 Angola Malaysia Venezuela New Zealand Spain 2016 Egypt * Senegal Japan Uruguay Ukraine 2017 Ethiopia Kazakhstan Bolivia Italy Sweden 2018 Ivory Coast Equatorial Guinea Kuwait * Peru Netherlands Poland 2019 South Africa Indonesia Dominican Republic Germany Belgium 2020 TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA List by number of years as Security Council member ( edit ) This list contains the 130 United Nations member states so far elected to the United Nations Security Council , including the five permanent members , all listed by number of years each country has so far spent on the UNSC . Of all the members , 6 have so far ceased to exist , leaving the list with 124 modern nations . These , combined with the 69 modern nations that have never been elected to the UNSC to date ( see Non-members , below ) , make up the entirety of the 193 current members of the UN . Years on the Security Council , as of 2018 , including current year where relevant : Indicates permanent member Indicates current elected member ( 2018 ) Indicates former United Nations member Years Country First Year Most Recent Year Regional Group Notes 71 France 1946 2018 WEOG Permanent member 71 United Kingdom 1946 2018 WEOG Permanent member 71 United States 1946 2018 WEOG Permanent member 46 Soviet Union 1946 1991 E. European Former permanent member , replaced by Russian Federation 46 People 's Republic of China 1971 2018 Asia - Pacific Permanent member 25 Republic of China 1946 1971 Asian Former permanent member , replaced by People 's Republic of China 25 Russian Federation 1991 2018 E. European Permanent member 21 Japan 1958 2017 Asia - Pacific 20 Brazil 1946 2011 GRULAC 18 Argentina 1948 2014 GRULAC 14 Colombia 1947 2012 GRULAC 14 India 1950 2012 Asia - Pacific 14 Pakistan 1952 2013 Asia - Pacific 12 Canada 1948 2000 WEOG 12 Italy 1959 2017 WEOG 10 Australia 1946 2014 WEOG 10 Belgium 1947 2008 WEOG 10 Chile 1952 2015 GRULAC 10 Egypt 1946 2017 African ( Arabic ) Includes 2 years with the seat held in the name of the United Arab Republic , of which for more than 15 months UAR served as the name of modern - day Egypt 10 Germany 1977 2012 WEOG Includes 4 years when the Federal Republic of Germany consisted only of West Germany ( but does not include East Germany 's 2 years , listed separately below ) 10 Nigeria 1966 2015 African 10 Panama 1958 2008 GRULAC 10 Spain 1969 2016 WEOG 10 Venezuela 1962 2016 GRULAC 9 Netherlands 1946 2018 WEOG Current membership of Security Council expires 31 December 2018 9 Poland 1946 2018 E. European 8 Denmark 1953 2006 WEOG 8 Norway 1949 2002 WEOG 8 Peru 1955 2018 GRULAC 7 Malaysia 1965 2016 Asia - Pacific 7 Mexico 1946 GRULAC 7 New Zealand 1954 2016 WEOG 7 Romania 1962 2005 E. European 7 Syria 1947 2003 Asia - Pacific ( Arabic ) Includes one year ( 1961 ) during which the United Arab Republic was a member , for the greater part of which Syria was a member of that union 7 Turkey 1951 WEOG 7 Ukraine 1948 2016 E. European Includes 4 years of membership under the name of Ukrainian SSR ; Ukrainian SSR held its own seat in the General Assembly while being part of the Soviet Union during its 45 years of Security Council membership 7 Yugoslavia 1950 1989 E. European Predecessor of Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Macedonia , Montenegro , Serbia and Slovenia 6 Algeria 1968 1989 African ( Arabic ) 6 Austria 1973 WEOG 6 Bulgaria 1966 2003 E. European 6 Costa Rica 2009 GRULAC 6 Cuba 1949 1991 GRULAC 6 Ecuador 1950 1992 GRULAC 6 Gabon 1978 2011 African 6 Ghana 1962 2007 African 6 Indonesia 1973 2008 Asia - Pacific 6 Jordan 1965 2015 Asia - Pacific ( Arabic ) 6 Morocco 1963 2013 African ( Arabic ) 6 Philippines 1957 Asia - Pacific 6 Portugal 1979 2012 WEOG 6 Sweden 1957 2018 WEOG Current membership of Security Council expires 31 December 2018 6 Tunisia 1959 2003 African ( Arabic ) 6 Zambia 1969 1988 African 5 Ireland 1962 2002 WEOG 5 Senegal 1968 2017 African 5 Uganda 1966 African Angola 2003 2016 African Bangladesh 1979 2001 Asia - Pacific Benin 1976 2005 African Bolivia 1964 2018 GRULAC Current membership of Security Council expires 31 December 2018 Burkina Faso 1984 2009 African For first 7 months of membership of the Security council in 1984 was known as Upper Volta . Cameroon 2003 African Côte d'Ivoire 1964 2018 African Ethiopia 1967 2018 African Current membership of Security Council expires 31 December 2018 Finland 1969 1990 WEOG Greece 1952 2006 WEOG Guinea 1972 2003 African Guyana GRULAC Hungary 1968 1993 E. European Iraq 1957 Asia - Pacific ( Arabic ) Jamaica 1979 2001 GRULAC Kenya 1973 1998 African Lebanon 1953 2011 Asia - Pacific ( Arabic ) Libya 1976 2009 African ( Arabic ) Mali 1966 2001 African Mauritius 1977 2002 African Nepal 1969 1989 Asia - Pacific Nicaragua 1970 1984 GRULAC Republic of the Congo 1986 2007 African South Korea 2014 Asia - Pacific Rwanda 1994 2014 African South Africa 2007 2012 African Tanzania 2006 African Togo 1982 2013 African Zaire 1982 1991 African Now known as Democratic Republic of the Congo Zimbabwe 1992 African Czechoslovakia 1964 1979 E. European Predecessor of Czech Republic and Slovakia Uruguay 1965 2016 GRULAC Azerbaijan 2012 2013 E. European Was part of the Soviet Union during its 45 years of Security Council membership Bahrain 1998 1999 Asia - Pacific ( Arabic ) Bosnia and Herzegovina 2011 E. European Was also part of the SFR Yugoslavia during its 7 years of Security Council membership Botswana 1995 African Burundi 1970 1971 African Byelorussian SSR E. European Now known as Belarus ; Byelorussian SSR held its own seat in the General Assembly while being part of the Soviet Union during its 45 years of Security Council membership Cape Verde 1992 1993 African Ceylon 1960 1961 Asia - Pacific Now known as Sri Lanka Chad 2014 2015 African ( Arabic ) Was a colony of France from 1900 to 11 August 1960 ; 2 Croatia 2008 2009 E. European Was also part of the SFR Yugoslavia during its 7 years of Security Council membership Czech Republic 1994 1995 E. European Was also part of Czechoslovakia during its 3 years of Security Council membership Djibouti 1993 1994 African Gambia 1998 1999 African East Germany 1980 1981 E. European Now subsumed into Germany , which has 5 years of Security Council membership since it has included the former territory of East Germany Guatemala 2012 2013 GRULAC Guinea - Bissau 1997 African Honduras 1995 GRULAC Iran 1955 1956 Asia - Pacific Kazakhstan 2017 2018 Asia - Pacific Was part of the Soviet Union from 26 April 1920 to 25 December 1991 ; current membership of Security Council expires 31 December 2018 Kuwait 1978 2018 Asia - Pacific ( Arabic ) Lithuania 2014 2015 E. European Was part of the Soviet Union from 3 August 1940 to 11 March 1990 ; Membership of Security Council expired in December 2015 Luxembourg 2013 2014 WEOG Madagascar 1985 1986 African Malta 1984 WEOG Mauritania African Namibia 1999 2000 African Niger 1980 1981 African Oman 1994 1995 Asia - Pacific ( Arabic ) Paraguay 1968 1969 GRULAC Sierra Leone 1970 1971 African Singapore 2001 2002 Asia - Pacific Was also part of Malaysia for several months of 1965 during its membership of the Security Council Slovakia 2006 2007 E. European Was also part of Czechoslovakia during its 3 years of Security Council membership Slovenia 1998 1999 E. European Was also part of the SFR Yugoslavia during its 7 years of Security Council membership Somalia 1971 1972 African Sudan 1972 1973 African ( Arabic ) Thailand 1985 1986 Asia - Pacific Trinidad and Tobago 1985 1986 GRULAC Qatar 2006 2007 Asia - Pacific ( Arabic ) United Arab Emirates 1986 Asia - Pacific ( Arabic ) United Arab Republic 1961 1962 African ( Arabic ) Predecessor of Syria and Egypt Vietnam 2008 2009 Asia - Pacific Yemen 1990 1991 Asia - Pacific ( Arabic ) The entity elected , and which held the Security Council seat for the first five months of membership , was South Yemen : unification with North Yemen occurred during the time of membership . Liberia 1961 1961 African Served only one year Equatorial Guinea 2018 2018 African Future CANDIDACIES ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : United Nations Security Council election , 2019 ; United Nations Security Council election , 2020 ; United Nations Security Council election , 2021 ; United Nations Security Council election , 2022 ; United Nations Security Council election , 2023 ; and United Nations Security Council election , 2024 The following countries have made known their applications for future United Nations Security Council membership : Africa Asia - Pacific Eastern Europe GRULAC WEOG 2019 ? India , Vietnam Estonia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines -- 2020 ? Afghanistan -- ? Ireland , Norway , San Marino , Canada 2021 ? Bahrain , United Arab Emirates Albania ? -- 2022 ? Mongolia -- ? Switzerland , Malta 2023 ? Tajikistan ? Guyana -- 2024 ? Pakistan -- ? Greece , Denmark 2025 ? ? Latvia , Montenegro ? -- 2026 ? The Philippines -- ? Portugal , Austria 2027 ? Republic of Korea ? ? -- 2028 ? Iran -- ? Australia , Finland 2029 ? ? Croatia ? -- 2031 ? ? Armenia ? -- Serbia as a member of the Eastern European Group has also expressed their wish to apply for United Nations Security Council membership in the future , but did not specify any term . Non-members ( edit ) As of July 2011 , there are currently 193 members of the United Nations and five permanent members of the Security Council . The other ten seats are assigned amongst the remaining 188 members . As a result , many members have never been on the Security Council . The following list is a summary of all countries , currently 68 modern nations and three historical ones , that have never been a member of the United Nations Security Council . The three historical UN members listed are Tanganyika , Zanzibar , and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . Member states of the United Nations that have never been members of the United Nations Security Council as of January 2017 . Indicates former United Nations member UN Member state Regional Group Security Council membership as part of another entity Afghanistan Asia - Pacific Albania E. European Andorra WEOG Antigua and Barbuda GRULAC Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1632 to 1 November 1980 Armenia E. European Was part of the Soviet Union from 29 November 1920 to 25 December 1991 Bahamas GRULAC Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1717 to 10 July 1973 Barbados GRULAC Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1625 to 30 November 1966 Belize GRULAC Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1862 to 21 September 1981 Bhutan Asia - Pacific Brunei Asia - Pacific Was a protectorate of the United Kingdom from 1888 to 1984 , and was occupied by Japan from 1941 to 1945 Cambodia Asia - Pacific Was a colony of France from 1863 to 9 November 1953 Central African Republic African Was a colony of France from 1894 to 13 August 1960 Comoros African Was a colony of France from 1841 to 6 July 1975 Cyprus Asia - Pacific Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 5 November 1914 to 16 August 1960 North Korea Asia - Pacific Dominica GRULAC Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1783 to 3 November 1978 Dominican Republic GRULAC El Salvador GRULAC Eritrea African Was under the administration of the United Kingdom from 1941 to 1947 , then a United Nations Trust Territory from 1947 to 1952 , then part of Ethiopia from 1952 to 24 May 1993 Estonia E. European Was part of the Soviet Union from 1944 to 20 August 1991 Fiji Asia - Pacific Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1874 to 10 October 1970 Georgia E. European Was part of the Soviet Union from 25 February 1921 to 25 December 1991 Grenada GRULAC Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1763 to 7 February 1974 Haiti GRULAC Iceland WEOG Israel None / WEOG Part of a League of Nations mandate under United Kingdom administration from 25 April 1920 to 14 May 1948 Kiribati Asian / None Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1892 to 12 July 1979 Kyrgyzstan Asia - Pacific Was part of the Soviet Union from 1 February 1926 to 25 December 1991 Laos Asia - Pacific Was a colony of France from 1893 to 19 July 1949 Latvia E. European Was part of the Soviet Union from 5 August 1940 to 21 August 1991 Lesotho African Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1884 to 4 October 1966 Liechtenstein WEOG Macedonia E. European Was part of Yugoslavia from 29 November 1943 to 3 April 1993 Malawi African Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1891 to 6 July 1964 Maldives Asia - Pacific Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1887 to 26 July 1965 Marshall Islands Asia - Pacific Was part of the League of Nations South Pacific Mandate under Japanese administration from 28 June 1919 to 17 July 1947 , then part of the United Nations Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands under the administration of the United States from 17 July 1947 to 21 October 1986 Federated States of Micronesia Asia - Pacific Was part of the League of Nations South Pacific Mandate under Japanese administration from 28 June 1919 to 17 July 1947 , then part of the United Nations Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands under the administration of the United States from 17 July 1947 to 3 November 1986 Moldova E. European Was part of the Soviet Union from 28 June 1940 to 25 December 1991 Monaco WEOG Mongolia Asia - Pacific Montenegro E. European Was part of Yugoslavia from 29 November 1943 to 28 April 1992 Mozambique African Mozambique was a colony of Portugal from 1498 to 25 June 1975 , but Portugal 's first term on the UNSC was in 1979 Myanmar Asia - Pacific Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1824 to 4 January 1948 Nauru Asia - Pacific Was a United Nations Trust Territory administered by the United Kingdom , Australia , and New Zealand from 1 January 1946 to 31 January 1968 Palau Asia - Pacific Was part of the League of Nations South Pacific Mandate under Japanese administration from 28 June 1919 to 17 July 1947 , then part of the United Nations Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands under the administration of the United States from 17 July 1947 to 1 October 1994 Papua New Guinea Asia - Pacific Was administered by Australia in the case of the Territory of Papua from 1905 , the Territory of New Guinea as a League of Nations mandate from 1919 and as a unified Territory of Papua and New Guinea from 1949 until 16 September 1975 Saint Kitts and Nevis GRULAC Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1713 to 19 September 1983 Saint Lucia GRULAC Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1803 to 22 February 1979 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines GRULAC Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1783 to 27 October 1979 Samoa Asia - Pacific Was a League of Nations mandate under the administration of New Zealand from 17 December 1920 to 25 January 1947 , then a United Nations Trust Territory under the administration of New Zealand from 25 January 1947 to 1 January 1962 San Marino WEOG São Tomé and Príncipe African São Tomé and Príncipe was a colony of Portugal from 1471 to 12 July 1975 , but Portugal 's first term on the UNSC was in 1979 Saudi Arabia Asia - Pacific Saudi Arabia was elected in the 2013 election , but declined the seat . Serbia E. European Was part of Yugoslavia from 31 January 1946 to 27 April 1992 FR Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro E. European Was part of Yugoslavia from 29 November 1943 to 27 April 1992 Seychelles African Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 29 June 1976 Solomon Islands Asia - Pacific Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1893 to 7 July 1978 South Sudan African Was part of Sudan from the country 's independence from the United Kingdom and Egypt on 1 January 1956 to 9 July 2011 Suriname GRULAC Was a colony of the Netherlands from 1667 to 25 November 1975 Swaziland African Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1902 to 6 September 1968 Switzerland WEOG Tajikistan Asia - Pacific Was part of the Soviet Union from 14 October 1924 to 25 December 1991 Tanganyika Commonwealth Seat Was a League of Nations mandate under the administration of the United Kingdom from 20 July 1922 to 11 December 1946 , then a United Nations Trust Territory under the administration of the United Kingdom until 9 December 1962 , then independent until federation with Zanzibar to form Tanzania Timor - Leste Asia - Pacific During the existence of the United Nations , Timor Leste has been a colony of Portugal ( until 28 November 1975 ) and occupied by Indonesia ( until 1999 ) ; Indonesia was a Security Council member in 1995 - 6 . Tonga Asia - Pacific Was a protectorate of the United Kingdom from 18 May 1900 to 4 June 1970 Turkmenistan Asia - Pacific Was part of the Soviet Union from 13 May 1925 to 8 December 1991 Tuvalu Asia - Pacific Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1892 to 1 October 1978 Uzbekistan Asia - Pacific Was part of the Soviet Union from 13 May 1925 to 25 December 1991 Vanuatu Asia - Pacific Was a Condominium under joint sovereignty of the United Kingdom and France from 1906 to 30 July 1980 Zanzibar Commonwealth Seat Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 27 August 1896 to 10 December 1963 , then independent until federation with Tanganyika to form Tanzania on 26 April 1964 . See also ( edit ) United Nations portal United Nations Regional Groups Member states of the United Nations List of members of the United Nations Economic and Social Council List of members of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights Notes ( edit ) ^ `` Asian group of nations at UN changes its name to Asia - Pacific group '' , Radio New Zealand International , 2011 - 08 - 31 . ^ The Eastern Europe group included Asian countries from 1956 onwards . ^ Liberia took the place of the Western European country in 1961 ^ Morocco took the place of the Middle Eastern country in 1963 -- 1964 . ^ Côte d'Ivoire took the place of a member of the Commonwealth in 1964 -- 1965 . ^ At the time of election , and until August 1984 , the country was known as Republic of Upper Volta . ^ The election was secured by South Yemen , and in May 1990 , during its membership of the Security Council , it unified with North Yemen to form the single country of Yemen . ^ Table shows years completed or in progress . Each term on the Council consist of 2 years . Any odd number of years are countries currently serving the first year of a term , countries with terms between 1956 and 1967 , when the order of the council changed , or the three countries ( Mexico , Egypt and the Netherlands ) who had the first terms in 1946 and changed in 1947 . ^ Liberia retired after one year following an agreement reached on the 15th Session . Ireland was elected for the remainder of the two - year term . ^ Not a member of any regional group until joining the WEOG in 2000 . Crossette , Barbara ( 3 December 1999 ) . `` Membership in Key Group Within U.N. Eludes Israel '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 17 April 2011 . ^ As of May 2006 , Kiribati is not a member of any regional group . ^ Montenegro was also part of FR Yugoslavia and of Serbia and Montenegro from 27 April 1992 to 5 June 2006 , but these entities were not members of the Security Council . ^ Serbia was also part of FR Yugoslavia and of Serbia and Montenegro from 27 April 1992 to 5 June 2006 , but these entities were not members of the Security Council . References ( edit ) ^ `` Republic of Italy and Kingdom of the Netherlands agree to split membership of UN Security Council 2017 - 2018 '' . Government of the Netherlands . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . ^ `` Italy , Netherlands ask to share Security Council seat '' . Al Jazeera . June 28 , 2016 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . ^ The United Nations Security Council , The Green Papers Worldwide ^ Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics . Official Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia No. 47 -- 1961 . Aust . Bureau of Statistics . p. 1143 . GGKEY : 5SX8QTW3P5T . Retrieved 21 August 2012 . ^ `` India 's troubled Security Council bid '' . The Daily Star . 22 October 2013 . Retrieved 28 April 2014 . ^ Ankit Kumar . `` CHOOSING BETWEEN ALLIES AND UNSC SEAT : INDIA 'S CATCH 22 SITUATION '' ( PDF ) . Centre for Air Power studies . Retrieved 28 April 2014 . ^ Cite error : The named reference ASEAN Statement was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . ^ `` Viet Nam makes bilateral leap with Ukraine towards prosperity '' . Viet Nam News . 17 November 2012 . Retrieved 21 August 2013 . ^ `` Estonian Security Policy '' . Estonian Embassy in Stockholm . 1 March 2011 . Retrieved 21 August 2013 . ^ Cite error : The named reference Commonwealth was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . ^ `` Department of Foreign Affairs '' . Irelandunnewyork.org . Archived from the original on 9 March 2012 . ^ `` Norway and the United Nations : Common Future , Common Solutions '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Norway . Retrieved 21 August 2013 . ^ `` Switzerland 's candidature for a non-permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council for the 2023 - 2024 term '' ( PDF ) . Swiss Federal Council . 5 June 2015 . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . ^ `` Trudeau unveils Canada 's plan to seek 2021 UN Security Council seat '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . 16 March 2016 . Retrieved 16 March 2016 . ^ `` Security Council Elections : Options after Saudi Arabia Rejects its Seat '' . What 's in Blue ? . 18 October 2013 . Retrieved 18 October 2013 . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 22 March 2012 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 22 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ `` Secretary - General , Opening Annual General Debate , Urges World Leaders to Tackle Global Challenges Decisively for Sake of Future Generations '' . United Nations . 21 September 2011 . Retrieved 7 September 2013 . ^ `` Swiss aim for UN Security Council in 2023 -- 24 . -- swissinfo '' . Swissinfo.ch. 12 January 2011 . ^ `` Speech of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Tajikistan H.E. Mr. Sirodjidin Aslov at the 41st session of the Council of the OIC Member States Foreign Ministers '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Tajikistan. 20 June 2014 . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . ^ ( 1 ) ^ `` Dombrovskis and UN secretary general discuss UN priorities and Latvia 's interests '' . The Baltic Course. 16 May 2013 . Retrieved 28 September 2013 . ^ `` Minister Describes Use of Force to Address Problems as ' Ineffective , Meaningless and Destructive ' , on Fourth Day of General Assembly 's Annual Debate '' . United Nations . 27 September 2013 . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . ^ `` Non-Permanent Member of the Security Council 2027 - 2028 '' . Permanent Mission of Portugal to the United Nations . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . ^ `` Seoul to push to win nonpermanent UNSC seat for 2028 - 29 '' . Yonhap New Agency . 19 February 2014 . Retrieved 1 May 2014 . ^ `` RESOLUTION NO. 6 / 42 - ORG ON CANDIDACIES SUBMITTED BY OIC MEMBER STATES FOR POSTS IN INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS '' . Organization of Islamic Cooperation. 28 May 2015 . Retrieved 23 September 2016 . ^ `` General Debate Statement by The Hon Julie Bishop MP Minister of Foreign Affairs of Australia '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . 29 September 2015 . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . ^ `` MVP RH '' . Un.mfa.hr . ^ `` Uruguay and Armenia support each other at UN Security Council '' . News.am. 8 December 2014 . Retrieved 28 March 2015 . ^ Tadić : Kandidovaćemo se za poziciju u Savetu bezbednosti Archived 6 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine . ^ `` Countries never elected members of the Security Council '' . United Nations . 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where is the ball placed for an extra point			Conversion ( gridiron football )	conversion ( gridiron football )	The conversion , try ( American football , also known as a point ( s ) after touchdown , PAT , or extra point ) , or convert ( Canadian football ) occurs immediately after a touchdown during which the scoring team is allowed to attempt to score one extra point by kicking the ball through the uprights in the manner of a field goal , or two points by bringing the ball into the end zone in the manner of a touchdown ; depending on league rules , one point may also be scored by manner of a safety .	Attempts at a try or convert are scrimmage plays , with the ball initially placed at any point between the hash marks , at the option of the team making the attempt . The yard line that attempts are made from depends on the league and the type of try or convert being attempted . If the try or convert is scored by kicking the ball through the uprights , the team gets an additional one point for their touchdown , bringing their total for that score from six points to seven . If two points are needed or desired , a two - point conversion may be attempted by running or passing from scrimmage . A successful touchdown conversion brings the score 's total to eight . Whether a team goes for one or two points , most rules regarding scrimmage downs , including scoring touchdowns and field goals , apply as if it were a normal American fourth - down or Canadian third - down play . Exceptions , including cases where the defense forces a turnover during a conversion attempt , vary between leagues and levels of play . One thing that sets the try apart from other plays in the NFL is that , apart from the actual points , ordinary statistics are not recorded on the try as they would be on a regular scrimmage play . For example , on December 4 , 2016 , Eric Berry of the Kansas City Chiefs made an interception on a try and physically returned it 99 yards for a defensive two - point conversion . However , because it occurred on a try , Berry did not get statistical credit for the 99 yards of return yardage . Nor would a player ever be credited with passing , rushing , or receiving yardage on a try . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Duration of the play 3 Differences between leagues 3.1 Pre-2015 3.2 2015 -- present 3.3 Special overtime rules 4 Other leagues 5 See also 6 References History ( edit ) `` A goal from touchdown . '' The try / convert is among the oldest parts of the game of gridiron football and dates to its rugby roots . In its earliest days , scoring a touchdown was not the primary objective but a means of getting a free kick at the goal ( hence why the name `` try '' , more commonly associated with rugby today , is still used in American football rule books ) , and thus early scoring rubrics for the game gave more points to the subsequent kick than the actual advancement of the ball over the goal line . The related term `` conversion '' is still used in both rugby union and rugby league to refer to extra points scored by kicking the ball through the posts after a try has been scored . By the start of the 20th century , touchdowns had become more important and the roles of touchdown and kick were reversed . By this time the point value for the after - touchdown kick had reduced to its current one - point value while the touchdown was now worth five . ( This later increased to six points in American football in 1912 and in Canadian football in 1956 . ) For much of the 20th century , a one - point conversion could be scored either by kick or by way of a scrimmage play . Beginning in 1958 , the scrimmage play method of scoring became worth two points ( a two - point conversion ) . While the American Football League adopted the college rule throughout its existence ( as did the United States Football League throughout its existence in the 1980s ) , other professional leagues did not follow suit ; all levels of Canadian football did so in 1975 , and the National Football League did not do so until 1994 . Although a successful kick is only worth one point with a very high rate of success , missed or blocked attempts can decide the outcome of the game . Perhaps the most famous example to this was the 2003 game between the New Orleans Saints and Jacksonville Jaguars where , after scoring a touchdown as time expired as a result of the multiple - lateral River City Relay , Saints kicker John Carney missed the extra point , giving the Jaguars a 20 - 19 victory . On November 11 , 1979 , the New York Jets lost to the Buffalo Bills 14 - 12 -- the difference coming from two missed extra points by place kicker Toni Linhart . Linhart , who had been cut earlier in the 1979 season by the Baltimore Colts and was signed by the Jets to fill in for the injured Pat Leahy , never played another game in the NFL . Central Michigan lines up for a PAT . Another 2003 game , this one between the Carolina Panthers and Tampa Bay Buccaneers , was sent to overtime after what would have been a game - winning extra point was blocked ; the Panthers won the game in overtime 12 - 9 . A 2005 game between the Green Bay Packers and Tampa Bay Buccaneers is another notable exception , as the Buccaneers won 17 - 16 , the difference being Ryan Longwell missing an extra point after a Packers touchdown . In the 2016 AFC Championship Game , New England Patriots placekicker Stephen Gostkowski missed an extra point in the first quarter , keeping the score at 7 -- 6 in favor of the Denver Broncos . The Patriots were forced to go for two when they scored a touchdown late in the fourth quarter . The two - point try was intercepted , putting the Broncos in Super Bowl 50 with a 20 -- 18 victory . The CFL and NFL both made major changes to the rules governing conversions prior to their respective 2015 seasons , reducing and eliminating some of the differences between the two leagues in the process as discussed below . Duration of the play ( edit ) In American high school football ( in most states ) , the play is over once the ball becomes dead or the defense takes possession . In many other levels of football , including the CFL , NFL , and American college football , the play continues after a turnover to the defense . This allows the defense to return the ball to the opponent 's end zone for two points and also allows for a one - point safety . Two states , Texas and Massachusetts , play high school football under NCAA rules and thus allow the defense to score on an extra-point attempt . Differences between leagues ( edit ) In American high school and college football , the line of scrimmage is the three - yard line . In American football , the game clock does not run during an extra-point attempt , except for some rare circumstances at the high - school level ( some state associations allow for the clock to run continuously in the second half if one team is leading the other by a large margin ) and for arena football , which runs the clock continuously except during the final minute of each half and overtime . In Canadian football , the clock runs during a conversion attempt except during the last three minutes of each half . Pre-2015 ( edit ) Prior to the 2015 season , the NFL used the two - yard line for all conversion ( P.A.T. ) attempts . In Canadian football , the line of scrimmage was from the five - yard line . San Francisco 49ers kicker Joe Nedney prepares to kick an extra point with punter Andy Lee as the holder , 2008 In the NFL , the conversion was required after a touchdown scored during the regulation game ( i.e. , not overtime ) , because point differential is used for some tiebreakers in the standings . Rarely , this can result in such an attempt having to be made at the end of the game when it can not change the outcome of the game ; two of the best - known examples of this occurred after the winning touchdown by the Philadelphia Eagles in the December 19 , 2010 game known as the Miracle at the New Meadowlands and after the controversial game - winning touchdown by the Seattle Seahawks on September 24 , 2012 . If the game is in sudden death overtime , the extra-point attempt is omitted if the winning score is a touchdown . In American high school and college football , it is likewise omitted following a touchdown on the game 's final play if a successful conversion attempt can not change the outcome of the game . There is , however , one notable exception in college football because the defense can also score two points on a return of a conversion try ( and theoretically score a one - point safety ) and the NCAA rules state that the conversion try must be run if any subsequent scoring on the play could impact the outcome of the game . Therefore , if a team scores to take the lead by one or two points as time expires , they must still attempt the conversion , although most teams will simply opt to take a knee to prevent the risk of the defense scoring . For example , on October 24 , 2009 , Iowa scored as time expired to take a 15 -- 13 lead over Michigan State . Making the conversion would have made no difference in Iowa winning the game , but Iowa still had to attempt it , so Ricky Stanzi simply knelt down , as a return by Michigan State would have tied the game and forced overtime . In Canadian football , the scoring team is entitled to a conversion play after scoring with no time on the clock , but may choose to waive it if they feel it is not needed . Because head - to - head points scored is used as a tiebreaker in the standings between teams , they often choose to take it if is against a division opponent with whom a tie in the standings is possible . As in U.S. college football , Canadian football allows defenses to score two points for the successful return of a convert attempt . 2015 -- present ( edit ) The CFL and NFL both implemented major changes to how conversions were attempted starting with their respective 2015 seasons . In the CFL , the line of scrimmage for a kick attempt moved back 20 yards to the 25 - yard line while the line of scrimmage for a two - point attempt moved forward two yards to the three - yard line . In the NFL , the line of scrimmage for a kick attempt moved back 13 yards to the 15 - yard line , effectively placing the ball the same distance from the goalposts as in the CFL . The line of scrimmage for a two - point attempt remained at the two - yard line . However , NFL defenses became able to run back failed conversion attempts for a two - point score . On December 6 , 2015 , New Orleans Saints linebacker Stephone Anthony became the first player in NFL history to do so , after New Orleans blocked an extra-point kick by the Carolina Panthers . Finally , the NFL adopted the CFL rule allowing teams to waive `` unnecessary '' extra point attempts at the end of the game . Among the first prominent uses of this rule was following the Miracle in Motown Hail Mary pass by Green Bay Packers quarterback Aaron Rodgers ; the Packers elected not to attempt the extra point , settling instead for a 27 - 23 win over the Detroit Lions . As expected , the 2015 rule changes increased the frequency of two - point conversion attempts , from a rate of about five percent to about eight percent , much of that increase coming from the Pittsburgh Steelers alone . Special overtime rules ( edit ) In most cases in gridiron football , one point may be scored following a touchdown -- bringing the total value of the touchdown to seven points -- by place kicking the ball through the uprights . Exceptions occurs in overtime in some leagues . In American college football , if the game reaches the third or subsequent period of overtime , no further one - point kicks are allowed -- only two - point conversions . In the CFL , one - point ( kicking ) converts are not available in overtime ; all convert attempts must be for two - point ( rushing or passing ) converts . Other leagues ( edit ) In 1968 , the AFL and NFL eliminated the extra-point kick for interleague preseason games , allowing only one - point scrimmage plays . The World Football League and XFL did the same in their short lives , though the XFL later implemented a variable system that allowed increasing point values for increasing the distance to the end zone on the attempt for its playoffs ; that system was later adopted by the Stars Football League and , in a reduced form , the Legends Football League . The CFL proposed to test the variable - distance scoring system during the 2015 preseason , but the proposal was rejected . In arena football , two points can also be scored by means of a drop - kicked field goal . Some youth football leagues turn the scoring upside - down to an extent , scoring one point for a running touchdown and two points for either a passing touchdown or field goal ; six - man football follows a similar convention that rewards one point for a pass or run and two points for a kick . See also ( edit ) American football Comparison of American and Canadian football # Points after touchdown Glossary of American football References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kerkhoff , Blair ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` Eric Berry 's ' pick - two ' is a phantom on stats sheet '' . The Kansas City Star . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay Buccaneers at Green Bay Packers -- September 25th , 2005 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com. 2005 - 09 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Gostkowski 's broken extra point streak proves costly '' . espn.go.com. 2016 - 01 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ Forums.nfhs.org Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` NFL moves extra point to 15 - yard line for 2015 season '' . National Football League . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Eric D. ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` NFL changes PAT rule for 2015 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dabe , Christopher ( December 6 , 2015 ) . `` Stephone Anthony makes NFL history with return of blocked kick for 2 - point conversion '' . nola.com . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stuart , Chase ( 15 November 2016 ) . `` More NFL Teams Are Going For Two -- Just As They Should Be '' . FiveThirtyEight . Retrieved 21 December 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/20/sports/football/pittsburgh-steelers-two-point-conversion.html Jump up ^ Volk , Pete ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` How does college football overtime work ? A quick explainer , plus a video version '' . Sports Blog Nation . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Section 8 -- Tie Game '' . Canadian Football League Database . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.lflus.com/lfl-101 Gridiron football concepts Codes American Glossary History Early Modern Rules Canadian American -- Canadian comparison Burnside rules Glossary Arena Indoor 9 - man 8 - man 6 - man Flag Touch Street / Backyard Powderpuff Wheelchair Rules of gridiron football codes Levels of play Youth / midget Pop Warner AYF High school Varsity Junior varsity College Club Sprint Semi-pro Professional Practice squad Women 's International Field Lines Yard lines Hash marks Goal line Sidelines Line of scrimmage Field goal range Spaces End zone Red zone Neutral zone Coffin corner Flat Gap Hole Pocket Scoring Touchdown One - point conversion Two - point conversion Field goal Safety Single ( rouge ) Turnovers Fumble Interception Muffed punt Turnover on downs Downs First down Three - and - out Fourth down conversion Dead ball Play clock Timeout Kneel Spike Time warnings 3 min . 2 min . 1 min . Clock management Running out the clock Untimed play Garbage time Statistics Carry Completion Rushing yards Passing yards Passer rating Total quarterback rating Reception Receiving yards Pass deflected Sack Return yards Total offense Yards after catch Yards from scrimmage All - purpose yardage Touchdown pass Practice Two - a-days Oklahoma drill Three - cone drill Film session Officiating Official ( American , Canadian ) Chain crew Penalty Penalty flag Instant replay Miscellaneous Ball Coaching tree Concussions Equipment 12th man Letterman Overtime Running up the score Touchdown celebration Gatorade shower Tuck rule Uniform number Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conversion_(gridiron_football)&oldid=814940817 '' Categories : American football plays Canadian football terminology Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Italiano Polski Português Српски / srpski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 20 : 16 . 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what is the genre of the wizard of oz	The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Original title page Author L. Frank Baum Illustrator W.W. Denslow Country United States Language English Series The Oz books Genre Fantasy , children 's novel Publisher George M. Hill Company Publication date May 17 , 1900 OCLC 9506808 Followed by The Marvelous Land of Oz		The Wonderful Wizard of Oz	the wonderful wizard of oz	The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( / ɑː z / ) is an American children 's novel written by author L. Frank Baum and illustrated by W.W. Denslow , originally published by the George M. Hill Company in Chicago on May 17 , 1900 . It has since been reprinted on numerous occasions , most often under the title The Wizard of Oz , which is the title of the popular 1902 Broadway musical adaptation as well as the iconic 1939 musical film adaptation . The franchise as a whole has EGOT - ed , meaning it has won the four biggest awards of American show business .	The story chronicles the adventures of a young farm girl named Dorothy in the magical Land of Oz , after she and her pet dog Toto are swept away from their Kansas home by a cyclone . The novel is one of the best - known stories in American literature and has been widely translated . The Library of Congress has declared it `` America 's greatest and best - loved homegrown fairytale '' . Its groundbreaking success and the success of the Broadway musical adapted from the novel led Baum to write thirteen additional Oz books that serve as official sequels to the first story . Baum dedicated the book `` to my good friend & comrade , My Wife '' , Maud Gage Baum . In January 1901 , George M. Hill Company completed printing the first edition , a total of 10,000 copies , which quickly sold out . The Wonderful Wizard of Oz sold three million copies by the time it entered the public domain in 1956 . 1900 first edition cover , George M. Hill , Chicago , New York Back cover Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication 2 Plot 3 Illustration and design 4 Sources of images and ideas 4.1 The Land of Oz and other locations 4.2 Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland 4.3 American fantasy story 4.4 Baum 's personal life 4.5 Influence of Denslow 4.6 Allusions to 19th - century America 5 Cultural impact 6 Critical response 7 Editions 8 Sequels 9 Adaptations 10 See also 11 Notes and references 12 External links Publication ( edit ) The book was published by George M. Hill Company . Its first edition had a printing of 10,000 copies and was sold in advance of the publication date of September 1 , 1900 . On May 17 , 1900 , the first copy of the book came off the press ; Baum assembled it by hand and presented it to his sister Mary Louise Baum Brewster . The public saw the book for the first time at a book fair at the Palmer House in Chicago , July 5 -- 20 . The book 's copyright was registered on August 1 ; full distribution followed in September . By October 1900 , the first edition had already sold out and the second edition of 15,000 copies was nearly depleted . In a letter to his brother Harry , Baum wrote that the book 's publisher George M. Hill predicted a sale of about 250,000 copies . In spite of this favorable conjecture , Hill did not initially predict that the book would be phenomenally successful . He agreed to publish the book only when the manager of the Chicago Grand Opera House Fred R. Hamlin committed to making The Wonderful Wizard of Oz into a musical stage play to publicize the novel . The play The Wizard of Oz debuted on June 16 , 1902 . It was revised to suit adult preferences and was crafted as a `` musical extravaganza '' , with the costumes modeled after Denslow 's drawings . Hill 's publishing company became bankrupt in 1901 , so Baum and Denslow agreed to have the Indianapolis - based Bobbs - Merrill Company resume publishing the novel . Baum 's son Harry Neal told the Chicago Tribune in 1944 that L. Frank told his children `` whimsical stories before they became material for his books '' . Harry called his father the `` swellest man I knew '' , a man who was able to give a decent reason as to why black birds cooked in a pie could afterwards get out and sing . By 1938 , more than one million copies of the book had been printed . Less than two decades later in 1956 , the sales of his novel had grown to three million copies in print . Plot ( edit ) Dorothy is a young girl who lives with her Aunt Em and Uncle Henry and her little dog Toto on a farm in the Kansas prairie . One day , Dorothy and Toto are caught up in a cyclone that deposits her farmhouse into Munchkin Country in the magical Land of Oz . The falling house has killed the Wicked Witch of the East , the evil ruler of the Munchkins . The Good Witch of the North arrives with three grateful Munchkins and gives Dorothy the magical Silver Shoes that once belonged to the Wicked Witch . The Good Witch tells Dorothy that the only way she can return home is to go to the Emerald City and ask the great and powerful Wizard of Oz to help her . As Dorothy embarks on her journey , the Good Witch of the North kisses her on the forehead , giving her magical protection from harm . On her way down the yellow brick road , Dorothy attends a banquet held by a Munchkin man named Boq . The next day , Dorothy frees the Scarecrow from the pole on which he is hanging , applies oil from a can to the rusted connections of the Tin Woodman , and meets the Cowardly Lion . The Scarecrow wants a brain , the Tin Woodman wants a heart , and the Cowardly Lion wants courage , so Dorothy encourages the three of them to journey with her and Toto to the Emerald City to ask for help from the Wizard . After several adventures , the travelers enter the gates of the Emerald City and meet the Guardian of the Gates , who asks them to wear green tinted spectacles to keep their eyes from being blinded by the city 's brilliance . Each one is called to see the Wizard . The Wizard appears to Dorothy as a giant head on a marble throne , to the Scarecrow as a lovely lady in silk gauze , to the Tin Woodman as a terrible beast , and to the Cowardly Lion as a ball of fire . The Wizard agrees to help them all if they kill the Wicked Witch of the West , who rules over Oz 's Winkie Country . The Guardian warns them that no one has ever managed to defeat the witch . The Wicked Witch of the West sees the travelers approaching with her one telescopic eye . She sends a pack of wolves to tear them to pieces , but the Tin Woodman kills them with his axe . She sends wild crows to peck their eyes out , but the Scarecrow kills them by breaking their necks . She summons a swarm of black bees to sting them , but they are killed trying to sting the Tin Woodman while the Scarecrow 's straw hides the other three . She sends her Winkie soldiers to attack them , but the Cowardly Lion stands firm to repel them . Finally , she uses the power of the Golden Cap to send the winged monkeys to capture Dorothy , Toto , and the Cowardly Lion , unstuff the Scarecrow , and dent the Tin Woodman . Dorothy is forced to become the Wicked Witch 's personal slave , while the witch schemes to steal Dorothy 's Silver Shoes . The Wicked Witch melts , from the W.W. Denslow illustration of the first edition ( 1900 ) . The Wicked Witch successfully tricks Dorothy out of one of her Silver Shoes . Angered , Dorothy throws a bucket of water at her and is shocked to see the witch melt away . The Winkies rejoice at being freed of the witch 's tyranny and help restuff the Scarecrow and mend the Tin Woodman . They ask the Tin Woodman to become their ruler , which he agrees to do after helping Dorothy return to Kansas . Dorothy finds the Golden Cap and summons the Winged Monkeys to carry her and her companions back to the Emerald City . The King of the Winged Monkeys tells how he and the other monkeys are bound by an enchantment to the cap by the sorceress Gayelette from the North , and that Dorothy may use the cap to summon the Winged Monkeys two more times . When Dorothy and her friends meet the Wizard of Oz again , Toto tips over a screen in a corner of the throne room that reveals the Wizard . He sadly explains he is a humbug -- an ordinary old man who , by a hot air balloon , came to Oz long ago from Omaha . The Wizard provides the Scarecrow with a head full of bran , pins , and needles ( `` a lot of bran - new brains '' ) , the Tin Woodman with a silk heart stuffed with sawdust , and the Cowardly Lion a potion of `` courage '' . Their faith in the Wizard 's power gives these items a focus for their desires . The Wizard decides to take Dorothy and Toto home and leave the Emerald City . At the send - off , he appoints the Scarecrow to rule in his stead , which he agrees to do after Dorothy returns to Kansas . Toto chases a kitten in the crowd and Dorothy goes after him , but the tethers of the balloon break and the Wizard floats away . Dorothy summons the Winged Monkeys to carry her and Toto home , but they explain they can not cross the desert surrounding Oz . The Soldier with the Green Whiskers informs Dorothy that Glinda the Good Witch of the South may be able to help her return home , so the friends begin their journey to see Glinda , who lives in Oz 's Quadling Country . On the way , the Cowardly Lion kills a giant spider who is terrorizing the animals in a forest . The animals ask the Cowardly Lion to become their king , which he agrees to do after helping Dorothy return to Kansas . Dorothy summons the Winged Monkeys a third time to fly them over a mountain to Glinda 's palace . Glinda greets the travelers and reveals that the Silver Shoes Dorothy wears can take her anywhere she wishes to go . Dorothy embraces her friends , all of whom will be returned to their new kingdoms through Glinda 's three uses of the Golden Cap : the Scarecrow to the Emerald City , the Tin Woodman to the Winkie Country , and the Lion to the forest ; after which the cap shall be given to the King of the Winged Monkeys , freeing them . Dorothy takes Toto in her arms , knocks her heels together three times , and wishes to return home . Instantly , she begins whirling through the air and rolling through the grass of the Kansas prairie , up to her Kansas farmhouse . Dorothy runs to her Aunt Em , saying `` I 'm so glad to be at home again ! '' Illustration and design ( edit ) The book was illustrated by Baum 's friend and collaborator W.W. Denslow , who also co-held the copyright . The design was lavish for the time , with illustrations on many pages , backgrounds in different colors , and several color plate illustrations . In September 1900 , The Grand Rapids Herald wrote that Denslow 's illustrations are `` quite as much of the story as in the writing '' . The editorial opined that had it not been for Denslow 's pictures , the readers would be unable to picture precisely the figures of Dorothy , Toto , and the other characters . The distinctive look led to imitators at the time , most notably Eva Katherine Gibson 's Zauberlinda , the Wise Witch , which mimicked both the typography and the illustration design of Oz . The typeface was the newly designed Monotype Old Style . Denslow 's illustrations were so well known that merchants of many products obtained permission to use them to promote their wares . The forms of the Scarecrow , the Tin Woodman , the Cowardly Lion , the Wizard , and Dorothy were made into rubber and metal sculptures . Costume jewelry , mechanical toys , and soap were also designed using their figures . A new edition of the book appeared in 1944 , with illustrations by Evelyn Copelman . Although it was claimed that the new illustrations were based on Denslow 's originals , they more closely resemble the characters as seen in the famous 1939 film version of Baum 's book . Sources of images and ideas ( edit ) Dorothy meets the Cowardly Lion , from the first edition Baum acknowledged the influence of the Brothers Grimm and Hans Christian Andersen , which he was deliberately revising in his `` American fairy tales '' to include the wonder without the horrors . The Land of Oz and other locations ( edit ) Local legend has it that Oz , also known as The Emerald City , was inspired by a prominent castle - like building in the community of Castle Park near Holland , Michigan , where Baum lived during the summer . The yellow brick road was derived from a road at that time paved by yellow bricks . These bricks were located in Peekskill , New York , where Baum attended the Peekskill Military Academy . Baum scholars often refer to the 1893 Chicago World 's Fair ( the `` White City '' ) as an inspiration for the Emerald City . Other legends suggest that the inspiration came from the Hotel Del Coronado near San Diego , California . Baum was a frequent guest at the hotel and had written several of the Oz books there . In a 1903 interview with Publishers Weekly , Baum said that the name `` OZ '' came from his file cabinet labeled `` O -- Z '' . Some critics have suggested that Baum may have been inspired by Australia , a relatively new country at the time of the book 's original publication . Australia is often colloquially spelled or referred to ( though not by Australians themselves ) as `` Oz '' . Furthermore , in Ozma of Oz ( 1907 ) , Dorothy gets back to Oz as the result of a storm at sea while she and Uncle Henry are traveling by ship to Australia . Like Australia , Oz is an island continent somewhere to the west of California with inhabited regions bordering on a great desert . One might imagine that Baum intended Oz to be Australia , or perhaps a magical land in the center of the great Australian desert . Alice 's adventures in Wonderland ( edit ) Another influence lay in Lewis Carroll 's Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland . A September 1900 review in the Grand Rapids Herald called The Wonderful Wizard of Oz a `` veritable Alice in Wonderland brought up to the present day standard of juvenile literature '' . Baum found Carroll 's plots incoherent , but he identified the books ' source of popularity as Alice herself , a child with whom the child readers could identify ; this influenced his choice of a protagonist . Baum was also influenced by Carroll 's belief that children 's books should have many pictures and be pleasurable to read . Carroll rejected the Victorian - era ideology that children 's books should be saturated with morals , instead believing that children should be allowed to be children . Building on Carroll 's style of numerous images accompanying the text , Baum combined the conventional features of a fairy tale ( witches and wizards ) with the well - known things in his readers ' lives ( scarecrows and cornfields ) . American fantasy story ( edit ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is considered the first American fairy tale because of its references to clear American locations such as Kansas and Omaha . Baum agreed with authors such as Carroll that fantasy literature was important for children , along with numerous illustrations , but he also wanted to create a story that had recognizable American elements in it , such as farming and industrialization . Baum 's personal life ( edit ) Many of the characters , props , and ideas in the novel were drawn from Baum 's experiences . As a child , Baum frequently had nightmares of a scarecrow pursuing him across a field . Moments before the scarecrow 's `` ragged hay fingers '' nearly gripped his neck , it would fall apart before his eyes . Decades later , as an adult , Baum integrated his tormentor into the novel as the Scarecrow . According to his son Harry , the Tin Woodman was born from Baum 's attraction to window displays . He wished to make something captivating for the window displays , so he used an eclectic assortment of scraps to craft a striking figure . From a washboiler he made a body , from bolted stovepipes he made arms and legs , and from the bottom of a saucepan he made a face . Baum then placed a funnel hat on the figure , which ultimately became the Tin Woodman . John D. Rockefeller was the nemesis of Baum 's father , an oil baron who declined to purchase Standard Oil shares in exchange for selling his own oil refinery . Baum scholar Evan I. Schwartz posited that Rockefeller inspired one of the Wizard 's numerous faces . In one scene in the novel , the Wizard is seen as a `` tyrannical , hairless head '' . When Rockefeller was 54 years old , the medical condition alopecia caused him to lose every strand of hair on his head , making people fearful of speaking to him . In the early 1880s , Baum 's play Matches was being performed when a `` flicker from a kerosene lantern sparked the rafters '' , causing the Baum opera house to be consumed by flames . Scholar Evan I. Schwartz suggested that this might have inspired the Scarecrow 's severest terror : `` There is only one thing in the world I am afraid of . A lighted match . '' In 1890 , Baum lived in Aberdeen , which was experiencing a drought , and he wrote a witty story in his `` Our Landlady '' column in Aberdeen 's The Saturday Pioneer about a farmer who gave green goggles to his horses , causing them to believe that the wood chips that they were eating were pieces of grass . Similarly , the Wizard made the people in the Emerald City wear green goggles so that they would believe that their city was built from emeralds . During Baum 's short stay in Aberdeen , the dissemination of myths about the plentiful West continued . However , the West , instead of being a wonderland , turned into a wasteland because of a drought and a depression . In 1891 , Baum moved his family from South Dakota to Chicago . At that time , Chicago was getting ready for the World 's Columbian Exposition in 1893 . Scholar Laura Barrett stated that Chicago was `` considerably more akin to Oz than to Kansas '' . After discovering that the myths about the West 's incalculable riches were baseless , Baum created `` an extension of the American frontier in Oz '' . In many respects , Baum 's creation is similar to the actual frontier save for the fact that the West was still undeveloped at the time . The Munchkins Dorothy encounters at the beginning of the novel represent farmers , as do the Winkies she later meets . Baum 's wife frequently visited her niece , Dorothy Louise Gage . The infant became gravely sick and died on November 11 , 1898 , from `` congestion of the brain '' at exactly five months . When the baby , whom Maud adored as the daughter she never had , died , she was devastated and needed to consume medicine . To assuage her distress , Frank made his protagonist of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz a female named Dorothy . Uncle Henry was modeled after Henry Gage , his wife Maud 's father . Bossed around by his wife Matilda , Henry rarely dissented with her . He flourished in business , though , and his neighbors looked up to him . Likewise , Uncle Henry was a `` passive but hard - working man '' who `` looked stern and solemn , and rarely spoke '' . The witches in the novel were influenced by witch - hunting research gathered by Baum 's mother - in - law , Matilda . The stories of barbarous acts against accused witches scared Baum . Two key events in the novel involve wicked witches who both meet their death through metaphorical means . Baum held different jobs , moved a lot , and was exposed to many people , so the inspiration for the story could have been taken from many different aspects of his life . In the introduction to the story , Baum writes that `` it aspires to being a modernized fairy tale , in which the wonderment and joy are retained and the heart - aches and nightmares are left out . '' This is one of the explanations that he gives for the inspiration for The Wonderful Wizard of Oz . Baum , a former salesman of china , wrote in chapter 20 about china that had sprung to life . Influence of Denslow ( edit ) The original illustrator of the novel , W.W. Denslow , could also have influenced the story and the way it has been interpreted . Baum and Denslow had a close working relationship and worked together to create the presentation of the story through the images and the text . Color is an important element of the story and is present throughout the images , with each chapter having a different color representation . Denslow also added characteristics to his drawings that Baum never described . For example , Denslow drew a house and the gates of the Emerald City with faces on them . In the later Oz books , John R. Neill , who illustrated all of the sequels , continued to include these faces on gates . Allusions to 19th - century America ( edit ) See also : Political interpretations of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Baum did not offer any conclusive proof that he intended his novel to be a political allegory . Historian Ranjit S. Dighe wrote that for 60 years after the book 's publication , `` virtually nobody '' had such an interpretation until Henry Littlefield , a high - school teacher . In his 1964 American Quarterly article , `` The Wizard of Oz : Parable on Populism '' , Littlefield posited that the book contained an allegory of the late 19th - century bimetallism debate regarding monetary policy . Not only did Baum draw inspiration from the American land around him , but he also created Oz to display an American utopia where the issues of the day were solved . There is little distinction between utopia and fairy - tale land . Baum believed that the imagination was the best tool for creating a striving society . In a later book in the Oz series , Baum writes : `` imaginations and dreams are likely to lead to the betterment of the world . The imaginative child will become the imaginative man or woman most apt to create , to invent and , therefore , to foster civilization . '' In this way , Baum wrote The Wonderful Wizard of Oz as a modern fairy tale depicting Oz as an American utopia that displays numerous allusions and solutions to issues in the late 19th and early 20th century . The realm of Oz very closely resembles the United States . It contains four countries , the Land of the North , East , West , and South , and the national capital , the Emerald City . The U.S. and its inhabitants are often divided into similar categories such as Midwestern , Southern , etc . These locations are also separated by an American color scheme that was relevant to the U.S. during the 19th century . The color blue represents the industrial East known for the blue - collar jobs . The South is red for the red earth it contains or the `` redneck '' inhabitants . Yellow describes the West , denoting the California gold rush . Finally , the Emerald City as Washington D.C. , denoting greenbacks and the money of the country . The villains of the story are the Wicked Witch of the West and the Wicked Witch of the East . The witches use their power to control and enslave their subjects . There was an equal balance between good and evil , and until this balance was altered , there could be no change or development in Oz . This standoff can be seen as an allusion between the different political parties in the U.S. The Wicked Witch of the West represents the American West , including the wealthy railroad , oil barons , and nature . The American West 's greatest weapon in the 19th century , though , was nature , most malignantly the drought . The effects lasted longer than any fire or twister , and a long enough drought could ruin a whole year 's worth of crops . Thus , water as the weapon to kill the Witch of the West is quite poetic . The brown mass the witch 's remains turn into resembles mud after a heavy storm . Dorothy even cleans the melted witch off the floor and her shoes as if she had walked through a rainy puddle . Baum 's Wicked Witch of the East has been suggested to represent Eastern financial and industrial interests , such as Wall Street , which oppresses the agricultural citizens . The Witch of the East enslaved her subjects much as industrialism was thought to enslave the working class in 19th - century Eastern America . Once Dorothy killed the Wicked Witch of the East the balance of power could be shifted . Both these groups opposed Populist efforts to move the U.S. to a bimetallic monetary standard since this would have devalued the dollar and made investments less valuable . Workers and poor farmers supported the move away from the gold standard , as this would have lessened their crushing debt burdens . The Populist party sought to build a coalition of Southern and Midwestern tenant farmers and Northern industrial workers . These groups are represented in the book by the Good Witches of the North and South . At the beginning of the novel , Dorothy is swept from her farm to Oz by a cyclone , which was frequently compared to the Free Silver movement in Baum 's time . The yellow brick road represents the gold standard , and the Silver Shoes , which enable Dorothy to travel more comfortably , symbolizes the Populist Party 's desire to construct a bimetallic standard of both gold and silver in place of the gold standard . `` Oz '' is the abbreviated form of ounce , a standard measure of gold . When Dorothy and the Scarecrow walk through the forest , the road begins to be rough and patchy , causing the Scarecrow to trip and fall numerous times . The Scarecrow 's falls on the yellow brick road resemble the damage farmers faced owing to deflation caused by the scarcity of gold . Dorothy , however , simply `` walks around '' the holes in the road , showing that the bimetallic standard works . Even when gold was scarce , the other metal in the bimetal system would be relatively cheap , therefore one bypasses deflation . Throughout the book , most of the characters do not know the magic behind the silver shoes . It is not until Dorothy meets Glinda , the good Witch of the South , that she finds out that the silver shoes have had the power to transfer her back to Kansas all along . Baum is possibly alluding to the fact that the bimetallic standard has been a working solution to the economic crisis all along , though no one knows how to do it . Once Dorothy clicks her heels three times , she returns to Kansas , where she realizes that `` The Silver Shoes had fallen off in her flight through the air , and were lost forever in the desert . '' The silver shoes were lost , much like the fight for the bimetallic standard , which began to fade away in 1900 . The Wizard is the national leader of Oz , thus it is fitting for him to symbolize the President ( s ) of the United States during the 19th century . Politicians have been known to have many faces ; it is a must if they want to be able to be everything for everyone . The Great and Terrible Wizard of Oz agrees to meet with each traveler separately , allowing him to alter his appearance to best fit each character . When the gang returns having completed the Wizard 's task , they discover that the Wizard is a fake and is actually just `` a common man '' who has made everyone believe he was powerful . The Scarecrow adds that he is a humbug , in which the Wizard gladly says that is he is exactly that . The Wizard made promises he could not keep , as did many 19th - century politicians . The Wizard later states : `` How can I help being a humbug ... when all these people make me do things that everyone knows ca n't be done , '' showing that he was able to deceive others because others were willing to be deceived . While journeying to the Emerald City , Dorothy encounters a scarecrow , who represents a farmer . The Scarecrow believes he is a fool , since his head is full of straw and not brains . Four years before the book 's release , William Allen White , a journalist from Chicago , published an article titled `` What 's the Matter With Kansas ? '' In the article White questions why Kansas is unsatisfied and sarcastically answers saying America needs `` fewer white shirts and brains '' , implying Western farmers were ignorant , lazy and bad businessmen . The Scarecrow shares this opinion and doubts himself , believing he is inferior without a brain . In the same year White published his article , William Jennings Bryan delivered his famous `` Cross of Gold speech '' at the 1896 Democratic Convention . Bryan fought for the farmers and argued against such accusations made by White , exclaiming : `` The farmer who goes forth in the morning and toils all day , begins in the spring and toils all summer , and by the application of brain and muscle to the natural resources of this country creates wealth , is as much a businessman as the man who goes upon the Board of Trade and bets upon the price of grain . '' Baum shares Bryan 's view on American farmers by showing that the Scarecrow is sharp and capable by his actions throughout the book . The book ends with `` farm interests achieving national importance '' and farmers ' true potential in politics being revealed once the illusion of ignorance has been removed . The next companion Dorothy meets on the yellow brick road is the Tin Woodman who has been cursed by the now deceased Wicked Witch of the East . He was once a hard worker yearning to earn money to start a family with a Munchkin girl . The witch enchanted his axe so that the Woodman chopped off each of his limbs and eventually his body . Each time a tinner healed the Woodman by replacing his body with tin , however once the Tin Woodman 's heart was removed he could no longer love . The Tin Woodman symbolizes the Eastern working man competing in an industrialized society . The 19th - century man had to keep up with the machine in order to be useful and relevant . In this way the Witch of the East 's curse `` dehumanized a simple laborer so that the faster and better he worked the more quickly he became a kind of machine . '' The Tin Woodman was caught in the rain and rusted in the same position for one year before Dorothy oils his joints to set him free . The Tin Woodman 's year of waiting is parallel to the unemployment of Eastern workers during the severe depression of 1893 - 1897 . His calls of help that were never heard relate to President Grover Cleveland 's `` hard - hearted refusal '' to take action during this time to reinstate the economy . While the Tin Woodman stood still for a year , he finally slowed down enough to ponder life . During this time , he discovers that `` the greatest loss ( he ) had known was the loss of ( his ) heart '' for without it he can not love . Baum portrays the Tin Woodman as an Eastern worker who lost sight of family values for a moment . Part of the Progressive movement in the 19th century was to reestablish the family as the center of American life . The curse of the Tin Woodman by the Wicked Witch of the East is consistent with the depiction of the witch representing Wall Street and other Eastern big businesses during the late 19th and early 20th centuries . The final addition to the traveling party is the Cowardly Lion . This character is hypothesized to be the famous Populist politician William Jennings Bryan . The muscular , six - foot - tall ( 183 cm ) political figure was known as a compassionate but powerful speaker , which could be compared to a lion 's roar . Throughout the book , Baum is mostly sympathetic towards populist characters such as the Scarecrow ; thus it seems odd that Baum would refer to the character portraying Bryan as cowardly . However , the late 19th century began an age of American expansionism in which the United States struggled to gain control of countries like Guam , Puerto Rico , and the Philippines from Spain . Bryan 's non-violent and anti-imperialist stance on the popular Spanish -- American War of 1898 was often referred to as unpatriotic and cowardly . Baum seems to take this criticism and turn it into a complaint towards Bryan , showing that although the Lion is the King of the Beasts it shows more bravery to stand by than to run in towards unnecessary obstacles , no matter how popular . The Cowardly Lion 's first encounter with the Tin Woodman shows support for both of their characters being based on Bryan and Eastern industrial workers , respectively . When they meet , the Cowardly Lion strikes the Tin Woodman with his sharp claws , but to his surprise `` he could make no impression on the tin , although the Woodman fell over in the road and lay still . '' This refers to Bryan 's inability to get votes in the 1896 presidential election from Eastern workers owing to pressure from their employers to vote for McKinley . Bryan himself said , `` During the campaign I ran across various evidences of coercion , direct and indirect . '' Other historical sources share this opinion noting , `` for some reason labor remained singularly unimpressed . '' Thus , the Cowardly Lion 's claws did not pierce the Tin Woodman body , just as Bryan 's roar did not leave an impression with Eastern industrial workers . Baum 's fairy tale contains many other allusions to American life in the late 19th and early 20th centuries . For instance , Dorothy 's loyal companion , Toto , could be a play on `` teetotalers '' which is a person who never drinks alcohol . The prohibitionists deemed alcohol consumption should be unlawful and they were longtime political allies of Populists during the late 19th century . Toto trots `` soberly '' behind Dorothy on their adventure . The Winged Monkeys have been thought to resemble the Plains Indians who were `` once free people '' but were now enslaved by the Wicked Witch of the West . Their actions can be good or bad depending on how they are controlled ; however , they `` belong to this country alone '' and therefore can not leave , as can be said for American Indians . The Yellow Winkies that inhabit the Land of the West could represent Asian workers in California during the gold rush ; their harsh work environment can be seen as enslavement . The lenses that the groups must wear before entering the City of Oz to dim the emeralds ' shine turn out to be fake , like the Wizard . The Emerald City is not a city made of emeralds but a plain , white city where the emerald color lenses cast a green hue on everything and everyone . This shows that anything can be made to look spectacular if you allow yourself to be tricked . Baum traveled all over the United States and would have been introduced to all these events in the 19th century , making it very likely that he drew inspiration from the land around him . Baum 's modernized fairy tale , The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , ends with both the Wicked Witch of the East and West defeated and Dorothy , Toto and the Wizard returning to the United States . The Scarecrow reigns over the Emerald City ; thus farmers achieve national importance . The Tin Woodman brings industrialization to the Land of the West . The Cowardly Lion becomes the protector in the Grand Old Forest , as Bryan commanded a smaller number of politicians . Littlefield 's thesis achieved some support , but has been strenuously attacked by others . Cultural impact ( edit ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz has become an established part of multiple cultures , spreading from its early young American readership to becoming known throughout the world . It has been translated or adapted into well over fifty languages , at times being modified in local variations . For instance , in some abridged Indian editions , the Tin Woodman was replaced with a horse . In Russia , a translation by Alexander Melentyevich Volkov produced six books , The Wizard of the Emerald City series , which became progressively distanced from the Baum version , as Ellie and her dog Totoshka travel throughout the Magic Land . The 1939 film adaptation has become a classic of popular culture , shown annually on American television from 1959 to 1991 and then several times a year every year beginning in 1999 . More recently , the story has become an American stage production with an all - black cast , set in the context of modern African - American culture . Critical response ( edit ) This last story of The Wizard is ingeniously woven out of commonplace material . It is , of course , an extravaganza , but will surely be found to appeal strongly to child readers as well as to the younger children , to whom it will be read by mothers or those having charge of the entertaining of children . There seems to be an inborn love of stories in child minds , and one of the most familiar and pleading requests of children is to be told another story . The drawing as well as the introduced color work vies with the texts drawn , and the result has been a book that rises far above the average children 's book of today , high as is the present standard ... The book has a bright and joyous atmosphere , and does not dwell upon killing and deeds of violence . Enough stirring adventure enters into it , however , to flavor it with zest , and it will indeed be strange if there be a normal child who will not enjoy the story . `` '' The New York Times , September 8 , 1900 The Wonderful Wizard of Oz received positive critical reviews upon release . In a September 1900 review , The New York Times praised the novel , writing that it would appeal to child readers and to younger children who could not read yet . The review also praised the illustrations for being a pleasant complement to the text . During the first 50 years after The Wonderful Wizard of Oz 's publication in 1900 , it received little critical analysis from scholars of children 's literature . According to Ruth Berman of Science Fiction Studies , the lists of suggested reading published for juvenile readers never contained Baum 's work . The lack of interest stemmed from the scholars ' misgivings about fantasy , as well as to their belief that lengthy series had little literary merit . It has frequently come under fire over the years . In 1957 , the director of Detroit 's libraries banned The Wonderful Wizard of Oz for having `` no value '' for children of his day , for supporting `` negativism '' , and for bringing children 's minds to a `` cowardly level '' . Professor Russel B. Nye of Michigan State University countered that `` if the message of the Oz books -- love , kindness , and unselfishness make the world a better place -- seems of no value today '' , then maybe the time is ripe for `` reassess ( ing ) a good many other things besides the Detroit library 's approved list of children 's books '' . In 1986 , seven Fundamentalist Christian families in Tennessee opposed the novel 's inclusion in the public school syllabus and filed a lawsuit . They based their opposition to the novel on its depicting benevolent witches and promoting the belief that integral human attributes were `` individually developed rather than God given '' . One parent said , `` I do not want my children seduced into godless supernaturalism '' . Other reasons included the novel 's teaching that females are equal to males and that animals are personified and can speak . The judge ruled that when the novel was being discussed in class , the parents were allowed to have their children leave the classroom . Leonard Everett Fisher of The Horn Book Magazine wrote in 2000 that Oz has `` a timeless message from a less complex era , and it continues to resonate '' . The challenge of valuing oneself during impending adversity has not , Fisher noted , lessened during the prior 100 years . In a 2002 review , Bill Delaney of Salem Press praised Baum for giving children the opportunity to discover magic in the mundane things in their everyday lives . He further commended Baum for teaching `` millions of children to love reading during their crucial formative years '' . The Library of Congress has declared The Wonderful Wizard of Oz to be `` America 's greatest and best - loved homegrown fairytale '' , also naming it the first American fantasy for children and one of the most - read children 's books . Editions ( edit ) After George M. Hill 's bankruptcy in 1902 , copyright in the book passed to the Bobbs - Merrill Company . The editions they published lacked most of the in - text color and color plates of the original . It was not until the book entered the public domain in 1956 that new editions , either with the original color plates , or new illustrations , proliferated . Notable among them are the 1986 Pennyroyal edition illustrated by Barry Moser , which was reprinted by the University of California Press , and the 2000 Annotated Wizard of Oz edited by Michael Patrick Hearn , which was published by W.W. Norton and included all the original color illustrations , as well as supplemental artwork by Denslow . Other centennial editions included University Press of Kansas 's Kansas Centennial Edition , illustrated by Michael McCurdy with black - and - white illustrations , and Robert Sabuda 's pop - up book . Sequels ( edit ) See also : List of Oz books Baum wrote The Wonderful Wizard of Oz without any thought of a sequel . After reading the novel , thousands of children wrote letters to him , requesting that he craft another story about Oz . In 1904 , he wrote and published the first sequel , The Marvelous Land of Oz , explaining that he grudgingly wrote the sequel to address the popular demand . Baum also wrote sequels in 1907 , 1908 , and 1909 . In his 1911 The Emerald City of Oz , he wrote that he could not continue writing sequels because Ozland had lost contact with the rest of the world . The children refused to accept this story , so Baum , in 1913 and every year thereafter until his death in May 1919 , wrote an Oz book , ultimately writing 13 sequels . The Chicago Tribune 's Russell MacFall wrote that Baum explained the purpose of his novels in a note he penned to his sister , Mary Louise Brewster , in a copy of Mother Goose in Prose ( 1897 ) , his first book . He wrote , `` To please a child is a sweet and a lovely thing that warms one 's heart and brings its own reward . '' After Baum 's death in 1919 , Baum 's publishers delegated the creation of more sequels to Ruth Plumly Thompson who wrote 21 . An original Oz book was published every Christmas between 1913 and 1942 . By 1956 , five million copies of the Oz books had been published in the English language , while hundreds of thousands had been published in eight foreign languages . Adaptations ( edit ) Main article : Adaptations of The Wizard of Oz Judy Garland as Dorothy discovering that she and Toto are no longer in Kansas The Wonderful Wizard of Oz has been adapted to other media numerous times , most famously in The Wizard of Oz , the 1939 film starring Judy Garland , Ray Bolger , Jack Haley , and Bert Lahr . Until this version , the book had inspired a number of now less well known stage and screen adaptations , including a profitable 1902 Broadway musical and three silent films . The 1939 film was considered innovative because of its songs , special effects , and revolutionary use of the new Technicolor . The story has been translated into other languages ( at least once without permission ) and adapted into comics several times . Following the lapse of the original copyright , the characters have been adapted and reused in spin - offs , unofficial sequels , and reinterpretations , some of which have been controversial in their treatment of Baum 's characters . See also ( edit ) Oz portal Novels portal 1900 in literature The International Wizard of Oz Club The Baum Bugle Zardoz Notes and references ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Baum uses the word cyclone while describing a tornado . Footnotes Jump up ^ Katharine M. Rogers , L. Frank Baum , pp. 73 -- 94 . Jump up ^ `` Notes and News '' . The New York Times . October 27 , 1900 . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2010 . Retrieved December 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : MacFall , Russell ( May 13 , 1956 ) . `` He created ' The Wizard ' : L. Frank Baum , Whose Oz Books Have Gladdened Millions , Was Born 100 Years Ago Tuesday '' ( PDF ) . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 28 , 2010 . Retrieved November 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sweet , Oney Fred ( February 20 , 1944 ) . `` Tells How Dad Wrote ' Wizard of Oz ' Stories '' ( PDF ) . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 28 , 2010 . Retrieved November 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Verdon , Michael ( 1991 ) . `` The Wonderful Wizard of Oz '' . Salem Press . Jump up ^ Hearn 2000 , p. xlvii . ^ Jump up to : `` New Fairy Stories : `` The Wonderful Wizard of Oz '' by Authors of `` Father Goose . '' '' ( PDF ) . Grand Rapids Herald . September 16 , 1900 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 3 , 2011 . Retrieved February 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bloom 1994 , p. 9 Jump up ^ Starrett , Vincent ( May 2 , 1954 ) . `` The Best Loved Books '' ( PDF ) . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 28 , 2010 . Retrieved November 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Annotated Wizard of Oz : The Wonderful Wizard of Oz -- Lyman Frank Baum . Google Books . Jump up ^ Children 's Literature Research Collection University of Minnesota Libraries ^ Jump up to : Baum , L. Frank ; Hearn , Michael Patrick ( 1973 ) . The Annotated Wizard of Oz . New York : C.N. Potter . p. 38 . ISBN 0 - 517 - 50086 - 8 . OCLC 800451 . Jump up ^ The Writer 's Muse : L. Frank Baum and the Hotel del Coronado Archived November 2 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Mendelsohn , Ink ( May 24 , 1986 ) . `` As a piece of fantasy , Baum 's life was a working model '' . The Spokesman - Review . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schwartz 2009 , p. 273 Jump up ^ Algeo , J. , `` Australia as the Land of Oz '' , American Speech , Vol. 65 , No. 1 , 1990 , pp. 86 -- 89 . ^ Jump up to : Delaney , Bill ( March 2002 ) . `` The Wonderful Wizard of Oz '' . Salem Press . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2010 . Retrieved November 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Riley , Michael . `` Oz and Beyond , The Fantasy World of L. Frank Baum '' . Lawrence , University of Kansas Press , 1997 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Gourley 1999 , p. 7 Jump up ^ Carpenter & Shirley 1992 , p. 43 Jump up ^ Schwartz 2009 , pp. 87 -- 89 Jump up ^ Schwartz 2009 , p. 75 Jump up ^ Culver 1988 , p. 102 ^ Jump up to : Hansen 2002 , p. 261 Jump up ^ Barrett 2006 , pp. 154 -- 155 Jump up ^ Taylor , Moran & Sceurman 2005 , p. 208 Jump up ^ Wagman - Geller 2008 , pp. 39 -- 40 Jump up ^ Schwartz 2009 , p. 95 Jump up ^ Schwartz 2009 , pp. 97 -- 98 Jump up ^ Schwartz , 2009 , p. xiv . Jump up ^ Baum , Lyman Frank . The Wonderful Wizard of Oz . Harpers Collins , 2000 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Riley 1997 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Dighe 2002 , p. x ^ Jump up to : Dighe 2002 , p. 2 Jump up ^ Littlefield 1964 , p. 50 Jump up ^ Hearn , Michael Patrick ( 1983 ) . The Wizard of Oz ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Schocken Books . pp. 146 -- 147 . ISBN 0805238123 . Jump up ^ Baum , L. Frank ( 1917 ) . The Lost Princess of Oz . Chicago : Reilly & Britton . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Dighe , Ranjit S. ( 2002 ) . The Historian 's Wizard of Oz . London : Praeger . p. 126 . ISBN 0275974189 . ^ Jump up to : Littlefield 1964 Jump up ^ Littlefield 1964 , p. 55 Jump up ^ Dighe , Ranjit S. ( 2002 ) . The Historian 's Wizard of Oz ( 1st ed . ) . London : Praeger . p. 57 . ISBN 0275974189 . Jump up ^ White , William Allen ( 1896 ) . `` What 's the Matter With Kansas '' . Emporia Gazette . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2015 . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bryan , William Jennings . `` Cross of Gold Speech : Mesmerizing the Masses '' . Official Proceedings of the Democratic National Convention Held in Chicago , Illinois July 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 1896 . Jump up ^ Dighe , Ranjit S. ( 2002 ) . The Historian 's Wizard of Oz . London : Praeger . p. 61 . ISBN 0275974197 . Jump up ^ Dighe , Ranjit S. ( 2002 ) . The Historian 's Wizard of Oz . London : Prager . p. 67 . ISBN 0275974197 . Jump up ^ Bryan , William Jennings ( 1897 ) . The First Battle . Lincoln : Thomson Publishing . pp. 617 -- 618 . Jump up ^ Dighe , Ranjit S. ( 2002 ) . The Historian 's Wizard of Oz . London : Praeger . p. 45 . ISBN 0275974197 . Jump up ^ David B. Parker , `` The Rise and Fall of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz as a Parable on Populism '' Journal of the Georgia Association of Historians , 15 ( 1994 ) , pp. 49 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Setting the Standards on the Road to Oz , Mitch Sanders , The Numismatist , July 1991 , pp 1042 -- 1050 Archived June 17 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Responses to Littlefield -- The Wizard of Oz '' . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rutter , Richard ( July 2000 ) . Follow the yellow brick road to ... ( Speech ) . Indiana Memorial Union , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2000 . Jump up ^ To See The Wizard : Oz on Stage and Film Archived April 5 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Library of Congress , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` The Wiz Live ! Defied The Skeptics , Returns for a Second Round '' . NPR . December 20 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2016 . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Wiz Live ! '' . NBC . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2015 . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Books and Authors '' . The New York Times . September 8 , 1900 . pp. BR12 -- 13 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 26 , 2010 . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Berman 2003 , p. 504 Jump up ^ Vincent , Starrett ( May 12 , 1957 ) . `` L. Frank Baum 's Books Alive '' ( PDF ) . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 28 , 2010 . Retrieved November 28 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams & Zimmer 2010 , p. 105 ^ Jump up to : Culver 1988 , p. 97 Jump up ^ Nathanson 1991 , p. 301 Jump up ^ Fisher , Leonard Everett ( 2000 ) . `` Future Classics : The Wonderful Wizard of Oz '' . The Horn Book Magazine . Library Journals. 76 ( 6 ) : 739 . ISSN 0018 - 5078 . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Oz : An American Fairy Tale '' . Library of Congress . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Littlefield 1964 , pp. 47 -- 48 Jump up ^ Watson , Bruce ( 2000 ) . `` The Amazing Author of Oz '' . Smithsonian . Smithsonian Institution . 31 ( 3 ) : 112 . ISSN 0037 - 7333 . Jump up ^ Twiddy , David ( September 23 , 2009 ) . `` ' Wizard of Oz ' goes hi - def for 70th anniversary '' . The Florida Times - Union . Associated Press . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2011 . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hearn 2000 , pp. ci -- cii . Bibliography Abrams , Dennis ; Zimmer , Kyle ( 2010 ) . L. Frank Baum . New York : Infobase Publishing . ISBN 1 - 60413 - 501 - 8 . Aycock , Colleen and Mark Scott ( 2008 ) . Joe Gans : A Biography of the First African American World Boxing Champion . McFarland & Co , 133 -- 139 . Barrett , Laura ( 2006 ) . `` From Wonderland to Wasteland : The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , The Great Gatsby , and the New American Fairy Tale '' . Papers on Language & Literature . Southern Illinois University . 42 ( 2 ) : 150 -- 180 . ISSN 0031 - 1294 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2009 . Retrieved March 7 , 2011 . Baum , Frank Joslyn ; MacFall , Russell P. ( 1961 ) . To Please a Child . Chicago : Reilly & Lee Co . Berman , Ruth ( November 2003 ) . `` The Wizardry of Oz '' . Science Fiction Studies . DePauw University . 30 ( 3 ) : 504 -- 509 . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2010 . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . Bloom , Harold ( 1994 ) . Classic Fantasy Writers . New York : Chelsea House Publishers . ISBN 0 - 7910 - 2204 - 8 . Carpenter , Angelica Shirley ; Shirley , Jean ( 1992 ) . L. Frank Baum : Royal Historian of Oz . Minneapolis : Lerner Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 8225 - 9617 - 2 . Culver , Stuart . `` Growing Up in Oz . '' American Literary History 4 ( 1992 ) 607 -- 28 . Culver , Stuart ( 1988 ) . `` What Manikins Want : The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and The Art of Decorating Dry Goods Windows '' . Representations . University of California Press ( 21 ) : 97 -- 116 . JSTOR 2928378 . Dighe , Ranjit S. ( 2002 ) . The Historian 's Wizard of Oz : Reading L. Frank Baum 's Classic as a Political and Monetary Allegory . Praeger . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 97418 - 3 . Gardner , Martin ; Nye , Russel B. ( 1994 ) . The Wizard of Oz and Who He Was . East Lansing : Michigan State University Press Gardner , Todd . `` Responses to Littlefield '' ( 2004 ) , online Gourley , Catherine ( 1999 ) . Media Wizards : A Behind - the - Scene Look at Media Manipulations . Brookfield , CT : Twenty - First Century Books . ISBN 0 - 7613 - 0967 - 5 . Greene , David L. ; Martin , Dick ( 1977 ) . The Oz Scrapbook . Random House . Hanff , Peter E and Douglas G. Greene ( 1988 ) . Bibliographia Oziana : A Concise Bibliographical Checklist . The International Wizard of Oz Club . ISBN 978 - 1 - 930764 - 03 - 3 Hansen , Bradley A. ( 2002 ) . `` The Fable of the Allegory : The Wizard of Oz in Economics '' . Journal of Economic Education . Taylor & Francis . 33 ( 3 ) : 254 -- 264 . doi : 10.1080 / 00220480209595190 . JSTOR 1183440 . Hearn , Michael Patrick ( ed ) . ( 2000 , 1973 ) The Annotated Wizard of Oz . W.W. Norton & Co . ISBN 0 - 393 - 04992 - 2 Houlberg , Lauren ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` The Wizard of Oz : More Than Just a Children 's Story '' . fsu.edu . Florida State University . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Littlefield , Henry M. ( 1964 ) . `` The Wizard of Oz : Parable on Populism '' . American Quarterly . Johns Hopkins University Press . 16 ( 1 ) : 47 -- 58 . doi : 10.2307 / 2710826 . JSTOR 2710826 . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2010 . Nathanson , Paul ( 1991 ) . Over the Rainbow : The Wizard of Oz as a Secular Myth of America . Albany : State University of New York Press . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 0709 - 8 . Parker , David B. ( 1994 ) `` The Rise and Fall of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz as a ' Parable on Populism ' . '' Journal of the Georgia Association of Historians. 16 ( 1994 ) : 49 -- 63 Riley , Michael O. ( 1997 ) Oz and Beyond : The Fantasy World of L. Frank Baum . University of Kansas Press ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0832 - X Ritter , Gretchen . `` Silver slippers and a golden cap : L. Frank Baum 's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and historical memory in American politics . '' Journal of American Studies ( August 1997 ) vol. 31 , no . 2 , 171 -- 203 . Rockoff , Hugh . `` The ' Wizard of Oz ' as a Monetary Allegory , '' Journal of Political Economy 98 ( 1990 ) : 739 -- 60 online at JSTOR Rogers , Katharine M. ( 2002 ) . L. Frank Baum : Creator of Oz . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 30174 - X . Schwartz , Evan I. ( 2009 ) . Finding Oz : how L. Frank Baum discovered the Great American story . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . ISBN 0 - 547 - 05510 - 2 . Sherman , Fraser A. ( 2005 ) . The Wizard of Oz catalog : L. Frank Baum 's novel , its sequels and their adaptations for stage , television , movies , radio , music videos , comic books , commercials and more . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland & Co . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1792 - 7 Sunshine , Linda . All Things Oz ( 2003 ) Swartz , Mark Evan . Oz Before the Rainbow : L. Frank Baum 's `` The Wonderful Wizard of Oz '' on Stage and Screen to 1939 ( 2000 ) . Taylor , Troy ; Moran , Mark ; Sceurman , Mark ( 2005 ) . Weird Illinois : Your Travel Guide to Illinois ' Local Legends and Best Kept Secrets . Weird . New York : Sterling Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 5943 - X . Velde , Francois R. `` Following the Yellow Brick Road : How the United States Adopted the Gold Standard '' Economic Perspectives . Volume : 26 . Issue : 2 . 2002 . also online here Wagman - Geller , Marlene ( 2008 ) . Once Again to Zelda : The Stories Behind Literature 's Most Intriguing Dedications . New York : Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 399 - 53462 - 8 . Ziaukas , Tim ( Fall 1998 ) . `` 100 Years of Oz : Baum 's ' Wizard of Oz ' as Gilded Age Public Relations '' . Public Relations Quarterly . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the complete text of : The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` The Wonderful Wizard of Oz '' dated 2006 - 01 - 08 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles The Wonderful Wizard of Oz at Project Gutenberg Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Wonderful Wizard of Oz . `` Down the Yellow Brick Road of Overinterpretation , '' by John J. Miller in the Wall Street Journal The Wonderful Wizard of Oz public domain audiobook at LibriVox The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1900 illustrated copy ) , Publisher 's green and red illustrated cloth over boards ; illustrated endpapers . Plate detached . Public Domain -- Charles E. Young Research Library , UCLA . The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum , an unabridged dramatic audio performance at Wired for Books . Online version of the 1900 first edition on the Library of Congress website . A Long and Dangerous Journey -- A History of The Wizard of Oz on the Silver Screen -- Scream-It-Loud.com The Wonderful Wizard of Oz at Internet Archive Dorothy Gage - McLean County Museum of History The Oz books Previous book : N / A The Wonderful Wizard of Oz 1900 Next book : The Marvelous Land of Oz The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Canonical books L. Frank Baum The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1900 ) The Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1904 ) Ozma of Oz ( 1907 ) Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz ( 1908 ) The Road to Oz ( 1909 ) The Emerald City of Oz ( 1910 ) The Patchwork Girl of Oz ( 1913 ) Tik - Tok of Oz ( 1914 ) The Scarecrow of Oz ( 1915 ) Rinkitink in Oz ( 1916 ) The Lost Princess of Oz ( 1917 ) The Tin Woodman of Oz ( 1918 ) The Magic of Oz ( 1919 ) Glinda of Oz ( 1920 ) Ruth Plumly Thompson The Royal Book of Oz ( 1921 ) Kabumpo in Oz ( 1922 ) The Cowardly Lion of Oz ( 1923 ) Grampa in Oz ( 1924 ) The Lost King of Oz ( 1925 ) The Hungry Tiger of Oz ( 1926 ) The Gnome King of Oz ( 1927 ) The Giant Horse of Oz ( 1928 ) Jack Pumpkinhead of Oz ( 1929 ) The Yellow Knight of Oz ( 1930 ) Pirates in Oz ( 1931 ) The Purple Prince of Oz ( 1932 ) Ojo in Oz ( 1933 ) Speedy in Oz ( 1934 ) The Wishing Horse of Oz ( 1935 ) Captain Salt in Oz ( 1936 ) Handy Mandy in Oz ( 1937 ) The Silver Princess in Oz ( 1938 ) Ozoplaning with the Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Others The Wonder City of Oz ( 1940 ) The Scalawagons of Oz ( 1941 ) Lucky Bucky in Oz ( 1942 ) The Magical Mimics in Oz ( 1946 ) The Shaggy Man of Oz ( 1949 ) The Hidden Valley of Oz ( 1951 ) Merry Go Round in Oz ( 1963 ) Yankee in Oz ( 1972 ) The Enchanted Island of Oz ( 1976 ) The Forbidden Fountain of Oz ( 1980 ) The Ozmapolitan of Oz ( 1986 ) The Wicked Witch of Oz ( 1993 ) The Giant Garden of Oz ( 1993 ) The Runaway in Oz ( 1995 ) The Rundelstone of Oz ( 2000 ) The Emerald Wand of Oz ( 2005 ) Trouble Under Oz ( 2006 ) Alternate Dorothy of Oz ( 1989 ) Locations and elements Land of Oz Emerald City Munchkin Country Gillikin Country Winkie Country Quadling Country Yellow brick road Oogaboo Deadly Desert Nonestica Forest of Burzee Land of Ev Merryland Mo Ix Nome Kingdom Noland Ruby slippers Silver Shoes Apocrypha The Oz Film Manufacturing Company Characters Dorothy Gale Toto Princess Ozma The Wizard of Oz Scarecrow Tin Woodman Cowardly Lion Jack Pumpkinhead Tik - Tok Sawhorse Trot Hungry Tiger Good Witch of the North Glinda , the Good Witch of the South Wicked Witch of the West Wicked Witch of the East Aunt Em Uncle Henry Betsy Bobbin Billina Boq Button - Bright Cap'n Bill Eureka Herby Jellia Jamb Jenny Jump Jinjur Jinnicky the Red Jinn John Dough Kabumpo Mombi Munchkins Nome King Ojo the Lucky Pastoria Patchwork Girl Peter Brown Pigasus Polychrome Queen Lurline Shaggy Man Soldier with the Green Whiskers Winged monkeys Woggle - Bug Other writers Authors John R. Neill Jack Snow Rachel Cosgrove Payes Eloise Jarvis McGraw Dick Martin Alexander Volkov Gregory Maguire Sherwood Smith Roger S. Baum Illustrators William Wallace Denslow Frank Kramer Dirk Gringhuis Dick Martin Eric Shanower William Stout Adaptations and other derivative works Films The Fairylogue and Radio - Plays ( 1908 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1910 ) Dorothy and the Scarecrow in Oz ( 1910 ) The Land of Oz ( 1910 ) John Dough and the Cherub ( 1910 ) The Patchwork Girl of Oz ( 1914 ) The Magic Cloak of Oz ( 1914 ) His Majesty , the Scarecrow of Oz ( 1914 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1925 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1933 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Return to Oz ( 1964 ) The Wonderful Land of Oz ( 1969 ) Ayşecik ve Sihirli Cüceler Rüyalar Ülkesinde ( 1971 ) Journey Back to Oz ( 1974 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1975 ) The Wiz ( 1978 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1982 ) Return to Oz ( 1985 ) Dorothy Meets Ozma of Oz ( 1987 ) The Dreamer of Oz : The L. Frank Baum Story ( 1990 ) Lion of Oz ( 2000 ) The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz ( 2005 ) Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) Dorothy and the Witches of Oz ( 2011 ) After the Wizard ( 2011 ) Oz the Great and Powerful ( 2013 ) Legends of Oz : Dorothy 's Return ( 2014 ) Ozland ( 2014 ) Guardians of Oz ( 2015 ) Tom and Jerry : Back to Oz ( 2016 ) Stage The Wizard of Oz ( 1902 ) The Woggle - Bug ( 1905 ) The Tik - Tok Man of Oz ( 1913 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1942 ) The Wiz ( 1974 ) The Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1981 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1987 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 2000 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) The Woodsman ( 2012 ) Television Tales of the Wizard of Oz ( 1961 ) Off to See the Wizard ( 1967 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1986 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1990 ) The Oz Kids ( 1996 ) Lost in Oz ( 2002 ) Once Upon a Time ( since 2011 ) The Wiz Live ! ( 2015 ) Lost In Oz ( 2015 ) Emerald City ( 2017 ) Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz ( 2017 ) Comics Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1904 -- 05 ) Adventures in Oz ( 1986 -- 92 ) The Enchanted Apples of Oz ( 1986 ) Oz Squad ( 1991 ) Lost Girls ( 1991 -- 92 ) Oz ( 1994 ) Dorothy of Oz ( 2006 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 2009 ) Video games The Wizard of Oz ( 1993 ) The Wizard of Oz : Beyond the Yellow Brick Road ( 2008 ) Emerald City Confidential ( 2009 ) Parodies The Wozard of Iz Os Trapalhões eo Mágico de Oróz The Wonderful Wizard of Ha 's Wizard of Odd Reimagining The Wizard of Mars ( 1965 ) Hunter ( 1973 ) Zardoz ( 1974 ) Oz ( 1976 ) The Number of the Beast ( 1980 ) A Barnstormer in Oz ( 1982 ) The Wizard of A.I.D.S. ( 1987 ) The Wonderful Galaxy of Oz ( 1990 ) Twister ( 1994 ) The Dark Tower IV : Wizard and Glass ( 1997 ) Tin Man ( 2007 ) Dorothy Must Die ( 2014 ) The Wicked Will Rise ( 2015 ) The Wicked Years Wicked Son of a Witch A Lion Among Men Out of Oz Wicked ( musical ) Characters Others Rainbow Road to Oz MÄR The Wizard of Oz ( pinball ) The Wizard of Oz ( arcade game ) Related The International Wizard of Oz Club The Baum Bugle Category Portal Bibliography by L. Frank Baum Novels including Oz The Magical Monarch of Mo The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Dot and Tot of Merryland The Master Key The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus The Enchanted Island of Yew The Marvelous Land of Oz Queen Zixi of Ix The Fate of a Crown The Woggle - Bug Book Annabel Aunt Jane 's Nieces Aunt Jane 's Nieces Abroad Daughters of Destiny Sam Steele 's Adventures on Land and Sea The Twinkle Tales John Dough and the Cherub Ozma of Oz Policeman Bluejay The Last Egyptian Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz Aunt Jane 's Nieces at Millville Aunt Jane 's Nieces at Work The Road to Oz Aunt Jane 's Nieces in Society The Emerald City of Oz Aunt Jane 's Nieces and Uncle John The Daring Twins The Flying Girl The Sea Fairies Aunt Jane 's Nieces on Vacation Phoebe Daring Sky Island Aunt Jane 's Nieces on the Ranch The Patchwork Girl of Oz Aunt Jane 's Nieces Out West Tik - Tok of Oz Aunt Jane 's Nieces in the Red Cross The Scarecrow of Oz Mary Louise Rinkitink in Oz The Lost Princess of Oz The Tin Woodman of Oz The Magic of Oz Glinda of Oz Short story collections Mother Goose in Prose American Fairy Tales Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz Animal Fairy Tales L. Frank Baum 's Juvenile Speaker Little Wizard Stories of Oz The Runaway Shadows Poetry collections By the Candelabra 's Glare Father Goose : His Book Plays The Maid of Arran The Wizard of Oz ( 1902 ) Prince Silverwings The Woggle - Bug The Tik - Tok Man of Oz Films The Fairylogue and Radio - Plays The Patchwork Girl of Oz ( 1914 ) The Magic Cloak of Oz His Majesty , the Scarecrow of Oz Violet 's Dreams The Gray Nun of Belgium Related people and collaborators Maud Gage Baum ( wife ) Matilda Joslyn Gage ( mother - in - law ) Frank Joslyn Baum ( son ) Harry Neal Baum ( son ) Roger S. Baum ( great - grandson ) Paul Tietjens Edith Ogden Harrison Isidore Witmark Louis F. Gottschalk Nathaniel D. Mann Frederic Chapin Manuel Klein Arthur Pryor Byron Gay Emerson Hough George Scarborough William Wallace Denslow John R. Neill Fantasy fiction History Literature Outline Sources Subgenres Bangsian Comic Contemporary Dark Dying Earth Fairytale Fantastique Fantasy of manners Folklore Mythology ( based ) Gaslamp Gothic Hard Heroic High list Historical Juvenile Lost World Low Magical girl Medieval Mythic Romantic Shenmo Sword and sorcery Urban Weird fiction Media Film and television Anime Films Television programs Literature Authors Ballantine Adult Fantasy series Comics list The Encyclopedia of Fantasy Internet Speculative Fiction Database List of novels ( A -- H ) ( I -- R ) ( S -- Z ) Newcastle Forgotten Fantasy Library Publishers Magazines Fantastic Locus The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction Science Fantasy Unknown Weird Tales Fandom Art Filk music Harry Potter fandom Inklings Mythopoeic Society Religion Tolkien fandom Works inspired by J.R.R. Tolkien World Fantasy Award Tropes Creatures Angels Demons Dragons Elementals Familiars Faeries Jinns Lycanthropes Old Ones Sirens Spirits Undead Unicorns Yōkai Characters Barbarian Caveman Damsel in distress Dark Lord Heroes Fairy godmother Magicians Occult detective list Witches Magic ( dark / light ) Animism Demonology Evocation Incantation Magocracy Necromancy Shapeshifting Technomancy Witchcraft Fantasy races Dwarves Elves Treants Giants Gnomes Goblins Gremlins Halflings Hobgoblins Kobolds Ogres Oni Orcs Trolls Places and events Quests Worlds list Lost city Hollow Earth Astral plane Enchanted forest Related Allegory Dungeons & Dragons Epic poetry Fable Fairy tale Fantastic Horror fiction Ghost stories Human -- animal hybrid LGBT themes in speculative fiction Magic realism Mecha Mythology Science fantasy Science fiction Superhero fiction Supernatural fiction Category Portal VIAF : 183869923 LCCN : n81036429 GND : 4357615 - 1 SUDOC : 100937365 BNF : cb13747365q ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz&oldid=817693599 '' Categories : 1900 American novels 1900s fantasy novels Oz ( franchise ) Literature featuring anthropomorphic characters Novels set in Kansas Novels about orphans American fantasy novels adapted into films Wizards in fiction Novels adapted into comics American novels adapted into films American novels adapted into plays Novels adapted into radio programs Novels adapted into television programs Novels adapted into video games Art Nouveau 1900 children 's books American fairy tales Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from January 2015 Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 December 2017 , at 00 : 36 . 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who plays in keeping up with the jones			Jon Hamm	jon hamm	Jonathan Daniel Hamm ( born March 10 , 1971 ) is an American actor and television producer best known for playing advertising executive Don Draper for the AMC television drama series , Mad Men ( 2007 -- 2015 ) .	For much of the mid-1990s , he lived in Los Angeles , making appearances in television series Providence , The Division , What About Brian , and Related . In 2000 , he made his feature film debut in the space adventure film Space Cowboys . The next year , he had a minor role in the independent comedy , Kissing Jessica Stein ( 2001 ) . He gained wide recognition when Mad Men began in July 2007 . His performance earned him the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Television Series -- Drama in 2008 and again in 2016 , and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series in 2015 . He has also directed two episodes of the show . In 2008 , Hamm appeared in a remake of the science fiction film The Day the Earth Stood Still . His first leading film role was in the 2010 independent thriller Stolen . He also had supporting roles in the films The Town ( 2010 ) , Sucker Punch ( 2011 ) , and Bridesmaids ( 2011 ) . Hamm has received 16 Primetime Emmy Award nominations for his performances in Mad Men , 30 Rock ( 2006 -- 2013 ) , and Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt ( 2015 -- present ) . His other television credits include featuring in the Sky Arts series A Young Doctor 's Notebook and guest roles in Black Mirror , Parks and Recreation and Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp . He has also provided his voice to the animated films Shrek Forever After ( 2010 ) and Minions ( 2015 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Acting career 2.1 Early work 2.2 International recognition 3 Personal life 3.1 Sports and related endorsements 3.2 Other product endorsements 4 Reception 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 5.3 Music videos 5.4 Audiobooks 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Early life ( edit ) Hamm was born in St. Louis , Missouri , the son of Deborah and Daniel Hamm . His father managed a family trucking company , and his mother was a secretary . He is of German , English , and Irish descent ; his paternal surname came from German immigrants . Hamm 's parents divorced when he was two years old , and he lived in St. Louis County in Creve Coeur with his mother until her death from colon cancer , when he was 10 years old . Hamm then lived with his father in Clayton , Missouri , the county seat . His first acting role was as Winnie the Pooh for first grade . At 16 , he was cast as Judas for the play Godspell , and enjoyed the experience , though he did not take acting seriously . He attended John Burroughs School , a private school in Ladue , where he was a member of the football , baseball , and swim teams . During this time , he dated Sarah Clarke , who became an actress . His father died when Hamm was 20 . After graduation during 1989 , Hamm enrolled at the University of Texas , where he was a member of the Upsilon Chapter of Sigma Nu fraternity . There , Hamm was arrested for participating with a violent hazing incident in November 1990 . Mark Sanders was beaten with a paddle and a broom by other fraternity members , while Hamm was leading him with a hammer claw around Sander 's testicles around the fraternity house ; Sanders ' clothes were also set afire . The incident resulted in the fraternity being shut down on campus . Hamm made a plea deal and completed probation under the terms of a deferred adjudication ; the charges were dismissed during August 1995 . `` Acting was fun , but my grandfather would always tell me , ' It 's never too late to be an engineer . ' You were supposed to get a ' job ' and do acting on weekends or at school . '' -- Jon Hamm Hamm then enrolled at the University of Missouri . At Missouri he answered an advertisement from a theater company seeking players for a production of A Midsummer Night 's Dream , auditioned , and was cast in the production . Other roles followed , such as Leon Czolgosz in Assassins . Acting career ( edit ) After graduating in 1993 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in English , Hamm returned to his high school to teach eighth - grade acting . One of his students was Ellie Kemper , who later became an actress and now stars in the Netflix original television series , Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt . Early work ( edit ) `` I came in the Dawson 's Creek era ; it was all about tiny guys who looked like teenagers , and I have n't looked like a teenager ever . So I was , like , auditioning to be their dads . At 25 . '' -- Hamm , on not finding work as a young actor Hamm has known actor Paul Rudd for many years . Not wishing to stay in a `` normal career '' , Hamm relocated to Los Angeles permanently during 1995 with an automobile and $150 . He relocated into a house with four other aspiring actors and began working as a waiter while attending auditions . He acted in theatre , including as Flavius in a production of Shakespeare 's Timon of Athens with the Sacred Fools Theater Company . Looking older than his age , finding work as an actor was difficult , despite representation by the William Morris Agency . During 1998 , having failed to obtain any acting jobs after three years , he was terminated as a client by William Morris . Hamm continued working as a waiter and , briefly , as a set designer for a softcore pornography movie . After repeatedly failing to get promising roles , Hamm set his 30th birthday as a deadline to succeed in Hollywood , stating : You either suck that up and find another agent , or you go home and say you gave it a shot , but that 's the end of that . The last thing I wanted to be out here was one of those actors who 's 45 years old , with a tenuous grasp of their own reality , and not really working much . So I gave myself five years . I said , if I ca n't get it going by the time I 'm 30 , I 'm in the wrong place . And as soon as I said that , it 's like I started working right away . During 2000 , Hamm obtained the role of romantic firefighter Burt Ridley on NBC 's drama series Providence . His one - episode contract grew to 19 , and enabled him to quit waiting tables . Hamm made his feature movie debut with one line in Clint Eastwood 's space adventure Space Cowboys ( 2000 ) ; more substantial roles followed in the independent comedy movie Kissing Jessica Stein ( 2001 ) and the war film We Were Soldiers ( 2002 ) . During filming that movie , he turned 30 . His career was bolstered by his playing the recurring role of police inspector Nate Basso on Lifetime 's television series The Division , from 2002 to 2004 . Other minor roles followed on the television series What About Brian , CSI : Miami , Related , Numb3rs , The Unit , and The Sarah Silverman Program . Hamm 's Mad Men castmate Eric Ladin had said that one of the reasons he admires Jon is that while he `` made it '' later than most actors , Hamm never gave up on acting . International recognition ( edit ) Hamm landed his breakthrough role during 2007 , when he was cast from more than 80 candidates as the protagonist character Don Draper , in AMC 's drama series Mad Men . In the series , set in a fictional 1960s advertising agency , he plays a suave , married advertising executive with an obscure past . He recalled , `` I read the script for Mad Men and I loved it . ( ... ) I never thought they 'd cast me -- - I mean , I thought they 'd go with one of the five guys who look like me but are movie stars '' . He believes that an actor with a `` proven track record '' would likely have been chosen if another network had broadcast the show . He went through numerous auditions ; each time he explained to the casting directors what he could bring to the character , if given the part . Alan Taylor and Mad Men creator Matthew Weiner initially thought Hamm was too handsome for the role but ultimately decided , `` it was perfect to cast sort of the perfect male in this part '' . Weiner also sensed that the actor had suffered early loss of his parents , which was similar to Draper 's backstory . Hamm says that he used memories of his father to portray Draper , a well - dressed , influential man of business and society hiding great inner turmoil and experiencing changes in the world beyond his control . Hamm in November 2008 Mad Men debuted on July 19 , 2007 , with almost 1.4 million viewers . It quickly developed a loyal audience , with Hamm receiving strong reviews . Robert Bianco of USA Today was complimentary of Hamm 's performance , describing the actor 's interpretation of Draper as a `` starmaking performance '' . The Boston Globe 's Matthew Gilbert termed Hamm a `` brilliant lead '' . For his work , Hamm won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Television Series -- Drama during 2008 . Also during 2008 , he was nominated for both the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series . During 2009 , Hamm was again nominated for the Golden Globe Award and Screen Actors Guild Award in the same category , and received another Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series . During 2010 , Hamm received his third Golden Globe Award nomination . Mad Men concluded its seven - season run on May 17 , 2015 . Hamm received his first Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series on September 20 , 2015 after receiving 12 Emmy nominations for acting for and producing the series . Hamm 's next movie role was for the 2008 science fiction movie The Day the Earth Stood Still , a remake of the 1951 film of the same name . Although the movie received mixed reviews , it was successful financially , earning $230 million worldwide . Hamm hosted Saturday Night Live , season 34 , episode 6 , on October 25 , 2008 , and played various roles , including Don Draper in two sketches . He returned as host again on January 30 and October 30 , 2010 . During 2009 , Hamm guest - featured in three episodes of the NBC television situation comedy show 30 Rock , as Drew Baird , a doctor who is a neighbor and love interest of Liz Lemon 's ( Tina Fey ) . For these performances , he received three nominations for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series . Hamm 's first leading film role came with the independent mystery thriller Stolen in 2009 , in which he played a police officer whose son has been missing for eight years . Hamm had a minor voice role in the animated feature Shrek Forever After -- released during May 2010 -- , as an ogre leader named Brogan . Also that year , he appeared as an FBI agent in the movie The Town ( 2010 ) , with Ben Affleck . After having received `` about 40 scripts that were all set in the 60s , or had me playing advertising guys '' , Hamm was pleased that the movie offered a role `` the opposite to Don Draper '' . The feature received generally favorable reviews and earned $144 million worldwide . His next acting role was as defense attorney Jake Ehrlich in the independent movie Howl , based on Allen Ginsberg 's eponymous 1956 poem . On December 12 , 2010 , Hamm made a guest appearance as an FBI supervisor on Fox 's animated series The Simpsons . He featured in Zack Snyder 's action - fantasy movie Sucker Punch ( 2011 ) , as the character High Roller , and the doctor . He also had a supporting role in the comedy Bridesmaids as Kristen Wiig 's `` rude and arrogant sex buddy '' . Hamm was next seen in the independent feature Friends with Kids ( 2011 ) , which he produced alongside his then - partner Jennifer Westfeldt . The story concerns a group of friends whose lives are changed as the couples in the group begin to have children . He had a recurring role in the situation comedy The Increasingly Poor Decisions of Todd Margaret in 2012 , as the servant of socio - pathic billionaire Dave Mountford ( Blake Harrison ) . Hamm hosted the 21st ESPYS Awards on July 17 , 2013 . The next year , he played sports agent J.B. Bernstein in Disney 's sports drama Million Dollar Arm ( 2014 ) . He co-featured with Daniel Radcliffe in A Young Doctor 's Notebook , playing an older version of Radcliffe 's character , from December 2012 to December 2013 . In December 2014 , Hamm guest starred in a special Christmas episode of the British science fiction anthology series Black Mirror , titled `` White Christmas '' . He had a number of roles during 2015 , in the comedy shows Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt and Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp . He was featured in the animated comedy Minions , as the voice of Herb Overkill . Minions was a major box office success ; despite mixed reviews , it grossed a total of over $1 billion worldwide . Hamm featured in the comedy Keeping Up with the Joneses , alongside Zach Galifianakis and Gal Gadot ; the movie was filmed during the spring of 2015 , and was released during October 2016 after being delayed seven months . He then appeared in the science fiction movie Marjorie Prime , which premiered at the 2017 Sundance Film Festival , Edgar Wright 's comedy crime movie Baby Driver , which premiered at the 2017 South by Southwest Festival , and the drama Aardvark , which premiered at the 2017 Tribeca Film Festival . In 2018 , Hamm appeared in the drama Nostalgia and the political thriller Beirut . Hamm appeared in the SpongeBob SquarePants episode `` Factory Fresh '' . In 2017 Hamm joined the BBC and Amazon 's television adaptation of Terry Pratchett and Neil Gaiman 's Good Omens as the Archangel Gabriel . Personal life ( edit ) Hamm , with former partner Jennifer Westfeldt , at the 60th Primetime Emmy Awards on September 21 , 2008 Hamm was in a relationship with actress and screenwriter Jennifer Westfeldt from 1997 to 2015 . In an interview discussion about his relationship with Westfeldt , Hamm said : `` We may not have a piece of paper that says we 're husband and wife , but after 10 years , Jennifer is more than just a girlfriend . What we have is much deeper and we both know that . To me , people get married when they 're ready to have kids , which I 'm not ruling out . '' Along with Westfeldt , Hamm has appeared in Gap - related campaign advertisements . During April 2009 , Hamm and Westfeldt formed their own production company , Points West Pictures . Hamm and Westfeldt are advocates of animal rescue and have adopted a mixed breed dog named Cora from the Much Love Animal Shelter in California . Although his role as Don Draper required Hamm to smoke , he stopped smoking when he was 24 years old . On set he did not smoke actual cigarettes , but rather herbal cigarettes that do not contain tobacco or nicotine . During March 2015 , Hamm 's representative confirmed that Hamm had recently completed inpatient treatment for alcoholism . Additionally , Hamm reported developing vitiligo throughout the filming of Mad Men . Sports and Related endorsements ( edit ) Hamm is an avid golfer and tennis player , and a devoted fan of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) team , the St. Louis Blues ; he 's even appeared in two television spots advertising for the team . He is a fan of the Major League Baseball ( MLB ) team the St. Louis Cardinals ' , and narrated the official highlight movie for the 2011 World Series , won by the Cardinals . Hamm also narrates the Amazon NFL documentary series All Or Nothing since 2015 . Also , in 2012 , he played in the MLB Legend and Celebrity All Star Softball game as a member of the NL . He represented the Cardinals , and hit a home run during the game . Other product endorsements ( edit ) During March 2010 , Mercedes - Benz hired Hamm ( replacing actor Richard Thomas ) as their new voice actor for the S400 Hybrid campaign . During 2013 , American Airlines debuted a television commercial titled `` Change is in the Air '' , featuring Hamm 's voice - over . Hamm is an American Airlines frequent flier , and his Mad Men character Don Draper often spoke of aspiring to win such accounts as American Airlines . Hamm has also appeared in several commercials in an ongoing ad campaign for H&R Block income tax services . Reception ( edit ) Internationally considered as a sex symbol , Hamm was named one of Salon.com 's Sexiest Man Living in 2007 and one of People magazine 's Sexiest Men Alive in 2008 . During November 2008 , Entertainment Weekly named him one of their Entertainers of the Year . He again was named one of the magazine 's Entertainers of the Year during 2010 . Hamm also won GQ 's `` International Man '' award during September 2010 . Filmography ( edit ) Hamm on the set of The Town in September 2009 Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2000 Space Cowboys Young Pilot No. 2 2001 Kissing Jessica Stein Charles 2002 We Were Soldiers Capt . Matt Dillon 2006 Ira & Abby Ronnie 2007 The Ten Chris Knarl 2008 The Day the Earth Stood Still Dr. Michael Granier 2009 A Single Man Hank Ackerley ( voice ) Uncredited 2009 Stolen Tom Adkins Sr . Shrek Forever After Brogan ( voice ) The A-Team Agent Lynch Uncredited The Town Adam Frawley Howl Jake Ehrlich 2011 Sucker Punch High Roller / Doctor 2011 Bridesmaids Ted Uncredited 2012 Friends with Kids Ben Also producer 2013 The Congress Dylan Truliner ( voice ) 2014 Million Dollar Arm J.B. Bernstein 2015 Minions Herb Overkill ( voice ) 2016 Absolutely Fabulous : The Movie Himself Cameo 2016 Keeping Up with the Joneses Tim Jones 2017 Marjorie Prime Walter Also executive producer 2017 Baby Driver Buddy 2017 Aardvark Craig Norman 2018 Nostalgia Will Beam 2018 Beirut Mason Skiles 2018 Tag Callahan In post-production 2018 Bad Times at the El Royale In post-production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes The Big Date Himself Contestant Ally McBeal That Guy Episode : `` Compromising Positions '' 2000 The Trouble with Normal Jackson Episode : `` Pilot '' 2000 The Hughleys Buzz Episode : `` Lies My Valentine Told Me '' 2000 -- 2001 Providence Burt Ridley 18 episodes 2001 Early Bird Special Red - Headed Cop Episode : `` Pilot '' 2002 Gilmore Girls Peyton Sanders Episode : `` Eight O'Clock at the Oasis '' 2002 -- 2004 The Division Inspector Nate Basso 16 episodes 2005 CSI : Miami Dr. Brent Kessler 2 episodes 2005 Point Pleasant Dr. George Forrester 2 episodes 2005 Charmed Jack Brody Episode : `` Ordinary Witches '' 2006 Numb3rs Richard Clast Episode : `` Hardball '' 2006 Related Danny Episode : `` Related '' 2006 -- 2007 The Unit Wilson James 5 episodes 2006 -- 2007 What About Brian Richard Povich 6 episodes 2007 The Sarah Silverman Program Cable Guy Episode : `` Muffin ' Man '' 2007 -- 2015 Mad Men Don Draper 92 episodes ; also producer and directed 2 episodes 2008 -- 2015 Saturday Night Live Himself / Various roles 10 episodes 2009 -- 2012 30 Rock Dr. Drew Baird / Abner / David Brinkley 7 episodes The Simpsons FBI Investigator ( voice ) Episode : `` Donnie Fatso '' 2010 , 2012 Conan Don Draper 2 episodes 2010 -- 2016 Childrens Hospital Derrick Childrens / Arthur Childrens 6 episodes 2011 Robot Chicken Various voices 2 episodes 2012 The Increasingly Poor Decisions of Todd Margaret Himself 4 episodes 2012 Comedy Bang ! Bang ! Himself Episode : `` Jon Hamm Wears A Light Blue Shirt & Silver Watch '' 2012 Martha Speaks Ham Johnson ( voice ) Episode : `` Cora ! Cora ! Cora ! / Cora Encore ! '' 2012 Metalocalypse Sultan Jamawa ( voice ) Episode : `` Writersklok '' 2012 American Dad ! Himself ( voice ) Episode : `` Can I Be Frank ( With You ) '' 2012 Family Guy Himself ( voice ) Episode : `` Ratings Guy '' 2012 , 2013 The Greatest Event in Television History Rick Simon / Ghost of Jon Hamm 2 episodes 2012 -- 2013 A Young Doctor 's Notebook Older Dr. Vladimir Bomgard 8 episodes ; also executive producer 2013 Bob 's Burgers O.T. ( voice ) Episode : `` O.T. : The Outside Toilet '' 2013 Archer Captain Murphy ( voice ) 2 episodes 2013 2013 ESPY Awards Himself ( host ) Television special 2013 Clear History Will Haney Television film 2014 Web Therapy Jeb Masters 2 episodes 2014 Black Mirror Matt Trent Episode : `` White Christmas '' 2014 -- 2015 Parks and Recreation Ed 2 episodes 2015 -- 2017 Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Reverend Richard Wayne Gary Wayne 9 episodes 2015 7 Days in Hell Narrator ( voice ) Television film 2015 Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp Falcon 4 episodes 2015 Toast of London Himself Episode : `` Hamm on Toast '' 2016 Wander Over Yonder Cartoon Lord Hater ( voice ) Episode : `` The Cartoon '' 2016 Angie Tribeca McCormick Episode : `` Fleas Do n't Kill Me '' 2016 All or Nothing : A Season with the Arizona Cardinals Narrator ( voice ) 8 episodes 2016 The Last Man on Earth Darrell Episode : `` General Breast Theme with Cobras '' 2017 SpongeBob SquarePants Don Grouper ( voice ) Episode : `` Goodbye , Krabby Patty ? '' 2017 Tour de Pharmacy Narrator ( voice ) Television film 2017 All or Nothing : A Season with the Los Angeles Rams Narrator ( voice ) 8 episodes 2017 Big Mouth Scallops ( voice ) Episode : `` I Survived Jessi 's Bat Mitzvah '' 2017 Travel Man Himself Episode : `` 48 Hours in Hong Kong Christmas Special '' 2018 Good Omens Archangel Gabriel Upcoming miniseries Music videos ( edit ) Year Artist Song Role 2011 The Lonely Island ( ft . Rihanna ) `` Shy Ronnie 2 : Ronnie & Clyde '' Bank Hostage 2011 Herman Düne `` Tell Me Something I Do n't Know '' 2012 Aimee Mann `` Labrador '' Tom Scharpling Audiobooks ( edit ) Year Title Author Role Notes 2017 Star Wars : From a Certain Point of View Paul Dini Boba Fett ( voice ) Title : `` Added Muscle '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Nominated work Result 2007 Satellite Award Best Cast -- Television Series Mad Men Won 2008 Golden Globe Award Best Actor -- Television Series Drama Won Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Nominated Satellite Award Best Actor -- Television Series Drama Nominated Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series Nominated Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Nominated Television Critics Association Award Individual Achievement in Drama Nominated 2009 Golden Globe Award Best Actor -- Television Series Drama Nominated Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series 30 Rock Nominated Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Mad Men Nominated Satellite Award Best Actor -- Television Series Drama Nominated Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series Nominated Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Won Television Critics Association Award Individual Achievement in Drama Nominated Golden Globe Award Best Actor -- Television Series Drama Nominated Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series 30 Rock Nominated Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Mad Men Nominated National Board of Review Best Cast The Town Won Satellite Award Best Actor -- Television Series Drama Mad Men Nominated Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series Nominated Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Won 2011 Broadcast Film Critics Association Award Best Cast The Town Nominated Critics ' Choice Television Award Best Actor in a Drama Series Mad Men Won Golden Globe Award Best Actor -- Television Series Drama Nominated Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Nominated Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series Nominated Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Nominated Television Critics Association Award Individual Achievement in Drama Won 2012 Critics ' Choice Television Award Best Actor in a Drama Series Nominated MTV Movie Award Best On - Screen Dirtbag Bridesmaids Nominated Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Drama Series Mad Men Nominated Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series 30 Rock Nominated Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Mad Men Nominated Satellite Award Best Actor -- Television Series Drama Nominated Television Critics Association Award Individual Achievement in Drama Nominated 2013 Golden Globe Award Best Actor -- Television Series Drama Nominated Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Drama Series Nominated Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Nominated Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series Nominated Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Nominated 2014 Teen Choice Award Choice Movie Actor : Drama Million Dollar Arm Nominated Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Drama Series Mad Men Nominated Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Nominated 2015 Television Critics Association Award Individual Achievement in Drama Won Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Drama Series Nominated Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Won Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Nominated 2016 Golden Globe Award Best Actor -- Television Series Drama Mad Men Won Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series Nominated Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Nominated Annie Award Voice Acting in a Feature Production Minions Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Jon Hamm '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Monitor '' . Entertainment Weekly ( 1250 ) . March 15 , 2013 . p. 23 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Brett ( December 2008 ) . `` Breakout : Jon Hamm '' . GQ . p. 2 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2012 . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Pennington , Gail ( February 18 , 2001 ) . `` '' Providence '' Made St. Louisan A Star , And He 's Taking It From There `` . St. Louis Post-Dispatch : F5 . Jump up ^ Smolenyak , Megan ( April 8 , 2013 ) . `` 10 Things You Did n't Know About Jon Hamm 's Roots '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Illey , Chrissy ( April 27 , 2008 ) . `` The interview : Jon Hamm '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved January 26 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Armstrong , Stephen ( November 30 , 2008 ) . `` Mad about Mad Men 's Jon Hamm '' . The Times . UK . Retrieved February 9 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Handy , Bruce ( August 5 , 2009 ) . `` Mad Men Q&A : Jon Hamm '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved March 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : West , Kevin ( August 2010 ) . `` Jon Hamm and Rebecca Hall : Talk of The Town '' . W. Archived from the original on July 16 , 2010 . Retrieved July 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Stein , Joel . `` Hard Sell '' . Men 's Health . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 30 . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Brett . `` Breakout : Jon Hamm '' . GQ . p. 4 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2012 . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Kaplan , Sarah ( April 10 , 2015 ) . `` Report : Jon Hamm , star of ' Mad Men , ' was arrested in college for brutally hazing another student '' . Washington Post . Washington , D.C. Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . As a fraternity member at the University of Texas more than two decades ago , `` Mad Men '' star Jon Hamm was arrested in connection with a violent hazing in which a pledge was beaten , dragged by the genitals by the claw of a hammer , and had his clothes set on fire , according to the Associated Press . The actor , who was a 20 - year - old sophomore at the time of the incident , was charged with a misdemeanor but made a plea deal . He received `` deferred adjudication '' , the AP reported , which under Texas law allows a case to be dismissed if the defendant successfully completes probation . ^ Jump up to : Fechter , Joshua ( April 9 , 2015 ) . `` ' Mad Men ' star Jon Hamm was charged in brutal 1990 hazing incident at University of Texas at Austin '' . San Antonio Express - News . San Antonio , Texas . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Weber , Paul J. ( April 9 , 2015 ) . `` ' Mad Men ' star Hamm was accused in violent fraternity hazing '' . Associated Press . New York . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . `` Mad Men '' star Jon Hamm took part in a violent college hazing in 1990 at the University of Texas that led to criminal charges and to the fraternity chaper permanently disbanding , according to court and school records obtained Thursday . Jump up ^ Mills , Nancy ( July 30 , 2008 ) . `` Hamm ages well '' . Waterloo Region Record . Jump up ^ Eanet , Lindsay ( July 23 , 2010 ) . `` Watch a Hilariously Cheesy University of Missouri Recruitment Ad Featuring Jon Hamm '' . Paste . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bland , Pete ( July 27 , 2008 ) . `` Mad man -- Jon Hamm 's rise to becoming the slickest , suavest man on television has deep , dedicated roots in Columbia '' . Columbia Daily Tribune . Jump up ^ Voss , Brandon ( September 9 , 2008 ) . `` Big Gay Following : Jon Hamm '' . The Advocate . p. 1 . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ DiNunno , Gina ( April 21 , 2010 ) . `` Office 's Ellie Kemper : Jon Hamm Was My `` Handsome '' High - School Acting Teacher `` . TV Guide . Retrieved August 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Postman , Alex ( August 21 , 2009 ) . `` Jon Hamm Interview '' . Elle . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved September 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Rudd , Paul . `` Jon Hamm '' . Interview . p. 3 . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2010 . Retrieved February 11 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Sachs , Adam ( October 2010 ) . `` Jon Hamm : The Last Alpha Male '' . Details . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2010 . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Timon of Athens '' . SacredFools.org . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Snyder , Gabriel ( July 2008 ) . `` Jon Hamm profile '' . W. p. 1 . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2010 . Retrieved February 10 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jon Hamm Biography '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Atkin , Hillary ( January 25 , 2008 ) . `` ' Mad ' man Jon Hamm came out of nowhere '' . South Florida Sun - Sentinel . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2009 . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jon Hamm '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 10 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Adams , Patty ( August 3 , 2008 ) . `` Why Everyone 's Mad About Jon Hamm '' . New York Post . p. 1 . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2009 . Retrieved February 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Smiley , Tavis ( August 29 , 2007 ) . `` Jon Hamm '' . The Tavis Smiley Show . Retrieved October 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ Brady , James ( July 27 , 2008 ) . `` In Step With ... Jon Hamm '' . Parade . Retrieved February 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Handy , Bruce ( September 2009 ) . `` Don and Betty 's Paradise Lost '' . Vanity Fair . p. 5 . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lipworth , Elaine ( March 10 , 2012 ) . `` ' I was at the very bottom of the list ' : How Mad Men 's Jon Hamm finally became a leading man '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Petrecca , Laura ( August 5 , 2007 ) . `` AMC uses nostalgia to draw marketers '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( July 19 , 2007 ) . `` ' Mad Men ' : You 'll buy what it 's selling '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Matthew ( December 29 , 2007 ) . `` Surprises from cable 's far corners '' . The Boston Globe . p. 2 . Retrieved February 11 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` HFPA -- Awards Search '' . Golden Globe Award Official Website . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2013 . Retrieved February 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jon Hamm Television Academy '' . Emmys.com. 2015 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Jon Hamm Happy To Get `` Mad '' Again `` . The Early Show . CBS News . July 23 , 2008 . Retrieved February 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Lisa ( January 7 , 2009 ) . `` ' Mad Men ' rages into award season '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 30 Rock leads the way for Emmys '' . BBC News . July 16 , 2009 . Retrieved July 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes 2010 : the nominees '' . BBC News . December 15 , 2009 . Retrieved December 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ' Mad Men ' finale has finally arrived '' . CNN . May 17 , 2015 . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jon Hamm '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( December 12 , 2008 ) . `` It 's All Over , Earthlings ( Do n't Flee to New Jersey ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Day the Earth Stood Still , The ( 2008 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . December 12 , 2008 . Retrieved February 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Day the Earth Stood Still ( 2008 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . December 12 , 2008 . Retrieved February 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Brown , Lane ( September 19 , 2008 ) . `` Don Draper to Host ' Saturday Night Live ' '' . New York . Retrieved February 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bruno , Mike ( October 26 , 2008 ) . `` Jon Hamm crashes ' SNL ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` '' Saturday Night Live `` : The Best Skits , Featuring Host Jon Hamm '' . The Wall Street Journal . January 31 , 2010 . Retrieved November 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ziegbe , Mawuse ( October 31 , 2010 ) . `` Rihanna , Jon Hamm Helm Halloween ' Saturday Night Live ' Episode '' . MTV News . Retrieved November 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Jennifer ( January 21 , 2009 ) . `` Tina Fey and Jon Hamm talk about coupling up on ' 30 Rock ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bland , Pete ( July 16 , 2009 ) . `` Hamm gets two Emmy nods '' . Columbia Daily Tribune . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2009 . Retrieved July 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( February 3 , 2010 ) . `` IFC pays for ' Stolen ' rights '' . Variety . Retrieved February 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Lindsay ( February 16 , 2010 ) . `` Jon Hamm 's First Movie As a Leading Man , Stolen , Is Finally Coming Out '' . New York . Retrieved February 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Rose , Lisa ( March 9 , 2010 ) . `` Jon Hamm interview : From ' Mad Men ' to man of mystery '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved March 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( September 15 , 2010 ) . `` The Town '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Xan ( September 9 , 2010 ) . `` Mad Men 's Jon Hamm is the talk of The Town '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved September 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Town ( 2010 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . September 17 , 2010 . Retrieved December 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Town ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stein , Ruthe ( September 19 , 2010 ) . `` Jon Hamm talks about playing Jake Ehrlich '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved September 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Reiher , Andrea ( December 11 , 2010 ) . `` Jon Hamm on ' The Simpsons ' : ' I was considering not wearing pants ' '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2010 . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( March 25 , 2011 ) . `` Sucker Punch '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Patterson , John ( June 22 , 2012 ) . `` Will we get to see more of Jon Hamm 's funny side ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Aftab , Kaleem ( January 28 , 2011 ) . `` Jon Hamm -- It 's all started to ad up ... '' The Independent . UK . Retrieved January 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Semigran , Aly ( December 1 , 2011 ) . `` Jon Hamm pretends to be a robot . Can . Not . Compute . Awesomeness . System meltdown . Beep bop boop . -- Video '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Miami Heat Star LeBron James Tops ESPY Awards With Three Wins '' . Hollywood Reporter . July 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( May 9 , 2012 ) . `` Jon Hamm to Star in Sports Drama ' Million Dollar Arm ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jon Hamm and Daniel Radcliffe In ' A Young Doctor 's Notebook ' : A Twisted Tale Worth Telling '' . Jump up ^ Wollaston , Sam ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` Black Mirror : White Christmas -- review : the funny , freaky , tragic near - future '' . The Guardian . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stern , Marlow ( March 23 , 2015 ) . `` Jon Hamm on His ' Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt ' Villain and Former Eighth - Grade Student Ellie Kemper '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp ' Continues the Comedy on Netflix '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( April 30 , 2013 ) . `` At Illumination , Jon Hamm Lends Voice To ' Minions ' Movie ; Tito Ortiz Returns As Executive '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( August 28 , 2015 ) . `` ' Minions ' Hits $1 Billion at Worldwide Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Christine ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` Extras needed for ' Keeping Up With The Joneses ' , starring Jon Hamm and Zach Galifianakis '' . On Location Vacations . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pederson , Erik ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Eddie The Eagle ' Has Landed At Fox ; Biopic Starring Taron Egerton , Hugh Jackman Set For 2016 '' . Deadline . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. ( May 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Maze Runner : The Death Cure ' Release Moved To 2018 As Dylan O'Brien Recovers '' . Deadline . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` First Look : Jon Hamm , Tim Robbins Have Familial Face - Off in ' Marjorie Prime ' ( Exclusive Photo ) '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Yahoo !. February 12 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` Jon Hamm Joins Edgar Wright 's ' Baby Driver ' '' . Variety . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ; Kit , Borys ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Jon Hamm Joins Zachary Quinto in ' Aardvark ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( May 6 , 2015 ) . `` Jon Hamm Joins Tony Gilroy 's ' High Wire Act ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Hillary ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Jon Hamm to Play Archangel Gabriel in Neil Gaiman 's Amazon Series ' Good Omens ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jordan , Julie ( September 7 , 2015 ) . `` Jon Hamm and Jennifer Westfeldt Split After 18 Years Together '' . People . Retrieved September 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adams , Patty ( August 3 , 2008 ) . `` Why Everyone 's Mad About Jon Hamm '' . New York Post . p. 2 . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2009 . Retrieved February 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Stuart ( November 12 , 2008 ) . `` Holiday Campaigns Bring on the Humor to Reassure Consumers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . The celebrities in the Gap campaign include Jon Hamm of Mad Men ... with his girlfriend , the actress Jennifer Westfeldt . Jump up ^ Rosen , Lisa ( June 3 , 2009 ) . `` Jon Hamm 's a calm ' Mad Men ' guy '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Barshad , Amos ( April 27 , 2009 ) . `` Jon Hamm and Jennifer Westfeldt Fight Censorship '' . New York . Retrieved May 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mad Men Emmy Nominee Jon Hamm stays true to character , is a real lady 's mans '' . Animal Fair . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2011 . Retrieved September 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Gabriel ( July 2008 ) . `` Jon Hamm '' . W. p. 2 . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2008 . Retrieved February 10 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Dodd , Johnny ; Natasha Stoynoff ( September 10 , 2007 ) . `` Mad About Him '' . People . Retrieved February 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Fiona ( September 4 , 2008 ) . `` ' Mad Men ' Star Jon Hamm on Smoking Clove Cigarettes '' . New York . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jon Hamm Completes Rehab for Alcohol Abuse Before Final ' Mad Men ' Premiere '' . Variety . March 24 , 2015 . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mad Men star 's stress disease '' . The Age . Melbourne . September 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Clark , Cindy ( September 26 , 2007 ) . `` A second round for ' Mad Men ' star Jon Hamm '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Blues : Jon Hamm TV Spot '' . St. Louis Blues . Retrieved November 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jon Hamm and Jenna Fischer Hit St. Louis for All - Star Game '' . People . July 13 , 2009 . Retrieved July 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 5 live - Kermode and Mayo 's Film Review , 29 / 08 / 2014 , Jon Hamm : ' I am a cricket fan ' '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Stuart ( March 3 , 2010 ) . `` Jon Hamm of ' Mad Men ' Is Becoming the Voice of Mercedes - Benz '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Thomaselli , Rich ( January 17 , 2013 ) . `` American Airlines Revamp Hopes to Revive ' Wonder of Travel ' '' . Advertising Age . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Joan ( November 15 , 2007 ) . `` Sexiest Man Living 2007 '' . Salon.com . p. 2 . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2010 . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 's Sexiest Men Alive -- Jon Hamm '' . People . November 19 , 2008 . Retrieved February 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Karpel , Ari ( November 14 , 2008 ) . `` Jon Hamm : Entertainer of the Year '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Labrecque , Jeff ( December 2 , 2010 ) . `` Jon Hamm , Jane Lynch , and Rico Rodriguez : Our bonus Entertainers of the Year covers '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jon Hamm : International Man '' . GQ . September 7 , 2010 . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2010 . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brown , Lane ( December 12 , 2009 ) . `` Don Draper Revealed as Single Man 's Bearer of Bad News '' . New York . Retrieved December 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Horowitz , Josh ( June 4 , 2010 ) . `` ' A-Team ' Cameos Revealed at LA Premiere ! Classic ' Team ' Members ? Another Unrevealed TV Star ? '' . MTV . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brown , Lane ; Claude Brodesser - Akner ( July 23 , 2010 ) . `` The Star Market : Handsome Jon Hamm Can Be Dapper and Goofy , So What 's That Worth in Hollywood ? '' . New York . Retrieved August 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Harris , Aisha ( 4 April 2014 ) . `` Jon Hamm Was Once on a Dating Show -- and He Lost '' . Slate . Retrieved April 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Mad Men ' Star Jon Hamm Joins ' Black Mirror ' '' . Variety.com. 2014 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` From a Certain Point of View Audiobook Exclusive -- Jon Hamm ( as Boba Fett ! ) Leads an All - Star Cast '' . Jump up ^ `` Jon Hamm Awards and Nominations '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Rochlin , Margy . `` Those Were the Good Old Days ? Hardly '' . The New York Times . September 30 , 2007 ; accessed February 12 , 2009 . Alston , Joshua . `` Bryan Cranston and Jon Hamm : Get ' Bad , ' Get ' Mad , ' and You 'll Get Glad '' . Newsweek . December 31 , 2007 ; accessed June 4 , 2009 . Hainey , Michael . `` The Man in the Gray ( Indestructible ) Suit '' . GQ . January 1 , 2008 ; accessed June 18 , 2009 . Wilson , Benji . `` Jon Hamm : Why Mad Men Was an Instant Star '' . The Daily Telegraph . March 14 , 2008 ; accessed February 12 , 2009 . Seltzer , Ian . `` Jon Hamm : Suave , Successful , Mad Man '' . ABC News . July 14 , 2008 ; accessed April 28 , 2009 . Ryan , Maureen . `` ' Mad Men ' Calvacade of Stars , Part 2 : Jon Hamm '' . Chicago Tribune . July 15 , 2008 ; accessed February 12 , 2009 . Guest , Jocelyn . `` Jon Hamm of ' Mad Men ' on the Future of Don Draper '' . New York . July 24 , 2008 ; accessed February 12 , 2009 . Neuman , Clayton . `` Q&A -- Jon Hamm '' . AMC . October 26 , 2008 ; accessed February 12 , 2009 . Wolf , Jeanne . `` Jon Hamm 's Sudden Fame '' . Parade ; accessed April 27 , 2009 . Hill , Erin . `` Jon Hamm : ' Everyone Deserves a Little Good - Natured Ribbing ' '' . Parade . March 11 , 2010 ; accessed March 11 , 2010 . Torvalds , Linus . `` Pearls before swine ... '' . LINUS ' BLOG . February 28 , 2011 ; accessed May 24 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutJon Hammat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Data from Wikidata Jon Hamm at Emmys.com Jon Hamm on IMDb Jon Hamm interview video at the Archive of American Television Awards for Jon Hamm Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series Jon Hamm ( 2011 ) Bryan Cranston ( 2012 ) Bryan Cranston ( 2013 ) Matthew McConaughey ( 2014 ) Bob Odenkirk ( 2015 ) Rami Malek ( 2016 ) Bob Odenkirk ( 2016 ) Sterling K. Brown ( 2017 ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series 1950s Robert Young ( 1956 ) Robert Young ( 1957 ) Raymond Burr ( 1959 ) 1960s Robert Stack ( 1960 ) Raymond Burr ( 1961 ) E.G. Marshall ( 1962 ) E.G. 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Brown ( 2017 ) Satellite Award for Best Cast -- Television Series 2000 The West Wing Alan Alda Stockard Channing Kristin Chenoweth Dulé Hill Allison Janney Moira Kelly Rob Lowe Joshua Malina Mary McCormack Janel Moloney Richard Schiff Martin Sheen Jimmy Smits John Spencer Bradley Whitford 2001 Buffy the Vampire Slayer Amber Benson Marc Blucas David Boreanaz Nicholas Brendon Charisma Carpenter Emma Caulfield Sarah Michelle Gellar Seth Green Alyson Hannigan Anthony Stewart Head James Marsters Michelle Trachtenberg 2005 Rescue Me Denis Leary John Scurti Daniel Sunjata Mike Lombardi Steven Pasquale Andrea Roth Callie Thorne Adam Ferrara Larenz Tate James McCaffrey Dean Winters 2006 Grey 's Anatomy Justin Chambers Eric Dane Patrick Dempsey Katherine Heigl T.R. Knight Sandra Oh James Pickens Jr . 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Kelley ( 1999 ) James Gandolfini ( 2000 ) James Gandolfini ( 2001 ) Michael Chiklis ( 2002 ) Edie Falco ( 2003 ) Ian McShane ( 2004 ) Hugh Laurie ( 2005 ) Hugh Laurie ( 2006 ) Michael C. Hall ( 2007 ) Paul Giamatti ( 2008 ) Bryan Cranston ( 2009 ) Julianna Margulies ( 2010 ) Jon Hamm ( 2011 ) Claire Danes ( 2012 ) Tatiana Maslany ( 2013 ) Matthew McConaughey ( 2014 ) Jon Hamm ( 2015 ) Sarah Paulson ( 2016 ) Carrie Coon ( 2017 ) VIAF : 90688495 LCCN : no2008135513 ISNI : 0000 0001 1952 5593 GND : 140207546 SUDOC : 147015022 BNF : cb16513048s ( data ) MusicBrainz : c7d0a7ab - 2c58 - 4165 - 91a5 - 016ff96d7e9a NKC : xx0173596 BNE : XX4809653 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jon_Hamm&oldid=831651489 '' Categories : 1971 births Living people 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors American film producers American male film actors American male television actors American male voice actors American people of English descent American people of German descent American people of Irish descent American television directors American television producers American schoolteachers Best Drama Actor Golden Globe ( television ) winners California Democrats Male actors from St. Louis New York ( state ) Democrats University of Missouri alumni Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actor in a Drama Series Primetime Emmy Award winners People from St. Louis County , Missouri People with Vitiligo University of Texas at Austin alumni Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Articles using Template : EmmyTVLegends name Good articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 March 2018 , at 16 : 20 . 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what does the lone ranger say to silver	In an echo of the Lone Ranger 's line , Tonto frequently says , `` Git - um up , Scout ! '' ( The phrase became so well embedded in the Lone Ranger mythos that International Harvester used it as an advertising line to promote their Scout utility vehicle in the 1970s . ) In the Format Films animated cartoon which ran from 1966 to 1968 , Tonto also had an eagle he called Taka , and installments that focused exclusively on him or had him team up with the Lone Ranger ended with his saying , `` Fly , Taka ! On , Scout ! '' ( Those where he teamed with the Lone Ranger had the Ranger following this up with the customary `` Hi - yo , Silver ! Away ! '' )	Hi - yo , Silver ! Away !	Lone Ranger	lone ranger	The Lone Ranger is a fictional masked former Texas Ranger who fought outlaws in the American Old West with his Native American friend , Tonto . The character has been called an enduring icon of American culture .	He first appeared in 1933 in a radio show conceived either by WXYZ ( Detroit ) radio station owner George W. Trendle , or by Fran Striker , the show 's writer . The radio series proved to be a hit and spawned a series of books ( largely written by Striker ) , an equally popular television show that ran from 1949 to 1957 , comic books , and several movies . The title character was played on the radio show by George Seaton , Earle Graser , and Brace Beemer . Clayton Moore portrayed the Lone Ranger on television , although during a contract dispute , Moore was replaced temporarily by John Hart , who wore a different style of mask . On the radio , Tonto was played by , among others , John Todd and Roland Parker ; and in the television series , by Jay Silverheels , who was a Mohawk from the Six Nations Indian Reserve in Ontario , Canada . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Characters 2.1 The Lone Ranger 2.1. 1 The Lone Ranger 's first name 2.2 Tonto 2.3 Dan Reid Jr . 2.4 Their horses 3 Original radio series 3.1 Premiere 3.2 Introductions 3.3 Cast 3.4 Music 3.5 Possible inspirations 3.6 The Green Hornet 4 Film serials 5 Television series 5.1 Hi - Yo Silver ! , Kemo sabe , and other cultural tropes 5.2 Moore lawsuits 6 Films 6.1 The Lone Ranger ( 1956 ) 6.2 The Lone Ranger and the Lost City of Gold ( 1958 ) 6.3 The Return of the Lone Ranger ( 1961 ) 6.4 The Legend of the Lone Ranger ( 1981 ) 6.5 The Lone Ranger ( 2003 ) 6.6 The Lone Ranger ( 2013 ) 7 Other media 7.1 Novels 7.2 Big Little Books 7.3 Little Golden Books 7.4 Anthologies 7.5 Comic strip 7.6 Comic books 7.7 The Lone Ranger Magazine 7.8 Animation 7.8. 1 1930s 7.8. 2 Format Films animated cartoon , 1966 to 1968 7.8. 3 The Tarzan / Lone Ranger Adventure Hour , early 1980s 7.8. 4 The Lone Ranger : The Lost Episodes , 2001 7.9 Video game 7.10 Premiums 7.11 Toys 7.12 Parodies and spoofs 8 Ownership 9 See also 9.1 Fictional characters 9.2 Real characters 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Origin ( edit ) The Lone Ranger was named so because the character is the only survivor of a group of six Texas Rangers . While details differ , the basic story of the origin of the Lone Ranger is the same in most versions of the franchise . A posse of six members of the Texas Ranger Division pursuing a band of outlaws led by Bartholomew `` Butch '' Cavendish is betrayed by a civilian guide named Collins and is ambushed in a canyon named Bryant 's Gap . Later , an Indian named Tonto stumbles onto the scene and discovers one ranger is barely alive , and he nurses the man back to health . In some versions , Tonto recognizes the lone survivor as the man who saved his life when they both were children . According to the television series , when Tonto left the Reid place with a horse given him by the boy Reid , he gave Reid a ring and the name Kemo Sabe , which he said means `` trusty scout '' . Among the Rangers killed was the survivor 's older brother , Daniel Reid , who was a captain in the Texas Rangers and the leader of the ambushed group . To conceal his identity and honor his fallen brother , Reid fashions a black domino mask from the material of his brother 's vest . To aid in the deception , Tonto digs a sixth grave and places at its head a cross bearing Reid 's name so that Cavendish and his gang would believe that all of the Rangers had been killed . In many versions Reid continues fighting for justice as The Lone Ranger even after the Cavendish gang is captured . Characters ( edit ) The Lone Ranger ( edit ) As generally depicted , the Lone Ranger conducts himself by a strict moral code based on that put in place by Striker at the inception of the character . It read : I believe ... That to have a friend , a man must be one . That all men are created equal and that everyone has within himself the power to make this a better world . That God put the firewood there , but that every man must gather and light it himself . In being prepared physically , mentally , and morally to fight when necessary for what is right . That a man should make the most of what equipment he has . That ' this government of the people , by the people , and for the people ' shall live always . That men should live by the rule of what is best for the greatest number . That sooner or later ... somewhere ... somehow ... we must settle with the world and make payment for what we have taken . That all things change but truth , and that truth alone , lives on forever . In my Creator , my country , my fellow man . In addition , Fran Striker and George W. Trendle drew up the following guidelines that embody who and what the Lone Ranger is : The Lone Ranger was never seen without his mask or some sort of disguise . He was never captured or held for any length of time by lawmen , avoiding his being unmasked . He always used perfect grammar and precise speech devoid of slang and colloquialisms . Whenever he was forced to use guns , he never shot to kill , but instead tried to disarm his opponent as painlessly as possible . He was never put in a hopeless situation ; e.g. , he was never seen escaping from a barrage of gunfire merely by fleeing toward the horizon . He rarely referred to himself as the Lone Ranger . If someone 's suspicion were aroused , the Lone Ranger would present one of his silver bullets to confirm his identity ; but many times someone else would attest on his behalf . The origin of this name was , following the Bryant 's Gap ambush , Tonto observed him to be the only ranger left -- the `` lone ranger '' ; Tonto 's choice of words inspired him to call himself `` The Lone Ranger '' . Even though The Lone Ranger offered his aid to individuals or small groups facing powerful adversaries , the ultimate objective of his story always implied that their benefit was only a by - product of the development of the West or the country . Adversaries were rarely other than American , to avoid criticism from minority groups . There were some exceptions to this rule . He sometimes battled foreign agents , though their nation of origin was generally not named . An exception was his having helped the Mexican Benito Juárez against French troops of Emperor Maximilian , as occurred in the radio episodes `` Supplies for Juarez '' ( 18 September 1939 ) , `` Hunted by Legionnaires '' ( 20 September 1939 ) and `` Lafitte 's Reinforcements '' ( 22 September 1939 ) . The names of unsympathetic characters were carefully chosen so that they never consisted of two names if it could be avoided . More often than not , a single nickname was selected . The Lone Ranger never drank or smoked ; and saloon scenes were usually shown as cafes , with waiters and food instead of bartenders and liquor . Criminals were never shown in enviable positions of wealth or power , and they were never successful or glamorous . The Lone Ranger 's first name ( edit ) Although the Lone Ranger 's last name in the radio shows was given as Reid , his first name was never specified in any of the radio or television shows . Various radio reference books , beginning with Radio 's Golden Age ( Eastern Valley Press , 1966 ) , give the Lone Ranger 's first name as John . Some cite the 20th anniversary radio program in 1953 as the source of the name , but the Lone Ranger 's first name is never mentioned in that episode . In the final chapter of the 1938 Republic The Lone Ranger movie serial , he is revealed to be Texas Ranger Allen King . In the second serial , The Lone Ranger Rides Again , he identifies himself as `` Bill Andrews '' . The Lone Ranger 's first name is also thought not to have been mentioned in contemporary Lone Ranger newspaper comics , comic books , and tie - in premiums , though some have stated that the name John Reid was used in an illustration of the grave marker made by Tonto which appeared in either a comic book version of the character 's origin story or in a children 's record set . The name John Reid is used in a scene in the 1981 film The Legend of the Lone Ranger , in which the surviving Reid digs an extra grave for himself . The Lone Ranger is also John Reid in Dynamite Entertainment 's licensed Lone Ranger comic book series that began in 2006 and in the 2013 Disney film The Lone Ranger . The name `` Luke Hartman '' was used in the 2003 TV - movie / unsold series pilot . Tonto ( edit ) Main article : Tonto The character made his initial appearance in the 11th episode of the radio show . Fran Striker told his son that Tonto was added so the Lone Ranger would have someone to talk to . He was named by James Jewell , who also came up with the term `` Kemosabe '' based on the name of a summer camp owned by his father - in - law in upstate Michigan . In the local Native American language , `` Tonto '' meant `` wild one . '' The character spoke in broken English that emphasized Tonto had learned it as a second language . Because Tonto means `` stupid '' or `` ignorant '' in Spanish , the character is renamed `` Toro '' ( Spanish for `` bull '' ) or `` Ponto '' in Spanish - speaking countries . Dan Reid Jr. ( edit ) The name of Captain Reid 's son , the Lone Ranger 's nephew , a character introduced in the radio series in 1942 , who became a juvenile sidekick to the Masked Man , is Dan Reid . When Trendle and Striker later created The Green Hornet in 1936 , they made this Dan Reid the father of Britt Reid , alias the Green Hornet , thereby making the Lone Ranger the Green Hornet 's great - uncle . Throughout The Lone Ranger radio series , Dan was played by Ernest Winstanley , Bob Martin , Clarence Weitzel , James Lipton and Dick Beals . The Lone Ranger 's nephew made his first appearance in `` Heading North '' ( December 14 , 1942 ) under the name `` Dan Frisby '' , the grandson of Grandma Frisby . The two lived in an area described as `` the high border country of the northwest '' near the town of Martinsville close to the Canada -- US border . This and the following four episodes ( `` Design for Murder '' , December 16 , 1942 ; `` Rope 's End '' , December 18 , 1942 ; `` Law of the Apex '' , December 21 , 1942 ; and `` Dan 's Strange Behavior '' , December 23 , 1942 ) centred on a plot to steal the valuable Martin Copper Mine and Dan 's being fooled by a Lone Ranger impostor into helping him steal it . The Lone Ranger and the Mounties foil the plot and capture the impostor and his gang . In the final episode of the arc , `` A Nephew is Found '' ( December 25 , 1942 ) , the dying Grandma Frisby reveals to The Lone Ranger Dan 's true identity and how he came to be with her . Fifteen years previously , Grandma Frisby had been part of a wagon train travelling to Fort Laramie . Also on that wagon train had been Linda Reid , wife of Texas Ranger Captain Dan Reid , and her six - month - old son Dan Jr. , who were travelling from their home in Virginia to join her husband . Before the wagon train could reach Fort Laramie , Indians attacked it and Linda Reid was among those killed . Grandma Frisby took charge and care of Dan Jr. , but upon reaching Fort Laramie found two messages waiting : one that Captain Reid ( voiced in this story by Al Hodge ) had been killed in an ambush at Bryant 's Gap and the other that her own husband had been killed in an explosion . Taking Dan and certain items concerning his identity ( including a small gold locket containing a picture of Dan 's parents and a picture of Captain Reid 's brother ) , Grandma Frisby travelled to Martinsville and raised Dan as her grandson . On hearing this story , The Lone Ranger reveals his true identity and his own story to Grandma Frisby and promises that he will care for Dan like his own son . Before Grandma Frisby passes away , The Lone Ranger removes his mask and lets her see his face . Her last words are `` Ride on , Lone Ranger ... ride on forever ... with Danny at your side . '' The Lone Ranger takes the grieving Dan outside the cabin , gives him the locket and reveals their true relationship . Dan Reid Jr. would go on to be a recurring character throughout the remainder of the series , riding with The Lone Ranger and Tonto on his own horse Victor . Eventually , Dan Reid Jr. would be sent East to gain an education , making infrequent appearances on the series whenever Fran Striker wanted to remind the audience of the family connection , and would later become part of The Green Hornet radio series , first appearing on October 22 , 1936 , establishing the connection between The Lone Ranger and The Green Hornet in the episode `` Too Hot to Handle '' ( November 11 , 1947 ) and being played throughout the series by John Todd , who played `` Tonto '' on The Lone Ranger radio series . Their horses ( edit ) According to the episode `` The Legend of Silver '' ( September 30 , 1938 ) , before acquiring Silver , the Lone Ranger rode a chestnut mare called Dusty . The Lone Ranger saves Silver 's life from an enraged buffalo and , in gratitude , Silver chooses to give up his wild life to carry him . The origin of Tonto 's horse , Scout , is less clear . For a long time , Tonto rides a white horse called White Feller . In `` Four Day Ride '' ( August 5 , 1938 ) , Tonto is given a paint horse by his friend Chief Thundercloud , who then takes White Feller . Tonto rides this horse and refers to him simply as `` Paint Horse '' for several episodes . The horse is finally named Scout in `` Border Dope Smuggling '' ( September 2 , 1938 ) . In another episode , however , the Lone Ranger , in a surge of conscience , releases Silver back to the wild . The episode ends with Silver returning , bringing along a companion who becomes Tonto 's horse Scout . In an echo of the Lone Ranger 's line , Tonto frequently says , `` Git - um up , Scout ! '' ( The phrase became so well embedded in the Lone Ranger mythos that International Harvester used it as an advertising line to promote their Scout utility vehicle in the 1970s . ) In the Format Films animated cartoon which ran from 1966 to 1968 , Tonto also had an eagle he called Taka , and installments that focused exclusively on him or had him team up with the Lone Ranger ended with his saying , `` Fly , Taka ! On , Scout ! '' ( Those where he teamed with the Lone Ranger had the Ranger following this up with the customary `` Hi - yo , Silver ! Away ! '' ) Original radio series ( edit ) Premiere ( edit ) The first of 2,956 radio episodes of The Lone Ranger premiered on WXYZ , a radio station serving Detroit , Michigan , on January 30 , 1933 or January 31 , 1933 . As Dunning writes in On the Air : The Encyclopedia of Old - Time Radio : There may have been a few late - night on - air shakedown shows prior to the official January 31 , 1933 premiere date . Lacking concrete evidence , ( Lone Ranger authority Terry ) Salomonson is inclined to doubt it . `` There is nothing in any of the Detroit papers to indicate this , but that in itself does n't mean much . The papers did n't even list the show in their radio logs at first . '' The show was an immediate success . Though it was aimed at children , adults made up at least half the audience . It became so popular , it was picked up by the Mutual Broadcasting System and , on May 2 , 1942 , by NBC 's Blue Network , which in time became ABC . Introductions ( edit ) An announcer introduced each episode with the following , which was sometimes changed to reflect the storyline of the episode : In the early days of the western United States , a masked man and an Indian rode the plains , searching for truth and justice . Return with us now to those thrilling days of yesteryear , when from out of the past come the thundering hoofbeats of the great horse Silver ! The Lone Ranger rides again ! By the time it was on ABC at 7 : 30 pm Eastern Time , the introduction , voiced by Fred Foy , had become `` Return with us now to those thrilling days of yesteryear '' , followed by , `` From out of the west with the speed of light and a hearty ' Hi - yo , Silver ! ' '' The intro was later changed to : A fiery horse with the speed of light , a cloud of dust and a hearty Hi - Yo Silver ! The Lone Ranger ! ... With his faithful Indian companion Tonto , the daring and resourceful masked rider of the plains led the fight for law and order in the early western United States ! Nowhere in the pages of history can one find a greater champion of justice ! Return with us now to those thrilling days of yesteryear ! From out of the past come the thundering hoofbeats of the great horse Silver ! The Lone Ranger rides again ! This was followed by Brace Beemer 's voice , declaring , `` Come on , Silver ! Let 's go , big fellow ! Hi - yo , Silver ! Away ! '' Cast ( edit ) The Lone Ranger was played by several actors : John L. Barrett , on test broadcasts on WEBR in January 1933 ; George Seaton ( under the name George Stenius ) ( January 31 -- May 9 , 1933 ) ; Series director James Jewell , for one episode ; An actor known only by the pseudonym `` Jack Deeds '' , for one episode ; Earle Graser ( May 16 , 1933 -- April 7 , 1941 ) . On April 8 , Graser died in a car accident ; and , for five episodes , the Lone Ranger was unable to speak beyond a whisper , with Tonto carrying the action . In addition , six episodes broadcast in August 1938 did not include the Lone Ranger 's voice other than an occasional `` Hi - Yo Silver ! '' in the background . In those episodes , Tonto carried the dialog ; Brace Beemer ( April 18 , 1941 to the end ) , who had been the show 's deep - voiced announcer for several years ; Fred Foy ( March 29 , 1954 ) , also an announcer on the show , took over the role for one broadcast when Beemer had laryngitis . Tonto was played throughout the run by actor John Todd ( although there were a few isolated occasions when he was replaced by Roland Parker , better known as Kato for much of the run of sister series The Green Hornet ) . Other supporting players were selected from Detroit area actors and studio staff . These included Jay Michael ( who also played the lead on Challenge of the Yukon , a.k.a. Sgt . Preston of the Yukon ) , Bill Saunders ( as various villains , including Butch Cavendish ) , Paul Hughes ( as the Ranger 's friend Thunder Martin and as various army colonels and badmen ) , future movie star John Hodiak , Janka Fasciszewska ( under the name Jane Fae ) , and Rube and Liz Weiss ( a married couple , both actors in several radio and television programs in Detroit , Rube usually taking on villain roles on the `` Ranger '' , and Liz playing damsels in distress ) . The part of nephew Dan Reid was played by various child actors , including Bob Martin , James Lipton and Dick Beals . Music ( edit ) The theme music was primarily taken from the `` March of the Swiss Soldiers '' finale of Gioachino Rossini 's William Tell Overture , which thus came to be inseparably associated with the series . The theme was conducted by Daniel Pérez Castañeda , with the softer parts excerpted from Die Moldau , composed by Bedřich Smetana . Many other classical selections were used as incidental music , including Wagner 's Flying Dutchman Overture , Bizet 's Symphony in C , Mendelssohn 's Fingal 's Cave Overture , Emil von Řezníček 's Donna Diana Overture , Liszt 's Les préludes , Tchaikovsky 's 1812 Overture and music by Schubert . Classical music was originally used because it was in the public domain , thus allowing production costs to be kept low while providing a wide range of music as needed without the cost of a composer . Interestingly , the incidental music from Liszt 's Les Preludes was being used in the 1940s by Germany 's Nazi propaganda minister , Joseph Goebbels , as a theme in German weekly news announcements , particularly to dramatize German victories in WWII . In the late 1930s , Trendle acquired the rights to use incidental music from Republic Pictures motion picture serials as part of a deal for Republic to produce a serial based ( loosely ) on the Lone Ranger . This music was then modified by NBC radio arranger Ben Bonnell and recorded in Mexico to avoid American union rules . This music was used in both the radio and later television shows . Possible inspirations ( edit ) The character was originally believed to be inspired by Texas Ranger Captain John R. Hughes , to whom the book The Lone Star Ranger by Zane Grey was dedicated in 1915 . A debunked myth was the possible historical inspiration of Bass Reeves , the first black deputy U.S. marshal west of the Mississippi River . Other suggested inspirations were Zorro and Robin Hood . The Green Hornet ( edit ) Main article : Green Hornet The radio series inspired a spinoff called The Green Hornet , which depicts the son of the Lone Ranger 's nephew Dan , Britt Reid , originally played by Al Hodge , who in contemporary times , fights crime with a similar secret identity and a sidekick , Kato . In the Green Hornet comic book series published by NOW Comics , the Lone Ranger makes a cameo appearance by being in a portrait in the Reid home . Contrary to most visual media depictions , and acknowledged by developer / original script writer Ron Fortier to be the result of legal complications , his mask covers all of his face , as it did in the two serials from Republic Pictures ( see below ) . However , rights to The Lone Ranger and The Green Hornet have been acquired by separate owners and the familial link has been ignored in the Western character 's various incarnations . The Lone Ranger -- Green Hornet connection is part of Philip José Farmer 's Wold Newton Universe , which connects disparate fictional characters . Film serials ( edit ) Main articles : The Lone Ranger ( serial ) and The Lone Ranger Rides Again Republic Pictures released two serials starring the Lone Ranger . The first , released in 1938 , utilized several actors playing different men portraying the masked hero , with the true Lone Ranger unknown to the audience until the conclusion ; the character played by Lee Powell is ultimately revealed to be the Lone Ranger . The second serial , The Lone Ranger Rides Again , was released in 1939 and starred Robert Livingston . Tonto was played in both by Victor Daniels , billed as Chief Thundercloud . Television series ( edit ) Main article : The Lone Ranger ( TV series ) The Lone Ranger was a TV show that aired for eight seasons , from 1949 to 1957 , and starred Clayton Moore as the Lone Ranger and Jay Silverheels as Tonto . Only five of the eight seasons had new episodes . It was the ABC television network 's first big hit of the early 1950s . Moore 's tenure as the Ranger is probably the best - known treatment of the franchise . Moore was replaced in the third season by John Hart , but he returned for the final two seasons . The fifth and final season was the only one shot in color . A total of 221 episodes were made . Hi - Yo Silver ! , Kemo sabe , and other cultural tropes ( edit ) At the beginning of each episode , the magnificent white stallion , Silver , would rear up with the Lone Ranger on his back , then they would dash off , the Ranger encouragingly shouting , `` Hi - Yo , Silver ! '' Tonto could occasionally be heard to urge on his mount by calling out , `` Get ' em up , Scout ! '' At the end of each episode , mission completed , one of the characters would always ask the sheriff or other authority , `` Who was that masked man ? '' When it was explained , `` Oh , he 's the Lone Ranger ! '' , the Ranger and Tonto would be seen galloping off with the cry , `` Hi - Yo , Silver ! Away ! '' catching the attention of one of the townspeople crossing the street . Tonto usually referred to the Lone Ranger as `` Kemo sabe '' , described as meaning either `` faithful friend , '' or `` trusty scout '' . It is more likely the word derives from the Anishnaabe language . Gimoozaabi is said to mean `` he looks out in secret . '' These catchphrases , the Ranger 's trademark silver bullets , and the theme music from the William Tell Overture have become tropes of popular culture . Moore lawsuits ( edit ) After the series ended , Moore continued to make public appearances as the Lone Ranger . In 1979 , Jack Wrather , then owner of the rights to the character , obtained a restraining order against Moore , enjoining Moore from appearing in public in his mask . The actor began wearing oversized wraparound Foster Grant sunglasses , as a substitute for the mask . Moore later won a countersuit , allowing him to resume his costume . Films ( edit ) Clayton Moore series : The Lone Ranger ( 1956 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Lone Ranger ( 1956 film ) The Lone Ranger and the Lost city of Gold ( 1958 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Lone Ranger and the Lost City of Gold Other Lone Rangers : The Return of the Lone Ranger ( 1961 ) ( edit ) In 1961 CBS produced Return of the Lone Ranger , starring Tex Hill , as the pilot episode for a proposed TV series . 1981 film , The Legend of the Lone Ranger The Legend of the Lone Ranger ( 1981 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Legend of the Lone Ranger At the time of the 1981 release of the film The Legend of the Lone Ranger , the company owning the rights to the character , Wrather Corp. , filed a lawsuit and obtained a court injunction to prevent Clayton Moore from appearing as the Lone Ranger , and then gave a cameo to his TV replacement , John Hart . The film itself was a critical and commercial failure . It starred Klinton Spilsbury in his only motion picture appearance . His lines were overdubbed by James Keach . The part of Tonto was played by Michael Horse , a Native American of Yaqui , Mescalero Apache , Zuni , and Latino descent . Moore , who never appeared publicly without his mask , was enjoined in the lawsuit from wearing it and , in protest , he began wearing oversized sunglasses that were the approximate size and shape of the mask . In a sequence in the movie , John Reid , a newly graduated attorney , is travelling west in a stagecoach to meet his brother . Another passenger announces his intent to make his fortune from his invention of sunglasses . The stage is robbed and the inventor killed . As John Reid lays the dead man on the floor with the broken dark glasses , yet another passenger says , `` So much for American opportunity . '' The Lone Ranger ( 2003 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Lone Ranger ( 2003 TV movie ) In 2003 , the WB network aired a two - hour Lone Ranger TV movie , starring Chad Michael Murray as the Lone Ranger . The TV movie served as the pilot for a possible new series . However , the movie was greeted unenthusiastically ; the name of the secret identity of the Lone Ranger was changed from `` John Reid '' to `` Luke Hartman '' , and while an empty grave was still alongside those of the five dead Rangers , its supposed occupant was unidentified , and the hero maintained his unmasked identity , as well , becoming a cowboy version of Zorro , as in the first film serial . Ultimately , the project was shelved , with the pilot aired in telefilm form during the summer season due to Murray 's popularity with the target audience of the network . 2013 film , The Lone Ranger The Lone Ranger ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Lone Ranger ( 2013 film ) In 2013 , Walt Disney Pictures and Jerry Bruckheimer Films released The Lone Ranger , starring Armie Hammer as the Lone Ranger and Johnny Depp as Tonto . Directed by Gore Verbinski , the film is an origin story of the two characters and explores the duo 's efforts to subdue the immoral actions of the corrupt , and to bring them to justice , in the American Old West . The film , produced with an estimated budget of $225 million , was received negatively by American critics and performed poorly at the box office . Other Media ( edit ) The series also inspired numerous comic books , books , and gramophone records . Novels ( edit ) The first Lone Ranger novel appeared in 1936 , and eventually 18 volumes were published , as listed below . The first book was written by Gaylord Dubois , but the others were written by the character 's primary developer , Fran Striker . Striker also re-edited and rewrote parts of later editions of the first novel . First published between 1936 and 1956 in hardback by Grosset and Dunlap , these stories were reprinted in 1978 by Pinnacle Books . In 2012 , Moonstone Books published the novel The Lone Ranger : Vendetta , written by Howard Hopkins . The Lone Ranger ( 1936 ) The Lone Ranger and the Mystery Ranch ( 1938 ) The Lone Ranger and the Gold Robbery ( 1939 ) The Lone Ranger and the Outlaw Stronghold ( 1939 ) The Lone Ranger and Tonto ( 1940 ) The Lone Ranger Rides ( 1941 ) The Lone Ranger at the Haunted Gulch ( 1941 ) The Lone Ranger Traps the Smugglers ( 1941 ) The Lone Ranger Rides Again ( 1943 ) The Lone Ranger Rides North ( 1943 ) The Lone Ranger and the Silver Bullet ( 1948 ) The Lone Ranger on Powderhorn Trail ( 1949 ) The Lone Ranger in Wild Horse Canyon ( 1950 ) The Lone Ranger West of Maverick Pass ( 1951 ) The Lone Ranger on Gunsight Mesa ( 1952 ) The Lone Ranger and the Bitter Spring Feud ( 1953 ) The Lone Ranger and the Code of the West ( 1954 ) The Lone Ranger and Trouble on the Santa Fe ( 1955 ) The Lone Ranger on Red Butte Trail ( 1956 ) The Lone Ranger : Vendetta ( 2012 ) , ISBN 978 - 1936814152 Big Little books ( edit ) From 1935 to 1950 , 13 Big Little Books were published . The Lone Ranger and his Horse Silver ( 1935 ) The Lone Ranger and the Vanishing Herd ( 1936 ) The Lone Ranger and the Secret Killer ( 1937 ) The Lone Ranger and the Menace of Murder Valley ( 1938 ) The Lone Ranger and the Lost Valley ( 1938 ) The Lone Ranger and Dead Men 's Mine ( 1939 ) The Lone Ranger and the Black Shirt Highwayman ( 1939 ) The Lone Ranger and the Red Renegades ( 1939 ) The Lone Ranger Follows Through ( 1941 ) The Lone Ranger and the Secret Weapon ( 1943 ) The Lone Ranger on the Barbary Coast ( 1944 ) The Lone Ranger and the Silver Bullets ( 1946 ) The Lone Ranger and the Secret of Somber Cavern ( 1950 ) Little Golden Books ( edit ) Three Little Golden Books were published . The Lone Ranger ( 1956 ) The Lone Ranger and Tonto ( 1957 ) The Lone Ranger and the Talking Pony ( 1958 ) Anthologies ( edit ) In , 1993 , Perennial published the anthology The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven , a collection of short stories by Sherman Alexie . In 2012 , Moonstone Books published the anthology The Lone Ranger Chronicles , edited by Matthew Baugh Starr with stories by Johnny . D Boggs , James Reasoner , Mel Odom , Bill Crider , Matthew Baugh , Tim Lasiuta , Joe Gentile , Paul Kupperberg , Dennis O'Neil , Kent Conwell , David McDonald , Thom Brannon , Troy D. Smith , Chuck Dixon , and Richard Dean Starr , stories incorporating famous characters of the western , such as Cisco Kid , Wyatt Earp and Doc Holliday . The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven , 1993 , Perennial , ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 097624 - 8 The Lone Ranger Chronicles , anthology edited by Matthew Baugh Starr , 2012 , Moonstone Books , ISBN 978 - 1936814237 Comic strip ( edit ) King Features Syndicate distributed a newspaper strip of the Lone Ranger from September 1938 to December 1971 . Fran Striker himself initially scripted the feature , but time constraints soon required him to quit , replaced by Bob Green , later followed by Paul S. Newman and others . The original artist was Ed Kressy , but he was replaced in 1939 by Charles Flanders ( fr ) who drew the strip until its conclusion . In 1981 , the New York Times Syndicate launched a second Lone Ranger strip , written by Cary Bates with art by Russ Heath . It ran until 1984 . In 1993 Pure Imagination Publishing collected two of the storylines and put them in a comic book . Comic books ( edit ) In 1948 , Western Publishing , with its publishing partner Dell Comics , launched a comic book series which lasted 145 issues . This originally consisted of reprints from the newspaper strips ( as had all previous comic book appearances of the character in various titles from David McKay Publications and from Dell ) . However , new stories by writer Paul S. Newman and artist Tom Gill began with issue # 38 ( August 1951 ) . Some original content was presented as early as # 7 ( January 1949 ) , but these were non-Lone Ranger fillers . Newman and Gill produced the series until its final issue , # 145 ( July 1962 ) . Tonto got his own spin - off title in 1951 , which lasted 31 issues . Such was the Ranger 's popularity at the time that even his horse Silver had a comic book , The Lone Ranger 's Famous Horse Hi - Yo Silver , starting in 1952 and running 34 issues ; writer Gaylord DuBois wrote and developed Silver as a hero in his own right . In addition , Dell also published three big Lone Ranger annuals , as well as an adaptation of the 1956 theatrical film . The Dell series came to an end in 1962 . Later that same year , Western Publishing ended its publishing partnership with Dell Comics and started up its own comic book imprint , Gold Key Comics . The new imprint launched its own Lone Ranger title in 1964 . Initially reprinting material from the Dell run , original content did not begin until issue # 22 in 1975 , and the magazine itself folded with # 28 in 1977 . Additionally , Hemmets Journal AB published a three - part Swedish Lone Ranger story the same year . In 1994 , Topps Comics produced a four - issue miniseries , The Lone Ranger and Tonto , written by Joe R. Lansdale and drawn by Timothy Truman . One of the major changes in this series was the characterization of Tonto , who was now shown to be a very witty , outspoken , and sarcastic character , even willing to punch the Lone Ranger during a heated argument , and commenting on his past pop - culture depictions with the words , `` Of course , quimo sabe . Maybe when we talk I should use that ' me Tonto ' stuff , the way they write about me in the dime novels . You 'd like that , would n't you ? '' . The first issue of a new Lone Ranger series from Dynamite Entertainment by Brett Matthews and Sergio Cariello shipped September 6 , 2006 . It has started as a six - issue miniseries , but due to its success , it has become an ongoing series by the same team . On September 15 , 2006 , Dynamite Entertainment announced that The Lone Ranger # 1 had sold out of its first printing . A second printing of the first issue was announced ; a first for the company . The series has received an Eisner Awards nomination for best new series in 2007 . True West magazine awarded the publication the `` Best Western Comic Book of the Year '' in their 2009 Best of The West Source Book ! And in 2010 Dynamite released `` The Lone Ranger Avenges the Death of Zorro '' . Comic Book Collections from Dynamite Entertainment : The Lone Ranger Vol. 1 ( 160 pages , Collects The Lone Ranger # 1 -- 6 ) The Lone Ranger Vol. 2 Lines Not Crossed ( 128 pages , Collects The Lone Ranger # 7 -- 11 ) The Lone Ranger Vol. 3 Scorched Earth ( 144 pages , Collects The Lone Ranger # 12 -- 16 ) The Lone Ranger Vol. 4 Resolve ( Collects The Lone Ranger # 17 -- 25 ) The Lone Ranger Vol. 5 Hard Country ( Collects The Lone Ranger Volume 2 # 1 -- 6 ) The Lone Ranger Vol. 6 Native Ground ( Collects The Lone Ranger Volume 2 # 7 -- 12 ) The Lone Ranger & Tonto ( 128 pages ) The Lone Ranger : Snake of Iron ( 92 pages ) The Lone Ranger Omnibus ( 632 pages ) The Lone Ranger : Vindicated ( 112 pages ) The Lone Ranger : Death of Zorro ( 128 pages ) The Lone Ranger magazine ( edit ) In 1937 , eight issues of The Lone Ranger Magazine were published by Trojan Publishing , with stories written by Fran Striker . Animation ( edit ) 1930s ( edit ) In late 1930 's Roy Meredith produced the first - known animated film based on Lone Ranger , in this silent film The Lone Ranger and Tonto capture a band of cattle rustlers and save the life of the rancher . Format Films animated cartoon , 1966 to 1968 ( edit ) Main article : The Lone Ranger ( animated TV series ) An animated series of The Lone Ranger ran from 1966 to 1968 on CBS . It was produced by Herbert Klynn and Jules Engel of Format Films , Hollywood , and designed and animated at the Halas and Batchelor Cartoon Film studios in London , England . The show lasted thirty episodes ; however , these were invariably split into three separate shorts , with the middle segment being a solo adventure for Tonto , so that there were actually 90 installments in all . The last episode aired on March 9 , 1968 . These Lone Ranger adventures were similar in tone and nature to CBS 's science fiction Western , The Wild Wild West , in that the plots were bizarre and had elements of science - fiction and steampunk technology thrown in . Even the Lone Ranger 's greatest enemy in the animated series was a dwarf , similar to James T. West 's greatest enemy , Dr. Miguelito Loveless . He was called Tiny Tom , and was voiced by Dick Beals . This animated cartoon was credited as being a Jack Wrather production , and it provided the first exposure many 1960s children had to the characters . The Lone Ranger 's voice was provided by Michael Rye , who had portrayed Jack Armstrong : The All - American Boy on radio . Shepard Menken played Tonto . The narrator in the opening title was Marvin Miller . Other `` guest voices '' were provided by Paul Winchell , Agnes Moorehead and Hans Conried . The Tarzan / Lone Ranger adventure hour , early 1980s ( edit ) Main article : The Lone Ranger ( 1980 TV series ) Further information : The Tarzan / Lone Ranger Adventure Hour The Lone Ranger was featured , along with Zorro and Tarzan , in Adventure Hour cartoon shorts in the early 1980s , produced by Filmation . These episodes featured William Conrad as the voice of the Masked Man , although he was listed in the credits as `` J. Darnoc '' ( Conrad spelled backwards ) . This series took a more realistic tone with a heavily historical context to include an educational element to the stories , even though there were several episodes that did feature elements of science fiction ( much like the earlier cartoons from the 1960s ) . There were 14 episodes , combining two adventures in each episode , for a total of 28 stories . Though Conrad was the main voice featured , other noted voice actors in the Filmation series include an uncredited Lou Scheimer , Frank Welker , and Michael Bell . The Lone Ranger : the Lost episodes , 2001 ( edit ) In 2001 , GoodTimes Home Video released a videotape called The Lone Ranger : The Lost Episodes . Along with clips from the first 1930s film serial , trailers for the two post-TV series features , commercials with Moore , and sometimes Silverheels , in character , and two complete television episodes , there was a cartoon short , said to date from the late 1930s . This cartoon was produced by Pathegrams on 16mm film and sold to the home market and libraries , which often showed cartoons as a prelude to the feature films they would play for children , much as they do videos now . It was a silent film , like most films produced for the home market in those days , and had dialog written on title cards , just as films of the silent era . The DVD also has the approximately eight - minute - long documentary , `` The Lone Ranger and the Peace Patrol '' . Presented and narrated by Clayton Moore , it revolves around purchasing U.S. Savings Stamps , a child 's version of Savings Bonds . The main focus is to get children to invest in the stamps . The narrated segment culminates with the inaugural ceremonies on the grounds of the Washington Memorial before a crowd of thousands of children and their parents . Video game ( edit ) Further information : The Lone Ranger ( video game ) A video game version of The Lone Ranger was released by Konami for the Nintendo Entertainment System in North America in 1991 . It is an action adventure game featuring three different perspectives : side - scrolling , overhead , and first - person exploration . The game loosely follows the plot of the 1981 film The Legend of the Lone Ranger , with the ultimate goal being the rescue of the President of the United States , whom the Lone Ranger 's nemesis , `` Butch '' Cavendish , has kidnapped . Premiums ( edit ) The Lone Ranger program offered many radio premiums , including the Lone Ranger Six - Shooter Ring and the Lone Ranger Deputy Badge . Some used a silver bullet motif . One ring had a miniature of one of his six - guns atop it , with a flint and striking wheel , as used in cigarette lighters , so that `` fanning '' the miniature pistol would produce a shower of sparks . During World War II , the premiums adapted to the times . In 1942 , the program offered the Kix Blackout Kit . Some premiums were rather anachronistic for a 19th - century hero . In 1947 , the program offered the Kix Atomic Bomb Ring , also known to collectors as the Lone Ranger Atom Bomb Ring . This ring was a miniature spinthariscope that actually had a small amount of polonium - 210 in it , which emitted alpha particles to produce scintillations on the zinc sulfide outer part of the ring . With its tailfin piece removed , though , the `` bomb '' body looked like a silver bullet . The sponsor was General Mills , with its breakfast - cereal products : Cheerios , Wheaties , and Kix . In 1947 , Cheerios produced a line of Frontier Town cereal boxes with the Lone Ranger likeness on the front of the box . Different versions of the boxes would have Frontier Town buildings on their backs to cut out . One could also send in ten cents and a box - top to get each of the four map sections of the town . These , as well as nine different boxes , were needed to complete the cardboard Frontier Town . Toys ( edit ) Besides the premiums offered in connection with the radio series , there have been many Lone Ranger commercial toys released over the years . One of the most successful was a line of 10 - inch action figures and accessories released by Gabriel Toys in 1973 . Parodies and spoofs ( edit ) In the 1939 Looney Tune The Lone Stranger and Porky , supervised by Bob Clampett , the masked man comes to the rescue of stagecoach driver in distress Porky Pig . In 1940 , Hugh Harman made a Lone Ranger parody for MGM Cartoons titled The Lonesome Stranger . Jay Silverheels appeared as Tonto on The Tonight Show starring Johnny Carson in a comedy sketch in which Carson is interviewing Tonto for employment . The audio portion of this sketch was included in the LP Here 's Johnny ! Magic Moments From The Tonight Show , released by Casablanca Records . Both Clayton Moore and Silverheels appeared as the Lone Ranger and Tonto in a commercial for Jeno 's Pizza Rolls produced by ad man / satirist Stan Freberg . The commercial was a spoof of a then - current commercial for Lark cigarettes which also used the William Tell overture theme music . A recorded routine by comic Lenny Bruce formed the basis for the 1971 animated cartoon , Thank You Mask Man , produced by John Magnuson Associates . This was an adult humor routine , comically implying a gay relationship between the Ranger and Tonto . Parody versions of The Lone Ranger ( called Lonely Rider ) and Tonto appear as main characters in 1971 Finnish western comedy The Unhanged ( Hirttämättömät ) . They were played by Vesa - Matti Loiri and Simo Salminen . The Top Ranger is a movie parody produced by Disney starring Mickey Mouse ( Top Ranger ) and Goofy ( Tonto - lone ) , with the script and drawing by Marco Gervasio and published in an Italian comic book , Topolino # 3005 ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` The Provolone Ranger '' , an episode of the Super Mario Bros. Super Show , featured Mario donning a mask to fight outlaws alongside of a speedy companion named Pronto . In a spoof of the Lone Ranger 's habit of leaving before those whom he has helped can thank him , the episode ends with Mario returning to collect a reward of pasta . In `` Wild West Rangers '' `` , a two - part episode of Mighty Morphin Power Rangers , Pink Ranger Kimberly Hart ( Amy Jo Johnson ) falls backwards through time to the Old West , where she meets look - alike ancestors of her fellow Power Rangers and other characters in the show . A hero called the White Stranger , a mask-less duplicate of Kimberly 's boyfriend Tommy Oliver , the White Ranger ( played by Jason David Frank ) rides to the rescue on more than one occasion when danger threatens . Ownership ( edit ) From its inception , George W. Trendle had legal ownership of the Lone Ranger and characters associated with the Lone Ranger through his company , The Lone Ranger , Inc . Trendle sold The Lone Ranger , Inc. to oil man and film producer Jack Wrather in 1954 for $3 million . After Wrather died in 1984 , his widow , Bonita Granville , sold the Wrather Productions properties to Southbrook International Television Co. in 1985 . Broadway Video acquired the rights in 1994 . Classic Media acquired the rights in 2000 . DreamWorks Animation acquired Classic Media in 2012 and renamed the division DreamWorks Classics , which was acquired by NBCUniversal in 2016 for $3.8 billion . Its Universal Pictures unit presently has the rights to the Lone Ranger . See also ( edit ) Motion Picture Production Code ( Hays Code ) Fictional characters ( edit ) Bonanza Boon The Cisco Kid Gunsmoke Morgan Kane Old Shatterhand Rawhide Tex Willer Zorro Real characters ( edit ) John R. Hughes Bass Reeves Roy Rogers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Green Hornet , Martin Grams , Jr. and Terry Salomonson , 2010 , p. 5 - 6 Jump up ^ His Typewriter Grew Spurs , Fran Striker Jr. , 1983 ^ Jump up to : `` The Lone Ranger '' . Museum of Broadcast Communications . Retrieved March 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Lone Ranger '' . Radio Hall of Fame . Retrieved March 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Radio : The Masked Rider '' . Time magazine . January 14 , 1952 . Retrieved March 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stephanie Stassel ( December 29 , 1999 ) . `` Clayton Moore , TV 's ' Lone Ranger , ' Dies '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( March 27 , 2008 ) . `` Disney preps ' Lone Ranger ' remake '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Dennis McLellan ( June 9 , 1993 ) . `` A Gathering of Kemo Sabes : TV 's Lone Ranger , Fans Return to Those Thrilling Days of Yesteryear '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ His Typewriter Grew Spurs , 1983 Jump up ^ WYXIE Wonderland , Dick Osgood , 1981 Jump up ^ Lachno , James ( June 2 , 2011 ) . `` The Lone Ranger : 10 things you never knew '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : The Lone Ranger Season 1 Episodes 2 , 3 , 4 `` Enter the Lone Ranger , The Lone Ranger Fights on , The Lone Ranger Triumphs '' , 1949 Jump up ^ The Lone Ranger , `` Pilot Episode '' ^ Jump up to : `` The Lone Ranger : Justice from Outside the Law '' . NPR . Retrieved September 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Lone Ranger : F.A.Q '' . Weird Science - Fantasy Web Links . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Frank Buxton and Bill Owen , Radio 's Golden Age : The Programs and the Personalities ( ( New York ) : Easton Valley Press , 1966 ) : 209 . Jump up ^ http://www.lonerangerfanclub.com/media/20th_Anniversary_Show.mp3 ^ Jump up to : Van Hise , James , Who was that Masked Man ? The Story of the Lone Ranger '' ( Pioneer Books , Las Vegas , 1990 ) , pp. 16 - 18 . Jump up ^ Jim Harmon , The Great Radio Heroes , Doubleday , 1967 ^ Jump up to : `` Jan 30 , 1933 : The Lone Ranger debuts on Detroit radio '' . History.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Dunning , p. 407 Jump up ^ `` The Lone Ranger '' . RadioSpirits.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dunning , p. 404 Jump up ^ King , Susan ( November 12 , 2008 ) . `` ' Lone Ranger ' back in the saddle '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ from `` Conspiracy for Revenge '' ( aired 1938 - 08 - 08 ) to `` Crooked Sheriff '' ( aired 1938 - 08 - 19 ) ^ Jump up to : Music of The Lone Ranger CD liner notes by Graham Newton , 1992 . Jump up ^ Jim Harmon , The Great Radio Heroes ( McFarland , 2001 ) , p. 162 . Jump up ^ `` Lone Ranger Research Connects the Dots to Cambridge '' , Mike Clark , CommunityCasts.com Jump up ^ CNN , By Sheena McKenzie , . `` Was this African American cop the inspiration for the Lone Ranger ? - CNN '' . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Secret History of the Lone Ranger '' . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Too Hot Too Handle , '' The Green Hornet ( radio series ) ( November 11 , 1947 ) , ABC radio network . Jump up ^ Murray , Will , `` Where Hornets Swarm '' , Comics Scene , # 9 , ( October ) 1989 , Starlog Communications , Inc. , p. 41 . Jump up ^ McLellan , Dennis ( June 12 , 1993 ) . `` After 60 Years , the Lone Ranger Still Lives '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McLellan , Dennis ( September 22 , 2009 ) . `` John Hart dies at 91 ; the other ' Lone Ranger ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved November 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moore , Clayton ; Thompson , Frank ( October 1 , 1998 ) . I Was That Masked Man . Taylor Trade Publishing . p. 130 . ISBN 978 - 0878332168 . Jump up ^ Striker , Fran ( 1941 ) . The Lone Ranger Rides . New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons . pp. passim . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brewers Dictionary of 20th Century Phrase and Fable . Jump up ^ Rhodes , Richard ( 1996 ) . Eastern Ojibwa - Chippewa - Ottawa Dictionary . New York : Mouton De Gruyer . p. back cover . ISBN 3 - 11 - 013749 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who 's That Masked Man ? Hi - Yo - It 's Clayton Moore ! '' . The Los Angeles Times . January 15 , 1985 . Jump up ^ Grant , Dell Omega ( January 30 , 1985 ) . `` Clayton Moore Back In Mask '' . Lifestyles . Chicago : Chicago Tribune . New York Times News Service . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of the Lone Ranger '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Richard ( 1999 - 12 - 29 ) . `` Clayton Moore , Television 's Lone Ranger And a Persistent Masked Man , Dies at 85 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Jenna Cooper ( 2008 - 09 - 25 ) . `` Disney Announces Upcoming Films , Tron , Prince of Persia , and the Lone Ranger Starring Johnny Depp '' . UGO Networks . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Bowles , Scott . `` ' Despicable minions unseat ' Lone Ranger ' at Theaters '' , USA Today , 7 July 2013 . Retrieved on 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Scapperotti , Dan , `` Then you are ... Lone Ranger , '' Comics Scene , # 9 , ( October ) 1989 , Starlog Communications International , Inc. , p. 44 ( also corroborates artists source ) . Jump up ^ `` The Lone Ranger comic strip by Fran Striker '' . Kenpiercebooks.com . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Lambiek comic shop and studio in Amsterdam , The Netherlands ( 1926 - 09 - 29 ) . `` Comic creator : Russ Heath '' . Lambiek.net . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ The Lone Ranger ( Dell , 1948 series ) at the Grand Comics Database . Jump up ^ The Lone Ranger ( Gold Key , 1964 series ) at the Grand Comics Database . Jump up ^ Lone Ranger and Tonto , The ( Topps , 1994 series ) at the Grand Comics Database . Jump up ^ Sheyahshe , Michael A. ( 2008 ) . Native Americans in Comic Books . Jefferson : McFarland & Company . pp. 124 -- 126 . Jump up ^ `` Dynamite - The Official Site - The Best of Vampirella Master Series Omnibus Trade Paperback , George R.R. Martin 's A Clash of Kings , James Bond : Kill Chain , The Boys and More ! '' . www.dynamiteentertainment.com . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Tuska , John , A Variable Harvest : Essays and Reviews of Film and Literature ( McFarland , 1990 ) , pp. 283 Jump up ^ `` 1930s Lone Ranger Cartoon '' . Retrieved 22 September 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Riddle , Ray ; et al. ( 2000 -- 2013 ) . `` Lone Ranger : Lost Episodes '' . Amazon.com . Customer Reviews . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Charles , Jim ; et al. ( 2013 ) . `` The Lone Ranger : Lost Episodes and Rare Footage '' . Amazon.com . Customer Reviews . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Reif , Rita . ARTS / ARTIFACTS ; Trivia Long Ago , Serious Treasures Now . The New York Times . June 11 , 1995 . Jump up ^ `` The Films of Bob Clampett '' . Library , University of California , Berkeley . 1996 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . www.youtube.com . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italy : Topolino ( libretto ) # 3005 '' . coa.inducks.org . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Pando , Leo . An Illustrated History of Trigger : The Lives and Legend of Roy Rogers ' Palomino . p. 203 . Jump up ^ `` Jack and Bonita Granville Wrather Papers '' . www.oac.cdlib.org . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Verrier , Richard ( 23 July 2012 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation buys ' Casper , ' ' Lassie ' parent Classic Media '' . Retrieved 22 September 2017 -- via LA Times . Jump up ^ http://www.nbcuniversal.com/article/nbcuniversal-announces-acquisition-dreamworks-animation Further reading ( edit ) Bisco , Jim , `` Buffalo 's Lone Ranger : The Prolific Fran Striker Wrote the Book on Early Radio , '' Western New York Heritage , Volume 7 , Number 4 , Winter 2005 . Grams , Martin , The Green Hornet : A History of Radio , Motion Pictures , Comics and Television , OTR Publishing , 2010 . Harmon , Jim , The Great Radio Heroes , Doubleday , 1967 . Jones , Reginald , The Mystery of the Masked Man 's Music : A Search for the Music Used on the Lone Ranger Radio Program , 1933 - 1954 , Scarecrow Press , 1987 ( ISBN 0 - 8108 - 3974 - 1 ) . Osgood , Dick . Wyxie Wonderland : An Unauthorized 50 - Year Diary of WXYZ Detroit . Ohio : Bowling Green University Press , 1981 . Holland , Dave `` From Out Of The Past : A Pictorial History Of The Lone Ranger '' ( Holland House , 1988 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lone Ranger . Lone Ranger is available for free download at the Internet Archive Lone Ranger at the National Radio Hall of Fame The Lone Ranger Radio Series 1938 - 1956 ( downloadable mp3 files ) The Lone Ranger Rides ( 1941 ) at Project Gutenberg and LibriVox Lone Ranger at DreamWorks Classics The Lone Ranger at Outlaws Old Time Radio Corner Death of the Lone Ranger at Snopes.com Old Time Radio Podcast Rebroadcasting the show in the order it was placed . Richard Goldstein ( December 29 , 1999 ) . `` Clayton Moore , Television 's Lone Ranger And a Persistent Masked Man , Dies at 85 '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 14 . The Lone Ranger Tonto Creators Fran Striker George W. Trendle Television TV series ( 1949 -- 57 ) episodes First animated TV series ( 1966 -- 69 ) The Tarzan / Lone Ranger Adventure Hour ( 1980 -- 82 ) The Lone Ranger TV film ( 2003 ) Film The Lone Ranger ( 1938 serial ) The Lone Ranger Rides Again ( 1939 serial ) The Lone Ranger ( 1956 ) The Lone Ranger and the Lost City of Gold ( 1958 ) The Legend of the Lone Ranger ( 1981 ) The Lone Ranger ( 2013 ) soundtrack Other Video game ( 1991 ) The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven ( 1993 ) Jack Wrather `` Ke - mo sah - bee '' Green Hornet `` William Tell Overture '' Disney Infinity `` The Lone Stranger '' ( 2007 ) The Green Hornet Creators Fran Striker George W. Trendle Media Radio The Green Hornet Television The Green Hornet episodes Films The Green Hornet ( 1940 ) The Green Hornet Strikes Again ! The Green Hornet ( 2006 ) The Green Hornet ( 2011 ) Related Kato The Lone Ranger Batman Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lone_Ranger&oldid=815732060 '' Categories : Lone Ranger Fictional characters introduced in 1933 1933 establishments in the United States American radio dramas 1933 radio programme debuts 1954 radio programme endings 1930s American radio programs 1940s American radio programs 1950s American radio programs Mutual Broadcasting System programs NBC Blue Network radio programs ABC radio programs Works by Joe R. 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which indian state shares its border with the most number of states in india			Uttar Pradesh	uttar pradesh	24 January 1950	Capital Lucknow Districts 75 Government Body Government of Uttar Pradesh Governor Ram Naik Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath ( BJP ) Deputy Chief Ministers Keshav Prasad Maurya ( BJP ) Dinesh Sharma ( BJP ) Chief Secretary Rajive Kumar , IAS Director General of Police Sulkhan Singh , IPS Area Total 243,290 km ( 93,930 sq mi ) Area rank 4th Population ( 2011 ) Total 199,812,341 Rank 1st Density 820 / km ( 2,100 / sq mi ) Demonym ( s ) Uttar Pradeshi , Bhojpuri Languages Official Hindi Additional official Urdu Time zone IST ( UTC + 05 : 30 ) UN / LOCODE IN - UP Vehicle registration UP XX -- XX HDI 0.5415 ( medium ) HDI rank 18th ( 2007 - 08 ) GDP ₹ 14.46 lakh crore ( US $230 billion ) ( 2017 - 18 ) Literacy 73.00 % ( 27th ) 77.3 % ( male ) 57.2 % ( female ) Website Official Website Uttar Pradesh ( / ˈʊtər prəˈdɛʃ / ) , is a state in northern India . Abbreviated as UP , it is the most populous state in the Republic of India as well as the most populous country subdivision in the world . The densely populated state , located in the northern region of the Indian subcontinent , has over 200 million inhabitants . It was created on 1 April 1937 as the United Provinces during British rule , and was renamed Uttar Pradesh in 1950 . The state is divided into 18 divisions and 75 districts with the capital being Lucknow . The main ethnic group is the Hindi people , forming the demographic plurality . On 9 November 2000 , a new state , Uttarakhand , was carved out from the state 's Himalayan hill region . The two major rivers of the state , the Ganges and Yamuna , join at Allahabad and then flow as the Ganges further east . Hindi is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state . The state is bordered by Rajasthan to the west , Haryana , Himachal Pradesh and Delhi to the northwest , Uttarakhand and Nepal to the north , Bihar to the east , Madhya Pradesh to the south , and touches the states of Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh to the southeast . It covers 243,290 square kilometres ( 93,933 sq mi ) , equal to 7.33 % of the total area of India , and is the fourth - largest Indian state by area . It is the second - largest Indian state by economy , with a GDP of ₹ 14.46 lakh crore ( US $230 billion ) . Agriculture and service industries are the largest parts of the state 's economy . The service sector comprises travel and tourism , hotel industry , real estate , insurance and financial consultancies . The natives of the state are generally called Uttar Bhartiya , or more specifically either Awadhi , Bundelkhandi or Hindustani by their region of origin . Hinduism is practised by more than half of the population , followed by Islam . Uttar Pradesh was home to powerful empires of ancient and medieval India . The state has several historical , natural , and religious tourist destinations , such as , Agra , Varanasi , Allahabad , Kaushambi , Ballia , Shravasti , Gorakhpur , Chauri Chaura , Kushinagar , Lucknow , Jhansi , Bareilly , Budaun , Meerut , Mathura , Faizabad and Shahjahanpur . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Prehistory 1.2 Ancient and Classical period 1.3 Medieval and Early Modern period 1.3. 1 British India - era 1.3. 2 Post-independence 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 3 Flora and fauna 4 Divisions , Districts and Cities 5 Demographics 6 Government and administration 7 Crime 7.1 Terror attacks 8 Economy 9 Transportation 10 Sports 11 Education 12 Tourism 13 Health & Healthcare 14 Culture 14.1 Language and literature 14.2 Music and dance 14.3 Fairs and festivals 14.4 Cuisine 14.5 Dress 15 Media 16 See also 17 References 18 External links History ( edit ) Prehistory ( edit ) Modern human hunter - gatherers have been in Uttar Pradesh since between around 85,000 and 72,000 years ago . There have also been prehistorical finds in Uttar Pradesh from the Middle and Upper Paleolithic dated to 21,000 -- 31,000 years old and Mesolithic / Microlithic hunter - gatherer settlement , near Pratapgarh , from around 10550 -- 9550 BC . Villages with domesticated cattle , sheep , and goats and evidence of agriculture began as early as 6000 BC , and gradually developed between c. 4000 and 1500 BC beginning with the Indus Valley Civilisation and Harappa Culture to the Vedic period and extending into the Iron Age . Ancient and classical period ( edit ) Rama portrayed as an exile in the forest , accompanied by his wife Sita and brother Lakshmana The kingdom of Kosala , in the Mahajanapada era , was located within the regional boundaries of modern - day Uttar Pradesh . According to Hindu legend , the divine king Rama of the Ramayana epic reigned in Ayodhya , the capital of Kosala . Krishna , another divine king of Hindu legend , who plays a key role in the Mahabharata epic and is revered as the eighth reincarnation ( Avatar ) of the Hindu god Vishnu , is said to have been born in the city of Mathura , in Uttar Pradesh . The aftermath of the Mahabharata yuddh is believed to have taken place in the area between the Upper Doab and Delhi , ( in what was Kuru Mahajanapada ) , during the reign of the Pandava king Yudhishthira . The kingdom of the Kurus corresponds to the Black and Red Ware and Painted Gray Ware culture and the beginning of the Iron Age in northwest India , around 1000 BC . Control over Gangetic plains region was of vital importance to the power and stability of all of India 's major empires , including the Maurya ( 320 -- 200 BC ) , Kushan ( CE 100 -- 250 ) , Gupta ( 350 -- 600 ) , and Gurjara - Pratihara ( 650 -- 1036 ) empires . Following the Huns ' invasions that broke the Gupta empire , the Ganges - Yamuna Doab saw the rise of Kannauj . During the reign of Harshavardhana ( 590 -- 647 ) , the Kannauj empire reached its zenith . It spanned from Punjab in the north and Gujarat in the west to Bengal in the east and Odisha in the south . It included parts of central India , north of the Narmada River and it encompassed the entire Indo - Gangetic plain . Many communities in various parts of India claim descent from the migrants of Kannauj . Soon after Harshavardhana 's death , his empire disintegrated into many kingdoms , which were invaded and ruled by the Gurjara - Pratihara empire , which challenged Bengal 's Pala Empire for control of the region . Kannauj was several times invaded by the south Indian Rashtrakuta Dynasty , from the 8th century to the 10th century . Medieval and early modern period ( edit ) In the 16th century , Babur , a Timurid descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan from Fergana Valley ( modern - day Uzbekistan ) , swept across the Khyber Pass and founded the Mughal Empire , covering India , along with modern - day Afghanistan , Pakistan and Bangladesh . The Mughals were descended from Persianised Central Asian Turks ( with significant Mongol admixture ) . In the Mughal era , Uttar Pradesh became the heartland of the empire . Mughal emperors Babur and Humayun ruled from Delhi . In 1540 an Afghan , Sher Shah Suri , took over the reins of Uttar Pradesh after defeating the Mughal king Humanyun . Sher Shah and his son Islam Shah ruled Uttar Pradesh from their capital at Gwalior . After the death of Islam Shah Suri , his prime minister Hemu became the de facto ruler of Uttar Pradesh , Bihar , Madhya Pradesh , and the western parts of Bengal . He was bestowed the title of Hemchandra Vikramaditya ( title of Vikramāditya adopted from Vedic Period ) at his formal coronation took place at Purana Quila in Delhi on 7 October 1556 . Hemu died in the Second Battle of Panipat , and Uttar Pradesh came under Emperor Akbar 's rule . Akbar ruled from Agra and Fatehpur Sikri . In the 18th century , after the fall of Mughal authority , the power vacuum was filled by the Maratha Empire , in the mid-18th century , the Maratha army invaded the Uttar Pradesh region , which resulted in Rohillas losing control of Rohillkhand to the Maratha rulers Raghunath Rao and Malharao Holkar . The conflict between Rohillas and Marathas came to an end on 18 December 1788 with the arrest of Ghulam Qadir , the grandson of Najeeb - ud - Daula , who was defeated by the Maratha general Mahadaji Scindia . In 1803 , following the Second Anglo - Maratha War , when the British East India Company defeated the Maratha Empire , much of the region came under British suzerainty . British India - era ( edit ) Timeline of reorganization & name changes of UP 1807 Ceded and Conquered Provinces 14 Nov 1834 Presidency of Agra 1 Jan 1836 North - Western Provinces 3 Apr 1858 Oudh taken under British control , Delhi taken away from NWP and merged into Punjab 1 Apr 1871 Ajmer , Merwara & Kekri made separate commissioner - ship 15 Feb 1877 Oudh added to North - Western Provinces 22 Mar 1902 Renamed United Provinces of Agra and Oudh 3 Jan 1921 Renamed United Provinces of British India 1 Apr 1937 Renamed United Provinces 1 Apr 1946 Self rule granted 15 Aug 1947 Part of independent India 24 Jan 1950 Renamed Uttar Pradesh 9 Nov 2000 Uttaranchal state , now known as Uttarakhand , created from part of Uttar Pradesh Starting from Bengal in the second half of the 18th century , a series of battles for north Indian lands finally gave the British East India Company accession over the state 's territories . Ajmer and Jaipur kingdoms were also included in this northern territory , which was named the `` North - Western Provinces '' ( of Agra ) . Although UP later became the fifth - largest state of India , NWPA was one of the smallest states of the British Indian empire . Its capital shifted twice between Agra and Allahabad . Due to dissatisfaction with British rule , a serious rebellion erupted in various parts of North India ; Bengal regiment 's sepoy stationed at Meerut cantonment , Mangal Pandey , is widely credited as its starting point . It came to be known as the Indian Rebellion of 1857 . After the revolt failed , the British attempted to divide the most rebellious regions by reorganising the administrative boundaries of the region , splitting the Delhi region from ' NWFP of Agra ' and merging it with Punjab , while the Ajmer - Marwar region was merged with Rajputana and Oudh was incorporated into the state . The new state was called the North Western Provinces of Agra and Oudh , which in 1902 was renamed as the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh . It was commonly referred to as the United Provinces or its acronym UP . In 1920 , the capital of the province was shifted from Allahabad to Lucknow . The high court continued to be at Allahabad , but a bench was established at Lucknow . Allahabad continues to be an important administrative base of today 's Uttar Pradesh and has several administrative headquarters . Uttar Pradesh continued to be central to Indian politics and was especially important in modern Indian history as a hotbed of the Indian independence movement . Uttar Pradesh hosted modern educational institutions such as the Benaras Hindu University , Aligarh Muslim University and the Darul Uloom Deoband . Nationally known figures such as Ram Prasad Bismil and Chandra Shekhar Azad were among the leaders of the movement in Uttar Pradesh , and Motilal Nehru , Jawaharlal Nehru , Madan Mohan Malaviya and Gobind Ballabh Pant were important national leaders of the Indian National Congress . The All India Kisan Sabha ( AIKS ) was formed at the Lucknow session of the Congress on 11 April 1936 , with the famous nationalist Swami Sahajanand Saraswati elected as its first President , in order to address the longstanding grievances of the peasantry and mobilise them against the zamindari landlords attacks on their occupancy rights , thus sparking the Farmers movements in India . During the Quit India Movement of 1942 , Ballia district overthrew the colonial authority and installed an independent administration under Chittu Pandey . Ballia became known as `` Baghi Ballia '' ( Rebel Ballia ) for this significant role in India 's independence movement . Post-independence ( edit ) After India 's independence , the United Provinces were renamed `` Uttar Pradesh '' ( `` northern province '' ) , preserving UP as the acronym , notification regarding this was done in union gazette on January 24 , 1950 . The state has provided eight of India 's prime ministers and is the source of the largest number of seats in the Lok Sabha . Despite its political influence , its poor record in economic development and administration , organised crime and corruption have kept it amongst India 's backward states . The state has been affected by repeated episodes of caste and communal violence . In Ayodhya in December , 1992 the Babri Mosque was demolished by radical Hindu activists , leading to widespread violence across India . In 2000 , northern districts of the state were separated to form the state of Uttarakhand . Geography ( edit ) Main article : Geography of Uttar Pradesh A part of the Gangetic Plain Uttar Pradesh , with a total area of 243,290 square kilometres ( 93,935 sq mi ) , is India 's fourth - largest state in terms of land area . It is situated on the northern spout of India and shares an international boundary with Nepal . The Himalayas border the state on the north , but the plains that cover most of the state are distinctly different from those high mountains . The larger Gangetic Plain region is in the north ; it includes the Ganges - Yamuna Doab , the Ghaghra plains , the Ganges plains and the Terai . The smaller Vindhya Range and plateau region is in the south . It is characterised by hard rock strata and a varied topography of hills , plains , valleys and plateaus . The Bhabhar tract gives place to the terai area which is covered with tall elephant grass and thick forests interspersed with marshes and swamps . The sluggish rivers of the bhabhar deepen in this area , their course running through a tangled mass of thick undergrowth . The terai runs parallel to the bhabhar in a thin strip . The entire alluvial plain is divided into three sub-regions . The first in the eastern tract consisting of 14 districts which are subject to periodical floods and droughts and have been classified as scarcity areas . These districts have the highest density of population which gives the lowest per capita land . The other two regions , the central and the western are comparatively better with a well - developed irrigation system . They suffer from waterlogging and large - scale user tracts . In addition , the area is fairly arid . The state has more than 32 large and small rivers ; of them , the Ganges , Yamuna , Saraswati , Sarayu , Betwa , and Ghaghara are larger and of religious importance in Hinduism . Cultivation is intensive . The valley areas have fertile and rich soil . There is intensive cultivation on terraced hill slopes , but irrigation facilities are deficient . The Siwalik Range which forms the southern foothills of the Himalayas , slopes down into a boulder bed called ' bhadhar ' . The transitional belt running along the entire length of the state is called the terai and bhabhar area . It has rich forests , cutting across it are innumerable streams which swell into raging torrents during the monsoon . Climate ( edit ) Main article : Climate of Uttar Pradesh Monsoon clouds over Lucknow Uttar Pradesh has a humid subtropical climate and experiences four seasons . The winter in January and February is followed by summer between March and May and the monsoon season between June and September . Summers are extreme with temperatures fluctuating anywhere between 0 ° C and 50 ° C in parts of the state . The Gangetic plain varies from semiarid to sub-humid . The mean annual rainfall ranges from 650 mm in the southwest corner of the state to 1000 mm in the eastern and southeastern parts of the state . Primarily a summer phenomenon , the Bay of Bengal branch of the Indian monsoon is the major bearer of rain in most parts of state . It is the south - west monsoon which brings most of the rain here , although rain due to the western disturbances and north - east monsoon also contribute small quantities towards the overall precipitation of the state . ( hide ) Climate data for Uttar Pradesh Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 29.9 ( 85.8 ) 31.9 ( 89.4 ) 35.4 ( 95.7 ) 37.7 ( 99.9 ) 36.9 ( 98.4 ) 31.7 ( 89.1 ) 28.4 ( 83.1 ) 27.4 ( 81.3 ) 29.4 ( 84.9 ) 31.4 ( 88.5 ) 30.1 ( 86.2 ) 28.9 ( 84 ) 31.59 ( 88.86 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 11.0 ( 51.8 ) 12.1 ( 53.8 ) 15.8 ( 60.4 ) 19.9 ( 67.8 ) 22.4 ( 72.3 ) 22.9 ( 73.2 ) 22.2 ( 72 ) 21.6 ( 70.9 ) 20.8 ( 69.4 ) 18.5 ( 65.3 ) 14.4 ( 57.9 ) 11.5 ( 52.7 ) 17.76 ( 63.96 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 0 ( 0 ) ( 0.12 ) ( 0.08 ) 11 ( 0.43 ) 40 ( 1.57 ) 138 ( 5.43 ) 163 ( 6.42 ) 129 ( 5.08 ) 155 ( 6.1 ) 68 ( 2.68 ) 28 ( 1.1 ) ( 0.16 ) 741 ( 29.17 ) Average precipitation days 0.1 0.3 0.3 1.1 3.3 10.9 17.0 16.2 10.9 5.0 2.4 0.3 67.8 Mean monthly sunshine hours 291.4 282.8 300.7 303.0 316.2 186.0 120.9 111.6 177.0 248.44 270.0 288.3 2,896.34 Source : Anandabodhi tree in Jetavana Monastery , Sravasti A hybrid nasturtium ( Tropaeolum majus ) showing nectar spur , found mainly in Hardoi district Average High and Low temperatures for various Uttar Pradesh Cities City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Lucknow 73 / 44 79 / 49 90 / 58 101 / 69 105 / 76 102 / 81 92 / 79 90 / 78 92 / 76 91 / 66 79 / 53 75 / 45 Kanpur 91 / 71 92 / 72 92 / 75 93 / 78 92 / 78 85 / 74 84 / 73 84 / 72 88 / 78 88 / 74 89 / 74 90 / 71 Ghaziabad 70 / 45 73 / 50 84 / 59 97 / 70 102 / 79 100 / 82 93 / 81 91 / 79 93 / 75 91 / 66 82 / 55 73 / 46 Allahabad 74 / 47 81 / 52 92 / 62 103 / 73 108 / 80 104 / 83 93 / 79 91 / 78 92 / 77 92 / 69 86 / 57 77 / 49 Agra 72 / 45 75 / 51 90 / 60 101 / 72 107 / 80 105 / 84 95 / 79 91 / 78 93 / 76 93 / 67 85 / 55 75 / 47 Varanasi 74 / 47 80 / 52 92 / 61 102 / 72 106 / 80 102 / 83 92 / 79 91 / 794 91 / 77 90 / 69 85 / 57 76 / 49 Gorakhpur 74 / 49 80 / 53 91 / 72 103 / 77 99 / 79 92 / 78 91 / 78 91 / 76 91 / 70 85 / 59 76 / 51 76 / 49 Bareilly 71 / 47 77 / 57 88 / 60 99 / 70 105 / 77 102 / 81 93 / 79 91 / 78 92 / 76 90 / 67 83 / 56 74 / 48 The rain in UP can vary from an annual average of 170 cm in hilly areas to 84 cm in Western U.P. Given the concentration of most of this rainfall in the four months of the monsoon , excess rain can lead to floods and shortage to droughts . As such , these two phenomena , floods and droughts , commonly recur in the state . The climate of the Vindhya Range and plateau is subtropical with a mean annual rainfall between 1000 and 1200 mm , most of which comes during the monsoon . Typical summer months are from March to June , with maximum temperatures ranging from 30 to 38 ° C ( 86 to 100 ° F ) . There is low relative humidity of around 20 % and dust - laden winds blow throughout the season . In summers , hot winds called loo blow all across Uttar Pradesh . Flora and fauna ( edit ) See also : Pilibhit Tiger Reserve and Dudhwa National Park State symbols of Uttar Pradesh State animal Swamp deer State bird Sarus crane State tree Ashoka State flower Palash State dance Kathak State sport Field hockey View of the Terai region Gharial ( Gavialis gangeticus ) is found in the Ganges river The state has an abundance of natural resources . In 2011 the recorded forest area in the state was 16,583 km ( 6,403 sq mi ) which is about 6.88 % of the state 's geographical area . In spite of rapid deforestation and poaching of wildlife , a diverse flora and fauna continue to exist in the state . Several species of trees , large and small mammals , reptiles , and insects are found in the belt of temperate upper mountainous forests . Medicinal plants are found in the wild and are also grown in plantations . The Terai - Duar savanna and grasslands support cattle . Moist deciduous trees grow in the upper Gangetic plain , especially along its riverbanks . This plain supports a wide variety of plants and animals . The Ganges and its tributaries are the habitat of large and small reptiles , amphibians , fresh - water fish , and crabs . Scrubland trees such as the babool and animals such as the chinkara are found in the arid Vindhyas . Tropical dry deciduous forests are found in all parts of the plains . Since much sunlight reaches the ground , shrubs and grasses are also abundant . Large tracts of these forests have been cleared for cultivation . Tropical thorny forests , consisting of widely scattered thorny trees , mainly babool are mostly found in the southwestern parts of the state . These forests are confined to areas which have low annual rainfall ( 50 -- 70 cm ) , a mean annual temperature of 25 -- 27 ° C and low humidity . Uttar Pradesh is known for its extensive avifauna . The most common birds which are found in the state are doves , peafowl , junglefowl , black partridges , house sparrows , songbirds , blue jays , parakeets , quails , bulbuls , comb ducks , kingfishers , woodpeckers , snipes , and parrots . Bird sanctuaries in the state include Bakhira Sanctuary , National Chambal Sanctuary , Chandra Prabha Sanctuary , Hastinapur Sanctuary , Kaimoor Sanctuary , and Okhla Sanctuary . Other animals in the state include reptiles such as lizards , cobras , kraits , and gharials . Among the wide variety of fishes , the most common ones are mahaseer and trout . Some animal species in Uttar Pradesh have gone extinct in recent years , while others , like the lion from the Gangetic Plain and the rhinoceros from the Terai region , have become endangered . Many species are vulnerable to poaching despite regulation by the government . Divisions , districts and cities ( edit ) Main articles : Divisions of Uttar Pradesh and Districts of Uttar Pradesh See also : Western Uttar Pradesh , Eastern Uttar Pradesh , and Central Uttar Pradesh Uttar Pradesh is divided into 75 districts under these 18 divisions : Saharanpur Moradabad Bareilly Lucknow Devipatan Basti Gorakhpur Meerut Aligarh Agra Kanpur Faizabad Azamgarh Jhansi Chitrakoot Allahabad Varanasi Mirzapur Divisions of Uttar Pradesh The following is a list of top six districts from state of Uttar Pradesh by population in India . Rank ( in India ) District Population Growth Rate ( % ) Sex Ratio ( Females per 1000 Males ) ( hide ) Literacy Rate ( % ) 13 Allahabad 5,954,391 20.63 901 72.32 26 Moradabad 4,772,006 25.22 906 56.77 27 Ghaziabad 4,681,645 42.27 881 78.07 30 Azamgarh 4,613,913 17.11 1019 70.93 31 Lucknow 4,589,838 25.82 917 77.29 32 Kanpur Nagar 4,581,268 9.92 862 79.65 Million Plus Cities of Uttar Pradesh by population ( 2011 Census ) view talk Name Population Name Population Kanpur 2,920,067 Lucknow 2,901,474 Ghaziabad 2,358,525 Agra 1,746,467 Varanasi 1,435,113 Meerut 1,424,908 Allahabad 1,216,719 Bareilly 979,933 Each district is governed by a District Magistrate , who is an Indian Administrative Service officer appointed Government of Uttar Pradesh and reports to Divisional Commissioner of the division in which his district falls . The Divisional Commissioner is an IAS officer of high seniority . Each district is divided into subdivisions , governed by a sub-divisional magistrate , and again into Blocks . Blocks consists of panchayats ( village councils ) and town municipalities . These blocks consists of urban units viz . census towns and rural units called gram panchayat . Uttar Pradesh has more metropolitan cities than any other state in India . The absolute urban population of the state is 44.4 million , which constitutes 11.8 % of the total urban population of India , the second - highest of any state . According to the 2011 census , there are 15 urban agglomerations with a population greater than 500,000 . There are 14 Municipal Corporations , while Noida and Greater Noida in Gautam Budh Nagar district are specially administered by statutory authorities under the Uttar Pradesh Industrial Development Act , 1976 . In 2011 , state 's cabinet ministers headed by the then Chief Minister Mayawati announced the separation of Uttar Pradesh into four different states of Purvanchal , Bundelkhand , Avadh Pradesh and Paschim Pradesh with twenty - eight , seven , twenty - three and seventeen districts , respectively , later the proposal was turned down when Akhilesh Yadav lead Samajwadi Party came to power in the 2012 election . Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of Uttar Pradesh See also : List of people from Uttar Pradesh and Pathans of Uttar Pradesh ( show ) Population Growth Census Pop . % ± 1951 60,274,000 -- 1961 70,144,000 16.4 % 1971 83,849,000 19.5 % 1981 105,137,000 25.4 % 1991 132,062,000 25.6 % 166,198,000 25.8 % 2011 199,581,477 20.1 % Source : Census of India Religions in Uttar Pradesh ( 2011 ) Hinduism ( 79.73 % ) Islam ( 19.26 % ) Sikhism ( 0.32 % ) Christianity ( 0.18 % ) Jainism ( 0.11 % ) Other religions ( 0.51 % ) Uttar Pradesh has a large population and a high population growth rate . From 1991 to 2001 its population increased by over 26 % . Uttar Pradesh is the most populous state in India , with 199,581,477 people on 1 March 2011 . The state contributes 16.16 % of India 's population . The population density is 828 people per square kilometre , making it one of the most densely populated states in the country . The sex ratio in 2011 , at 908 women to 1000 men , was lower than the national figure of 933 . The state 's 2001 -- 2011 decennial growth rate ( including Uttrakhand ) was 20.09 % , higher than the national rate of 17.64 % . Uttar Pradesh has a large number of people living below the poverty line . Estimates released by the Planning Commission for the year 2009 -- 10 revealed that Uttar Pradesh had 59 million people below the poverty line , the most for any state in India . As per 2011 census , Uttar Pradesh , the most populous state in India , is home to the highest numbers of both Hindus and Muslims . By religion , the population in 2011 was Hindus 79.73 % , Muslims 19.26 % , Sikhs 0.32 % , Christians 0.18 % , Jains 0.11 % , Buddhists 0.10 % , and Others 0.30 % . The literacy rate of the state at the 2011 census was 67.7 % , which was below the national average of 74 % . The literacy rate for men is 79 % and for women 59 % . In 2001 the literacy rate in Uttar Pradesh stood at 56.27 % overall , 67 % for men and 43 % for women . Hindi is the sole official language of Uttar Pradesh and is spoken by the majority of the population ( 91.32 % ) , although different regions have their own dialects . Other major dialects include Awadhi spoken in the Awadh region and Hindustani spoken in the Eastern Uttar Pradesh and Braj in Western Uttar Pradesh . Urdu is given the status of a second official language . Government and administration ( edit ) Main articles : Government of Uttar Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh Legislature ( Vidhan Bhawan ) Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly ( Vidhan Sabha ) , the lower house of the bicameral legislature The state is governed by a parliamentary system of representative democracy . Uttar Pradesh is one of the seven states in India , where the state legislature is bicameral , comprising two houses : the Vidhan Sabha ( Legislative Assembly ) and the Vidhan Parishad ( Legislative Council ) . The Legislative Assembly consists of 404 members who are elected for five - year terms . The Legislative Council is a permanent body of 100 members with one - third ( 33 members ) retiring every two years . Since Uttar Pradesh sends the largest number of legislators to the national Parliament , it is often considered to be one of the most important states with respect to Indian politics . The state contributes 80 seats to the lower house of the Indian Parliament , Lok Sabha and 31 seats to the upper house of the Indian Parliament , Rajya Sabha . Uttar Pradesh government is a democratically elected body in India with the Governor as its constitutional head and is appointed by the President of India for a five - year term . The leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the Legislative Assembly is appointed as the Chief Minister by the Governor , and the Council of Ministers are appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister . The governor remains a ceremonial head of the state , while the Chief Minister and his council are responsible for day - to - day government functions . The council of ministers consists of Cabinet Ministers and Ministers of State ( MoS ) . The Secretariat headed by the Chief Secretary assists the council of ministers . The Chief Secretary is also the administrative head of the government . Each government department is headed by a Minister , who is assisted by an Additional Chief Secretary or a Principal Secretary , who usually is an officer of Indian Administrative Service , the Additional Chief Secretary / Principal secretary serve as the administrative head of the department they are assigned to . Each department also has officers of the rank of Secretary , Special Secretary , Joint Secretary etc. assisting the Minister and the Additional Chief Secretary / Principal Secretary . For purpose of administration , the state is divided into 18 divisions and 75 districts . Divisional Commissioner , an IAS officer is the head of administration on the divisional level . The administration in each district is headed by a District Magistrate , who is an IAS officer and is assisted by a number of officers belonging to state services . The Uttar Pradesh Police is headed by an IPS officer of the rank of Director General of Police . There are 8 Police Zones , 18 Police Ranges and 75 police districts in the state . An IPS officer in the rank of Additional Director General of Police heads the zones , whereas an IPS officer of the rank of Inspector General of Police or Deputy Inspector General of Police heads the ranges . A Superintendent of Police , an IPS officer and assisted by the officers of the Uttar Pradesh Police Service , is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues in each district . The judiciary in the state consists of the Allahabad High Court in Allahabad , the Lucknow Bench of Allahabad High Court , district courts and session courts in each district or Sessions Division , and lower courts at the tehsil level . The President of India appoints the chief justice of the High Court of the Uttar Pradesh judiciary on the advice of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of India as well as the Governor of Uttar Pradesh . Other judges are appointed by the President of India on the advice of the Chief Justice of the High Court . Subordinate Judicial Service , categorized into two divisions viz . Uttar Pradesh civil judicial services and Uttar Pradesh higher judicial service is another vital part of the judiciary of Uttar Pradesh . While the Uttar Pradesh civil judicial services comprise the Civil Judges ( Junior Division ) / Judicial Magistrates and civil judges ( Senior Division ) / Chief Judicial Magistrate , the Uttar Pradesh higher judicial service comprises civil and sessions judges . The Subordinate judicial service ( viz . The district court of Etawah and the district court of Kanpur Dehat ) of the judiciary at Uttar Pradesh is controlled by the District Judge . Politics in Uttar Pradesh has been dominated by four political parties , the Samajwadi Party , the Bahujan Samaj Party , the Indian National Congress , and the Bharatiya Janata Party . Politicians from Uttar Pradesh have played prominent roles in Union Government of India with some of them having held the high positions of Prime Minister . Uttar Pradesh has been called India 's under - achiever because it has provided India with eight prime ministers while remaining a poor state . Crime ( edit ) See also : Department of Home ( Uttar Pradesh ) and Uttar Pradesh Police According to the National Crime Records Bureau ( 2011 data ) , Uttar Pradesh has the highest number of crimes among any state in India , but due to its high population , the actual per capita crime rate is low . Because of this , the NCRB states that UP is the third safest state in the country to live in . The value of human development index in Uttar Pradesh has steadily increased over time . The Uttar Pradesh Police , governed by the Department of Home , is the largest police force in the world . Uttar Pradesh also reported the highest number of deaths -- 23,219 -- due to road and rail accidents in 2015 , according to NCRB data . This included 8,109 deaths due to careless driving . Terror attacks ( edit ) Main articles : 2006 Varanasi bombings , 2007 Uttar Pradesh bombings , and 2010 Varanasi bombing Ghat on the Ganges , where the 2010 Varanasi bombing occurred Since 2006 , there have been a number of terrorist attacks , including explosions in a landmark holy place , a court and a temple . The 2006 Varanasi bombings were a series of bombings that occurred across the Hindu holy city of Varanasi on 7 March 2006 . At least 28 people were killed and as many as 101 others were injured . The blasts occurred simultaneously shortly after 18 : 00 IST . The first blast took place at 18 : 20 in the crowded Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple near the Banaras Hindu University . Other blasts followed at the Varanasi Cantonment Railway Station near the waiting area next to the travel office . Initially , another blast was reported in the stationary Shivganga Express bound for Delhi . In the afternoon of 23 November 2007 , within a span of 25 minutes , six consecutive serial blasts occurred in the Lucknow , Varanasi , and Faizabad courts , in which 28 people were killed and several others injured . The blasts came a week after the Uttar Pradesh police and central security agencies busted Jaish - e-Mohammed terrorists who had planned to abduct Rahul Gandhi . The Indian Mujahideen has claimed responsibility for these blasts in an email sent to TV stations five minutes before the blast . The first blast occurred in the premises of the Varanasi civil court and collectorate between 13 : 05 and 13 : 07 . Two successive blasts occurred in the Faizabad district court around 13 : 12 and 13 : 15 , closely followed by one at Lucknow at 13 : 32 . Bombs were explicitly targeted at the lawyers who were working in the courts . On 7 December 2010 , another blast occurred at Sheetla Ghat , adjacent to the main Dashashwamedh Ghat , in which more than 38 people were killed and several others injured . The blast came a day after the anniversary of the 1992 Babri Masjid demolition , in which a mosque was demolished at Ayodhya leading to nationwide religious riots that killed over 2,000 people . Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of Uttar Pradesh See also : List of urban agglomerations in Uttar Pradesh Roadside vendors in a town . A large proportion of residents are employed in the informal sector . Net State Domestic Product at Factor Cost at Current Prices ( 2004 -- 05 Base ) figures in crores of Indian Rupees Year Net State Domestic Product 2004 -- 2005 229,074 2005 -- 2006 256,699 2006 -- 2007 294,031 2007 -- 2008 332,352 2008 -- 2009 384,718 2009 -- 2010 453,020 In terms of net state domestic product ( NSDP ) , Uttar Pradesh is the second - largest economy in India after Maharashtra , with an NSDP of ₹ 14.46 lakh crore ( US $230 billion ) , and hence contributes 8.406 % of India . Agriculture is the leading occupation in Uttar Pradesh . According to the report generated by India Brand Equity Foundation ( IBEF ) , in 2014 -- 15 , Uttar Pradesh has accounted for 19 % share in the country 's total food grain output . The state has experienced a high rate of economic growth in the past few years . Food grain production in the state in 2014 -- 15 stood at 47,773.4 thousand tonnes . Wheat is the state 's principal food crop and sugarcane is the main commercial crop . About 70 % of India 's sugar comes from Uttar Pradesh . Sugarcane is the most important cash crop as the state is country 's largest producer of Sugar . As per the report generated by Indian Sugar Mills Association ( ISMA ) , total sugarcane production in India was estimated to be 28.3 million tonnes in the fiscal ending September 2015 which includes 10.47 million tonnes from Maharashtra and 7.35 million tonnes from Uttar Pradesh State industries are localised in the Kanpur region , the fertile purvanchal lands and the Noida region . The Mughalsarai is home to a number of major locomotive plants . Major manufacturing products include engineering products , electronics , electrical equipment , cables , steel , leather , textiles , jewellery , frigates , automobiles , railway coaches , and wagons . More small - scale industrial units are situated in Uttar Pradesh than in any other state , with 12 per cent of over 2.3 million units . With 359 manufacturing clusters , cement is the top sector of SMEs in UP . The Uttar Pradesh Financial Corporation ( UPFC ) was established in the year 1954 under the SFCs Act of 1951 mainly to develop small - and medium - scale industries in the state . UPFC provides financial assistance to new and existing units undergoing diversification , modernisation , expansion , or acquisition of fixed assets such as land , buildings , and machinery . The UPFC also provides working capital to existing units with a sound track record and to new units under a single window scheme . As of July 2012 , due to financial constraints and directions from the state government , lending activities have been suspended except for State Government Schemes . The state has reported total private investment worth over Rs. 25,081 crores during the years of 2012 and 2016 . According to a recent report of World Bank on Ease of Doing Business in India , Uttar Pradesh was ranked among the top 10 states and first among Northern states . In 2009 -- 10 , the tertiary sector of the economy ( service industries ) was the largest contributor to the gross domestic product of the state , contributing 44.8 % of the state domestic product compared to 44 % from the primary sector ( agriculture , forestry , and tourism ) and 11.2 % from the secondary sector ( industrial and manufacturing ) . MSME sector is the second - largest employment generator in Uttar Pradesh , the first being agriculture and employs over 92 lakh people across the state . Under the leadership of Akhilesh Yadav , Uttar Pradesh has exceeded 11 five - year plan targets and has established several Micro Small and Medium Enterprises ( MSMEs ) and generated 6.5 lakh employment opportunities across the state. ( 1 ) During the 11th five - year plan ( 2007 -- 2012 ) , the average gross state domestic product ( GSDP ) growth rate was 7.28 % , lower than 15.5 % , the average for all states of the country . The state 's per capita GSDP was ₹ 29,417 ( US $460 ) , lower than the national per capita GSDP of ₹ 60,972 ( US $950 ) . The state 's total financial debt stood at ₹ 2,000 billion ( US $31 billion ) in 2011 . Labour efficiency is higher at an index of 26 than the national average of 25 . The economy also benefits from the state 's tourism industry . The state is attracting foreign direct investment which has mostly come in the software and electronics fields ; Noida and Lucknow are becoming a major hub for the information technology ( IT ) industry and houses the headquarters of most of the major corporate , media and financial institutions . Sonebhadra , a district in eastern Uttar Pradesh , has large - scale industries . Its southern region is known as the Energy Capital of India . In May 2013 Uttar Pradesh had the largest number of mobile subscribers in the country , a total of 121.60 million mobile phone connections out of 861.66 million in India , according to the telecom regulator , Telecom Regulatory Authority of India ( TRAI ) . Transportation ( edit ) Further information : List of state highways in Uttar Pradesh , List of airports in Uttar Pradesh , and Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation Lucknow Swarna Shatabdi Express near New Delhi . Inside view of the new terminal building The state has the largest railway network in the country and the sixth - highest railway density . As of 2011 , there were 8,546 km ( 5,310 mi ) of rail in the state . Allahabad is the headquarters of the North Central Railway and Gorakhpur is the headquarters of the North Eastern Railway . Other than Zonal Headquarters of Allahabad and Gorakhpur , Lucknow and Moradabad serve as divisional Headquarters of the Northern Railway Division . Lucknow Swarna Shatabdi Express , the second fastest shatabdi train , connects the Indian capital of New Delhi to Lucknow . This was the first train in India to get the new German LHB coaches . The railway stations of Lucknow NR , Kanpur Central , Varanasi Junction , Agra Cantt , Gorakhpur , and Mathura Junction were included in the Indian Railways list of 50 world - class railway stations . New Yamuna Bridge in Allahabad is part of National Highway 30 The state has a large , multimodal transportation system with the largest road network in the country . The state is well connected to its nine neighbouring states and almost all other parts of India through the national highways ( NH ) . It boasts 42 national highways , with a total length of 4,942 km ( 9.6 % of the total NH length in India ) . The Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation was established in 1972 to provide economical , reliable , and comfortable transportation in the state with connecting services to adjoining states and boasts as being the only State Transport Corporation that runs in profit in the entire nation . All cities are connected to state highways , and all district headquarters are being connected with four lane roads which carry traffic between major centres within the state . One of them is Agra Lucknow Expressway , which is a 302 km ( 188 mi ) controlled - access highway constructed by Uttar Pradesh Expressways Industrial Development Authority ( UPEIDA ) to reduce vehicular traffic in previously congested roads . This expressway is country 's largest Greenfield Expressway which reduced the travel time between Lucknow and Agra from 6 hours to 3.30 hours . Other district roads and village roads provide villages accessibility to meet their social needs as also the means to transport agriculture produce from village to nearby markets . Major district roads provide a secondary function of linking between main roads and rural roads . Uttar Pradesh has the highest road density in India , ( 1,027 km per 1000 km ) and the largest surfaced urban - road network in the country ( 50,721 km ) . The state has excellent civil aviation infrastructure with Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport in Lucknow and Lal Bahadur Shastri International Airport in Varanasi , providing international service . and four domestic airports located at Agra , Allahabad , Gorakhpur and Kanpur . The Lucknow Airport is the second - busiest airport in North India after the Indira Gandhi International Airport , New Delhi . The state has also proposed creating the Taj International Airport at Kurikupa near Hirangaon , Tundla in Firozabad district . An international Airport is also proposed at Kushinagar . The Lucknow Metro is being constructed in the city of Lucknow as an alternative mode of transport . The capital city is witnessing a swift rise in the number of immigrants and this has called for the transformation of Public modes of transport . Sports ( edit ) See also : Indian Grand Prix and Uttar Pradesh Cricket Association Indian hockey legend Major Dhyan Chand Traditional sports , now played mostly as a pastime , include wrestling , swimming , kabaddi , and track - sports or water - sports played according to local traditional rules and without modern equipment . Some sports are designed to display martial skills such as using a sword or ' Pata ' ( stick ) . Due to lack of organised patronage and requisite facilities , these sports survive mostly as individuals ' hobbies or local competitive events . Among modern sports , field hockey is popular and Uttar Pradesh has produced some of the finest players in India , including Dhyan Chand and , more recently , Nitin Kumar and Lalit Kumar Upadhyay . Recently , cricket has become more popular than field hockey . Uttar Pradesh won its first Ranji Trophy tournament in February 2006 , beating Bengal in the final . It can also boast of routinely having 3 or 4 players on the national side . Green Park Stadium in Kanpur , the only internationally recognised cricket stadium in the state , has witnessed some of India 's most famous victories . Uttar Pradesh Cricket Association ( UPCA ) has headquarters in Kanpur . An International Cricket Stadium with a capacity of 50,000 spectators , is being set up in the capital city of Uttar Pradesh . Greater Noida Cricket Stadium is another newly built international cricket stadium . The Buddh International Circuit hosted India 's inaugural F1 Grand Prix race on 30 October 2011 . The 5.14 - kilometre - long ( 3.19 - mile ) circuit was designed by German architect and racetrack designer Herman Tilke to compete with other world - class race circuits . However , races were only held three times before being cancelled due to falling attendance and lack of government support . The government of Uttar Pradesh considered Formula One to be entertainment and not a sport , and thus imposed taxes on the event and participants . Education ( edit ) Main article : Education in Uttar Pradesh See also : List of institutions of higher education in Uttar Pradesh JRHU is the world 's first school for handicap Uttar Pradesh has a long tradition of education , although historically it was primarily confined to the elite class and religious schools . Sanskrit - based learning formed the major part of education from the Vedic to the Gupta periods . As cultures travelled through the region they brought their bodies of knowledge with them , adding Pali , Persian and Arabic scholarship to the community . These formed the core of Hindu - Buddhist - Muslim education until the rise of British colonialism . The present schools - to - university system of education owes its inception and development in the state ( as in the rest of the country ) to foreign Christian missionaries and the British colonial administration . Schools in the state are either managed by the government or by private trusts . Hindi is used as a medium of instruction in most of the schools except those affiliated to the CBSE or the Council for ICSE boards . Under the 10 + 2 + 3 plan , after completing secondary school , students typically enroll for 2 years in a junior college , also known as pre-university , or in schools with a higher secondary facility affiliated with the Uttar Pradesh Board of High School and Intermediate Education or a central board . Students choose from one of three streams , namely liberal arts , commerce , or science . Upon completing the required coursework , students may enroll in general or professional degree programs . Central Drug Research Institute , an autonomous multidisciplinary research institute Uttar Pradesh has more than 45 universities , including 5 central universities , 28 state universities , 8 deemed universities , 2 IITs in Varanasi and Kanpur , 1 IIM in Lucknow , 1 NIT in Allahabad , 2 IIITs , 1 National Law University in Lucknow and several polytechnics , engineering colleges and industrial training institutes . Prestigious institutes like the Aligarh Muslim University , Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences , Indian Institute of Technology ( Kanpur ) , Indian Institute of Technology ( BHU ) , the Indian Institute of Management ( Lucknow ) , Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology ( Allahabad ) , Indian Institute of Information Technology ( Allahabad ) , Indian Institute of Information Technology ( Lucknow ) , University Institute of Engineering and Technology , Kanpur , King George 's Medical University , Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya National Law University and the Harcourt Butler Technical University are known worldwide for their quality education and research in their respective fields . The presence of such institutions provides the students of the state with ample opportunities for higher education . Other universities in the state include Banaras Hindu University , University of Allahabad , University of Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences , Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology , Chaudhary Charan Singh University , Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University , Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University , Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University , Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology , Gautam Buddha University , Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University , Indian Veterinary Research Institute Bareilly , IMT Ghaziabad , Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences , Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University , M.J.P. Rohilkhand University , Bundelkhand University , Narendra Dev University of Agriculture and Technology , Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University , Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University , Bhartendu Academy of Dramatic Arts , Siddharth University , Allahabad State University and Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti Urdu , Arabi ~ Farsi University . The Integral University , a state level institution , was established by the Uttar Pradesh Government to provide education in different technical , applied science , and other disciplines . The Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies was founded as an autonomous organisation by the national ministry of culture . Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University is the only university established exclusively for the disabled in the world . A large number of Indian scholars are educated at different universities in Uttar Pradesh . Notable scholars who were born , worked or studied in the geographic area of the state include Harivansh Rai Bachchan , Motilal Nehru , Harish Chandra and Indira Gandhi . Tourism ( edit ) Main article : Tourism in Uttar Pradesh See also : Kumbh Mela and Architecture of Uttar Pradesh Kumbh Mela 2013 at Sangam , Allahabad Uttar Pradesh ranks first in domestic tourist arrivals among all states of India with more than 71 million , owing to its rich and varied topography , vibrant culture , festivals , monuments , ancient places of worship , and viharas . Millions gather at Allahabad to take part in the Magh Mela festival on the banks of the Ganges . This festival is organised on a larger scale every 12th year and is called the Kumbh Mela , where over 10 million Hindu pilgrims congregate in one of the largest gatherings of people in the world . The historically important towns of Sarnath and Kushinagar are near to gorakhpur and are located not far from Varanasi . Gautama Buddha gave his first sermon after his enlightenment at Sarnath and died at Kushinagar ; both are important pilgrimage sites for Buddhists . Also at Sarnath are the Pillars of Ashoka and the Lion Capital of Ashoka , both important archaeological artefacts with national significance . At a distance of 80 km from Varanasi , Ghazipur is famous not only for its Ghats on the Ganges but also for the tomb of Lord Cornwallis , the 18th - century Governor of East India Company ruled Bengal Presidency . The tomb is maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India . The state also has a bird sanctuary in Etah district called Patna Bird Sanctuary . Lucknow , the capital of the state , has several beautiful historical monuments . It has also preserved the damaged complex of the Oudh - period British Resident 's quarters , which are being restored . Uttar Pradesh gives access to three World Heritage Sites : the Taj Mahal , Agra Fort , and the nearby Fatehpur Sikri . Varanasi is an ancient city famous for its ghats . To promote tourism , the Directorate of Tourism was established in the 1972 with a Director General who is an IAS . officer . In 1974 the Uttar Pradesh State Tourism Development Corporation was established to look after the commercial tourist activities . Health & healthcare ( edit ) District Hospital , Kanpur Dehat Uttar Pradesh has a large public as well as private healthcare infrastructure . But the performance of the state on various health parameters is not encouraging . Although an extensive infrastructural network of Medical and Health services in the government as well as private sectors has been created over the years , the available health infrastructure is inadequate to meet the demand for health services in the state . In 15 years to 2012 -- 13 , the population of Uttar Pradesh increased by more than 25 per cent . However , the public health centres , which are the frontline of the government 's health care system , decreased by 8 per cent . Smaller sub-centres , the first point of public contact , increased by no more than 2 per cent over the 25 years to 2015 , a period when the population grew by more than 51 per cent . A newborn in Uttar Pradesh is expected to live four years fewer than in the neighboring state of Bihar , five years fewer than in Haryana and seven years fewer than in Himachal Pradesh . Uttar Pradesh contributed to the largest share of almost all communicable and noncommunicable disease deaths , including 48 per cent of all typhoid deaths ( 2014 ) ; 17 per cent of cancer deaths and 18 per cent of tuberculosis deaths ( 2015 ) . After Assam , Uttar Pradesh has India 's second - highest maternal mortality rate , 285 maternal deaths for every 100,000 live births ( 2013 ) , with 62 percent of pregnant women unable to access minimum ante - natal care . Around 42 per cent of pregnant women , more than 1.5 million , deliver babies at home . About two - thirds ( 61 per cent ) of childbirths at home in Uttar Pradesh are unsafe . State has the highest child mortality indicators , from the neonatal mortality rate ( NNMR ) to the under - five mortality rate of 64 children who die per 1,000 live births before five years of age , 35 die within a month of birth , and 50 do not complete a year of life . A third of the rural population in the state has been deprived of primary healthcare infrastructure , according to the norms of the Indian Public Health Standards . Culture ( edit ) Main article : Culture of Uttar Pradesh Language and literature ( edit ) Main article : Languages of Uttar Pradesh The battle of Kurukshetra , folio from the Mahabharata Several texts and hymns of the Vedic literature were composed in Uttar Pradesh . The festival of Guru Purnima is dedicated to Sage Vyasa , and also known as Vyasa Purnima as it is the day which is believed to be his birthday and also the day he divided the Vedas . There is a long literary and folk Hindi - language tradition in the state . In the 19th and 20th century , Hindi literature was modernised by authors such as Jaishankar Prasad , Maithili Sharan Gupt , Munshi Premchand , Suryakant Tripathi Nirala , Babu Gulabrai , Sachchidananda Hirananda Vatsyayan ' Agyeya ' , Rahul Sankrityayan , Harivansh Rai Bachchan , Dharamvir Bharati , Subhadra Kumari Chauhan , Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi , Swami Sahajanand Saraswati , Dushyant Kumar , Hazari Prasad Dwivedi , Acharya Kuber Nath Rai , Bharatendu Harishchandra , Kamleshwar Prasad Saxena , Shivmangal Singh Suman , Mahadevi Varma , and Vibhuti Narain Rai . The state is sometimes called the ' Hindi heartland of India ' . Hindi became the language of state administration with the Uttar Pradesh Official Language Act of 1951 . A 1989 amendment to the act added Urdu , as an additional language of the state . Linguistically , the state spreads across the Central , East - Central , and Eastern zones of the Hindi Belt , the major Hindi dialects of the state being Awadhi , Bhojpuri , Bundeli , Braj Bhasha , Kannauji and the vernacular form of Khariboli . Music and dance ( edit ) Uttar Pradesh has produced musicians , including Anup Jalota , Girija Devi , Kishan Maharaj , Vikash Maharaj Naushad Ali , Ravi Shankar , Shubha Mudgal , Siddheshwari Devi , Talat Mehmood , and Ustad Bismillah Khan . The Ghazal singer Begum Akhtar was a native of Uttar Pradesh . The region 's folk heritage includes songs called rasiya ( especially popular in Braj ) , which celebrate the divine love of Radha and Krishna . Other forms of music are kajari , sohar , qawwali , rasiya , thumri , birha , chaiti , and sawani . Traditional dance and musical styles are taught at the Bhatkhande Music Institute University in Lucknow , named after the musician Pandit Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande . Kathak , a classical dance form , owes its origin to the state of Uttar Pradesh . The dance form is connected to classical Hindustani music where the rhythmic nimbleness of the feet is accompanied by either Tabla or Pakhawaj . Four of the six schools of this dance form , Lucknow gharana , Ajrara gharana , Farukhabad gharana and Benares gharana , are situated in Uttar Pradesh . Fairs and festivals ( edit ) Hindu priest saluting the sun in the Ganges , Varanasi Diwali ( celebrated between mid-October and mid-December ) and Rama Navami are popular festivals in Uttar Pradesh . Kumbh Mela , organised in the month of Maagha ( February -- March ) , is a major festival held every twelve years in rotation at Allahabad , Haridwar , Ujjain , on the river Ganges and Nasik on the Godavari river . Lath mar Holi is a local celebration of the Hindu festival of Holi . It takes place well before the actual Holi in the town of Barsana near Mathura . Taj Mahotsav , held annually at Agra , is a colourful display of the culture of the Braj area . Buddha Purnima , which marks the birth of Gautama Buddha , is a major Hindu and Buddhist festival , while Christmas is celebrated by the minority Christian population . Other festivals are Eid - ul - Fitr , Eid - ul - Adhaa / Bakreed , Vijayadashami , Makar Sankranti , Vasant Panchami , Ayudha Puja , Ganga Mahotsava , Janmashtami , Sardhana Christian Fair , Maha Shivaratri , Mahavir Jayanti , Bārah Wafāṭ , Chhath puja , Lucknow Mahotsav , Moharram , Kabob and Hanuman Jayanti . Cuisine ( edit ) Main article : Cuisine of Uttar Pradesh Uttar Pradeshi thali with naan , sultani dal , raita , and shahi paneer Paan , ( betel leaves ) being served with silver foil A typical day - to - day traditional vegetarian meal of Uttar Pradesh , like any other North Indian thali , consists of roti ( flatbread ) , chawal , dal , sabji , raita and papad . Many people still drink the traditional drink chaach ( traditional Butter milk ) with meals . On festive occasions , usually ' tava ' ( flat pan for roti ) is considered inauspicious , and instead fried foods are consumed . A typical festive thali consists of Puri , Kachauri , sabji , pulav , papad , raita , salad and desserts ( such as sewai or Kheer ) . Many communities have their own particular style of cuisines , such as the Jains , Kayasths and Muslims . There are also certain sub-regional delicacies . Awadhi cuisine is world - famous for dishes such as kebab , biryani , keema and nihari . Sweets occupy an important place in the Hindu diet and are eaten at social ceremonies . People make distinctive sweetmeats from milk products , including khurchan , peda , gulabjamun , petha , makkhan malai , and chamcham . The chaat in Lucknow and Banarasi Paan is known across India for its flavour and ingredients . Awadhi cuisine is from the city of Lucknow . The cuisine consists of both vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes . Awadh has been greatly influenced by Mughal cooking techniques , and the cuisine of Lucknow bears similarities to those of Central Asia , Kashmir , Punjab and Hyderabad ; and the city is known for Nawabi foods . The bawarchis and rakabdars of Awadh gave birth to the dum style of cooking or the art of cooking over a slow fire , which has become synonymous with Lucknow today . Their spread consisted of elaborate dishes like kebabs , kormas , biryani , kaliya , nahari - kulchas , zarda , sheermal , roomali rotis , and warqi parathas . The richness of Awadh cuisine lies not only in the variety of cuisine but also in the ingredients used like mutton , paneer , and rich spices including cardamom and saffron . Mughlai cuisine is a style of cooking developed in the Indian subcontinent by the imperial kitchens of the Mughal Empire . It represents the cooking styles used in North India , especially Uttar Pradesh . The cuisine is strongly influenced by the cuisine of Central Asia , and has in turn strongly similarities to the regional cuisines of Kashmir and the Punjab region . The tastes of Mughlai cuisine vary from extremely mild to spicy , and is often associated with a distinctive aroma and the taste of ground and whole spices . Dress ( edit ) The people of Uttar Pradesh dress in a variety of traditional and Western styles . Traditional styles of dress include colourful draped garments -- such as sari for women and dhoti or lungi for men -- and tailored clothes such as salwar kameez for women and kurta - pyjama for men . Men often sport head - gear like topi or pagri . Sherwani is a more formal male dress and is frequently worn along with chooridar on festive occasions . European - style trousers and shirts are also common among the men . Media ( edit ) A number of newspapers and periodicals are published in Hindi , English , and Urdu . The Pioneer was founded in Allahabad in 1865 by George Allen . Amar Ujala , Dainik Bhaskar , Dainik Jagran , and Hindustan Dainik have a wide circulation , with local editions published from several important cities . Major English language newspapers which are published and sold in large numbers are The Telegraph , The Times of India , Hindustan Times , The Hindu , The Statesman , The Indian Express , and Asian Age . Some prominent financial dailies like The Economic Times , Financial Express , Business Line , and Business Standard are widely circulated . Vernacular newspapers such as those in Hindi , Nepali , Gujarati , Odia , Urdu , and Punjabi are also read by a select readership . Doordarshan is the state - owned television broadcaster . Multi system operators provide a mix of Hindi , English , Bengali , Nepali and international channels via cable . Hindi 24 - hour television news channels are NDTV India , DD News , Zee News Uttar Pradesh , Jan TV , IBN - 7 , and ABP News . All India Radio is a public radio station . There are 32 private FM stations available in major cities like Lucknow , Kanpur , Varanasi , Allahabad , Agra , and Noida . Cell phone providers include Vodafone , Airtel , BSNL , Reliance Communications , Telenor , Aircel , Tata Indicom , Idea Cellular , and Tata DoCoMo . Broadband internet is available in select towns and cities and is provided by the state - run BSNL and by private companies . Dial - up access is provided throughout the state by BSNL and other providers . See also ( edit ) India portal Uttar Pradesh portal Outline of India List of Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh List of Governors of Uttar Pradesh List of people from Uttar Pradesh Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` United Province , UP was notified in Union gazette on January 24 , 1950 '' . The Indian Express . The New Indian Express . Indian Express Group . May 2 , 2017 . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Uttar Pradesh District '' . up.gov.in . Government of Uttar Pradesh . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` List of districts in Uttar Pradesh '' . archive.india.gov.in . Government of India . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Governor of Uttar Pradesh '' . uplegisassembly.gov.in . Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . 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when does king robert died in game of thrones			Robert Baratheon	robert baratheon	Robert Baratheon is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of fantasy novels by American author George R.R. Martin , and its television adaptation Game of Thrones .	Introduced in 1996 's A Game of Thrones , Robert Baratheon is the eldest son of Steffon Baratheon , from the kingdom of Westeros . After Robert won the rebellion which was named after him , he took the Iron Throne from his distant cousin Aerys II Targaryen , nicknamed `` The Mad King '' , crushing the Targaryen dynasty . Robert fought the war to win back his betrothed , Lyanna Stark , with the aid of her brother , his close friend , Eddard Stark . However , due to Lyanna 's death , Robert married Tywin Lannister 's daughter Cersei after the war ended to ensure political stability . Robert is portrayed by Mark Addy in the HBO television adaptation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character description 2 Overview 3 Storylines 3.1 In the books 3.2 In the show 3.2. 1 Events before the first season 3.2. 2 First season 3.2. 3 Second season 3.2. 4 Sixth / Seventh season 3.3 Family tree of House Baratheon 4 TV adaptation 5 References Character description ( edit ) Robert is in his mid-thirties when the events of the books begin . He is jovial and fun - loving , fond of battle , women and drink . As a young man Robert was a formidable warrior , noted for his chivalry , sense of honor and immense charisma . He won several loyal Targaryen bannermen to his cause through strength of personality alone . Very tall and incredibly muscular , Robert was considered one of the most attractive men in Westeros , desired by every maiden in the realm , being described in A Game of Thrones as `` Muscled like a maiden 's fantasy . '' However , after becoming king , Robert let himself go somewhat , becoming fat , soft and indolent , though still capable of great generosity to his friends . Robert has also become more bitter following Lyanna 's death and his unhappy marriage to Cersei , despite their multiple children . Overview ( edit ) Robert Baratheon is not a point of view character in the novels , so his actions are witnessed and interpreted through the eyes of other people , such as Ned Stark . Storylines ( edit ) Coat of arms of House Baratheon In the books ( edit ) Robert Baratheon is King of the Seven Kingdoms at the beginning of A Game of Thrones . He was the ward of Jon Arryn and was raised at the Eyrie alongside Eddard Stark . Fifteen years before the novels , Robert was betrothed to Ned 's sister Lyanna , and after Lyanna and Rhaegar Targaryen disappeared , Robert killed Rhaegar and seized the throne . He then married Cersei Lannister to ensure House Lannister 's support for his rule , but remained attached to the memory of Lyanna , which estranged Cersei . At the beginning of A Game of Thrones Robert , then king , has just come to Winterfell to appoint Eddard Stark the Hand of The King . He was unaware that Cersei 's three children were therefore fathered by her brother Jaime . More interested in food , drink , and tourneys than in governance , Robert has squandered the royal treasury , leaving the crown heavily in debt . After he dies in a hunting accident orchestrated by Cersei , the kingdoms plunge into civil war . His death incites the war that encompasses the entirety of the following two books , the War of the Five Kings , in which his two brothers , Lords Renly and Stannis Baratheon , declare themselves the rightful kings . Robb Stark is also declared King in the North and King of the Trident , and Lord Balon Greyjoy declares himself King of the Iron Islands . In the show ( edit ) Events before the first Season ( edit ) Robert Baratheon , formerly a fierce warrior , became King of the Seven Kingdoms after leading a rebellion against Aerys II Targaryen . He was betrothed to Ned Stark 's sister Lyanna and loved her deeply , but she loved Rhaegar Targaryen and married him in secret before they fled . Robert assumed Lyanna was abducted , beginning his revolt with Ned Stark after his father and brother were killed in King 's Landing while trying to reclaim Lyanna . The event , known as Robert 's Rebellion , resulted with the Targaryens mostly slaughtered or routed from the Kingdoms . Since Robert 's family had closer ties to the former Royal family , this put Robert on the Iron Throne . First Season ( edit ) Now , Robert has grown fat and miserable ; he has no more wars to fight , is surrounded by plotters and sycophants , hates and is bored by the constant work needed to manage the Kingdoms properly , and trapped in a political marriage to the scheming Cersei Lannister , whom he has never loved . He is unaware that none of his three children are his , but instead Jaime Lannister 's . Under his reign , the realm has been bankrupted , and Robert is deeply in debt to his wife 's family . Killed while hunting under suspicious circumstances , he unknowingly leaves no rightful heir behind . Leading to Ned Stark 's beheading at the hands of his legal son Joffrey . Second Season ( edit ) After his death , Roberts bastards are ordered dead by Joffrey , many of which are killed , and Gendry is subsequently forced to flee the capital . Sixth / seventh Season ( edit ) In seasons six and seven , Bran Stark 's gift of vision as the Three - Eyed Raven revealed to him the truth of Rhaegar and Lyanna 's relationship and that Robert 's Rebellion was built on a lie . Family tree of House Baratheon ( edit ) ( hide ) Family tree of House Baratheon Ormund Rhaelle Targaryen Steffon Cassana Estermont Delena Florent Robert 283 -- 298 Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Stannis Selyse Florent Renly Margaery Tyrell Edric Storm Gendry Bella Myrcella Shireen Mya Stone Barra 11 Others Joffrey 298 -- 300 Margaery Tyrell Tommen 300 -- Notes : ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ; García Jr. , Elio M. ; Antonsson , Linda ( 2014 ) . `` Appendix : Targaryen Lineage '' . The World of Ice & Fire . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 80544 - 4 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( 2000 ) . `` Appendix : The King in the Narrow Sea '' . A Storm of Swords . ISBN 0 - 553 - 10663 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Margaery Tyrell first married Renly , then Joffrey , and then Tommen . ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( 2000 ) . `` Appendix : The King on the Iron Throne '' . A Storm of Swords . ISBN 0 - 553 - 10663 - 5 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( 1996 ) . `` Chapter 27 , Eddard VI '' . A Game of Thrones . ISBN 0 - 553 - 10354 - 7 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( 2000 ) . `` Chapter 29 , Arya V '' . A Storm of Swords . ISBN 0 - 553 - 10663 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Joffrey , Myrcella and Tommen , although recognized by Robert , are secretly the illegitimate children of Jaime Lannister . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( 1996 ) . `` Chapter 35 , Eddard IX '' . A Game of Thrones . ISBN 0 - 553 - 10354 - 7 . Tv adaptation ( edit ) Robert Baratheon is played by Mark Addy in the television adaption of the series of books . Addy 's audition for the role was according to showrunners David Benioff and D.B. Weiss the best they saw , him being the easiest actor to cast for the show . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Viewer 's Guide '' . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Cast and Crew : Robert Baratheon played by Mark Addy '' . HBO . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Website for the HBO Series Game of Thrones - Season 4 '' . HBO . Jump up ^ `` From HBO '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Viewer 's Guide '' . Jump up ^ `` A Read of Ice and Fire : A Game of Thrones , Part 3 '' . Tor.com . Jump up ^ `` A Read of Ice and Fire : A Game of Thrones , Part 23 '' . Tor.com . Jump up ^ Josh Wigler ( 7 June 2013 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones Gruesome Deaths : From Robert Baratheon to Jon Snow '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' : Mark Addy on Robert Baratheon '' . Digitalspy . Jump up ^ Walsh , Michael ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` What We Learned From Game Of Thrones ' SXSW Panel , and What It Might Mean '' . Nerdist Industries . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 7 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Myrcella Baratheon Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Baratheon&oldid=843492323 '' Categories : A Song of Ice and Fire characters Fictional alcohol abusers Fictional characters introduced in 1996 Fictional domestic abusers Fictional hunters Fictional kings Fictional nobility Fictional revolutionaries Fictional swordsmen Fictional war veterans Male characters in literature Male characters in television Mariticide in fiction Regicide in fiction Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Беларуская Català Español Français Magyar Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 14 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Baratheon	3,114
where is hell from tomorrow when the war began			Tomorrow , When the War Began ( film )	tomorrow, when the war began ( film )	Tomorrow , When the War Began is a 2010 Australian action - adventure war drama film written and directed by Stuart Beattie and based on the novel of the same name ( the first in a series of seven ) by John Marsden . The film was produced by Andrew Mason and Michael Boughen . The story follows Ellie Linton , one of seven teenagers waging a guerrilla war against an invading foreign power in their fictional hometown of Wirrawee . The film stars Caitlin Stasey as Ellie Linton and features an ensemble cast including Rachel Hurd - Wood , Lincoln Lewis and Phoebe Tonkin . Production began in September 2009 .	Principal photography began on 28 September 2009 , and concluded on 6 November 2009 ; filming took place in the Hunter Region and the Blue Mountains , in New South Wales . The teaser trailer for the film was released on 31 March 2010 . The film was released in Australia and New Zealand on 2 September 2010 . It was later released on 15 April 2011 in the United Kingdom , and on 24 February 2012 in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming and locations 4 Reception 4.1 Critical reception 4.2 Awards 5 Soundtrack 6 Home media 7 Adaptations 7.1 Cancelled sequel 7.2 Television adaptation 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Further information : Plot of the novel The film begins with a video log by Ellie . She asks the camera how she can tell their story . She suggests to herself `` from the beginning . '' Country high school student Ellie ( Caitlin Stasey ) sets off on a camping trip to `` hell 's Gate '' , with close childhood friend Corrie ( Rachel Hurd - Wood ) , together with Corrie 's boyfriend Kevin , Ellie 's next - door neighbour Homer , high school crush Lee and friends Robyn and Fiona . After driving Ellie 's parents ' Land Rover into the mountains , they hike down into a remote valley known as `` Hell '' . During their second night camping , Ellie wakes to a sky full of military aircraft . Upon arriving back in town , the group finds their homes abandoned , without power , internet and telephone lines down . From the hill overlooking Robyn 's house , the group sees that the only lights on in town are at the hospital and showground . Upon reaching the showground , they find that the citizens of the town are being detained by a foreign military group . Ellie witnesses a man being executed with a shot to the head , and in her horror retreats too quickly , being spotted by a searchlight . They flee but are pursued by soldiers into the backyard of a house . Ellie , using Kevin 's singlet , lighter and the fuel tank of a ride - on lawn mower , creates an explosion that eliminates the squad . On return to Corrie 's house , they find that Lee and Robyn are missing . Ellie and Corrie witness an RAAF jet fighter being shot down by enemy aircraft . Whilst the group gathers inside to plan for their return to Hell , an enemy helicopter performs a close examination of the house . Homer shoots out searchlight of the helicopter , which retreats after dropping flares . The group barely escape with their lives as a jet destroys the home . That night , Ellie and Homer sneak back into town and find Robyn in her house . Lee has been wounded , and is being treated by Dr Clements ( Colin Friels ) , the local dentist , who informs them that the invading forces are bringing in their vehicles and equipment from ships moored in Cobbler 's Bay over the Wirrawee Bridge . After a brief skirmish with a pair of armed buggies , Robyn , Homer , Lee and Ellie meet back up at Corrie 's home . They decide to return to Hell . On the way , they stop at a house and are greeted by school mate Chris , who is incredibly stoned and has no idea that a war is going on . Chris joins the group . They return to Hell , with plans to use it as a secluded hideout where the enemy forces will not find them . While there , they hear a radio transmission revealing that Australia has been invaded by `` The Coalition Nations '' from nearby Asia , who believe that they have a right to the country 's vast natural resources and wealth in order to sustain their growing populations . The transmission also reveals one of the three main ports being used to deposit soldiers into the country is nearby Cobbler 's Bay , the only exit from which is the Heron Bridge , which the group then makes plans to destroy . The group sneaks back to Wirrawee , and devise a plan to blow up Heron Bridge . Ellie and Fi steal a petrol tanker from the council depot . They park it near the bridge and wait for the rest of the team to take their positions . After being discovered by guards , they rush to drive the tanker forward under the bridge . The plan necessarily brought forward , Homer and Lee scare a herd of cattle onto the bridge , forcing the sentries to flee their posts , allowing Ellie to park the tanker under the bridge unhindered . Working together , they manage to explode the tanker , which utterly destroys the bridge . Corrie however is shot as the group escapes . Despite certain capture , Kevin decides to drive Corrie , who is seriously wounded , to the hospital and remain by her side . The group return to Hell . Ellie then finishes her video log , revealing their ongoing guerrilla war , the necessity to fight , and that they have yet to be found . Cast ( edit ) Caitlin Stasey as Ellie Linton , the film 's protagonist and Lee 's romantic interest . Rachel Hurd - Wood as Corrie McKenzie , Ellie 's best friend and Kevin 's girlfriend . Lincoln Lewis as Kevin Holmes , Corrie 's boyfriend . Deniz Akdeniz as Homer Yannos , Ellie 's next - door neighbour and Fiona 's romantic interest . Phoebe Tonkin as Fiona `` Fifi '' Maxwell , Homer 's romantic interest . Chris Pang as Lee Takkam , Ellie 's romantic interest . Ashleigh Cummings as Robyn Mathers Andy Ryan as Chris Lang Colin Friels as Dr. Clement , the Wirrawee dentist Don Halbert as Mr. Linton Olivia Pigeot as Mrs. Linton Stephen Bourke as Police Officer Kelly Butler as Mrs. Maxwell Julia Yon as Mrs. Takkam Dane Carson as Mr. Mathers Matthew Dale as Mr. Coles Gary Quay as Senior Soldier Michael Camilleri as Tanker Driver Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In June 2009 , Screen Australia announced that it would fund the development of the feature film to be produced based on the novel , to be written and directed by screenwriter Stuart Beattie . The film was released on 2 September 2010 . Critical response to the film was mixed and it failed to find an overseas audience . Filming and locations ( edit ) Filming began in the Hunter Region of New South Wales , Australia on 28 September 2009 with early shooting in Dungog . Raymond Terrace was chosen as a major location for producing the film as it is `` a great country town '' . Historic King Street , the former main street of the town , was transformed from a normally quiet location into Main Street , Wirrawee . The street began its transformation in September 2009 , with set areas including the `` Wirrawee Cinema '' and the Lee family 's Thai restaurant . Filming began in King Street on 21 October 2009 and continued until 27 October 2009 . Filming in other locations in the town ended on 6 November 2009 . Other filming locations included Maitland , the Blue Mountains and the Luskintyre bridge . The Fox Studios site in Sydney was also used . The explosions of the house and bridge were filmed , scaled - down , at Terrey Hills in northern Sydney . Wirrawee Cinema Turner Bros Holden Wirrawee Bakery Shearers Hotel Central Motel & Cafe Bendigo Bank Wirrawee main street sets in King Street , Raymond Terrace Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Tomorrow , When the War Began received mixed reviews . Review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 64 % of critics have given the film a positive review based on 54 reviews , with an average score of 5.6 / 10 . The site 's consensus is that `` While the script is n't amazing and the story 's race issues linger , this adaptation of John Marsden 's book is an exciting , action - heavy adventure that should please fans of the series . '' Marc Fennell of Triple J wrote that Tomorrow , When the War Began has `` patchy acting , fantastic action and some great slivers of humour in a movie that only gives off the faintest whiff of a xenophobic nation terrified of being invaded . '' Margaret Pomeranz of At the Movies wrote that `` Stuart Beattie handles the action well ; I think he 's less adept at handling the development of character , but I 'm sure the numerous fans of the book will be satisfied with the movie . '' A review by the Australian Special Broadcasting Service was less generous , pointing out parallels to the 1984 film Red Dawn , starring Charlie Sheen and Patrick Swayze . It called the plot weak and the ending a letdown . Despite not coming close to its A $ 27 million budget , the film was popular at the Australian and New Zealand box office , though internationally it was far less successful . In Australia , the film debuted at No. 1 and made $3.86 million during its first weekend and grossed NZ $ 358,653 in its No. 1 debut in New Zealand . Within two weeks , the film grossed over $7.7 million in Australia to become the highest - grossing domestic film of 2010 . Paramount acquired distribution rights for the UK , Russia , South Africa , Portugal and Scandinavia and said upon its acquisition that they `` look forward to bringing this story to international audiences . '' Despite earning over $13.5 million at the Australian box office , the film `` failed to find an international audience '' and earned a total of under $3 million in the rest of the world combined . This included $341,995 in the U.K. and $1,026,705 in New Zealand . Awards ( edit ) Award Name Outcome 2010 Inside Film Awards Best Feature Film Won Best Script Stuart Beattie Won Best Music Won Best Actress Caitlin Stasey Won 2010 Australian Screen Sound Guild Awards Soundtrack of the Year Won Best Film Sound Recording David Lee , Gerry Nucifora , Emma Barham Won AACTA Awards Best Adapted Screenplay Stuart Beattie Won Best Sound Andrew Plain , David Lee , Gethin Creagh , Robert Sullivan Won Best Film Andrew Mason , Michael Boughen Nominated Young Actor Ashleigh Cummings Nominated Readers ' Choice Award Andrew Mason , Michael Boughen Nominated Members ' Choice Award Andrew Mason , Michael Boughen Nominated Best Editing Marcus D'Arcy Nominated Best Production Design Robert Webb , Michelle McGahey , Damien Drew , Bev Dunn Nominated Best Visual Effects Chris Godfrey , Sigi Eimutis , Dave Morely , Tony Cole Nominated 19th Film Critics Circle of Australia Awards Best Film Liz Watts Nominated Best Director Stuart Beattie Nominated Best Screenplay Stuart Beattie Nominated Best Cinematography Ben Nott Nominated Best Editor Marcus D'Arcy Nominated Soundtrack ( edit ) Steer - Written & Performed by Missy Higgins The Honeymoon Is Over - Performed by The Cruel Sea Cosmic Egg - Performed by Wolfmother Restaurant Piano - Written , Produced & Performed by Guy Gross Fader - Performed by The Temper Trap Do n't You Think It 's Time ? - Performed by Bob Evans Black Hearts ( On Fire ) - Performed by Jet Poison In Your Mind - Written & Performed by Powderfinger Tomorrow - Performed by Nic Cester , Davey Lane & Kram Flame Trees - Performed by Sarah Blasko All Music - Composed by Johnny Klimek and Reinhold Heil Home media ( edit ) The DVD and Blu - ray editions of the film were released on 30 December 2010 . Both editions were released in widescreen and have additional special features . Some Australian stores released the DVD of the film earlier than expected on 21 December 2010 , nine days before the official release date . This was later confirmed by the film 's official Facebook page . Special features include John Marsden 's view and an alternate ending . Tomorrow , When the War Began now holds the record for the biggest first week sales for an Australian independently - produced and financed film after selling almost 105,000 DVD copies since its release on 30 December . The previous record was held by George Miller 's animated film Happy Feet , which sold about 95,000 copies in its first week in 2007 . Adaptations ( edit ) Cancelled sequel ( edit ) In September 2010 , executive producer Christopher Mapp stated that there may be two sequels , based on the novels The Dead of the Night and The Third Day , The Frost . He also stated that there may be a television series , adapting the remainder of the book series . In December 2010 , The Age reported that The Dead of the Night had been green - lit for production , which would commence once the script by Stuart Beattie was completed , with release scheduled for 2012 . Filming was due to commence in September 2011 . On 20 November 2011 , Sydney 's Daily Telegraph reported that the sequel had apparently been cancelled . Lincoln Lewis stated `` At this stage it does n't look like it 's going to go ahead . '' In December 2011 , the official Tomorrow , When the War Began Facebook page posted that Kieran Darcy - Smith is working on a script for a sequel . In August 2012 , it was announced by producers that they hoped for filming to start in early 2013 . Television adaptation ( edit ) Main article : Tomorrow When the War Began ( TV series ) After several years of no word on the sequel , in 2015 it was announced that a television adaptation of the Tomorrow series was currently in the works . The cast from the film adaption did not reprise their roles . The series consists of six episodes and airs on ABC3 . Filming took place from 14 September to 13 November 2015 in Melbourne , and premiered on 23 April 2016 . Notes ( edit ) 1. ^ In the original books , Lee 's surname was never mentioned . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` TOMORROW , WHEN THE WAR BEGAN '' . Retrieved 24 April 2010 . Jump up ^ http://freestylereleasing.com/tomorrow-when-the-war-began/ Jump up ^ `` Tomorrow , When the War Began '' . The Courier - Mail . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tomorrow , When The War Began : biggest Aussie movie of 2010 '' . 16 September 2010 . Retrieved 16 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tomorrow , When the War Began '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 23 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` John Marsden book to be made into film '' . news.ninemsn.com.au. 22 July 2009 . Retrieved 28 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Stuart Beattie looks to ' Tomorrow ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 15 June 2009 . Archived from the original on 19 June 2009 . Retrieved 28 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Screen Australia announces funding for five features including Wog Boy 2 : Kings of Mykonos and Tomorrow When the War Began '' . Screen Australia . 16 June 2009 . Retrieved 28 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive trailer : Tomorrow : When The War Began '' . MovieFix. 31 March 2010 . Retrieved 31 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` In Pictures : ' Tomorrow When The War Began ' '' . Digital Spy. 26 January 2011 . Retrieved 26 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Official TWTWB Facebook Page '' . 31 March 2010 . Retrieved 6 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Darren Rowe ( 7 September 2009 ) . `` ' Neighbours ' star scores film lead '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 28 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rachel Hurd - Wood joins Tomorrow '' . 21 September 2009 . Retrieved 28 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lincoln Lewis quits Home and Away to focus on movies '' . The Daily Telegraph . 17 September 2009 . Retrieved 28 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bay News '' . Yahoo7 . Retrieved 28 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hell Has Two New Angels '' . 14 September 2009 . Retrieved 28 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Julieanne Strachan ( 28 October 2009 ) . `` Hunter the perfect spot to film John Marsden favourite '' . The Newcastle Herald . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Hayley Odgers ( 9 September 2009 ) . `` Terrace on centre stage '' . Port Stephens Examiner . Retrieved 16 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Public Announcement '' . Port Stephens Examiner. 22 October 2009 . Retrieved 28 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Public Announcement '' . Port Stephens Examiner. 29 October 2009 . p. 81 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` What are the major set locations ? '' . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tomorrow , When the War Began ( 2010 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . IGN Entertainment . Retrieved 26 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Marc Fennell : review : tomorrow when the war began '' . Marcfennell.blogspot.com . Archived from the original on 16 January 2013 . Retrieved 28 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` At the Movies : Tomorrow When The War Began '' . Abc.net.au . Retrieved 19 December 2010 . Jump up ^ A derivative kids ' own adventure SBS movie review , author : Simon Foster , published : 30 August 2010 . Retrieved 31 January 2011 Jump up ^ `` Tomorrow takes top spot at box office with $3.8 m opening weekend '' . Inside Film . 6 September 2010 . Retrieved 6 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Sean ( 17 September 2010 ) . `` Tomorrow When The War Began Biggest Film Of 2010 '' . watchoutfor.com.au . Retrieved 31 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tomorrow When The War Began Goes International '' . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : Killer Elite producer Michael Boughen sentenced on tax charges '' . Jump up ^ `` International Box Office Results by Country '' . Jump up ^ `` Caitlin Stasey causes upset at IF Awards '' . Yourmovies.com.au . Retrieved 19 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tomorrow and Animal Kingdom win at the Kodak Inside Film Awards -- Inside Film : Film and Television Industry News and Issues for Australian Content Creators '' . If.com.au. 15 November 2010 . Retrieved 19 December 2010 . Jump up ^ REEL TIME : Michael Bodey ( 3 November 2010 ) . `` Geoffrey Rush earns nod for British period drama The King 's Speech '' . The Australian . Retrieved 19 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Australian Film Institute AFI Award Winners and Nominees Ceremony '' . Afi.org.au . Retrieved 19 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Film Critics Circle of Australia 2011 Awards Results '' . AtTheCinema . Retrieved 10 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tomorrow When the War Began @ EzyDVD '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 31 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tomorrow When the War Began ( Blu - ray ) @ EzyDVD '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 31 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Swift , Brendan ( 12 January 2011 ) . `` Tomorrow when the war began breaks DVD sales record '' . inside film . Retrieved 21 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stuart Beattie back for two ' Tomorrow ' pics '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 12 September 2010 . Retrieved 29 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Exclusive : Tomorrow ... plans for trilogy and TV series '' . Encore Magazine . 10 August 2010 . Retrieved 31 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tomorrow sequel in the works '' . Smh.com.au. 13 December 2010 . Retrieved 19 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tomorrow sequel in the works '' . The Age . Melbourne . AAP. 13 December 2010 . Retrieved 19 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Confidential ( 14 November 2010 ) . `` Sequel to Tomorrow , When The War Began in the works '' . Courier Mail . Retrieved 19 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` High hopes for Tomorrow sequel in Australia '' . Herald Sun . The Herald and Weekly Times . 28 February 2011 . Retrieved 28 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Tomorrow , the war was cancelled -- no sequel to Aussie film Tomorrow , When The War Began The Daily Telegraph , 19 November 2011 Jump up ^ `` December 10 , 2011 at 7 : 36am '' . Official Tomorrow When The War Began Movie . 10 December 2011 . Retrieved 29 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pledge on film sequel '' . The Daily Telegraph . 22 August 2012 . Retrieved 2 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Chloe Lal ( 1 May 2015 ) . `` Tomorrow when the world began TV series in the works ! '' . Woman 's Day . Jump up ^ Nadia ( 1 May 2015 ) . `` Tomorrow , When The War Began TV Series Casting Call Info '' . The Tomorrow Series . Retrieved 7 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Nadia ( 13 May 2015 ) . `` Tomorrow , When The War Began TV Series Adaptation Will Air On ABC3 '' . The Tomorrow Series . Retrieved 7 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` That 's a wrap for Tomorrow , When The War Began - The Series ! '' . tomorrow-series.eu. 13 November 2015 . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tomorrow , When The War Began - The Series New Trailer & Air Date ! '' . tomorrow-series.eu. 14 March 2016 . Retrieved 14 March 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tomorrow , When the War Began ( film ) . Official website Tomorrow , When the War Began on IMDb Tomorrow , When the War Began at Rotten Tomatoes Interview with Stuart Beattie about Tomorrow , When The War Began Tomorrow , When the War Began at Box Office Mojo ( hide ) Works by John Marsden Novels Tomorrow series Tomorrow , When the War Began ( 1993 ) The Dead of the Night ( 1994 ) The Third Day , the Frost ( 1995 ) Darkness , Be My Friend ( 1996 ) Burning for Revenge ( 1997 ) The Night is for Hunting ( 1998 ) The Other Side of Dawn ( 1999 ) The Ellie Chronicles While I Live ( 2003 ) Incurable ( 2005 ) Circle of Flight ( 2006 ) Miscellaneous So Much to Tell You ( 1987 ) The Journey ( 1988 ) The Great Gatenby ( 1989 ) Staying Alive in Year 5 ( 1990 ) Out of Time ( 1990 ) Letters from the Inside ( 1991 ) Take My Word for It ( 1992 ) Looking for Trouble ( 1993 ) Creep Street ( 1996 ) Cool School ( 1996 ) Checkers ( 1996 ) Dear Miffy ( 1997 ) Winter ( 2000 ) A Day in the Life of Me ( 2002 ) Hamlet : A Novel ( 2008 ) Death Sword ( 2012 ) Adaptations Tomorrow , When the War Began ( 2010 film ) Tomorrow When the War Began ( 2016 TV series ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tomorrow,_When_the_War_Began_(film)&oldid=825985690 '' Categories : 2010 films English - language films Australian films Australian drama films Films shot in Australia Films directed by Stuart Beattie Films based on Australian novels Australian action films Australian war films Directorial debut films Invasions in fiction Tomorrow series Australian teen films 2010s teen films Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use dmy dates from October 2012 Use Australian English from January 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano Bahasa Melayu Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 February 2018 , at 15 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomorrow%2C%20When%20the%20War%20Began%20%28film%29	3,115
which mlb teams have never been to the world series	Seasons Team Last World Series championship won Last World Series appearance 70 Cleveland Indians 1948 2016 58 Texas Rangers Never ( franchise began 1961 ) 2011 50 Milwaukee Brewers Never ( franchise began 1969 ) 1982 50 San Diego Padres Never ( franchise began 1969 ) 1998 50 Washington Nationals Never ( franchise began 1969 ) Never 42 Seattle Mariners Never ( franchise began 1977 ) Never 39 Pittsburgh Pirates 1979 1979 35 Baltimore Orioles 34 Detroit Tigers 1984 2012 32 New York Mets 1986 2015 30 Los Angeles Dodgers 1988 2018 29 Oakland Athletics 1989 1990 28 Cincinnati Reds 1990 1990 27 Minnesota Twins 1991 1991 26 Colorado Rockies Never ( franchise began 1993 ) 2007 25 Toronto Blue Jays 1993 1993 23 Atlanta Braves 1995 1999 21 Tampa Bay Rays Never ( franchise began 1998 ) 2008 17 Arizona Diamondbacks 2001 2001 16 Los Angeles Angels 2002 2002 15 Miami Marlins 2003 2003 13 Chicago White Sox 2005 2005 10 Philadelphia Phillies 2008 2009 9 New York Yankees 2009 2009 7 St. Louis Cardinals 2011 2013 San Francisco Giants 2014 2014 Kansas City Royals 2015 2015 Chicago Cubs 2016 2016 Houston Astros 2017 2017 0 Boston Red Sox 2018 2018	Washington Nationals\|Seattle Mariners	List of Major League Baseball franchise postseason droughts	list of major league baseball franchise postseason droughts	Throughout the history of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) , franchises have had various postseason and World Series droughts .	All 16 of the original Major League franchises ( i.e. , those in place when the first World Series was played in 1903 ) have won the World Series , with the longest wait for a franchise 's first championship being for the Phillies ( 77 years , ending in 1980 ) . Since expansion began in 1961 , seven of the 14 expansion teams have never won the World Series . Further , one franchise ( the Indians ) has a current championship drought that pre-dates the expansion era . The three longest championship droughts in history were ended recently by the Red Sox ( 85 years , ending in 2004 ) , the White Sox ( 87 years , ending in 2005 ) , and the Cubs ( 107 years , ending in 2016 ) . Discounting the 33 years in which there was no MLB franchise in Washington , there have been 61 seasons played in Washington since their last World Series championship ( in 1924 ) . Only two expansion franchises ( the Expos / Nationals and the Mariners ) have never won a pennant ( i.e. , the league championship , the two winners of which meet in the World Series ) . The two longest pennant droughts in history were recently ended by the Rangers ( 49 years , starting with the team 's foundation , ending in 2010 ) and the Cubs ( 70 years , ending in 2016 ) . The Expos / Nationals pennant drought includes 36 years in Montreal , which no longer hosts a team , and 13 years since the move to Washington ; discounting the 33 years in which there was no MLB franchise in Washington , there have been 51 seasons played in Washington since their last pennant ( in 1933 ) . Every MLB franchise has at least been to the postseason , especially since expansion of the playoffs in 1994 made that feat easier . The Mariners have the longest active postseason drought at 16 years . Long postseason droughts were ended recently by the Nationals ( 30 years for the franchise , 45 seasons over 78 years for the city , ending in 2012 ) , the Pirates ( 20 years , ending in 2013 ) , the Royals ( 28 years , ending in 2014 ) , and the Blue Jays ( 21 years , ending in 2015 ) . This list includes only the modern World Series between the American League ( AL ) and the National League ( NL ) , not the various 19th - century championship series . Those teams which have never achieved a particular accomplishment in their franchise history are listed by the date they entered the leagues . Contents 1 World Series championship droughts 1.1 Longest current World Series championship droughts 1.2 Longest World Series championship droughts through history 1.3 World Series championship droughts by city / region 1.4 World Series in which neither team had previously won a championship 1.5 World Series in which both teams had ended pennant droughts of 20 - plus seasons 1.6 World Series in which neither franchise had won a championship in 30 - plus seasons 2 Major League pennant droughts 2.1 Longest current Major League pennant droughts 2.2 Longest Major League pennant droughts through history 2.3 Major League pennant droughts by city / region 2.4 World Series droughts by division 3 League championship appearance droughts 3.1 Longest current league championship appearance droughts 4 Postseason droughts 4.1 Longest current postseason droughts 4.2 Longest postseason droughts in the expanded - postseason era 5 See also 6 External links World Series championship droughts ( edit ) Longest current World Series championship droughts ( edit ) No World Series was played in 1994 , and counts as a drought season for those franchises . Seasons Team Last World Series championship won Last World Series appearance 70 Cleveland Indians 1948 2016 58 Texas Rangers Never ( franchise began 1961 ) 2011 50 Milwaukee Brewers Never ( franchise began 1969 ) 1982 50 San Diego Padres Never ( franchise began 1969 ) 1998 50 Washington Nationals Never ( franchise began 1969 ) Never 42 Seattle Mariners Never ( franchise began 1977 ) Never 39 Pittsburgh Pirates 1979 1979 35 Baltimore Orioles 34 Detroit Tigers 1984 2012 32 New York Mets 1986 2015 30 Los Angeles Dodgers 1988 2018 29 Oakland Athletics 1989 1990 28 Cincinnati Reds 1990 1990 27 Minnesota Twins 1991 1991 26 Colorado Rockies Never ( franchise began 1993 ) 2007 25 Toronto Blue Jays 1993 1993 23 Atlanta Braves 1995 1999 21 Tampa Bay Rays Never ( franchise began 1998 ) 2008 17 Arizona Diamondbacks 2001 2001 16 Los Angeles Angels 2002 2002 15 Miami Marlins 2003 2003 13 Chicago White Sox 2005 2005 10 Philadelphia Phillies 2008 2009 9 New York Yankees 2009 2009 7 St. Louis Cardinals 2011 2013 San Francisco Giants 2014 2014 Kansas City Royals 2015 2015 Chicago Cubs 2016 2016 Houston Astros 2017 2017 0 Boston Red Sox 2018 2018 Longest World Series championship droughts through history ( edit ) The first World Series was played in 1903 . No World Series was played in 1904 or 1994 . This list only shows droughts of 30 or more seasons . Active droughts are listed in bold type . Seasons Team Previous Title Next Title 107 Chicago Cubs 1908 2016 87 Chicago White Sox 1917 2005 85 Boston Red Sox 1918 77 Philadelphia Phillies 1903 * 1980 70 Cleveland Indians 1948 -- 63 St. Louis Browns / Baltimore Orioles 1903 * 1966 62 Washington Senators / Minnesota Twins 1924 58 Washington Senators / Texas Rangers 1961 * -- 55 Houston Colt . 45s / Astros 1962 * 2017 55 New York / San Francisco Giants 1954 52 Brooklyn Dodgers 1903 * 1955 50 Seattle Pilots / Milwaukee Brewers 1969 * -- 50 San Diego Padres 1969 * -- 50 Montreal Expos / Washington Nationals 1969 * -- 42 Boston / Milwaukee Braves 1914 1957 42 Seattle Mariners 1977 * -- 41 Philadelphia / Kansas City / Oakland Athletics 1930 1972 41 Los Angeles - California - Anaheim Angels 1961 * 2002 39 Pittsburgh Pirates 1979 -- 37 Milwaukee / Atlanta Braves 1957 1995 35 Baltimore Orioles -- 34 Pittsburgh Pirates 1925 1960 34 Cincinnati Reds 1940 34 Detroit Tigers 1984 -- 32 Detroit Tigers 1903 * 1935 32 New York Mets 1986 -- 30 Los Angeles Dodgers 1988 -- * Year does not indicate a title won , but rather the team 's first year of existence or the first year of the modern World Series ( 1903 ) . World Series championship droughts by city / region ( edit ) This list only includes cities / regions with current Major League Baseball franchises . Years during which a city / region did not field a Major League Baseball team are not counted . Region Drought ( seasons ) Last World Series title Cleveland 70 Cleveland Indians , 1948 Washington , D.C. 61 * Washington Senators ( original A.L. ) , 1924 Milwaukee 57 * * Milwaukee Braves , 1957 San Diego 50 ‡ None Dallas - Ft . Worth 47 ‡ None Seattle 43 ‡ † None Pittsburgh 39 Pittsburgh Pirates , 1979 Baltimore 35 Baltimore Orioles , 1983 Detroit 34 Detroit Tigers , 1984 Cincinnati 28 Cincinnati Reds , 1990 Minneapolis -- Saint Paul 27 Minnesota Twins , 1991 Denver 26 ‡ None Toronto 25 Toronto Blue Jays , 1993 Atlanta 23 Atlanta Braves , 1995 Tampa - St. Petersburg 21 ‡ None Phoenix 17 Arizona Diamondbacks , 2001 Los Angeles 16 Anaheim Angels , 2002 Miami - Ft . Lauderdale 15 Florida Marlins , 2003 Philadelphia 10 Philadelphia Phillies , 2008 New York City 9 New York Yankees , 2009 St. Louis 7 St. Louis Cardinals , 2011 San Francisco Bay Area San Francisco Giants , 2014 Kansas City Kansas City Royals , 2015 Chicago Chicago Cubs , 2016 Houston Houston Astros , 2017 Boston 0 Boston Red Sox , 2018 * city without Major League Baseball franchise for 33 seasons ( 1972 -- 2004 ) * * city without Major League Baseball franchise for 4 seasons ( 1966 -- 1969 ) † city without Major League Baseball franchise for 7 seasons ( 1970 -- 1976 ) ‡ number does n't indicate a title won , but rather total seasons played . World Series in which neither team had previously won a championship ( edit ) In these instances , the World Series matchup ensured that one team would win the first championship in its history . Season Won Lost 1980 Philadelphia Phillies Kansas City Royals 1920 Cleveland Indians Brooklyn Dodgers 1909 Pittsburgh Pirates Detroit Tigers 1907 Chicago Cubs Detroit Tigers 1906 * Chicago White Sox Chicago Cubs 1905 * New York Giants Philadelphia Athletics 1903 * Boston Americans Pittsburgh Pirates * In these cases , each team was making its first World Series appearance . World Series in which both teams had ended pennant droughts of 20 - plus seasons ( edit ) Season Won Drought ( seasons ) Lost Drought ( seasons ) 2005 Chicago White Sox 45 Houston Astros 43 1948 Cleveland Indians 27 Boston Braves 33 World Series in which neither franchise had won a championship in 30 - plus seasons ( edit ) Teams that had never won the World Series are included , even if they were less than 30 seasons old at the time . Bold denotes team that won . Season American League Drought ( seasons ) National League Drought ( seasons ) 2016 Cleveland Indians 67 Chicago Cubs 107 Texas Rangers 49 * San Francisco Giants 55 2005 Chicago White Sox 87 Houston Astros 43 * 2002 Anaheim Angels 41 * San Francisco Giants 47 1997 Cleveland Indians 48 Florida Marlins 4 * 1995 Cleveland Indians 46 Atlanta Braves 37 1992 Toronto Blue Jays 15 * Atlanta Braves 34 1980 Kansas City Royals 11 * Philadelphia Phillies 77 * Boston Red Sox 56 Cincinnati Reds 34 1972 Oakland Athletics 40 Cincinnati Reds 31 1920 Cleveland Indians 17 * Brooklyn Dodgers 17 * 1909 Detroit Tigers 6 * Pittsburgh Pirates 6 * 1907 Detroit Tigers 4 * Chicago Cubs 4 * 1906 Chicago White Sox 3 * Chicago Cubs 3 * 1905 Philadelphia Athletics 2 * New York Giants 2 * 1903 Boston Americans 0 * Pittsburgh Pirates 0 * Numbers marked with * indicates that the number is counted from either the franchise 's first year of existence or the first year of the modern World Series ( 1903 ) . Major League pennant droughts ( edit ) Longest current Major League pennant droughts ( edit ) No pennants were won in 1994 due to the players ' strike that year . Seasons Team Last pennant 50 Washington Nationals Never ( franchise started in 1969 ) 42 Seattle Mariners Never ( franchise started in 1977 ) 39 Pittsburgh Pirates 1979 36 Milwaukee Brewers 1982 ( never since joining NL in 1998 ) 35 Baltimore Orioles 28 Cincinnati Reds 1990 28 Oakland Athletics 1990 27 Minnesota Twins 1991 25 Toronto Blue Jays 1993 20 San Diego Padres 1998 19 Atlanta Braves 1999 17 Arizona Diamondbacks 2001 16 Los Angeles Angels 2002 15 Miami Marlins 2003 13 Chicago White Sox 2005 11 Colorado Rockies 2007 10 Tampa Bay Rays 2008 9 New York Yankees 2009 9 Philadelphia Phillies 2009 7 Texas Rangers 2011 6 Detroit Tigers 2012 5 St. Louis Cardinals 2013 San Francisco Giants 2014 Kansas City Royals 2015 New York Mets 2015 Chicago Cubs 2016 Cleveland Indians 2016 Houston Astros 2017 0 Boston Red Sox 2018 0 Los Angeles Dodgers 2018 Longest Major League pennant droughts through history ( edit ) List begins with 1903 , about the time the current configuration of National League and American League stabilized and also the year of the first World Series . No pennants were won in 1994 due to the players strike that year . This list only shows droughts of 20 or more seasons . Active droughts are listed in bold type . Seasons Team Prev . Pennant Next Pennant 70 Chicago Cubs 1945 2016 50 Montreal Expos / Washington Nationals 1969 * -- 49 Washington Senators / Texas Rangers 1961 * 45 Chicago White Sox 1959 2005 43 Houston Colt . 45s / Astros 1962 * 2005 42 Seattle Mariners 1977 * -- 41 St. Louis Browns 1903 * 1944 41 Los Angeles - California - Anaheim Angels 1961 * 2002 40 Philadelphia / Kansas City / Oakland Athletics 1931 1972 40 Cleveland Indians 1954 1995 39 Chicago White Sox 1919 1959 39 Pittsburgh Pirates 1979 -- 36 Milwaukee Brewers 1982 -- 35 Baltimore Orioles -- 34 Philadelphia Phillies 1915 1950 33 Boston Braves 1914 1948 32 Pittsburgh Pirates 1927 1960 32 Milwaukee / Atlanta Braves 1958 1991 31 Washington Senators / Minnesota Twins 1933 1965 29 Philadelphia Phillies 1950 1980 28 Kansas City Royals 1985 2014 28 Los Angeles Dodgers 1988 2017 28 Oakland Athletics 1990 -- 28 Cincinnati Reds 1990 -- 27 Boston Red Sox 1918 1946 27 Cleveland Indians 1920 1948 27 Minnesota Twins 1991 -- 26 San Francisco Giants 1962 1989 25 Toronto Blue Jays 1993 -- 24 Detroit Tigers 1909 1934 23 St. Louis Cardinals 1903 * 1926 22 Detroit Tigers 1945 1968 21 St. Louis Browns / Baltimore Orioles 1944 1966 21 Minnesota Twins 1965 21 Detroit Tigers 1984 2006 21 Washington Senators 1903 * 1924 20 Brooklyn Dodgers 1920 1941 20 Cincinnati Reds 1940 1961 20 Boston Red Sox 1946 1967 20 San Diego Padres 1998 -- * Year does not indicate a pennant , but rather the team 's first year of existence or the first year of the modern World Series ( 1903 ) . Major League pennant droughts by city / region ( edit ) This list only includes cities / regions with current Major League Baseball franchises . Years during which a city / region did not field a Major League Baseball team are not counted . Region Drought ( seasons ) Last pennant Washington , D.C. 52 * Washington Senators ( original A.L. ) , 1933 Seattle 43 * * † None Pittsburgh 39 Pittsburgh Pirates , 1979 Milwaukee 36 Milwaukee Brewers , 1982 ( in A.L. ) Baltimore 35 Baltimore Orioles , 1983 Cincinnati 28 Cincinnati Reds , 1990 Minneapolis -- Saint Paul 27 Minnesota Twins , 1991 Toronto 25 Toronto Blue Jays , 1993 San Diego 20 San Diego Padres , 1998 Atlanta 19 Atlanta Braves , 1999 Phoenix 17 Arizona Diamondbacks , 2001 Miami - Ft . Lauderdale 15 Florida Marlins , 2003 Denver 11 Colorado Rockies , 2007 Tampa - St. Petersburg 10 Tampa Bay Rays , 2008 Philadelphia 9 Philadelphia Phillies , 2009 Dallas - Ft . Worth 7 Texas Rangers , 2011 Detroit 6 Detroit Tigers , 2012 St. Louis 5 St. Louis Cardinals , 2013 San Francisco Bay Area San Francisco Giants , 2014 Kansas City Kansas City Royals , 2015 New York City New York Mets , 2015 Cleveland Cleveland Indians , 2016 Chicago Chicago Cubs , 2016 Houston Houston Astros , 2017 Boston 0 Boston Red Sox , 2018 Los Angeles 0 Los Angeles Dodgers , 2018 * city without Major League Baseball franchise for 33 seasons ( 1972 -- 2004 ) * * city without Major League Baseball franchise for 7 seasons ( 1970 -- 1976 ) † number does n't indicate a title won , but rather total seasons played . World Series droughts by division ( edit ) Division Last World Series win Seasons NL East 2008 -- Phillies 10 NL West 2014 -- Giants AL Central 2015 -- Royals NL Central 2016 -- Cubs AL West 2017 -- Astros AL East 2018 -- Red Sox 0 League championship appearance droughts ( edit ) Longest current League championship appearance droughts ( edit ) No league championships were played in 1994 due to the players ' strike that year . Seasons Team Last appearance 37 Washington Nationals 1981 26 Pittsburgh Pirates 1992 23 Cincinnati Reds 1995 20 San Diego Padres 1998 17 Atlanta Braves 2001 17 Seattle Mariners 2001 16 Minnesota Twins 2002 15 Miami Marlins 2003 13 Chicago White Sox 2005 12 Oakland Athletics 2006 11 Arizona Diamondbacks 2007 11 Colorado Rockies 2007 10 Tampa Bay Rays 2008 9 Los Angeles Angels 2009 8 Philadelphia Phillies 7 Texas Rangers 2011 5 Detroit Tigers 2013 St. Louis Cardinals 2014 San Francisco Giants 2014 Baltimore Orioles 2014 Kansas City Royals 2015 New York Mets 2015 Toronto Blue Jays 2016 Cleveland Indians 2016 Chicago Cubs 2017 New York Yankees 2017 0 Milwaukee Brewers 2018 0 Houston Astros 2018 0 Boston Red Sox 2018 0 Los Angeles Dodgers 2018 Postseason droughts ( edit ) Longest current postseason droughts ( edit ) Seasons Team Last appearance 17 Seattle Mariners * 2001 ALCS 15 Miami Marlins 2003 World Series 12 San Diego Padres 2006 NLDS 10 Chicago White Sox 2008 ALDS 7 Philadelphia Phillies 2011 NLDS 5 Cincinnati Reds 2013 NL Wild Card 5 Tampa Bay Rays 2013 ALDS Detroit Tigers 2014 ALDS Los Angeles Angels 2014 ALDS Pittsburgh Pirates 2015 NL Wild Card St. Louis Cardinals 2015 NLDS Kansas City Royals 2015 World Series Baltimore Orioles 2016 AL Wild Card New York Mets 2016 NL Wild Card San Francisco Giants 2016 NLDS Texas Rangers 2016 ALDS Toronto Blue Jays 2016 ALCS Minnesota Twins 2017 AL Wild Card Arizona Diamondbacks 2017 NLDS Washington Nationals 2017 NLDS 0 Oakland Athletics 2018 AL Wild Card 0 Chicago Cubs 2018 NL Wild Card 0 Atlanta Braves 2018 NLDS 0 Cleveland Indians 2018 ALDS 0 Colorado Rockies 2018 NLDS 0 New York Yankees 2018 ALDS 0 Houston Astros 2018 ALCS 0 Milwaukee Brewers 2018 NLCS 0 Los Angeles Dodgers 2018 World Series 0 Boston Red Sox 2018 World Series * Also longest active drought in North American sports Longest postseason droughts in the expanded - postseason era ( edit ) After the postseason was expanded in 1995 to include eight teams ( further expanded in 2012 to ten teams ) , 18 of the 30 teams qualified within the first five years , and few teams went for long droughts without at least participating in the first round of the postseason . This list only shows droughts of 15 or more seasons that occurred primarily in the expanded - postseason era . Active droughts are listed in bold type . Seasons Team Previous Postseason Appearance Next Postseason Appearance 30 Montreal Expos / Washington Nationals 1981 2012 28 Kansas City Royals 1985 2014 25 Milwaukee Brewers 1982 2008 21 Toronto Blue Jays 1993 2015 20 Pittsburgh Pirates 1992 2013 18 Detroit Tigers 2006 17 Seattle Mariners 2001 -- 15 Los Angeles Angels 1986 2002 15 Miami Marlins 2003 -- See also ( edit ) Baseball portal List of Major League Baseball franchise postseason streaks List of Major League Baseball postseason series by franchise List of Major League Baseball postseason teams List of all - time Major League Baseball win - loss records List of National Basketball Association franchise post-season droughts List of National Football League franchise post-season droughts List of National Hockey League franchise post-season droughts List of Major League Soccer franchise post-season droughts External links ( edit ) Major League Baseball ( 2018 ) American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Schedule Spring training Opening Day Jackie Robinson Day Civil Rights Game All - Star Game Interleague play International games Players Weekend World Baseball Classic Postseason World Series Champions AL AL Champions ALCS ALDS NL NL Champions NLCS NLDS Wild Card Game Appearances Streaks Droughts Series Business Draft Rule 5 Players Association Highest paid players Luxury tax Lockouts / strikes Winter Meetings Hot stove league Transactions Media Logo Radio Television MLB.com MLB Advanced Media Minor League Baseball Authentication Program Miscellaneous Instant replay Team uniforms Stadiums Mascots Rivalries Players investigated for domestic violence History History AL Seasons Tie - breakers Tie - breaking procedures Records Awards Retired numbers Hall of Fame Steroid usage Drug policy suspensions Mitchell Report Juiced Vindicated Biogenesis baseball scandal BALCO scandal Game of Shadows Barry Bonds perjury case Timeline Timeline of Major League Baseball History of team nicknames Dead - ball era Live - ball era Golden age of baseball Defunct and relocated teams Relocation of the 1950s -- 60s Expansion 1961 1962 1969 1977 1993 1998 Commissioner : Rob Manfred League Presidents AL NL World Series Series not held in 1904 because the NL champions refused to participate , and in 1994 due to a players ' strike . 1900s -- 1910s 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s -- 1930s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s -- 1950s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s -- 1970s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s -- 1990s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s -- 2010s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Related Pre-World Series champions Dauvray Cup Temple Cup Chronicle - Telegraph Cup World Series champions Most Valuable Players Starting pitchers Babe Ruth Award Commissioner 's Trophy World Series ring Appearances Streaks Droughts Series ( by franchise ) Broadcasters TV ratings ALCS NLCS ALDS NLDS ALWC NLWC Game 7 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake Book : World Series Category : World Series Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Major_League_Baseball_franchise_postseason_droughts&oldid=866390690 '' Categories : Major League Baseball playoffs and champions Major League Baseball records Playoff streaks Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 01 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Major%20League%20Baseball%20franchise%20postseason%20droughts	649
who used the telephone when it was first invented			History of the telephone	history of the telephone		Actor portraying Alexander Graham Bell in a 1926 silent film . Shows Bell 's first telephone transmitter ( microphone ) , invented 1876 and first displayed at the Centennial Exposition , Philadelphia . This history of the telephone chronicles the development of the electrical telephone , and includes a brief review of its predecessors . Contents 1 Telephone prehistory 1.1 Mechanical devices 1.2 Electrical devices 2 Invention of the telephone 2.1 Telephone exchange 3 Early telephone developments 4 Early commercial instruments 5 20th century developments 6 Women 's usage in the 20th century 7 21st century developments 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Telephone prehistory ( edit ) Mechanical devices ( edit ) A 19th century acoustic tin can or `` lovers ' telephone '' Before the invention of electromagnetic telephones , mechanical acoustic devices existed for transmitting speech and music over a distance greater than that of normal direct speech . The earliest mechanical telephones were based on sound transmission through pipes or other physical media . The acoustic tin can telephone , or `` lovers ' phone '' , has been known for centuries . It connects two diaphragms with a taut string or wire , which transmits sound by mechanical vibrations from one to the other along the wire ( and not by a modulated electric current ) . The classic example is the children 's toy made by connecting the bottoms of two paper cups , metal cans , or plastic bottles with tautly held string . Among the earliest known experiments were those conducted by the British physicist and polymath Robert Hooke from 1664 to 1685 . An acoustic string phone made in 1667 is attributed to him . For a few years in the late 1800s , acoustic telephones were marketed commercially as a niche competitor to the electrical telephone . When the Bell telephone patents expired and many new telephone manufacturers began competing , acoustic telephone makers quickly went out of business . Their maximum range was very limited . An example of one such company was the Pulsion Telephone Supply Company created by Lemuel Mellett in Massachusetts , which designed its version in 1888 and deployed it on railroad right - of - ways . Additionally , speaking tubes have long been common , especially within buildings and aboard ships , and are still in use today . Electrical devices ( edit ) Main article : Electrical telegraph The telephone emerged from the making and successive improvements of the electrical telegraph . In 1804 , Spanish polymath and scientist Francisco Salva Campillo constructed an electrochemical telegraph . The first working telegraph was built by the English inventor Francis Ronalds in 1816 and used static electricity . An electromagnetic telegraph was created by Baron Schilling in 1832 . Carl Friedrich Gauss and Wilhelm Weber built another electromagnetic telegraph in 1833 in Göttingen . Bell prototype telephone stamp Centennial Issue of 1976 The electrical telegraph was first commercialised by Sir William Fothergill Cooke and entered use on the Great Western Railway in England . It ran for 13 mi ( 21 km ) from Paddington station to West Drayton and came into operation on April 9 , 1839 . Another electrical telegraph was independently developed and patented in the United States in 1837 by Samuel Morse . His assistant , Alfred Vail , developed the Morse code signaling alphabet with Morse . America 's first telegram was sent by Morse on January 6 , 1838 , across 2 miles ( 3 km ) of wiring . Invention of the telephone ( edit ) Main article : Invention of the telephone Credit for the invention of the electric telephone is frequently disputed , and new controversies over the issue have arisen from time to time . Charles Bourseul , Innocenzo Manzetti , Antonio Meucci , Johann Philipp Reis , Alexander Graham Bell , and Elisha Gray , amongst others , have all been credited with the telephone 's invention . The early history of the telephone became and still remains a confusing morass of claims and counterclaims , which were not clarified by the huge mass of lawsuits to resolve the patent claims of many individuals and commercial competitors . The Bell and Edison patents , however , were commercially decisive , because they dominated telephone technology and were upheld by court decisions in the United States . Antonio Meucci , 1854 , constructed telephone - like devices . Johann Philipp Reis , 1860 , constructed prototype ' make - and - break ' telephones , today called Reis telephone . Alexander Graham Bell was awarded the first U.S. patent for the invention of the telephone in 1876 . Elisha Gray , 1876 , designed a telephone using a water microphone in Highland Park , Illinois . Tivadar Puskás proposed the telephone switchboard exchange in 1876 . Thomas Edison invented the carbon microphone which produced a strong telephone signal . The modern telephone is the result of work of many people . Alexander Graham Bell was , however , the first to patent the telephone , as an `` apparatus for transmitting vocal or other sounds telegraphically '' . Bell has most often been credited as the inventor of the first practical telephone . However , in Germany Johann Philipp Reis is seen as a leading telephone pioneer who stopped only just short of a successful device , and as well the Italian - American inventor and businessman Antonio Meucci has been recognized by the U.S. House of Representatives for his contributory work on the telephone . Several other controversies also surround the question of priority of invention for the telephone . The Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell telephone controversy considers the question of whether Bell and Gray invented the telephone independently and , if not , whether Bell stole the invention from Gray . This controversy is narrower than the broader question of who deserves credit for inventing the telephone , for which there are several claimants . The Canadian Parliamentary Motion on Alexander Graham Bell article reviews the controversial June 2002 United States House of Representatives resolution recognizing Meucci 's contributions ' in ' the invention of the telephone ( not ' for ' the invention of the telephone ) . The same resolution was not passed in the U.S. Senate , thus labeling the House resolution as `` political rhetoric '' . A subsequent counter-motion was unanimously passed in Canada 's Parliament 10 days later which declared Bell its inventor . This webpage examines critical aspects of both the parliamentary motion and the congressional resolution . Telephone exchange ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The main users of the electrical telegraph were post offices , railway stations , the more important governmental centers ( ministries ) , stock exchanges , very few nationally distributed newspapers , the largest internationally important corporations , and wealthy individuals . Telegraph exchanges worked mainly on a store and forward basis . Although telephones devices were in use before the invention of the telephone exchange , their success and economical operation would have been impossible with the schema and structure of the contemporary telegraph systems . Prior to the invention of the telephone switchboard , pairs of telephones were connected directly with each other , which was primarily useful for connecting a home to the owner 's business . A telephone exchange provides telephone service for a small area . Either manually by operators , or automatically by machine switching equipment , it interconnects individual subscriber lines for calls made between them . This made it possible for subscribers to call each other at homes , businesses , or public spaces . These made telephony an available and comfortable communication tool for many purposes , and it gave the impetus for the creation of a new industrial sector . The telephone exchange was an idea of the Hungarian engineer Tivadar Puskás ( 1844 - 1893 ) in 1876 , while he was working for Thomas Edison on a telegraph exchange . The first commercial telephone exchange was opened at New Haven , Connecticut , with 21 subscribers on 28 January 1878 , in a storefront of the Boardman Building in New Haven , Connecticut . George W. Coy designed and built the world 's first switchboard for commercial use . Coy was inspired by Alexander Graham Bell 's lecture at the Skiff Opera House in New Haven on 27 April 1877 . In Bell 's lecture , during which a three - way telephone connection with Hartford and Middletown , Connecticut , was demonstrated , he first discussed the idea of a telephone exchange for the conduct of business and trade . On 3 November 1877 , Coy applied for and received a franchise from the Bell Telephone Company for New Haven and Middlesex Counties . Coy , along with Herrick P. Frost and Walter Lewis , who provided the capital , established the District Telephone Company of New Haven on 15 January 1878 . The switchboard built by Coy was , according to one source , constructed of `` carriage bolts , handles from teapot lids and bustle wire . '' According to the company records , all the furnishings of the office , including the switchboard , were worth less than forty dollars . While the switchboard could connect as many as sixty - four customers , only two conversations could be handled simultaneously and six connections had to be made for each call . The District Telephone Company of New Haven went into operation with only twenty - one subscribers , who paid $1.50 per month . By 21 February 1878 , however , when the first telephone directory was published by the company , fifty subscribers were listed . Most of these were businesses and listings such as physicians , the police , and the post office ; only eleven residences were listed , four of which were for persons associated with the company . The New Haven District Telephone Company grew quickly and was reorganized several times in its first years . By 1880 , the company had the right from the Bell Telephone Company to service all of Connecticut and western Massachusetts . As it expanded , the company was first renamed Connecticut Telephone , and then Southern New England Telephone in 1882 . The site of the first telephone exchange was granted a designation as a National Historic Landmark on 23 April 1965 . However it was withdrawn in 1973 in order to demolish the building and construct a parking garage . Further information : Telephone switchboard Early telephone developments ( edit ) Main article : Timeline of the telephone See also : History of telecommunication The following is a brief summary of the history of the development of the telephone : Antonio Meucci 's telephone . A French Gower telephone of 1912 at the Musée des Arts et Métiers in Paris 1667 : Robert Hooke invented a string telephone that conveyed sounds over an extended wire by mechanical vibrations . It was to be termed an ' acoustic ' or ' mechanical ' ( non-electrical ) telephone . 1753 : Charles Morrison proposes the idea that electricity can be used to transmit messages , by using different wires for each letter . 1844 : Innocenzo Manzetti first mooted the idea of a `` speaking telegraph '' ( telephone ) . 1854 : Charles Bourseul writes a memorandum on the principles of the telephone . ( See the article : `` Transmission électrique de la parole '' , L'Illustration , Paris , 26 August 1854 . ) 1854 : Antonio Meucci demonstrates an electric voice - operated device in New York ; it is not clear what kind of device he demonstrated . 1861 : Philipp Reis constructs the first speech - transmitting telephone 28 December 1871 : Antonio Meucci files a patent caveat ( No. 3353 , a notice of intent to invent , but not a formal patent application ) at the U.S. Patent Office for a device he named `` Sound Telegraph '' . 1872 : Elisha Gray establishes Western Electric Manufacturing Company . 1 July 1875 : Bell uses a bi-directional `` gallows '' telephone that was able to transmit `` voicelike sounds '' , but not clear speech . Both the transmitter and the receiver were identical membrane electromagnet instruments . 1875 : Thomas Edison experiments with acoustic telegraphy and in November builds an electro - dynamic receiver , but does not exploit it . 1875 : Hungarian Tivadar Puskas ( the inventor of telephone exchange ) arrived in the USA . 6 April 1875 : Bell 's U.S. Patent 161,739 `` Transmitters and Receivers for Electric Telegraphs '' is granted . This uses multiple vibrating steel reeds in make - break circuits , and the concept of multiplexed frequencies . 20 January 1876 : Bell signs and notarizes his patent application for the telephone . 11 February 1876 : Elisha Gray designs a liquid transmitter for use with a telephone , but does not build one . 7 March 1876 : Bell 's U.S. patent No. 174,465 for the telephone is granted . 10 March 1876 : Bell transmits the sentence : `` Mr. Watson , come here ! I want to see you ! '' using a liquid transmitter and an electromagnetic receiver . 30 January 1877 : Bell 's U.S. patent No. 186,787 is granted for an electromagnetic telephone using permanent magnets , iron diaphragms , and a call bell . 27 April 1877 : Edison files for a patent on a carbon ( graphite ) transmitter . Patent No. 474,230 was granted on 3 May 1892 , after a 15 - year delay because of litigation . Edison was granted patent No. 222,390 for a carbon granules transmitter in 1879 . 6 October 1877 : the Scientific American publishes the invention from Bell - at that time still without a ringer . 25 October 1877 : the article in the Scientific American is discussed at the Telegraphenamt in Berlin 12 November 1877 : The first commercial telephone company enters telephone business in Friedrichsberg close to Berlin using the Siemens pipe as ringer and telephone devices built by Siemens . 1877 : The first experimental Telephone Exchange in Boston . 1877 : First long - distance telephone line 1877 : Emile Berliner invented the telephone transmitter . 28 January 1878 : The first commercial US telephone exchange opened in New Haven , Connecticut . 1887 : Tivadar Puskás introduced the multiplex switchboard . 1915 : First U.S. coast - to - coast long - distance telephone call , ceremonially inaugurated by A.G. Bell in New York City and his former assistant Thomas Augustus Watson in San Francisco , California . Early commercial instruments ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1917 wall telephone , open to show magneto and local battery Early telephones were technically diverse . Some used liquid transmitters which soon went out of use . Some were dynamic : their diaphragms vibrated a coil of wire in the field of a permanent magnet or vice versa . Such sound - powered telephones survived in small numbers through the 20th century in military and maritime applications where the ability to create its own electrical power was crucial . Most , however , used Edison / Berliner carbon transmitters , which were much louder than the other kinds , even though they required induction coils , actually acting as impedance matching transformers to make it compatible to the line impedance . The Edison patents kept the Bell monopoly viable into the 20th century , by which time telephone networks were more important than the instrument . Early telephones were locally powered , using a dynamic transmitter or else powering the transmitter with a local battery . One of the jobs of outside plant personnel was to visit each telephone periodically to inspect the battery . During the 20th century , `` common battery '' operation came to dominate , powered by `` talk battery '' from the telephone exchange over the same wires that carried the voice signals . Late in the century , wireless handsets brought a revival of local battery power . The earliest telephones had only one wire for both transmitting and receiving of audio , and used a ground return path , as was found in telegraph systems . The earliest dynamic telephones also had only one opening for sound , and the user alternately listened and spoke ( rather , shouted ) into the same hole . Sometimes the instruments were operated in pairs at each end , making conversation more convenient but also more expensive . Historical marker commemorating the first telephone central office in New York State ( 1878 ) At first , the benefits of a switchboard exchange were not exploited . Instead , telephones were leased in pairs to the subscriber , for example one for his home and one for his shop , and the subscriber had to arrange with telegraph contractors to construct a line between them . Users who wanted the ability to speak to three or four different shops , suppliers etc. would obtain and set up three or four pairs of telephones . Western Union , already using telegraph exchanges , quickly extended the principle to its telephones in New York City and San Francisco , and Bell was not slow in appreciating the potential . Signaling began in an appropriately primitive manner . The user alerted the other end , or the exchange operator , by whistling into the transmitter . Exchange operation soon resulted in telephones being equipped with a bell , first operated over a second wire and later with the same wire using a condenser . Telephones connected to the earliest Strowger automatic exchanges had seven wires , one for the knife switch , one for each telegraph key , one for the bell , one for the push button and two for speaking . Rural and other telephones that were not on a common battery exchange had hand cranked `` magneto '' generators to produce an alternating current to ring the bells of other telephones on the line and to alert the exchange operator . In 1877 and 1878 , Edison invented and developed the carbon microphone used in all telephones along with the Bell receiver until the 1980s . After protracted patent litigation , a federal court ruled in 1892 that Edison and not Emile Berliner was the inventor of the carbon microphone . The carbon microphone was also used in radio broadcasting and public address work through the 1920s . 1896 Telephone ( Sweden ) In the 1890s a new smaller style of telephone was introduced , the candlestick telephone , packaged in three parts . The transmitter stood on a stand , known as a `` candlestick '' for its shape , hence the name . When not in use , the receiver hung on a hook with a switch in it , known as a `` switchhook . '' Previous telephones required the user to operate a separate switch to connect either the voice or the bell . With the new kind , the user was less likely to leave the phone `` off the hook '' . In phones connected to magneto exchanges , the bell , induction coil , battery , and magneto were in a separate bell box called a `` ringer box . '' In phones connected to common battery exchanges , the ringer box was installed under a desk , or other out of the way place , since it did not need a battery or magneto . Cradle designs were also used at this time , having a handle with the receiver and transmitter attached , separate from the cradle base that housed the magneto crank and other parts . They were larger than the `` candlestick '' and more popular . Disadvantages of single wire operation such as crosstalk and hum from nearby AC power wires had already led to the use of twisted pairs and , for long distance telephones , four - wire circuits . Users at the beginning of the 20th century did not place long distance calls from their own telephones but made an appointment to use a special sound proofed long distance telephone booth furnished with the latest technology . Around 1893 , the country leading the world in telephones per 100 persons ( teledensity ) was Sweden with 0.55 in the whole country but 4 in Stockholm ( 10,000 out of a total of 27,658 subscribers ) . This compares with 0.4 in USA for that year . Telephone service in Sweden developed through a variety of institutional forms : the International Bell Telephone Company ( a U.S. multinational ) , town and village co-operatives , the General Telephone Company of Stockholm ( a Swedish private company ) , and the Swedish Telegraph Department ( part of the Swedish government ) . Since Stockholm consists of islands , telephone service offered relatively large advantages , but had to use submarine cables extensively . Competition between Bell Telephone and General Telephone , and later between General Telephone and the Swedish Telegraph Dept. , was intense . In 1893 , the U.S. was considerably behind Sweden , New Zealand , Switzerland , and Norway in teledensity . The U.S. became the world leadership in teledensity with the rise of many independent telephone companies after the Bell patents expired in 1893 and 1894 . 20th century developments ( edit ) Old Receiver schematic , c. 1906 A German rotary dial telephone , the W48 Top of cellular telephone tower By 1904 over three million phones in the U.S. were connected by manual switchboard exchanges . By 1914 , the U.S. was the world leader in telephone density and had more than twice the teledensity of Sweden , New Zealand , Switzerland , and Norway . The relatively good performance of the U.S. occurred despite competing telephone networks not interconnecting . What turned out to be the most popular and longest lasting physical style of telephone was introduced in the early 20th century , including Bell 's model 102 telephone . A carbon granule transmitter and electromagnetic receiver were united in a single molded plastic handle , which when not in use were placed in a cradle in the base unit . The circuit diagram of the model 102 shows the direct connection of the receiver to the line , while the transmitter was induction coupled , with energy supplied by a local battery . The coupling transformer , battery , and ringer were in a separate enclosure from the desk set . The rotary dial in the base interrupted the line current by repeatedly but very briefly disconnecting the line 1 to 10 times for each digit , and the hook switch ( in the center of the circuit diagram ) permanently disconnected the line and the transmitter battery while the handset was on the cradle . Starting in the 1930s , the base of the telephone also enclosed its bell and induction coil , obviating a separate ringer box . Power was supplied to each subscriber line by central office batteries instead of the user 's local battery which required periodic service . For the next half century , the network behind the telephone grew progressively larger and much more efficient , and after the rotary dial was added the instrument itself changed little until Touch - Tone signaling started replacing the rotary dial in the 1960s . The history of mobile phones can be traced back to two - way radios permanently installed in vehicles such as taxicabs , police cruisers , railroad trains , and the like . Later versions such as the so - called transportables or `` bag phones '' were equipped with a cigarette lighter plug so that they could also be carried , and thus could be used as either mobile two - way radios or as portable phones by being patched into the telephone network . In December 1947 , Bell Labs engineers Douglas H. Ring and W. Rae Young proposed hexagonal cell transmissions for mobile phones . Philip T. Porter , also of Bell Labs , proposed that the cell towers be at the corners of the hexagons rather than the centers and have directional antennas that would transmit / receive in 3 directions ( see picture at right ) into 3 adjacent hexagon cells . The technology did not exist then and the radio frequencies had not yet been allocated . Cellular technology was undeveloped until the 1960s , when Richard H. Frenkiel and Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs developed the electronics . On 3 April 1973 Motorola manager Martin Cooper placed a cellular phone call ( in front of reporters ) to Dr. Joel S. Engel , head of research at AT&T 's Bell Labs . This began the era of the handheld cellular mobile phone . Meanwhile , the 1956 inauguration of the TAT - 1 cable and later international direct dialing were important steps in putting together the various continental telephone networks into a global network . Cable television companies began to use their fast - developing cable networks , with ducting under the streets of the United Kingdom , in the late 1980s , to provide telephony services in association with major telephone companies . One of the early cable operators in the UK , Cable London , connected its first cable telephone customer in about 1990 . Women 's usage in the 20th century ( edit ) Private conversation , 1910 The telephone was instrumental to modernization . It aided in the development of suburbs and the separation of homes and businesses , but also became a reason for the separation between women occupying the private sphere and men in the public sphere . This would continue to isolate women and the home . Women were regarded as the most frequent users of the telephone . It enabled women to work in the telecommunications sector as receptionists and operators . Their autonomy was celebrated as women were able to develop new relationships and nurture pre-existing ones in their private lives . Social relations are essential in the access and usage of telephone networks . Both historically and currently , women are predominantly responsible for the phone calls that bridge the public and private sphere , such as calls regarding doctor 's appointments and meetings . This emphasizes the telephone 's impact on the social lives of women in the domestic sphere , reducing both isolation and insecurity . 21st century developments ( edit ) See also : IP telephony This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Internet Protocol ( IP ) telephony , also known as Internet telephony or Voice over Internet Protocol ( VoIP ) , is a disruptive technology that is rapidly gaining ground against traditional telephone network technologies . In Japan and South Korea up to 10 % of subscribers switched to this type of telephone service as of January 2005 . IP telephony uses a broadband Internet service to transmit conversations as data packets . In addition to replacing the traditional plain old telephone service ( POTS ) systems , IP telephony also competes with mobile phone networks by offering free or lower cost service via WiFi hotspots . VoIP is also used on private wireless networks which may or may not have a connection to the outside telephone network . See also ( edit ) Bell Telephone Memorial , a major monument dedicated to the invention of the telephone Canadian Parliamentary Motion on Alexander Graham Bell Carbon microphone Charles Bourseul - claimed inventor of the telephone Elisha Gray Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell telephone controversy History of mobile phones History of telecommunication History of videotelephony Innocenzo Manzetti Invention of the telephone Johann Philipp Reis - claimed inventor of the telephone Antonio Meucci - claimed inventor of the telephone Private branch exchange Push - button telephone Telephone exchange The Telephone Cases , a series of court decisions in the U.S. on the telephone 's invention Thomas Edison 's carbon telephone transmitter - greatly improved the telephone 's sound quality Timeline of the telephone References ( edit ) This article includes text from Withdrawal of National Historic Landmark Designation : Site of the First Telephone Exchange , New Haven , New Haven County , Connecticut , by the United States National Park Service , a work in the public domain . ^ Jump up to : McVeigh , Daniel P. An Early History of the Telephone : 1664 - 1866 : Robert Hooke 's Acoustic Experiments and Silent Inventions Archived 24 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine. , Columbia University website . Retrieved 15 January 2013 . This work in turn cites : Richard Waller and edited by R.T. Gunther . `` The Postthumous Works of Robert Hooke , M.D. , S.R.S. 1705 . '' Reprinted in R.T. Gunther 's `` Early Science In Oxford '' , Vol. 6 , p. 185 , 25 `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 24 May 2014 . Retrieved 20 May 2014 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Jacobs , Bill . Acoustic Telephones , TelefoonMuseum.com website . Retrieved 15 January 2013 . This article in turn cites : Kolger , Jon . `` Mechanical or String Telephones '' , ATCA Newsletter , June 1986 ; and `` Lancaster , Pennsylvania Agricultural Almanac for the Year 1879 : How to Construct a Farmer 's Telephone '' , John Bater 's Sons. ; and `` Telephone Experiences of Harry J. Curl as told by him to E.T. Mahood , During the summer of 1933 at Kansas City , Missouri : First Telephone Experience . '' Jump up ^ Grigonis , Richard . A Telephone in 1665 ? , TMCNet Technews website , 29 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Giles , Arthur ( editor ) . County Directory of Scotland ( for 1901 - 1904 ) : Twelfth Issue : Telephone ( Scottish Post Office Directories ) , Edinburgh : R. Grant & Son , 1902 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ `` Voicepipes and Speaking - Tubes '' . The Museum of Retro - Technology . 15 March 2010 . Retrieved 17 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Jones , R. Victor Samuel Thomas von Sömmering 's `` Space Multiplexed '' Electrochemical Telegraph ( 1808 - 10 ) , Harvard University website . Attributed to `` Semaphore to Satellite '' , International Telecommunication Union , Geneva 1965 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 01 Jump up ^ Ronalds , B.F. ( 2016 ) . Sir Francis Ronalds : Father of the Electric Telegraph . London : Imperial College Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78326 - 917 - 4 . Jump up ^ Lewis Coe ( 1995 ) , `` The Telephone and Its Several Inventors '' Jump up ^ `` H. Res. 269 - Expressing the sense of the House of Representatives to honor the life and achievements of 19th - century Italian - American inventor Antonio Meucci , and his work in the invention of the telephone . 107th Congress ( 2001 - 2002 ) '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Retrieved 7 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Private Telegraphs , The Sydney Morning Herald , credited to The Times , 19 April 1878 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Bo Leuf ( 2002 ) . Peer to Peer : Collaboration and Sharing Over the Internet . Addison - Wesley . p. 15 . ISBN 9780201767322 . Jump up ^ Alvin K. Benson ( 2010 ) . Inventors and inventions Great lives from history Volume 4 of Great Lives from History : Inventors & Inventions . Salem Press . p. 1298 . ISBN 9781587655227 . Jump up ^ Puskás Tivadar ( 1844 - 1893 ) ( short biography ) , Hungarian History website . Retrieved from Archive.org , February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Puskás Tivadar ( 1844 - 1893 ) '' . Mszh.hu . Archived from the original on 8 October 2010 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Puskás , Tivadar '' . Omikk.bme.hu . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome hunreal.com - BlueHost.com '' . Hunreal.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Withdrawal of National Historic Landmark Designation : Site of the First Telephone Exchange , New Haven , New Haven County , Connecticut , United States National Park Service , United States Department of the Interior , 13 April 2006 . Archived 15 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` History Of The Invention Of Telephone '' . The Reverse Phone . 9 June 2011 . Retrieved 22 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Antonio Meucci - Questions and Answers '' . Chezbasilio.org . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ http://cdrecord.org/private/tel.html Jump up ^ Bennett , Alfred Roslin ( 1895 ) . Telephone Systems of the Continent of Europe . p. 337 . Retrieved 14 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Early U.S. Telephone Industry Data '' . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AT&T : History : Origins '' . Corp.att.com . Archived from the original on 20 August 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Leaders in the early spread of telephone service '' . Purplemotes.net. 21 March 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.porticus.org/bell/images/we-102.jpg Jump up ^ `` 1947 memo by Douglas H. Ring proposing hexagonal cells '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 February 2012 . Retrieved 30 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Farley , Tom ; van der Hoek , Mark ( 1 January 2006 ) . `` Cellular Telephone Basics '' . PrivateLine . Archived from the original on 3 May 2012 . Retrieved 22 April 2012 . Jump up ^ interview of Joel S. Engel , page 17 ( image 18 ) Archived 16 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Kramarae , edited by Cheris ; Lana F. Rakow ( 1988 ) . Technology and women 's voices : keeping in touch ( 1 . publ . ed . ) . New York : Routledge & Kegan Paul . p. 209 . ISBN 0710206798 . Retrieved 9 February 2014 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Kramarae , edited by Cheris ; Lana F. Rakow ( 1988 ) . Technology and women 's voices : keeping in touch ( 1 . publ . ed . ) . New York : Routledge & Kegan Paul . p. 217 . ISBN 978 - 0710206794 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Further reading ( edit ) Baker , Burton H. ( 2000 ) , The Gray Matter : The Forgotten Story of the Telephone , Telepress , St. Joseph , MI , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 615 - 11329 - X Bruce , Robert V. ( 1990 ) , Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude , Cornell University Press , Ithaca , 1990 . Casson , Herbert N. ( March 1910 ) . `` The Birth Of The Telephone : Its Invention Not An Accident But The Working Out Of A Scientific Theory '' . The World 's Work : A History of Our Time . XIX : 12669 -- 12683 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10 . Casson , Herbert N. ( May 1910 ) . `` The Future Of The Telephone : The Dawn Of A New Era Of Expansion '' . The World 's Work : A History of Our Time . XX : 12903 -- 12918 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10 . Coe , Lewis ( 1995 ) , The Telephone and Its Several Inventors : A History , McFarland , North Carolina , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0138 - 9 Evenson , A. Edward ( 2000 ) , The Telephone Patent Conspiracy of 1876 : The Elisha Gray - Alexander Bell Controversy , McFarland , North Carolina , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0883 - 9 Huurdeman , Anton A. ( 2003 ) , The Worldwide History of Telecommunications , IEEE Press and J. Wiley & Sons , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 20505 - 2 John , Richard R ( 2010 ) , Network Nation : Inventing American Telecommunications , Harvard University Press , 2010 ; traces the evolution of the country 's telegraph and telephone networks . Josephson , Matthew ( 1992 ) , Edison : A Biography , Wiley , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 54806 - 5 Wheen , Andrew ( 2011 ) , DOT - DASH TO DOT.COM : How Modern Telecommunications Evolved from the Telegraph to the Internet ( Springer , 2011 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4419 - 6759 - 6 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of telephony . Kempe , Harry Robert ; Garcke , Emile ( 1911 ) . `` Telephone '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 26 ( 11th ed . ) . pp. 547 -- 557 . `` Alexander Graham Bell ( 1847 - 1922 ) '' . Scottish Science Hall of Fame . National Library of Scotland . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_telephone&oldid=865578846 '' Categories : History of the telephone Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Archived copy as title CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Use dmy dates from February 2014 Articles needing additional references from February 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from January 2008 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2018 , at 19 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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where is the archangel michael mentioned in the bible			Michael ( Archangel )	michael ( archangel )	Michael ( ( mixaˈʔel ) ; Hebrew : מִיכָאֵל ‎ , translit . Mîkhā'ēl , lit . ' Who is like God ? ' ; Greek : Μιχαήλ , translit . Mikhaḗl ; Latin : Michahel ; Arabic : ميخائيل ‎ , translit . Mīkhā'īl ) is an archangel in Judaism , Christianity , and Islam . In Roman Catholic , Eastern Orthodox , Anglican , and Lutheran traditions , he is called `` Saint Michael the Archangel '' and `` Saint Michael '' . In the Oriental Orthodox and Eastern Orthodox traditions , he is called `` Taxiarch Archangel Michael '' or simply `` Archangel Michael '' .	Michael is mentioned three times in the Book of Daniel . The idea that Michael was the advocate of the Jews became so prevalent that , in spite of the rabbinical prohibition against appealing to angels as intermediaries between God and his people , Michael came to occupy a certain place in the Jewish liturgy . In the New Testament Michael leads God 's armies against Satan 's forces in the Book of Revelation , where during the war in heaven he defeats Satan . In the Epistle of Jude Michael is specifically referred to as `` the archangel Michael '' . Christian sanctuaries to Michael appeared in the 4th century , when he was first seen as a healing angel , and then over time as a protector and the leader of the army of God against the forces of evil . By the 6th century , devotions to Archangel Michael were widespread both in the Eastern and Western Churches . Over time , teachings on Michael began to vary among Christian denominations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Scriptural references 1.1 Hebrew Bible 1.2 New Testament 1.3 Quran 2 Religious faiths 2.1 Judaism 2.1. 1 Midrash 2.2 Christianity 2.2. 1 Early Christian views and devotions 2.2. 2 Catholicism 2.2. 3 Eastern and Oriental Orthodoxy 2.2. 4 Protestant views 2.2. 4.1 Seventh - day Adventists 2.2. 5 Jehovah 's Witnesses 2.2. 6 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints 2.3 Islam 2.4 Esoteric beliefs 3 Feasts 4 Patronages and orders 5 Legends 5.1 Judaism 5.2 Christianity 5.3 Islam 6 Art and literature 6.1 In literature 6.2 Artistic depictions 7 Major shrines 8 See also 9 References 10 Sources 11 External links Scriptural references ( edit ) Hebrew Bible ( edit ) Guido Reni 's Michael ( in Santa Maria della Concezione church , Rome , 1636 ) tramples Satan . A mosaic of the same painting decorates St. Michael 's Altar in St. Peter 's Basilica . Michael is mentioned three times in the Hebrew Bible ( the Old Testament ) , all in the Book of Daniel . The prophet Daniel experiences a vision after having undergone a period of fasting . Daniel 10 : 13 - 21 describes Daniel 's vision of an angel who identifies Michael as the protector of Israel . At Daniel 12 : 1 , Daniel is informed that Michael will arise during the `` time of the end '' . New Testament ( edit ) Michael archangel by an anonymous Bolivian painter ( 1708 ) The Book of Revelation ( 12 : 7 - 9 ) describes a war in heaven in which Michael , being stronger , defeats Satan . After the conflict , Satan is thrown to earth along with the fallen angels , where he ( `` that ancient serpent called the devil '' ) still tries to `` lead the whole world astray '' . In the Epistle of Jude 1 : 9 , Michael is referred to as an `` archangel '' when he again confronts Satan . A reference to an `` archangel '' also appears in the First Epistle to the Thessalonians 4 : 16 . This archangel who heralds the second coming of Christ is not named , but is often associated with Michael ( among others ) . Quran ( edit ) Michael ( Arabic : ميخائيل , Mikhail مكايل , Mikail ) , is one of the two archangels mentioned in the Quran , alongside Jibrail ( Gabriel ) . In the Quran , Michael is mentioned once only , in Sura 2 : 98 : `` Whoever is an enemy to God , and His angels and His messengers , and Jibrail and Mikhail ! Then , God ( Himself ) is an enemy to the disbelievers . '' Some Muslims believe that the reference in Sura 11 : 69 is Michael , one of the three angels who visited Abraham . Religious faiths ( edit ) Bronze statue of Archangel Michael , Castel Sant'Angelo , Rome Judaism ( edit ) According to rabbinic Jewish tradition , Michael acted as the advocate of Israel , and sometimes had to fight with the princes of the other nations ( cf. 10 : 13 ) and particularly with the angel Samael , Israel 's accuser . Michael 's enmity with Samael dates from the time when the latter was thrown down from heaven . Samael took hold of the wings of Michael , whom he wished to bring down with him in his fall ; but Michael was saved by God . Michael said `` May The Lord rebuke you '' to Satan for attempting to claim the body of Moses . Michael in Hebrew The idea that Michael was the advocate of the Jews became so prevalent that in spite of the rabbinical prohibition against appealing to angels as intermediaries between God and his people , Michael came to occupy a certain place in the Jewish liturgy : `` When a man is in need he must pray directly to God , and neither to Michael nor to Gabriel . '' There were two prayers written beseeching him as the prince of mercy to intercede in favor of Israel : one composed by Eliezer ha - Kalir , and the other by Judah ben Samuel he - Hasid . But appeal to Michael seems to have been more common in ancient times . Thus Jeremiah is said to have addressed a prayer to him . Midrash ( edit ) The rabbis declare that Michael entered upon his role of defender at the time of the biblical patriarchs . Thus , according to Rabbi Eliezer ben Jacob , it was Michael who rescued Abraham from the furnace into which he had been thrown by Nimrod ( Midrash Genesis Rabbah xliv. 16 ) . It was Michael , the `` one that had escaped '' ( Genesis 14 : 13 ) , who told Abraham that Lot had been taken captive ( Midrash Pirke R. El . ) , and who protected Sarah from being defiled by Abimelech . He announced to Sarah that she would bear a son and he rescued Lot at the destruction of Sodom . It is said that Michael prevented Isaac from being sacrificed by his father by substituting a ram in his place , and saved Jacob , while yet in his mother 's womb , from being killed by Samael . Later Michael prevented Laban from harming Jacob. ( Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer , xxxvi ) . It was Michael who wrestled with Jacob and who afterward blessed him . The midrash Exodus Rabbah holds that Michael exercised his function of advocate of Israel at the time of the Exodus also , when Satan ( as an adversary ) accused the Israelites of idolatry and declared that they were consequently deserving of death by drowning in the Red Sea . Michael is also said to have destroyed the army of Sennacherib . Christianity ( edit ) Early Christian views and devotions ( edit ) Statue of Archangel Michael at the University of Bonn , slaying Satan as a dragon ; Quis ut Deus is inscribed on his shield The early Christians regarded some of the martyrs , such as Saint George and Saint Theodore , as military patrons ; but to Michael they gave the care of their sick , and he was first venerated as a healer in Phrygia ( modern - day Turkey ) . The earliest and most famous sanctuary to Michael in the ancient Near East was also associated with healing waters . It was the Michaelion built in the early 4th century by Emperor Constantine at Chalcedon , on the site of an earlier Temple called Sosthenion . A painting of the Archangel slaying a serpent became a major art piece at the Michaelion after Constantine defeated Licinius near there in 324 , eventually leading to the standard iconography of Archangel Michael as a warrior saint slaying a dragon . The Michaelion was a magnificent church and in time became a model for hundreds of other churches in Eastern Christianity which spread devotions to the Archangel . In the 4th century , Saint Basil the Great 's homily ( De Angelis ) placed Saint Michael over all the angels . He was called `` Archangel '' because he heralds other angels , the title Αρχαγγέλος ( archangelos ) being used of him in Jude 1 : 9 . Into the 6th century , the view of Michael as a healer continued in Rome ; where after a plague , the sick slept at night in the church of Castel Sant'Angelo ( dedicated to him for saving Rome ) , waiting for his manifestation . In the 6th century the growth of devotions to Michael in the Western Church was manifested by the feasts dedicated to him , as recorded in the Leonine Sacramentary . The 7th century Gelasian Sacramentary included the feast `` S. Michaelis Archangeli '' , as did the 8th century Gregorian Sacramentary . Some of these documents refer to a no longer extant Basilica Archangeli on via Salaria in Rome . The angelology of Pseudo-Dionysius which was widely read as of the 6th century gave Michael a rank in the celestial hierarchy . Later , in the 13th century , others such as Bonaventure believed that he is the prince of the Seraphim , the first of the nine angelic orders . According to Thomas Aquinas ( Summa Ia. 113.3 ) , he is the Prince of the last and lowest choir , the Angels . Catholicism ( edit ) For Roman Catholic views and prayers , see Saint Michael ( Roman Catholic ) . Archangel Michael reaching to save souls in purgatory , by Jacopo Vignali , 17th century Catholics often refer to Michael as `` Holy Michael , the Archangel '' or `` Saint Michael '' , a title that does not indicate canonisation . He is generally referred to in Christian litanies as `` Saint Michael '' , as in the Litany of the Saints . In the shortened version of this litany used in the Easter Vigil , he alone of the angels and archangels is mentioned by name , omitting Saint Gabriel and Saint Raphael . In the Roman Catholic teachings Saint Michael has four main roles or offices . His first role is the leader of the Army of God and the leader of heaven 's forces in their triumph over the powers of hell . He is viewed as the angelic model for the virtues of the spiritual warrior , with the conflict against evil at times viewed as the battle within . St. Michael weighing souls during the Last Judgement , Antiphonale Cisterciense ( 15th century ) , Abbey Bibliotheca , Rein Abbey , Austria The second and third roles of Michael in Catholic teachings deal with death . In his second role , Michael is the angel of death , carrying the souls of all the deceased to heaven . In this role Michael descends at the hour of death , and gives each soul the chance to redeem itself before passing ; thus consternating the devil and his minions . Catholic prayers often refer to this role of Michael . In his third role , he weighs souls in his perfectly balanced scales . For this reason , Michael is often depicted holding scales . In his fourth role , Saint Michael , the special patron of the Chosen People in the Old Testament , is also the guardian of the Church ; it was thus not unusual for the angel to be revered by the military orders of knights during the Middle Ages . Thus , the nomenclature of villages around the Bay of Biscay reflects that history . This role also extends to his being the patron saint of a number of cities and countries . Roman Catholicism includes traditions such as the Prayer to Saint Michael which specifically asks for the faithful to be `` defended '' by the saint . The Chaplet of Saint Michael consists of nine salutations , one for each choir of angels . Eastern and Oriental Orthodoxy ( edit ) A statue of Archangel Michael in Kiev , Ukraine , where he is the patron saint . The Eastern Orthodox accord Michael the title `` Archistrategos '' , or `` Supreme Commander of the Heavenly Hosts . '' The Eastern Orthodox pray to their guardian angels and above all to Michael and Gabriel . The Eastern Orthodox have always had strong devotions to angels , and the trend continues to date with the term `` Bodiless Powers '' applied to them . A number of feasts dedicated to Archangel Michael are celebrated by the Eastern Orthodox throughout the year . Archangel Michael is mentioned in a number of Eastern Orthodox hymns and prayer , and his icons are widely used within Eastern Orthodox churches . In many Eastern Orthodox icons , Christ is accompanied by a number of angels , Michael being a predominant figure among them . In Russia many monasteries , cathedrals , court and merchant churches are dedicated to the Chief Commander Michael , and most Russian cities have a church or chapel dedicated to the Archangel Michael . The place of Michael in the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria is as a saintly intercessor , where he is seen as the one : who presents to God the prayers of the just , who accompanies the souls of the dead to heaven , who defeats the devil . He is celebrated liturgically on the 12th of each month . In Alexandria , a church was dedicated to him in the early fourth century on the 12th of the month of Ba'unah . On the 12th of the month of Hathor is the celebration of Michael 's appointment in heaven , where Michael became the chief of the angels . Protestant views ( edit ) Statue at St. Michaelis Church , Hamburg Many Protestant Christians do not call upon the intercession of saints . However , an unofficial Anglican prayer of preparation before Mass includes a confession to `` Michael the Archangel '' as well as other saints such as John the Baptist . Protestant denominations generally recognize only two archangels , Michael and Gabriel , usually emphasizing Michael , unlike Judaism , Roman Catholicism , and Eastern Orthodoxy which may at times recognize seven ( and in rare cases eight ) archangels , with Michael , Gabriel , and Raphael generally regarded with an elevated status , e.g. being the only archangels honored by name in Catholicism . Citing Hengstenberg , John A. Lees , in International Standard Bible Encyclopedia , states : `` The earlier Protestant scholars usually identified Michael with the pre-incarnate Christ , finding support for their view , not only in the juxtaposition of the ' child ' and the archangel in Rev 12 : 1 - 17 , but also in the attributes ascribed to him in Daniel . '' Charles Haddon Spurgeon stated that Jesus is Michael `` the only Archangel '' , and that he is God the Son , and co-equal to the Father . In Spurgeon 's view , `` archangel '' means `` head of the angels '' rather than `` head angel , '' and is a title similar to `` Leader of the host . '' ( Daniel 8 : 11 ) Within Anglicanism , Bishop Robert Clayton proposed that Michael was the Logos and Gabriel the Holy Spirit . Controversy over Clayton 's views led the government to order his prosecution , but he died before his scheduled examination . Michael continues to be recognized among Protestants by key churches dedicated to him , e.g. , St. Michaelis Church , Hamburg and St. Michael 's Church , Hildesheim , each of which is of the Lutheran Church and has appeared in the Bundesländer series of € 2 commemorative coins for 2008 and 2014 respectively . In Bach 's time , the annual feast of Michael and All the Angels on 29 September was regularly celebrated with a festive service , for which Bach composed several cantatas , for example the chorale cantata Herr Gott , dich loben alle wir , BWV 130 in 1724 , Es erhub sich ein Streit , BWV 19 , in 1726 and Man singet mit Freuden vom Sieg , BWV 149 , in 1728 or 1729 . Seventh - day Adventists ( edit ) See also : Seventh - day Adventist , beliefs about Michael and Pre-existence of Christ Le Grand Saint Michel , by Raphael ( Raffaello Sanzio ) , Archangel Michael defeating evil Seventh - day Adventists , being of the Protestant heritage , lineage and faith , believe that Michael is another name for the eternal Son of the Father , the Heavenly Christ , and another name for the Word - of - God ( as in John 1 ) before he became incarnate as Jesus . `` Archangel '' ( meaning `` Chief of the Angels '' , `` highest messenger '' ) was the leadership position as held by the Word - of - God as Michael while among the angels . According to Adventist theology , Michael was considered the `` eternal Word '' , and not a created being or created angel , and the one by whom all things were created . The Word was then born incarnate as Jesus . Seventh - day Adventists believe the name `` Michael '' is significant in showing who he is , just as `` Immanuel '' ( which means `` God with us '' ) is about who Jesus is . They believe that name `` Michael '' signifies `` one who is God '' and that as the `` Archangel '' or `` chief or head of the angels '' he led the angels and thus the statement in Revelation 12 : 7 - 9 identifies Jesus as Michael . Seventh - day Adventists believe that `` Michael '' is but one of the many titles applied to the Son of God , the second person of the Godhead . According to Adventists , such a view does not in any way conflict with the belief in his full deity and eternal preexistence , nor does it in the least disparage his person and work . In support of the Seventh - day Adventist belief , Michael is also identified by them as being the very commander of Heavenly legions of the hosts of the LORD , God 's invincible army , which helped Joshua son of Nun to lead Israel in to conquering Jericho ( Joshua 5 : 14 - `` And he said , Nay ; but as captain of the host of the LORD am I now come . And Joshua fell on his face to the earth , and did worship , and said unto him , What saith my Lord unto his servant ? '' ) In the Seventh - day Adventist view , the statement in some translations of 1 Thessalonians 4 : 13 - 18 : `` For the Lord himself shall descend from heaven , with a shout , with the voice of the archangel , and with the trump of God '' identifies Jesus as Archangel , which is Michael . ( Other translations have `` For the Lord himself will descend from heaven with a cry of command , with the voice of an archangel , and with the sound of the trumpet of God . '' ) And the Seventh - day Adventists believe that John 5 : 25 - 29 also confirms that Jesus and Michael are the same . Jehovah 's Witnesses ( edit ) See also : Jehovah 's Witnesses beliefs about Jesus Jehovah 's Witnesses believe Michael to be another name for Jesus Christ in heaven , in his pre-human and post-resurrection existence . They say the definite article at Jude 9 -- referring to `` Michael the archangel '' -- identifies Michael as the only archangel . They consider Michael to be synonymous with Christ , described at 1 Thessalonians 4 : 16 as descending `` with a cry of command , with the voice of an archangel , and with the sound of the trumpet '' . They believe the prominent roles assigned to Michael at Daniel 12 : 1 and Revelation 12 : 7 , 19 : 14 , 16 , are identical to Jesus ' roles , being the one chosen to lead God 's people and as the only one who `` stands up '' , identifying the two as the same spirit being . Because they identify Michael with Jesus , he is therefore considered the first and greatest of all God 's heavenly sons , God 's chief messenger , who takes the lead in vindicating God 's sovereignty , sanctifying his name , fighting the wicked forces of Satan and protecting God 's covenant people on earth . Jehovah 's Witnesses also identify Michael with the `` Angel of the Lord '' who led and protected the Israelites in the wilderness . The Church of Jesus Christ of latter - day Saints ( edit ) See also : Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints Latter - day Saints ( also known informally as Mormons ) believe that Michael is Adam , the Ancient of Days ( Dan . 7 ) , a prince , and the patriarch of the human family . Also , they hold that Michael assisted Jehovah ( the heavenly form of Jesus Christ ) in the creation of the world under the direction of God the Father and cast Satan out of heaven . Islam ( edit ) This illustration from Walters manuscript W. 659 depicts the Archangel Michael ( Mika'il ) . See also : Angels in Islam In Islam , Michael , also spelled Mikail , is one of the archangels and said to be responsible for the forces of nature . The Qur'an mentions Michael together with Gabriel in the sura Al - Baqara : Whoever is an enemy to Allah and His angels and messengers , to Gabriel and Michael , -- Lo ! Allah is an enemy to those who reject Faith . -- Quran , chapter 2 ( Al - Baqara ) verses 97 -- 98 In Sunni Islam , Michael will be sent to bring a handful of earth ; but the Earth will not yield a piece of itself , some of which will burn . This is articulated by Al - Tha'labi whose narrative states that God will tell Earth that some will obey him and others not . The Ahmadiyya movement believes in Michael along with other angels such as Gabriel . They are called ' Mala'ikah ' and are described as spiritual beings who obey Allah 's command . Esoteric beliefs ( edit ) The French occultist , Eliphas Levi , the German philosopher Franz von Baader , and the Theosophist Louis Claude de St. Martin spoke of 1879 as the year in which Michael overcame the dragon . In 1917 , Rudolf Steiner , the founder of anthroposophy , similarly stated , `` in 1879 , in November , a momentous event took place , a battle of the Powers of Darkness against the Powers of Light , ending in the image of Michael overcoming the Dragon '' . Feasts ( edit ) In the General Roman Calendar , the Anglican Calendar of Saints , and the Lutheran Calendar of Saints , the archangel 's feast is celebrated on Michaelmas Day , September 29 . The day is also considered the feast of Saints Michael , Gabriel , and Raphael , in the General Roman Calendar and the Feast of Saint Michael and All Angels according to the Church of England . In the Eastern Orthodox Church , Saint Michael 's principal feast day is November 8 ( those that use the Julian calendar celebrate it on what in the Gregorian calendar is now November 21 ) , honoring him along with the rest of the `` Bodiless Powers of Heaven '' ( i.e. angels ) as their Supreme Commander , and the Miracle at Chonae is commemorated on September 6 . In the calendar of the Church of England diocese of Truro , May 8 is the feast of St. Michael , Protector of Cornwall . The archangel Michael is one of the three patron saints of Cornwall . Patronages and orders ( edit ) In late medieval Christianity , Michael , together with Saint George , became the patron saint of chivalry and is now also considered the patron saint of police officers , paramedics , firefighters and the military . Since the victorious Battle of Lechfeld against the Hungarians in 955 , Michael was the patron saint of the Holy Roman Empire and still is the patron saint of modern Germany and other German speaking regions formerly covered by the realm . Coat of arms of Kiev In mid to late 15th century , France was one of only four courts in Western Christendom without an order of knighthood . Later in the 15th century , Jean Molinet glorified the primordial feat of arms of the archangel as `` the first deed of knighthood and chivalrous prowess that was ever achieved . '' Thus Michael was the natural patron of the first chivalric order of France , the Order of Saint Michael of 1469 . In the British honours system , a chivalric order founded in 1818 is also named for these two saints , the Order of St Michael and St George . The Order of Michael the Brave is Romania 's highest military decoration . Prior to 1878 , the Scapular of St. Michael the Archangel could be worn as part of a Roman Catholic Archconfraternity . Presently , enrollment is authorized as this holy scapular remains as one of the 18 approved by the Church . Apart from his being a patron of warriors , the sick and the suffering also consider Archangel Michael their patron saint . Based on the legend of his 8th century apparition at Mont - Saint - Michel , France , the Archangel is the patron of mariners in this famous sanctuary . After the evangelisation of Germany , where mountains were often dedicated to pagan gods , Christians placed many mountains under the patronage of the Archangel , and numerous mountain chapels of St. Michael appeared all over Germany . Similarly , the Sanctuary of St. Michel ( San Migel Aralarkoa ) , the oldest Christian building in Navarre ( Spain ) , lies at the top of a hill on the Aralar Range , and harbours Carolingian remains . St. Michel is an ancient devotion of Navarre and eastern Gipuzkoa , revered by the Basques , shrouded in legend , and held as a champion against paganism and heresy . It came to symbolize the defense of Catholicism , as well as Basque tradition and values during the early 20th century . He has been the patron saint of Brussels since the Middle Ages . The city of Arkhangelsk in Russia is named for the Archangel . Ukraine and its capital Kiev also consider Michael their patron saint and protector . Since the 14th century , Saint Michael has been the patron saint of Dumfries in Scotland , where a church dedicated to him was built at the southern end of the town , on a mound overlooking the River Nith . An Anglican sisterhood dedicated to Saint Michael under the title of the Community of St Michael and All Angels was founded in 1851 . The Congregation of Saint Michael the Archangel ( CSMA ) , also known as the Michaelite Fathers , is a religious order of the Roman Catholic Church founded in 1897 . The Canons Regular of the Order of St Michael the Archangel ( OSM ) are an Order of professed religious within the Anglican Church in North America , the North American component of the Anglican realignment movement . Legends ( edit ) Judaism ( edit ) There is a legend which seems to be of Jewish origin , and which was adopted by the Copts , to the effect that Michael was first sent by God to bring Nebuchadnezzar ( c. 600 BC ) against Jerusalem , and that Michael was afterward very active in freeing his nation from Babylonian captivity . According to midrash Genesis Rabbah , Michael saved Hananiah and his companions from the Fiery furnace . Michael was active in the time of Esther : `` The more Haman accused Israel on earth , the more Michael defended Israel in heaven '' . It was Michael who reminded Ahasuerus that he was Mordecai 's debtor ; and there is a legend that Michael appeared to the high priest Hyrcanus , promising him assistance . Christianity ( edit ) A 12th - century icon of the Miracle at Chonae , from Saint Catherine 's Monastery , Mount Sinai . The Portuguese Carmelite nun , Antónia d'Astónaco , reported an apparition and private revelation of the Archangel Michael . The Orthodox Church celebrates the Miracle at Chonae on September 6 . The pious legend surrounding the event states that John the Apostle , when preaching nearby , foretold the appearance of Michael at Cheretopa near Lake Salda , where a healing spring appeared soon after the Apostle left ; in gratitude for the healing of his daughter , one pilgrim built a church on the site . Local pagans , who are described as jealous of the healing power of the spring and the church , attempt to drown the church by redirecting the river , but the Archangel , `` in the likeness of a column of fire '' , split the bedrock to open up a new bed for the stream , directing the flow away from the church . The legend is supposed to have predated the actual events , but the 5th -- 7th century texts that refer to the miracle at Chonae formed the basis of specific paradigms for `` properly approaching '' angelic intermediaries for more effective prayers within the Christian culture . There is a late 5th century legend in Cornwall , UK that the Archangel appeared to fishermen on St Michael 's Mount . According to author Richard Freeman Johnson this legend is likely a nationalistic twist to a myth . Cornish legends also hold that the mount itself was constructed by giants and that King Arthur battled a giant there . The legend of the apparition of the Archangel at around 490 AD at a secluded hilltop cave on Monte Gargano in Italy gained a following among the Lombards in the immediate period thereafter , and by the 8th century pilgrims arrived from as far away as England . The Tridentine Calendar included a feast of the apparition on 8 May , the date of the 663 victory over the Greek Neapolitans that the Lombards of Manfredonia attributed to Saint Michael . The feast remained in the Roman liturgical calendar until removed in the revision of Pope John XXIII . The Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo at Gargano is a major Catholic pilgrimage site . According to Roman legends , Archangel Michael appeared with a sword over the mausoleum of Hadrian while a devastating plague persisted in Rome , in apparent answer to the prayers of Pope St Gregory I the Great ( c. 590 -- 604 ) that the plague should cease . After the plague ended , in honor of the occasion , the pope called the mausoleum `` Castel Sant'Angelo '' ( Castle of the Holy Angel ) , the name by which it is still known . According to Norman legend , Michael is said to have appeared to St Aubert , Bishop of Avranches , in 708 , giving instruction to build a church on the rocky islet now known as Mont Saint - Michel . In 966 the Duke of Normandy commissioned a Benedictine abbey on the mount , and it remains a major pilgrimage site . A Portuguese Carmelite nun , Antónia d'Astónaco , reported an apparition and private revelation of the Archangel Michael who had told to this devoted Servant of God , in 1751 , that he would like to be honored , and God glorified , by the praying of nine special invocations . These nine invocations correspond to invocations to the nine choirs of angels and origins the famous Chaplet of Saint Michael . This private revelation and prayers were approved by Pope Pius IX in 1851 . From 1961 to 1965 , four young schoolgirls had reported several apparitions of Archangel Michael in the small village of Garabandal , Spain . At Garabandal , the apparitions of the Archangel Michael were mainly reported as announcing the arrivals of the Virgin Mary . The Catholic Church has neither approved nor condemned the Garabandal apparitions . Islam ( edit ) In Islam , Mikail ( Michael ) is one of the four archangels along with Jibrail , Israfil and Azrail . The Quran mentions him in 2 : 98 . He provides nourishments for bodies and souls and is also responsible for nature events . Mikail is often depicted as the archangel of mercy . Therefore , he is said to be friendly , asking God for mercy for humans and is said to be one of the first who bowed down before Adam . Furthermore , he is responsible for the rewards doled out to good persons in this life . Art and literature ( edit ) In literature ( edit ) In the English epic poem Paradise Lost by John Milton , Michael commands the army of angels loyal to God against the rebel forces of Satan . Armed with a sword from God 's armory , he bests Satan in personal combat , wounding his side . Artistic depictions ( edit ) Main article : Archangel Michael in Christian art 10th - century gold and enamel Byzantine icon of St Michael , in the treasury of the St Mark 's Basilica Most Jewish teachings interpret the Second Commandment as against the use of `` graven images '' as visual art . Islamic art 's focus on calligraphy , rather than painting and sculpture , similarly derives from the association of idolatry with the depiction of human or angelic forms . In Christian art , Archangel Michael may be depicted alone or with other angels such as Gabriel . Some depictions with Gabriel date back to the 8th century , e.g. the stone casket at Notre Dame de Mortain church in France . The widely reproduced image of Our Mother of Perpetual Help , an icon of the Cretan school , depicts Michael on the left carrying the lance and sponge of the crucifixion of Jesus , with Gabriel on the right side of Mary and Jesus . In many depictions Michael is represented as an angelic warrior , fully armed with helmet , sword , and shield . The shield may bears the Latin inscription Quis ut Deus . He may be standing over a serpent , a dragon , or the defeated figure of Satan , whom he sometimes pierces with a lance . The iconography of Michael slaying a serpent goes back to the early 4th century , when Emperor Constantine defeated Licinius at the Battle of Adrianople in 324 AD , not far from the Michaelion a church dedicated to Archangel Michael . Constantine felt that Licinius was an agent of Satan , and associated him with the serpent described in the Book of Revelation ( 12 : 9 ) . After the victory , Constantine commissioned a depiction of himself and his sons slaying Licinius represented as a serpent - a symbolism borrowed from the Christian teachings on the Archangel to whom he attributed the victory . A similar painting , this time with the Archangel Michael himself slaying a serpent then became a major art piece at the Michaelion and eventually lead to the standard iconography of Archangel Michael as a warrior saint . In other depictions Michael may be holding a pair of scales in which he weighs the souls of the departed and may hold the book of life ( as in the Book of Revelation ) , to show that he takes part in the judgment . However this form of depiction is less common than the slaying of the dragon . Michelangelo depicted this scene on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel . In Byzantine art Michael was often shown as a princely court dignitary , rather than a warrior who battled Satan or with scales for weighing souls on the Day of Judgement . Andrei Rublev 's standalone depiction c. 1408 Michael ( left ) with archangels Raphael and Gabriel , by Botticini , 1470 Weighing souls on Judgement Day by Hans Memling , 15th century Michael defeating the fallen angels , by Luca Giordano c. 1660 -- 65 Bronze statue of Archangel Michael , standing on top of the Castel Sant'Angelo , modelled in 1753 by Peter Anton von Verschaffelt ( 1710 -- 1793 ) . Michael 's icon on the northern deacons ' door on the iconostasis of Hajdúdorog . The archangel is often depicted on iconostases ' doors as a defender of the sanctuary . Archangel Michael by Emily Young in the grounds of St Pancras New Church . Plaque inscription : `` In memory of the victims of the 7th July 2005 bombings and all victims of violence . ' I will lift up my eyes unto the hills ' Psalm 121 '' Major shrines ( edit ) The Mont - Saint - Michel in Normandy , France St. Michael 's Jesuite church , Munich , Bavaria , Germany St. Michael 's Golden - Domed Monastery in Kiev ( Ukraine ) . Castel Sant'Angelo in Rome , with Michael 's statue atop . For a larger gallery ( and hence a structured list ) of church images , please see : Saint Michael church gallery . Parroquia de San Miguel Arcángel ( es ) , San Miguel de Allende , Guanajuato Mexico World Heritage Site Sacra di San Michele ( Saint Michael 's Abbey ) , near Turin , Italy St. Michael and St. Gudula Cathedral , in Brussels , Belgium Mont Saint - Michel , Normandy , France - a World Heritage Site St. Michael 's Cathedral ( Toronto ) , Canada St. Michael 's Cathedral ( Izhevsk ) , Russia St. Michael 's Cathedral , Qingdao , China Chudov Monastery in the Moscow Kremlin Archangel Cathedral in the Moscow Kremlin - a World Heritage Site Monte Sant'Angelo sul Gargano , Gargano , Italy - a World Heritage Site St Michael 's Mount , Cornwall , UK St. Michael 's Basilica , Miramichi , Canada Skellig Michael , off the Irish west coast - a World Heritage Site St Michael 's Cathedral , Coventry , UK St. Michael 's Golden - Domed Monastery , Kiev , Ukraine Basilica of St Michael the Archangel , Pensacola , Florida , United States St Michael 's Church in Vienna , Austria Tayabas Basilica , Tayabas , Quezon , Philippines Saint Michael 's church , Berlin , Germany St. Michael 's Jesuite church , Munich , Germany St. Michael 's Cathedral in Belgrade , Serbia Cathedral of St. Michael the Archangel in Gamu , Isabela See also ( edit ) Saints portal List of angels in theology Angelus Biblical cosmology Christian angelic hierarchy Guardian Angel of Portugal Hierarchy of angels Metatron Seraph Theophory in the Bible Uriel References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bible gateway , Daniel 12 : 1 '' . Biblegateway.com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Alban Butler , The Lives of the Fathers , Martyrs , and other Principal Saints. 12 vols . B. Dornin , 1821 ; p. 117 Jump up ^ `` Benedict XVI joins Pope Francis in consecrating Vatican to St Michael Archangel '' . news.va . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` St. Michael , Patron Saint of Police Officers '' . Jcpdes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Finley , Mitch ( 2011 ) . The Patron Saints Handbook . The Word Among Us Press . p. 72 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59325403 - 2 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` St. Michael , the Archangel - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online '' . Catholic.org . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Who 's who in the Jewish Bible by David Mandel 2007 ISBN 0 - 8276 - 0863 - 2 page 270 Jump up ^ Daniel : Wisdom to the Wise : Commentary on the Book of Daniel by Zdravko Stefanovic 2007 ISBN 0 - 8163 - 2212 - 0 page 391 ^ Jump up to : Revelation 12 - 22 by John MacArthur 2000 ISBN 0 - 8024 - 0774 - 9 pages 13 - 14 ^ Jump up to : The encyclopedia of angels by Rosemary Guiley 2004 ISBN 0 - 8160 - 5023 - 6 page 49 ^ Jump up to : `` John A. Lees , `` Michael '' in James Orr ( editor ) , ' ' The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia ' ' ( Eerdmans 1939 ) `` . Internationalstandardbible.com. 2007 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Bible Hub commentaries on 1 Thessalonians 4 : 16 '' . ^ Jump up to : Qur'an , sura 2 ( Al - Baqara ) , ayat 98 Quran 2 : 98 Jump up ^ Midrash Pirke R. El . xxvi Jump up ^ `` Jewish Encyclopedia - Michael '' . Jewish Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Midrash Deut . Rabbah xi. 6 Jump up ^ Yer . Ber . ix . 13a Jump up ^ Baruch Apoc . Ethiopic , ix. 5 Jump up ^ Talmud B.M. 86b Jump up ^ Midrash Abkir , in Yalḳ. , Gen. 110 Jump up ^ Targum of Pseudo-Jonathan on Genesis 32 : 25 ; Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer , xxxvii Jump up ^ Midrash Exodus Rabbah xviii. 5 ^ Jump up to : Holweck , Frederick . `` St. Michael the Archangel . '' The Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 10 . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1911 . 29 Dec. 2014 ^ Jump up to : Richard Freeman Johnson ( 2005 ) Saint Michael the Archangel in Medieval English Legend ISBN 1 - 84383 - 128 - 7 ; pp. 33 - 34 Jump up ^ Anna Jameson ( 2004 ) Sacred and Legendary Art ISBN 0 - 7661 - 8144 - 8 ; p. 92 ^ Jump up to : Alban Butler , The Lives of the Fathers , Martyrs , and other Principal Saints. 12 vols . Dublin : James Duffy , 1866 ; p. 320 Jump up ^ Catholic Online , Prayers Jump up ^ Cadwallader , Alan H. ; Michael Trainor ( 2011 ) . Colossae in Space and Time . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht . p. 323 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 525 - 53397 - 0 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Donna - Marie O'Boyle , Catholic Saints Prayer Book OSV Publishing , 2008 ISBN 1 - 59276 - 285 - 9 page 60 Jump up ^ Starr , Mirabai . Saint Michael : The Archangel , Sounds True , 2007 ISBN 1 - 59179 - 627 - X page 2 Jump up ^ Starr , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Butler 1821 , p. 117 . ^ Jump up to : Michael McGrath , Patrons and Protectors . Liturgy Training , 2001 . ISBN 1 - 56854 - 109 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Prayer to St Michael '' . EWTN . Jump up ^ Matthew Bunson The Catholic Almanac 's Guide to the Church OSV Publishing , 2001 ISBN 0 - 87973 - 914 - 2 page 315 Jump up ^ Amy Welborn , The Words We Pray . Loyola Press , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 8294 - 1956 - X , page 101 . Jump up ^ Ann Ball , 2003 Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices ISBN 0 - 87973 - 910 - X page 123 Jump up ^ EWTN The Chaplet of St. Michael the Archangel ^ Jump up to : Eastern Orthodoxy through Western eyes by Donald Fairbairn 2002 ISBN 0 - 664 - 22497 - 0 page 148 Jump up ^ Baun , Jane ( 2007 ) . Tales from Another Byzantium . Cambridge University Press . p. 391 et passim . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 82395 - 1 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Eastern Orthodox Theology : A Contemporary Reader by Daniel B. Clendenin 2003 ISBN 0801026512 page 75 ^ Jump up to : The Encyclopedia of Eastern Orthodox Christianity by John Anthony McGuckin 2011 ISBN 1405185392 page 30 ^ Jump up to : The Eastern Orthodox Church : Its Thought and Life by Ernst Benz 2008 ISBN 0202362981 page 16 Jump up ^ A Geography of Russia and Its Neighbors by Mikhail S. Blinnikov 2010 ISBN page 203 Jump up ^ Architectures of Russian Identity , 1500 to the Present by James Cracraft 2003 ISBN 0801488281 page 42 Jump up ^ Two Thousand Years of Coptic Christianity by Otto Friedrich August Meinardus 2010 ISBN 977 - 424 - 757 - 4 pages 27 , 117 , 147 Jump up ^ Money , Land and Trade : An Economic History of the Muslim Mediterranean by Nelly Hanna 2002 ISBN 1 - 86064 - 699 - 9 page 226 Jump up ^ Jestice , Phyllis G. ( 2004 ) . Holy People of the World : a Cross-Cultural Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 888 . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 355 - 6 . Jump up ^ The Anglican Service Book : a Traditional Language Adaptation of the 1979 Book of Common Prayer Together with the Psalter or Psalms of David & Additional Devotions 1991 ISBN 0 - 9629955 - 0 - 9 ; pp. 238 - 239 Jump up ^ J. Rodman Williams ( 1996 ) Renewal Theology : Systematic Theology from a Charismatic Perspective . ISBN 0 - 310 - 20914 - 5 ; p. 183 Jump up ^ Rosemary Guiley ( 2004 ) The Encyclopedia of Angels . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 5023 - 6 ; p , 31 ^ Jump up to : The Baptist Confession of Faith ( 1689 ) - With slight revisions by C.H. Spurgeon Archived 2010 - 04 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . - spurgeon.org - Phillip R. Johnson - 2001 - Retrieved 12 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Morning and Evening - Charles Haddon Spurgeon - Devotionals by Spurgeon Sermons - Spurgeon Sermons with C.H. Spurgeon - Retrieved 12 September 2014 . Jump up ^ The Angelic Life - Charles Haddon Spurgeon - Sermon No. 842 . Jump up ^ Grace Abounding in a Believer 's Life by Charles Haddon Spurgeon , Robert Hall and Lance Wubbels 1996 ISBN 1883002095 page 54 Jump up ^ Weapon The Blood of the Lamb , the Conquering Weapon - Charles Haddon Spurgeon - Sermon No. 2043 . Jump up ^ Robert Clayton , An Essay on Spirit 1751 Jump up ^ Dictionary of National Biography : Clayton , Robert Jump up ^ John Walsh , Colin Haydon & Stephen Taylor , eds. ( 1993 ) The Church of England c. 1689 - c. 1833 : from Toleration to Tractarianism . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 - 521 - 41732 - 5 ; p. 47 Jump up ^ Seventh Day Adventists : What do they believe ? by Val Waldeck Pilgrim Publications ( April 5 , 2005 ) page 16 Jump up ^ `` The Remnant '' . Adventist World . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Seventh - day Adventists Answer Questions on Doctrine , Review and Herald Publishing Association , Washington , D.C. , 1957 . Chapter 8 `` Christ , and Michael the Archangel '' . ^ Jump up to : Bible readings for the home by 7th Day Adventists . London . 1949 . p. 266 . Jump up ^ 1 Thessalonians 4 : 16 ( ESV ) Jump up ^ Reasoning from the Scriptures , 1985 , Watchtower Bible and Tract Society , p. 218 Jump up ^ Insight on the Scriptures. 2 . Watch Tower Society . pp. 393 -- 394 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ What Does the Bible Really Teach ? . Watch Tower Society . pp. 218 -- 219 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Angels -- How They Affect Mankind '' . The Watchtower . Watch Tower Society : 21 -- 25 . March 15 , 2007 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ What Does The Bible Really Teach ? . Watch Tower Society . p. 87 . Jump up ^ `` Your Leader Is One , the Christ '' . The Watchtower : 21 . September 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Millet , Robert L. ( February 1998 ) , `` The Man Adam '' , Liahona Jump up ^ Doctrine and Covenants 27 : 11 Jump up ^ Doctrine and Covenants 107 : 53 - 56 Jump up ^ Doctrine and Covenants 128 : 21 Jump up ^ Richard Webster Michael : Communicating with the Archangel for Guidance & Protection Llewellyn Worldwide 2012 ISBN 978 - 0 - 738 - 71716 - 6 Jump up ^ Quran 2 : 97 -- 98 Jump up ^ The Birth of the Prophet Muḥammad : Devotional Piety in Sunni Islam -- Page 21 , Marion Holmes Katz -- 2007 Jump up ^ Islam and the Ahmadiyya Jamaʻat : History , Belief , Practice -- Page 141 , Simon Ross Valentine -- 2008 Jump up ^ Steiner , Rudolf ( 1994 ) ( 1917 ) . Christopher Bamford , ed . The Archangel Michael . Hudson , NY : Anthroposophic Press . ISBN 0 - 88010 - 378 - 7 . Jump up ^ Saint Michael the Archangel in Medieval English Legend by Richard Freeman Johnson 2005 ISBN 1 - 84383 - 128 - 7 page 105 Jump up ^ Icons and saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church by Alfredo Tradigo 2006 ISBN 0 - 89236 - 845 - 4 page 46 Jump up ^ The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity 2010 by Ken Parry ISBN 1 - 4443 - 3361 - 5 page 242 Jump up ^ `` The Legend of St Piran '' , BBC Jump up ^ Ball , p. 586 . ^ Jump up to : The Knights of the Crown : The Monarchical Orders of Knighthood in Later Medieval Europe 1325 - 1520 by D'Arcy Jonathan Dacre Boulton 2000 ISBN 0 - 85115 - 795 - 5 pages 427 - 428 Jump up ^ Noted by Johan Huizinga , The Waning of the Middle Ages ( 1919 , 1924 : 56 . Jump up ^ Angels in the early modern world By Alexandra Walsham , Cambridge University Press , 2006 ISBN 0 - 521 - 84332 - 4 page 2008 Jump up ^ Patron Saints by Michael Freze 1992 ISBN 0 - 87973 - 464 - 7 page 170 Jump up ^ Dronda , Javier ( 2013 ) . Con Cristo o contra Cristo : Religión y movilización antirrepublicana en Navarra ( 1931 - 1936 ) . Tafalla : Txalaparta . pp. 54 -- 55 . ISBN 978 - 84 - 15313 - 31 - 1 . Jump up ^ Netherlandish sculpture 1450 - 1550 by Paul Williamson 2002 ISBN 0 - 8109 - 6602 - 6 page 42 Jump up ^ `` History of Dumfries '' . loreburne.co.uk . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ All Saints Sisters of the Poor : An Anglican Sisterhood in the Nineteenth Century ( Church of England Record Society ) by Susan Mumm 200 ISBN 0 - 85115 - 728 - 9 page 48 Jump up ^ Canons Regular of the Order of St Michael the Archangel Jump up ^ Amélineau , `` Contes et Romans de l'Egypte Chrétienne '' , ii. 142 et seq Jump up ^ Midrash Genesis Rabbah xliv. 16 Jump up ^ Midrash Esther Rabbah iii. 8 Jump up ^ Targum to Esther , vi. 1 Jump up ^ comp . Josephus , `` Ant . '' xiii. 10 , § 3 Jump up ^ Makarios of Simonos Petra , The Synaxarion : the Lives of the Saints of the Orthodox Church , trans . Christopher Hookway ( Holy Convent of the Annunciation of Our Lady 1998 ISBN 960 - 85603 - 7 - 3 ) , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Synaxarion , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Synaxarion , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Peers , Glenn ( 2001 ) . Subtle bodies : representing angels in Byzantium . University of California Press . p. 144 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 22405 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Saint Michael the Archangel in medieval English legend by Richard Freeman Johnson 2005 ISBN 1 - 84383 - 128 - 7 page 68 Jump up ^ Popular Romances of the West of England by Robert Hunt 2009 ISBN 0 - 559 - 12999 - 8 page 238 Jump up ^ Myths and Legends of Britain and Ireland by Richard Jones 2006 ISBN 1 - 84537 - 594 - 7 page 17 Jump up ^ The Medieval state : essays presented to James Campbell by John Robert Maddicott , David Michael Palliser , James Campbell 2003 ISBN 1 - 85285 - 195 - 3 pages 10 -- 11 Jump up ^ Mont - Saint - Michel : a monk talks about his abbey by Jean - Pierre Mouton , Olivier Mignon 1998 ISBN 2 - 7082 - 3351 - 3 pages 55 - 56 Jump up ^ Huddleston , Gilbert . `` Mont - St - Michel . '' The Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 10 . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1911 . 29 Dec. 2014 ^ Jump up to : Pilgrimage : from the Ganges to Graceland : an encyclopedia , Volume 1 by Linda Kay Davidson , David Martin Gitlitz 2002 ISBN 1 - 57607 - 004 - 2 page 398 Jump up ^ Ball , p. 123 . Jump up ^ EWTN The Chaplet of Saint Michael the Archangel Jump up ^ Michael Freze , 1993 , Voices , Visions , and Apparitions , OSV Publishing ISBN 0 - 87973 - 454 - X page 267 Jump up ^ `` Center for Muslim - Jewish Engagement '' . Usc.edu . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ John L. Esposito Oxford Dictionary of Islam Oxford University Press ISBN 978 - 0 - 195 - 12559 - 7 page 200 Jump up ^ John Milton , Paradise Lost 1674 Book VI line 320 Jump up ^ The Ten commandments for Jews , Christians , and others by Roger Van Harn 2007 ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2965 - 1 page 26 Jump up ^ The Everything Understanding Islam Book by Christine Huda Dodge 2003 ISBN 1 - 58062 - 783 - 8 page 244 ^ Jump up to : Saint Michael the Archangel in medieval English legend by Richard Freeman Johnson 2005 ISBN 1 - 84383 - 128 - 7 pages 141 - 147 Jump up ^ Icons and saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church by Alfredo Tradigo 2006 ISBN 0 - 89236 - 845 - 4 page 188 Jump up ^ Ann Ball , 2003 Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices ISBN 0 - 87973 - 910 - X page 520 Jump up ^ Constantine and the Christian empire by Charles Matson Odahl 2004 ISBN 0 - 415 - 17485 - 6 page 315 Jump up ^ `` Vatican website : Sistine Chapel '' . Vaticanstate.va . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Saints in art by Rosa Giorgi , Stefano Zuffi 2003 ISBN 0 - 89236 - 717 - 2 pages 274 - 276 Sources ( edit ) Ball , Ann . 2003 Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices ISBN 0 - 87973 - 910 - X Butler , Alban . The Lives of the Fathers , Martyrs , and other Principal Saints. 12 vols . B. Dornin , 1821 Starr , Mirabai . Saint Michael : The Archangel , Sounds True , 2007 ISBN 1 - 59179 - 627 - X External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Archangel Michael . Jewish Encyclopedia : Michael Angels in Abrahamic religions Judaism Individuals Michael Gabriel Raphael Uriel Azrael Ariel Raziel Arariel Camael Dumah Cassiel Eisheth Hadraniel Haniel Jerahmeel Jophiel Metatron Nuriel Samyaza Pravuil Sachiel Samael Tzaphqiel Yahoel Zadkiel Zerachiel Dobiel Kushiel Satan ( rebuked ) Groups Seraphim Chayot Ophanim Cherubim Ishim Recording angels Christianity Individuals Michael Gabriel Abaddon Raphael Uriel Ariel Sariel Sandalphon Raguel Ramiel Selaphiel Barachiel Jegudiel Camael Jerahmeel Jophiel Metatron Samyaza Pravuil Sachiel Zadkiel Zerachiel Phanuel Aker Gabuthelon Arphugitonos Zebuleon Daniel Kerubiel Kokabiel Kushiel Leliel Muriel Pahaliah Seraphiel Shamsiel Moroni Groups Seraphim Ophanim Cherubim Thrones Dominions Virtues Powers Principalities Recording angels Guardian angels Islam Individuals Mikha'il Jibra'il ( Holy Spirit ) Israfil Azrael Artiya'il Harut and Marut Azazil Maalik Ridwan Munkar and Nakir Groups Hafaza Recording angels Mu'aqqibat Nāzi'āt and Nāshiṭāt Darda'il Cherubim Nineteen Angels of Hell Praying angels Saints of the Catholic Church Virgin Mary Mother of God ( Theotokos ) Immaculate Conception Perpetual virginity Assumption Marian apparition Guadalupe Laus Miraculous Medal Lourdes Fatima Titles of Mary Apostles Andrew Barnabas Bartholomew James of Alphaeus James the Greater John Jude Matthew Matthias Paul Peter Philip Simon Thomas Archangels Gabriel Michael Raphael Confessors Anatolius Chariton the Confessor Edward the Confessor Maximus the Confessor Michael of Synnada Paphnutius the Confessor Paul I of Constantinople Salonius Theophanes the Confessor Disciples Apollos Mary Magdalene Priscilla and Aquila Silvanus Stephen Timothy Titus Seventy disciples Doctors Gregory the Great Ambrose Augustine of Hippo Jerome John Chrysostom Basil of Caesarea Gregory of Nazianzus Athanasius of Alexandria Cyril of Alexandria Cyril of Jerusalem John of Damascus Bede the Venerable Ephrem the Syrian Thomas Aquinas Bonaventure Anselm of Canterbury Isidore of Seville Peter Chrysologus Leo the Great Peter Damian Bernard of Clairvaux Hilary of Poitiers Alphonsus Liguori Francis de Sales Peter Canisius John of the Cross Robert Bellarmine Albertus Magnus Anthony of Padua Lawrence of Brindisi Teresa of Ávila Catherine of Siena Thérèse of Lisieux John of Ávila Hildegard of Bingen Gregory of Narek Evangelists Matthew Mark Luke John Church fathers Alexander of Alexandria Alexander of Jerusalem Ambrose of Milan Anatolius Athanasius of Alexandria Augustine of Hippo Caesarius of Arles Caius Cappadocian Fathers Clement of Alexandria Clement of Rome Cyprian of Carthage Cyril of Alexandria Cyril of Jerusalem Damasus I Desert Fathers Desert Mothers Dionysius of Alexandria Dionysius of Corinth Dionysius Ephrem the Syrian Epiphanius of Salamis Fulgentius of Ruspe Gregory the Great Gregory of Nazianzus Gregory of Nyssa Hilary of Poitiers Hippolytus of Rome Ignatius of Antioch Irenaeus of Lyons Isidore of Seville Jerome of Stridonium John Chrysostom John of Damascus Maximus the Confessor Melito of Sardis Quadratus of Athens Papias of Hierapolis Peter Chrysologus Polycarp of Smyrna Theophilus of Antioch Victorinus of Pettau Vincent of Lérins Zephyrinus Martyrs Canadian Martyrs Carthusian Martyrs Forty Martyrs of England and Wales Four Crowned Martyrs Great Martyr The Holy Innocents Irish Martyrs Joan of Arc Lübeck martyrs Korean Martyrs Martyrology Martyrs of Albania Martyrs of China Martyrs of Japan Martyrs of Laos Martyrs of Natal Martyrs of Otranto Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War Maximilian Kolbe Perpetua and Felicity Saints of the Cristero War Stephen Three Martyrs of Chimbote Uganda Martyrs Vietnamese Martyrs Patriarchs Adam Abel Abraham Isaac Jacob Joseph Joseph ( father of Jesus ) David Noah Solomon Matriarchs Popes Adeodatus I Adeodatus II Adrian III Agapetus I Agatho Alexander I Anacletus Anastasius I Anicetus Anterus Benedict II Boniface I Boniface IV Caius Callixtus I Celestine I Celestine V Clement I Cornelius Damasus I Dionysius Eleuterus Eugene I Eusebius Eutychian Evaristus Fabian Felix I Felix III Felix IV Gelasius I Gregory I Gregory II Gregory III Gregory VII Hilarius Hormisdas Hyginus Innocent I John I John XXIII John Paul II Julius I Leo I Leo II Leo III Leo IV Leo IX Linus Lucius I Marcellinus Marcellus I Mark Martin I Miltiades Nicholas I Paschal I Paul I Peter Pius I Pius V Pius X Pontian Sergius I Silverius Simplicius Siricius Sixtus I Sixtus II Sixtus III Soter Stephen I Stephen IV Sylvester I Symmachus Telesphorus Urban I Victor I Vitalian Zachary Zephyrinus Zosimus Prophets Agabus Amos Anna Baruch ben Neriah David Dalua Elijah Ezekiel Habakkuk Haggai Hosea Isaiah Jeremiah Job Joel John the Baptist Jonah Judas Barsabbas Malachi Melchizedek Micah Moses Nahum Obadiah Samuel Seven Maccabees and their mother Simeon Zechariah ( prophet ) Zechariah ( NT ) Zephaniah Virgins Agatha of Sicily Agnes of Rome Bernadette Soubirous Brigid of Kildare Cecilia Clare of Assisi Eulalia of Mérida Euphemia Genevieve Kateri Tekakwitha Lucy of Syracuse Maria Goretti Mother Teresa Narcisa de Jesús Rose of Lima See also Military saints Virtuous pagan Catholicism portal Saints portal People and things in the Quran ( hide ) Characters Non-human life - forms Allâh ( `` The God '' ) Names of Allah found in the Quran Beings in Jannah ( Paradise , literally ' Garden ' ) Ghilman & Wildan Houri Zaqqum Animals Related Cattle of Israelites A real baqarah ( cow ) that was slaughtered for a purpose The ' ijl ( golden calf statue ) The dhi'b ( wolf ) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph The hud - hud ( hoopoe ) of Solomon The kalb ( dog ) of the sleepers of the cave The nūn ( fish or whale ) of Jonah The nāqaṫ ( she - camel ) of Saleh The fīl ( elephant ) of the Abyssinians ) Non-related Ḥimār ( ' wild ass ' ) Qaswarah ( ' Lion ' , ' Beast of prey ' or ' Hunter ' ) Jinns Iblīs / Devil or Shaitan / Satan Ifrit Marid Qareen Prophets Mentioned Ādam ( Adam ) Al - Yasa ' ( Elisha ) Ayyūb ( Job ) Dāwūd ( David ) Dhūl - Kifl ( Ezekiel ? ) Hārūn ( Aaron ) Hūd ( Eber ? ) Idrīs ( Enoch ? ) Ilyās ( Elijah ) ' Imrān ( Joachim the father of Maryam ) Is - ḥāq ( Isaac ) Ismā'īl ( Ishmael ) Dhabih Ullah Isma'il Ṣādiq al - Wa 'd ( Fulfiller of the Promise ) Lūṭ ( Lot ) Ṣāliḥ Shu'ayb ( Jethro , Reuel or Hobab ? ) Sulaymān ibn Dāwūd ( Solomon son of David ) ' Uzair ( Ezra ) Yaḥyā ibn Zakariyyā ( John the Baptist the son of Zechariah ) Ya'qūb ( Jacob ) Isrâ'îl ( Israel ) Yūnus ( Jonah ) Dhūn - Nūn ( `` He of the Fish ( or Whale ) '' or `` Owner of the Fish ( or Whale ) '' ) Ṣāḥib al - Ḥūṫ ( `` Companion of the Whale '' ) Yūsuf ibn Ya'qūb ( Joseph son of Jacob ) Zakariyyā ( Zechariah ) Ulu - l - ' Azm Muḥammad Aḥmad Other names and titles of Muhammad ʿĪsā ( Jesus ) Al - Masīḥ ( The Messiah ) Ibn Maryam ( Son of Mary ) Mūsā Kalīmullāh ( Moses He who spoke to God ) Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh ( Abraham Friend of God ) Nūḥ ( Noah ) Debatable ones Dhūl - Qarnain ( Cyrus the Great ? ) Luqmân Maryam ( Mary ) Ṭâlûṫ ( Saul or Gideon ? ) Implied Ermia / Jeremiah Ṣamû'îl ( Samuel ) Yusha ' ibn Nūn / Joshua ( companion and successor of Musa ) Contemporaries , relatives or followers of Prophets Mentioned evil ones Āzar ( possibly Terah ) Abū Ibrāhīm ( Father of Abraham ) Fir'aun / Pharaoh Haman Jâlûṫ ( Goliath ) Qarun / Korah ( cousin of Musa / Moses ) Sāmiri / Zimri Abu Lahab Specified good ones Zechariah 's wife Adam 's immediate relatives Martyred son Wife Women of Moses Moses ' mother Sister Wife Sister - in - law Isaac 's mother Zayd Non-specified good ones Abiona / Amtelai daughter of Karnebo ( mother of Ibrahim ) Bathsheba ( wife of Dawud , mother of Sulayman ) Hājar / Hagar ( wife of Ibrahim , mother of Isma'il ) Hannah / Anne daughter of Faquz ( mother of Maryam , wife of Imran ) Imran / Amram ( father of Musa ) Lamech ( father of Nuh ) Rāhil / Rachel ( wife of Ya'qub , mother of Yūsuf ) Rahma / Dinah ( wife of Ayyub ) Shamkha bint Anush / Betenos ( mother of Nuh ) Son of Luqman Implied Asiyah bint Muzahim / Bithiah ( wife of Fir'aun ) Asif ibn Barkhiya ( vizier and successor of Sulayman ) Bilquis ( Queen of Saba / Sheba ) Believer of Fir'aun Family ( Hizbil / Hizqil ibn Sabura ) Benyamin / Benjamin Habib the Carpenter ( believer of Ya - Sin ) Kaleb / Caleb ( companion of Yusha ' ) Khidr Magicians of Fir'aun Simon Cephas / Simon Peter Abrahah Bal'am / Balaam Barsisa Nebuchadnezzar II Nimrod Potiphar ( Al - Aziz ) Shaddad Simeon ( son of Ya'qub ) Slayers of Saleh 's she - camel ( Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda ' ibn Dahr ) Valid ibn Rayyan ( king of Egypt in the account of Yūsuf ) Zuleikha ( wife of al - Aziz ) Groups Mentioned A'rāb ( Arabs or Bedouins ) Aş - ḥāb al - Jannah People of Paradise People of the Burnt Garden Aş - ḥāb as - Sabṫ ( Companions of the Sabbath ) Christian apostles Disciples of Jesus Companions of Noah 's Ark Aş - ḥāb al - Kahf war - Raqīm ( Companions of the Cave and Al - Raqaim ? Companions of the Elephant People of al - Ukhdūd People of the City ( People of Ya - Sin ) People of Yathrib or Medina Folk of Dawud Folk of Lut Folk of Musa and Harun Nation of Nuh Tribes , ethnicities or familes ' Ād ( people of Hud ) Arab & Ajam Children of Israel / Israelites Companions of the Rass People of Ibrahim People of Ilyas People of Lut ( Mu'tafikat ) People of Nuh People of Saba ' / Sheba People of Shuaib Ahl Madyan People of Madyan ) Aṣ - ḥāb al - Aykah ( `` Companions of the Wood '' ) Qawm Tubba ' ( People of Tubba ) Qawm Yûnus ( People of Jonah ) Quraysh Rûm ( literally ' Romans ' ) Thamûd ( people of Saleh ) Aṣ - ḥâb al - Ḥijr ( `` Companions of the Stoneland '' ) Ya'juj and Ma'juj / Gog and Magog Ahl al - Bayṫ ( `` People of the Household '' ) Household of Abraham Brothers of Yūsuf Daughters of Abraham 's nephew Lot ( Ritha , Za'ura , et al . ) Progeny of Imran Household of Moses Household of Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul - Muttalib ibn Hashim Daughters of Muhammad Wives of Muhammad Household of Salih People of Fir'aun Current Ummah of Islam ( Ummah of Muhammad ) Hezbollah Aṣ - ḥāb Muḥammad ( Companions of Muhammad ) Muhajirun ( Emigrants ) Anṣār Muslims of Medina who helped Muhammad and his Meccan followers , literally ' Helpers ' ) People of Mecca Children of Ayyub Dead son of Sulaiman Qabil / Cain ( son of Adam ) Umm Jamil ( wife of Abu Lahab ) Wali'ah or Wa'ilah / Waala ( wife of Nuh ) Walihah or Wahilah ( wife of Lut ) Yam or Kan'an ( son of Nuh ) Implicitly mentioned Amalek Ahl al - Suffa ( People of the Verandah ) Banu Nadir Banu Qaynuqa Banu Qurayza Iranian people Umayyad Dynasty Aus & Khazraj People of Quba Religious groups Ahl al - dhimmah ( Dhimmi ) Kâfirûn ( Infidels ) Zoroastrians Munafiqun ( Hypocrites ) Muslims People of the Book ( Ahl al - Kiṫāb ) Christian ( People of the Injil ) Ruhban ( Christian monks ) Qissis ( Christian priest ) Jews Ahbār ( Jewish scholars ) Rabbani / Rabbi Sabians Polytheists Meccan polytheists at the time of Muhammad Mesopotamian polytheists at the time of Abraham and Lot Locations Mentioned Al - Aḥqāf ( `` The Sandy Plains , '' or `` the Wind - curved Sand - hills '' ) Al - Arḍ Al - Mubārakah ( `` The Land The Blessed '' ) Al - Arḍ Al - Muqaddasah ( `` The Land The Holy '' ) Al - Jūdiyy Munzalanm - Mubārakan ( `` Place - of - Landing Blessed '' ) Al - Madīnah ( formerly Yathrib ) Al - Wād Al - Muqaddas Ṭuwan ( The Holy Valley of Tuwa ) ' Arafāṫ Bābil ( Babylon ) Badr Door of Hittah Al - Ḥijr ( Hegra ) Ḥunayn Iram dhāṫ al - ' Imād ( Iram of the Pillars ) Ka'bah / Kaaba ( Bayt al - Harām / Sacred House , Bayt al - ' Atīq / Ancient House ) Madyan ( Midian ) Majma ' al - Bahrain Makkah ( Mecca ) Maqām Ibrāhīm ( Station of Abraham ) Miṣr ( Egypt ) Mount Sinai or Mount Tabor Mu'tafikat ( Sodom ) Qaryaṫ Yūnus ( `` Township of Jonah , '' that is Nineveh ) Rass Saba ' ( Sheba ) Safa and Marwah Implied Antioch Antakya Ayla Barrier of Dhul - Qarnayn Bayt al - Muqaddas & ' Ariha Bilād ar - Rāfidayn ( Mesopotamia ) Canaan Cave of Hira & Ghar al - Thawr ( Cave of the Bull ) Cave of Seven Sleepers Dār al - Nadwa Al - Ḥijāz ( literally `` The Barrier '' ) Black Stone ( Al - Ḥajar al - Aswad ) & Al - Hijr of Isma'il Ta'if Hudaybiyyah Jordan River Ma'rib Dam Nile River Palestine River Paradise of Shaddad Sinai Desert or Tīh Desert Religious locations Bay'a ( Church ) Mihrab Monastery Masjid ( Mosque , literally `` Place of Prostration '' ) Al - Mash'ar Al - Ḥarām ( `` The Monument the Sacred '' ) Al - Masjid Al - Aqṣā ( Al - Aqsa Mosque , literally `` The Place - of - Prostration The Farthest '' ) Al - Masjid Al - Ḥarām ( The Sacred Mosque of Mecca ) Masjid al - Dirar A Mosque in the area of Medina , possibly : Masjid Qubâ ' ( Quba Mosque ) The Prophet 's Mosque Salat ( Synagogue ) Non-human physical entities Religious texts Injil / Gospel Quran Suhuf - i Ibrahim ( Scrolls of Abraham ) Tawrat / Torah , Suhuf - i - Musa ( Scrolls of Moses ) and Tablets of Stone Zabur Related objects Forbidden fruit of Adam Heavenly Food of Christian Apostles Noah 's Ark Staff of Musa Tabut al - Sakina ( Casket of Shekhinah ) Throne of Bilqis Trumpet of Israfil Mentioned idols ( cult images ) Baal Lāt , ' Uzza and Manāt Wadd , Suwa ' , Yaghuth , Ya'uq and Nasr Jibt and Taghut Ansāb Events Battle of al - Aḥzāb ( `` the Confederates '' ) Battle of Badr Battle of Hunayn Battle of Khaybar Battle of Tabouk Battle of Uhud Conquest of Mecca Hadith of the Pond of Khumm Incident of Ifk Laylat al - Mabit Mubahala The Farewell Pilgrimage ( Hujja al - Wada ' ) Treaty of Hudaybiyyah Umrah al - Qaza Yawm al - Dār Note : The names are sorted alphabetically . Standard form : Islamic name / Biblical name ( title or relationship ) Book of Daniel Bible Daniel 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Additions to Daniel Places Babylon Susa People Abednego Belshazzar Cyrus Daniel Darius Gabriel Meshach Michael Nebuchadnezzar Shadrach Jehoiakim Terms Abomination of desolation Belshazzar 's feast Four kingdoms Lion 's den Prophecy of Seventy Weeks Territorial spirit Writing on the wall Sources Hebrew Bible Septuagint Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Book of Ezekiel ( chapter 48 ) Book of Hosea ( chapter 1 ) → Book of Revelation Bible Revelation 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Bible portal Places Armageddon Asia Babylon Egypt Ephesus Euphrates Jerusalem Laodicea Patmos Pergamum Philadelphia Sardis Smyrna Sodom Thyatira Persons Asher Balak Balaam Benjamin David Gad Issachar Jesus Christ Jezebel John Joseph Judah Levi Manasseh Michael Naphtali Reuben Simeon Zebulun Terms / Phrases Abaddon / Apollyon Alpha and Omega Beast Book of Life Events Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse Four Living Creatures Lake of Fire Last Judgment Millennialism Number of the Beast Seven bowls Seven churches of Asia Seven seals Seven trumpets Whore of Babylon ( Scarlet woman ) Woman of the Apocalypse Wormwood Sources Greek Text Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Epistle of Jude Private revelation in the Catholic Church Revelations Apparitional experience Christian mysticism Locution interior Marian apparition Religious ecstasy Vision ( spirituality ) Visions of Jesus and Mary Miracles Bilocation Charism Gift of miracles Gifts of healing Glossolalia Interpretation of tongues Prophecy Word of Knowledge Word of wisdom Eucharistic miracle Miracle of Lanciano Levitation Lourdes water Miracle of the Sun Odour of sanctity Stigmata Tabor Light Thaumaturgy Weeping statue Discernment Documents Code of canon law Haurietis aquas Normae Congregationis Tribus circiter Magisterium Rule of Faith Sensus fidei Theology Bridal theology Christology Mariology Mystical theology Popular piety Acts of reparation Immaculate Heart of Mary Consecration First Saturdays Devotion Miraculous Medal Seven Dolors Pilgrimage Rosary Rosary of the Holy Wounds Sacred Heart Divine Mercy Eucharistic adoration First Friday Devotion Holy Hour Saint Michael Chaplet of Saint Michael Prayer to Saint Michael Scapular Shrines Sanctuary of the Divine Mercy Sanctuary of Christ the King Shrine of the Sacred Heart of Jesus Marian shrines Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe Cathedral - Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar Chapel of Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal Sanctuary of Our Lady of Fátima Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes Shrine of Our Lady of Good Help Sanctuary of Our Lady of Graces of Onuva Shrine of Our Lady of the Hens Shrine of the Virgin of the Rosary of Pompei Sanctuary of Our Lady of the Rosary of San Nicolás Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo Catholicism portal Portal VIAF : 49524228 LCCN : n2001096929 ISNI : 0000 0000 7995 0674 GND : 118733591 SUDOC : 165119047 BNF : cb15124791g ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&oldid=815997277 '' Categories : Michael ( archangel ) Archangel in Christianity Archangels in Islam Archangel in Judaism Christian saints from the New Testament Christian saints from the Old Testament Christophanies in the Old Testament Individual angels Patron saints of France Quranic figures Angels of Death Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles containing Greek - language text Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing Arabic - language text All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from September 2014 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans አማርኛ Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand پښتو Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 15 : 49 . 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where is the trump tower in new york	Trump Tower is a 58 - story , 664 - foot - high ( 202 m ) mixed - use skyscraper at 721 -- 725 Fifth Avenue between 56th and 57th Streets in Midtown Manhattan , New York City . Trump Tower serves as the headquarters for The Trump Organization . Additionally , it houses the penthouse condominium residence of the building 's namesake and developer , U.S. President Donald Trump , who was a businessman and real estate developer when the tower was developed . Several members of the Trump family also live , or have resided , in the building . The tower stands on a plot where the flagship store of department - store chain Bonwit Teller was formerly located .	721 -- 725 Fifth Avenue between 56th and 57th Streets in Midtown Manhattan , New York City	Trump Tower	trump tower	Trump Tower is a 58 - story , 664 - foot - high ( 202 m ) mixed - use skyscraper at 721 -- 725 Fifth Avenue between 56th and 57th Streets in Midtown Manhattan , New York City . Trump Tower serves as the headquarters for The Trump Organization . Additionally , it houses the penthouse condominium residence of the building 's namesake and developer , U.S. President Donald Trump , who was a businessman and real estate developer when the tower was developed . Several members of the Trump family also live , or have resided , in the building . The tower stands on a plot where the flagship store of department - store chain Bonwit Teller was formerly located .	Der Scutt , of Poor , Swanke , Hayden & Connell designed Trump Tower , and Trump and the Equitable Life Assurance Company ( now the AXA Equitable Life Insurance Company ) developed it . Although it is in one of Midtown Manhattan 's special zoning districts , the tower was approved because it was to be built as a mixed - use development . Trump was permitted to add more stories to the tower because of the atrium on the ground floor . There were controversies during construction , including the destruction of historically important sculptures from the Bonwit Teller store ; Trump 's alleged underpaying of contractors ; and a lawsuit that Trump filed because the tower was not tax - exempt . Construction on the building began in 1979 . The atrium , apartments , offices , and stores opened on a staggered schedule from February to November 1983 . At first , there were few tenants willing to move in to the commercial and retail spaces ; the residential units were sold out within months of opening . Since 2016 , the tower has seen a large surge in visitation because of Trump 's 2016 presidential campaign and subsequent election -- both his 2016 and 2020 campaigns are headquartered in the tower . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 1.1 Context 1.2 Planning 1.3 Construction 1.3. 1 Incidents 1.4 Controversies 1.4. 1 Destruction of Bonwit Teller Building features 1.4. 2 Unpaid laborers 1.4. 3 Other controversies 2 Opening and later years 2.1 Occupancy 2.2 Valuation 2.3 Controversies 2.4 Incidents 3 Security issues 4 Architecture and location 4.1 Restaurants 4.2 Political notability 4.3 Uses 5 Tenants 6 Critical reception 7 In popular culture 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Development Looking upward from the Fifth Avenue entrance Context Donald Trump , a prominent New York City real estate developer , had envisioned building a tower at 56th Street and Fifth Avenue since childhood , but he only formulated plans to develop the site in the mid-1970s , when he was in his thirties . At the time , the Bonwit Teller flagship store , an architecturally renowned building built in 1929 , occupied the lot . The site was next to Tiffany 's flagship store on 57th Street , which Trump considered the city 's best real - estate property . Approximately twice every year , Trump contacted Bonwit Teller 's parent company , Genesco , to ask whether they were willing to sell Bonwit Teller 's flagship store . Trump said the first time he contacted Genesco , `` they literally laughed at me . '' Genesco continued to decline his offers and , according to Trump , `` they thought I was kidding . '' In 1977 , John Hanigan became the new chairman of Genesco . He looked to sell off some assets to pay debts , and Trump approached him with an offer to buy the Bonwit Teller building . In February 1979 , Genesco sold off many of the Bonwit Teller locations to Allied Stores , and sold the brand 's flagship building to the Trump Organization . At the time , the Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States owned the land , while Genesco had a long - term lease on the land , with 29 years remaining . If Trump were to buy the land , his tower 's ownership could be transferred to Equitable in 2008 , once the lease expired . Equitable initially refused to sell the land to Trump , but the Trump Organization bought the lease instead , and Equitable donated the land in return for a 50 % stake in the construction project itself . This was more profitable for Equitable , since they were only getting $100,000 per year from Genesco for the use of the land , while a single condominium in the tower could make millions of dollars . Trump also bought the air rights around Tiffany 's flagship store to prevent another developer from tearing down the store and building a taller building . Trump then needed to convince the New York City Department of City Planning , Manhattan Community Board 5 , and the New York City Board of Estimate to rezone the area for his planned tower . In 1979 , the New York Committee for a Balanced Building Boom had opposed the planned rezoning over fears Fifth Avenue 's character would be changed by the construction of skyscrapers . Trump later said that a positive review of the building by the famed architectural critic Ada Louise Huxtable had played a part in securing the support of some of the more skeptical members on each committee . The deal attracted some criticism from the media . A writer for New York magazine said that the approval of Trump Tower has `` legitimized a pushy kid nobody took seriously , '' while The Wall Street Journal wrote that Trump combined `` a huckster 's flair for hyperbole with a shrewd business and political sense , '' and The Village Voice said that Trump `` turn ( s ) political connections into private profits at public expense . '' Planning The Trump Organization closed Bonwit Teller 's flagship store in May 1979 , and the store was demolished by 1980 . Trump hired Der Scutt , the architect of Trump Tower , in July 1978 , a year before the Bonwit Teller site was purchased . Scutt had collaborated with Trump before to develop Grand Hyatt New York and several other projects . The architect initially proposed a design similar to Boston 's John Hancock Tower , but Trump objected strongly . He preferred a building that was both very tall and expensive , with a design that critics and potential tenants would approve of . The real - estate mogul later stated that `` the marble in Trump Tower would cost more than the entire rent from one of my buildings in Brooklyn . '' Two major factors affected Trump Tower 's construction . One was the decision to build it around a concrete frame , in contrast to many other skyscrapers , which were built on steel frames . Scutt said that a concrete frame was easier to build and was more rigid than a steel frame was . The other was the decision to design Trump Tower as a mixed - use building with retail , office , and residential units . Originally , Trump only wanted to build an office building on the site , but the plot was located in a special zoning district , which specified height limits for most office towers in the area . However , mixed - use towers with public space were exempt from the height limit . The Trump Organization built a five - story , 15,000 - square - foot ( 1,400 m ) atrium , which was legally designated a `` public space '' according to city code , in exchange for permission to add 20 stories to the planned tower . The Trump Organization also constructed terraces on the building 's setbacks , as well as a pedestrian arcade at ground level through the middle of the block , which connected to IBM 's 590 Madison Avenue tower to the east . At the time , the building was the only skyscraper on Fifth Avenue with its own retail space . As originally planned , the tower was to have 60 stories consisting of 13 office floors , 40 condominium floors , and two floors for mechanical uses , but this was later amended . The base was to be made of limestone , while the building 's elevators were to be in a separate glass structure outside the main tower . The final plan called for the building to contain 58 stories . The lowest six floors were to be occupied by the atrium , followed by 13 office floors above it , and 39 condominium floors above the office floors . While creating the final design for Trump Tower , Scutt studied the designs of other skyscrapers , almost all having a similar architectural form . To make Trump Tower stand out from the `` boxy '' International Style buildings being erected at the time , Scutt designed the tower as a 28 - faced edifice with an `` inverted pyramid of cubes '' at the base . This design received mixed reviews from critics : although it was widely praised as creative , many reviewers also believed the tower could be covered in masonry to blend in with neighboring buildings , or that its height should be reduced for the same reason . The city ultimately accepted this design . Construction HRH Construction was hired as the contractor on Trump Tower . The company would go on to build many of Trump 's other real - estate developments . HRH hired several dozen subcontractors to work on different aspects of the building . Barbara Res , who had worked on some of Trump 's other projects , was hired as the construction executive in October 1980 . She had previously worked for HRH Construction during the building of the Citigroup Center and the Grand Hyatt . Res was the first woman assigned to oversee a major New York City construction site . She was often ignored by subcontractors and suppliers who were new to the project , as they thought the person in charge of construction was a man . The head superintendent of the project was Anthony `` Tony Raf '' Rafaniello , who worked for HRH Construction . He was in charge of coordinating construction based on the site 's blueprints . Rafaniello was supported by five assistant superintendents , including Jeff Doynow , who was one of the first `` concrete supervisors '' to be hired for the construction of a skyscraper . After Rafaniello was hired for the Trump Tower project in September 1980 , he spent a week planning a three - phase construction schedule . Once the subcontractors were hired , Rafaniello made sure they met once a week ensure they were working on the same phase . Trump Tower 's proposed mixed - use status posed obstacles during construction since there were different regulations for residential , commercial , and retail spaces . Several prospective commercial and residential tenants requested custom - made features , including the installation of a swimming pool for one unit , and the removal of a wall with utilities inside it for another . Trump 's then - wife , Ivana Trump , was involved in selecting some of the tower 's minor details . Donald Trump and Res agreed to fulfill many of these requests , but they did not always agree on matters of design . In one case , Trump so hated the marble slabs at some of the tower 's corners that he demanded they be removed completely , even at great cost ; he eventually decided that bronze panels should be placed over the marble , but Res later said she refused to buy them . Trump Tower was also the first skyscraper with a concrete frame , and so the contractors had to complete a floor before they started erecting the floor above it . Concrete was more expensive in New York City than anywhere else in the United States , which raised the construction costs . All of the floors above the 20th used a roughly similar design , and each of these floors could be completed within two days . However , the floors below the 20th floor were all different , so each took several weeks to erect . Trump Tower was topped out by July 1982 , two - and - a-half years after the start of construction . Originally , it was estimated the tower would cost $100 million to build . The total cost ended up being approximately twice that ; this included $125 million in actual construction costs and $75 million for other expenditures such as insurance . Incidents Trump Tower had a low number of worker fatalities during construction . One worker died during the tower 's excavation after a neighboring sidewalk collapsed . Another incident occurred when the tower 's 25th through 27th floors accidentally caught fire , slightly damaging a construction crane . Firefighters had to rescue the crane 's operator . The fire delayed construction for two months . In May 1983 , a glass windowpane fell from a crane installing windows on the tower , hitting two pedestrians . One of them later died from a skull fracture . Controversies View of the atrium from its base Destruction of Bonwit Teller building features The art dealer Robert Miller owned a gallery across Fifth Avenue from the Bonwit Teller Building . When Miller heard the building was to be demolished , he contacted Penelope Hunter - Stiebel , a curator at the Metropolitan Museum of Art . In December 1979 , Stiebel and Trump agreed that the Art Deco limestone bas - relief sculptures of semi-nude goddesses on the Bonwit Teller Building 's facade , as well as the massive ornate 15 by 25 feet ( 4.6 by 7.6 m ) grille above the store 's entrance , would be removed and donated to the Metropolitan Museum . Miller had appraised the sculptures at between $200,000 and $250,000 . In February 1980 , Trump wrote a letter to an official at the museum , in which he stated , `` Our contractor plans to begin demolition on the exterior of the building in approximately three to four weeks . He has been instructed to save these artifacts and take all necessary measures to preserve them . '' Every week , the Trump Organization and Stiebel would meet to discuss the transport of the sculptures . However , Stiebel later said the Trump Organization never seemed to be able to agree on a specific date for their transport , and the organization had repeatedly dismissed her concerns about not having received the letter . On April 16 , 1980 , the grille and sculptures were removed from the building . They were set to be transported to a junkyard and destroyed because , according to Trump , there were general hazard concerns , expense , and a possible 10 - day construction delay due to the difficulty of removing them . Stiebel rode by taxicab to the building site and attempted to pay the workmen for the sculptures , but she was rebuffed . The workers in charge of demolition told her that she could make an appointment to go see the sculptures , but they then canceled several appointments that Stiebel made . The workers later told her that the building 's decorative grille had been transported to a New Jersey warehouse , but it was never recovered , and on May 28 , Stiebel was informed the grille had been `` lost '' . On June 5 , the sculptures were destroyed . Stiebel had received notice of the sculptures ' pending demolition , but by the time she reached the Trump Tower site , the workmen told her that they had been ordered to `` destroy it all . '' Trump later acknowledged he had personally ordered the destruction of the sculptures and grille . Trump said that these `` so - called Art Deco sculptures , which were garbage by the way , '' had been informally appraised by three different individuals as `` not valuable , '' and they had pegged the sculptures ' value at $4,000 to $5,000 . He also told the media that carefully removing the sculptures would have cost him an extra $500,000 and would have delayed his project . In a New York Magazine article in November 1980 , Trump said that the decor of his Grand Hyatt New York included `` real art , not like the junk I destroyed at Bonwit Teller . '' The New York Times condemned Trump 's actions as `` esthetic vandalism , '' and a spokesman for Mayor Ed Koch said Trump had failed his `` moral responsibility to consider the interests of the people of the city . '' Scutt was outraged by the destruction , having initially hoped to incorporate the goddess sculptures into the new building 's lobby design ; Trump had rejected the plan , preferring something `` more contemporary . '' Miller lamented that such things would `` never be made again , '' and Peter M. Warner , a researcher who worked across the street , called the destruction `` regrettable . '' However , Trump later said he used the notoriety of that act to advertise more residential units in the tower . Unpaid laborers In 1983 , a class - action lawsuit was filed against the Trump Organization concerning unpaid pension and medical obligations to labor unions that helped build the towers . Trump had paid $774,000 to a window - cleaning company that employed undocumented Polish immigrants during the renovation of an adjoining building . According to the laborers , they were paid $4 an hour for 12 - hour shifts , and were not told about asbestos in the under - construction structure . Trump testified in 1990 he was unaware that 200 undocumented Polish immigrants , some of whom lived at the site during a 1980 transit strike , and worked round - the - clock shifts , were involved in the destruction of the Bonwit Teller building and the Trump Tower project . Trump said he rarely visited the demolition site and never noticed the laborers , who were visually distinct for their lack of hard hats . A labor consultant and FBI informant testified that Trump was aware of the illegal workers ' status . Trump testified that he and an executive used the pseudonym `` John Baron '' in some of his business dealings , although Trump said he did not do so until years after Trump Tower was constructed . A labor lawyer testified that he was threatened over the phone with a $100 million lawsuit by a John Baron who supposedly worked for the Trump Organization . Donald Trump later told a reporter , `` Lots of people use pen names . Ernest Hemingway used one . '' After the laborers filed for a mechanic 's lien over unpaid wages , they said a Trump Organization lawyer threatened to have the Immigration and Naturalization Service deport them . A judge ruled in favor of the Polish laborers in 1991 , saying that the organization had to pay the workers . The contractor was ultimately ordered to pay the laborers $254,000 . The case went through several appeals by both sides as well as non-jury trials , and was reassigned to different judges several times . The original named plaintiff , plaintiffs ' attorney , and two co-defendants , died during the litigation , leading Judge Kevin Duffy to compare it unfavorably to Charles Dickens ' fictional case Jarndyce and Jarndyce in June 1998 , when he was assigned the case after the death of the previous presiding judge . The lawsuit was ultimately settled in 1999 , with its records sealed . In November 2017 , U.S. District Judge Loretta A. Preska ordered the settlement documents unsealed . In the settlement , Trump agreed to pay a total of $1.375 million , which , according to the plaintiffs ' lawyer , was the full amount that could have been recovered at trial . Other controversies There were several other controversies related to the construction process . In one case , Trump sued a contractor for `` total incompetence . '' Construction was also halted twice because minority rights ' groups protested outside the Trump Tower site to condemn the dearth of minority construction workers . Trump was also involved in a disagreement with Mayor Koch about whether the tower should get a tax exemption . In 1985 , Trump was one of the plaintiffs in a lawsuit against the state in the New York State Court of Appeals concerning the payment of a 10 % state tax in the event that a real estate property is transacted for $1 million or more . The exemption was worth between $15 million and $20 million . The tax on Trump Tower was upheld in a 4 to 1 decision . The City of New York granted Trump permission to build the top 20 stories of the building in exchange for operating the atrium as a city - administered , privately owned public space . In the lobby of the building are two Trump merchandise kiosks ( one of which replaced a long public bench ) operating out of compliance with city regulations . The city issued a notice of violation in July 2015 , demanding the bench be put back in place . Although the Trump Organization initially said that the violation was without merit , a lawyer speaking for Trump 's organization stated in January 2016 that the kiosks would be removed in two to four weeks , before an expected court ruling . In 2015 , journalist David Cay Johnston questioned the particular use of concrete and suggested there was a connection with organized crime . Johnston stated that a 1992 book by journalist Wayne Barrett had also come to similar conclusions : `` Trump did n't just do business with mobbed - up concrete companies : he also probably met personally with ( Anthony ) Salerno at the townhouse of notorious New York fixer Roy Cohn ... at a time when other developers in New York were pleading with the FBI to free them of mob control of the concrete business . '' Barrett himself questioned some of Trump 's business dealings in a Daily Beast article in 2011 , and that concrete was one of `` several dozen '' suspected mob connections that Trump had . Opening and later years Occupancy Clock in front of Trump Tower Trump bought full - page advertisements in multiple newspapers and magazines to advertise his new tower . The first tenants included Asprey and Ludwig Beck , who moved into the building before its planned opening in early 1983 . The grand opening of the atrium and stores was held on February 14 , 1983 , with the apartments and offices following shortly afterwards . The tower 's 40 ground - level stores opened for business on November 30 , 1983 . At the building 's dedication , Mayor Koch said , `` This is not your low - income housing project ( ... ) of which we need many . But we also need accommodations , uh , for those who can afford to pay a lot of money and bring a lot of taxes into the city . '' By August 1983 , the construction loan for Trump Tower 's construction had been paid off using the $260 million revenue from the sale of 85 % the 263 condominium units . Ninety - one units , representing over a third of the tower 's total housing stock , had sold more than $1 million . The first residents were set to begin moving in that month . Despite the destruction of the Bonwit Teller store 's building , the flagship store itself was able to keep operating at the site , having signed a lease for 80,000 square feet ( 7,400 m ) within the lower - levels ' shopping area . The controversy over the destruction of the Bonwit Teller decorations had largely passed : in August 1983 , one New York Times reporter wrote that `` the only negative comments about Donald Trump these days are given off the record . '' By then , there were forty high - end outfits that had opened stores in the tower . These included Buccellati , Charles Jourdan brands , Mondi , and Fila . Trump said in 1985 that there were more than 100 stores wanting to move into a space in the tower . Around this time , he began describing the tower as `` something of a New York landmark . '' By 1986 , between 15 % and 20 % of the tower 's original stores had closed or moved to another location . The commercial rents were the highest of any building along Fifth Avenue at the time , with retail space in the atrium costing $450 per square foot ( $4,800 / m ) per year . One writer for Vanity Fair magazine noted that as tenants were evicted from the tower 's atrium due to high rents , several of them sued the Trump Organization for issues such as overbilling and illegal lease termination . The residential units were more successful , and 95 % of the condominiums were sold in the first four months after it opened , despite their high prices . The cost of condominiums at the tower started at $600,000 and ranged up to $12 million , and the penthouse was sold for $15 million in 1985 . The tower attracted many rich and famous residents , including Johnny Carson , David Merrick , Sophia Loren , and Steven Spielberg . At least one unidentified resident , who lived on the same floor as Johnny Carson , built a private swimming pool in their unit . In total , Trump received $300 million from the sale of the condominiums , which more than offset the $200 million cost of construction . However , by 1991 , Trump was already involved in lawsuits against residents : in October of that year , he successfully sued actor Pia Zadora and her husband , businessman Meshulam Riklis , to collect $1 million in unpaid rent . The flagship Bonwit Teller store remained as one of Trump Tower 's retail offerings until March 1990 , when its parent company declared bankruptcy and closed the Trump Tower location . In July of that year , Galeries Lafayette announced that it would sign a 25 - year lease to move into the space previously occupied by Bonwit Teller , a move that expanded its business to the United States while helping Trump pay off the debts incurred by the tower 's construction and operation . The new store opened in September 1991 after a $13.7 million renovation , but was unprofitable and lost a net $3.6 million in the first year alone because it had only made $8.4 million in sales . Galeries Lafayette announced that it would be closing the Trump Tower location in August 1994 , less than three years after it opened , due to its inability to pay the $8 million annual rent and taxes . However , critics cited other factors , including the decision not to include merchandise from top French designers as the company 's French locations had done . The Galeries Lafayette store was replaced with a Niketown location . By this time , most of the high - end retailers had moved out of Trump Tower , having been replaced with more upper - middle - class outlets such as Coach and Dooney & Bourke . The Niketown store still remained in the tower as of the 2016 election with a lease at that location until 2022 . Nike also leased some space at 6 East 57th Street next to the tower , but in November 2016 , it signed a $700 million contract for a new retail space a few blocks south , having intended to move out of 6 East 57th since 2013 . During and after the election , there were petitions to relocate the Niketown store , created by advocacy organizations who opposed Trump 's election . Valuation Main entrance In 2006 , Forbes magazine valued the 300,000 square feet ( 28,000 m ) of office space at up to $318 million ; the tower itself was valued at $288 million , since the Trump Organization had a $30 million mortgage on the property . As of 2013 , that mortgage had risen to $100 million . The valuation of the building rose from $490 million in 2014 to $600 million in 2015 due to increased rent payments by anchor store Gucci . This revaluation made the tower the single most expensive property under Trump 's ownership . In 2016 , however , the tower 's value dropped sharply from $630 million to $471 million , losing $159 million of valuation due to a 20 % reduction in the tower 's operating income and a further 8 % decline in the overall value of real estate in Manhattan . Due to a $100 million debt incurred on Trump Tower , Forbes magazine calculated the tower 's net worth at $371 million , excluding the Trumps ' three - story penthouse , which has a net floor area of 10,996 square feet ( 1,021.6 m ) . Controversies In March 2017 , after Trump was elected president , he wrote several posts on Twitter claiming that former President Barack Obama had wiretapped phones in the tower toward the end of the 2016 campaign . An Obama spokesperson refuted the claims and , during a subsequent meeting with the House of Representatives ' Intelligence Committee that discussed the issue , FBI Director James Comey informed the committee that there was no evidence of wiretapping in the tower . In response to allegations that the Trump campaign colluded with Russia , media outlets such as The Guardian and The Wall Street Journal have referred to Trump Tower as `` Russia House , '' especially after the wiretapping claims . Trump also claimed to own the painting Two Sisters ( On the Terrace ) , an 1881 work by French Impressionist artist Pierre - Auguste Renoir . The original work hangs in the Art Institute of Chicago . In October 2017 , Timothy L. O'Brien said that during his interviews with Trump for the book TrumpNation : The Art of Being The Donald , he asked Trump about the copy of Two Sisters , which was then on Trump 's plane . Trump repeatedly said that his copy was the genuine work , despite O'Brien's statements to the contrary . By then , the Renoir copy was hanging in Trump 's penthouse office . The Art Institute of Chicago released a statement refuting Trump 's claim that his Renoir copy was the genuine one . Incidents On August 9 , 2016 , a man posted a YouTube video where he said he was an independent researcher wishing to speak to Donald Trump . It went viral . The next day , a man , suspected to be the one who had posted the YouTube video , climbed the outside of Trump Tower from the 5th to the 21st floors . He was aid climbing using industrial suction cups . During the incident , the police attempted to `` safely isolate '' the climber , breaking and removing windows to try to capture him . After climbing for two hours and 45 minutes , the NYPD Emergency Service Units ( ESU ) apprehended him at the 21st floor of the tower . The man identified himself as Stephen Rogata , a 20 - year - old Virginia resident . Rogata was arrested for endangerment and criminal trespassing and taken to Bellevue Hospital for psychiatric evaluation . At around 5 : 30 p.m. ( EDT ) on April 7 , 2018 , a 4 - alarm fire broke out in a condominium in the tower 's 50th floor , killing a resident and injuring six firefighters . The cause of the blaze has not yet been released . In a Twitter post , Trump attributed the fire 's limited damage to the building 's design . The sole fatality was 67 - year - old Todd Brassner , an art dealer known for his association with Andy Warhol , who had endured debilitating medical problems for several years . Brassner 's apartment , as well as the rest of the residential units in Trump Tower , did not contain sprinklers because the structure had been built before 1999 , when the city passed a law requiring sprinklers in residential units ; Trump had lobbied against the proposal . The April 2018 fire followed a minor electrical fire at the tower earlier that year , which had injured three people . Security issues Demonstrators and security outside Trump Tower 's entrance Serious issues concerning safety and security in the building arose after Trump was declared president - elect of the United States on November 8 , 2016 . Trump Tower had served as a rallying point for protests against Trump in the days after the election 's results were announced , thus requiring extra deployment of security officials . The Federal Aviation Administration imposed a no - fly zone over Trump Tower until January 20 , 2017 , and the NYPD stated that it expected to spend $35 million to provide security to the tower , of which $7 million would be repaid by Congress . The NYPD later revised its estimate to $24 million . Street closures were imposed along the east side of Fifth Avenue and on the north side of 56th Street , and NYPD officers started stopping and questioning pedestrians about their destinations . The block of 56th Street between Fifth and Madison Avenues was closed completely to vehicular traffic , but the eastern part of the street , located west of Madison Avenue , was later reopened to allow local deliveries . Customers of the Gucci and Tiffany stores in Trump Tower 's lobby were allowed to proceed , while other pedestrians were redirected to the opposite side of the street . During presidential visits , dump trucks from the New York City Department of Sanitation were parked outside the tower to prevent car bombs . Fire protection was also provided for the tower whenever Trump visited it . The press nicknamed the now - heavily secured building `` White House North '' , comparing it to the White House 's West Wing . As a result of the heavy security , businesses around the tower saw decreased patronage due to less foot traffic in the heavily secured area . Protests around the tower subsided after Trump 's inauguration in January 2017 , and by summer 2017 , security measures around the tower had been loosened somewhat , owing to the fact that most of them were implemented only when Trump was actually in the tower . However , several businesses at the tower 's base had closed by then because of a reduction in the number of customers . Despite the heavy security after the 2016 election , there have been some detentions and arrests related to the increased security at the tower . On December 6 , a woman managed to bypass security and go to the 24th floor -- two floors below Donald Trump 's office -- before being stopped by Secret Service officers . A week later on December 13 , a Baruch College student who was arrested at Trump Tower was found to have multiple weapons , including knives , a garrote , and firecrackers . The next day , NYPD detained another man who reportedly got angry after he wanted to meet Donald Trump at the tower , and threw a wine glass on the lobby floor . Architecture and location The Gucci store in Trump Tower is at the northeast corner of Fifth Avenue and 56th Street . Zoomed - out view of the Gucci store , showing a security blockade over 56th Street Trump Tower is located at 721 -- 725 Fifth Avenue in north Midtown , on the east side of Fifth Avenue between 56th and 57th Streets . The building 's main entrance is on Fifth Avenue , with a side entrance on 56th Street only for residents . Above the main entrance is a logo with 34 - inch - high ( 86 cm ) brass capital letters in Stymie Extra Bold font , which reads `` TRUMP TOWER '' . On the sidewalk opposite the main entrance , there is also a four - sided brown - and - beige clock , which was created by the Electric Time Company and is nearly 16 feet ( 4.9 m ) tall . Retail outlets include Gucci 's flagship store at ground floor retail . A Tiffany & Co. store is next door in its own Art Deco building at 1 East 57th Street . The tower is well - served by public transportation , being about 600 feet ( 180 m ) from three New York City Subway stations : Fifth Avenue / 53rd Street , Fifth Avenue -- 59th Street , and 57th Street -- Sixth Avenue . The 58 - story Trump Tower is 664 feet ( 202 m ) high , making it the 64th tallest building in New York City . The top story is marked as `` 68 '' because , according to Trump , the five - story - tall public atrium occupied the height of 10 ordinary stories . However , several Bloomberg L.P. writers later determined that Trump 's calculations did not account for the fact the ceiling heights in Trump Tower were much taller than in comparable buildings , and the tower did not have any floors numbered 6 -- 13 . The tower is a reinforced concrete shear wall core structure . At the time of its completion , it was the tallest structure of its type in the world . Trump Tower used 45,000 cubic yards ( 34,000 m ) of concrete and 3,800 tons of steelwork . The 28 - sided structure , with a stepped facade , was intended to give the tower more window exposure . A concrete hat - truss at the top of the building , similar to one used in the Trump World Tower , ties exterior columns with the concrete core . This hat - truss increases the effective dimensions of the core to that of the building allowing the building to resist the overturning of lateral forces such as those caused by wind , minor earthquakes , and other impacts perpendicular to the building 's height . The tower 's public spaces are clad in 240 tons of Breccia Pernice , a pink white - veined marble . Four gold - painted elevators transport visitors from the lobby to higher floors ; a dedicated elevator leads directly to the penthouse where the Trump family lives . Mirrors and brass are used throughout the well - furnished apartments and the kitchens are outfitted with `` standard suburban '' cabinets . The building has thirteen office floors on levels 14 to 26 , then another 39 condominium floors containing 263 condominiums on levels 30 -- 68 . Trump later stated that he had placed the first residential floor on the level numbered 30 as part of a marketing strategy for all of his towers , and that he `` did not see why he should be forced to call the first residential floor something mundane like the second floor , or even the 20th floor . '' Many of the apartments are furnished , but some of the upper - floor commercial spaces come unfurnished . The design extends to the office lobby , located off Fifth Avenue , and the five - level atrium , which features a 60 - foot - high ( 18 m ) internal waterfall along the eastern wall that is spanned by a suspended walkway , shops , and cafes . The atrium , legally a privately operated public space ( POPS ) , is bedecked in marble , which has been described as `` rosy and yellow , '' and is crowned with a skylight . The atrium was originally supposed to be furnished with multiple 40 - foot ( 12 m ) , 3,000 - pound ( 1,400 kg ) trees , which were transported at a cost of $75,000 , but Trump , who supposedly did not like how the trees looked , personally cut them down after impatiently waiting for contractors to painstakingly remove them via a tunnel . The atrium comprises the northern part of a two - block pedestrian plaza between Fifth and Madison Avenues , connecting to the atrium at 550 Madison Avenue ( then the AT&T Building ) to the south . When the tower opened , the Fifth Avenue Association awarded the first - prize `` mixed use building '' award to the atrium , marking the association 's first award in five years . The tower has two outdoor terraces as part of Trump 's agreement with the city during construction . There is a terrace on the fifth floor on the northern ( 57th Street ) side of the building , with a smaller fourth - floor terrace on the southern ( 56th Street ) side . The fifth - floor north - side terrace has several trees and a fountain , while the fourth - floor south - side terrace has little more than a few granite benches . There is also a passageway to a glass - roofed POPS at 590 Madison Avenue . Restaurants The building contains four establishments for eating or drinking : Trump Bar , Trump 's Ice Cream Parlor , Trump Cafe , and Trump Grill . Of these , Trump Bar is the only establishment at the atrium level ; the other three are located in the basement . The stepped facade of the building 's base The stepped corners are filled with trees . Trump Grill was generally panned as gaudy - looking and the food bland - tasting . Vanity Fair called it a contender for `` the worst restaurant in America , '' with different menus for different customers and `` steakhouse classics doused with unnecessarily high - end ingredients . '' Eater rated the food as `` totally unadventuresome and predictable , though competently prepared , like food you might find in a country club . '' New York magazine wrote that `` despite what the sign reads , countless restaurants trump this spot . '' In December 2016 , Yelp reviews of Trump Grill averaged two - and - a-half out of five stars , while Google reviews averaged three of five stars . Eater reviewed the three other establishments as well , finding them to be commonplace compared to Trump Tower 's stature . The ice cream was described as `` almost too soft to be scooped , '' and the cafe contained food such as a `` rubbery and overcooked '' hamburger patty and some `` inedible '' steak fries . The reviewers at Eater also wrote that the bar offered a small , overpriced drink menu and snacks that `` do little to affirm the luxury that the place aspires to . '' Vice magazine also reviewed the bar and found it to be overpriced , with `` a strong pour of watered - down vodka and a few Manzanilla olives '' costing twenty dollars . New York magazine , reviewing the cafe , found the food to be `` safe classics '' that contrasted with the cafe 's grandeur . Political notability In the 2012 presidential election , Republican nominee Mitt Romney earned over 50 % of the vote in the precinct that included Trump Tower , one of two Manhattan voting precincts to do so ( the other being the precinct that included the Waldorf Astoria New York hotel ) . However , although Trump received 23 votes in the district during the 2016 Republican primary , signifying the most votes of any Republican candidate there , there were 67 votes for his opponent Hillary Clinton in the 2016 Democratic primary . In 2016 , within the precinct that contained Trump Tower , 200 people voted for Clinton as opposed to 95 for Trump . Since the launch of Trump 's presidential campaign in 2015 , the number of visits to the tower had risen drastically , with many of the visitors being supporters of Trump 's candidacy . The tower gained popularity among New York City tourists in 2016 , especially after Trump was elected president . There are stores selling Trump merchandise in the atrium . During Trump 's 2016 presidential campaign , the stores sold campaign memorabilia such as hats , with the proceeds going toward funding his campaign . In 2017 , the city ordered the removal of two unauthorized kiosks in Trump Tower selling Trump 's merchandise . Uses The NBC television show The Apprentice was filmed in Trump Tower , on the fifth floor , in a fully functional television studio . The set of The Apprentice included the famous boardroom , which was prominently featured in the television show , where at least one person was fired at the end of each episode . Donald J. Trump for President , Inc. , founded in 2015 , is headquartered within part of the space where The Apprentice was filmed ; unlike the former boardroom , the headquarters is unfurnished , with some offices containing `` only drywall and no door . '' After Trump 's successful election in 2016 , he indicated that Donald J. Trump for President , Inc. , would remain in Trump Tower to organize his 2020 re-election campaign . Tenants This article is part of a series about Donald Trump President of the United States Incumbent Presidency Transition Inauguration Timeline Executive actions Proclamations Polls Protests Trips international Appointments Cabinet formation Ambassadors Federal judges Neil Gorsuch Supreme Court candidates U.S. Attorneys Dismissals Sally Yates Michael Flynn James Comey Rex Tillerson Policy positions Economy tariffs Environment Paris withdrawal Foreign policy as candidate as President Immigration Social issues cannabis Presidential election 2016 campaign Rallies Primaries Convention Endorsements Debates Never Trump Republican opposition Sexual misconduct allegations Stormy Daniels -- Donald Trump scandal 2020 campaign 2000 campaign Russia controversies Business projects in Russia Election interference timeline Trump -- Russia dossier Classified information disclosure Links of associates with Russian officials Trump campaign -- Russian meetings Special Counsel investigation ( hide ) Business and personal Business career The Trump Organization Books Eponyms Family Foundation Legal affairs Racial views Residences Social media The Apprentice franchise Donald Trump , his wife Melania , and their son Barron maintain a three - story residence on the penthouse floors . Until 2017 , the tower was their main residence , among the family 's other homes at Mar - a-Lago in Florida ; Seven Springs in Bedford , New York ; and part of an estate in Charlottesville , Virginia . Since January 2017 , Trump lives primarily at the White House . Melania and Barron lived in Trump Tower until June 2017 , when they moved into the White House . Barron is reported to live on his own floor . Before Trump became president , his offices were located on the 26th floor , and he had a private elevator between the penthouse and his office . In an 1984 article in GQ magazine , Trump 's then - wife Ivana said that the first floor of the penthouse had the living , dining , and entertainment rooms and kitchen ; the second had a balcony over the living room as well as their bedrooms and bathrooms ; and the third contained bedrooms for the children , maids , and guests . Angelo Donghia provided the original black - and - white , brass - and - mahogany design for the penthouse , which was later replaced with a gold - and - Greek - column design after Trump reportedly saw the more lavish house of Saudi businessman Adnan Khashoggi . Noted soccer organizations and players have rented space or lived in Trump Tower . CONCACAF , the governing body of association football in North and Central America and the Caribbean , occupies the entire 17th floor . Chuck Blazer , the former president of CONCACAF , used to live in two apartments on the 49th floor . One of these apartments , a $6,000 - per - month suite , was occupied mainly by his cats , while Blazer lived in an adjoining $18,000 - per - month apartment . The apartments and office space were described as part of an `` extravagant '' lifestyle that ultimately resulted in Blazer being apprehended and becoming an FBI informant in a corruption investigation against association soccer organizations worldwide , including CONCACAF and FIFA . Another noted soccer figure living in Trump Tower is José Maria Marin , former president of the Brazilian Football Confederation , who is currently under house arrest in his apartment for FIFA - related corruption charges . As well , Portuguese footballer Cristiano Ronaldo bought an $18.5 million apartment in the tower in August 2015 and planned to buy another $23 million apartment in 2016 . Other residents include former Trump campaign manager Paul Manafort , who lived in the tower when he was Trump 's campaign manager ; art dealer Hillel `` Helly '' Nahmad , who bought a second apartment in the tower in July 2010 ; pharmaceutical entrepreneur Stewart Rahr , who has a corporate space on the 24th floor ; Juan Beckmann Vidal , the owner of tequila brand Jose Cuervo ; Prince Mutaib bin Abdulaziz Al Saud of Saudi Arabia , who reportedly lives on an entire floor in the tower ; and actor Bruce Willis , who bought a $4.26 million apartment in 2007 from one of Trump 's opponents . Additionally , Qatar Airways , owned by the Qatari government , has had a corporate campus in the tower since at least 2008 , a fact that news media outlets noted when one of Trump 's executive orders , EO 13769 , banned immigration from seven majority - Muslim Middle Eastern countries , but not from Qatar . Past tenants include Jean - Claude `` Baby Doc '' Duvalier , the ex-president of Haiti who died in 2014 , who was discovered to have lived in a $2 million apartment on the 54th floor in 1989 , when public records in Haiti showed that he had forgotten to pay his bills . The singer Michael Jackson rented an apartment on the 63rd floor during the 1990s . The composer Andrew Lloyd Webber , known for musicals such as Cats , moved out of his 59th and 60th floor apartment in 2010 after 17 years of stating his intention to do so . Carlos Peralta , a billionaire businessman from Mexico , sold an apartment in Trump Tower in 2009 for $13.5 million . In addition , Donald J. Trump for President , Inc. 's headquarters were on the fifth floor . Trump 's parents , Fred and Mary , had a second home on the 63rd floor they sometimes used when visiting Manhattan . In February 2017 , the United States Department of Defense announced it was looking to lease space in Trump Tower , to house `` personnel and equipment '' dedicated to protecting President Trump . This followed precedents where the DOD bought space in other presidents ' properties , but the difference in this case was that the DOD 's plan would directly profit Trump 's business holdings . Later that month , a controversial Indiegogo campaign launched to house refugees in Trump Tower in response to EO 13769 , which barred nationals of several majority - Muslim countries from entering the United States before being superseded by EO 13780 . Critical reception The waterfall in the atrium , described as gaudy by a Frommer 's review Fodor 's New York City 2010 described Trump Tower 's `` ostentatious atrium '' as an example of the `` unbridled luxury '' of the 1980s , characterized by `` expensive boutiques and gaudy brass everywhere . '' The tower 's public atrium , along with that of Citigroup Center a few blocks away , was described as a convenient public area . Frommer 's called the tower a `` bold and brassy place '' whose golden sign `` practically screams ' Look at me ! ' '' , with more evidence of the tower 's gaudiness provided by its spacious atrium , pink - marble waterfall , and interior mall . Meanwhile , Insight Guides ' 2016 edition recommended Trump Tower as an example of the `` opulence synonymous with Manhattan in the 1980s . '' The tower 's atrium and waterfall was described as distinguishable for those who watched The Apprentice . In a 1982 review of the building , New York Times architecture critic Paul Goldberger contrasted the `` reflective '' Trump Tower with the nearby postmodern 550 Madison Avenue building . In a later review just before the tower opened , Goldberger said that the tower was `` turning out to be a much more positive addition to the cityscape than the architectural oddsmakers would have had it , '' and that the indoor atrium might become `` the most pleasant interior public space to be completed in New York in some years . '' However , he criticized the `` hyperactive '' exterior of the tower , contrasting it with Tiffany 's `` serene , '' solid facade next door , as well as the narrowness of passageways within the atrium , saying that it created `` little room for milling or casual strolling . '' Before the atrium opened , Ada Louise Huxtable , an architectural critic for the New York Times , said that the building was a `` dramatically handsome structure . '' However , she reversed her opinion on the opening of the atrium , saying that the tower was really a `` monumentally undistinguished one '' and commenting that her earlier comments were taken out of context . Huxtable also called the atrium a `` pink - marble maelstrom '' and publicly requested in one of her editorials that Trump remove one of her quotes from his building 's lobby . Another writer for that newspaper described the tower in 1984 as `` preposterously lavish '' and `` showy , even pretentious . '' Architect Gregory Stanford described the atrium as `` pretty horrible . '' By contrast , a review from 1983 had predicted that it could be New York City 's `` most pleasant interior public space '' to be built in recent history . The fifth edition of the AIA Guide to New York City , published in 2010 , described Trump Tower as a `` fantasyland for the affluent shopper '' hidden by `` folded glass , '' with the Trump theme evident throughout the building . Comparing the building 's interior design to alcoholic drink brands , the authors wrote that the design was less like a high - end `` Veuve Clicquot '' and more like a generic `` malt liquor . '' In popular culture Trump Tower served as the location for Wayne Enterprises in Christopher Nolan 's The Dark Knight Rises . In a 2012 vlog post , comprising one of the few movie reviews on the Trump Organization 's YouTube channel , Trump referred to the movie as `` really terrific '' and that `` most importantly Trump Tower -- my building -- plays a role . '' Trump Tower , a romance novel by Jeffrey Robinson , chronicles the sexual activities of fictional characters living in the tower . News media reported on the novel 's existence during the last week of the 2016 presidential campaign . The novel was never formally published but is registered as having an International Standard Book Number . For unknown reasons , some versions of the novel are advertised with Trump as the author . Trump Tower is featured on the cover of the 1997 video game Grand Theft Auto and is depicted in the 2008 sequel Grand Theft Auto IV . See also List of things named after Donald Trump References ^ Jump up to : `` Trump Tower '' . The Skyscraper Center . Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rubin & Mandell 1984 , p. 15 . ^ Jump up to : Gray , Christopher ( October 3 , 2014 ) . `` The Store That Slipped Through the Cracks '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2015 . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Builder Who Trumps His Peers '' . Chicago Tribune . February 9 , 1987 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tuccille 1985 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ `` New Genesco Chief Aims to Consolidate Divisions '' . The New York Times . May 3 , 1977 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin & Mandell 1984 , p. 15 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Barmash , Isadore ( February 6 , 1979 ) . `` 45 Genesco Shops to Go To Allied '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barmash , Isadore ( February 6 , 1979 ) . `` 45 Genesco Shops to Go To allied '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin & Mandell 1984 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Tuccille 1985 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Rubin & Mandell 1984 , pp. 22 -- 23 . ^ Jump up to : Wedemeyer , Dee ( March 1 , 1979 ) . `` 60 ‐ Story Tower Sought For Bonwit ‐ Teller Site '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Elstein , Aaron . `` Trump 's lost Empire : The deal that marked the Donald 's turn from New York real estate '' . Crain 's New York Business . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rubin & Mandell 1984 , p. 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zoning Change Opposed For Tower at Bonwit Site '' . The New York Times . September 6 , 1979 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rubin & Mandell 1984 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Brenner , Marie ( November 17 , 1980 ) . Trumping the Town . New York Media , LLC . p. 27 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Glenn ( June 5 , 1979 ) . `` Bonwit Seeks to Return To a Fifth Avenue Site '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin & Mandell 1984 , p. 28 . ^ Jump up to : Rubin & Mandell 1984 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Rubin & Mandell 1984 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Rubin & Mandell 1984 , p. 30 . ^ Jump up to : Cheshes , Jay ( November 30 , 2001 ) . `` New York Metro Short List : Trump 's Edifice Complex '' . New York . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2016 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Huxtable , Ada Louise ( July 1 , 1979 ) . `` Architecture View '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Everything You Should Know About Trump Tower '' . Town & Country . August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin & Mandell 1984 , pp. 32 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Rubin & Mandell 1984 , p. 36 . ^ Jump up to : Rubin & Mandell 1984 . Jump up ^ `` THE MANAGER BEHIND THE MOGUL '' . Washington Post . September 23 , 1989 . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rubin & Mandell 1984 , p. 100 . ^ Jump up to : Daly , Michael ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` Trump 's Female Tower Boss Talks About His Half - Billion Dollar Debt , Womanizing , and How He Learned to be Shameless '' . The Daily Beast . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2016 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rubin & Mandell 1984 , p. 75 . ^ Jump up to : Res , Barbara A. ( July 2013 ) All Alone on the 68th Floor : How one Woman Changed the Face of Construction . Createspace Publishing , New Jersey . Jump up ^ Rubin & Mandell 1984 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Rubin & Mandell 1984 , p. 95 . ^ Jump up to : Rubin & Mandell 1984 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Rubin & Mandell 1984 , p. 111 . ^ Jump up to : Rubin & Mandell 1984 , p. 101 . ^ Jump up to : Rubin & Mandell 1984 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Rubin & Mandell 1984 , pp. 77 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Rubin & Mandell 1984 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Rubin & Mandell 1984 , pp. 120 -- 121 . Jump up ^ `` POSTINGS ; Tower Topped Off '' . The New York Times . July 11 , 1982 . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rubin & Mandell 1984 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Rubin & Mandell 1984 , p. 136 . Jump up ^ `` Fire officials said today the four - alarm fire that roared ... '' UPI . January 29 , 1982 . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rubin & Mandell 1984 , p. 139 . Jump up ^ Buder , Leonard ( May 13 , 1983 ) . `` 2 HURT AS GLASS FALLS FROM HOIST AT TRUMP TOWER '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` THE CITY ; Man Hit by Glass From Tower Dies '' . The New York Times . June 28 , 1983 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rubin & Mandell 1984 , p. 42 . ^ Jump up to : Leccese , Michael ( July 1 , 1980 ) . `` New York City Trumped : Developer Smashes Panels '' . Preservation News . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2015 . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Trump 's first media controversy is a really great story -- The Portland Press Herald / Maine Sunday Telegram '' . March 18 , 2016 . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rubin & Mandell 1984 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Michael Kranish ; Marc Fisher ( August 23 , 2016 ) . Trump Revealed : An American Journey of Ambition , Ego , Money , and Power . Simon and Schuster . p. 86 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 5011 - 5577 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Rubin & Mandell 1984 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ `` Developer Scraps Bonwit Sculptures ; Builder Orders Bonwit Art Deco Sculptures Destroyed '' . The New York Times . June 6 , 1980 . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rubin & Mandell 1984 , p. 45 . ^ Jump up to : Brenner , Marie ( November 17 , 1980 ) . Trumping the Town . New York Magazine . New York Media , LLC . p. 26 . ISSN 0028 - 7369 . Jump up ^ `` Topics Crumbling Patrimony ; Mr. Trump 's Jackhammer Days Beyond Father 's '' . The New York Times . June 15 , 1980 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mcfadden , Robert D. ( June 6 , 1980 ) . `` Developer Scraps Bonwit Sculptures ; Builder Orders Bonwit Art Deco Sculptures Destroyed '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Raab , Selwyn ( June 14 , 1998 ) . `` After 15 Years in Court , Workers ' Lawsuit Against Trump Faces Yet Another Delay '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2015 . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bagli , Charles V. ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Trump Paid Over $1 Million in Labor Settlement , Documents Reveal '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Baquet , Dean ( July 13 , 1990 ) . `` Trump Says He Did n't Know He Employed Illegal Aliens '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Daly , Michael ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` Trump Tower Was Built On Undocumented Workers ' Backs '' . The Daily Beast . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2015 . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hays , Constance L. ( April 27 , 1991 ) . `` Judge Says Trump Tower Builders Cheated Union on Pension Funds '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Donovan v. Kaszycki & Sons Contractors , Inc. , 599 F. Supp. 860 ( S.D.N.Y. 1984 ) ( `` The Court finds in favor of plaintiff on all claims and orders as follows : ( 1 ) defendants are hereby ordered to pay to plaintiff , for the benefit of the employees listed in Appendix A , $254,523.59 in unpaid wages and overtime compensation , and $254,523.59 as liquidated damages ; and ( 2 ) defendants are hereby enjoined from future violations of 29 U.S.C. § 206 ( a ) , § 207 ( a ) , § 211 ( c ) , and § 215 ( a ) . '' ) . Jump up ^ Raab , Selwyn ( June 14 , 1998 ) . `` After 15 Years in Court , Workers ' Lawsuit Against Trump Faces Yet Another Delay '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ See : Reversing summary judgment to defendant : Diduck v. Kaszycki & Sons Contractors , Inc. , 874 F. 2d 912 ( 2nd Cir. 1989 ) ( `` Surmise , conjecture and conclusory allegations are not enough ; plaintiff must make an affirmative showing that his version of events is not fanciful . United States v. Potamkin Cadillac Corp. , 689 F. 2d 379 , 381 ( 2d Cir. 1982 ) . Insofar as the T-E defendants are concerned , plaintiff has failed to satisfy this burden . '' ) . Granting judgment to plaintiffs : Diduck v. Kaszycki & Sons Contractors , Inc. , 774 F. Supp. 802 ( S.D.N.Y. 1991 ) ( `` In sum , plaintiff is awarded the following : 1 ) unpaid contributions in the amount of $325,415.84 ; 2 ) interest from April 1 , 1980 calculated at the rate of interest set by the Secretary of the Treasury pursuant to 26 U.S.C. § 6621 ; and 3 ) attorney 's fees and costs . Plaintiff shall submit a judgment . '' ) . Partially reversing judgment to plaintiffs : Diduck v. Kaszycki & Sons Contractors , Inc. , 974 F. 2d 270 ( 2nd Cir. 1992 ) ( `` I respectfully dissent from the remand of the claims against Senyshyn for breach of fiduciary duty and against Trump for participation in that breach . I concur in all other aspects of the Court 's judgment . '' ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Tycoon with towering ambition '' ( PDF ) . Finger Lakes Times . Geneva , New York . February 8 , 1988 . p. 10 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 -- via fultonhistory.com . ^ Jump up to : `` The Other Time Trump Was Huge : Newsweek 's 1987 Look at the Presidential Candidate '' . Newsweek . July 30 , 2015 . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Geist , William E. ( April 8 , 1984 ) . `` THE EXPANDING EMPIRE OF DONALD TRUMP '' . The New York Times . p. 2 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trump ruling to cost NYC $22 M in taxes '' ( PDF ) . Gannett Westchester Newspapers . Westchester , New York . Associated Press . July 6 , 1984 . p. 6 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 -- via fultonhistory.com . Jump up ^ Carroll , Maurice ( May 1 , 1985 ) . `` STATE 'S TOP COURT REJECTS TRUMP TAX APPEAL '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2016 . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barbanel , Josh . `` Trump and New York City Spar Over Access to Tower Lobby '' . Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2015 . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chaban , Matt A.V. ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Trump Tower to Remove Disputed Kiosks From Public Atrium '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2016 . Retrieved January 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Johnston , David Cay ( July 10 , 2015 ) . `` 21 Questions For Donald Trump '' . The National Memo . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2015 . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Johnston , David Cay . `` Just What Were Donald Trump 's Ties to the Mob ? '' . POLITICO Magazine . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barrett , Wayne ( May 26 , 2011 ) . `` Inside Donald Trump 's Empire : Why He Did n't Run for President in 2012 '' . The Daily Beast . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barmash , Isadore ( May 3 , 1985 ) . `` ASPREY PLANS TO OPEN A 5TH AVE . STOREFRONT '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2015 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Slesin , Suzanne ( April 2 , 1983 ) . `` BAVARIAN WARES COME TO 5TH AVE . IN A NEW STORE '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2015 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tuccille , Jerome ( January 1 , 1985 ) . Trump : The Saga of America 's Most Powerful Real Estate Baron . Beard Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58798 - 223 - 1 . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Kristine F. ( 2007 ) . Designs on the Public : The Private Lives of New York 's Public Spaces . U of Minnesota Press . ISBN 9781452913292 . ^ Jump up to : Bender , Marylin ( August 7 , 1983 ) . `` THE EMPIRE AND EGO OF DONALD TRUMP '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` HIGH RENTS , BUT HIGH SALES , TOO '' . The New York Times . February 8 , 1986 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2016 . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Tina . `` How Donald Trump Bullied His Own Trump Tower Tenants '' . The Hive . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2016 . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Berkow , Ira ( January 1 , 1984 ) . `` TRUMP BUILDING THE GENERALS IN HIS OWN STYLE '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2016 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Plunz , Richard ( September 6 , 2016 ) . A History of Housing in New York City . Columbia University Press . p. 318 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 54310 - 1 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Carter , Graydon ( May 1 , 1984 ) . `` The Secret to Donald Trump 's Success '' . GQ . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brozan , Nadine ( January 10 , 1992 ) . `` CHRONICLE '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hylton , Richard D. ( October 5 , 1991 ) . `` Trump , the Landlord , Seeks Rent From $100,000 - a-Month Guests '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ James , George ( March 10 , 1990 ) . `` Bonwit Stores To Be Sold '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2016 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barmash , Isadore ( July 10 , 1990 ) . `` French Seek Niche With Trump Site '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Strom , Stephanie ( September 26 , 1991 ) . `` COMPANY NEWS ; French Retailer Seeks Piece Of the Fifth Avenue Trade '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Loss Grows At French Store '' . The New York Times . June 25 , 1992 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Laurence ( August 31 , 1994 ) . `` Galeries Lafayette to Close Its Doors '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A bigger Niketown : The Trump Organization said Tuesday it ... '' Chicago Tribune . August 30 , 1994 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Deutsch , Claudia H. ( April 24 , 1994 ) . `` Commercial Property / Trump Tower ; New Tenant Mix , New Image and New Revenues '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Lois ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Nike to move into 70,000 square - foot Fifth Ave . store '' . New York Post . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brenzel , Kathryn ; Pincus , Adam ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` Nike signs one of NYC 's most expensive retail leases ever at 650 Fifth '' . The Real Deal New York . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dua , Tanya ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Nike is under fire for ' supporting ' Trump '' . Business Insider . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Sarah ( October 24 , 2016 ) . `` Nike Should Remove Flagship Store From Trump Tower , Petition Says '' . Patch . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fitch , Stephane ( September 20 , 2006 ) . `` What is Trump Worth ? -- Forbes '' . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2016 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Katherine Clarke ( July 1 , 2013 ) . `` What does Donald Trump really own '' . The Real Deal . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2016 . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Abelson , Max ; Drucker , Jesse ; Mider , Zachary R. ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` Inside Trump Tower , the Center of the Billionaire 's Universe '' . Bloomberg.com . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wang , Jennifer ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump 's Fortune Falls $800 Million To $3.7 Billion '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Peterson - Withorn , Chase ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Donald Trump Has Been Lying About The Size Of His Penthouse '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ In chronological order , the tweets are : @ realdonaldtrump ( March 4 , 2017 ) . `` Terrible ! Just found out that Obama had my `` wires tapped '' in Trump Tower just before the victory . Nothing found . This is McCarthyism ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 -- via Twitter . @ realdonaldtrump ( March 4 , 2017 ) . `` Is it legal for a sitting President to be `` wire tapping '' a race for president prior to an election ? Turned down by court earlier . A NEW LOW ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 -- via Twitter . @ realdonaldtrump ( March 4 , 2017 ) . `` I 'd bet a good lawyer could make a great case out of the fact that President Obama was tapping my phones in October , just prior to Election ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 -- via Twitter . @ realdonaldtrump ( March 4 , 2017 ) . `` How low has President Obama gone to tapp my phones during the very sacred election process . This is Nixon / Watergate . Bad ( or sick ) guy ! '' '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ * Johnston , Chris ( March 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' This is McCarthyism ! ' : Trump accuses Obama of ' wire - tapping ' his office before election '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . CNN , Jeremy Diamond , Jeff Zeleny and Shimon Prokupecz . `` Trump 's baseless wiretap claim '' . CNN . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . `` Trump urged to back up claims his phones were tapped by Obama '' . BBC News . March 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Obama Spokesman Says President Trump 's Wiretapping Claim Is ' Simply False ' '' . Time . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . `` President accuses Obama of wiretapping Trump Tower during campaign '' . NBC News . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ * `` Comey : ' no information ' to back Trump 's claim Obama wiretapped him '' . NBC News . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Barrett , Ellen Nakashima , Karoun Demirjian , Devlin . `` FBI Director Comey : ' No information ' to support Trump 's wiretapping claims '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fox News might buy Donald Trump Jr 's spin . But Republicans have no excuse '' . July 12 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2017 -- via The Guardian . Jump up ^ Henninger , Daniel ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` Trump 's Russia House '' . Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bilton , Nick . `` Donald Trump 's Fake Renoir : The Untold Story '' . The Hive . Vanity Fair . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pierre - Auguste Renoir -- Two Sisters ( On the Terrace ) , 1881 '' . The Art Institute of Chicago . Retrieved April 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Alm , David ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` Donald Trump Insisted He Owns A Renoir That 's Hung In Chicago Museum Since 1933 '' . Forbes . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Crowe , Joe ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` Chicago Museum : Renoir Painting at Trump Tower Not Real '' . Newsmax . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trump 's Renoir painting not real - museum '' . BBC News . October 20 , 2017 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Message to Mr. Trump ( why I climbed your tower ) on YouTube ^ Jump up to : Ha , Thu - Huong ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Who Is Leven Thumps ? '' . Quartz . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2016 . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Shrier , Adam ; Dimon , Laura ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` WATCH LIVE : Donald supporter scales Trump Tower with suction cups '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2016 . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Villeda , Ray ; Dienst , Jonathan ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` WATCH : Man Trying to Scale Trump Tower , Cops Await '' . NBC New York . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2016 . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dentico , Michael J. ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Trump Tower Climber Stephen Rogata Captured By NYPD After Reaching 21st Floor '' . Inquisitr . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2016 . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Blake , Paul ; Shapiro , Emily ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Police Capture Man Who Scaled Trump Tower '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2016 . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Eli ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` Trump Tower Climber Now Faces Charges '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2016 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Linton , Caroline ( 2018 - 04 - 08 ) . `` Fire at Trump Tower leaves 1 civilian dead , 6 firefighters with minor injuries '' . CBS News . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ See : `` Trump Tower fire : Blaze breaks out at New York property '' . BBC . April 7 , 2018 . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Zwirz , Elizabeth ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` Fire erupts at Trump Tower in New York City '' . Fox News . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Marino , Joe ; Woods , Amanda ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` Fire on 50th floor of Trump Tower leaves 1 critically injured '' . New York Post . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Helsel , Phil ; Winter , Tom ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` Fire breaks out at Trump Tower , blaze is out '' . NBC News . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Peiser , Jaclyn ; Lucero II , Louis ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` Fire at Trump Tower Critically Injures One , Officials Say '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fedschun , Travis ( 2018 - 04 - 08 ) . `` Todd Brassner 's Death at Trump Tower '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Leland , John ; Ferré - Sadurní , Luis ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` Art Collector and Bon Vivant Dies in Trump Tower Home He Could n't Sell '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Tom ( 2018 - 04 - 08 ) . `` Trump Tower Fire Death Update : Trump Lobbied Against Proposal to Make Sprinklers Mandatory '' . Newsweek . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Bromwich , Jonah Engel ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` Minor Fire Breaks Out Near Top of Trump Tower '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Marc Ambinder ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` How Donald Trump will retrofit Midtown Manhattan as a presidential getaway '' . Washington Post . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2016 . Retrieved November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Medina , Eli Rosenberg , Jennifer ; Eligon , John ( November 12 , 2016 ) . `` Protesters Take Anti-Trump Message to His Doorstep , and Plan Next Steps '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alexander Burns ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump Loves New York . But It Does n't Love Him Back '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2016 . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The FAA will limit flights over New York until Trump is sworn in '' . Washington Post . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2016 . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brown , Nicole ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` Trump Tower security by the numbers '' . am New York . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2016 . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Joseph ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` New York Police Lower Cost Estimate of Guarding Trump and His Tower '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldstein , Joseph ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` Shopping at Gucci ? Tiffany 's ? You May Proceed to Trump Tower '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2016 . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nir , Sarah Maslin ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` Businesses Near Trump Tower Say Security Is Stealing Their Christmas '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lockie , Alex ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Why Trump Tower is surrounded by dump trucks filled with sand for Trump 's visit to NYC '' . Business Insider . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Usborne , Simon ( December 4 , 2016 ) . `` White House North -- is Trump Tower the new West Wing ? '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leibovich , Mark ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` The Trump Transition Reality Show '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` On New York 's Fifth Avenue , Trump 's White House North '' . Washington Post . December 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Izaguirre , Anthony ; Rayman , Graham ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` Increased Trump Tower security is hurting local businesses '' . NY Daily News . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2016 . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nir , Sarah Maslin ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` With Trump Gone , New Yorkers Find Alternatives to Shouting at His Door '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nir , Sarah Maslin ; Alani , Hannah ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` With First Family in Washington , Midtown Tries to Recover '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Woman Slips By Security at Trump Tower , Gets to 24th Floor '' . Associated Press . December 5 , 2016 . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2016 . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 -- via NBC New York . Jump up ^ Silverman , Alex. `` Student Arrested , Accused Of Trying To Bring Weapons Into Trump Tower '' . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2016 . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Student Arrested at Trump Tower With Weapons , Water Gun '' . NBC New York . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2016 . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` N.J. man reportedly angry over not meeting president - elect arrested at Trump Tower '' . NJ.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Man with fake ID smashes wine glass in Trump Tower temper tantrum '' . NY Daily News . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2016 . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 14 Trump Tower secrets you should know '' . am New York . January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cantwell , John ( May 7 , 2009 ) . `` Trump , The Logo '' . Design Observer . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2016 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Sam ( 2016 - 03 - 03 ) . `` New York 's Sidewalks , Unsung Moneymakers '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ Reysen , Jamie ( January 20 , 2017 ) . `` Secrets of Tiffany 's : The Trump connection , more '' . am New York . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bagli , Charles V. ( November 23 , 1999 ) . `` Tiffany 's Owns the Building Once Again '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MTA Neighborhood Maps : Midtown '' ( PDF ) . mta.info . Metropolitan Transit Authority . 2015 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 6 , 2016 . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trump Tower '' . SkyscraperPage.com . Skyscraper Page . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2007 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Trump Tower , Der Scutt New York United States MIMOA '' . mimoa.eu . Mi Modern Architecture . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rubin & Mandell 1984 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ `` Trump World Tower , New York City '' . Emporis Buildings . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved December 2 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Maier , Lilly ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` We visited Trump Tower , and it perfectly epitomizes its eccentric , contradictory owner '' . qz.com . Quartz . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2016 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gardener , Ralf Jr . ( May 8 , 2003 ) . `` For Tower Residents , a New Math '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Elkin , Ali ( August 26 , 2015 ) . `` A Look Inside Donald Trump 's Campaign Headquarters '' . Bloomberg.com/politics . Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on August 12 , 2016 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Maier , Lilly ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` We visited Trump Tower , and it perfectly epitomizes its eccentric , contradictory owner '' . Quartz . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Trump Tower Was Never Actually That Tacky '' . atlasobscura.com . Atlas Obscura . March 11 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2016 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Sam ( June 8 , 1983 ) . `` VERTICAL MALLS : CITY SIDEWALKS MOVE INDOORS '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gruson , Lindsey ( October 2 , 1983 ) . `` FIFTH AVENUE ASSN . RESUMES ARCHITECTURE AWARDS '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Elstein , Aaron . `` Donald Trump has a secret garden '' . Crain 's New York Business . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Privately Owned Public Space Inside Trump Tower is Already Less Accessible '' . Untapped Cities . December 9 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Midtown Bar and Lounge Trump Tower Bar and Lounge NYC '' . Trump Tower NY . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ice Cream NYC Trump Ice Cream New York '' . Trump Tower NY . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trump Midtown Cafe Lunch In Midtown at Trump Tower '' . Trump Tower NY . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Midtown Restaurant Trump Grill NYC Lunch & Midtown Brunch '' . Trump Tower NY . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sietsima , Robert ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Diving Head First Into Donald Trump 's Culinary Abyss '' . Eater NY . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Tina ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` Trump Grill Could Be the Worst Restaurant in America '' . The Hive . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , Kathleen . `` Trump Grill '' . New York . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , Tracy ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` So how bad is Trump Grill ? Yelp gives it 2 1 / 2 stars -- and lots of grief '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pollack , Hilary ( January 20 , 2017 ) . `` I Got Drunk at the Trump Bar in Trump Tower and It Was Predictably Terrible '' . Munchies . Vice . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shallwani , Pervaiz . `` Trump Café '' . New York . Jump up ^ Grynbaum , Michael M. ( November 23 , 2012 ) . `` In Manhattan , Largely Blue , One Bright Spot and a Tie for Romney '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MAP : The New York Primary by NYC Neighborhood '' . WNYC. April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yanofsky , David ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` At the very most , just 23 Trump Tower residents voted for Donald Trump '' . Quartz . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ali , Tanveer ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` How Every New York Neighborhood Voted in the 2016 Presidential Election '' . DNAinfo New York . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2017 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ngo , Emily ( December 25 , 2016 ) . `` NYC tourists flocking to Trump Tower '' . Newsday . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barbanel , Josh ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Trump Store ' Kiosks Must Go , City Says '' . WSJ . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2017 . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Donald Trump ignored his agent and did reality TV . It changed everything '' . Washington Post . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2016 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Isenstadt , Alex ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Trump laying the groundwork for 2020 reelection bid '' . Politico . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenberg , Zoe ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` Meet the notorious characters who call Trump Tower home '' . Curbed NY . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2016 . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bernstein , Jacob ( August 12 , 2017 ) . `` Trump Tower , a Home for Celebrities and Charlatans '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Flegenheimer , Matt ; Haberman , Maggie ( March 29 , 2016 ) . `` With the New York Presidential Primary , the Circus Is Coming Home '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2016 . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Take A Walk Through The Opulent Homes Of Donald Trump '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Does Trump Live In The White House Now ? Melania Moves Back To NYC After Inauguration '' . International Business Times . January 23 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` So long , Trump Tower . First lady Melania Trump and son Barron move into White House '' . Washington Post . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2017 . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fox , Alison ( January 20 , 2017 ) . `` Get to know Barron Trump , the president 's 5th child '' . am New York . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Jennifer ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump 's 1985 Apartment Looks Exactly How You 'd Imagine It '' . Architectural Digest . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cindy Boren ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` Ex-FIFA official had $6,000 - a-month Trump Tower apartment for unruly cats '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2015 . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Teri ; Papenfuss , Mary ; Red , Christian ; Vinton , Nathaniel ( November 1 , 2014 ) . `` How ex-U.S. soccer exec Chuck Blazer became an FBI informant '' . NY Daily News . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Brian ( August 16 , 2015 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo buying loft in Trump Tower '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Green , Dennis ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` Take a tour of Cristiano Ronaldo 's $18.5 million apartment in Trump Tower '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` See inside the $23 m New York apartment interesting Cristiano Ronaldo '' . mirror . February 3 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Amanda Julius ( July 22 , 2010 ) . `` In Deed ! Art Dealer Expands in Trump Tower ; Vanity Fair Articles Editor Buys in Chelsea '' . The New York Observer . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2015 . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stewart `` Rah Rah '' Rahr is Donald Trump 's BFF and more `` . NY Daily News . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . 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Archived from the original on January 28 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Woodruff , Betsy ; Mak , Tim ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` Trump Tower : Dictators ' Home Away From Home '' . The Daily Beast . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2015 . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Margolick , David ( October 27 , 1989 ) . `` THE LAW : AT THE BAR ; Law firm , in pursuit of Haitian property , finds the chase can be tedious and frustrating '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lawson , Richard ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` You Can Live Beneath Donald Trump for Only $23 Million '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2016 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barbanel , Josh ( October 4 , 2010 ) . `` Third Try Is Hit for Lloyd Webber '' . Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arak , Joey ( September 28 , 2010 ) . `` Andrew Lloyd Webber Finally Bows Out of Trump Tower '' . Curbed NY . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abelson , Max ( September 1 , 2009 ) . `` Carlos Peralta 's Trump Tower Condo ( With Jacuzzi in the Bedroom ) Yours for $13.5 M '' . Observer . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berkowitz , Harry ; Moss , Michael ( June 30 , 1990 ) . `` Trump 's Bailout : Parents ' Condo Helps Back Loan '' . Newsday -- via NewsLibrary . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Department of Defense looks to rent space in Trump Tower '' . Washington Post . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2017 . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Helene ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Pentagon Considers Leasing Space at Trump Tower '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2017 . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Browne , Ryan ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` US military to rent space in Trump Tower '' . CNN . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harlander , Thomas ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` Some Genius Is Working to Provide Homes for Refugees -- in Trump Tower '' . LA Magazine . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Frost , Mary ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Brooklyn man campaigns to house Muslim refugees in Trump Tower '' . Brooklyn Daily Eagle . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2017 . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Living Large in New York City : The High Life in 8 Sights '' . Frommer 's Travel Guides . p. 1 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hart , M.T. ( 2009 ) . Fodor 's New York City 2010 . Fodor 's New York City . Fodor 's . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 0837 - 7 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Serious Shopping '' . Insight Guides City Guide New York . Insight City Guides . APA. 2016 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78671 - 549 - 4 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberger , Paul ( September 12 , 1982 ) . `` ARCHITECTURE VIEW ; THIS WILL BE THE YEAR OF THE SKYSCRAPER '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2016 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberger , Paul ( April 4 , 1983 ) . `` ARCHITECTURE : ATRIUM OF TRUMP TOWER IS A PLEASANT SURPRISE '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` DONALD TRUMP 'S TOWER '' . The New York Times . May 6 , 1984 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Geist , William E. ( April 8 , 1984 ) . `` THE EXPANDING EMPIRE OF DONALD TRUMP '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Soter , Tom ( January 16 , 1993 ) . `` The Great Indoors '' . Newsday . Jump up ^ White , Norval ; Willensky , Elliot & Leadon , Fran ( 2010 ) , AIA Guide to New York City ( 5th ed . ) , New York : Oxford University Press , ISBN 9780195383867 , p. 336 . Jump up ^ `` Filming Locations for Christopher Nolan 's The Dark Knight Rises ( 2012 ) , with Christian Bale , in New York , Pittsburgh , Los Angeles , the UK and India '' . The Worldwide Guide to Movie Locations . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2016 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Did Trump , Known ' Dark Knight Rises ' Fanboy , Channel Bane in His Inauguration Speech ? '' . Vice . January 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Jeffrey ( 2012 ) . Trump Tower . New York : Vanguard Press . ISBN 1 - 59315 - 735 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Donald Trump once authored an erotic novel '' . The Independent . November 2 , 2016 . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2016 . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Van Luling , Todd ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` The Incredibly Sexist Book Once Billed As Trump 's ' Debut Novel ' '' . huffingtonpost.com . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Zwiezen , Zack ( January 20 , 2017 ) . `` Ranking The Grand Theft Auto Games , From Worst To Best '' . Kotaku . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Rubin , Sy ; Mandell , Jonathan ( 1984 ) . Trump Tower ( 1st ed . ) . Lyle Stuart . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8184 - 0354 - 5 . Tuccille , Jerome ( 1985 ) . Trump : The Saga of America 's Most Powerful Real Estate Baron . Beard Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58798 - 223 - 1 . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Further reading Horsley , Carter B . `` The City Book : Trump Tower '' . Stichweh , Dirk ; Machirus , Jörg ; Murphy , Scott ( 2009 ) . New York Skyscrapers . Munich : Prestel Publishing . ISBN 3 - 7913 - 4054 - 9 . Cuozzo , Steve ( January 20 , 2017 ) . `` The bizarre history of Trump Tower -- and why Donald loathes to leave it '' . New York Post . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trump Tower ( Manhattan ) . 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when did the spitfire go out of service	Post-war the Spitfire was to continue to serve as a front line fighter and in secondary roles for several air forces well into the 1950s . The last offensive sorties made by RAF Spitfires were flown by 60 Squadron Mk XVIIIs over Malaya on 1 January 1951 .	1 January 1951	Supermarine Spitfire operational History	supermarine spitfire operational history	The Supermarine Spitfire , the only British fighter to be manufactured before , during and after the Second World War , was designed as a short - range fighter capable of defending Britain from bomber attack and achieved legendary status fulfilling this role during the Battle of Britain . According to fighter ace J.E. `` Johnnie '' Johnson it was the best conventional defensive fighter of the war .	The fighter evolved into a multi-role aircraft capable of operating in different environments . For example , the Spitfire was a pioneer in the role of the unarmed , photo reconnaissance ( P.R. ) aircraft that relied on high speed and high altitude to avoid detection and attack . Post-war the Spitfire was to continue to serve as a front line fighter and in secondary roles for several air forces well into the 1950s . The last offensive sorties made by RAF Spitfires were flown by 60 Squadron Mk XVIIIs over Malaya on 1 January 1951 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early RAF service 1.1 Phoney War 1.2 Western Europe 2 Spitfire night fighter 3 Battle of Britain 3.1 Overall performance 3.2 The Bf 109 and combat tactics 3.3 The Bf 110 and the bombers 4 European offensive 1941 -- 43 4.1 The Fw 190 Challenge 4.2 The high - altitude bombers 4.3 Debut of the Griffon engine Mk XII 4.4 Most successful Spitfire : EN398 5 D - day to VE Day 5.1 Normandy : June -- August 1944 5.2 Spitfire Spotters 5.3 September 1944 to May 1945 6 Photo Reconnaissance 6.1 Early photo - reconnaissance Spitfires 6.2 Late photo - reconnaissance Spitfires 6.2. 1 Combat support 7 Mediterranean service 7.1 Spitfire versus Italian fighters 8 Italian Cobelligerent Air Force 9 Spitfires of the USSR 10 French Air Force Spitfires 11 Luftwaffe Spitfires 12 Asia and the Pacific 12.1 South West Pacific 12.2 India - Burma 13 Postwar service 13.1 Europe 13.2 Italy 13.3 Middle East 13.4 South Asia 13.5 Indochina war 13.6 Malayan Emergency : last offensive 13.7 Private 14 See also 15 References 15.1 Notes 15.2 Citations 15.3 Bibliography 15.3. 1 Books on the Spitfire 15.3. 2 Books on other aircraft types 16 External links Early RAF service ( edit ) Phoney War ( edit ) K9795 , the ninth production Mk I , with 19 Squadron . The first Spitfire I to enter service with the RAF arrived at 19 Squadron , Duxford , on 4 August 1938 and over the next few weeks aircraft were delivered at the rate of one a week to 19 and 66 Squadrons ( also based at Duxford ) . The next to be equipped with Spitfires was 41 Squadron at Catterick , followed by a succession of squadrons stationed at Hornchurch in Essex . The public 's first sight of the Spitfire in RAF colours was on Empire Air Day , on 20 May 1939 , during a display at Duxford in which the pilot `` belly - landed '' his aircraft , having forgotten to lower his undercarriage and was fined £ 5 by the Air Ministry . By the outbreak of the Second World War , there were 306 Spitfires in service with the RAF , 71 in reserve and 2,000 on order ; 36 had been written off in accidents . On 6 September 1939 , in a `` friendly - fire '' incident known as the Battle of Barking Creek , two 56 Squadron Hawker Hurricanes were shot down by Spitfires of 74 Squadron over the river Medway , in Kent . One of the Hurricane pilots , P / O Montague Leslie Hulton - Harrop , was the first British pilot fatality of the Second World War . As a consequence the development and manufacture of IFF equipment for RAF aircraft became a high priority . On 16 October 1939 , the Spitfire first saw action against the Luftwaffe when three aircraft each from 602 Squadron and 603 Squadron intercepted nine Junkers Ju 88s of 1. / KG30 , led by Hauptmann Helmuth Pohle , over Rosyth attempting to attack the cruisers HMS Southampton and HMS Edinburgh in the Firth of Forth . Two Ju 88s were shot down and another heavily damaged . Western Europe ( edit ) The first Spitfire operation over Western Europe took place on 13 May 1940 , during the Battle of the Netherlands . German airborne forces had been pinned down in the Battle of the Hague by the Dutch Army . RAF Fighter Command sent 66 Squadron Spitfires to escort Defiants from 264 Squadron to support the Dutch . The encountered Junkers Ju 87s from IV ( St ). / Lehrgeschwader 1 ( LG 1 ) , and shot down four of them . They were soon intercepted by Bf 109s from 5 Staffel Jagdgeschwader 26 ( JG 26 ) that shot down five Defiants and one Spitfire for the loss of one Bf 109 . On 23 May 1940 , Spitfires of 54 Squadron were the first to shoot down Bf 109s , over Calais Marck airfield , on the coast of northern France ; the first of these is usually credited to either Flying Officer Alan Deere who shot down two ( according to other sources , one destroyed plus one probable ) , or Flg . Off . `` Johnny '' Allen who shot down one . During this period 67 Spitfires were lost over France , most of them in the attempt to prevent the Luftwaffe from bombing the evacuation beaches at Dunkirk . While the Spitfires of Fighter Command continued to be based in Britain , at the insistence of Air Vice Marshal Hugh Dowding , from late 1939 there were early photo - reconnaissance Spitfires of `` No 2 Camouflage Unit '' operating from Seclin in France , gathering photo - intelligence of German defences and cities . Throughout the Second World War , photo - reconnaissance Spitfires kept up a constant flow of photographic intelligence , in a role far removed from that of short - range interceptor fighter . Spitfire night fighter ( edit ) Spitfire Mark I of 602 Squadron at the gun butts having its eight . 303 Brownings sighted in , early 1940 . The documentation to specification F. 10 / 35 , which was framed around the Spitfire , was headed `` Requirements for Single - engine Day and Night Fighter '' and stipulated that the aircraft be equipped with `` night flying equipment '' . In line with these requirements Spitfire Is , IIs , VAs and VBs were fitted with a powerful , retractable landing - light in each wing . Dorsal and ventral identification lights could be operated in Morse code by the pilot using a small morse key in the cockpit . In an attempt to shield the pilot 's eyes from the bright exhaust flames many Spitfires were also fitted with rectangular light - alloy `` blinkers '' secured to light - alloy brackets fixed to the sides of the fuel - tank housing : these could be easily removed . Spitfires were first used as nightfighters during the summer of 1940 : the most successful night interceptions took place on the night of 18 / 19 June 1940 when Flt . Lt. `` Sailor '' Malan of 74 Squadron shot down two Heinkel He 111s of Kampfgeschwader 4 , while Flg . Off. s John Petre and George Ball of 19 Squadron each shot down one He 111 of KG 4 . A week later , on the night of 26 / 27 June , Pilot Officers R. Smith and R. Marples of 616 Squadron shot down another He 111 of KG 4 ; Flt . Lt. H. MacDonald of 603 Squadron shot down an He 111 of KG 26 and another He 111 of KG 26 was shot down , possibly with the help of A.A guns by Flg . Off. s A. Johnstone of 602 Squadron and J. Haig of 603 Squadron . Although Spitfires continued to be used on night patrols , the Luftwaffe bombers learned to fly well above the altitudes at which they could be effectively picked up by searchlights and the Spitfires were never to achieve the same success . Battle of Britain ( edit ) Overall performance ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Britain X4382 , a late production Mk I of 602 Squadron flown by P / O Osgood Hanbury , Westhampnett , September 1940 . The Battle of Britain ( which officially started on 10 July 1940 and ended 31 October ) was the first major test of both the Spitfire and of Fighter Command . During the Luftwaffe 's onslaught important lessons were learned about the Spitfire 's capabilities and its drawbacks . The combat performance of the Spitfire was frequently compared with that of the Hawker Hurricane , which was used in greater numbers during the critical stages of 1940 . The Hurricane had thick wings and their structure was such that four . 303 - inch machine - guns were easily installed in each wing , grouped closely together , with 334 rounds per gun . Installing the guns in the Spitfire was more complicated , because it had a thinner wing and the armament and ammunition boxes had to be widely spaced . That dispersion of firepower was a weakness and at least in this respect the Hurricane -- which was also a more stable gunnery platform -- was better than the Spitfire . The pilots who fought over France had learned to get the armourers back at base to harmonise the Browning machine guns , so that their combined fire met their target in one concentrated burst 250 yards ahead of the wings , instead of the official 400 yards . Whenever possible , the RAF tactic during the Battle of Britain was to use Hurricane squadrons to attack the bombers and Spitfires to counter German escort fighters . In total Hurricanes shot down more Luftwaffe aircraft of all types than the Spitfire , mainly due to the higher proportion of Hurricanes in the air . Seven out of every 10 German aircraft destroyed during the Battle of Britain were shot down by Hurricane pilots . Losses were also higher among the more numerous Hurricane units . Post-war analysis showed that the Spitfire 's `` kill ratio '' was marginally better than the Hurricane 's . Spitfire Mk I , 66 Squadron , P / O Crelin Bodie . On 7 September 1940 `` Bogle '' Bodie was forced to belly - land X4321 following combat with Bf 109Es . The majority of Mk Is and Mk IIs were armed with eight . 303 Browning machine guns . Throughout the battle , Luftwaffe aircraft often returned to base with . 303 bullet holes , but no critical damage as they had received armour plating in critical areas and self - sealing fuel tanks became common in bombers . Several Mark Is of 19 Squadron were fitted with two 20 - mm Hispano - Suiza cannon in 1940 . This early Hispano installation proved to be unreliable , with the cannon frequently firing just a few rounds or failing to fire at all . After numerous complaints from the pilots of 19 Squadron the cannon armed Spitfires were replaced by conventionally armed aircraft in September 1940 . Supermarine and BSA , who manufactured the Hispano under licence , continued work on a reliable cannon installation , with a number of Mk Is armed with two cannon and four . 303 machine - guns entering operations by late 1940 : this version was referred to as the Mk IB , the machine - gun - armed Spitfires were retrospectively called the Mk IA . Although the Merlin III engine of Spitfire Is had a power rating of 1,030 hp ( 770 kW ) , supplies of 100 octane fuel from the United States started reaching Britain in early 1940 . This meant that an `` emergency boost '' of + 12 pounds per square inch was available for five minutes , with pilots able to call on 1,310 hp ( 980 kW ) at 3,000 rpm at 9,000 feet ( 2,700 m ) . This boosted the maximum speed by 25 mph ( 40 km / h ) at sea level and 34 mph ( 55 km / h ) at 10,000 ft ( 3,000 m ) and improved the climbing performance between sea level and full throttle height . The extra boost was not damaging as long as the limitations set forth in the pilot 's notes were followed . As a precaution , however , if the pilot had resorted to emergency boost , he had to report this on landing and it had to be noted in the engine log book . The extra boost was also available for the Merlin XII fitted to the Spitfire II . Between 1 August 1940 and 31 October , Spitfire losses amounted to 208 lost in combat , seven destroyed on the ground , and 42 in flying accidents . Three - view drawing of the Bf 109E - 3 with the early style of cockpit canopy . The Bf 109 and combat tactics ( edit ) Main article : Aircraft of the Battle of Britain At the time , the Luftwaffe 's main single - engine , single - seat fighter was the Messerschmitt Bf 109 . Some advantages helped the Spitfires win dogfights , most notably manoeuvrability : the Spitfire had a higher rate of turn and a smaller turning circle than the Messerschmitt . There are several accounts of Bf 109 pilots being able to outturn Spitfires , mainly because inexperienced pilots did not turn as tightly as was possible through fear of getting into a high - speed stall . Overall , the aircraft were closely matched in performance and the outcome of combat was largely decided by tactics , position and the skill of the opposing pilots . One major advantage enjoyed by the German Jagdgeschwadern was the use of better tactics . In the late 1930s Fighter Command were not expecting to be facing single - engine fighters over Britain , only bombers . With this in mind a series of `` Fighting Area Tactics '' were formulated , involving manoeuvres designed to concentrate a squadron 's firepower to bring down bombers : with no apparent prospect of escorting fighters to worry about , RAF fighter pilots flew in tight , vee - shaped sections of three . The pilots were forced to concentrate on watching each other , rather than being free to keep a lookout for enemy aircraft . `` Fighting Area Tactics '' also stipulated that RAF fighter pilots were to open fire at long - range , usually 300 to 400 yards ( 274 to 365 m ) , and then break off without closing in . The usual practice was to bore - sight their guns on the ground to create a shotgun pattern at this distance . A Bf 109E - 3 of III. / JG 26 . Luftwaffe fighter pilots , flying combat formations perfected in Spanish Civil War , and utilizing proved principles of the First World War , entered the Second using the basic unit of a pair ( Rotte ) of widely spaced fighters . They were separated by about two hundred yards . The leader was followed to starboard and to the rear by his wingman , who was trained to stay with his leader at all times . While the leader was free to search for enemy aircraft , and could cover his wingman 's blind spots , his wingman was able to concentrate on searching the airspace in the leader 's blind spots , behind and below . Two of these sections were usually teamed up into a flight ( Schwarm ) , where all of the pilots could watch what was happening around them . Because the four 109s were spread out four - abreast the Schwarm was hard to spot , unlike the RAF vee formation , and all of the 109s were able to attack and defend , or retreat in pairs , whereas the RAF formations were often split up into individual aircraft which were then extremely vulnerable . The loose Schwarm , because of the reduced risk of collision between aircraft , were also able to climb faster and higher than the tightly grouped RAF fighters , which is one of the reasons why RAF formations often found themselves being `` bounced '' from above . When the Luftwaffe fighter units flew as a squadron ( Staffel ) the three Schwarme were staggered in height and wove back and forth as a means of mutual search and protection . With the Germans able to base their 109s in the Pas de Calais , close to the English Channel the `` Fighting Area Tactics '' became obsolete . Many of the RAF fighter squadrons which had not been engaged in combat over Dunkirk were slow to adapt to the fact that they would be encountering the potent German fighter over Britain . Some RAF units adopted `` weavers '' , a single aircraft which flew a pattern behind the main squadron , which still flew in vees . The weavers were usually the first to be picked off in a `` bounce '' by the German fighters : more often than not the rest of the squadron did not even know they were under attack . RAF squadrons that did not learn from the Luftwaffe and adopt similar tactics suffered heavy casualties during the Battle . Leaders like `` Sailor '' Malan were instrumental in devising better tactics for the RAF fighters . It is no coincidence that some of the most successful RAF pilots were the Polish pilots who had been trained pre-war by their air force to fly in loose formations and open fire from close - range . The biggest disadvantage faced by Bf 109 pilots was that , without the benefit of long - range drop tanks ( which were introduced in very limited numbers in the late stages of the Battle ) , the 109s had an endurance of just over an hour . Once over Britain the 109 pilots had to keep an eye on a red `` low fuel '' light on the instrument panel : once this was illuminated they were forced to turn back and head for France . With the prospect of two long over-water flights , and knowing that their range was substantially reduced when escorting bombers or in the event of combat , the Jagdflieger coined the term Kanalkrankheit or `` Channel sickness '' . The Bf 110 and the bombers ( edit ) A captured Bf 110 C - 4 . Another regularly encountered German fighter , the Messerschmitt Bf 110 , was a larger , two - seat , twin - engined fighter which was designed as a long range `` Destroyer '' ( Zerstörer ) . Although reasonably fast ( Bf 110C about 340 mph ( 550 km / h ) ) and possessing a respectable combat radius as well as carrying a heavy armament of two 20 mm MG FF / M cannon and four 7.92 mm MG 17s concentrated in the forward fuselage , along with a single 7.92 mm MG 15 mounted for rear defence in the rear cockpit , the 110 was only slightly more manoeuvrable than the bombers they were meant to escort . Against modern fighters like the Spitfire and Hurricane the Zerstörergruppen ( roughly `` Destroyer Groups '' ) suffered heavy casualties and , after 18 August , fewer of them were encountered over Britain because the rate of attrition was outpacing production . Of the four types of Luftwaffe bombers , the Dornier Do 17 , Heinkel He 111 , Junkers Ju 87 and Junkers Ju 88 , the Ju 88 was considered to be the most difficult to shoot down . As a bomber it was relatively manoeuvrable and , especially at low altitudes with no bomb load , it was fast enough to ensure that a Spitfire caught in a tail - chase would be hard pressed to catch up . The He 111 was nearly 100 mph slower than the Spitfire and did not present much of a challenge to catch , although the heavy armour , self - sealing fuel tanks and progressively uprated defensive armament meant that it was still a challenge to shoot down . The Do 17 was also easy to catch but , with its radial engines with no vulnerable cooling systems and self - sealing fuel tanks , it was capable of taking an amazing amount of punishment . The Ju 87 Stuka dive bomber was badly outclassed in all respects and , after taking some savage beatings , the Sturzkampfgeschwader were withdrawn from the Battle . European offensive 1941 -- 43 ( edit ) Spitfire Vb of Plt Off Antoni Głowacki of 303 ( Polish ) Squadron based at Northolt in August 1942 . In early 1941 the 11 Group commander Air Vice-Marshal Trafford Leigh - Mallory inaugurated a policy of `` leaning forward into France '' With this new policy , fighter sweeps ( `` Rhubarbs '' ) and bomber escort missions ( `` Circuses '' ) were mounted over France and other occupied territories , with the express purpose of forcing a response from Luftwaffe fighters . Leigh Mallory was fully supported by Air Chief Marshal Sir William Sholto Douglas who had replaced Sir Hugh Dowding as Commander of Fighter Command in November 1940 . As a result of Leigh - Mallory 's experience in command of 12 Group during the Battle of Britain , RAF fighter squadrons were increasingly organised into `` Wings '' of two or more squadrons which flew together under the command of a Wing Leader ) . With the change to offensive tactics the Spitfire , Hurricane and new Westland Whirlwind units found themselves facing the same disadvantages over France as the 109 units had faced over Britain . The limited combat radius of the RAF fighters meant that the Luftwaffe could engage in combat , or break off on their own terms , knowing that they were over friendly territory and with plenty of airfields at which they could land to rearm and refuel . The RAF fighters were the ones who were now having to face the prospect of two long over-water passages , returning in many cases with combat damage . By late 1940 , Luftwaffe fighter units were being re-equipped with the formidable new Bf 109F - 1 and F - 2 , considered by many Luftwaffe pilots to be the best of the many variants of this fighter . The F - 1s and F - 2s easily outperformed the Spitfire Mk Is and IIs and it closely matched that of the Mk Vs which were just about to enter service . In the hands of pilots like Adolf Galland it was a daunting proposition to be facing this aircraft over France . On 10 July 1941 , a 109 F - 2 flown by Hauptmann Rolf Pingel of I. / JG 26 . followed a Short Stirling heavy bomber he had intercepted across the Channel . Return fire from the Stirling hit his fighter 's cooling system , forcing him to `` crash - land '' in a field near Dover . The 109 was repaired and tested at Air Fighting Development Unit ( AFDU ) until it crashed , killing the pilot , on 20 October 1941 . The results of these tests helped in the development of tactics to counter the new fighter . Compared with the massive bomber raids mounted by the Luftwaffe in 1939 and 1940 the RAF Bomber Command Circus operations were very small and rarely damaging . Circuses consisted of one or at most two squadrons of Bristol Blenheims ( later Short Stirlings were also used ) which were usually escorted by large , conspicuous `` Beehives '' of five or more fighter squadrons . The primary intent was to lure the German fighters into combat rather than causing damage by bombing . The Luftwaffe , with the assistance of radar , could afford to oppose these `` Circuses '' with relatively small numbers of fighters , which could pick and choose whether or not to take on the escorting fighters . Douglas Bader , flying a Mk Va , was shot down and captured on 9 August 1941 while leading the Tangmere Wing during a `` Circus '' raid . Another type of operation flown by Fighter Command was the `` Rhubarb '' : a low - level ground - attack mission by small numbers of fighters , usually under low cloud . Against aircraft flying these missions the 20 mm and 37 mm flak guns were the most successful opponents . Another well - known Wing Commander , `` Bob '' Tuck , was shot down by a multi-barrel , 20 mm Flakvierling 38 position and captured by German troops on 28 January 1942 while flying a `` Rhubarb '' . Many other Spitfires were shot down by German fighters . By mid-1941 , with Operation Barbarossa soon to be under way , the only Luftwaffe fighter units left to guard against the RAF were JG 2 and JG 26 . These two units , manned for the most part with experienced and aggressive pilots , were fully capable of mounting a highly successful defence , particularly when they started re-equipping with the Focke - Wulf Fw 190 The Fw 190 challenge ( edit ) The introduction of the Focke - Wulf Fw 190 in late 1941 along the Channel front came as a complete surprise to Fighter Command . At first it was assumed that the new radial - engined fighters were Curtiss 75 - C1s which had been captured from the French . It soon became clear that the new aircraft easily outperformed the Spitfire V and appeared to be more heavily armed . Very little was known about this fighter until 23 June 1942 when Oberleutnant Armin Faber of JG 2 landed his FW 190A - 3 at RAF Pembrey by mistake . In comparison tests the new German fighter proved superior to the then - current Mk Vb in all aspects except turning radius . The Fw 190 was at least 25 to 30 mph faster than the Spitfire V , and could climb and accelerate to combat speeds more quickly . Spitfire pilots who flew over enemy territory using the standard technique of flying at low rpm and high boost pressures to economise on fuel often found themselves in trouble when intercepted by Fw 190s . If `` bounced '' while cruising at low speeds it could take a Spitfire up to two minutes to accelerate to top speed . The only way it was thought that a Spitfire could evade attack was to cruise at high speed and go into a shallow dive with the throttle open . Provided the Fw 190 was seen in time , it could be forced into a long stern chase . As a result of the high number of casualties being inflicted on Spitfires the Air Tactics Department ( A.T.D ) issued a guide on the optimum engine settings to use while flying over enemy territory : in part it read : 2 . At the present stage of the war , the enemy in France is equipped with the Fw 190 , a fighter with an excellent rate of climb and good acceleration . To defeat this aircraft and to avoid casualties on our side , our aircraft must fly as fast as possible whenever they are in the combat zone . `` The Focke Wulf 190 certainly gave the British a shock '' , wrote Douglas Bader in his autobiography Fight for the sky ; `` it out - climbed and out - dived the Spitfire . Now for the first time the Germans were out - flying our pilots . '' They were also outgunning them . For the best part of the year , and until the arrival of the Spitfire Mk IX ( the Fw 190 ) commanded the skies . Spitfire L.F Mk Vb of 316 ( Polish ) `` Warszawski '' Squadron . This Spitfire has the `` cropped '' Merlin 45 series engine and the `` clipped '' wings . From late 1942 , in an attempt to achieve some degree of parity with the Fw 190 , some squadrons received the L.F Mark VB . This version had reduced diameter supercharger impeller blades on the Merlin for optimum performance at lower altitudes and the wing - tips were removed and replaced by short fairings to improve their rate of roll . These aircraft were unofficially known by their pilots as `` clipped , clapped and cropped Spits , '' referring to the fact that many of these Spitfires , thus modified , had seen better days . The flight performance of an early Mk IX , which was flown against the Focke - Wulf in July 1942 , was found to be closely comparable . Still , at altitudes of 18 -- 20,000 ft and at 3,000 ft and below , the AFDU noted the Fw 190 was `` a little faster '' . Once again the Mk IX had a superior turning radius although it could be outdived and outrolled by the German fighter . The Spitfire being tested was hampered through being fitted with an old float - type carburettor : the great majority of Mk IXs were fitted with negative - G carburettors . These results contributed to the further development of the Rolls - Royce Merlin 61 series engine into versions optimised for High ( 70 series ) Medium ( 63 ) and Low ( 66 ) altitude performance : this led to the use of the prefixes H.F , F , and L.F which were later applied to the Mks VII through to IX , depending on which version of the engine was installed , e.g. , L.F Mk . IX . The Spitfire V units continued to take heavy casualties , often inflicting little damage in return , throughout 1941 and well into 1942 . Once the Mk IX started arriving in sufficient numbers this trend started to even out , although the 190s in particular continued to be a serious threat . Hans `` Assi '' Hahn claimed 53 of his 108 kills against Spitfires and Josef `` Pips '' Priller claimed 68 of his 101 victories against the type , making him the highest scoring `` Spitfire killer '' in the Luftwaffe . Most of these victories were against the Mark V . `` Operation Jubilee '' , the amphibious raid on Dieppe on 19 August 1942 , was supported by 48 Spitfire squadrons and would prove to be a turning point in RAF operations over Europe . While Fighter Command claimed to have inflicted heavy casualties on the Luftwaffe , the balance sheet showed the reverse . Allied aircraft losses amounted to 106 , including 88 RAF fighters and 18 bombers . Of the fighter losses 29 were from flak , one ran out of fuel , two collided , and one was a victim of friendly fire . Against this , 48 Luftwaffe aircraft were lost . Included in that total were 28 bombers , half of them Dornier Do 217s from KG 2 . One of the two Jagdgeschwader 's , JG 2 , lost 14 Fw 190s and eight pilots killed . JG 26 lost six Fw 190s with their pilots . Spitfire losses stood at 70 destroyed and damaged to all causes . The Spitfire squadrons ( 42 with Mark Vs , and four with Mark IXs ) were tasked with ground - attack , escort and air - superiority missions , so the exact number of Spitfire losses to the Fw 190 is unknown . The Luftwaffe claimed 61 of the 106 RAF machines lost , which included all types ( JG 2 claimed 40 and JG 26 claimed 21 kills ) . A Vb of 71 ( Eagle ) Squadron , a unit manned by volunteers from the USA . In September 1942 this unit was disbanded and its pilots and aircraft transferred to the USAAF , becoming the 334th Fighter Squadron , part of the 4th Fighter Group . This operation saw the successful combat debut of the Spitfire Mk IX and the lessons learned from `` Jubilee '' would contribute to the formation of the 2nd Tactical Air Force ( 2 TAF ) . 2 TAF would combine RAF fighter , fighter / bomber and light and medium bomber squadrons into a powerful army support organisation which would help lead to the successful outcome of D - Day . Experience from the Desert Air Force in particular , had shown that the most successful and adaptable instrument of close support for the ground forces was the fighter - bomber . In accordance with this , many of the Spitfire squadrons incorporated into 2 TAF would later take on the fighter - bomber role as their primary mission . Operating within the RAF were three `` Eagle '' squadrons : units manned by American pilots who had joined the RAF . First formed in 1940 and initially equipped with Hurricanes , these units converted to Spitfire Vbs in 1941 . They were re-equipped with Spitfire IXs in early September 1942 and were disbanded in late - September 1942 as their aircrew and aircraft were transferred to the fledgling USAAF 's Eighth Air Force to become the nucleus of the 4th Fighter Group . The high - altitude bombers ( edit ) Towards the end of August 1942 , the Luftwaffe began launching high - level bombing raids against England . A unit called the Höhenkampfkommando der Versuchsstelle für Höhenflüge , equipped with a small number of Junkers Ju 86R bombers , was able to bomb England from above 40,000 ft without impediment from RAF fighters , or from anti-aircraft guns . On one such attack on 28 August a single bomb dropped on Bristol killed 48 people and injured another 46 . To counter the threat , the `` High Altitude Flight '' was formed at RAF Northolt ; this unit used a pair of Spitfire Mk Vcs which were converted into IXs by Rolls - Royce at the Hucknall plant . These were stripped of everything not required for the role of high - level interception , lightening them by 450 lb each . On 12 September 1942 Flying Officer Emanuel Galitzine , flying BS273 , successfully intercepted a Ju 86R piloted by Fw Horst Göetz and commanded by Leutnant Erich Sommer above Southampton at 41,000 ft . The ensuing battle went up to 43,000 ft and was the highest air battle of the war . However , problems were caused by the freezing air at that altitude and the combat was not decisive : the port cannon suffered a jam and , whenever the pilot fired a burst , the aircraft would slew and fall out of the sky . The bomber escaped safely with just one hit to its port wing , but having found it to be vulnerable to the RAF at high altitudes , the Luftwaffe launched no further high - altitude attacks against England . Debut of the Griffon engine Mk XII ( edit ) Spitfire F Mk XIIs of 41 Sqn . MB882 , was flown by Flt Lt Donald Smith , RAAF . On 24 February 1943 , the first of the Rolls - Royce Griffon engined Spitfire variants , the F Mk XII was accepted into RAF service , with the first examples being delivered to 41 Squadron . The first operational flight was made on 3 April , with the Mk XII 's first victory , a Junkers Ju 88 occurring two weeks later . The only other squadron to use the variant was 91 Squadron , which started re-equipping on 20 April ; this unit 's first XII victories were five Fw 190 fighter - bombers of SKG 10 which were claimed shot down during an attempted low altitude raid on Folkestone on the evening of 25 May . The Mk XII had superb performance at low and medium altitudes , though the performance dropped away above about 15,000 feet . In spite of a reluctance on the part of German fighters to be drawn into low - altitude combat the Spitfire XIIs scored several successes against low - flying fighter - bomber Fw 190s and Bf 109 Gs attacking targets in and around the south - eastern coastal towns of Britain . In June 1943 41 and 91 Squadrons the only ones to be fully equipped with this version , moved to RAF Westhampnett and formed the Westhampnett Wing led first by Wng Cdr . Rhys Thomas and then , from August 1943 , by Wing Cdr . Raymond Harries . As the American strategic ( B - 17 and B - 24 ) and medium ( B - 26 and A-20 ) bombing campaigns gathered momentum in mid-1943 , the need for fighter escort meant much of Fighter Command 's Spitfire force was used , while the U.S. fighter groups worked up to operational status . The limited combat radius of the Spitfire meant the RAF support operations were restricted to the North Sea - coastal regions of Belgium and north - western France and across the English Channel to Normandy . As the battle intensified over occupied Europe , USAAF fighters like the P - 47 , P - 38 and from early 1944 P - 51 bore the brunt of bomber protection . Spitfire IX squadrons had to bide their time until the invasion of Europe , before fully engaging the Luftwaffe 's Jagdwaffe . Most successful Spitfire : EN398 ( edit ) From surviving records it would appear that the most successful individual Spitfire was EN398 , a Mk IX fitted with a Merlin 63 . This aircraft was built at Chattis Hill , a Shadow factory run by Supermarine , making its first flight on 13 February 1943 . Five days later EN398 was delivered to No. 402 Squadron RCAF which was part of the Kenley Wing . On 16 March Acting Wing Commander `` Johnnie '' Johnson arrived to take command of the four Canadian units based at Kenley . EN398 was still undergoing acceptance tests in a hangar : I found the engineer officer and together we had a look at her , gleaming and bright in a new spring coat of camouflage paint . Later I took her up for a few aerobatics to get the feel of her , for this was the first time I had flown a ( Mark ) 9 . She seemed very fast , the engine was sweet and she responded to the controls as only a thoroughbred can . I decided she should be mine , and I never had occasion to regret the choice . As a wing commander , Johnson was allowed to paint his initials JE - J on the sides of the fuselage , in place of the usual squadron code letters AE - He also had the Spitfire 's guns re-harmonised to converge their fire to a single point ahead of the aircraft , rather than the standard pattern which spread the rounds evenly over a circle a few yards across . The first successful engagement for Johnson in EN398 was on 3 April 1943 when he shot down an Fw 190 . By the time Johnson relinquished command of the Kenley Wing in September 1943 he had shot down 12 enemy aircraft , shared in the destruction of five more , inflicted damage on six and shared in damaging one , all while flying EN398 . Also , Squadron Leader Robert `` Buck '' McNair shot down an Fw 190 while flying this Spitfire on 20 July 1943 . EN398 was eventually sold for scrap in October 1949 . The next most successful Spitfire was EN572 FY - H , flown by New Zealander Flt . Lt Johnny Checketts of 611 Squadron ( Biggin Hill Wing ) . This Spitfire was a Mk . VC converted to a Mk IX by Rolls - Royce and was powered by a Merlin 61 ; it was delivered to 611 Squadron in April 1943 . When Checketts was posted to 485 ( NZ ) Squadron in July 1943 he took EN572 , which became OU - H. While flying EN572 Checketts shot down 13 enemy aircraft , with one probable and six damaged . Checketts was shot down over France in this Spitfire on 6 September 1943 , but escaped , returning to England seven weeks later . D - Day to ve Day ( edit ) Normandy : June -- August 1944 ( edit ) Geoffrey Page , commander of 125 Wing of the Second TAF , about to take off on a sortie from Longues - sur - Mer , Normandy in his Spitfire Mk IXE ' AGP ' with a 500 - lb GP bomb under the fuselage and two 250 - lb GP bombs on wing racks ( 1944 ) After the Normandy landings , some Spitfires ( Griffon and Merlin engine marks ) were retained in Britain to counter the V - 1 flying bomb offensive in mid-1944 as part of the ADGB . Supplies of a new aviation fuel , which was called `` 150 Grade '' , arrived from America in March 1944 and sufficient quantities were available to be used by ADGB fighters as the V - 1 offensive started . The new fuel enabled the Rolls - Royce Merlin and Griffon engines to operate at higher boost pressures , especially at lower altitudes , for the duration of the anti-V - 1 campaign . The bulk of the Spitfire squadrons , which by D - Day were incorporated into the Second Tactical Air Force , were progressively moved across the Channel , operating from advanced landing grounds in Normandy , close behind the front - lines . From late August 1944 , as the Allied ground forces overran German forces in France and moved forward into Belgium and parts of the Netherlands , the Spitfire units of 2 TAF moved to new airfields in support . By this time , as air supremacy ( as opposed to air superiority ) had been achieved , and in line with 2 TAF 's doctrine on the use of fighter - bombers most of the Merlin engined Mk IX and XVI units were used in the fighter - bomber role . This meant that these units concentrated on roaming over German territory , attacking ground targets of opportunity and providing tactical ground support to the army units . In this role there were fewer opportunities to engage Luftwaffe fighters . A notable incident occurred on 17 July 1944 , when a Spitfire of 602 Squadron attacked the staff car of Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel , wounding him and removing him from command of Army Group B . One tactical innovation adopted by 2nd TAF Spitfires was the `` Fluid Six '' ' formation , which had been developed through combat experience in Europe and North Africa . The first use of the tactic dated back to at least November 1941 . It is known that No. 112 Squadron RAF used this in the North African campaign . This formation `` was considered the best fighter formation of the war '' . It abandoned the leader - wingman combination that had existed before . Instead , it was based on three pairs of Spitfires which could provide mutual cover and support : the pairs were ' stacked ' in altitude so that the pair ( e.g. : 5 & 6 ) flying up - sun , and covering the tails of the leaders ( 1 & 2 ) , flew higher , while the other pair ( e.g. : 3 & 4 ) flew lower . Any attacking aircraft could be sandwiched between two pairs of Spitfires , no matter the direction or altitude of the attack . Another advantage of this formation was that when operating at squadron strength a flight commander was able to lead six aircraft of his own flight , `` whereas , with formations of four there would more likely be one formation from each flight with the third consisting of aircraft from another flight . '' Fluid Six formation as flown by Spitfires of 2nd TAF 1944 -- 1945 The Merlin 's water and glycol cooling system , as with all liquid - cooled aero - engines , proved vulnerable to small arms fire , with one hit in the radiator or coolant pipes often being enough to drain the system , eventually causing the engine to seize or catch fire . Although some pilots were able to gain enough altitude to glide back to a forward airfield , the low altitudes normally flown during ground attack missions meant that light ( up to 30 mm ) flak claimed most of the Spitfire IXs and XVIs lost while operating as fighter - bombers . Just 21 of the 152 Spitfires that were destroyed or damaged from all causes from 1 -- 30 June 1944 were shot down by German fighters . Flight Lieutenant Raymond Baxter , who had flown Spitfires almost continually since 1941 , flew Mk XVIs on fighter - bomber operations while commanding ' A ' Flight of 602 Squadron attacking V - 2 rocket launching sites in the Netherlands : The usual force to attack these small targets was four to six Spitfires , each with either one 500 and two 250 pound bombs or two 250 pounders and a long range tanks ... As we crossed into enemy territory we were liable to be engaged with predicted fire from heavy 88mm guns . But in a Spitfire this was no great danger , provided one continually changed one 's direction and altitude in a series of long climbing or diving turns ... the V - 2 targets were defended with light flak so when we reached the target area our approach tactics would vary ... Accurate bombing was dependant on accurate flying during the dive ... the speed would build up quite rapidly , to a maximum of about 360 mph before the release . When he judged the altitude to be about 3,000 ft each pilot let go of his bombs in a salvo , then did a 5G pull - up to bring the nose up to horizontal ... the drill was to make a high - speed getaway using the ground for cover . By the end of August , the German ground forces were in full retreat and the Jagdwaffe began pulling back to Germany to re-equip and train new pilots . The speed of the withdrawal meant that the Spitfire units of 2 TAF began to find themselves out of range of the front until new forward airfields could be built or those previously used by the Luftwaffe rebuilt . As a consequence there was little air - to - air combat involving Spitfires until mid-September , although flak continued to take a toll . Spitfire Spotters ( edit ) A Spitfire Mk . V being serviced by U.S. Navy groundcrew of VCS - 7 , RNAS Lee - on - Solent , June 1944 During D - Day , Spitfires were operated as Spotters by U.S. Navy Cruiser Scouting Squadron Seven ( VCS - 7 ) in support of United States Navy and Royal Navy cruisers and battleships bombarding land targets . In this role the Spitfires would locate targets and guide the fire of the ships onto the target . US spotting units normally used floatplanes , either SOC Seagulls or OS2U Kingfishers but because of their vulnerability against fighters , it was decided that 17 Cruiser Spotter ( VCS ) and Battleship Observation ( VO ) pilots aboard the heavy cruisers Augusta ( CA 31 ) , Tuscaloosa ( CA 37 ) and Quincy ( CA 71 ) and the battleships Arkansas ( BB 33 ) , Texas ( BB 35 ) and Nevada ( BB 36 ) , would be trained to fly RAF Spitfire Mk Vbs and Seafire IIIs . This unit , along with two RAF squadrons , 26 and 63 , also flying Spitfire Vbs and four FAA squadrons 808 , 885 , 886 and 897 flying Seafire IIIs and forming no . 3 Wing , provided valuable target coordinates and fire control during 20 days of operations . On D - Day `` pooling '' of the spotting units ' aircraft meant that all units flew either Spitfires or Seafires . Normally two aircraft were used ; the lead aircraft functioned as the spotter while covered by a wingman , who kept a lookout for intruders . The standard altitude flown was 6,000 feet ( 1,800 m ) , although poor weather often meant that missions were flown at between 1,500 -- 2,000 feet ( 460 -- 610 m ) or lower in some cases . Drop tanks were carried and a sortie could last up to two hours . Encounters against Luftwaffe fighters were rare , with four VCS - 7 pilots able to evade attacks by Bf 109s and Fw 190s . Flak accounted for the only operational loss . After the bombardment of Cherbourg on 26 June Naval gunfire support missions were stopped because the battle had moved inland , out of the range of the battleships and cruisers . VCS - 7 was disbanded . During 20 days of combat operations , the aviators of VCS - 7 were awarded nine Distinguished Flying Crosses , six Air Medals and five Gold Stars in lieu of additional Air Medals . The Seafires of No. 3 Wing encountered German fighters on a number of occasions suffering 3 losses and achieving 2 victories . September 1944 to May 1945 ( edit ) In September 1944 , with the end of the anti - `` Diver '' campaign , the Griffon - engined Mk XIV units 41 , 350 and 610 Squadrons were transferred from the ADGB to 2 TAF and began operating from RAF Lympne . At about the same time 322 ( Dutch ) Squadron , which had been equipped with the Mk XIV , reverted to Spitfire IXs . On the last day of September 130 and No. 402 Squadron RCAF , also equipped with Mk XIVs , flew to airfield B. 82 , Grave . Their arrival was timely as they , along with the Hawker Tempest units , were needed to counter the Me 262 nuisance raids . In December the three Lympne based units flew to join the others on the Continent , eventually becoming part of 125 Wing . Further deliveries of the potent Mk XIV were made to fighter - reconnaissance units and in February 1945 , 610 Squadron was disbanded to help maintain the level of aircraft and pilots of these units . Along with the Hawker Tempest squadrons , the Spitfire XIVs provided the 2 TAF with modern fighters for air - superiority , with the Spitfire being the primary high - altitude fighter , while the Tempest operated at low - to - medium altitude . As events turned out , the only F.R. unit equipped with F.R. Mk . XIVs was No. 403 Squadron RCAF and although its primary role was tactical reconnaissance , the unit also engaged in fighter sweeps resulting in successful encounters with Luftwaffe aircraft , including the destruction of an Me 262 . Spitfires took part in the Defence of the Reich campaign , providing Avro Lancaster bombers with fighter escort . Targets were attacked over an area ranging from German occupied Dutch territory into the heart of Germany . The Second Tactical Air Force notes identified flak and specialist `` flak trains '' as the main threat during this period . The Germans had developed special flak wagons to protect valuable transport trains from air attack and `` set traps '' for unwary Allied fighter pilots . The trains would be disguised to look like vulnerable and tempting targets , which when attacked , would open up its `` wagons '' to reveal anti-aircraft guns that inflicted losses on the Spitfire units . Pilots still had to be aware that they were in hostile skies and care had to be taken not to be caught by surprise . On 8 December the 2nd TAF performed a number of sweeps over the Dulmen - Munster area . While attacking a train they were bounced by a dozen German fighters , Fw 190s and Bf 109s . Flt Lt Harry Walmsley described the Spitfire XIV 's performance against the Bf 109 : They definitely caught us by surprise . I think they had been on patrol , or had been scrambled , and when they saw the smoke from the train they knew where we were and attacked out of the cloud . The Spitfire XIV is definitely better than the Me 109 , as I could do a better climbing turn even with my drop tanks still on ! During this engagement , Walmsley scored the third of his 12 kills . On a number of missions , Spitfires were attacked in error by USAAF P - 51s . One such incident came about on 31 December 1944 , when 610 Squadron RAF was attacked . Using the Spitfire 's `` stunning '' climb performance , pilots were `` easily '' able to escape and evade the Mustangs . In December 1944 , RAF Fighter Command lost 53 Spitfires on the western front to all causes . Just eight fell to enemy aircraft . On 29 December Flt Lt R.J. Audet , a French Canadian on No. 411 Squadron RCAF , shot down three Fw 190s and two Bf 109s during one sortie . Audet claimed a further five aircraft before he was shot down and killed in his Spitfire IX on 3 March 1945 , while strafing a train . On 1 January 1945 the Luftwaffe launched Operation Bodenplatte . Spitfire units took part in the air fighting that day , destroying at least 32 German fighters for the loss of 13 Spitfires . Of these , seven were shot down in aerial combat , the remainder were strafed on the ground . Photo reconnaissance ( edit ) Before the Second World War , the RAF relied on Bristol Blenheims to carry out photo - reconnaissance as a secondary task as long range photographic reconnaissance was not considered important . Short range photo - reconnaissance was left to the Army Cooperation Command Westland Lysanders . Neither aircraft had the speed or altitude performance to avoid enemy fighters and their light armament meant that fighting their way to a target to take photographs was a forlorn hope . Both aircraft types had many losses when faced with modern fighters and A.A fire . Early photo - reconnaissance Spitfires ( edit ) Shortly before the Second World War started Flg . Off . Maurice Longbottom submitted a paper to the Air Ministry , in which he proposed that the RAF equip itself with small , unarmed aircraft , stripped of unnecessary weight and equipped with cameras and extra fuel , to rely on high speed , a fast climb and high altitude to avoid enemy defences . He was thinking primarily about the Spitfire as the ideal aircraft . Although his idea was received with interest , it was shelved because there were not enough Spitfires to divert from Fighter Command . When early operations proved the vulnerability of the Blenheims and Lysanders , in October 1939 the Australian Sidney Cotton , Acting Wing Commander of the newly formed and highly secret `` Heston Flight '' , met with Air Chief Marshal Hugh Dowding , AOC of Fighter Command and persuaded him to release two Spitfires to his unit . Cotton had already proved Longbottom 's theory to be right by using a modified Lockheed 12A on clandestine photo - reconnaissance missions over Germany . The two Spitfires were `` Cottonised '' by removing the radio , stripping out the armament and adding downward - facing F24 cameras with 5 inches ( 13 cm ) lenses to replace the inner - wing guns . All panel lines and the gun - ports were filled in with plaster of Paris and a special light `` Camoutint Green '' was applied to the aircraft and polished . Thus modified , the Spitfire was capable of reaching over 390 miles per hour ( 630 km / h ) . While the fighter versions of the Spitfire stayed in Britain , the first PR missions were flown from bases in France by Cotton 's unit which was renamed `` No. 2 Camouflage Unit '' . The first RAF high - speed , high - altitude photo - reconnaissance mission of the war took place on 18 November 1939 when Flt . Lt. `` Shorty '' Longbottom took off from Seclin and attempted to photograph Aachen from 33,000 ft ( 10,000 m ) . After the initial successes of these aircraft , more Mk I Spitfires were converted in different ways for different reconnaissance missions . On 17 January 1940 , 2 Camouflage Unit was renamed the `` Photographic Development Unit '' ( PDU ) , while another PR Unit , 212 Squadron was formed in France . Five months later , on 17 June 1940 , Sidney Cotton was sacked from the RAF , for taking money to fly a French businessman to the UK , while he was evacuating British agents from Paris . The following year , he was awarded an OBE in recognition of his contribution to the development of photographic reconnaissance . The PDU was expanded , eventually becoming 1 Photographic Reconnaissance Unit ( 1 PRU ) in November 1940 , operating from RAF Benson as part of RAF Coastal Command . On 3 June 1940 , Hauptmann Werner Mölders of III. / JG53 claimed a lone Spitfire shot down near Paris : it is more than likely that this was a Spitfire of 212 Squadron . On 13 June 1940 , Flg . Off . George Patterson Christie , a Canadian pilot of the PDU , attacked a Fiat BR. 20 bomber off the coast of Monaco and by repeatedly diving at it , forced it to land in the sea . Patterson was awarded the DFC for this feat . He was also reprimanded by Cotton for playing at being a fighter pilot when his primary duty was to bring back photographs . On 22 February 1941 , at the request of Dr R.V. Jones , a PRU type G Spitfire , flown by Flg . Off . W.K. Manifould , took the first clear photographs of a Freya radar . In retaliation for an incident six days earlier , when a Sgt Parrot failed to bring back photos due to heavy flak , Manifould also strafed the AA posts and radar station , rendering the latter useless . On 5 December 1941 , again at the request of Dr Jones , a PRU Spitfire flown by Flt . Lt Tony Hill was able to photograph a Würzburg radar from 200 feet ( 61 m ) at Bruneval on the French coast . This led directly to the Bruneval raid in which Würzburg components and radar operators were captured from the Germans . Flying PR missions was not an easy occupation . Spitfire pilots often flew missions lasting seven hours or more ; the cramped cockpit was uncomfortable , although the introduction of heating and , later in the war , pressurization , relieved some of the discomfort . Early PR Spitfires lacked radios and , in later versions which did have radio , the pilot was expected to maintain radio silence throughout the flight . The pilot of a high - flying Spitfire would keep constant watch on the rear - view mirror to make sure that a contrail would not betray its presence , and he also had to keep an eye out for enemy fighters trying to intercept . Without the help of another crew member a PR Spitfire pilot had to be a good navigator , usually relying on dead reckoning . Once over the target to be photographed , a precise course and altitude was set and maintained . Even a small deviation from straight and level flight could mean that the cameras would miss a small target by hundreds of yards . Several different paint schemes were used by the early photo - reconnaissance Spitfires until an overall `` PRU Blue '' was adopted for the majority of PR aircraft from late 1941 . Low - altitude ( `` dicing '' ) missions , such as the one on the Bruneval Würzburg and Freya radar position , were usually flown under low cloud , with the pilot constantly on the lookout for enemy fighters and flak positions . These missions were much more dangerous than the high - altitude missions . At high speed and low altitude there was little time to aim the oblique camera : a tiny black + on the side of the canopy was lined up with a small black stripe painted on the aileron and , as the aircraft flew by the target , the pilot had to estimate when to start taking photographs . The only way to successfully take pictures and survive was to take the defences by surprise . Failing that the pilot was supposed to give up and fly home , and he was not allowed to fly over the same target again that day , or the next . Spitfires engaged in low - altitude `` dicing '' missions were often painted in either overall white or in a very pale `` Camoutint Pink '' , which was an ideal colour against cloud cover . Low - attitude oblique missions also required great skill in timing the photographs . The camera , which was behind the pilot seat , would be pointed sideways on aircraft flying oblique missions . The object would disappear under the wing as the aircraft was flying by it , and during those moments of lack of eye contact , the photo had to be taken . The pilot had to guess when it would reappear behind the wing and fire the shutter accordingly . PRU Spitfires also kept a constant watch on the German capital ships in based in Brest harbour throughout 1941 to February 1942 , as well as maintaining operations over Norway . The first Spitfire to be posted to the Mediterranean theatre was one operated by 1 PRU which arrived on Malta on 22 September 1941 . This aircraft was then grounded for three weeks while awaiting replacements for its badly worn tyres . PR Spitfires continued to operate off Malta in ones and twos , usually being re-allocated while en route to North Africa . Other overseas deployments of Spitfires had seen three Mk IVs being sent to Vaenga ( renamed Severomorsk in 1951 ) , in North Russia , to keep on eye on German warships during the operation to get Convoy PQ - 18 through to Russia . While there , they carried Soviet markings . These aircraft were later formally handed on to the Soviet Air Force . Late photo - reconnaissance Spitfires ( edit ) A preserved PR Mk XI Spitfire ( PL965 ) in PRU Blue ( 2008 ) In 1942 , the two - stage Merlin 60 aero engine became available for reconnaissance aircraft . The first 15 Spitfires with the new engine were conversions of standard Mk IXs made by the workshops of 1 PRU at RAF Heston . One of the best known operations undertaken by the Mk IX conversion was to provide photographs of the four dams slated to be destroyed by Operation Chastise ; a PR Mk IX flown by Flg . Off . F.D. Fray brought back a famous series of photos showing the Moehne and Eder dams the morning after the raid . The PR Mk XI was the first version of the Spitfire to be built specifically as a photoreconnaissance ( PR ) aircraft and started replacing all of the earlier conversions of Mk Is , IIs and Vs from mid-1943 . The PR Mk XIII replaced the PR Mk VII as a low - altitude tactical - reconnaissance aircraft at about this time . By late 1942 , the early PRUs had been expanded and formalised into several squadrons , and with the formation of the Second Tactical Air Force ( or 2nd TAF ) in 1943 , Army Co-operation Command was wound up and many of its units became dedicated PR Squadrons . The photo - reconnaissance squadrons , especially those units in theatres outside Britain , were self - contained intelligence units ; not only did they have the usual aircraft and maintenance crews but they also incorporated a large photographic section , which processed the exposed film in mobile laboratories almost as soon as the aircraft had landed . There were also photo interpreters , photo - printing staff , an intelligence section plus communications staff . The breached Moehne Dam photographed by a PR Mk IX conversion of 542 Squadron RAF After the Réseau AGIR reported construction in Occupied France in September 1943 , Spitfires and other reconnaissance aircraft ( five British , five American and four Canadian squadrons ) photographed V - 1 facilities . A photo taken by a 542 Squadron Spitfire on 3 October 1943 depicted the Siracourt V - 1 bunker ( bombed January 1944 ) , and sortie E / 463 on 3 November 1943 over Bois Carré by a No. 170 Squadron RAF aircraft was the first to detect `` ski - shaped buildings 240 -- 270 feet long '' . As on 21 October , photo - reconnaissance sorties on 4 December 1943 to cover the whole of Northern France were conducted before the 5 December start of `` Crossbow Operations Against Ski Sites '' . Despite Crossbow bombings , camouflaged `` modified '' sites were first discovered 26 April 1944 ( 61 modified sites were photographed by 6 June ) . Photos on 10 June depicting that the sites were being activated allowed image interpreters to predict the sites could launch within three days ( V - 1 flying bomb operations began on the night of 12 / 13 June 1944 ) . Combat support ( edit ) During and after D - Day , PR Spitfires of the 2nd TAF supported the Allied armies , including strategic sorties by No. 16 Squadron RAF from 30,000 ft ( 9,100 m ) or more using the PR Mk XI . The unit 's secondary role was to provide tactical reconnaissance using the F.R Mk IX in low altitude `` dicer '' missions . 16 Squadron F.R Mk IXs photographed German tanks in the Arnhem area just before Operation Market Garden , and during the battle , Northolt based F.R IXs flew missions in support of the paratroops . Mediterranean service ( edit ) Spitfire Vc ( trop ) of No. 417 Squadron RCAF in Tunisia in 1943 . The Mk Vb was the first Spitfire to see extensive overseas service . On 7 March 1942 , 15 Mk Vs carrying 90 - gallon fuel tanks under their fuselages took off from HMS Eagle off the coast of Algeria on a 600 - mile flight to Malta . In the months that followed , some 275 Mk Vb and Vc Spitfires were delivered to the beleaguered island , with the Americans providing help by allowing the USS Wasp to be used to fly two lots of Spitfires to the islands . Wooden wedges were used to allow the Spitfires to leave the carrier with partial `` takeoff '' flap settings . ( Once the aircraft had gained altitude , the pilot would open the flaps fully , the wedges would fall out and the flaps could then be closed . ) In `` Operation Calendar '' on 20 April 1942 , 47 Spitfires and pilots of 601 and 603 Squadrons flew from Wasp to Malta . In `` Operation Bowery '' on 9 May 1942 , another 50 Spitfires flew from Wasp and 14 from Eagle . Sixty of them landed on Malta . One Spitfire with a defective long range fuel tank landed back on the Wasp , despite lacking a tailhook . In `` Operation Style '' on 3 June , a further 32 Spitfires flew to Malta from HMS Eagle , through they were intercepted en route and four were shot down . However , the carriers were thought to be vulnerable to attack from the Luftwaffe while out at sea so in late October through to early November , a total of 12 Spitfire Vcs , equipped with a single huge 170 - gallon drop tank , flew direct from Gibraltar , a distance of 1,000 miles . This meant a flight time of more than five hours . All of these Spitfires were involved in combating and finally blunting the constant air attacks being made on the island by the Luftwaffe and the Regia Aeronautica . The most successful Spitfire pilot was the Canadian Plt . Off . George Beurling of 249 Squadron who was credited with shooting down 261⁄3 German and Italian aircraft between June and late October 1942 . The first Spitfire to be modified to carry underwing bombs was a Malta - based Mk Vc , EP201 X-V of 229 Squadron , which was adapted to carry one 250 lb bomb under each wing in September 1942 . Many Mk V Spitfires equipped to carry a pair of 250 - lb bombs attached beneath their wings were used as makeshift bombers , raiding Sicilian fortifications and air bases , and releasing their bombs at 7,000 feet as they dived at an optimum angle of 60 degrees . To counter the prevalent dusty conditions , the Spitfires were fitted with a large Vokes air filter under the nose , which lowered the performance of the aircraft through increased drag . The Vb and Vc ( trop ) ( fitted with large Vokes anti-sand air filters ) would also equip units of the Desert Air Force during the North African campaign by August 1942 . Spitfire Vc taking off from deck of USS Wasp , possibly during `` Operation Bowery '' . Here , the Mk Vcs were also used as tactical fighter - bombers , being equipped with a maximum load of 500 lb of bombs . Mark Vbs equipped the 4th , 31st and 52nd Fighter Groups of the USAAF in the summer of 1942 , and the latter two groups continued flying them until succeeded by Mk VIIIs in mid-1943 . By this time , Spitfire Mk Vcs with stronger wings and extra ammunition began to carry four 20 mm cannon . Many Mk Vs also had the new , smaller and much more efficient `` Aboukir '' filter instead of the ram air effect nullifying Vokes filter . The new filter was named as such due to its creation in Aboukir , Egypt by RAF mechanics . The Spitfire V and , later , much - improved , longer - range Spitfire VIIIs also soon became available in the North African theatre and , henceforth , featured heavily with the RAF , South African Air Force and USAAF during the campaigns in Sicily and Italy . In the Mediterranean theatre and in Italy , the Mk VIII also fought with the United States Army Air Force . The 31st and 52nd Fighter Groups operated the fighter for some time until , in March 1944 , their aircraft were replaced by the P - 51B / C Mustang , a change which did not thrill most of the pilots according to many 31st FG members . However , the American fighter was adopted because of its long - range escort capability . Over 300 kills were claimed by the two fighter groups while flying Spitfires . Spitfire versus Italian fighters ( edit ) In the Mediterranean theatre , the Spitfire VC encountered the Macchi C. 202 `` Folgore '' , an aircraft which was a close match . It was widely considered superior to both the Hawker Hurricane and Curtiss P - 40 Kittyhawks it fought against , at first on the Libyan front from November 1941 , and the equal of the Mk V. It was claimed that it was able to outturn all three , although the Spitfire had a superior rate of climb . In 1943 the C. 202 was partly superseded by the Macchi C. 205 `` Veltro '' which was an improved version of the `` Folgore '' . The Veltro was much respected by Allied and Luftwaffe pilots alike . In action , they proved to be extremely effective . One of the top - scoring British fighter pilots of the Second World War , Grp Capt W.G.G. Duncan Smith , DSO DFC , greatly respected the Macchi fighters , stating : `` In encounters with Macchi 205s particularly we were up against aircraft that could turn and dog - fight with our Spitfires extremely well . '' Laddie Lucas recalled that the Reggiane Re. 2001 could also be a difficult opponent for the Spitfire V , particularly when caught in a dogfight . Over Malta even able pilots could be outmanoeuvred by the nimble Italian fighter that was , on the other hand , slower and armed only with the `` classical '' couple of Breda - SAFAT 12.7 mm machine guns . Another Italian fighter , the Reggiane Re. 2005 , although built in limited numbers , was occasionally encountered by Spitfires over Sicily . W.G.G. Duncan Smith considered : `` The Re 2005 ' Sagittario ' was a potent aircraft . Having had a dog - fight with one of them , I am convinced we would have been hard pressed to cope in our Spitfires operationally , if the Italians or Germans had had a few squadrons equipped with these aircraft at the beginning of the Sicily campaign or in operations from Malta . '' Italian Co-Belligerent Air Force ( edit ) On 17 August 1944 , after training at Canne airfield , 12 kilometres ( 7.5 mi ) south of Termoli , an RAF Squadron with Yugoslavian pilots provided 53 Spitfire Vs to the Italian Co-Belligerent Air Force . Only 33 would be used in front service with 20 ° Gruppo of 51 ° Stormo becoming the first Italian unit to receive the Spitfire , with its first offensive mission on 23 October , over Albania . From then on , Italian Spitfire missions included escorting transport aircraft , reconnaissance flights and ground attacks . By 31 December 1944 there were 17 Spitfires Vs on charge ( a total of 40 Mk Vs were eventually acquired ) . Two Spitfire Vs of 20 ° Gruppo flew the Regia Aeronautica 's last wartime mission on 5 May 1945 , a visual reconnaissance of Zagabria . By 8 May , 13 Spitfires ( eight of them operational ) were at Canne airport with 356a and 360a Squadriglia of 20 ° Gruppo . Two more Spitfires were located at Frosinone airport , at Scuola Addestramento Bombardamento e Caccia . Spitfires of the USSR ( edit ) Ex-RAF Spitfire Vbs being prepared for delivery to the USSR at Abadan , Iran in early 1943 . The two Spitfires in the foreground had already seen extensive RAF service . In early October 1942 , Josef V. Stalin wrote to Sir Winston Churchill , requesting the urgent delivery of Spitfires . Churchill agreed to send a batch of 150 Supermarine fighters , along with spares , equivalent to an additional 50 aircraft . Deliveries of Spitfire VBs to USSR started in the spring of 1943 . These were the first official Spitfire export . Most of these Mk Vbs had already seen extensive service with the RAF . One of the first units to receive the Spitfire was the 36th Fighter Aviation Regiment , which was part of the Voyenno - Vozdushnyye Sily or VVS . Soviet pilots were very disappointed by the performance of the Spitfire V ; they preferred , and made better use of , the Bell P - 39 Airacobra . According to Senior Lieutenant Anatoli Ivanov `` We knew that at the time the English had a better fighter , the Spitfire IX , and the word was that it was good . The aircraft our Allies had presented to us , however , were of a much older version ... and these Spitfires had taken some knocks before they were repaired and transferred to us ... Its speed was not much greater than that of the I - 16 ... The Soviet fighters designed by Lavochkin and Yakovlev had significantly better performance ... '' In the Soviet `` open press '' the trend of the times was that foreign - built items were never to be shown as better than home - built products . But usually Soviet pilots agreed that the Spitfire Mk VB was easy to fly and that it was a magnificent compromise between manoeuvrability and stability . In this respect , the British fighter was superior to the Yak - 1 , to say nothing of the LaGG - 3 and MiG - 3 . Other fighters could , however , outdive the British fighter , so a dive in order to break away when under attack -- a tactic that worked well with other types -- could be fatal on the Spitfire , because it picked up speed slowly due to the low wing loading . The armament was superior to that of any Soviet fighter and was only surpassed later by that of the Yak - 9T . It is clear issues experienced were accepted as USSR did not object to receiving more Spitfires as 1200 Mk . IX were received . However , the Spitfire did have serious defects for the rough conditions of Soviet operations . Because of the narrow track the undercarriage was ill - suited to Soviet grass airfields . The aircraft could start swaying dangerously while taxiing over uneven ground , and the wingtip could easily touch the ground . Moreover , the Spitfire had a centre of gravity positioned well forward and could easily stand on its nose while manoeuvering on soft or uneven ground ; the flight manual expressily forbade taxiing in such conditions without a man sitting astride the tail for balance . Moreover , the widely spaced wing guns proved unfamiliar to Soviet pilots , as on Soviet fighters the armament was usually grouped around the engine . Considering this and Soviet tactics those who flew in combat the Spitfire found that hitting the target at close range or during violent manoeuvres in a dogfight was not easy . Main operation issues was Soviet pilots and anti-aircraft gunners many rimes confused the Spitfire silhouette with the one of German BF - 109s , squared wing - tip configuration of Mk . IX Spitfire did not help . By 1943 , the VVS was being re-equipped with Lavochkin La - 5s and Yakovlev Yak - 1s and Yak - 9s which were extremely good low - to - medium - altitude fighters and , with their rugged construction and wide - track undercarriages , were well suited to operating from the frontline airfields . Spitfire IX became irreplaceable in a role of a high - altitude interceptor of air defence . As far as can be ascertained the total numbers of Spitfire which were delivered are as follows : Vb : = 143 PR IV : = 9 ( number not confirmed ) LF IX : = 1183 HF XI : = 2 LF XVI : = 9 French Air Force Spitfires ( edit ) In September 1938 two French Air Force pilots were allowed to fly a Spitfire Mk. I after France expressed official interest in purchasing a manufacturing licence . Air Ministry was reluctant to give up any of it Spitfires , but it eventually agreed to supply three examples to the French Air Force . This was later reduced to one example , and the 251st production aircraft was completed as 01 for the French Air Force and was supplied with a spare Merlin Ill . It made its maiden flight on 25 May 1939 , going to France on 18 July . It was the only Spitfire ever built directly for an export customer , all other deliveries being ex-RAF aircraft modified for foreign service . When the German forces invaded France the French Spitfire was at Orleans and was to have been burnt to stop it falling into enemy hands . On 7 November 1941 No 340 Squadron was the first Spitfire unit to be formed in Free France Air Force . More squadrons were later formed . The Free French and the Vichy French air force units in North Africa were merged in January 1943 and three former Vichy Squadrons re-equipped with Spitfires . In the end seven French Spitfire squadrons fought in western Europe and the Mediterranean. -- - > Luftwaffe Spitfires ( edit ) There is evidence that the Luftwaffe used captured Spitfires to test and for operational training duties . Supermarine Spitfire in many versions were present in the Luftwaffe , making the largest fleet of captured aircraft in Germany . All Spitfires were recovered , if possible , after crash landing and dismantled for spare parts for the few flyable aircraft or sent to air depots ( many almost intact ) . Its use in combat is not recorded . German ace Gunther Rall , who test flew captured versions of practically all of the top Allied fighters , stated that he preferred the Spitfire . This was a common sentiment among Luftwaffe fighter pilots , who regarded the Spitfire as their most dangerous foe . Some of these aircraft were used in the so - called Zirkus Rosarius - 2. Staffel Versuchsverband Oberkommando der Luftwaffe . Aircraft in this unit were used for combat training and for develop new dogfight techniques . Spitfires used in Zirkus Rosarius were reequipped with R / T FuG 7 or FuG 7a for better communication between instructor and pupil . At least one Spitfire MK V was re-engined with a DB - 601 in the Fall of 1942 . Germans captured many Spitfires that were flyable after few repairs . In the following cases it is documented they were used by Luftwaffe : Spitfire Mk IA , X4260 , of No. 603 squadron was shot down on 16 May 1940 south of Calais , it was later tested by Fritz Wendel . Spitfire PR IB , P9331 . On 7 June 1940 was forced to land at Reims / Champagne aerodrome during an abortive mission to photograph the railway line at Maastricht - Liege . This was the first PR Spitfire captured . Spitfire Mk IA , N3277 , of No. 234 Sqn force - landed near Cherbourg 15 August 1940 . It was repaired , and tested at Rechlin , marked 5 + 2 . Later it was tested by Luftwaffe Fighter units in France , being the latest JG. 26 at Orleans - Bricy , in March 1943 . Spitfire Mk IA , P9317 , of No. 222 Sqn force - landed at Le Touquet airfield on 1 June 1940 . It was flown as `` G-X '' in a propaganda film , based in Kolberg . Spitfire PR IA , P9331 , of No. 212 Sqn , force - landed near Reims on 7 June 1940 . It was repaired and flown to Rechlin , marked 2 + I . Spitfire Mk IA , K9791 , failed to return from a sortie over the Ruhr on 17 August 1940 . The captured Spitfire was displayed with other Allied equipment at the Victory in the West exhibition in Vienna towards the end of 1940 . Spitfire Mk IA , X4260 , of No. 603 Sqn force - landed near Calais on 6 September 1940 . It was repaired and tested by 2 / JG. 54 . later flown to Messerschmitt factory and marked 4 + 5 . Spitfire PR C , X4385 , of No. l PRU force - landed at Deelen airfield , Netherlands on 22 September 1941 . It was repaired and flown to Rechlin . Spitfire Mk IA , marked 5 + 2 , was used for comparison flying tests against Bf 109s and Fw 190s of 5 / JG. 2 in October 1942 . Another Spitfire was used by 5 / JG. 2 in April 1943 , marked 3 + 9 . Spitfire Mk Vb , EN830 , of No. 131 Sqn force - landed on Jersey Island on 18 November 1942 . It was flown to Messerschmitt factory where 24 - volt electrical system and DB605A engine were installed . It was marked CJ + ZY . The aircraft flew comparison trials with a Bf 109G in 1943 . Later , a DB601A engine was installed . Spitfire PR. X1 , EN685 , of No. 542 Sqn force - landed on 13 May 1944 in Germany . It was repaired and joined ' Zirkus Rosarius , marked T9 + EK . Spitfire LF 1XC , MK698 , of No. 412 Sqn force - landed near Wachtendonk ( Krefeld ) on 5 December 1944 . It joined Zirkus Rosarius . Supermarine Spitfire PR XI MB945 , T9 + BB . Saw service with Versuchsverband Ob. d.L. -- - > Asia and the Pacific ( edit ) In the Far East , the Spitfire found a worthy adversary in the A6M `` Zero '' long - range fighter that , like most Japanese fighters , excelled in manoeuvrability . `` The RAF pilots were trained in methods that were excellent against German and Italian equipment but suicide against the acrobatic Japs '' , as Lt. Gen. Claire Lee Chennault had to notice . Although not as fast as the Spitfire , the Zero could out - turn the Spitfire with ease , could sustain a climb at a very steep angle , and could stay in the air for three times as long . To fight the Zero , Spitfire pilots had to adopt a `` slash and run '' policy and use their superior speed and diving superiority to fight , and avoid classic dogfights . South West Pacific ( edit ) Supermarine Spitfire VIII in the markings of No. 457 Squadron RAAF The Royal Australian Air Force , the Royal Indian Air Force and the RAF also used Spitfires against Japanese forces in the Pacific theatre . The first Spitfires in the Far East were two photo - reconnaissance ( PR IV ) aircraft which operated from airfields in India from October 1942 . Japanese air raids on Northern Australia hastened the formation in late 1942 of No. 1 Wing RAAF , comprising No. 54 Squadron RAF , No. 452 Squadron RAAF and No. 457 Squadron RAAF , under the command of Wing Commander Clive Caldwell , flying the Spitfire Vc ( trop ) . The wing arrived at Darwin in February 1943 , and saw constant action until September . The Mk Vc versions received by the RAAF proved unreliable and , initially at least , had a relatively high loss rate . This was due to several factors , including pilot inexperience , engine over-speed due to the loss of oil from the propeller speed reduction unit ( a problem resolved by the use of a heavier grade of oil ) , and the practice of draining glycol coolant before shipment , resulting in internal corrosion of the Merlin engines . Another factor in the initial high attrition rate was the relatively short endurance of the Spitfire : most of the sorties were , as a matter of course , flown over the wide expanse of ocean between Australia , New Guinea and Timor . Even when fitted with drop tanks the Spitfires could not afford to fly too far from base without the danger of running out of fuel over water . As a result , when an incoming raid was detected , the Spitfires were forced to climb as fast as possible in an attempt to get into a favourable position . In the prevailing hot , humid climate this meant that the Merlin engines were often overheating even before combat was joined . The Spitfires were fitted with the Vokes tropical filters which reduced performance : in an attempt to increase performance the filters on several Spitfires were removed and replaced by the standard non-tropicalised air intake and lower engine cowlings which had been manufactured by the base workshops . The experiment proved to be a failure and the Spitfires were quickly refitted with the tropical filters . Two No. 79 Squadron RAAF Spitfire VCs and ground crew in April 1944 Many of the Australian and British airmen who flew in 1 Wing were experienced combat veterans , some of whom who had flown P - 40s with the Desert Air Force in North Africa , while others had flown Spitfires over Europe . They were used to being able to outmanoeuvre opposing fighters and were shocked to discover that the Zeros they were now flying against were able to outmanoeuvre the Spitfire . Several Spitfires were lost before the pilots learned not to attempt to get into a turning dogfight with the agile Japanese fighters . In spite of these problems the Spitfires were reasonably successful and at times were able to catch the Mitsubishi Ki - 46 reconnaissance aircraft which had hitherto flown fast enough and high enough to evade interception . The first of 410 Spitfire Mk VIIIs started replacing the Mk Vcs from October 1943 , although , in the event , they were to see very limited air - to - air combat . By mid-1943 the heavy losses imposed on the Japanese Navy in the Solomon Islands campaign and in New Guinea meant that the JNAF could not keep up its attacks on northern Australia . Other units equipped with the Spitfires in the South West Pacific Area included No. 79 Squadron RAAF , No. 85 Squadron RAAF , No. 548 Squadron RAF and No. 549 Squadron RAF . Politics also played a part ; the supreme commander of the South - West Pacific theatre Douglas MacArthur did not want Australians or any other non-Americans to share in his triumphant return to the Philippines . As a result of this , RAAF Spitfire Vs and VIIIs were increasingly used in the fighter - bomber role in mopping - up operations against the large pockets of Japanese forces still remaining in New Guinea , and some Australian based units did not get to see any combat at all . The Australian pilots regarded the situation as intolerable and saw this as a waste of effort and lives , especially as many of them were experienced and battle - hardened . By the end of the Pacific war No. 80 ( Fighter ) Wing was based on the Morotai Island in the Halmaheras Group assisting Australian ground troops in Borneo . It was here that the so - called Morotai Mutiny took place . India - Burma ( edit ) A Spitfire Mk . VIII of No. 607 Squadron RAF being prepared for a sortie at Mingaladon Airfield in Burma in August 1945 In the South East Asian theatre , the first Spitfire Vcs reached three squadrons on the India - Burma front in November 1943 . Spitfire pilots met Japanese for the first time on Boxing Day , 1943 . A pair of Spitfires piloted by Flying Officer Geoffrey William Andrews and Flight Sergeant Harry B. Chatfield attacked a formation of Japanese planes over Chittagong . Andrews destroyed a fighter and a bomber , damaging a second , while Chatfield shot down another two . On the last day of 1943 , Royal Australian Air Force Spitfires destroyed eleven Japanese bombers and three fighters . Churchill complimented the Australian Squadron for their `` brilliant exploit '' . These aircraft were replaced by the first Mk VIIIs , beginning in February 1944 . In late February , they played a major part in thwarting the Japanese Ha - Go offensive , an attack intended to isolate and destroy British Indian divisions in the Arakan Province of Burma . The Allies intended that transport aircraft ( particularly the C - 47 ) would drop supplies to surrounded formations , but in the early stages of the Japanese attack , large numbers of Imperial Japanese Army Air Force ( IJAAF ) fighter aircraft flying from the airfield on Akyab Island forced the first aerial resupply missions to turn back . Three squadrons of Spitfires operating from new airfields around Chittagong gained air superiority over the battlefield after days of battling with Ki - 43 `` Oscars '' and Ki - 44 `` Tojos '' . Sixty - five Japanese aircraft were claimed shot down or damaged for the loss of three Spitfires . The Allies were able to parachute supplies to the isolated forward units and the Japanese offensive was defeated with heavy losses . Spitfires ensured that the Allies gained and held air superiority during the battles of Kohima and Imphal from early to mid 1944 , in which the Japanese attempt to destroy the British Fourteenth Army and invade India was also defeated . By 1945 , when the Allies launched offensives into Burma , the Japanese were unable to challenge the Allies ' air supremacy . Spitfires took part in the last major pitched battle of the war involving the Western allies -- No. 607 Squadron and No. 273 Squadron flying the MKVIII armed with 500 pound bombs helped destroy a Japanese breakout attempt at the Sittang Bend in July and early August 1945 . Postwar service ( edit ) Following the Second World War , the Spitfire remained in use with many air forces around the world . The main foreign air force to use Spitfire was France 's Armée de l'Air that ordered more than 500 Supermarine fighters , Mark V , VIII , IX , and XVI variants . Other main users were Dutch Air Force , that received 76 Mark IX , Turkey , with 273 , Greek , with 242 . The Belgian Air Force received 134 Mark XIV plus 69 Mark IX and XVI . The Indian Air force received 159 Spitfires and the Aeronautica Italiana , 140 Mk IXs . The Southern Rhodesian Air Force received 22 Spitfire XXIIs from surplus RAF stocks in 1951 . Europe ( edit ) Soon after the end of the Second World War , the Swedish Air Force equipped a photo - reconnaissance wing , F 11 in Nyköping ( just south of Stockholm ) , with 50 Mk XIXs , designated S 31 . Several S 31 photographic missions in the late 1940s entailed flagrant violations of Soviet and , at least once , Finnish airspace in order to document activities at the air and naval installations in the Baltic and Kola regions . At that time , no Soviet fighter was able to reach the operational altitude of the S 31 . No Swedish aircraft were lost during those clandestine operations . However , by the early 1950s , Soviet air defences had become so effective that such practices had to cease . The S 31s were replaced by jet - powered SAAB S 29Cs in the mid-1950s . The Norwegian Air Force also used Spitfires for photo - reconnaissance in the late 1940s . but it also received 71 Mark IXs as well . In the Greek Civil War , Spitfires played a major role , being flown by the RAF and SAAF during October -- December 1944 , and by the Hellenic Air Force that received 242 Supermarine aircraft from 1946 to the end of the war in August 1949 . Of the 77 Mk IXs sold to Czechoslovakia in 1945 , and flown there until 1951 , a large number had been sold to Israel in 1948 -- 49 . Italy ( edit ) After the Second World War , eight flyable Italian Air Force Mk Vs were supplemented by 145 Mk IXs ( obtained in two batches of 60 and 85 aircraft ) . The Spitfire went into service with 51 ° and 5 ° Stormo ( wing ) flying reconnaissance missions over the Balkans as well as acting in cooperation with the Italian Army and providing a defensive force . Well liked by pilots , the Spitfires were involved in several postwar air races and trophy competitions including the Zerbinati Trophy . Italian P - 51s and Spitfires were entered in the handicap race with P - 51s penalized by a minute for speed , and Spitfires penalised a similar amount in climb rate . The Spitfire Mk IX remained in service until 1950 -- 1952 when 30 survivors were supplied to the Israeli Air Force ( HHA ) . Eventually , these ex-Italian aircraft were sent to Burma in 1954 -- 55 . Today , one ex-Italian Air Force Spitfire Mk IX , MM4084 , is on display at Vigna di Valle , Rome . Middle East ( edit ) Spitfires last saw air - to air combat during the 1948 Arab - Israeli War , when , in a strange twist , Israeli Air Force ( IAF ) Spitfires flown by former RAF pilots such as Ezer Weizman engaged Egyptian Spitfires and Royal Air Force Spitfires , the only recorded `` Spitfire vs Spitfire '' combats . A total of 59 Spitfire Mk IXs had been purchased by Israel in a controversial overseas transaction from Czechoslovakia , while 37 Mk IXs had been purchased by Egypt from retired RAF stocks . On 22 May 1948 , over Israel , a unique incident took place in the Spitfire 's operational history when three Spitfire users came into conflict . On this date , five Egyptian Mk IXs attacked , by mistake , the RAF base at Ramat David , shared by 32 and 208 Squadrons . They destroyed a number of Mk XVIIIs on the ground , but the surviving Spitfires took off and shot down four of the Egyptian aircraft . One of the RAF pilots was Geoff Cooper who was , in turn , later shot down by the American pilot Chalmers Goodlin , flying an Israeli Mk IX . On 21 October , IAF Spitfires shot down one Egyptian Spitfire and damaged two others . During this combat Jack Doyle , a Canadian pilot on the IAF 's 101 Squadron , claimed the first ever aerial victory by the IAF . In the last aerial combat of the war , on 7 January 1949 , four IAF Spitfires engaged a force of 14 RAF Mk XVIII Spitfires from 208 Squadron and Hawker Tempest Mk Vs after an earlier flight of RAF Spitfires had allegedly infringed Israel 's southern border . The IAF claimed three Mk XVIIIs destroyed . A Tempest was also hit and damaged . Two RAF pilots had been killed , with one badly injured and another taken as a POW by the Israelis . This combat caused an attitude of `` stunned dismay '' in the ranks of the RAF and was the cause of some tension between the Israeli forces and the RAF pilots until the war officially ended in July 1949 . South Asia ( edit ) Spitfires were employed by the Indian Air Force in the 1947 Indo - Pakistan War against invading tribals in Kashmir . They remained in service with India until 1957 . Of the Spitfire Mk IXs that Israeli bought from Czechoslovakia in 1948 -- 49 , about 30 were purchased by the Union of Burma Air Force in 1954 - 5 , where they joined 20 Seafire XVs , bought in 1952 direct from Vickers - Armstrong , and three Mk XVIIIs purchased from Air Command South - East Asia . They were used on counter-insurgency missions against separatist forces , to strafe Communist positions in the north of the country as civil war replaced the struggle between British and Japanese . The accident rate amongst local Spitfire pilots was exceptionally high . The aircraft remained in service until at least 1954 . Indochina War ( edit ) French Armée de l'Air and Aéronavale received in Indochina a squadron of Spitfire Mk . VIIIs when RAF left Tan Son Nhut in 1946 . They were supplemented by 12 Spitfire LF. IXs sent from Europe in 1947 . At the beginning of the Indochina War the French possessed approximately sixty Spitfires that performed poorly in the close - support role and its availability was generally low . Malayan emergency : last offensive ( edit ) RAF Spitfires based in the Far East saw action during Malayan Emergency . When Malayan Communist Party ( MCP ) soldiers killed three British rubber - planters on 16 June 1948 at Sungai Siput , Perak , Great Britain declared a state of emergency . On 6 July , 81 Squadron Spitfire Mk XVIIIs attacked an MCP camp with rockets . The most intense attacks on enemy targets were made in late 1949 ; on 21 October , RAF Spitfires and Seafires from 800 RNAS flew 62 sorties . The 16 Spitfires from the two squadrons based in Singapore flew some 1,800 missions against Communist positions . On 1 January 1951 the last offensive sortie made by RAF Spitfires was flown by a flight of four 60 Squadron Mk XVIIIs , led by Grp Capt Wilfrid Duncan Smith , in a strike against a target near Kota Tinggi . Private ( edit ) One notable variant was the privately owned LV - NMZ ( Argentine registration ) . This was a PR XI , PL - 972 , purchased by James Elwyn Storey and his brother Jack to undertake aerial photography for the Argentine government . Both served in the RAF during the Second World War . James flew his Spitfire from Bournemouth ( UK ) to Gibraltar , on to Dakar in Senegal , from Dakar to Natal in Brazil , then Rio de Janeiro , Porto Alegre and finally Buenos Aires . Using external wing tanks and a belly ferry tank , he established two records : one for the heaviest fuel load ever carried by a Spitfire and one for the longest flight for a Spitfire , the Dakar to Natal leg of approximately 1,870 miles . There are currently some 50 Spitfires flying today , a number that waxes and wanes as one aircraft is restored to airworthy condition and another crashes or retires for further restoration . A growing number of companies , based in England , France , Australia , Canada and the United States , manufacture replica Spitfires with engines of 650 hp or Chevrolets V - 8 engines , or Japanese V - 6s . There are even full - scale machines available , powered by 1,200 hp Allison V - 12 offering considerable performance . Some air forces retained Spitfires in service well into the 1960s . See also ( edit ) Military history of the Soviet Union Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Later 1 Photo Reconnaissance Unit ( 1 PRU ) Jump up ^ Most Mk IBs were converted to the first Mark VBs which entered service in early 1941 . The `` B '' configuration of two 20 mm cannon and four . 303 machine guns was standard during the mid-war years . Jump up ^ Wg Cdr Bader preferred the eight . 303 machine - gun armament to the two 20 mm cannon and four . 303 machine guns which was the standard armament . His score while flying Spitfire Is and IIs was nine destroyed and four shared destroyed , five and one shared probably destroyed and seven damaged . Jump up ^ The serial number BF273 , which should have belonged to a Bristol Blenheim was applied in error by the groundcrew . Jump up ^ Erich Sommer was later to command the first unit equipped with the Arado Ar 234 jet reconnaissance bomber . Jump up ^ Raymond Harries was the most successful of the Griffon engined Spitfire pilots , shooting down 10 ( some sources say 11 ) enemy aircraft , all while flying the F. Mk XII . Jump up ^ The four units which made up the Kenley Wing in March 1943 were all RCAF units : No. 403 Squadron RCAF and No. 416 Squadron RCAF with Spitfire XIs and No. 411 Squadron RCAF and No. 421 Squadron RCAF with Spitfire Mk Vbs. 411 and 421 Squadrons re-equipped with Mk IXs later in the year . Jump up ^ Robert `` Buck '' McNair of the RCAF ended the war with a total of 16 enemy aircraft destroyed , with five probably destroyed and 14 damaged . Jump up ^ Freya and Würzburg were often used in complementary installations . Jump up ^ In some cases other VVS pilots mistook the Spitfires for Bf 109s . Jump up ^ More details about Spitfires operating with the 5th GIAP can be found on the website Spitfires over the Kuban Retrieved : 8 February 2008 . Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Price 2002 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ McKinstry 2007 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Sims 1972 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ McKinstry 2007 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ McKinstry 2007 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ Price 1991 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Glancey 2006 , pp. 140 -- 141 . Jump up ^ Price 2002 , pp. 70 -- 72 . ^ Jump up to : Price 2002 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Glancey 2006 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Price 1996 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Price 1999 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Cull 1999 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Sims 1972 , pp. 108 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Deere 1974 , pp. 48 -- 53 . ^ Jump up to : Price 2002 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Price 2002 , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Price 1996 , pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Price 1996 , p. 15 . ^ Jump up to : Price 1996 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Ramsay 1989 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Price 1996 , pp. 18 -- 39 . ^ Jump up to : Williams and Gustin 2003 , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Glancey 2006 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Price 2002 , p. 72 . ^ Jump up to : Price 2002 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Price 2002 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Wood and Dempster 1990 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ `` Minutes of Oil Policy Committee meetings . '' National Archives AVIA 10 / 282 , 2 April , 18 May , 7 August 1940 . Retrieved : 15 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Harvey - Bailey 1995 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Price 1996 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Morgan and Shacklady 2000 , pp. 55 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Air Ministry 1940 , Section 1 , para vii `` Combat concessions '' . Jump up ^ Air Ministry 1940 / 1972 p. 13 `` 1 . Engine Data Merlin XII , para iii `` engine limitations '' . Jump up ^ Delve 2007 , p. 50 . ^ Jump up to : Green 1980 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Spick 1983 , p. 59 . ^ Jump up to : Bungay 2000 , pp. 249 -- 250 , 258 , 260 -- 262 . ^ Jump up to : Sims 1972 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Price 1996 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Bungay 2000 , pp. 174 -- 175 . Jump up ^ Price 1980 , pp. 13 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Weal 1999 , pp. 50 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Price 1980 , pp. 6 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Price 1996 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Sarkar 1995 Jump up ^ Green 1980 , pp. 86 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Delve 2007 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Caldwell 1991 , pp. 90 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Price 1991 , pp. 50 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Price 1991 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Price 1996 , pp. 41 , 62 , 91 . Jump up ^ Caldwell 1991 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Price 1991 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Sarkar 1995 , pp. 119 -- 121 . Jump up ^ Quill 1983 , p. 193 . ^ Jump up to : Price 2002 , pp. 143 -- 144 . ^ Jump up to : Price 1991 , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Glancey 2006 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Price 2002 , pp. 139 -- 140 , 144 -- 145 . ^ Jump up to : Price 1997 ^ Jump up to : Price 2002 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Delve 2007 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Price 2002 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Franks 1998 , pp. 56 -- 62 . ^ Jump up to : Weal 1996 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Franks 1998 , p. 56 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Delve 2007 , p. 73 . ^ Jump up to : Shores and Thomas 2004 , pp. 12 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Price 1991 , pp. 76 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Ramsay 1990 , pp. 158 -- 161 . Jump up ^ Luftwaffe attacks on Bristol Retrieved : 14 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Price 1995 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Delve 2007 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Price 1995 , pp. 12 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Price 2002 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Thomas 2008 , pp. 6 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Thomas 2008 , pp. 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Price 2002 , pp. 191 -- 192 . Jump up ^ Price 2002 , p. 190 . Jump up ^ Thomas 2008 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Price 1995 , pp. 52 -- 54 . ^ Jump up to : Price 2002 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Price 1995 , pp. 34 , 89 . Jump up ^ Price 2002 , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Price 2002 , pp. 156 -- 157 . Jump up ^ Price 2002 , pp. 158 -- 159 . Jump up ^ Price 1995 , pp. 46 , 95 . Jump up ^ Price 2002 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Price 2002 , p. 165 . Jump up ^ Spitfire production EN490 - EN800 Retrieved : 16 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Morris 2000 , pp. 127 -- 128 . Jump up ^ Price 1995 , pp. 48 , 96 . Jump up ^ Price 1991 , pp. 116 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Price 1996 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Shores and Thomas 2005 , pp. 278 , 295 . Jump up ^ Delve 2007 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Delve 2007 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Shores 1975 , p. 406 . ^ Jump up to : Shores and Thomas 2008 , p. 583 . Jump up ^ Thomas and Shores 1988 , pp. 202 -- 211 . Jump up ^ Price 1991 , pp. 112 -- 115 . Jump up ^ Franks 1998 , pp. 40 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Price 1991 , pp. 126 -- 131 . Jump up ^ Shores and Thomas 2005 , pp. 278 , 294 . Jump up ^ Naval Aviation News , May -- June , pp. 30 -- 35 . Jump up ^ VCS - 7 Retrieved : 2 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Price 1991 , pp. 108 -- 112 . ^ Jump up to : Naval Aviation News , May -- June 1994 , p. 32 . ^ Jump up to : Naval Aviation News , May -- June 1994 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Brown , David ( 1973 ) . The Seafire . Ian Allan Ltd . Appendix Three . ISBN 0 - 7110 - 0343 - 2 . Jump up ^ Shores and Thomas 2005 , p. 297 . Jump up ^ Shores and Thomas 2005 , p. 298 . Jump up ^ Thomas 1988 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Price , Wings of Fame 1999 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Shores and Thomas 2005 , pp. 352 , 366 -- 367 , 379 -- 380 . Jump up ^ Caldwell and Muller 2007 , pp. 257 -- 258 . Jump up ^ Delve 2007 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Thomas 2008 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Thomas 2008 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Thomas 2008 , pp. 41 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Franks 2000 , pp. 120 -- 129 . Jump up ^ Shores and Thomas 2005 , pp. 371 -- 373 . Jump up ^ Manhro and Putz 2004 , pp. 276 -- 284 . Jump up ^ Manhro and Putz 2004 , p. 290 . Jump up ^ Franks 1998 , pp. 130 -- 132 . ^ Jump up to : Price 2002 , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Matusiak 2007 , pp. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Matusiak 2007 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Matusiak 2007 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Watson , Jeff . `` Picture - perfect spy . '' Air Force , The Official Newspaper of the Royal Australian Air Force . Retrieved : 14 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Matusiak 2007 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Matusiak 2007 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` G.P. Christie . '' acesofww2.com . Retrieved : 22 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Matusiak 2007 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Jones 1979 , p. 251 . Jump up ^ Price 1991 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Jones 1979 , p. 294 . Jump up ^ Matusiak 2007 , pp. 5 , 6 , 12 , 15 . Jump up ^ Matusiak 2007 , pp. 12 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Matusiak 2007 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Price 2002 , pp. 96 -- 103 . Jump up ^ Jones 1978 , Chapter Twenty - Six : Würzburg . Jump up ^ Price 2002 , pp. 100 -- 106 . ^ Jump up to : Shores et al. 1991 Jump up ^ Price 1986 , p. 154 . ^ Jump up to : Price 1991 , pp. 184 -- 185 . Jump up ^ Smallwood 1996 , pp. 29 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Ordway 1979 , pp. 113 -- 114 , 117 . Jump up ^ `` 542 Squadron history . '' RAF . Retrieved : 11 March 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The V - Weapons . '' After The Battle , 1974 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Jones 1979 , p. 300e ( hardbound edition ) . Jump up ^ Collier 1976 , pp. 36 , 40 . Jump up ^ Irving 1964 , pp. 20 , 58 . Jump up ^ Gurney 1962 , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Smallwood 1996 Jump up ^ Smallwood 1996 , pp. 29 -- 33 , 95 . Jump up ^ Glancey 2006 , pp. 102 -- 103 . Jump up ^ Cull 2005 , pp. 56 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Cull 2005 , pp. 96 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Cull 2005 , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Glancey 2006 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Glancey 2006 , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Shores et al. 1991 , p. 650 . Jump up ^ Cull 2005 , pp. 372 , 380 . Jump up ^ Glancey 2006 , pp. 103 -- 104 . Jump up ^ `` 31st FG History . '' 31stfightergroup.com . Retrieved : 3 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Glancey 2006 , pp. 152 -- 154 . Jump up ^ Duncan Smith 1981 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Lucas 1993 , pp. 251 -- 252 . Jump up ^ Duncan Smith 1981 , p. 173 . ^ Jump up to : Gueli 1998 , pp. 4 -- 14 . Jump up ^ `` Dimensione Cielo Aerei Italiani nella 2a Guerra Mondiale . '' Caccia Assalto . Roma : Edizioni Bizzarri , 1972 . Jump up ^ Yefim 2008 , p. 495 . Jump up ^ Morgan 1999 , p. 53 . ^ Jump up to : Price 2002 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Yefim 2008 , p. 498 . Jump up ^ Yefim 2008 , p. 497 . Jump up ^ Russian GPW aviation Retrieved : 7 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Russian GPW aviation Retrieved : 7 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Russian GPW aviation Retrieved : 7 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Thomas and Ketely 2003 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Smith 2015 , pp. 146 -- 149 . Jump up ^ Spick 1997 , p. 165 . Jump up ^ `` ADF Aircraft Serial Numbers . '' adf-serials.com . Retrieved : 3 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Morison 1958 , p. 256 Jump up ^ `` Spitfire V in Combat . '' historyofwar.org . Retrieved : 5 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Price 1995 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Price 1995 , pp. 79 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Glancey 2006 , pp. 121 -- 122 . Jump up ^ Allen , Louis ( 1984 ) . Burma : The longest War . Dent . p. 178 . ISBN 0 - 460 - 02474 - 4 . Jump up ^ Price and Spick 2003 ^ Jump up to : Andersson , Lennart and Leif Hellström . Bortom Horisonten : Svensk Flygspaning mot Sovjetunionen 1946 -- 1952 . Stockholm : Freddy Stenboms förlag , 2002 . ISBN 978 - 91 - 7243 - 015 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Price and Spick 2003 , p. 68 . ^ Jump up to : Glancey 2006 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Delve 2007 , p. 161 . ^ Jump up to : McKinstry 2007 , p. 377 . Jump up ^ Delve 2007 , p. 166 . ^ Jump up to : Glancey 2006 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ McKinstry 2007 , p. 378 . Jump up ^ Singh , Polly . `` Lord Let Thy Servant go in Peace Now . '' Jump up ^ Price Wings of Fame 1999 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Price Wings of Fame 1999 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Thomas 2008 , pp. 84 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Glancey 2006 , p. 210 . Bibliography ( edit ) Books on the Spitfire ( edit ) Air Ministry . A.P 1565 Spifire IA and IB Aeroplanes : Merlin II and III engines , Pilot 's Notes . London : Air Ministry , 1940 . Air Ministry . A.P 1565B Spifire IIA and IIB Aeroplanes : Merlin XII Engine , Pilot 's Notes ( July 1940 ) . London : Air Data Publications , 1972 ( reprint ) . ISBN 0 - 85979 - 043 - 6 . Bader , Douglas . Fight for the Sky : The Story of the Spitfire and Hurricane . London : Cassell Military Books , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 304 - 35674 - 3 . Cull , Brian with Fredrick Galea . Spitfires Over Malta : The Epic Air Battles of 1942 . London : Grub Street , 2005 . ISBN 1 - 904943 - 30 - 6 . Deere , Alan C. Nine Lives . London : Coronet books , Hodder Paberbacks Ltd , 1974 . ISBN 0 - 340 - 01441 - 5 . Delve , Ken . The Story of the Spitfire : An Operational and Combat History . London : Greenhill books , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85367 - 725 - 0 . Duncan Smith , Wilfred G. ( Grp Capt ret . ) . Spitfire into Battle . Feltham , Middlesex , UK : Hamlyn Paperbacks , 1981 . ISBN 0 - 7195 - 3831 - 9 . Glancey , Jonathan . Spitfire : The Illustrated Biography . London : Atlantic Books , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84354 - 528 - 6 . Gueli , Marco . `` Spitfire con Coccarde Italiane ( Spitfire in Italian Service ) . '' ( in Italian ) Storia Militare n. 62 , November 1998 . Harvey - Bailey , A . The Merlin in Perspective : The Combat Years . Derby , UK : Rolls - Royce Heritage Trust , 1995 ( 4th edition ) . ISBN 1 - 872922 - 06 - 6 . Holmes , Tony . Spitfire vs Bf 109 : Battle of Britain . London : Osprey Aerospace , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 190 - 8 . Jones , Reginald Victor . `` Chapter Twenty - Six : Würzburg . '' Most Secret War : British Scientific Intelligence 1939 -- 1945 . London : Hamish Hamilton , 1979 , First edition 1978 . ISBN 0 - 241 - 89746 - 7 . Laird , Malcolm and Steve Mackenzie . Spitfire the ANZACS : The RAF through Colonial Eyes . Wellington , NZ : Ventura Publications , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 9583594 - 1 - 5 . Matusiak , Wojtek . Merlin PR Spitfires ; Classic Warbirds No. 10 . Wellington , New Zealand : Ventura Publications , 2007 . ISBN 0 - 9582296 - 2 - 7 McKinstry , Leo . Spitfire -- Portrait of a Legend . London : John Murray , 2007 . ISBN 0 - 7195 - 6874 - 9 . Morgan , Eric B. and Edward Shacklady . Spitfire : The History . Stamford : Key Books , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 946219 - 48 - 6 . Morris , Gerard S. Spitfire , the New Zealand Story . Auckland , New Zealand : Reed Books , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 7900 - 0696 - 0 . Price , Alfred . Late Marque Spitfire Aces 1942 -- 1945 . Oxford , UK : Osprey Publishing , 1995 . ISBN 1 - 85532 - 575 - 6 . Price , Alfred . Spitfire : A Complete Fighting History . Enderby , Leicester , UK : The Promotional Reprint Company Limited , 1991 . ISBN 1 - 85648 - 015 - 1 . Price , Alfred . Spitfire Mark I / II Aces 1939 -- 41 . London : Osprey Aerospace , 1996 . ISBN 1 - 85532 - 627 - 2 . Price , Alfred . Spitfire Mark V Aces 1941 -- 45 . London : Osprey Aerospace , 1997 . ISBN 1 - 85532 - 635 - 3 . Price , Alfred . `` Supermarine Spitfire ( Griffon - engined variants and Seafire ) '' Wings of Fame , Volume 16 . London : Aerospace , 1999 , pp. 30 -- 85 . ISBN 1 - 86184 - 037 - 3 . Price , Alfred . `` Supermarine Spitfire ( Merlin - engined variants ) '' . Wings of Fame , Volume 9 . London : Aerospace , 1997 . pp. 30 -- 93 . ISBN 1 - 86184 - 001 - 2 . Price , Alfred . The Spitfire Story . London : Arms and Armour Press Limited , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 85368 - 861 - 3 Price , Alfred . The Spitfire Story : Revised second edition . Enderby , Leicester , UK : Siverdale Books , 2002 . ISBN 9781856057028 . Quill , Jeffrey . Spitfire : A Test Pilot 's Story . London : Arrow Books , 1983 . ISBN 0 - 09 - 937020 - 4 . Scutts , Jerry . Spitfire in action . Carrollton , Texas : Squadron / Signal Publications , 1980 . ISBN 0 - 89747 - 092 - 3 . Smallwood , Hugh . Spitfire in Blue . London : Osprey Aerospace , 1996 . ISBN 1 - 85532 - 615 - 9 . Thomas , Andrew . Griffon Spitfire Aces : Aircraft of the Aces 81 . London : Osprey Aerospace , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 1846032981 . Books on other aircraft types ( edit ) Arena , Nino . Macchi 205 `` Veltro '' ( in Italian ) . Modena : Mucchi Editore , 1994 . Donald , David . Warplanes of the Luftwaffe : Combat Aircraft of Hitler 's Luftwaffe 1939 -- 1945 . New York : Barnes & Noble Books , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 2283 - 8 . Green , William . Messerschmitt Bf 109 : The Augsburg Eagle ; A Documentary History . London : Macdonald and Jane 's Publishing Group Ltd. , 1980 . ISBN 0 - 7106 - 0005 - 4 . Mason , Francis K. Messerschmitt Bf 109B , C , D , E in Luftwaffe & Foreign service . London : Osprey Publishing Limited , 1973 . ISBN 0 - 85045 - 152 - 3 . Shores , Christopher and Brian Cull with Nicola Malizia . Malta : The Spitfire Year . London : Grub Street , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 948817 - 16 - X . Snadden , Russ . Black 6 : The Extraordinary Restoration of a Messerschmitt Bf 109 . Somerset , UK : Patrick Stephens Limited , 1993 . ISBN 1 - 85260 - 425 - 5 . Thomas , Chris and Christopher Shores. The Typhoon and Tempest Story . London : Arms & Armour Press , 1988 . ISBN 978 - 0853688785 . Weal , John . Messerschmitt Bf 110 Zerstōrer Aces of World War 2 . Botley , Oxford UK : Osprey Publishing , 1999 . ISBN 1 - 85532 - 753 - 8 . Weal , John . Focke - Wulf Fw 190 Aces of the Western Front . London : Osprey , 1996 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85532 - 595 - 1 . Books on subjects not directly related to the Spitfire Babington Smith , Constance . Evidence In Camera : New edited edition . London : The History Press Ltd , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 3648 - 7 . Bungay , Stephen . The Most Dangerous Enemy : A History of the Battle of Britain . London : Aurum Press , 2000 . ISBN 1 - 85410 - 721 - 6 ( hardcover ) , ISBN 1 - 85410 - 801 - 8 ( paperback 2002 ) . Caldwell , Donald L. JG 26 : Top Guns of the Luftwaffe . New York : Ballantine Books , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 8041 - 1050 - 6 . Caldwell , Donald and Richard Muller . The Luftwaffe over Germany : Defense of the Reich . London : Greenhill Books , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85367 - 712 - 0 . Clostermann , Pierre . The Big Show ... London , Cassel Military Paperbacks , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 304 - 36624 - 2 . Collier , Basil . The Battle of the V - Weapons , 1944 -- 1945 . Yorkshire , UK : The Emfield Press , 1976 , first edition 1964 . ISBN 0 - 7057 - 0070 - 4 . Cull , Brian , Bruce Lander and Heinrich Weis . Twelve Days in May : The Air Battle for Northern France and the Low Countries , 10 -- 21 May 1940 . London : Grub Street , 1999 . ISBN 1 - 902304 - 12 - 8 . `` Dimensione Cielo Aerei Italiani nella 2 Guerra Mondiale. ( in Italian ) '' Caccia Assalto . Roma : Edizioni Bizzarri , 1972 . Franks , Norman L.R. Royal Air Force Losses of the Second World War . Volume 2 . Operational Losses : Aircraft and crews 1942 -- 1943 . London : Midland Publishing Limited , 1998 . ISBN 1 - 85780 - 075 - 3 . Franks , Norman L.R. Royal Air Force Losses of the Second World War . Volume 3 . Operational Losses : Aircraft and crews 1944 -- 1945 ( Incorporating Air Defence Great Britain and 2nd TAF . London : Midland Publishing Limited , 1998 . ISBN 1 - 85780 - 093 - 1 . Gordon , Yefim . Soviet Air Power in World War 2 . Hinckley , Kent , UK : Midland / Allan Publishing , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85780 - 304 - 4 . Gurney , Gene ( Major , USAF ) . The War in the Air : A Pictorial History of World War II Air Forces in Combat . New York : Bonanza Books , 1962 Hill , Steven D. `` Invasion ! Fortress Europe : Naval aviation in France , Summer 1944 . '' Naval Aviation News , May -- June 1994 . Irving , David . The Mare 's Nest . London : William Kimber and Co , 1964 . Lucas , Laddie . Malta The Thorn in Rommel 's Aide . London : Penguin Books , 1993 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 017808 - 1 . Manrho , John and Ron Putz . Bodenplatte : The Luftwaffe 's Last Hope -- The Attack on Allied Airfields , New Year 's Day 1945 . Ottringham , UK : Hikoki Publications , 2004 . ISBN 1 - 902109 - 40 - 6 . Middlebrook , Martin . The Peenemünde Raid : The Night of 17 -- 18 August 1943 . New York : Bobs - Merrill , 1982 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 014668 - 4 . Morgan , Hugh . Gli assi Sovietici della Seconda guerra mondiale. ( in Italian ) Edizioni del Prado / Osprey Aviation , 1999 . ISBN 84 - 8372 - 203 - 8 . Morison , Samuel Eliot ( 1958 ) . Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier . History of United States Naval Operations in World War II . Volume 6 . Castle Books . ISBN 0 - 7858 - 1307 - 1 . Neulen , Hans Werner . In the Skies of Europe : Air Forces Allied to the Luftwaffe 1939 -- 1945 . Ramsbury , Marlborough , UK : The Crowood Press , 2000 . ISBN 1 - 86126 - 799 - 1 . Ordway , Frederick and Mitchell Sharpe . The Rocket Team ( Apogee Books Space Series # 36 ) . New York : Thomas Y . Crowell , 1979 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 26265013 - 7 Price , Alfred . Battle Of Britain : The Hardest Day , 18 August 1940 . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , 1980 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 68416 - 503 - 2 . Price , Alfred and Mike Spick . Aerei della Seconda Guerra Mondiale ( in Italian ) . Santarcangelo di Romagna , Italy : Rusconi Libri , 2003 . ISBN 88 - 18 - 01335 - 1 . Ramsay , Winston , ed . The Battle of Britain Then and Now : Volume V. London : Battle of Britain Prints International Ltd , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 900913 - 46 - 0 . Ramsay , Winston , ed . The Blitz Then and Now : Volume 3 . London : Battle of Britain Prints International Ltd , 1990 . ISBN 0 - 900913 - 58 - 4 . Sarkar , Dilip . A Few of the Many : Air War 1939 -- 45 . St Peters , Worcestershire , UK : Ramrod Publications , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 9519832 - 3 - 7 . Shores , Christopher , Hans Ring and William N. Hess . Fighters Over Tunisia . London : Neville Spearman Limited , 1975 . ISBN 0 - 85435 - 210 - 4 . Sims , Edward H. Fighter Tactics and Strategy 1914 -- 1970 . Fallbrook , California : Aero Publishers , 1972 . ISBN 0 - 8168 - 8795 - 0 . Shores , Christopher and Chris Thomas . 2nd Tactical Air Force . Volume II : Breakout to Bodenplatte ; July 1944 to January 1945 . Hersham , UK : Ian Allen Publishing , 2005 . ISBN 1 - 903223 - 41 - 5 . Shores , Christopher and Chris Thomas . 2nd Tactical Air Force . Volume III : From the Rhine to Victory : January to May 1945 . Hersham , UK : Ian Allen Publishing , 2006 . ISBN 1 - 903223 - 60 - 1 . Shores , Christopher and Chris Thomas . Second Tactical Air Force Volume Four : Squadrons , Camouflage and Markings , Weapons and Tactics 1943 -- 1945 . Hersham , Surrey , UK : Ian Allan Publishing Ltd. , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 1906537012 Spick , Mike . Fighter Pilot Tactics . Cambridge , UK : Patrick Stephens , 1983 . ISBN 0 - 85059 - 617 - 3 . Thomas , Geoffrey J. and Barry Ketley . KG 200 : The Luftwaffe 's Most Secret Unit . Crowborough , UK : Hikoki Publications , 2003 . ISBN 1 - 902109 - 33 - 3 . Tzahor , Zeev . `` The 1949 Air Clash between the Israeli Air Force and the RAF '' . Journal of Contemporary History , Vol. 28 , No. 1 , January 1993 , pp. 75 -- 101 Williams , Anthony G. and Emmanual Gustin . Flying Guns World War II . London : Airlife Publishing Limited , 2003 . ISBN 1 - 84037 - 227 - 3 . Wood , Derek and Derek Dempster . `` The Narrow Margin : The Battle of Britain and the Rise of Air Power '' London : Tri-Service Press , third revised edition , 1990 . ISBN 1 - 85488 - 027 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Supermarine Spitfire . Pacific Spitfires -- The Supermarine Spitfire in RAAF Service The Spitfire Site The Spitfire Society The Spitfire Society -- Eastern Wing Alan Le Marinel hosts Supermarine Spitfire Spitfire Performance Testing `` The Defence of Malta ( 1942 ) '' , Combat History of the Supermarine Spitfire , Spitfire site . Spitfire / Seafire Serial Numbers , production contracts and aircraft histories The Supermarine Spitfire in Indian Air Force Service Spitfires over the Kuban Spitfire Mk VIII * Mk XVI Temora Aviation Museum page Examples of Photographic Reconnaissance Spitfires ( hide ) Supermarine Spitfire History Operational ( operators ) Surviving aircraft Variants Early Merlin - powered Later Merlin - powered Griffon - powered Specifications , performance and armament Seafire Replicas Isaacs Spitfire Jurca Spit Spitfire Mk 26 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supermarine_Spitfire_operational_history&oldid=799685205 '' Categories : Supermarine Spitfire British fighter aircraft 1930 -- 1939 Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2012 Articles needing more detailed references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009 Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 06 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine%20Spitfire%20operational%20history	3,119
coming home for christmas 2017 where was it filmed	Filming took place in British Columbia , in the Abbotsford , Vancouver and Langley areas in August 2017 , with a mansion in the Aldergrove area of Langely serving as the property at the centre of the story .	Abbotsford , Vancouver and Langley areas	Coming Home for Christmas ( 2017 film )	coming home for christmas ( 2017 film )	Coming Home for Christmas is a 2017 American - Canadian made - for - television romantic comedy film based on the novel Coming Home for Christmas by Jenny Hale , starring Danica McKellar and Neal Bledsoe . The film premiered on Hallmark Channel on November 18 , 2017 as part of the channel 's ' Countdown to Christmas ' season .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Development 4 Filming 5 Broadcast 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Lizzie Richfield is at a crossroads when she lands a job as house manager for the exclusive Ashford Estate in the Virginia countryside . The estate is being sold ; prior to its sale , Lizzie plans one final Christmas Eve gala for the owners : the Marley family , who appear to be a `` family '' in name only . The clan consists of Kip Marley ( who never met a party he did n't like ) ; Robert ( the handsome but all - business executor of the estate ) ; Sloane ( who arrives with her two young children , sans husband ) , and Pippa ( the 80 - year - old matriarch , a spitfire who does n't want to put the house up for sale at all ) . As Lizzie is inserted into the home and the lives of the Marley family she finds herself drawn to Robert -- even as Kip pursues her . Cast ( edit ) Danica McKellar as Lizzie Richfield Neal Bledsoe as Robert Marley Chelan Simmons as Sloane Andrew Francis as Kip Marley Lindsay Maxwell as Megan Richfield Paula Shaw as Pippa Marley Andrew Kavadas as Gerard Brenda Crichlow as Anna Rebecca Staab as Camille Richfield Bekham Skoddje as Sammy Christian Convery as Paul Scott Perrie as Jackson Tosca Baggoo as Carla Roz Murray as Gladys Development ( edit ) The film was developed from an original novel of the same name by author Jenny Hale . Hale was approached by a screenwriter who wished to adapt the novel after reading the book . Filming ( edit ) Filming took place in British Columbia , in the Abbotsford , Vancouver and Langley areas in August 2017 , with a mansion in the Aldergrove area of Langely serving as the property at the centre of the story . Broadcast ( edit ) The film premiered on the Hallmark Channel on November 18 , 2017 , as part of the channel 's ' Countdown to Christmas ' season of programming . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hill , Ruth ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Interview With Author Jenny Hale , `` Coming Home For Christmas `` '' . `` My Devotional Thoughts '' . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : What 's Filming ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Coming Home For Christmas & Christmas Homecoming Start Filming '' . `` What 's Filming '' . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Coming Home for Christmas on IMDb Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coming_Home_for_Christmas_(2017_film)&oldid=818723377 '' Categories : 2017 television films 2010s romantic comedy films American films American television films American romantic comedy films Canadian films Canadian television films Canadian romantic comedy films Films shot in British Columbia Hallmark Channel original films Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 January 2018 , at 05 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming%20Home%20for%20Christmas%20%282017%20film%29	3,120
characters in the hobbit the desolation of smaug			The Hobbit : the Desolation of Smaug	the hobbit : the desolation of smaug	The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug is a 2013 epic high fantasy adventure film directed by Peter Jackson and produced by WingNut Films in collaboration with New Line Cinema and Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer . It was distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures and is the second installment in the three - part film series based on the novel The Hobbit by J.R.R. Tolkien . The film was preceded by An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) and followed by The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) ; together they operate as a prequel to Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings film trilogy .	The film follows the titular character Bilbo Baggins as he accompanies Thorin Oakenshield and his fellow dwarves on a quest to reclaim the Lonely Mountain from the dragon Smaug . The film also features the vengeful pursuit of Azog the Defiler and Bolg , while Gandalf the Grey investigates a growing evil in the ruins of Dol Guldur . The ensemble cast includes Ian McKellen , Martin Freeman , Richard Armitage , Benedict Cumberbatch , Evangeline Lilly , Lee Pace , Luke Evans , Ken Stott , James Nesbitt , and Orlando Bloom . Fran Walsh , Philippa Boyens , Peter Jackson and Guillermo del Toro wrote the screenplay . The films were shot simultaneously in 3D at a projection rate of 48 frames per second , with principal photography taking place around New Zealand and at Pinewood Studios . Additional filming took place throughout May 2013 . The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug premiered on 2 December 2013 in Los Angeles and was released internationally on 11 December 2013 in both conventional and IMAX theatres . The film received positive reviews and has grossed over $958 million at the worldwide box office , surpassing both The Fellowship of the Ring and The Two Towers , making it the fourth highest - grossing film of 2013 and the 40th highest - grossing film of all time . At the 86th Academy Awards , the film received nominations for Best Visual Effects , Best Sound Editing , and Best Sound Mixing . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Score 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Theatrical release 4.3 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical reaction 5.3 Accolades 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Thorin and his company are being pursued by Azog and his Orc party following the events of the previous film . They are ushered along by Gandalf to the nearby home of Beorn , a skin - changer who can take the form of the bear . That night , Azog is summoned to Dol Guldur by the Necromancer , who commands him to marshal his forces for war , so Azog delegates the hunt for Thorin to his son Bolg . The following day , Beorn escorts the company to the borders of Mirkwood , where Gandalf discovers Black Speech imprinted on an old ruin . Heeding a promise he made to Galadriel , he warns the company to remain on the path and leaves to investigate the tombs of the Nazgûl . Upon entering the forest , the dwarves lose their way and are ensnared by giant spiders . Bilbo sets about freeing them with the help of his recently acquired invisibility ring . He subsequently drops the ring and first begins to understand its dark influence after he brutally kills a creature to retrieve it . The remaining spiders are fended off by the Wood - elves led by Tauriel and Legolas . They also capture the Dwarves and bring Thorin before their king Thranduil . Thorin confronts Thranduil about his neglect of the Dwarves of Erebor following Smaug 's attack 60 years earlier , and is consequently imprisoned with the other Dwarves . Bilbo , having avoided capture , arranges an escape using empty wine barrels that are sent downstream . While being pursued by the Wood - elves , they are ambushed by Bolg and his Orc party , and Kíli is wounded with a Morgul shaft . They engage in a running three - way battle down the river , but ultimately the Dwarves are able to escape both groups of pursuers . Thranduil then seals off his kingdom when an Orc captive reveals an evil entity has returned and is amassing an army in the south , but Tauriel decides to leave and assist the Dwarves , and Legolas goes after her . Meanwhile , Gandalf and Radagast go to investigate the tombs of the Nazgûl , which they find to be empty . The company are smuggled into Esgaroth by a bargeman called Bard , but are discovered raiding the town armory for new weapons . Thorin promises the Master and the people of Laketown a share of the mountain 's treasure , and it is revealed that Bard is a descendant of the last ruler of Dale , and possesses the last black arrow capable of killing Smaug . Kíli is forced to remain behind , tended to by Fíli , Óin , and Bofur , as the remaining company receive a grand farewell . Meanwhile , Gandalf travels south to the ruins of Dol Guldur , while Radagast leaves to warn Galadriel of their discovery at the tombs of the Nazgûl . Gandalf finds the ruins infested with Orcs and is ambushed by Azog . The Necromancer overpowers Gandalf and reveals himself as Sauron . Thorin and his remaining company reach the Lonely Mountain , where Bilbo discovers the hidden entrance . He is sent in to retrieve the Arkenstone , and while doing so , he accidentally awakens Smaug . While trying to find Bilbo , Smaug reveals his knowledge of Sauron 's return . Back in Laketown , Bard attempts to bring the black arrow to the town 's launcher , as he fears what may happen when the Dwarves enter the mountain . However , he is arrested in the process and leaves his son to hide the arrow . Bolg and his Orc party infiltrate the town and attack the four Dwarves , but are quickly dispatched by Tauriel and Legolas . Tauriel then tends to Kíli , while Legolas leaves in pursuit of Bolg . Meanwhile , Gandalf watches helplessly as Azog and an Orc army march from Dol Guldur towards the Lonely Mountain . Back inside the mountain , during a long chase , Bilbo and the Dwarves rekindle the mountain 's forge using Smaug 's flames to create and melt a large golden statue of Thrór , hoping to bury Smaug alive in the molten gold . They do so , but Smaug emerges from the gold , storms out of the mountain and flies off to destroy Laketown as Bilbo watches in horror . Cast ( edit ) Further information : Cast of The Hobbit film series and Casting of The Hobbit film series Some characters in the film are not in the novel , but created for the film . Legolas appears in Tolkien 's Lord of the Rings trilogy , but not in the novel The Hobbit . Further information : List of original characters in The Hobbit film series Martin Freeman as Bilbo Baggins : a hobbit hired by the 13 dwarves , on the advice of wizard Gandalf , to accompany them on a quest to reclaim the Lonely Mountain from Smaug . Ian McKellen as Gandalf the Grey : an Istari wizard who recruits Bilbo and helps to arrange the quest to reclaim the dwarves ' lost treasure in Erebor . Richard Armitage as Thorin Oakenshield II : the leader of the Company of dwarves and the true heir to Erebor 's throne who has returned to reclaim Erebor from Smaug . Benedict Cumberbatch as Smaug ( vocal performance and motion capture ) : an enormous , powerful and psychopathic great dragon of Middle - earth who claimed the Lonely Mountain , its vast treasures and the surrounding human areas . Cumberbatch also plays the Necromancer , a mysterious sorcerer residing in Dol Guldur with the ability to summon the spirits of the dead , who is later revealed to be the Dark Lord Sauron . Evangeline Lilly as Tauriel : the elven Chief of the Mirkwood Guards serving under Thranduil , who develops romantic feelings towards Kili and falls in love with him . Luke Evans as Bard the Bowman : a skilled archer living in Esgaroth and the heir of Girion , the last king of old Dale . Evans also plays Bard 's ancestor , Girion , in a flashback . Lee Pace as Thranduil : the aloof and cold - hearted Elven king of the northern part of Mirkwood ( the Woodland Realm ) . Stephen Fry as the Master of Lake - town : the pompous and greedy mayor of the settlement of Men at Lake - town near the Lonely Mountain . Orlando Bloom as Legolas Greenleaf : an elf from Mirkwood and the prince of the Woodland Realm - he is Thranduil 's son . Graham McTavish as Dwalin : Balin 's brother . Ken Stott as Balin : Dwalin 's brother . Aidan Turner as Kíli : one of Thorin 's nephews and Fili 's younger brother . He develops romantic feelings towards the Elf Tauriel and falls in love with her . Dean O'Gorman as Fíli : another of Thorin 's nephews and Kili 's older brother . Mark Hadlow as Dori : Nori and Ori 's brother . Jed Brophy as Nori : Dori and Ori 's brother . Adam Brown as Ori : Dori and Nori 's brother . John Callen as Óin : Glóin 's brother . Peter Hambleton as Glóin : Óin 's brother and father of Gimli , the noble Dwarf who accompanies Frodo on his quest to destroy the One Ring . William Kircher as Bifur : Bofur and Bombur 's cousin . James Nesbitt as Bofur : Bombur 's brother and Bifur 's cousin . Stephen Hunter as Bombur : Bofur 's brother and Bifur 's cousin . Cate Blanchett as Galadriel : an Elven co-ruler of Lothlórien along with her husband , Lord Celeborn . Mikael Persbrandt as Beorn : A skin - changer who can assume the appearance of a great black bear . Sylvester McCoy as Radagast the Brown : a Istari wizard whose wisdom is based on nature and wildlife . Manu Bennett as Azog the Defiler : An Orc and the nemesis of Thorin Oakenshield , on whom he seeks revenge for losing his forearm and hand in battle . Lawrence Makoare as Bolg : Son of Azog the Defiler . Craig Hall as Galion : Thranduil 's butler , whose fondness for drink allows for Bilbo and the dwarves ' escape attempt . Ryan Gage as Alfrid : The Master of Laketown 's conniving and arrogant servant . John Bell as Bain : Bard 's son , who is described as `` confident and brave and ready to do battle if required even though he is still a boy . '' Mark Mitchinson as Braga : captain of the Lake - town Guard . Ben Mitchell as Narzug : An Orc who gets interrogated by Thranduil after the ambush at the River Gate . Stephen Ure as Fimbul , Azog 's second - in - command Robin Kerr as Elros : an Elf of the Woodland Realm who is a captain of the Woodland Guard and Keeper of the Keys - initially charged with watching the dwarves , he is later charged with watching the Front Gate of Thranduil 's Halls . Simon London as Feren : an Elf of the Woodland Realm . Dallas Barnett as Bill Ferny Snr : An assassin sent by Azog to kill Thorin Oakenshield in Bree and retrieve the Key to Erebor . The following appear only in the Extended Edition Antony Sher as Thrain : Thorin 's father who is held captive in Sauron 's stronghold of Dol Guldur . Additionally , Peter Jackson makes a cameo appearance in the film , reprising his role as the man eating a carrot in Bree , his daughter Katie portrays Barliman Butterbur 's wife Betsy , Philippa Boyens 's daughter Phoebe and scale double Kiran Shah appear as a waitress and a Hobbit in the Prancing Pony , James Nesbitt 's daughters Peggy and Mary portray Tilda and Sigrid , the daughters of Bard , Stephen Colbert and his family along with WingNut Films ' assistant Norman Kali and producer Zane Weiner appear as Lake - town spies , and editor Jabez Olssen appears as a fishmonger . Brian Sergent ( who portrayed the Hobbit Ted Sandyman in the extended edition of Fellowship of the Ring ) and Peter Vere - Jones provide the voices of the spiders in Mirkwood . Production ( edit ) Further information : Development of The Hobbit film series Most of the filming was finished during 2012 , ending in July 2012 . During May 2013 , additional shooting for the film and The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies began in New Zealand , lasting 10 weeks . Unmanned aerial vehicles or drones were used for some shots in the film . Score ( edit ) Main article : Music of The Hobbit film series The musical score for The Desolation of Smaug was composed by Howard Shore . Shore provided orchestral sketches and synth mock - ups to orchestrators James Sizemore and Conrad Pope ( who also conducted the orchestra ) . It was performed by the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra , London Voices and Tiffin ' Boys Choir , as well as two New Zealand Gamelan orchestras . The score featured themes from the previous film and the Lord of the Rings trilogy , but relied heavily on the themes of Smaug , Laketown , the Woodland Realm ( including themes for Tauriel and for Legolas ) , etc . In the process , the themes for the company of the Dwarves were discontinued . The original motion picture soundtrack album was released on 10 December 2013 . It received positive reviews , especially for its new themes . English singer - songwriter Ed Sheeran wrote and recorded `` I See Fire '' , which plays during the end credits . The song was released on iTunes on 5 November 2013 . Release ( edit ) Marketing ( edit ) Benedict Cumberbatch at the Los Angeles premiere of the film . Peter Jackson provided the first details about the second film in the series at a live event held on 24 March 2013 . The access code was attached to the DVD editions of The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey . The live - broadcast event revealed some plot details ; Jackson said that the role of Tauriel , acted by Evangeline Lilly , is a part of the elven guard and a bodyguard of the Elvenking , Thranduil . In addition , he revealed a scene from the film in which Gandalf and Radagast the Brown search for the Necromancer fortress and discover that the Ringwraiths have been released from their graves . The first trailer for the film was released on 11 June 2013 . On 4 November 2013 , an extra long 3 minute trailer / sneak peek was released and revealed new footage and major plot points . On 4 November 2013 , a special Desolation of Smaug live online fan event , hosted by Anderson Cooper in New York , was held across eleven different cities with participants including Peter Jackson , Jed Brophy , Evangeline Lilly , Lee Pace , Orlando Bloom , Luke Evans , Andy Serkis and Richard Armitage . Martin Freeman , Richard Armitage , Benedict Cumberbatch , Luke Evans , Evangeline Lilly , Peter Jackson and , to a lesser extent , Orlando Bloom and Ian McKellen , took part in the press tour , appearing on talk shows and giving interviews before the film 's release . Theatrical release ( edit ) The film premiered in Los Angeles at the Dolby Theatre on 2 December 2013 , and was released internationally on 11 December 2013 and in the United Kingdom and United States on 13 December 2013 . An extended edition of the film had a limited re-release on 7 October 2015 , accompanied by a special greeting from Peter Jackson . Home media ( edit ) The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug was released on DVD , Blu - ray , and Blu - ray 3D on 7 April 2014 in the United Kingdom and on 8 April 2014 in the United States . Three different versions were released : a Limited Collector 's Edition Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D , DVD , and digital download combo pack ; a Blu - ray 3D combo pack ; a Blu - ray combo pack , and a two - disc DVD special edition . Extras include three making - of featurettes , 4 production web videos , and a music video for `` I See Fire '' by Ed Sheeran . An extended edition of The Desolation of Smaug was released digitally on 21 October 2014 , and was released on DVD , Blu - ray and 3D Blu - ray 3 November 2014 in the United Kingdom , and 4 November 2014 in the United States , with 25 minutes of new material and original music . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug grossed $258,366,855 in North America and $700,000,000 in other countries for a worldwide total of $958,366,855. Calculating in all expenses , Deadline.com estimated that the film made a profit of $134.1 million . It is the fourth highest - grossing 2013 film and currently the 26th highest - grossing film of all time . It grossed $209 million worldwide on its opening weekend . In North America , The Desolation of Smaug earned $8.8 million during its midnight opening , making it the second - highest December showing ever , behind only the first instalment . The film topped the box office on its opening day with $31.2 million . It remained in first place throughout its opening weekend , grossing $73,645,197 , a 13 % drop from its predecessor . The Desolation of Smaug was in first place at the box office for three consecutive weekends . Outside North America , The Desolation of Smaug was released internationally on 16,405 screens . The film earned $135.4 million in its opening weekend . Its largest openings occurred in China ( $33.0 million ) , Germany ( $19.0 million ) and the United Kingdom , Ireland and Malta ( $15.2 million ) . It topped the box office outside North America on four consecutive weekends and five in total . It is the highest - grossing film of 2013 in many European countries , as well as in New Zealand and Fiji . The films largest markets outside north america are Germany ( $88 million ) , China ( $74.7 million ) , United kingdom ( $70 million ) , Russia - CIS ( $45 million ) , France ( $44.7 million ) and Australia ( $34.5 million ) . Critical reaction ( edit ) Following the Los Angeles premiere , Metro noted that early critical reaction was `` glowing '' , with critics describing it as a `` spectacle '' , while The Guardian reported that it was receiving `` much stronger early reviews '' . However , before the film 's theatrical release , E ! reported that reviews had been `` mixed '' , but stated they were still `` much better '' than the previous film . After the film 's international release , MTV reported that the film has garnered a `` positive '' critical reaction , while the Los Angeles Times stated the consensus is that the film `` reinvigorates '' the series , putting it `` back on course '' . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 74 % approval rating with an average rating of 6.8 / 10 based on 227 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` While still slightly hamstrung by ' middle chapter ' narrative problems and its formidable length , The Desolation of Smaug represents a more confident , exciting second chapter for the Hobbit series . '' On aggregate review site Metacritic , the film has a score of 66 out of 100 based on 44 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable '' reviews . According to CinemaScore polls the film received an `` A - '' from audiences . Nick de Semlyen of Empire awarded the film five stars out of five and wrote that `` Middle - earth 's got its mojo back . A huge improvement on the previous installment , this takes our adventurers into uncharted territory and delivers spectacle by the ton '' , while Richard Corliss of TIME declared it one of the top ten films of 2013 , and wrote `` In all , this is a splendid achievement , close to the grandeur of Jackson 's Lord of the Rings films . '' Justin Chang of Variety wrote that `` After a bumpy beginning with An Unexpected Journey , Peter Jackson 's ' Hobbit ' trilogy finds its footing in this much more exciting and purposeful second chapter . '' Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter wrote that `` Nearly everything ... represents an improvement over the first installment of Peter Jackson 's three - part adaptation of J.R.R. Tolkien 's beloved creation . '' He also praised the High Frame Rate of The Desolation of Smaug as being better than that of An Unexpected Journey . Mark Hughes , who reviewed the film for Forbes , was highly enthusiastic , and felt `` The Desolation of Smaug is another grand entry in the Tolkien saga , raising the emotional and physical stakes while revealing more of the sinister forces , '' before concluding `` It 's pleasing to see a filmmaker this in love with storytelling , this committed to creating entire worlds ... that 's a rare thing indeed , and for it to turn out so well is even more rare . It 's a sight to behold , and you wo n't be sorry you did . '' Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian scored the film four stars out of five , writing , `` It 's mysterious and strange , and yet Jackson also effortlessly conjures up that genial quality that distinguishes ' The Hobbit ' from the more solemn ' Rings ' stories . '' Total Film also scored the film four stars out of five , but reviewer Matt Maytum noted that , in his opinion , the film suffered `` from middle - act wobbles . '' Despite this , he praised the `` rousing action ... incredible visuals ... and one stupendous dragon '' , and concluded his review saying `` There 's a lot to admire in The Desolation of Smaug . '' Jim Vejvoda , who reviewed the film for IGN , awarded it 8.5 out of 10 , and felt `` It 's a breathlessly told , action - packed crowd - pleaser that restores the luster of the saga for those underwhelmed by its predecessor and leaves you excited for the final chapter in the trilogy . '' Conversely , Peter Travers , who reviewed the film for Rolling Stone , gave it two and a half stars out of four . He felt it was `` a little less long and a little less boring '' than the first installment , and offered praise for the depiction of Smaug , saying `` as a digital creation , Smaug is a bloody wonder of slithering fright . '' He was , however , very critical of the film 's padding of a `` slender novel '' , but concluded : `` I 'd endure another slog through Middle - Earth just to spend more time with Smaug '' . Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph was even less admiring , and awarded it two stars out of five . He too criticised the decision to turn Tolkien 's book into three films and felt Jackson `` is mostly stalling for time : two or three truly great sequences tangled up in long beards and longer pit - stops . '' He continued , writing `` There is an awful lot of Desolation to wade through before we arrive , weary and panting , on Smaug 's rocky porch , '' and disapproved of the introduction of a love triangle to Tolkien 's narrative , adding : `` Maybe this really is what a lot of people want to see from a film version of The Hobbit , but let 's at least accept that Tolkien would probably not have been among them . '' The New York Post 's Lou Lumenick was extremely negative in his 1.5 / 4 star review and he compared it to Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones , and remarked `` There are probably enough moments to satisfy hard - core fans , but for the rest of us , this amounts to the Middle Earth equivalent of `` Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones , ' ' a space - holding , empty - headed epic filled with characters and places ( digital and otherwise ) that are hard to keep straight , much less care about . '' Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by The Hobbit film series See also ( edit ) De-aging in film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved 5 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Hobbit The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved 25 July 2014 . Jump up ^ FilmL. A. ( March 1 , 2014 ) . `` 2013 Feature Film Study '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved 27 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Jordan Zakarin ( 6 July 2012 ) . `` The Hobbit Completes Filming - Peter Jackson Posts Facebook Message '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 5 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Sims , Andrew ( 13 May 2013 ) . `` Benedict Cumberbatch reveals how he convinced Peter Jackson to motion capture Smaug '' . Hypable . Archived from the original on 19 August 2013 . Retrieved 20 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Benedict Cumberbatch for ' The Hobbit 2 ' Motion Capture '' . ScreenCrush . Jump up ^ `` Benedict Cumberbatch sees Smaug as sexy -- Toronto Star '' . The Star . Toronto . 12 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Sims , Andrew ( 5 June 2013 ) . `` ' The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug ' : First look at Evangeline Lilly as new character Tauriel '' . Hypable . Retrieved 20 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Wood , Daniel ( 14 May 2013 ) . `` The Hobbit : First look at Bard the Bowman , Tauriel and other new characters '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved 20 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Luke Evans played Bard 's ancestor , Girion of Dale '' . TheOneRing.net. 9 December 2013 . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Peter ( 30 April 2011 ) . `` Casting news ! '' . Facebook . Retrieved 30 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Sandra ( 2 May 2011 ) . `` Lee Pace cast in ' The Hobbit . ' Our hopes for his comeback grow '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( 4 December 2010 ) . `` Orlando Bloom Close to Legolas Reprise In ' The Hobbit ' ? '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Update : Swedish actor Mikael Persbrandt cast in ' The Hobbit ' ? '' . TheOneRing.net. 3 December 2010 . Retrieved 1 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` John Bell discusses his role in ' A shine of rainbows ' available now on DVD '' . Hollywood Teen ' Zine. 14 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 11 January 2012 . Retrieved 14 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Hobbit filming to start again in NZ '' . Television New Zealand . 20 May 2013 . Retrieved 20 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Gicas , Peter ( 22 May 2013 ) . `` The Hobbit Trilogy Resumes Final Filming , Director Peter Jackson Posts Photo on Facebook '' . E !. Retrieved 20 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hobbit set fires up for new movie shoot '' . stuff.co.nz. 7 June 2013 . Retrieved 20 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Seven movie makers seek permission to use drone for shooting '' . Los Angeles Herald . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran unveils ' The Hobbit ' song ' I See Fire ' music video - watch '' . Digital Spy. 7 November 2013 . Retrieved 7 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Sheeran , Ed ( 4 November 2013 ) . `` I very happy to announce I have written and recorded the end credits song for the new Hobbit movie ' The Desolation of Smaug ' '' . Twitter . Retrieved 5 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Hobbit : Desolation Of Smaug Preview Footage - Details And Live Blog - Bleeding Cool Comic Book , Movies and TV News and Rumors '' . Bleeding Cool . 24 March 2013 . Retrieved 28 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The First Trailer for The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug is Here ! '' . ComingSoon.net. 11 June 2013 . Retrieved 28 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' They are in grave danger ' : New trailer for Desolation of Smaug hints at a darker times ahead for The Hobbit '' . Daily Mail . London . 4 November 2013 . Retrieved 5 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Watch trailer # 3 `` sneak peek '' for The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug ! `` . The Onering.net. 4 November 2013 . Retrieved 5 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All the spoilery details from the 20 minutes of previously unseen footage screened at The Desolation of Smaug Fan Event '' . TheOnering.net. 5 November 2013 . Retrieved 7 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Transcript of The Hobbit : Desolation of Smaug Fan Event '' . TheOnering.net. 5 November 2013 . Retrieved 7 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` No Welly premiere for second Hobbit film '' . Stuff.co.nz. 10 June 2013 . Retrieved 20 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Kirby , Iona ( 3 December 2013 ) . `` Evangeline weaves her magic spell at The Hobbit : The Desolation Of Smaug premiere as she cuddles up to Orlando Bloom '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( 3 December 2013 ) . `` The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug Premiere '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Hobbit Worldwide Release Dates '' . TheHobbit.com . Retrieved 21 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Saurav , Shubhang ( 5 September 2015 ) . `` ' The Hobbit : The Battle of The Five Armies ' will be Rated R , Extended Edition Trilogy to be Re-Released in Theaters This October '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Brew , Simon ( 19 February 2014 ) . `` The Hobbit : The Desolation Of Smaug DVD & Blu - ray release date '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved 23 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( 18 February 2014 ) . `` THE HOBBIT : THE DESOLATION OF SMAUG Blu - ray Details Revealed ; Set for April 8th Release in the U.S. '' Collider . Retrieved 18 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug Extended Edition Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug 3D Blu - ray Review '' . BluRay.com. 2 November 2014 . Retrieved 3 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) - Box Office Mojo '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr ( 21 March 2014 ) . `` 2013 Most Valuable Blockbuster -- # 5 ' The Hunger Games : Catching Fire ' Vs. # 12 ' World War Z ' ; # 4 ' Hobbit : The Desolation Of Smaug ' Vs. # 13 ' Oz The Great And Powerful ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide Openings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 21 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug Earns Second - Highest December Showing Ever After Midnight Screenings '' . E ! Online . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 23 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Report : ' Smaug ' Sets Fire to Box Office , Misses First ' Hobbit 's Mark '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 21 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( 22 December 2013 ) . `` Weekend Report : Burgundy Beaten by Bilbo '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 22 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( 29 December 2013 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Hobbit , ' ' Frozen ' Top ' Wolf , ' ' Mitty ' on Final Weekend of 2013 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( 14 December 2014 ) . `` Hobbit ' Rings Up $117.6 M Debut , Sets IMAX Record ; More Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Coonan , Clifford ( 25 February 2014 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Hobbit 2 ' Drives Monthly Record '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 25 February 2014 . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 19 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( 5 January 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Frozen ' Chills ' Paranormal ' Spin - Off '' . Retrieved 23 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( 23 February 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' LEGO ' Obliterates ' 3 Days , ' ' Pompeii ' '' . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Top Grossing Movies in various European countries : `` Germany Yearly Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . `` Spain Yearly Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . `` Netherlands Yearly Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . `` Poland Yearly Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . `` Denmark Yearly Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . `` Belgium and Luxembourg Yearly Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . `` Austria Yearly Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . `` Finland Yearly Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . `` Ukraine Yearly Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . `` Czech Republic Yearly Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . `` Greece Yearly Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . `` Bulgaria Yearly Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . `` Iceland Yearly Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand and Fiji Yearly Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) - International Box Office Results - Box Office Mojo '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Sarah Dean . `` ' Middle Earth 's got its mojo back ' : First reviews for The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug roll in '' . Metro . Retrieved 7 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug - Reviews Roundup '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Nessif , Bruna ( 11 December 2013 ) . `` The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug Review Roundup : Critics Ca n't Find Middle Ground on Middle - earth '' . E ! Online . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug - Reviews are in '' . MTV . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( 13 December 2013 ) . `` ' Desolation of Smaug ' reinvigorates ' Hobbit ' trilogy , critics say '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Hobbit : The Desolation Of Smaug ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 7 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( 15 December 2013 ) . `` Box Office : ' Hobbit : Desolation of Smaug ' Wins Weekend With $73.7 Million in Domestic Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Hobbit : The Desolation Of Smaug '' . Empire . Retrieved 6 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( 20 November 2013 ) . `` Top 10 Best Movies '' . Time . Retrieved 7 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Chang , Justin ( 6 December 2013 ) . `` Film review : ' The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 7 December 2013 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( 29 November 2013 ) . `` The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 7 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Mark Hughes . `` The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug Review '' . Forbes . Retrieved 8 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( 8 December 2013 ) . `` The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug - review '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Matt Maytum . `` The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug Review '' . Total Film . Retrieved 8 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Jim Vejvoda . `` The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug Review '' . IGN . Retrieved 7 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Petter Travis . `` The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug Review '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( 7 December 2013 ) . `` The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug , review '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved 7 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Lumenick , Lou ( 11 December 2013 ) . `` What was he Tolkien ? Peter Jackson makes ' Hobbit ' boring '' . Nypost.com . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug . Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug Official website The Hobbit Blog Official blog of The Hobbit movies The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug on IMDb The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug at Box Office Mojo The Tolkien Nerd 's Guide to `` The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug '' Smithsonian Links to related articles The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit film series The Lord of the Rings Films The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Music The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King `` Aníron '' `` Concerning Hobbits '' `` Into the West '' `` May It Be '' `` A Walking Song '' Production Original characters ( Figwit ) Production design Principal photography Special effects Accolades The Exhibition Gollum : How We Made Movie Magic The Long and Short of It The Hobbit Films An Unexpected Journey The Desolation of Smaug The Battle of the Five Armies Production Original characters Tauriel Music `` I See Fire '' Accolades Video games The Two Towers The Return of the King The Third Age The Third Age ( GBA ) Tactics The Battle for Middle - earth The Battle for Middle - earth II The Battle for Middle - earth II : The Rise of the Witch - king Conquest Aragorn 's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle - earth Lego The Hobbit Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Middle - earth in film Middle - earth Enterprises Animated films The Hobbit ( 1977 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) The Return of the King ( 1980 ) Live - action films Sagan om ringen ( 1971 ) The Hobbit ( 1985 ) Hobitit ( 1993 ) Peter Jackson series The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Hobbit An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) Fan films The Hunt for Gollum ( 2009 ) Born of Hope ( 2009 ) Book J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Hobbit Hobbit ( word ) Legendarium Middle - earth Editions English - language editions Early American editions The Annotated Hobbit Translations Characters Bilbo Gandalf Thorin Oakenshield Balin Dwalin Fíli Kíli Dori Nori Ori Óin Glóin Bifur Bofur Bombur Tom , Bert & Bill Elrond Great Goblin Gollum Lord of the Eagles Beorn Elvenking Master of Lake - town Smaug Bard Dáin Náin Related works The History of The Hobbit Bilbo 's Last Song Adaptations and derivatives Radio The Hobbit ( 1968 ) Film The Hobbit ( 1977 ) The Hobbit ( 1985 ) Hobitit ( 1993 ) Peter Jackson series An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) Original characters Music Video games The Hobbit ( 1982 ) The Hobbit ( 2003 ) Guardians of Middle - earth ( 2012 ) Lego The Hobbit ( 2014 ) Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor ( 2014 ) Toys Middle - earth Lego sets portal category wiktionary commons Peter Jackson Films directed Bad Taste ( 1987 ) Meet the Feebles ( 1989 ) Braindead ( 1992 ) Heavenly Creatures ( 1994 ) The Frighteners ( 1996 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) King Kong ( 2005 ) The Lovely Bones ( 2009 ) The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) Other films The Valley ( 1976 ) Forgotten Silver ( 1995 ) Crossing the Line ( 2008 ) Produced only Valley of the Stereos ( 1992 ) Jack Brown Genius ( 1997 , also writer ) District 9 ( 2009 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) West of Memphis ( 2012 ) Mortal Engines ( 2018 , also writer ) Companies WingNut Films Weta Workshop Weta Digital Park Road Post Related The Lord of the Rings ( film series ) The Hobbit ( film series ) Guillermo del Toro Filmography Unrealized projects Awards and nominations Films Directed Doña Lupe ( short ; 1985 ) Geometria ( short ; 1987 ) Cronos ( 1993 ) Mimic ( 1997 ) The Devil 's Backbone ( 2001 ) Blade II ( 2002 ) Hellboy ( 2004 ) Pan 's Labyrinth ( 2006 ) Hellboy II : The Golden Army ( 2008 ) Pacific Rim ( 2013 ) Crimson Peak ( 2015 ) The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) Written only Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark ( 2010 ) The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) Produced only Crónicas ( 2004 ) Insignificant Things ( 2008 ) Rudo y Cursi ( 2008 ) Julia 's Eyes ( 2010 ) Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark ( 2010 ) The Book of Life ( 2014 ) Pacific Rim Uprising ( 2018 ) Novels The Strain ( 2009 ) The Fall ( 2010 ) The Night Eternal ( 2011 ) Trollhunters ( 2015 ) Television `` Treehouse of Horror XXIV '' ( 2013 ; opening sequence ) The Strain ( 2014 -- 17 ) `` Night Zero '' Tales of Arcadia Trollhunters ( 2016 -- present ) 3 Below ( 2018 ) Wizards ( 2019 ) Video games Hellboy : The Science of Evil ( 2008 ) P.T. ( 2014 ) Death Stranding ( TBA ) Sundown ( canceled ) Insane ( canceled ) Silent Hills ( canceled ) Related articles Cha Cha Cha Films Mirada Studios The Hobbit ( film series ) Empire Award for Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2006 ) Pan 's Labyrinth ( 2007 ) Stardust ( 2008 ) Wanted ( 2009 ) Star Trek ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2011 ) Thor ( 2012 ) The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey ( 2013 ) The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug ( 2014 ) X-Men : Days of Future Past ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2016 ) A Monster Calls ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hobbit:_The_Desolation_of_Smaug&oldid=835781141 '' Categories : 2013 films English - language films 2013 3D films 2010s adventure films 2010s fantasy films The Hobbit ( film series ) American fantasy adventure films American films American sequel films Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy Empire Award winners Fantasy adventure films Films about dragons IMAX films Rotoscoped films Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer films New Line Cinema films Performance capture in film WingNut Films films New Zealand films New Zealand 3D films New Zealand fantasy films New Zealand sequel films High fantasy films Films scored by Howard Shore Screenplays by Peter Jackson Screenplays by Fran Walsh Screenplays by Philippa Boyens Screenplays by Guillermo del Toro Treasure hunt films Prequel films Sequel films Hidden categories : Use British English from April 2014 Use dmy dates from January 2016 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Zazaki 中文 43 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 18 : 47 . 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who plays the new female mayor on blue bloods	In the first season , Frank is well regarded and respected by his officers and his city , to the point where the Mayor felt threatened by his popularity ; however , by season 6 , public opinion regarding the police -- and him personally -- has changed so drastically that he gets booed off - stage while speaking at Columbia University . However , in season 7 , new mayor Margaret Dutton affirms that his polls are better than any of the NY Mayors	Margaret Dutton	List of Blue Bloods characters	list of blue bloods characters	This is an overview of the regular , recurring , and other characters of the TV series Blue Bloods .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Reagan family 1.1 Frank Reagan 1.1. 1 Biography and family 1.1. 2 Service 1.1. 3 As police commissioner 1.1. 3.1 Senior staff 1.1. 4 List of assignments 1.1. 5 Partners 1.2 Danny Reagan 1.2. 1 Biography 1.2. 2 Partners 1.3 Erin Reagan 1.3. 1 Biography 1.4 Jamie Reagan 1.4. 1 Biography 1.4. 2 Partners 1.5 Henry Reagan 1.5. 1 Biography 1.5. 2 Notes 1.6 Linda Reagan 1.6. 1 Biography 1.7 Nicky Reagan 1.7. 1 Biography 1.7. 2 Notes 1.8 Other Reagans 2 Recurring characters 2.1 Recurring 2.2 Associates of Frank 2.2. 1 Frank Russo / Robert Levitt 2.2. 2 Carter Poole 2.2. 3 Margaret Dutton 2.2. 4 Martin Mendez 2.2. 5 Abigail Baker 2.2. 6 Garrett Moore 2.2. 7 Dino Arbogast 2.2. 8 Kelly Peterson 2.2. 9 Sidney Gormley 2.2. 10 Senior NYPD officers 2.3 Associates of Danny 2.3. 1 Jackie Curatola 2.3. 2 Kate Lansing 2.3. 3 Maria Baez 2.3. 4 Dee Ann Carver 2.4 Associates of Erin 2.4. 1 Jack Boyle 2.4. 2 Charles Rosselini 2.4. 3 Amanda Harris 2.4. 4 Robert McCoy 2.4. 5 Alex McBride 2.4. 6 Anthony Abetemarco 2.5 Associates of Jamie 2.5. 1 Anthony Renzulli 2.5. 2 Vinny Cruz 2.5. 3 Eddie Janko 2.6 Others 2.6. 1 Darnell Potter 3 References Reagan family ( Edit ) Frank Reagan ( Edit ) Frank Reagan Blue Bloods character Frank Reagan is played by actor Tom Selleck . First appearance `` Pilot '' September 24 , 2010 Created by Robin Green Mitchell Burgess Portrayed by Tom Selleck Information Full name Francis Xavier Reagan Gender Male Occupation Police officer / police commissioner Title New York City Police Commissioner Family Henry Reagan ( father ) Betty Reagan ( mother ) † Peter Christopher Reagan ( older brother ) † Spouse ( s ) Mary Margaret Reagan ( wife ) † Children Danny Reagan Erin Reagan Joe Reagan † Jamie Reagan Relatives Charles Reagan ( grandfather ) † Teddy Reagan ( great - uncle ) Linda Reagan ( daughter - in - law ) † Jack Boyle ( ex-son - in - law ) Nicky Reagan - Boyle ( granddaughter ) Jack Reagan ( grandson ) Sean Reagan ( grandson ) Religion Catholic Nationality American Police career Department New York City Police Department Years of service 1974 -- Present Rank Commissioner Awards US Flag Breast Bar World Trade Center Breast Bar NYPD Medal of Honor NYPD Combat Cross ( 2 ) NYPD Meritorious Police Duty NYPD Excellent Police Duty NYPD Unit Citation NYPD 1986 Liberty Breast Bar NYPD Firearms Proficiency Bar NYPD Award of Merit Commissioner Francis Xavier Reagan is a fictional character and the protagonist of the CBS TV series Blue Bloods . He is portrayed by former Magnum P.I. star Tom Selleck . Biography and family ( Edit ) Frank is the younger son of Henry ( Len Cariou ) and Betty Reagan , born in Bay Ridge , Brooklyn , New York in the early 1950s . His older brother , Peter Christopher Reagan , died of leukemia at the age of 18 months over a year before Frank was born . Frank married Mary Margaret Reagan in the early 1970s , and they have four children together : Danny , Erin , Joe , and Jamie . Each of Frank 's sons followed him into the NYPD : Danny ( Donnie Wahlberg ) is a Detective 1st Grade and lead investigator with the 54th Precinct 's Detective Squad ; Joe was a Detective with the Warrants Squad who was murdered on the orders of his partner Sonny Malevsky ( Michael T. Weiss ) , the leader of a corrupt gang of police officers called the Blue Templar ; and Jamie ( Will Estes ) is a patrol officer assigned to the 12th Precinct with a law degree from Harvard University . Frank 's only daughter , Erin ( Bridget Moynahan ) , is also in law enforcement as a Manhattan Assistant District Attorney . Erin was promoted to Deputy Bureau Chief of the NYCDA 's Trial Bureau in 2013 . In addition to his children , Frank is also a loving grandfather to Erin 's daughter , Nicky Reagan - Boyle ( Sami Gayle ) , and Danny 's two children , Jack ( Tony Terraciano ) and Sean Reagan ( Andrew Terraciano ) . In one episode , it is mentioned that Frank 's wife 's grandfather was one of the builders on the Brooklyn Bridge in the 1870s and ' 80s . Frank 's dad 's father , Charles Reagan , was an Irish immigrant who served in World War I before becoming a police officer . Charles was the one who taught him how to fish . In `` Whistle Blower '' ( season 2 , episode 10 ) , Frank mentions his great - uncle Teddy Reagan , a member of the NYPD Mounted Unit , who spent a cold night in a boxcar with his horse , Dolly , and woke up in Pittsburgh . Growing up , Frank became friends with Angelo Gallo ( Chazz Palminteri ) , who grew up to be one of the top mafia lawyers . After Gallo was shot on the orders of a former client , Frank has him publicly arrested for hindering prosecution , to protect him from being considered a rat . Another close friend of his is Monsignor Walter Donahue , a member of the city archdiocese . However , it is also mentioned that Frank does not have many friends in the New York City Council , especially after Danny 's arrest of city Councilman Tony Mancini ( Richard Burgi ) , a former NYPD detective , for domestic abuse . Service ( Edit ) After serving in the United States Marine Corps during the Vietnam War ( during which time he held the rank of Lieutenant and was awarded the Navy & Marine Corps Achievement Medal ) , Frank became the third generation of Reagans to become a police officer . He began his career as a patrol officer stationed at the 27th Precinct . After three years on patrol , he was promoted to Detective 3rd Grade . Since then , he has served in various positions across the city , including Chief of the Brooklyn South Division and the Chief of Department of the NYPD , culminating in being appointed Police Commissioner . In the 1970s , Frank led the attempt to apprehend Whitey Brennan , the head of the Westies , at his grandson 's baptism . Due to the chaos , a shootout ensued in which two police officers were wounded and four people from the Westies were killed , including Whitey 's wife and grandson . In the early 1980s , Frank served in the Canine Unit as a dog handler . However , he transferred out of the unit after Greta , his partner , was shot and killed by a burglar Frank sent her in after . From 1995 to 1999 , Frank was the Commanding Officer of the Special Investigations Unit , a special anti-narcotics task force . On September 11 , 2001 , Frank was working in the North Tower when the South Tower collapsed . He spent days at Ground Zero , and took refuge at St. Paul 's Chapel , where he and other officers slept in the pews . As a `` Member Of the Service '' ( MOS ) prior to 1994 , Frank continues to carry a revolver ( a Colt Official Police `` Fitz Special '' that originally belonged to his father and grandfather ) as his duty weapon . He also owns a Colt Government M1911 . At one point , he uses it on a serial rapist who was about to rape and kill Erin . As police Commissioner ( Edit ) List of Blue Bloods characters New York City Police Commissioner Incumbent Assumed office September 24 , 2010 Appointed by Frank Russo Carter Poole Preceded by Commissioner Connors Frank was appointed the Police Commissioner by Mayor Frank Russo ( Bruce Altman ) . In 2011 , after the election of Carter Poole ( David Ramsey ) , Frank offers to tender his resignation , but Poole decided to keep Frank on as PC . In 2015 , after Mayor Poole 's successful reelection , Frank struggles with whether he even wants to stay on for another four years as PC , assuming the Mayor even asks him to . He ultimately decides to stay for `` as long as the Mayor 's head is in his ass '' ( which was remarked as indefinitely ) . The Mayor officially asked Frank to re-up in February 2016 and he agrees . Frank has an indifferent attitude towards politics , often taking on the mayor and numerous reporters who misinterpret his actions . He tries hard not to judge people , and tends to purse his lips together when hearing bad news or the horrific details of an ongoing case . He also refuses to play favorites ; in season 4 , he mentions that he is afraid to recommend Jamie , now with four years on the force , for promotion to Detective because it would look like nepotism . In 2011 , Frank was shot by Kevin Brennan ( Jack Gwaltney ) , the son of the former head of the Westies who Frank arrested back in the ' 70s . In 2013 , Frank is the target of an assassination attempt by Hector Santiago ( Omar Maskati ) , a mentally - challenged teenager of the Bitterman housing projects who is tricked by a member of the Los Lordes gang who declared war on the NYPD . The bullets miss Frank , but hit Mayor Poole , leaving him paralyzed and confined to a wheelchair . One of Frank 's predecessors , `` Crooked '' Commissioner Connors , served time in a federal prison after his term as PC was completed and left him with more than one mess to clean up , including Officer Thomas Sculley ( Warren Kole ) , one of four patrol officers who , a few months after 9 / 11 , accidentally shot an unarmed Muslim teenager , and was acquitted of all charges and allowed by then - Commissioner Connors to keep his job . In 2016 , Officer Sculley , who had kept his head down for the last 14 years and made great strides to atone for his horrible rookie mistake , passed the Sergeant 's exam with flying colors . Frank was reluctant to promote him , lest tensions between the citizens and the police grow even worse and ultimately offered Officer Sculley a choice : transfer to another city ( Long Island , Albuquerque , New Mexico , Boulder , Colorado , or San Diego were among the departments Frank talked to ) or take his promotion to Sergeant and ride a desk at the NYPD Erie Basin Auto Pound in Brooklyn for the rest of his career . In the first season , Frank is well regarded and respected by his officers and his city , to the point where the Mayor felt threatened by his popularity ; however , by season 6 , public opinion regarding the police -- and him personally -- has changed so drastically that he gets booed off - stage while speaking at Columbia University . However , in season 7 , new mayor Margaret Dutton affirms that his polls are better than any of the NY Mayors Frank was nearly served with a vote of no confidence by the NYPD rank and file in 2012 when he publicly apologized for the accidental shooting of a black man by a rookie patrol officer ( Corbin Bleu ) instead of waiting for the official report . Senior staff ( Edit ) The following officers are among Frank 's senior staff who assist him in his duties as the New York City Police Commissioner . First Deputy Commissioner -- Vincenzo ( John Bedford Lloyd ) Deputy Commissioner , Public Information / de facto Chief of Staff -- Garrett Moore ( Gregory Jbara ) Chief of Department -- Ed Hines ( John Rue ) ( Ret. 2013 ) Chief of Department -- Dino Arbogast ( John Ventimiglia ) ( terminated , 2014 ) Special Assistant to the Commissioner -- Lieutenant Sidney Gormley ( de facto Chief of Department ) ( Robert Clohessy ) Chief of Organized Crime Control Bureau -- Bureau Chief Dino Arbogast ( John Ventimiglia ) ( promoted to Chief of Department in 2013 ) Chief of Intelligence -- Bureau Chief Bryce Helfond ( Victor Slezak ) Chief of Gang Division -- Deputy Chief Donald Kent ( Dennis Haysbert ) ( promoted to Assistant Chief and then KIA , 2015 ) Primary Aide -- Detective 1st Grade Abigail Baker , PC 's ( Detective ) Squad ( Abigail Hawk ) List of assignments ( Edit ) The following are Frank 's known police assignments . Patrol Officer , NYPD 27th Precinct Patrol Officer , NYPD 25th Precinct Detective , NYPD 21st Precinct Senior Detective , NYPD Homicide Dog handler , NYPD Canine Unit Commanding Officer , NYPD Special Investigations Unit Deputy Chief , NYPD Patrol Borough Brooklyn South Chief of Department , NYPD ( Wears the uniform and shield to Academy graduation . ) New York City Police Commissioner Partners ( Edit ) Over his career , Frank has had numerous partners . Jimmy Burke ( Gary Basaraba ) -- Frank 's partner while stationed at the 27th Precinct who took a bullet for him . He was eventually promoted to Inspector and placed in command of the 15th Precinct . While up for a promotion to Deputy Chief as the Deputy Commander of Patrol Borough Manhattan South , it was revealed that he had been cooking the books for his precinct 's CompStats . Frank allowed him to retire rather than face demotion to Captain and reassignment to the 128th Precinct in Staten Island . Lenny Ross ( Treat Williams ) -- Frank 's partner while stationed at the 25th Precinct ; by 2016 , Lenny had retired and wrote a book about the bad old days entitled `` Back in the Day '' detailing their exploits . John McKenna -- An NYPD officer who was with Frank during 9 / 11 who later got sick and died from illness he was exposed to during the attacks . Greta -- When assigned to the Canine Unit as a dog handler , Frank 's partner was Greta . He transferred out of the unit after Greta was shot and killed by a burglar Frank sent her in after . Danny Reagan ( Edit ) Danny Reagan Blue Bloods character Danny Reagan ( Donnie Wahlberg ) First appearance `` Pilot '' September 24 , 2010 Created by Robin Green Mitchell Burgess Portrayed by Donnie Wahlberg Information Full name Daniel Fitzgerald Reagan Gender Male Occupation Police officer Family Frank Reagan ( father ) Mary Margaret Reagan ( mother ) † Erin Reagan ( younger sister ) Joseph Conor `` Joe '' Reagan ( younger brother ) † Jamison `` Jamie '' Reagan ( younger brother ) Spouse ( s ) Linda Reagan ( wife ) † Significant other ( s ) Marianne Romano ( ex-girlfriend ) Children Jack Reagan Sean Reagan Relatives Henry Reagan ( grandfather ) Betty Reagan ( grandmother ) † Peter Christopher Reagan ( uncle ) † Charles Reagan ( great - grandfather ) † Jack Boyle ( ex-brother - in - law ) Wendy Lightner ( sister - in - law ) Jimmy ( brother - in - law ) Nicky Reagan - Boyle ( niece ) Sofie Lightner ( niece ) Religion Catholic Nationality American Police career Department New York City Police Department Years of service 1990s -- Present Rank Detective 1st Grade Awards American Flag Breast Bar World Trade Center Breast Bar NYPD Medal of Honor NYPD Combat Cross NYPD Medal for Valor NYPD Honorable Mention NYPD Meritorious Police Duty Marine Corps Service Award Detective First Grade Daniel Fitzgerald Reagan is the eldest son of Commissioner Frank Reagan . He is portrayed by Donnie Wahlberg . Biography ( Edit ) The oldest son of the current New York City Police Commissioner Frank Reagan and his wife Mary , Danny grew up in Bay Ridge , Brooklyn with a younger sister , Erin , and two younger brothers , Joe and Jamie . He was happily married to Linda since 1996 , with whom he has two sons , Jack ( b . 2000 ) and Sean ( b . 2004 ) , until Linda 's death between seasons 7 and 8 . They lived on Staten Island until their home was destroyed in a fire in the season 7 finale , which was set by a drug cartel in retaliation to a recent bust Danny made . During high school , Danny dated Marianne Romano ( Charisma Carpenter ) , who was described by his partner Baez as `` the queen bee , super good looking , a little crazy , and dynamite in the sack '' to which he agreed . As a young man , Danny worked construction . For a class project of Nicky 's , Danny mentioned that when he was three years old , he wanted to be a firefighter for Halloween , but his grandfather Henry swore that as long as he was alive , no Reagan would ever be a member of the FDNY , got him into a police uniform , and he `` never took it off '' until he made Detective . On the job for 15 years ( as of season 1 ) , Danny took a leave of absence from the New York City Police Department to serve two tours in the Iraq War as a Marine . Danny saw combat in Fallujah , and was the only member of his platoon to come home alive ( resulting in some post-traumatic stress ) . During his time in the Marines , Danny was decorated for heroism . He is old - school ; his hotheadedness and harsh methods of detective work sometimes get him in trouble , which his father worries about . When asked if his son `` crosses the line '' and violates procedure from time to time , Frank answered , `` I think he walks on the line '' . Danny is hard on other policemen and detectives when he feels they are unprofessional or not doing their duty to its utmost . He is currently assigned to the Detective Squad of the 54th Precinct , and partnered with Detective Maria Baez . In `` Most Wanted '' , it is mentioned that he leads the Manhattan South Detective Borough in both collars and complaints . In `` Love Stories '' , he and Baez are awarded the NYPD Medal for Valor for their actions in `` Partners '' . As a detective with the NYPD , Danny carries a Kahr K9 in 9 × 19mm as his duty weapon , and drives a Dodge Charger on duty , which replaced his previous Chevrolet Impala 9C1 . He also owns a Glock 19 in 9 × 19mm , and previously used a Smith & Wesson 5946 in 9 × 19mm . Danny drove a Jeep XJ Cherokee as his personal / family vehicle from Season 1 to Season 5 , whilst Linda drove a rather troublesome 2001 Kia Sedona / Carnival ; this vehicle was replaced when Henry lost his driver 's license and gave Linda his car . In Season 6 , Danny 's Cherokee was replaced by a fourth - generation Ford Explorer . Partners ( Edit ) Over his career , Danny has had numerous partners . Detective Darryl Reid ( Malik Yoba ) -- Partnered together for `` eight months seven years ago '' ( c. 2008 ) , Reid 's career came to an end ( and put Danny 's in jeopardy ) when it was revealed that he planted evidence to secure a murder conviction . Detective DeMarcus King ( Flex Alexander ) Detective Ava Hotchkiss ( Yvonna Kopacz Wright ) -- First partner of Danny 's when he was assigned to Major Crimes . Detective First Grade Jackie Curatola ( Jennifer Esposito ) -- From 2010 until 2012 , Danny was primarily partnered with Detective Jackie Curatola at the 54th Precinct . In 2012 , Jackie took early retirement from the NYPD after starting to show signs of burning out . Detective Kate Lansing ( Megan Ketch ) -- Assigned to replace Detective Curatola in 2012 , Detective Kate Lansing worked with Danny for almost three months . She transferred back to Internal Affairs after the arrest of Captain Derek Elwood ( Nestor Serrano ) , who framed Danny for possession of narcotics in order to prevent him from discovering his gambling problem . Detective Candice `` Mac '' McElroy ( Megan Boone ) -- A temporary addition to the 54th Precinct , Detective Candice McElroy briefly served as Danny 's partner in 2013 . Detective First Grade Maria Baez ( Marisa Ramirez ) -- Danny 's partner since 2013 . Previously spent three years with the Joint Bank Robbery Task Force until it was disbanded in 2011 . Erin Reagan ( Edit ) Erin Reagan Blue Bloods character First appearance `` Pilot '' September 24 , 2010 Created by Robin Green Mitchell Burgess Portrayed by Bridget Moynahan Information Full name Erin Reagan Gender Female Occupation Prosecutor Family Frank Reagan ( father ) Mary Margaret Reagan ( mother ) † Daniel Fitzgerald `` Danny '' Reagan ( older brother ) Joseph Conor `` Joe '' Reagan ( younger brother ) † Jamison `` Jamie '' Reagan ( younger brother ) Spouse ( s ) Jack Boyle ( ex-husband ) Significant other ( s ) Charles Rosselini ( romantic interest ) Jacob Krystal ( romantic interest ) Jack Boyle ( fling ) Robert McCoy ( ex-boyfriend ) Children Nicky Reagan Relatives Henry Reagan ( grandfather ) Betty Reagan ( grandmother ) † Peter Christopher Reagan ( uncle ) † Charles Reagan ( great - grandfather ) † Linda Reagan ( sister - in - law ) † Jack Reagan ( nephew ) Sean Reagan ( nephew ) Religion Catholic Nationality American DA career Department Manhattan District Attorney 's Office Years of service 2000s -- Present Rank Deputy Bureau Chief Assistant District Attorney Erin Reagan is Frank Reagan 's sole daughter . She is portrayed by Bridget Moynahan . Biography ( Edit ) A New York County Assistant District Attorney and single mother , Erin is the second child and only daughter of the current New York City Police Commissioner Frank Reagan and his wife Mary . She grew up in Bay Ridge , Brooklyn , with three brothers , Danny , Joe , and Jamie . It is implied throughout the series that she had something of a wild streak growing up ( unlike her daughter ) . In season 5 , it is mentioned that she graduated top of her class from Columbia University ; she later went on to attend Fordham University School of Law . In season 6 , Erin celebrated her 40th birthday . Erin is divorced from John `` Jack '' Boyle ( Peter Hermann ) , a criminal defense attorney , whom she met when they were 19 . In `` Old Wounds '' , she finally changes her name from Erin Reagan - Boyle back to Erin Reagan . Since her divorce , Erin has had a few romantic interests . She and her boss , District Attorney Charles Rosselini ( Bobby Cannavale ) , flirted with each other and even shared a kiss after a date , but nothing ever came of it mainly due to Erin 's reluctance with the idea of dating her boss . In 2011 , she met Jacob Krystal ( Fred Weller ) at an art gallery ; she later learned that he was an art thief who returned once - stolen works to their rightful owners , and he left town . In 2013 , after being shot in a courtroom hostage situation , she started up a fling with her ex-husband Jack but broke up when they started getting serious again ( lest he break her heart again , or their daughter find out that they were once again `` hooking up '' ) . In 2014 , she met Robert McCoy , a defense attorney , on a speed - date , and the two became romantically involved until he was appointed interim District Attorney , at which point she said she ca n't sleep with her boss . Erin is almost raped and killed in `` Re-Do '' , though Frank saves her life by shooting her attacker dead . In `` To Protect and Serve '' , Erin is taken hostage and shot in the arm at the courthouse . She is saved by Danny after he says a coded message , `` Please , do n't hurt my family , '' after which she dropped to the ground , and Danny shot her assailant . It is revealed that their father taught them this when they were young , as a plan in case one of them was ever held at gunpoint . In `` Working Girls '' , Erin is offered the position of Deputy Mayor of Operations by Mayor Poole , but she turns him down . In `` Ends and Means '' , Erin is promoted from Senior Counsel to Deputy Bureau Chief of the Trial Bureau . In the season four finale , she filed a complaint against her boss , Bureau Chief Amanda Harris , upon learning she had abused her power . In season six , Erin was considered for a judgeship . Like the rest of her family , Erin is licensed to carry a firearm . Her weapon of choice is the Glock 19 in 9 × 19mm and , according to Frank , she 's a better shot than Danny and Jamie . In season 8 , we found out Erin wanted to join the police force like her family , wanted to take the exam but it was n't for her and chose law and become a prosecutor . Jamie Reagan ( Edit ) Jamie Reagan Blue Bloods character First appearance `` Pilot '' September 24 , 2010 Created by Robin Green Mitchell Burgess Portrayed by Will Estes Information Full name Jamison Reagan Aliases Jimmy Riordan Gender Male Occupation Police officer Family Frank Reagan ( father ) Mary Margaret Reagan ( mother ) † Daniel Fitzgerald `` Danny '' Reagan ( older brother ) Erin Reagan ( older sister ) Joseph Conor `` Joe '' Reagan ( older brother ) † Significant other ( s ) Sydney Davenport ( ex-fiancée ) Laura Peck ( former romantic interest ) Bianca Sanfino ( former romantic interest ) Dana ( fling ) Eddie Janko ( Fiancée ) Relatives Henry Reagan ( grandfather ) Betty Reagan ( grandmother ) † Peter Christopher Reagan ( uncle ) † Charles Reagan ( great - grandfather ) † Linda Reagan ( sister - in - law ) † Jack Boyle ( ex-brother - in - law ) Nicky Reagan - Boyle ( niece ) Jack Reagan ( nephew ) Sean Reagan ( nephew ) Religion Catholic Nationality American Police career Department New York City Police Department Years of service 2010 -- Present Rank Officer Awards American Flag Breast Bar NYPD Honorable Mention NYPD Firearms Proficiency Bar Officer Jamison Reagan is the youngest son of Frank Reagan . He is portrayed by Will Estes . Biography ( Edit ) A young police officer and recent Harvard Law School graduate , Jamie is the youngest child of the current New York City Police Commissioner Frank Reagan and his wife Mary . Jamie grew up in Bay Ridge , Brooklyn with two older brothers , Danny and Joe , and an older sister , Erin . His shield number is 60528 . He is stationed at the 12th Precinct , and is partnered with Sgt . Anthony Renzulli ( his training officer ) in seasons one and two , Officer Vinny Cruz in season three , and Officer Eddie Janko since season four . During his first year on the job , Jamie was the one who continued Joe Reagan 's investigation into the Blue Templar . In season two , he takes advantage of a chance opportunity to go undercover in the Sanfino crime family . In `` Front Page News '' , Jamie gets his first kill in what he learns is a suicide by cop ; the shooting leaves him with brief post-shooting trauma ( more so since Bryant 's death was found to be a suicide - by - cop ) , but between his family and the NYPD psychologist ( Annabella Sciorra ) , he quickly recovers . In season four , he begins to express concerns because both his father and brother had made detective by that point in their careers , while he is still a patrol officer . In season six , Jamie is studying for and is considering taking the Sergeant 's exam ; however , he ultimately decides against taking it . In season seven , Frank gets wind from the ranks that he may be the only thing holding Jamie back from becoming a detective . When pressed , Jamie informs his father that he 's happy where he is in his career and does n't necessarily want another assignment . In that same episode , it is mentioned that Jamie is the only NYPD employee with a Harvard Law degree that walks a beat . While attending Harvard , Jamie met and became involved with Sydney Davenport and the two even got engaged . However , Sydney broke up with him a few months after he became a police officer when realizing the true danger of his career . Since 2013 , there has been significant romantic tension between Jamie and his patrol partner , Eddie Janko , with the two even sharing a kiss . Despite this , Jamie has chosen not to act on his feelings after learning that Sergeant Renzulli would reassign them to new road partners if they did . Despite agreeing to keep things professional , there remained lingering romantic tension between the two . In 2018 , Jamie and Eddie get engaged along with choosing to remain as partners on the job after discovering there is no official rule against it . As a uniformed patrol officer , Jamie drives a patrol car on duty and carries a Glock 19 in 9 × 19mm as his duty weapon ; while in plainclothes , Jamie uses the smaller Glock 26 in 9 × 19mm . While off - duty , Jamie drove his brother Joe 's 1971 Chevy Chevelle Malibu SS until it was sabotaged and totaled by the Blue Templar . Partners ( Edit ) Over his career , Jamie has had a few partners . Sergeant Anthony Renzulli ( Nicholas Turturro ) -- Jamie 's training officer , Sgt . Renzulli knows the beat of his precinct very well and often offers Jamie good advice when he needs it . He believes Jamie will make a great cop , and often pokes fun at him for abandoning a lucrative law career . Officer Vincent Cruz ( Sebastian Sozzi ) -- Jamie 's partner who grew up in the Bitterman housing projects neighborhood of New York City . In `` The Bitter End '' , Cruz and Jamie are patrolling near the Bitterman Houses and come across a purse snatcher who leads them on a chase through the project . The purse snatching proves to be a setup , and both officers find themselves under fire from Los Lourdes gang members . Cruz is hit twice in the neck and despite Jamie 's best efforts , he dies at the scene from massive internal bleeding . Officer Edit `` Eddie '' Janko ( Vanessa Ray ) -- A younger police officer and Jamie 's current partner . Feisty and strongly opinionated , she is very passionate when it comes to her job . As of late , her latent romantic feelings for Jamie have become more apparent , but they mutually decided not to pursue a romantic relationship lest they lose their partnership . However , they announced their engagement to the Reagan family in the season 8 finale , `` My Aim Is True '' . Henry Reagan ( Edit ) Former Commissioner Henry Reagan is Frank Reagan 's father . He is portrayed by Len Cariou . Biography ( Edit ) The retired Police Commissioner and father of Frank ( grandfather of Danny , Erin , Jamie , and the late Joe ; great - grandfather of Nicky , Sean , and Jack ) . His childhood during the 1920s and 1930s was hard due to his father , Charles , an Irish immigrant , World War I veteran and former police officer , being an alcoholic and unable to hold a job . Henry was a Marine in World War II and Korea , and joined the NYPD in 1952 . He got married in 1955 . Like his grandson Danny , Henry is socially conservative and hates the political correctness of modern law and order . His wife of 46 years , Betty , died December 2 , 2001 . It is later revealed that Henry and Betty had another son , Peter Christopher , who died of leukemia at the age of 18 months , over a year before Frank was born . In `` Bad Blood '' , it was revealed that he once rode with one of the first female patrol officers , Colleen McGuire ( Anita Gillette ) . Henry admitted that they both had romantic feelings for each other , but never acted on them since he was married . He had his boss reassign Colleen to a different partner to avoid putting his marriage at further risk , but remained good friends with her . In `` Stomping Grounds '' , it was mentioned that Henry , during his days as a Detective with the Vice Squad , transferred out of the unit when he started to see every woman on the street as a hooker . In `` Town Without Pity '' , Henry mentioned that during the New York City blackout of 1977 he was stationed in the South Bronx . Notes ( Edit ) Len Cariou , separated in age from Tom Selleck by only six years , wears make - up and a dental prosthetic to appear older . In `` A Night on the Town '' is revealed that Betty had a wooden box in which she put all her `` treasures '' . One of these treasures is a U.S. Army Master sergeant insignia that ca n't be Henry 's or Frank 's insignia because they served in the United States Marine Corps . Linda Reagan ( Edit ) Nurse Linda Rose Reagan ( née O'Shea ) was Danny Reagan 's wife . She was portrayed by Daytime Emmy - nominated actress , Amy Carlson . Biography ( Edit ) The wife of Danny from 1996 -- 2017 and mother of their two sons . She loves her husband and the Reagan family , but at times , Danny 's obsessive attitude toward collaring criminals makes her wonder whether he views his job as a higher priority than his family . In seasons one and two , she is a stay - at - home mom , but she returns to her nursing job at St. Victor 's Medical Center in season three . She has an older sister , Wendy ( Laurie Williams ) , and a niece , Sofie , who is a fashion model . She has a brother , Jimmy O'Shea ( Kevin Dillon ) , who has been in and out of trouble with the law . In `` New Rules '' , Linda is shot at the hospital by a teenage gangbanger who had been ordered to kill a witness , but she eventually makes a full recovery . In `` Under the Gun , '' Linda is mugged while working a community health van in the projects , and uses her father - in - law 's influence to bypass the New York City pistol permitting process to obtain an unresricted concealed carry permit and buys a . 38 Special Smith & Wesson Model 36 revolver . Ultimately she decides she does not want to carry after all , and gives the pistol to Danny . On May 28 , 2017 ( between seasons 7 and 8 ) , Linda died in a medivac helicopter crash while tending to a patient being air lifted to the hospital . Nicky Reagan ( Edit ) Nicole Reagan is Erin Reagan 's daughter . She is portrayed by Sami Gayle . Biography ( Edit ) Erin 's daughter , born October 14 , 1996 , aspires to become an officer like the rest of her family . As of `` Old Wounds '' , she is 16 years old . In season five , she is a high school senior preparing for college ; in season six , she is attending Columbia University , her mother 's alma mater . She is a very curious young girl and is not afraid to question her uncle Danny and great - grandfather about police matters , often challenging their old school conservatism . During the initial seasons her willingness to be a nonconformist was emphasized by her short hair , but in later seasons she grew it out . She wanted to join the family business as the first female Reagan to be a cop . In season 8 , Nicky takes the police exam , over her mother 's objections . Notes ( Edit ) In the pilot episode , Nicky is portrayed by Marlene Lawston . Other Reagans ( Edit ) Appearing : Jack Reagan , Danny and Linda 's older son , born circa 2000 . He is portrayed by Tony Terraciano . Sean Reagan , Danny and Linda 's younger son , born circa 2004 . He is portrayed by Andrew Terraciano , Tony 's younger brother . Mentioned but not portrayed on - screen : Detective 1st Grade Joseph Conor Reagan , son of Frank and Mary , younger brother of Danny and Erin and older brother of Jamie . Joe was a member of the NYPD Warrants Squad partnered with Detective Sonny Malevsky ( Michael T. Weiss ) . He was a graduate of John Jay College of Criminal Justice . He was killed on May 15 , 2009 , by Sonny when Joe learned that he was the leader of a corrupt gang of police officers called the Blue Templar . Joe 's Shield , number 46808 , was retired after his death in the line of duty . In `` Cursed '' , the Reagans decided to reinstate the number when an officer made a request to wear it in honor of her late father who had the same number in Boston . Mary Margaret Reagan , Frank 's late wife and the mother of his four children , Danny , Erin , Joe , and Jamie . She died on September 14 , 2005 , of cancer . In `` Fathers and Sons '' , it is mentioned that her grandfather helped build the Brooklyn Bridge in the 1870s and ' 80s . Betty Reagan , Henry 's wife of 46 years and the mother of Frank . She died on December 2 , 2001 . Peter Christopher Reagan , Henry and Betty 's oldest son and Frank 's older brother . He died of leukemia when he was only eighteen months old . Recurring characters ( Edit ) Recurring ( edit ) Actor Character Seasons 5 6 7 8 Robert Clohessy Lieutenant Sidney `` Sid '' Gormley Recurring Gregory Jbara Garrett Moore Recurring Abigail Hawk Detective Abigail Baker Recurring Nicholas Turturro Sergeant Anthony Renzulli Recurring Guest Andrew Terraciano Sean Reagan Recurring Tony Terraciano Jack Reagan Recurring Bruce Altman Mayor Frank Russo Recurring Guest Bobby Cannavale District Attorney Charles Rosselini Recurring Noelle Beck Sue Connors Recurring Dylan Moore Sydney Davenport Recurring David Ramsey Mayor Carter Poole Recurring Guest John Rue Ed Hines Recurring Ato Essandoh Reverend Darnell Potter Recurring Guest John Ventimiglia Dino Arbogast Recurring Guest Recurring Matthew Rauch Lawrence Skolnick Recurring Guest Guest Recurring Peter Hermann Jack Boyle Recurring Guest Recurring Victor Slezak Bureau Chief Bryce Helfond Recurring Guest Guest Sebastian Sozzi Officer Vincent `` Vinny '' Cruz Recurring Megan Boone Detective Candice `` Mac '' McElroy Recurring Megan Ketch Detective Kate Lansing Recurring Brian Roland Richard Guest Recurring Amy Morton Trial Bureau Chief ADA Amanda Harris Guest Recurring Racine Russell Officer Cosgrove Recurring Recurring Bebe Neuwirth Kelly Peterson Recurring Recurring Holt McCallany District Attorney Robert McCoy Guest Recurring James Lesure DA Investigator Alex McBride Recurring Guest LaTanya Richardson Lieutenant Dee Ann Carver Recurring Steve Schirripa Det . Anthony Abetemarco Recurring Pallavi Sastry Cameron Recurring Mark Linn - Baker Carlton Miller Recurring Tamara Tunie Monica Graham Recurring Stacy Keach Archbishop Kevin Kearns Recurring Guest Sarah Mezzanotte Officer Brenda Patimkin Recurring Lorraine Bracco Mayor Margaret Dutton Recurring Nick Cordero Victor Lugo Recurring Sam Simone McKenna Recurring David Zayas Governor Martin Mendez Recurring Associates of Frank ( Edit ) Frank Russo / Robert Levitt ( Edit ) The Mayor of New York City who appointed Frank Reagan to the position of New York City Police Commissioner . He lost the 2011 election to Carter Poole ( David Ramsey ) , who succeeded him as Mayor . While he is credited as the character `` Frank Russo '' in Season 1 , his name is never actually mentioned . He makes a return appearance in Season 3 when his daughter is arrested by Jamie and Vinny for smoking pot . Here , his character is introduced as `` Former Mayor Robert Levitt '' . He is portrayed by Bruce Altman . Carter Poole ( Edit ) Elected to the position of Mayor of New York City in 2011 , Carter Poole and Frank butt heads on occasion , but the two have a mutual respect for each other that Poole says went back to his childhood when Frank was a beat cop in his neighborhood and used to look out for the children . In `` Parenthood '' , it is mentioned that he attended Yale University and that he has an illegitimate daughter who does not know about him , aside from the fact that he is the mayor . In `` This Way Out '' , he 's shot in an assassination attempt during a town hall meeting by a mentally - challenged teenager who was tricked by a member of the Los Lordes gang operating out of the Bitterman Housing Projects . The shooting leaves the mayor paralyzed from the waist down , confining him to a wheelchair , but does not prevent him from discharging his duties as Mayor . In 2015 , he is reelected for another term as Mayor . In 2017 , he resigns as Mayor because he is burned out and feels he is not the man to lead the city any longer . He is portrayed by David Ramsey . Margaret Dutton ( Edit ) The New York City Public Advocate under Mayor Carter Poole , Margaret Dutton ascended to the position of interim Mayor of New York City in 2017 after the Mayor 's resignation . She is portrayed by Lorraine Bracco . As Mayor , she is aided by Carlton Miller , who is portrayed by Mark Linn - Baker . Martin mendez ( Edit ) The Governor of New York , known for his thin skin . He is portrayed by David Zayas . Abigail Baker ( Edit ) Detective 1st Grade Abigail Baker is a member of the Police Commissioner 's ( Detective ) Squad who serves as Frank 's primary aide . She was credited in Season 1 as `` Det . Melissa Baker '' , however was referred to as Abigail throughout the season and the name was changed in Season 2 . Baker is portrayed by Abigail Hawk . In `` Manhattan Queens '' , Baker was harassed by Suffolk County Police Department Deputy Chief Sam DeLuca , who had a romantic interest in her . In the same episode it is revealed that she is from Ocean Bay Park and her parents still live there . She speaks fluent Japanese . Frank mentions she is happily married in season 6 when questioned by his former partner Lenny . She subsequently became pregnant and gave birth during season 7 . Having been with Frank for nine years as of season 8 's `` Heavy Is the Head '' , Baker longs for more active detective work despite Frank 's assurances that he needs her and often leans on her detective 's instincts . She receives an offer working for newly - promoted Captain Bullman , who used to be her sergeant , but Frank refuses to let her resign . Frank reluctantly tells Abigail later that he found out Bullman mainly wanted to hire her to have someone in his ranks who could pull favors at 1PP . Garrett moore ( Edit ) The NYPD Deputy Commissioner of Public Information , who becomes Frank 's de facto chief of staff . Before becoming Frank 's DCPI , Garrett was a reporter . He has been married and divorced three times , and has a stepson , whom he has tried to keep out of trouble . Garrett and Frank have a rather complex relationship ; for example , Frank often expresses dismay when Garrett comes into his office unannounced but also seemingly values his perspective . Furthermore , many episodes depict the two debating an issue regarding what information should or should not be released to the public . In `` Nightmares '' , a woman in Atlantic City , New Jersey accused him of rape , but the allegations were proven to be false when it was revealed that the woman in question was a prostitute who slept with rich married men and then blackmailed them . He is portrayed by Gregory Jbara . Dino Arbogast ( Edit ) Formerly the Organized Crime Control Bureau Chief , Dino Arbogast was promoted to Chief of Department ( the highest - ranking uniformed police officer ) by Frank after the retirement of the previous Chief , Ed Hines . Dino maintains this role for season 4 , until the finale , when he 's forced to resign after being caught on video committing lewd acts with an escort hired by a recently deceased brothel madam , and lying about it , and benching Danny in an attempt to keep the act from being discovered . He is portrayed by John Ventimiglia . Kelly Peterson ( Edit ) The newly appointed Inspector General of the NYPD , Kelly Peterson is a former member of the Essex County Prosecutor 's Office in New Jersey . In the season 4 finale , Peterson tells Commissioner Reagan about her intent to resign , after finding that she does not have enough `` professional animosity '' toward the NYPD due to becoming too close to Frank . She is portrayed by Bebe Neuwirth . In season 8 , Peterson returns as the Corporation Counsel of New York City . Sidney Gormley ( Edit ) The Supervisor of the 54th Precinct 's Detective Squad , Sergeant Sidney Gormley was Danny 's boss for over four years . He was frequently exasperated by his subordinate . He lives in New Hyde Park with his wife , Sheila ( Cady Huffman ) , and , according to the certificate in his office , is a graduate of New York University . In `` Flags of Our Fathers '' , Gormley mentions that he is a veteran , and that he lost a grandfather and two uncles in the service . Early in season 5 , Gormley is reassigned by Frank to One Police Plaza and appointed as Dino 's replacement as Chief of Department . However , due to Gormley not being high enough in rank to be eligible for Chief of Department ( who must be at least a captain or higher ) , he is given the job title `` Special Assistant to the Commissioner '' , which gives him the authorities of the Chief of Department though not the pay grade or privileges . In this capacity , Gormley acts as Frank 's liaison to the rank and file . He is later on promoted to Lieutenant . He is portrayed by Robert Clohessy . Senior NYPD officers ( Edit ) First Deputy Commissioner Vincenzo , NYPD -- Frank 's 2nd - in - Command ; he was considered for the position of New York City Police Commissioner , but the Mayor ultimately appointed Frank to the position . He is portrayed by John Bedford Lloyd . Chief of Department & former Chief of Detectives Ed Hines , NYPD ( Ret. 2013 ) -- The highest - ranking uniformed police officer ; he is portrayed by John Rue . Bureau Chief Bryce Helfond , NYPD -- The NYPD Chief of Intelligence ; he is portrayed by Victor Slezak Assistant Chief Donald Kent -- The Chief of the NYPD Gang Division and a longtime friend of Frank ; the day he was promoted to Assistant Chief , he and Maggie , his wife of 30 years , were killed in a drive - by the Warrior Kings gang . He was portrayed by Dennis Haysbert . Deputy Chief Trevor Jackson -- The longtime commander of the New York City Police Department Emergency Service Unit who was forced into mandatory retirement at the age of 63 . He is portrayed by Isaiah Washington . Associates of Danny ( Edit ) Jackie Curatola ( Edit ) Detective 1st Grade Jackie Curatola was Danny 's previous partner ; she is divorced and is regularly the recipient of passes or ogling from her uniformed colleagues and perps alike , much to her annoyance . In 2012 , Jackie took early retirement from the NYPD after starting to show signs of burning out . She is portrayed by Jennifer Esposito . As a detective with the NYPD , Jackie carried a Glock 19 in 9 × 19mm as her duty weapon . Kate Lansing ( Edit ) Assigned to replace Detective Curatola in 2012 , Detective Kate Lansing worked with Danny for almost three months . She transferred back to Internal Affairs after the arrest of Captain Derek Elwood ( Nestor Serrano ) , who framed Danny for possession of narcotics in order to prevent him from discovering his gambling problem . She is portrayed by Megan Ketch . Maria Baez ( Edit ) Danny 's partner since 2013 , Detective 1st Grade Maria Baez previously spent three years with the NYPD 's Joint Bank Robbery Task Force until it was disbanded in 2011 . In `` Bad Blood '' , it is revealed that she has an older brother , Javier ( Kirk Acevedo ) , who is a recovering drug addict , and her mother , Carmen Baez ( Saundra Santiago ) , and her sister , Ana Baez ( Liza Colón - Zayas ) , are introduced in `` Stomping Grounds '' . Before transferring to the 54th Precinct , Maria fell hard for Detective Jimmy Mosely ( Johnathon Schaech ) , but their relationship fizzled out when he refused to leave his wife for her . In `` Partners '' , Javier revealed that he is an informant for the DEA against a drug cartel ; he dies saving Maria 's life in a raid on that cartel . In `` Love Stories '' , she and Danny are awarded the NYPD Medal for Valor for their actions in `` Partners '' . During season 7 , Danny claims that Baez has difficulty establishing or maintaining romantic relationships . She is portrayed by Marisa Ramirez . Dee Ann Carver ( Edit ) The new Commander of the 54th Precinct 's Detective Squad , Lieutenant Dee Ann Carver is Danny 's strict , by - the - book boss who took over after Sgt . Gormley was transferred to 1PP . She is portrayed by LaTanya Richardson Jackson . She is the adoptive mother of a baby girl whose father committed suicide in front of her and Danny , despite their best efforts to talk him down . Associates of Erin ( Edit ) Jack Boyle ( Edit ) Erin 's ex-husband and Nicky 's father , Jack Boyle is a formidable defense attorney . Due to his actions after the divorce ( including moving away and not keeping in contact with his daughter ) , Jack is not very well liked by the adults in the Reagan family ( although his nephews , Jack and Sean , are both excited to see him when he returns to New York ) . When Danny was framed for narcotics possession , Henry hired Jack as his attorney . Jack and Erin briefly got back together after surviving a courtroom hostage crisis , but Erin ended it when they started getting serious again ( lest he break her heart again , or their daughter find out that they were once again `` hooking up '' ) . Jack did return in 2017 to represent a man that Erin is trying to convict . This time Jack came out on top . Erin also learned of Jack 's relationship with a woman who is a few years older than Nicky , which did not last long . Late in season 8 , Erin confesses to Anthony that she is dating Jack again . Jack is portrayed by Peter Hermann . Charles Rosselini ( Edit ) Erin 's boss in the first season , Charles Rosselini is the New York County District Attorney with aspirations of higher office . He is portrayed by Bobby Cannavale . Amanda Harris ( Edit ) The Bureau Chief of the Manhattan District Attorney 's Trial Bureau , Amanda Harris promoted Erin to Deputy Bureau Chief . She almost fires Erin after she calls her out on violating Brady Rules by not providing the prosecution with video footage that may have exonerated a previous rape suspect ; Harris ends up keeping Erin , saying that she needs someone like her to keep her in check . Regardless of this , Harris is eventually arrested after Erin finds out that she has a long - standing deal with a recently deceased high - profile madam who has her people seduce high - profile New Yorkers of major influence -- like high - level cops , politicians , pro athletes , and various celebrities -- and get them on tape in order to guarantee their assistance whenever she needs it . ( Whether this assistance is solely for cases or possibly for darker , personal reasons is left open to speculation . ) She is portrayed by Amy Morton . Robert McCoy ( Edit ) A defense attorney Erin met on a speed - date . He was an Assistant District Attorney in Brooklyn for twelve years before leaving to join private practice in 2008 . After Bureau Chief Amanda Harris was fired , McCoy was appointed the interim New York County District Attorney . This caused Erin to break off their relationship , saying she ca n't sleep with her boss . He is portrayed by Holt McCallany . As the interim DA , McCoy came into conflict with Commissioner Reagan when he announced that the DA 's office did not plan on prosecuting petty marijuana possession charges . Alex McBride ( Edit ) A member of the DA 's Investigations Unit who assists Erin with her cases . He is portrayed by James Lesure . In 1995 , McBride 's mother was murdered in an unsolved robbery . When Erin finds the case in a cold - case pile , she runs DNA found at the scene , which reveals what McBride already suspected , but was afraid to confirm : that his father had been responsible . Anthony Abetemarco ( Edit ) A Detective for the DA 's Investigations Unit who assists Erin with her cases . In `` Friends in Need '' it is revealed his cousin is Joey Ruscoli ( Anthony DeSando ) and his aunt is Sophia Ruscoli ( Catherine Wolf ) . In `` Good Cop Bad Cop '' it is revealed that his mother is Lucille Abetemarco ( Suzanne Shepherd ) . In `` The Brave '' it is revealed that his ex-wife is Vivien Abetemarco ( Diana Bologna ) and that his daughter is Sophia Abetemarco ( Isabel Harper Leight ) . He and Danny do n't personally get along . He is portrayed by Steve Schirripa . Associates of Jamie ( Edit ) Anthony Renzulli ( Edit ) Jamie 's first partner and Training Officer , Sergeant Tony Renzulli knows the beat of his precinct very well and often offers Jamie good advice when he needs it . He believes Jamie will make a great cop , and often pokes fun at him for abandoning a lucrative law career . He was also the Training Officer for Joe . In season 3 , he moves to an apparent desk job managing the patrolmen of the 12th Precinct . He is married , and has a side job painting to make extra money ; he is also a gambler , but quit after Frank bailed him out of a $3,000 debt ( with it made clear that this is a one - time offer ) . He is portrayed by Nicholas Turturro . As a uniformed patrol supervisor , Sgt . Renzulli drives a patrol car on duty and carries a Glock 19 in 9 × 19mm as his duty weapon . Vinny Cruz ( Edit ) Vinny , shield number 59910 , is Jamie 's partner in season 3 . He 's a child of the Bittarman housing projects in Brooklyn . In `` The Bitter End '' , he is killed when he and Jamie are lured by a purse snatcher into the Bittarman projects , and Vinny is shot by a sniper on a rooftop . He is posthumously promoted to Detective 1st Grade . He was portrayed by Sebastian Sozzi . As a uniformed patrol officer , Vinny drove a patrol car on duty and carried a Glock 19 in 9 × 19mm as his duty weapon . Eddie Janko ( Edit ) Jamie 's current partner , Officer Edit `` Eddie '' Janko ( pronounced `` eh - DEET '' ) is of mixed Hungarian and Serbian descent . Feisty and strongly opinionated , she is very passionate when it comes to her job . She is portrayed by Vanessa Ray . Eddie 's mother immigrated from Serbia and she herself is fluent in the Serbian language , which comes in handy when Danny recruits her to bust a sex trafficking ring . Her father , Armin Janko ( William Sadler ) was a financial advisor before his company was revealed to be involved in a Ponzi scheme , ruining a lot of good people . As a result , he is serving a prison sentence . He gets a lighter sentence after busting a prison guard drug ring . In `` The Bullitt Mustang '' , Eddie is one of several police officers charged with official misconduct by the acting New York County District Attorney for fixing her 90 - year - old neighbor 's parking tickets ; the charges are subsequently dropped after Frank and Erin work out a deal . In `` Back in the Day '' , Eddie reveals her aspirations of making detective , having signed herself and Jamie up for a surveillance assignment for one of the precinct 's detectives . While awaiting their target , Eddie chose to remain at her post when Jamie chose to respond to an officer - down call , which proved to be false . This led to a brief conflict between them , with Jamie threatening to get a new partner if she ever goes against an emergency call again . There has been significant romantic tension between Eddie and Jamie since the middle of season four , the two even sharing a kiss , but Jamie had chosen not to act on his feelings after learning that Renzulli would reassign them to new partners per NYPD protocol . Nevertheless , there continued to be romantic tension lingering between the two , which had become much more apparent when they both acknowledged to each other how they feel , leading to another kiss . Despite this , they agreed not to further act on their feelings since they do n't wish to jeopardize their partnership . In the season 8 finale , after a life - threatening situation , Jamie and Eddie accepted their feelings and got engaged . When they announced their engagement to the Reagan family , Frank offered Eddie her choice of a new precinct assignment . However , Jamie pointed out that there is no actual regulation prohibiting married NYPD officers from being partnered on the job . Therefore , they have decided to remain partners as well . As a uniformed patrol officer , Eddie drives a patrol car on duty and carries a Glock 19 in 9 × 19mm as her duty weapon . Others ( Edit ) Darnell Potter ( Edit ) A community social - activist preacher , portrayed by Ato Essandoh , who feels it is his duty to protect people of color ( particularly those in his neighborhood ) from the brutality and racial profiling of the NYPD . In `` Excessive Force '' , when a criminal Danny was pursuing purposely jumped out a window and falsely claimed that Danny pushed him . Potter , seeking to further his own agenda , relocated a young witness and his entire illegal family , and demanded to Commissioner Reagan to have his son take an early retirement . Potter is nearly arrested by Commissioner Reagan for witness tampering , but Frank lets him off with a warning in order for him to save face with his congregation . In season 7 Potter suffers a personal tragedy when his teenage son is murdered by one of the youths he once sheltered ; Frank consoles him , revealing that his son Joe was killed by a corrupt cop . This , along with Danny 's successful capture of the killer , softens some of Potter 's bitterness towards the Reagans . References ( Edit ) Jump up ^ `` Men in Black '' . Blue Bloods . Season 3 . Episode 14 . February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Blue Templar '' . Blue Bloods . Season 1 . Episode 22 . May 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ends and Means '' . Blue Bloods . Season 3 . Episode 20 . April 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fathers and Sons '' . Blue Bloods . Season 3 . Episode 10 . January 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Served '' . Blue Bloods . Season 4 . Episode 8 . November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Bitter End '' . Blue Bloods . Season 3 . Episode 22 . May 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Domestic Disturbance '' . Blue Bloods . Season 3 . Episode 2 . October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Unfinished Business '' . Blue Bloods . Season 4 . Episode 13 . January 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dedication '' . Blue Bloods . Season 1 . Episode 15 . February 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bad Blood '' . Blue Bloods . Season 4 . Episode 9 . November 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Critical Condition '' . Blue Bloods . Season 2 . Episode 3 . October 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lost and Found '' . Blue Bloods . Season 4 . Episode 5 . October 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Officer Down '' . Blue Bloods . Season 1 . Episode 4 . October 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mercy '' . Blue Bloods . Season 2 . Episode 1 . September 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hold Outs '' . Blue Bloods . Season 6 . Episode 9 . November 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fresh Start '' . Blue Bloods . Season 6 . Episode 15 . February 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Righting Wrongs '' . Blue Bloods . Season 4 . Episode 18 . April 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` This Way Out '' . Blue Bloods . Season 3 . Episode 23 . May 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Blast From The Past '' . Blue Bloods . Season 6 . Episode 19 . April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Unsung Heroes '' . Blue Bloods . Season 6 . Episode 8 . November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cutting Losses '' . Blue Bloods . Season 7 . Episode 1 . September 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Family Business '' . Blue Bloods . Season 3 . Episode 1 . September 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` After Hours '' . Blue Bloods . Season 1 . Episode 10 . December 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Back in the Day '' . Blue Bloods . Season 6 . Episode 11 . January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Love Stories '' . Blue Bloods . Season 5 . Episode 13 . January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Little Fish '' . Blue Bloods . Season 1 . Episode 11 . January 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Family Ties '' . Blue Bloods . Season 1 . Episode 12 . January 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pilot '' . Blue Bloods . Season 1 . Episode 1 . September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Job '' . Blue Bloods . Season 2 . Episode 12 . February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Growing Boys '' . Blue Bloods . Season 4 . Episode 6 . November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Age of Innocence '' . Blue Bloods . Season 1 . Episode 16 . February 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Silver Star '' . Blue Bloods . Season 1 . Episode 17 . March 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Secret Arrangements '' . Blue Bloods . Season 4 . Episode 19 . April 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Most Wanted '' . Blue Bloods . Season 5 . Episode 6 . October 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Flags of Our Fathers '' . Blue Bloods . Season 6 . Episode 10 . December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0465670/ ^ Jump up to : `` Nightmares '' . Blue Bloods . Season 3 . Episode 7 . November 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Framed '' . Blue Bloods . Season 3 . Episode 12 . January 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Inside Jobs '' . Blue Bloods . Season 3 . Episode 13 . February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Protest Too Much '' . Blue Bloods . Season 3 . Episode 17 . March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Love Lost '' . Blue Bloods . Season 7 . Episode 19 . April 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Bullet Mustang '' . Blue Bloods . Season 6 . Episode 7 . November 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Old Wounds '' . Blue Bloods . Season 3 . Episode 3 . October 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Re-Do '' . Blue Bloods . Season 1 . Episode 9 . November 19 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` To Protect and Serve '' . Blue Bloods . Season 4 . Episode 3 . October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Working Girls '' . Blue Bloods . Season 2 . Episode 20 . April 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Exiles '' . Blue Bloods . Season 4 . Episode 22 . May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Absolute Power '' . Blue Bloods . Season 6 . Episode 2 . October 2 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Cellar Boy '' . Blue Bloods . Season 1 . Episode 21 . May 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Bitter End '' . Blue Bloods . Season 3 . Episode 22 . May 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Unwritten Rules '' . Blue Bloods . Season 4 . Episode 1 . September 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stomping Grounds '' . Blue Bloods . Season 6 . Episode 13 . January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Town Without Pity '' . Blue Bloods . Season 6 . Episode 18 . April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Model Behavior '' . Blue Bloods . Season 1 . Episode 19 . April 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hard Bargain '' . Blue Bloods . Season 7 . Episode 16 . February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Art of War '' . Blue Bloods . Season 5 . Episode 22 . May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Reale , Willie ; and Wade , Kevin . Blue Bloods , Episode 5 / 09 , `` Under the Gun . '' First aired December 12 , 2014 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Truth About Lying '' . Blue Bloods . Season 4 . Episode 4 . October 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Blue Templar '' . Blue Bloods . Season 1 . Episode 22 . May 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cursed '' . Blue Bloods . Season 6 . Episode 12 . January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Parenthood '' . Blue Bloods . Season 2 . Episode 14 . February 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Drawing Dead '' . Blue Bloods . Season 4 . Episode 7 . November 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Manhattan Queens '' . Blue Bloods . Season 4 . Episode 14 . January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Night on the Town '' . Blue Bloods . Season 2 . Episode 5 . October 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Excessive Force '' . Blue Bloods . Season 5 . Episode 4 . October 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sins of the Father '' . Blue Bloods . Season 5 . Episode 10 . January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1600051/ Jump up ^ http://beaufortcountynow.com/addon/tv&p=1&tvid=32692&episode=22&tvseason=2&tvname=Blue%20Bloods Jump up ^ `` New Rules '' . Blue Bloods . Season 5 . Episode 21 . April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Partners '' . Blue Bloods . Season 5 . Episode 1 . September 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Forgive and Forget '' . Blue Bloods . Season 5 . Episode 2 . October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shoot the Messenger '' . Blue Bloods . Season 5 . Episode 7 . November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Through The Looking Glass '' . Blue Bloods . Season 5 . Episode 19 . April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ TV Show credits Jump up ^ `` Bad Company '' . Blue Bloods . Season 5 . Episode 18 . March 13 , 2015 . ( hide ) Blue Bloods Characters Episodes Seasons 5 6 7 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Blue_Bloods_characters&oldid=842567407 '' Categories : Blue Bloods ( TV series ) Fictional American people of Irish descent Fictional characters from New York City Fictional characters introduced in 2010 Fictional New York City Police Department officers Lists of American crime television series characters Lists of American drama television series characters Hidden categories : Articles lacking reliable references from December 2015 All articles lacking reliable references Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 08 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Blue%20Bloods%20characters	3,122
machine that measures heart rate in the hospital			Heart rate monitor	heart rate monitor	A heart rate monitor is a personal monitoring device that allows one to measure one 's heart rate in real time or record the heart rate for later study . It is largely used by performers of various types of physical exercise .	Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Composition 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Early models consisted of a monitoring box with a set of electrode leads which attached to the chest . The first wireless EKG heart rate monitor was invented in 1977 by Polar Electro ( Seppo Säynäjäkangas ) , as a training aid for the Finnish National Cross Country Ski team . As ' intensity training ' becameales of wireless personal heart monitors started from 1983 . Composition ( edit ) audio sample of heart rate monitor Problems playing this file ? See media help . Modern heart rate monitors usually comprise two elements : a chest strap transmitter and a wrist receiver ( which usually is a smartwatch ) . In early plastic straps , water or liquid was required to get good performance . Early units have used conductive smart fabric with built - in microprocessors that analyze the electrical activity to determine the heart rate similar to an EKG . More recent devices use optics to measure heart rate by which measures changes in blood flow by shining a light from an LED through the skin and measuring how it scatters off blood vessels . Strapless heart rate monitors ( often referred to as `` wearables '' ) now allow the user to just touch two sensors on a smartwatch display for a few seconds to view heart rate data . These are popular for comfort and ease of use , though they do n't give as much detail as monitors that use a chest strap . Some models of these variations of heart rate monitors use either infrared light or red visible light to measure the heart rate , as opposed to two or more electrodes . In addition to measuring the heart rate , devices using this technology are able to measure blood oxygen saturation ( SpO ) More advanced models offer measurements of heart rate variability , activity , and breathing rate to assess parameters relating to a subject 's fitness . Sensor fusion algorithms allow these monitors to detect core temperature and dehydration . Another style of heart rate monitor replaces the plastic around - the - chest strap with fabric sensors - the most common of these is a sports bra that includes sensors in the fabric . In old versions , when a heart beat is detected a radio signal is transmitted , which the receiver uses to determine the current heart rate . This signal can be a simple radio pulse or a unique coded signal from the chest strap ( such as Bluetooth , ANT , or other low - power radio link ) ; the latter prevents one user 's receiver from using signals from other nearby transmitters ( known as cross-talk interference ) . Newer versions include a microprocessor , which simultaneously monitors heart rate , SpO , and other parameters . These may include sensors such as accelerometers , gyroscopes , and GPS to detect speed , location and distance eliminating the need for ankle worn devices . There are a wide number of receiver designs , with various features . These include average heart rate over exercise period , time in a specific heart rate zone , calories burned , breathing rate , built - in speed and distance , and detailed logging that can be downloaded to a computer . The receiver can be built into a smartwatch or smartphone . Bracelets with integrated sensors work optically , and have poor accuracy . See also ( edit ) Drug safety Apple Watch GPS watch Activity tracker Biotelemetry Remote physiological monitoring Pedometer Computer - mediated reality eHealth E-textiles Lifelog Real - time locating system References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Heart rate monitors . Jump up ^ Burke , E ( ed ) Precision Heart Rate Training Jump up ^ `` Oxygen Saturation '' . Wikipedia.org . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heart_rate_monitor&oldid=827743439 '' Categories : Biomedical engineering Exercise equipment Medical monitoring equipment Physiological instruments Finnish inventions Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles in need of updating from May 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Italiano Қазақша Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Русский සිංහල Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 26 February 2018 , at 13 : 47 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart%20rate%20monitor	3,123
in which direction would you travel to get from that city to raqqa			Euphrates	euphrates	The Euphrates ( / juː ˈfreɪtiːz / ( listen ) ; Sumerian : 𒌓𒄒𒉣 Buranuna , Akkadian : 𒌓𒄒𒉣 Purattu , Arabic : الفرات ‎ al - Furāt , Syriac : ̇ܦܪܬ ‎ Pǝrāt , Armenian : Եփրատ : Yeprat , Hebrew : פרת ‎ Perat , Turkish : Fırat , Kurdish : Firat ‎ ) is the longest and one of the most historically important rivers of Western Asia . Together with the Tigris , it is one of the two defining rivers of Mesopotamia ( the `` Land between the Rivers '' ) . Originating in eastern Turkey , the Euphrates flows through Syria and Iraq to join the Tigris in the Shatt al - Arab , which empties into the Persian Gulf .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Course 2.1 Discharge of the Euphrates 2.2 Tributaries 3 Drainage basin 4 Natural history 5 River modifications 5.1 Environmental and social effects 6 History 6.1 Palaeolithic to Chalcolithic periods 6.2 Ancient history 6.3 Modern era 7 Economy 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Etymology ( edit ) The Ancient Greek form Euphrátēs ( Ancient Greek : Εὐφράτης , as if from Greek εὖ `` good '' and φράζω `` I announce or declare '' ) was adapted from Old Persian 𐎢𐎳𐎼𐎠𐎬𐎢 Ufrātu , itself from Elamite 𒌑𒅁𒊏𒌅𒅖 ú - ip - ra - tu - iš . The Elamite name is ultimately derived from a name spelt in cuneiform as 𒌓𒄒𒉣 , which read as Sumerian language is `` Buranuna '' '' and read as Akkadian language is `` Purattu '' ; many cuneiform signs have a Sumerian pronunciation and an Akkadian pronunciation , taken from a Sumerian word and an Akkadian word that mean the same . In Akkadian the river was called Purattu , which has been perpetuated in Semitic languages ( cf . Syriac P ( ə ) rāṯ , Arabic al - Furrāt ) and in other nearby languages of the time ( cf . Hurrian Puranti , Sabarian Uruttu ) . The Elamite , Akkadian , and possibly Sumerian forms are suggested to be from an unrecorded substrate language . Gamkrelidze and Ivanov suggest the Proto - Sumerian * burudu `` copper '' ( Sumerian urudu ) as an origin , with an explanation that Euphrates was the river by which the copper ore was transported in rafts , since Mesopotamia was the center of copper metallurgy during the period . The earliest references to the Euphrates come from cuneiform texts found in Shuruppak and pre-Sargonic Nippur in southern Iraq and date to the mid-3rd millennium BCE . In these texts , written in Sumerian , the Euphrates is called Buranuna ( logographic : UD. KIB. NUN ) . The name could also be written KIB. NUN. ( NA ) or KIB. NUN , with the prefix `` '' indicating that the river was a divinity . In Sumerian , the name of the city of Sippar in modern - day Iraq was also written UD. KIB. NUN , indicating a historically strong relationship between the city and the river . Course ( edit ) The Euphrates is the longest river of Western Asia . It emerges from the confluence of the Kara Su or Western Euphrates ( 450 kilometres ( 280 mi ) ) and the Murat Su or Eastern Euphrates ( 650 kilometres ( 400 mi ) ) 10 kilometres ( 6.2 mi ) upstream from the town of Keban in southeastern Turkey . Daoudy and Frenken put the length of the Euphrates from the source of the Murat River to the confluence with the Tigris at 3,000 kilometres ( 1,900 mi ) , of which 1,230 kilometres ( 760 mi ) is in Turkey , 710 kilometres ( 440 mi ) in Syria and 1,060 kilometres ( 660 mi ) in Iraq . The same figures are given by Isaev and Mikhailova . The length of the Shatt al - Arab , which connects the Euphrates and the Tigris with the Persian Gulf , is given by various sources as 145 -- 195 kilometres ( 90 -- 121 mi ) . Both the Kara Su and the Murat Su rise northwest from Lake Van at elevations of 3,290 metres ( 10,790 ft ) and 3,520 metres ( 11,550 ft ) amsl , respectively . At the location of the Keban Dam , the two rivers , now combined into the Euphrates , have dropped to an elevation of 693 metres ( 2,274 ft ) amsl . From Keban to the Syrian -- Turkish border , the river drops another 368 metres ( 1,207 ft ) over a distance of less than 600 kilometres ( 370 mi ) . Once the Euphrates enters the Upper Mesopotamian plains , its grade drops significantly ; within Syria the river falls 163 metres ( 535 ft ) while over the last stretch between Hīt and the Shatt al - Arab the river drops only 55 metres ( 180 ft ) . Discharge of the Euphrates ( edit ) The Euphrates receives most of its water in the form of rainfall and melting snow , resulting in peak volumes during the months April through May . Discharge in these two months accounts for 36 percent of the total annual discharge of the Euphrates , or even 60 -- 70 percent according to one source , while low runoff occurs in summer and autumn . The average natural annual flow of the Euphrates has been determined from early - and mid-twentieth century records as 20.9 cubic kilometres ( 5.0 cu mi ) at Keban , 36.6 cubic kilometres ( 8.8 cu mi ) at Hīt and 21.5 cubic kilometres ( 5.2 cu mi ) at Hindiya . However , these averages mask the high inter-annual variability in discharge ; at Birecik , just north of the Syro -- Turkish border , annual discharges have been measured that ranged from a low volume of 15.3 cubic kilometres ( 3.7 cu mi ) in 1961 to a high of 42.7 cubic kilometres ( 10.2 cu mi ) in 1963 . The discharge regime of the Euphrates has changed dramatically since the construction of the first dams in the 1970s . Data on Euphrates discharge collected after 1990 show the impact of the construction of the numerous dams in the Euphrates and of the increased withdrawal of water for irrigation . Average discharge at Hīt after 1990 has dropped to 356 cubic metres ( 12,600 cu ft ) per second ( 11.2 cubic kilometres ( 2.7 cu mi ) per year ) . The seasonal variability has equally changed . The pre-1990 peak volume recorded at Hīt was 7,510 cubic metres ( 265,000 cu ft ) per second , while after 1990 it is only 2,514 cubic metres ( 88,800 cu ft ) per second . The minimum volume at Hīt remained relatively unchanged , rising from 55 cubic metres ( 1,900 cu ft ) per second before 1990 to 58 cubic metres ( 2,000 cu ft ) per second afterward . Tributaries ( edit ) View of the Murat River In Syria , three rivers add their water to the Euphrates ; the Sajur , the Balikh and the Khabur . These rivers rise in the foothills of the Taurus Mountains along the Syro -- Turkish border and add comparatively little water to the Euphrates . The Sajur is the smallest of these tributaries ; emerging from two streams near Gaziantep and draining the plain around Manbij before emptying into the reservoir of the Tishrin Dam . The Balikh receives most of its water from a karstic spring near ' Ayn al - ' Arus and flows due south until it reaches the Euphrates at the city of Raqqa . In terms of length , drainage basin and discharge , the Khabur is the largest of these three . Its main karstic springs are located around Ra 's al - ' Ayn , from where the Khabur flows southeast past Al - Hasakah , where the river turns south and drains into the Euphrates near Busayrah . Once the Euphrates enters Iraq , there are no more natural tributaries to the Euphrates , although canals connecting the Euphrates basin with the Tigris basin exist . Name Length Watershed size Discharge Bank Kara Su 450 km ( 280 mi ) 22,000 km ( 8,500 sq mi ) Confluence Murat River 650 km ( 400 mi ) 40,000 km ( 15,000 sq mi ) Confluence Sajur River 108 km ( 67 mi ) 2,042 km ( 788 sq mi ) 4.1 m / s ( 145 cu ft / s ) Right Balikh River 100 km ( 62 mi ) 14,400 km ( 5,600 sq mi ) 6 m / s ( 212 cu ft / s ) Left Khabur River 486 km ( 302 mi ) 37,081 km ( 14,317 sq mi ) 45 m / s ( 1,600 cu ft / s ) Left Drainage basin ( edit ) French map from the 17th century showing the Euphrates and the Tigris Further information : Tigris -- Euphrates river system The drainage basins of the Kara Su and the Murat River cover an area of 22,000 square kilometres ( 8,500 sq mi ) and 40,000 square kilometres ( 15,000 sq mi ) , respectively . The estimates that have been made for the area of the Euphrates drainage basin vary widely ; from a low 233,000 square kilometres ( 90,000 sq mi ) to a high 766,000 square kilometres ( 296,000 sq mi ) . Recent estimates put the basin area at 388,000 square kilometres ( 150,000 sq mi ) , 444,000 square kilometres ( 171,000 sq mi ) and 579,314 square kilometres ( 223,674 sq mi ) . The greater part of the Euphrates basin is located in Turkey , Syria , and Iraq . According to both Daoudy and Frenken , Turkey 's share is 28 percent , Syria 's is 17 percent and that of Iraq is 40 percent . Isaev and Mikhailova estimate the percentages of the drainage basin lying within Turkey , Syria and Iraq at 33 , 20 and 47 percent respectively . Some sources estimate that approximately 15 percent of the drainage basin is located within Saudi Arabia , while a small part falls inside the borders of Kuwait . Finally , some sources also include Jordan in the drainage basin of the Euphrates ; a small part of the eastern desert ( 220 square kilometres ( 85 sq mi ) ) drains toward the east rather than to the west . Natural history ( edit ) See also : Mesopotamian Marshes Rafetus euphraticus The Euphrates flows through a number of distinct vegetation zones . Although millennia - long human occupation in most parts of the Euphrates basin has significantly degraded the landscape , patches of original vegetation remain . The steady drop in annual rainfall from the sources of the Euphrates toward the Persian Gulf is a strong determinant for the vegetation that can be supported . In its upper reaches the Euphrates flows through the mountains of Southeast Turkey and their southern foothills which support a xeric woodland . Plant species in the moister parts of this zone include various oaks , pistachio trees , and Rosaceae ( rose / plum family ) . The drier parts of the xeric woodland zone supports less dense oak forest and Rosaceae . Here can also be found the wild variants of many cereals , including einkorn wheat , emmer wheat , oat and rye . South of this zone lies a zone of mixed woodland - steppe vegetation . Between Raqqa and the Syro -- Iraqi border the Euphrates flows through a steppe landscape . This steppe is characterised by white wormwood ( Artemisia herba - alba ) and Chenopodiaceae . Throughout history , this zone has been heavily overgrazed due to the practicing of sheep and goat pastoralism by its inhabitants . Southeast of the border between Syria and Iraq starts true desert . This zone supports either no vegetation at all or small pockets of Chenopodiaceae or Poa sinaica . Although today nothing of it survives due to human interference , research suggests that the Euphrates Valley would have supported a riverine forest . Species characteristic of this type of forest include the Oriental plane , the Euphrates poplar , the tamarisk , the ash and various wetland plants . Among the fish species in the Tigris -- Euphrates basin , the family of the Cyprinidae are the most common , with 34 species out of 52 in total . Among the Cyprinids , the mangar has good sport fishing qualities , leading the British to nickname it `` Tigris salmon . '' The Rafetus euphraticus is an endangered soft - shelled turtle that is limited to the Tigris -- Euphrates river system . The Neo-Assyrian palace reliefs from the 1st millennium BCE depict lion and bull hunts in fertile landscapes . Sixteenth to nineteenth century European travellers in the Syrian Euphrates basin reported on an abundance of animals living in the area , many of which have become rare or even extinct . Species like gazelle , onager and the now - extinct Arabian ostrich lived in the steppe bordering the Euphrates valley , while the valley itself was home to the wild boar . Carnivorous species include the gray wolf , the golden jackal , the red fox , the leopard and the lion . The Syrian brown bear can be found in the mountains of Southeast Turkey . The presence of European beaver has been attested in the bone assemblage of the prehistoric site of Abu Hureyra in Syria , but the beaver has never been sighted in historical times . River modifications ( edit ) Main articles : Dams in Iraq , Tabqa Dam , and Southeastern Anatolia Project Map ( in French ) showing the locations of dams and barrages built in the Syro -- Turkish part of the Euphrates basin The Hindiya Barrage on the Iraqi Euphrates , based on plans by British civil engineer William Willcocks and finished in 1913 , was the first modern water diversion structure built in the Tigris -- Euphrates river system . The Hindiya Barrage was followed in the 1950s by the Ramadi Barrage and the nearby Abu Dibbis Regulator , which serve to regulate the flow regime of the Euphrates and to discharge excess flood water into the depression that is now Lake Habbaniyah . Iraq 's largest dam on the Euphrates is the Haditha Dam ; a 9 - kilometre - long ( 5.6 mi ) earth - fill dam creating Lake Qadisiyah . Syria and Turkey built their first dams in the Euphrates in the 1970s . The Tabqa Dam in Syria was completed in 1973 while Turkey finished the Keban Dam , a prelude to the immense Southeastern Anatolia Project , in 1974 . Since then , Syria has built two more dams in the Euphrates , the Baath Dam and the Tishrin Dam , and plans to build a fourth dam -- the Halabiye Dam -- between Raqqa and Deir ez - Zor . The Tabqa Dam is Syria 's largest dam and its reservoir ( Lake Assad ) is an important source of irrigation and drinking water . It was planned that 640,000 hectares ( 2,500 sq mi ) should be irrigated from Lake Assad , but in 2000 only 100,000 -- 124,000 hectares ( 390 -- 480 sq mi ) had been realized . Syria also built three smaller dams on the Khabur and its tributaries . With the implementation of the Southeastern Anatolia Project ( ( undefined ) error : ( ( lang - xx ) ) : no text ( help ) Güneydoğu Anadolu Projesi , or GAP ) in the 1970s , Turkey launched an ambitious plan to harness the waters of the Tigris and the Euphrates for irrigation and hydroelectricity production and provide an economic stimulus to its southeastern provinces . GAP affects a total area of 75,000 square kilometres ( 29,000 sq mi ) and approximately 7 million people ; representing about 10 percent of Turkey 's total surface area and population , respectively . When completed , GAP will consist of 22 dams -- including the Keban Dam -- and 19 power plants and provide irrigation water to 1,700,000 hectares ( 6,600 sq mi ) of agricultural land , which is about 20 percent of the irrigable land in Turkey . C. 910,000 hectares ( 3,500 sq mi ) of this irrigated land is located in the Euphrates basin . By far the largest dam in GAP is the Atatürk Dam , located c. 55 kilometres ( 34 mi ) northwest of Şanlıurfa . This 184 - metre - high ( 604 ft ) and 1,820 - metre - long ( 5,970 ft ) dam was completed in 1992 ; thereby creating a reservoir that is the third - largest lake in Turkey . With a maximum capacity of 48.7 cubic kilometres ( 11.7 cu mi ) , the Atatürk Dam reservoir is large enough to hold the entire annual discharge of the Euphrates . Completion of GAP was scheduled for 2010 but has been delayed because the World Bank has withheld funding due to the lack of an official agreement on water sharing between Turkey and the downstream states on the Euphrates and the Tigris . Apart from barrages and dams , Iraq has also created an intricate network of canals connecting the Euphrates with Lake Habbaniyah , Lake Tharthar , and Abu Dibbis reservoir ; all of which can be used to store excess floodwater . Via the Shatt al - Hayy , the Euphrates is connected with the Tigris . The largest canal in this network is the Main Outfall Drain or so - called `` Third River ; '' constructed between 1953 and 1992 . This 565 - kilometre - long ( 351 mi ) canal is intended to drain the area between the Euphrates and the Tigris south of Baghdad to prevent soil salinization from irrigation . It also allows large freight barges to navigate up to Baghdad . Environmental and social effects ( edit ) See also : Environmental impact of reservoirs Keban Dam in Turkey , the first dam on the Euphrates after it emerges from the confluence of the Kara Su and the Murat Su Qal'at Ja'bar in Syria , once perched on a hilltop overlooking the Euphrates valley but now turned into an island by the flooding of Lake Assad The construction of the dams and irrigation schemes on the Euphrates has had a significant impact on the environment and society of each riparian country . The dams constructed as part of GAP -- in both the Euphrates and the Tigris basins -- have affected 382 villages and almost 200,000 people have been resettled elsewhere . The largest number of people was displaced by the building of the Atatürk Dam , which alone affected 55,300 people . A survey among those who were displaced showed that the majority were unhappy with their new situation and that the compensation they had received was considered insufficient . The flooding of Lake Assad led to the forced displacement of c. 4,000 families , who were resettled in other parts of northern Syria as part of a now abandoned plan to create an `` Arab belt '' along the borders with Turkey and Iraq . Apart from the changes in the discharge regime of the river , the numerous dams and irrigation projects have also had other effects on the environment . The creation of reservoirs with large surfaces in countries with high average temperatures has led to increased evaporation ; thereby reducing the total amount of water that is available for human use . Annual evaporation from reservoirs has been estimated at 2 cubic kilometres ( 0.48 cu mi ) in Turkey , 1 cubic kilometre ( 0.24 cu mi ) in Syria and 5 cubic kilometres ( 1.2 cu mi ) in Iraq . Water quality in the Iraqi Euphrates is low because irrigation water tapped in Turkey and Syria flows back into the river , together with dissolved fertilizer chemicals used on the fields . The salinity of Euphrates water in Iraq has increased as a result of upstream dam construction , leading to lower suitability as drinking water . The many dams and irrigation schemes , and the associated large - scale water abstraction , have also had a detrimental effect on the ecologically already fragile Mesopotamian Marshes and on freshwater fish habitats in Iraq . The inundation of large parts of the Euphrates valley , especially in Turkey and Syria , has led to the flooding of many archaeological sites and other places of cultural significance . Although concerted efforts have been made to record or save as much of the endangered cultural heritage as possible , many sites are probably lost forever . The combined GAP projects on the Turkish Euphrates have led to major international efforts to document the archaeological and cultural heritage of the endangered parts of the valley . Especially the flooding of Zeugma with its unique Roman mosaics by the reservoir of the Birecik Dam has generated much controversy in both the Turkish and international press . The construction of the Tabqa Dam in Syria led to a large international campaign coordinated by UNESCO to document the heritage that would disappear under the waters of Lake Assad . Archaeologists from numerous countries excavated sites ranging in date from the Natufian to the Abbasid period , and two minarets were dismantled and rebuilt outside the flood zone . Important sites that have been flooded or affected by the rising waters of Lake Assad include Mureybet , Emar and Abu Hureyra . A similar international effort was made when the Tishrin Dam was constructed , which led , among others , to the flooding of the important Pre-Pottery Neolithic B site of Jerf el - Ahmar . An archaeological survey and rescue excavations were also carried out in the area flooded by Lake Qadisiya in Iraq . Parts of the flooded area have recently become accessible again due to the drying up of the lake , resulting not only in new possibilities for archaeologists to do more research , but also providing opportunities for looting , which has been rampant elsewhere in Iraq in the wake of the 2003 invasion . History ( edit ) Further information : History of Mesopotamia and History of Iraq A fishing boat in the Euphrates Southern Iraq Palaeolithic to chalcolithic periods ( edit ) The early occupation of the Euphrates basin was limited to its upper reaches ; that is , the area that is popularly known as the Fertile Crescent . Acheulean stone artifacts have been found in the Sajur basin and in the El Kowm oasis in the central Syrian steppe ; the latter together with remains of Homo erectus that were dated to 450,000 years old . In the Taurus Mountains and the upper part of the Syrian Euphrates valley , early permanent villages such as Abu Hureyra -- at first occupied by hunter - gatherers but later by some of the earliest farmers , Jerf el - Ahmar , Mureybet and Nevalı Çori became established from the eleventh millennium BCE onward . In the absence of irrigation , these early farming communities were limited to areas where rainfed agriculture was possible , that is , the upper parts of the Syrian Euphrates as well as Turkey . Late Neolithic villages , characterized by the introduction of pottery in the early 7th millennium BCE , are known throughout this area . Occupation of lower Mesopotamia started in the 6th millennium and is generally associated with the introduction of irrigation , as rainfall in this area is insufficient for dry agriculture . Evidence for irrigation has been found at several sites dating to this period , including Tell es - Sawwan . During the 5th millennium BCE , or late Ubaid period , northeastern Syria was dotted by small villages , although some of them grew to a size of over 10 hectares ( 25 acres ) . In Iraq , sites like Eridu and Ur were already occupied during the Ubaid period . Clay boat models found at Tell Mashnaqa along the Khabur indicate that riverine transport was already practiced during this period . The Uruk period , roughly coinciding with the 4th millennium BCE , saw the emergence of truly urban settlements across Mesopotamia . Cities like Tell Brak and Uruk grew to over 100 hectares ( 250 acres ) in size and displayed monumental architecture . The spread of southern Mesopotamian pottery , architecture and sealings far into Turkey and Iran has generally been interpreted as the material reflection of a widespread trade system aimed at providing the Mesopotamian cities with raw materials . Habuba Kabira on the Syrian Euphrates is a prominent example of a settlement that is interpreted as an Uruk colony . Ancient history ( edit ) During the Jemdet Nasr ( 3600 -- 3100 BCE ) and Early Dynastic periods ( 3100 -- 2350 BCE ) , southern Mesopotamia experienced a growth in the number and size of settlements , suggesting strong population growth . These settlements , including Sumero - Akkadian sites like Sippar , Uruk , Adab and Kish , were organized in competing city - states . Many of these cities were located along canals of the Euphrates and the Tigris that have since dried up , but that can still be identified from remote sensing imagery . A similar development took place in Upper Mesopotamia , Subartu and Assyria , although only from the mid 3rd millennium and on a smaller scale than in Lower Mesopotamia . Sites like Ebla , Mari and Tell Leilan grew to prominence for the first time during this period . Large parts of the Euphrates basin were for the first time united under a single ruler during the Akkadian Empire ( 2335 -- 2154 BC ) and Ur III empires , which controlled -- either directly or indirectly through vassals -- large parts of modern - day Iraq and northeastern Syria . Following their collapse , the Old Assyrian Empire ( 1975 -- 1750 BCE ) and Mari asserted their power over northeast Syria and northern Mesopotamia , while southern Mesopotamia was controlled by city - states like Isin , Kish and Larsa before their territories were absorbed by the newly emerged state of Babylonia under Hammurabi in the early to mid 18th century BCE . In the second half of the 2nd millennium BCE , the Euphrates basin was divided between Kassite Babylon in the south and Mitanni , Assyria and the Hittite Empire in the north , with the Middle Assyrian Empire ( 1365 -- 1020 BC ) eventually eclipsing the Hittites , Mitanni and Kassite Babylonians . Following the end of the Middle Assyrian Empire in the late 11th century BCE , struggles broke out between Babylonia and Assyria over the control of the Iraqi Euphrates basin . The Neo-Assyrian Empire ( 935 -- 605 BC ) eventually emerged victorious out of this conflict and also succeeded in gaining control of the northern Euphrates basin in the first half of the 1st millennium BCE . In the centuries to come , control of the wider Euphrates basin shifted from the Neo-Assyrian Empire ( which collapsed between 612 and 599 BC ) to the short lived Median Empire ( 612 -- 546 BC ) and equally brief Neo-Babylonian Empire ( 612 -- 539 BC ) in the last years of the 7th century BC , and eventually to the Achaemenid Empire ( 539 -- 333 BC ) . The Achaemenid Empire was in turn overrun by Alexander the Great , who defeated the last king Darius III and died in Babylon in 323 BCE . Subsequent to this , the region came under the control of the Seleucid Empire ( 312 -- 150 BC ) , Parthian Empire ( 150 -- 226 AD ) ( during which several Neo-Assyrian states such as Adiabene came to rule certain regions of the Euphrates ) , and was fought over by the Roman Empire , its succeeding Byzantine Empire and the Sassanid Empire ( 226 -- 638 AD ) , until the Islamic conquest of the mid 7th century AD . Modern era ( edit ) See also : Water politics in the Middle East Wooden bridge carrying the Baghdad Railway over the Euphrates , ca . 1900 -- 1910 After World War I , the borders in Southwest Asia were redrawn in the Treaty of Lausanne , when the Ottoman Empire was partitioned . Clause 109 of the treaty stipulated that the three riparian states of the Euphrates ( at that time Turkey , France for its Syrian mandate and the United Kingdom for its mandate of Iraq ) had to reach a mutual agreement on the use of its water and on the construction of any hydraulic installation . An agreement between Turkey and Iraq signed in 1946 required Turkey to report to Iraq on any hydraulic changes it made on the Tigris -- Euphrates river system , and allowed Iraq to construct dams on Turkish territory to manage the flow of the Euphrates . Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Iraq 1932 - 1959 depicting the two rivers , the confluence Shatt al - Arab and the date palm forest , which used to be the largest in the world The river featured on the coat of arms of Iraq from 1932 - 1959 . Euphrates near Kahta . Turkey and Syria completed their first dams on the Euphrates -- the Keban Dam and the Tabqa Dam , respectively -- within one year of each other and filling of the reservoirs commenced in 1975 . At the same time , the area was hit by severe drought and river flow toward Iraq was reduced from 15.3 cubic kilometres ( 3.7 cu mi ) in 1973 to 9.4 cubic kilometres ( 2.3 cu mi ) in 1975 . This led to an international crisis during which Iraq threatened to bomb the Tabqa Dam . An agreement was eventually reached between Syria and Iraq after intervention by Saudi Arabia and the Soviet Union . A similar crisis , although not escalating to the point of military threats , occurred in 1981 when the Keban Dam reservoir had to be refilled after it had been almost emptied to temporarily increase Turkey 's hydroelectricity production . In 1984 , Turkey unilaterally declared that it would ensure a flow of at least 500 cubic metres ( 18,000 cu ft ) per second , or 16 cubic kilometres ( 3.8 cu mi ) per year , into Syria , and in 1987 a bilateral treaty to that effect was signed between the two countries . Another bilateral agreement from 1989 between Syria and Iraq settles the amount of water flowing into Iraq at 60 percent of the amount that Syria receives from Turkey . In 2008 , Turkey , Syria and Iraq instigated the Joint Trilateral Committee ( JTC ) on the management of the water in the Tigris -- Euphrates basin and on 3 September 2009 a further agreement was signed to this effect . On April 15 , 2014 , Turkey began to reduce the flow of the Euphrates into Syria and Iraq . The flow was cut off completely on May 16 , 2014 . The Euphrates now terminates at the Turkish -- Syrian border . This is in violation of an agreement reached in 1987 in which Turkey committed to releasing a minimum of 500 cubic metres ( 18,000 cu ft ) of water per second at the Turkish -- Syrian border . Economy ( edit ) Euphrates in Iraq Throughout history , the Euphrates has been of vital importance to those living along its course . With the construction of large hydropower stations , irrigation schemes , and pipelines capable of transporting water over large distances , many more people now depend on the river for basic amenities such as electricity and drinking water than in the past . Syria 's Lake Assad is the most important source of drinking water for the city of Aleppo , 75 kilometres ( 47 mi ) to the west of the river valley . The lake also supports a modest state - operated fishing industry . Through a newly restored power line , the Haditha Dam in Iraq provides electricity to Baghdad . See also ( edit ) List of cities and towns on the Euphrates River Water resources management in Syria Wildlife of Iraq Wildlife of Syria Euphrates Tunnel Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hartmann 2010 Jump up ^ Negev & Gibson 2001 , p. 169 Jump up ^ Woods 2005 Jump up ^ Witzel , Michael . `` Early Loan Words in Western Central Asia : Substrates , Migrations and Trade Contact and Exchange in the Ancient World , ed . Victor H. Mair ( Univ. of Hawaii , 2006 ) , 5 ; '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Gamkrelidze , Thomas ; V. Ivanov , Vjaceslav ( 1995 ) , Indo - European and the Indo - Europeans : A Reconstruction and Historical Analysis of a Proto - Language and Proto - Culture , Walter de Gruyter , p. 616 Jump up ^ Zarins 1997 , p. 287 ^ Jump up to : Iraqi Ministries of Environment , Water Resources and Municipalities and Public Works 2006a , p. 71 ^ Jump up to : Daoudy 2005 , p. 63 ^ Jump up to : Frenken 2009 , p. 65 ^ Jump up to : Isaev & Mikhailova 2009 , p. 384 Jump up ^ Isaev & Mikhailova 2009 , p. 388 Jump up ^ Mutin 2003 , p. 2 Jump up ^ Bilen 1994 , p. 100 Jump up ^ Iraqi Ministries of Environment , Water Resources and Municipalities and Public Works 2006a , p. 91 Jump up ^ Isaev & Mikhailova 2009 , p. 385 Jump up ^ Kolars 1994 , p. 47 Jump up ^ Isaev & Mikhailova 2009 , p. 386 Jump up ^ Iraqi Ministries of Environment , Water Resources and Municipalities and Public Works 2006a , p. 94 Jump up ^ Hillel 1994 , p. 95 Jump up ^ Hole & Zaitchik 2007 Jump up ^ Shahin 2007 , p. 251 Jump up ^ Partow 2001 , p. 4 Jump up ^ Frenken 2009 , p. 63 Jump up ^ Moore , Hillman & Legge 2000 , pp. 52 -- 58 Jump up ^ Moore , Hillman & Legge 2000 , pp. 63 -- 65 Jump up ^ Moore , Hillman & Legge 2000 , pp. 69 -- 71 Jump up ^ Coad 1996 Jump up ^ Gray 1864 , pp. 81 -- 82 Jump up ^ Naval Intelligence Division 1944 , pp. 203 -- 205 Jump up ^ Thomason 2001 Jump up ^ Moore , Hillman & Legge 2000 , pp. 85 -- 91 Jump up ^ Kliot 1994 , p. 117 Jump up ^ Iraqi Ministries of Environment , Water Resources and Municipalities and Public Works 2006b , pp. 20 -- 21 Jump up ^ Jamous 2009 Jump up ^ Elhadj 2008 Jump up ^ Mutin 2003 , p. 4 Jump up ^ Mutin 2003 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Kolars & Mitchell 1991 , p. 17 Jump up ^ Jongerden 2010 , p. 138 Jump up ^ Frenken 2009 , p. 62 Jump up ^ Isaev & Mikhailova 2009 , pp. 383 -- 384 Jump up ^ Jongerden 2010 , p. 139 Jump up ^ Kolars 1994 , p. 53 Jump up ^ Daoudy 2005 , p. 127 Jump up ^ Hillel 1994 , p. 100 Jump up ^ Sahan et al. 2001 , p. 10 Jump up ^ Sahan et al. 2001 , p. 11 Jump up ^ Anonymous 2009 , p. 11 Jump up ^ McDowall 2004 , p. 475 Jump up ^ Hillel 1994 , p. 107 Jump up ^ Hillel 1994 , p. 103 Jump up ^ Frenken 2009 , p. 212 Jump up ^ Rahi & Halihan 2009 Jump up ^ Jawad 2003 Jump up ^ Muir 2009 Jump up ^ McClellan 1997 Jump up ^ Tanaka 2007 Jump up ^ Steele 2005 , pp. 52 -- 53 Jump up ^ Bounni 1979 Jump up ^ del Olmo Lete & Montero Fenollós 1999 Jump up ^ Abdul - Amir 1988 Jump up ^ Garcia - Navarro 2009 Jump up ^ Muhesen 2002 , p. 102 Jump up ^ Schmid et al. 1997 Jump up ^ Sagona & Zimansky 2009 , pp. 49 -- 54 Jump up ^ Akkermans & Schwartz 2003 , p. 74 Jump up ^ Akkermans & Schwartz 2003 , p. 110 Jump up ^ Helbaek 1972 Jump up ^ Akkermans & Schwartz 2003 , pp. 163 -- 166 Jump up ^ Oates 1960 Jump up ^ Akkermans & Schwartz 2003 , pp. 167 -- 168 Jump up ^ Ur , Karsgaard & Oates 2007 Jump up ^ Akkermans & Schwartz 2003 , p. 203 Jump up ^ van de Mieroop 2007 , pp. 38 -- 39 Jump up ^ Adams 1981 Jump up ^ Hritz & Wilkinson 2006 Jump up ^ Akkermans & Schwartz 2003 , p. 233 Jump up ^ van de Mieroop 2007 , p. 63 Jump up ^ van de Mieroop 2007 , p. 111 Jump up ^ van de Mieroop 2007 , p. 132 Jump up ^ van de Mieroop 2007 , p. 241 Jump up ^ van de Mieroop 2007 , p. 270 Jump up ^ van de Mieroop 2007 , p. 287 Jump up ^ Treaty of peace with Turkey signed at Lausanne , World War I Document Archive , retrieved 19 December 2010 ^ Jump up to : Geopolicity 2010 , pp. 11 -- 12 Jump up ^ Shapland 1997 , pp. 117 -- 118 ^ Jump up to : Kaya 1998 Jump up ^ Kolars 1994 , p. 49 Jump up ^ Daoudy 2005 , pp. 169 -- 170 Jump up ^ Daoudy 2005 , pp. 172 Jump up ^ Geopolicity 2010 , p. 16 Jump up ^ Anjarini , Suhaib ( 30 May 2014 ) . `` A new Turkish aggression against Syria : Ankara suspends pumping Euphrates ' water '' . 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From Foraging to Farming at Abu Hureyra , Oxford : Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 510807 - 8 Muhesen , Sultan ( 2002 ) , `` The Earliest Paleolithic Occupation in Syria '' , in Akazawa , Takeru ; Aoki , Kenichi ; Bar - Yosef , Ofer , Neandertals and Modern Humans in Western Asia , New York : Kluwer , pp. 95 -- 105 , doi : 10.1007 / 0 - 306 - 47153 - 1_7 Muir , Jim ( 24 February 2009 ) , `` Iraq Marshes face Grave New Threat '' , BBC News , retrieved 9 August 2010 Mutin , Georges ( 2003 ) , `` Le Tigre et l'Euphrate de la Discorde '' , VertigO ( in French ) , 4 ( 3 ) : 1 -- 10 , doi : 10.4000 / vertigo. 3869 Naval Intelligence Division ( 1944 ) , Iraq and the Persian Gulf , Geographical Handbook Series , OCLC 1077604 Negev , Avraham ; Gibson , Shimon ( 2001 ) , Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land , New York : Continuum , ISBN 0 - 8264 - 1316 - 1 O _́ Hara , Thomas ( 2004 ) , `` Coalition Celebrates Transfer of Power '' ( PDF ) , Essayons Forward , 1 ( 2 ) : 3 -- 4 , OCLC 81262733 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 June 2009 Oates , Joan ( 1960 ) , `` Ur and Eridu , the Prehistory '' , Iraq , 22 : 32 -- 50 , doi : 10.2307 / 4199667 Partow , Hassan ( 2001 ) , The Mesopotamian Marshlands : Demise of an Ecosystem ( PDF ) , Nairobi : UNEP , ISBN 92 - 807 - 2069 - 4 Rahi , Khayyun A. ; Halihan , Todd ( 2009 ) , `` Changes in the Salinity of the Euphrates River System in Iraq '' , Regional Environmental Change , 10 : 27 , doi : 10.1007 / s10113 - 009 - 0083 - y Sagona , Antonio ; Zimansky , Paul ( 2009 ) , Ancient Turkey , Routledge World Archaeology , London : Routledge , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 48123 - 6 Sahan , Emel ; Zogg , Andreas ; Mason , Simon A. ; Gilli , Adi ( 2001 ) , Case - Study : Southeastern Anatolia Project in Turkey -- GAP ( PDF ) , Zürich , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 February 2005 , retrieved 6 August 2010 Schmid , P. ; Rentzel , Ph. ; Renault - Miskovsky , J. ; Muhesen , Sultan ; Morel , Ph. ; Le Tensorer , Jean Marie ; Jagher , R. ( 1997 ) , `` Découvertes de Restes Humains dans les Niveaux Acheuléens de Nadaouiyeh Aïn Askar ( El Kowm , Syrie Centrale ) '' ( PDF ) , Paléorient , 23 ( 1 ) : 87 -- 93 , doi : 10.3406 / paleo. 1997.4646 Shahin , Mamdouh ( 2007 ) , Water Resources and Hydrometeorology of the Arab Region , Dordrecht : Springer , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 5414 - 3 Shapland , Greg ( 1997 ) , Rivers of Discord : International Water Disputes in the Middle East , New York : Palgrave Macmillan , ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 16522 - 2 Steele , Caroline ( 2005 ) , `` Who Has not Eaten Cherries with the Devil ? Archaeology under Challenge '' , in Pollock , Susan ; Bernbeck , Reinhard , Archaeologies of the Middle East : Critical Perspectives , Blackwell Studies in Global Archaeology , Malden : Blackwell , pp. 45 -- 65 , ISBN 0 - 631 - 23001 - 7 Tanaka , Eisuke ( 2007 ) , `` Protecting one of the best Roman Mosaic Collections in the World : Ownership and Protection in the Case of the Roman Mosaics from Zeugma , Turkey '' ( PDF ) , Stanford Journal of Archaeology , 5 : 183 -- 202 , OCLC 56070299 Thomason , A.K. ( 2001 ) , `` Representations of the North Syrian Landscape in Neo-Assyrian Art '' , Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research , 323 ( 323 ) : 63 -- 96 , JSTOR 1357592 Ur , Jason A. ; Karsgaard , Philip ; Oates , Joan ( 2007 ) , `` Early Urban Development in the Near East '' , Science , 317 ( 5842 ) : 1188 , doi : 10.1126 / science. 1138728 van de Mieroop , Marc ( 2007 ) , A History of the Ancient Near East , ca . 3000 -- 323 BC . Second Edition , Blackwell History of the Ancient World , Malden : Blackwell , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 4911 - 2 Woods , Christopher ( 2005 ) , `` On the Euphrates '' , Zeitschrift für Assyriologie , 95 : 7 -- 45 , doi : 10.1515 / zava. 2005.95. 1 - 2.7 Zarins , Juris ( 1997 ) , `` Euphrates '' , in Meyers , Eric M. , The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Ancient Near East , 2 , New York : Oxford University Press , pp. 287 -- 290 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 506512 - 3 External links ( edit ) Media related to Euphrates at Wikimedia Commons Ancient Mesopotamia Geography Modern Euphrates Upper Mesopotamia Mesopotamian Marshes Persian Gulf Syrian Desert Taurus Mountains Tigris Zagros Mountains Ancient Akkad Assyria Babylonia Chaldea Elam Hittites Media Mitanni Sumer Urartu Cities History Pre - / Protohistory Acheulean Mousterian Trialetian Zarzian Natufian Nemrikian Khiamian Pre-Pottery Neolithic A ( PPNA ) Pre-Pottery Neolithic B ( PPNB ) Hassuna / Samarra Halaf Ubaid Uruk Jemdet Nasr Kish civilization History Early Dynastic Akkadian Ur III Old Babylonian Kassite Neo-Assyrian Neo-Babylonian Achaemenid Seleucid Parthian Roman Sasanian Muslim conquest Timeline of the Assyrian Empire Languages Akkadian Amorite Aramaic Eblaite Elamite Gutian Hittite Hurrian Luwian Middle Persian Old Persian Parthian Proto - 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first person to sail around the world by the clipper route	It is also worth pointing out that the first person to circumnavigate the world solo , Joshua Slocum in the Spray , did it rounding Cape Horn from east to west . His was not the fastest circumnavigation on record , and he took more than one try to get through Cape Horn .	Joshua Slocum	Clipper route	clipper route		The clipper route followed by ships sailing between England and Australia / New Zealand . In sailing , the clipper route was the traditional route derived from the Brouwer Route and sailed by clipper ships between Europe and the Far East , Australia and New Zealand . The route ran from west to east through the Southern Ocean , in order to make use of the strong westerly winds of the Roaring Forties . Many ships and sailors were lost in the heavy conditions along the route , particularly at Cape Horn , which the clippers had to round on their return to Europe . The clipper route fell into commercial disuse with the introduction of steam ships , and the opening of the Suez and Panama Canals . However , it remains the fastest sailing route around the world , and as such has been the route for several prominent yacht races , such as the Around Alone and Vendée Globe . Contents 1 Australia and New Zealand 1.1 Outbound 1.2 Homeward 2 Variations 3 Modern use of the route 4 See also 5 References 6 Images Australia and New Zealand ( edit ) Unidentified ship rounding Cape Horn The clipper route from England to Australia and New Zealand , returning via Cape Horn , offered captains the fastest circumnavigation of the world , and hence potentially the greatest rewards ; many grain , wool and gold clippers sailed this route , returning home with valuable cargos in a relatively short time . However , this route , passing south of the three great capes and running for much of its length through the Southern Ocean , also carried the greatest risks , exposing ships to the hazards of fierce winds , huge waves , and icebergs . This combination of the fastest ships , the highest risks , and the greatest rewards combined to give this route a particular aura of romance and drama . Outbound ( edit ) This route ran from England down the east Atlantic Ocean to the Equator , crossing at about the position of Saint Peter and Paul Rocks , around 20 degrees west . A good sailing time for the 3,275 miles ( 5,271 km ) to this point would have been around 21 days ; however , an unlucky ship could spend an additional three weeks crossing the doldrums . The route then ran south through the western South Atlantic , following the natural circulation of winds and currents , passing close to Trindade , then curving south - east past Tristan da Cunha . The route crossed the Greenwich meridian at about 40 degrees south , taking the clippers into the Roaring Forties after about 6,500 miles ( 10,500 km ) sailed from Plymouth . A good time for this run would have been about 43 days . Once into the forties , a ship was also inside the ice zone , the area of the Southern Ocean where there was a significant chance of encountering icebergs . Safety would dictate keeping to the north edge of this zone , roughly along the parallel of 40 degrees south ; however , the great circle route from the Cape of Good Hope to Australia , curving down to 60 degrees south , is 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) shorter , and would also offer the strongest winds . Ship 's masters would therefore go as far south as they dared , weighing the risk of ice against a fast passage . The clipper ships bound for Australia and New Zealand would call at a variety of ports . A ship sailing from Plymouth to Sydney , for example , would cover around 13,750 miles ( 22,130 km ) ; a fast time for this passage would be around 100 days . Cutty Sark made the fastest passage on this route by a clipper , in 72 days . Thermopylae made the slightly shorter passage from London to Melbourne , 13,150 miles ( 21,160 km ) , in just 61 days in 1868 -- 69 . The following map traces the outbound route of the 1874 voyage from London to Adelaide , South Australia , of the clipper ship City of Adelaide , which today is the world 's oldest surviving clipper ship . The latitudes and longitudes are obtained from the surviving diary of 21 - year - old passenger James McLauchlan . 30 May 6 Jun 18 Jun M. Morgan , 9m 21 Jun A. Phillips , 5y B. Myers , 24y M. Thomson2y E. Flannery , 26y 6 Jul 15 Jul 16 Jul 21 Jul 26 Jul 29 Jul A. Dunk , 9m M. Fitzpatrick , 23y 24 Aug Voyage of City of Adelaide from London to Adelaide in 1874 from the Diary of James Mclauchlan . Positions of passenger deaths ( blue ) are approximate . Homeward ( edit ) The return passage continued east from Australia ; ships stopping at Wellington would pass through the Cook Strait , but otherwise this tricky passage was avoided , with ships passing instead around the south end of New Zealand . Once again , eastbound ships would be running more or less within the ice zone , staying as far south as possible for the shortest route and strongest winds . Most ships stayed north of the latitude of Cape Horn , at 56 degrees south , following a southward dip in the ice zone as they approached the Horn . The Horn itself had , and still has , an infamous reputation among sailors . The strong winds and currents which flow perpetually around the Southern Ocean without interruption are funnelled by the Horn into the relatively narrow Drake Passage ; coupled with turbulent cyclones coming off the Andes , and the shallow water near the Horn , this combination of factors can create violently hazardous conditions for ships . Those ships which survived the Horn then made the passage back up the Atlantic , following the natural wind circulation up the eastern South Atlantic and more westerly in the North Atlantic . A good run for the 14,750 miles ( 23,740 km ) from Sydney to Plymouth would be around 100 days ; Cutty Sark made it in 84 days , and Thermopylae in 77 days . Lightning made the longer passage from Melbourne to Liverpool in 65 days in 1854 -- 55 , completing a circumnavigation of the world in 5 months , 9 days , which included 20 days spent in port . The later windjammers , which were usually large four - masted barques optimized on cargo and handling rather than running , usually made the voyage in 90 to 105 days . The fastest recorded time on Great Grain Races was on Finnish four - masted barque Parma , 83 days in 1933 . Her master on the voyage was the Finnish captain Ruben de Cloux . The following map traces the homeward route of the 1867 voyage from Adelaide to London of the clipper ship City of Adelaide . The latitudes and longitudes were obtained from the surviving diary of 15 - year - old passenger Frederick Bullock . A visual comparison of this map with the previous map shows that the City of Adelaide travelled a figure - of - eight route around the North and South Atlantic Oceans , following the natural circulation of winds and currents . On other homeward voyages the City of Adelaide sometimes travelled around Cape Horn . 29 Dec 31 Dec 2 Jan 4 Jan 6 Jan 8 Jan 10 Jan 12 Jan 14 Jan 16 Jan 18 Jan 20 Jan 22 Jan 24 Jan 26 Jan 28 Jan 30 Jan 1 Feb 3 Feb 5 Feb 7 Feb 9 Feb 11 Feb 11 Feb 17 Feb 19 Feb 21 Feb 23 Feb 25 Feb 27 Feb 1 Mar 3 Mar 5 Mar 7 Mar 9 Mar 11 Mar 15 Mar 17 Mar 19 Mar 21 Mar 23 Mar 25 Mar 27 Mar 29 Mar 31 Mar 2 Apr 6 Apr Voyage of City of Adelaide from Adelaide to London in 1867 from the Diary of Frederick Bullock . Variations ( edit ) S.V. Garthneill The route sailed by a sailing ship was always heavily dictated by the wind conditions , which are generally reliable from the west in the forties and fifties . Even here , however , winds are variable , and the precise route and distance sailed would depend on the conditions on a particular voyage . Ships in the deep Southern Ocean could find themselves faced with persistent headwinds , or even becalmed . Sailing ships attempting to go against the route , however , could have even greater problems . In 1922 , Garthwray attempted to sail west around the Horn carrying cargo from the Firth of Forth to Iquique , Chile . After two attempts to round the Horn the `` wrong way '' , her master gave up and sailed east instead , reaching Chile from the other direction . Even more remarkable was the voyage of Garthneill in 1919 . Attempting to sail from Melbourne to Bunbury , Western Australia , a distance of 2,000 miles ( 3,200 km ) , she was unable to make way against the forties winds south of Australia , and was faced by strong westerly winds again when she attempted to pass through the Torres Strait to the north . She finally turned and sailed the other way , passing the Pacific , Cape Horn , the Atlantic , the Cape of Good Hope , and the Indian Ocean to finally arrive in Bunbury after 76 days at sea . It is also worth pointing out that the first person to circumnavigate the world solo , Joshua Slocum in the Spray , did it rounding Cape Horn from east to west . His was not the fastest circumnavigation on record , and he took more than one try to get through Cape Horn . Modern use of the route ( edit ) The introduction of steam ships , and the opening of the Suez and Panama Canals , spelled the demise of the clipper route as a major trade route . However , it remains the fastest sailing route around the world , and so the growth in recreational long - distance sailing has brought about a revival of sailing on the route . The first person to attempt a high - speed circumnavigation of the clipper route was Francis Chichester . Chichester was already a notable aviation pioneer , who had flown solo from London to Sydney , and also a pioneer of single - handed yacht racing , being one of the founders of the Single - Handed Trans - Atlantic Race ( the OSTAR ) . After the success of the OSTAR , Chichester started looking into a clipper - route circumnavigation . He wanted to make the fastest ever circumnavigation in a small boat , but specifically set himself the goal of beating a `` fast '' clipper - ship passage of 100 days to Sydney . He set off in 1966 , and completed the run to Sydney in 107 days ; after a stop of 48 days , he returned via Cape Horn in 119 days . Chichester 's success inspired several others to attempt the next logical step : a non-stop single - handed circumnavigation along the clipper route . The result was the Sunday Times Golden Globe Race , which was not only the first single - handed round - the world yacht race , but in fact the first round - the world yacht race in any format . Possibly the strangest yacht race ever run , it culminated in a successful non-stop circumnavigation by just one competitor , Robin Knox - Johnston , who became the first person to sail the clipper route single - handed and non-stop . However Bernard Moitessier decided to withdraw from the race after rounding Cape Horn in a promising position . Instead of heading home to Europe he decided to continue to Tahiti , completing his circumnavigation south of Cape Town and doing actual one and a half when arriving in Papeete . Today , there are several major races held regularly along the clipper route . The Volvo Ocean Race is a crewed race with stops which sails the clipper route every four years . Two single - handed races , inspired by Chichester and the Golden Globe race , are the Around Alone , which circumnavigates with stops , and the Vendée Globe , which is non-stop . In March 2005 , Bruno Peyron and crew on the catamaran Orange II set a new world record for a circumnavigation by the clipper route , of 50 days , 16 hours , 20 minutes and 4 seconds . Also in 2005 , Ellen MacArthur set a new world record for a single - handed non-stop circumnavigation in the trimaran B&Q / Castorama . Her time along the clipper route of 71 days , 14 hours , 18 minutes 33 seconds is the fastest ever circumnavigation of the world by a single - hander . While this record still leaves MacArthur as the fastest female singlehanded circumnavigator , in 2008 Francis Joyon eclipsed that record in the trimaran IDEC with a time of 57 days , 13 hours , 34 minutes 6 seconds . See also ( edit ) Cape Route between Europe and India Brouwer Route References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Chichester , Francis ( 1966 ) . Along the Clipper Way . Hodder & Stoughton . pp. 15 -- 16 . ISBN 0 - 340 - 00191 - 7 . Jump up ^ Along the Clipper Way ; pages 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Along the Clipper Way ; page 47 . Jump up ^ Along the Clipper Way ; page 54 . Jump up ^ Along the Clipper Way ; pages 57 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Along the Clipper Way ; pages 74 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Along the Clipper Way ; page 7 . Jump up ^ Along the Clipper Way ; page 8 . ^ Jump up to : Along the Clipper Way ; page 68 . Jump up ^ `` Diary of James Anderson McLauchlan '' . City of Adelaide -- the Splendid Clipper Ship . CSCOAL . Retrieved 3 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Along the Clipper Way ; page 121 . Jump up ^ Along the Clipper Way ; page 134 . Jump up ^ Along the Clipper Way ; pages 151 -- 152 . Jump up ^ Along the Clipper Way ; pages 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Along the Clipper Way ; page 69 . Jump up ^ `` The Grain Races : Pamir and Parma '' . Philippe Bellamit . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` section 11 '' . A Visual Encyclopedia of Nautical Terms under Sail . New York : Crown Publishers . 1978 . Jump up ^ `` Diary of Frederick Bullock '' . City of Adelaide -- the Splendid Clipper Ship . CSCOAL . Retrieved 3 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wilcox Family '' . City of Adelaide -- the Splendid Clipper Ship . CSCOAL . Retrieved 3 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Voyage to London in 1878 '' . City of Adelaide -- the Splendid Clipper Ship . CSCOAL . Retrieved 3 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Along the Clipper Way ; pages 72 -- 73. , quoted from Falmouth for Orders by Alan Villiers Jump up ^ Garthneill -- Garden Island , from the South Australia department of Environment and Heritage Archived 2005 - 12 - 10 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Gipsy Moth Circles the World , Sir Francis Chichester ; page 6 . International Marine , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 136449 - 8 Jump up ^ Gipsy Moth Circles the World ; page 105 . Jump up ^ Gipsy Moth Circles the World ; page 218 . Jump up ^ Orange II smashes the round the world sailing record , from Yachts and Yachting ^ Jump up to : WSSRC Ratified Passage Records -- `` Round the World , non stop , singlehanded '' , from the World Sailing Speed Record Council Images ( edit ) Clipper Ships in Heavy Weather Clipper ships , designers and builders American - built early clippers ( in year order ) Anglona ( 1840 ) Ariel ( 1842 ) Houqua ( 1844 ) American - built extreme clippers , 1845 -- 50 ( in year order ) Rainbow ( 1845 ) Sea Witch ( 1846 ) Memnon ( 1848 ) Ticonderoga ( 1849 ) Game Cock ( 1850 ) Race Horse ( barque ) ( 1850 ) Sea Serpent ( 1850 ) Stag Hound ( 1850 ) Surprise ( 1850 ) Witchcraft ( 1850 ) American - built extreme clippers , 1851 -- 55 Blue Jacket ( 1854 ) Challenger ( 1853 ) Champion of the Seas ( 1854 ) Comet ( 1851 ) Flying Cloud ( 1851 ) Golden West ( 1852 ) Great Republic ( barque ) ( 1853 ) Hornet ( 1851 ) Ino ( 1851 ) James Baines ( 1854 ) John Gilpin ( 1852 ) Lightning ( 1853 ) N.B. 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Curtis , Paul Curtis , Paul & Taylor Fernald & Pettigrew Griffiths , John Willis McKay , Donald Palmer , Nathaniel Pook , Samuel Hartt Webb , William H Westervelt , Jacob A . British designers and builders Linton , Hercules Lithgow , William Russell , John Scott Scott & Linton Pile , William Robert Steele & Company Surviving 19th century clippers City of Adelaide Cutty Sark Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clipper_route&oldid=840987681 '' Categories : Clippers Maritime history Navigation Age of Sail Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use Australian English from April 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from April 2018 Talk Navigation Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Esperanto 한국어 Polski Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 May 2018 , at 10 : 01 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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what are the big orcs in lord of the rings	The Uruk - hai , described as large black orcs of great strength , first appeared from Mordor about the year 2475 of the Third Age , when they briefly took Ithilien and the city of Osgiliath . These original Uruks were of Sauron 's breeding , but Saruman bred his own , which could endure sunlight . Due to their superior size and strength , the Uruk often looked down upon and bullied other breeds of orc .	The Uruk - hai	Uruk - hai	uruk - hai	The Uruk - hai are fictional characters in J.R.R. Tolkien 's fictional universe of Middle - earth . They are introduced in The Lord of the Rings as an advanced breed of orcs that serve Sauron and Saruman . The first uruks appeared out of Mordor in attacks on Gondor in T.A. 2475 .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 2 Literature 3 Adaptations 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Terminology ( edit ) The name `` Uruk - hai '' has the element Uruk , which is a Black Speech word related to Orc , related to the word `` Urko '' in Tolkien 's invented language of Quenya . The element hai means `` folk '' , so `` Uruk - hai '' is `` Orc - folk '' . A similar term is `` Olog - hai '' ( `` troll - folk '' ) , used for a breed of especially strong and vicious trolls capable of surviving sunlight . Christopher Tolkien describes `` Uruks '' as an anglicization of `` Uruk - hai '' and his father used the two terms interchangeably a number of times . While `` Uruk - hai '' means simply `` Orc - folk '' , the term was reserved for the soldier orcs of Mordor and Isengard . The larger orcs called the smaller breeds snaga ( `` slave '' ) . Literature ( edit ) The Uruk - hai , described as large black orcs of great strength , first appeared from Mordor about the year 2475 of the Third Age , when they briefly took Ithilien and the city of Osgiliath . These original Uruks were of Sauron 's breeding , but Saruman bred his own , which could endure sunlight . Due to their superior size and strength , the Uruk often looked down upon and bullied other breeds of orc . In The Two Towers , Aragorn observes that the fallen Uruk - hai at Amon Hen had different gear than he had seen before : swords and bows like those of men , and shields and helmets set with the white hand and S - rune of Saruman . Treebeard speculates that Saruman had crossbred Orcs and Men . These orcs , who named themselves `` the fighting Uruk - hai '' , made up a large part of Saruman 's army , together with the Dunlendings and other human enemies of Rohan . They were faster , stronger , and larger than normal orcs , and could travel during the day without being weakened , although they still did not like it . Saruman fed them with human flesh . Saruman 's Uruk - hai fought against the Rohirrim at the Battles of the Fords of Isen , at the first of which King Théoden 's son Théodred was killed , and at the Battle of the Hornburg , where the vast majority of the Uruks were defeated and destroyed . The chapter `` The Uruk - hai '' details some differences among the orcs . The raiding party included orcs from Mordor led by Grishnákh , Saruman 's `` fighting Uruk - hai '' from Isengard led by Uglúk , and `` northerners '' , orcs from Moria . It was the dead Uruks from Isengard whom Aragorn found remarkable . The Uruk - hai of Isengard were the tallest of these orcs , and had large hands and thick legs . The orcs of Mordor were all long - armed and crook - legged , not as tall as the Isengarders but larger and more powerful than the orcs from Moria . The orcs of Moria in turn could see better in the dark than the Isengarders . Grishnákh from Mordor is described as `` short '' but `` very broad '' . In The Return of the King the orcs Shagrat and Gorbag are identified as Uruks of Mordor . The Lord of the Rings describes several differences in the equipment and heraldry of Uruks and other orcs . Uruks and other orcs in the service of Barad - dûr used the symbol of the red Eye of Sauron . The orcs of Mordor referred to Sauron as the Great Eye , and the Red Eye was painted on their shields . In contrast , Aragorn comments that the Uruk - hai of Saruman were not equipped in the manner of other orcs at all : instead of curved scimitars , they used short broad - bladed swords ; and they wore iron helms marked with the Elf - rune which had the value of `` S '' . It was clear the `` S '' stood for Saruman , considering Sauron 's general desire not to have his name written or spoken . Saruman 's Uruks used black shields emblazoned with a white hand , a symbol of Saruman . The book speculates that Saruman commands various hybrids of Orcs and Men , including in the Shire . Some of these , called `` half - orcs '' in The Two Towers , were sallow - skinned , squint - eyed , and as tall as men . Merry describes them as `` horrible : man - high , but with goblin - faces '' . An account of the first Battle of the Fords of Isen in Unfinished Tales clearly treats Uruk - hai and `` orc - men '' separately . In Morgoth 's Ring , Tolkien states that Saruman did interbreed orcs and men , resulting in `` Man - orcs large and cunning , and Orc - men treacherous and vile . '' However , the relationship of the Uruk - hai , as well as half - orcs and `` goblin - men '' , to these creatures is not made explicit . Adaptations ( edit ) In Ralph Bakshi 's animated The Lord of the Rings , differences between Orc kinds are not noted , though there are recurring physical and costume variations . A replica of an Uruk from Peter Jackson 's film trilogy . In Peter Jackson 's film trilogy , Saruman 's Uruk - hai are bred from pits beneath Isengard and when the time is `` right '' they are dug up by lesser orcs working for Saruman , who are occasionally killed by the newborn Uruks. Jackson 's depiction of the Uruks being spawned from the mud came from Tolkien 's old description of orcs being `` bred from the heats and slimes of the earth . '' It is said they were a result of cross-breeding orcs and `` Goblin - men '' , instead of Orcs and Men . In Tolkien 's writings `` Goblin '' is just another term for orc . The film versions of the Uruk - hai tend to be tall , broad , burly and with long black hair . They usually wield hooked broadswords and pikes . The first of them is Lurtz , an original character , who is the first of Saruman 's Uruk - hai to be bred and leads the raiding party that ambush the Fellowship of the Ring at Amon Hen , where Lurtz himself fatally wounds Boromir before being slain in turn by Aragorn . The Uruks are also shown to use crossbows at Helm 's Deep , though Tolkien does not mention the weapon in the book . Berserker Uruks were also used during the siege of Helm 's Deep , both to clear the ramparts of defenders and to detonate explosive mines to breach the deeping wall . These Uruks were very tall , wore no armour and were prepared for battle ( and most likely death ) by donning helmets filled with the blood of their enemy . Sauron is shown to have bred his own Uruk - hai , known as Black Uruks . They can be seen when Frodo is captured by the orcs of Cirith Ungol and his mithril shirt leads to a confrontation between Shagrat , a Black Uruk of Mordor , and an orc from Minas Morgul called Gorbag . Gorbag threatens to stab Shagrat if he tries to steal the shirt , but he tosses it aside and throws Gorbag down a long flight of stairs , where he falls on top of several other Uruk - hai . A huge brawl between orcs and Uruk - hai spreads all over the fortress , allowing Sam to enter the tower with ease . See also ( edit ) Middle - earth portal List of Middle - earth wars and battles Minor battles in The Lord of the Rings Olog - hai References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tolkien , The Return of the King , Appendix A ( I , iv ) , `` The Stewards '' , p. 414 . Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1954 ) , The Two Towers , The Lord of the Rings , Boston : Houghton Mifflin ( published 1987 ) , The Departure of Boromir , ISBN 0 - 395 - 08254 - 4 ^ Jump up to : Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1954 ) , The Two Towers , The Lord of the Rings , Boston : Houghton Mifflin ( published 1987 ) , Treebeard , ISBN 0 - 395 - 08254 - 4 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1954 ) , The Two Towers , The Lord of the Rings , Boston : Houghton Mifflin ( published 1987 ) , `` The Uruk - hai , ISBN 0 - 395 - 08254 - 4 ^ Jump up to : Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1954 ) , The Two Towers , The Lord of the Rings , Boston : Houghton Mifflin ( published 1987 ) , Helm 's Deep , ISBN 0 - 395 - 08254 - 4 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1954 ) , The Two Towers , The Lord of the Rings , Boston : Houghton Mifflin ( published 1987 ) , `` The Uruk - hai '' , ISBN 0 - 395 - 08254 - 4 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1993 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , Morgoth 's Ring , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , `` Myths Transformed '' , Text X , ISBN 0 - 395 - 68092 - 1 External links ( edit ) `` Uruk - hai '' . Tolkien Gateway . J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Production and reception Composition Themes Influences Translations Russian Swedish Reception Fandom Study Related works The Hobbit The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Road Goes Ever On Bilbo 's Last Song The Silmarillion Unfinished Tales The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien The History of Middle - earth The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit Beren and Lúthien The Fall of Gondolin Characters Aragorn Arwen Bilbo Boromir Butterbur Celeborn Denethor Elladan and Elrohir Elrond Éomer Éowyn Faramir Frodo Galadriel Gandalf Gildor Gimli Glorfindel Gollum Legolas Merry Mouth of Sauron Old Man Willow Pippin Radagast Sam Saruman Sauron Shelob Théoden Tom Bombadil Treebeard Witch - king Wormtongue Adaptations and other derivative works Books Bored of the Rings ( 1969 ) The Last Ringbearer ( 1999 ) Muddle Earth ( 2003 ) Theatre Fellowship ! ( 2005 ) Lord of the Rings ( 2006 ) Radio The Lord of the Rings ( 1955 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1979 ) Hordes of the Things ( 1980 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1981 ) Der Herr der Ringe ( 1992 ) Film Animated The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) The Return of the King ( 1980 ) Peter Jackson series The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Fan - made The Hunt for Gollum ( 2009 ) Born of Hope ( 2009 ) Video games Journey to Rivendell Game One Game Two : Shadows of Mordor War in Middle Earth Vol . I ( 1990 ) Vol . I ( SNES ) Riders of Rohan Elendor Volume II The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King War of the Ring The Third Age The Battle for Middle - earth Tactics The Battle for Middle - earth II The Rise of the Witch - king The Lord of the Rings Online Mines of Moria Siege of Mirkwood Rise of Isengard Riders of Rohan Helm 's Deep Conquest Aragorn 's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle - earth Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Middle - earth : Shadow of War Tabletop role - playing games The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game Middle - earth Role Playing The One Ring Roleplaying Game Board games Middle Earth Lord of the Rings Risk : The Lord of the Rings Trilogy Edition War of the Ring Other games The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game The Lord of the Rings : The Card Game The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game Middle - earth Collectible Card Game Toys Middle - earth Lego sets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uruk-hai&oldid=844254477 '' Categories : Middle - earth races Orcs Fictional warrior races Literary villains Middle - earth Orcs Hidden categories : Articles lacking reliable references from June 2011 All articles lacking reliable references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Español Esperanto Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Italiano Magyar 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Zazaki 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 June 2018 , at 18 : 33 ( UTC ) . 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what do you call a hamburger without a bun	The term `` burger '' can also be applied to the meat patty on its own , especially in the UK where the term `` patty '' is rarely used , or the term can even refer simply to ground beef . The term may be prefixed with the type of meat or meat substitute used , as in `` turkey burger '' , `` bison burger '' , or `` veggie burger '' .	burger\|meat patty	Hamburger	hamburger		Hamburger Course Main course Place of origin Germany ( disputed ) Created by Multiple claims ( see text ) Serving temperature Hot Main ingredients Ground meat , bread Cookbook : Hamburger Media : Hamburger A hamburger , beefburger or burger is a sandwich consisting of one or more cooked patties of ground meat , usually beef , placed inside a sliced bread roll or bun . The patty may be pan fried , grilled , or flame broiled . Hamburgers are often served with cheese , lettuce , tomato , bacon , onion , pickles , or chiles ; condiments such as mustard , mayonnaise , ketchup , relish , or `` special sauce '' ; and are frequently placed on sesame seed buns . A hamburger topped with cheese is called a cheeseburger . The term `` burger '' can also be applied to the meat patty on its own , especially in the UK where the term `` patty '' is rarely used , or the term can even refer simply to ground beef . The term may be prefixed with the type of meat or meat substitute used , as in `` turkey burger '' , `` bison burger '' , or `` veggie burger '' . Hamburgers are sold at fast - food restaurants , diners , and specialty and high - end restaurants ( where burgers may sell for several times the cost of a fast - food burger , but may be one of the cheaper options on the menu ) . There are many international and regional variations of the hamburger . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology and terminology 2 History 2.1 Claims of invention 2.1. 1 Louis Lassen 2.1. 2 Charlie Nagreen 2.1. 3 Otto Kuase 2.1. 4 Oscar Weber Bilby 2.1. 5 Frank and Charles Menches 2.1. 6 Fletcher Davis 2.1. 7 Other hamburger - steak claims 2.2 Early major vendors 3 Today 3.1 Safety 4 Variations 4.1 United States and Canada 4.2 Mexico 4.3 United Kingdom and Ireland 4.4 Australia and New Zealand 4.5 China 4.6 Japan 4.7 Other countries 5 Unusual hamburgers 6 Slang 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Etymology and terminology The term hamburger originally derives from Hamburg , Germany 's second - largest city . In German , Burg means `` castle '' , `` fortified settlement '' or `` fortified refuge '' and is a widespread component of place names . The first element of the name is perhaps from Old High German hamma , referring to a bend in a river , or Middle High German hamme , referring to an enclosed area of pastureland . Hamburger in German is the demonym of Hamburg , similar to frankfurter and wiener , names for other meat - based foods and demonyms of the cities of Frankfurt and Vienna ( Wien ) , respectively . The term `` burger '' , a back - formation , is associated with many different types of sandwiches , similar to a ( ground meat ) hamburger , but made of different meats such as buffalo in the buffalo burger , venison , kangaroo , turkey , elk , lamb or fish like salmon in the salmon burger , but even with meatless sandwiches as is the case of the veggie burger . The hamburger is named after Hamburg , Germany . History Main articles : History of the hamburger and History of the hamburger in the United States Hamburg steak has been known as `` Frikadelle '' in Germany since the 17th century . The `` Hamburger Rundstück '' was popular already 1869 , and is believed to be a precursor to the modern Hamburger . There have been many claims about the origin of the hamburger , but the origins remain unclear . The popular book `` The Art of Cookery made Plain and Easy '' by Hannah Glasse included a recipe in 1758 as `` Hamburgh sausage '' , which suggested to serve it `` roasted with toasted bread under it '' . A similar snack was also popular in Hamburg by the name `` Rundstück warm '' ( `` bread roll warm '' ) in 1869 or earlier , and supposedly eaten by many emigrants on their way to America , but may have contained roasted beefsteak rather than Frikadeller . Hamburg steak is reported to have been served between two pieces of bread on the Hamburg America Line , which began operations in 1847 . Each of these may mark the invention of the Hamburger , and explain the name . There is a reference to a `` Hamburg steak '' as early as 1884 in the Boston Journal . On July 5 , 1896 , the Chicago Daily Tribune made a highly specific claim regarding a `` hamburger sandwich '' in an article about a `` Sandwich Car '' : `` A distinguished favorite , only five cents , is Hamburger steak sandwich , the meat for which is kept ready in small patties and ' cooked while you wait ' on the gasoline range . '' Claims of invention According to Congresswoman Rosa DeLauro , the hamburger , a ground meat patty between two slices of bread , was first created in America in 1900 by Louis Lassen , a Danish immigrant , owner of Louis ' Lunch in New Haven , Connecticut . There have been rival claims by Charlie Nagreen , Frank and Charles Menches , Oscar Weber Bilby , and Fletcher Davis . White Castle traces the origin of the hamburger to Hamburg , Germany with its invention by Otto Kuase . However , it gained national recognition at the 1904 St. Louis World 's Fair when the New York Tribune referred to the hamburger as `` the innovation of a food vendor on the pike '' . No conclusive argument has ever ended the dispute over invention . An article from ABC News sums up : `` One problem is that there is little written history . Another issue is that the spread of the burger happened largely at the World 's Fair , from tiny vendors that came and went in an instant . And it is entirely possible that more than one person came up with the idea at the same time in different parts of the country . '' Louis Lassen Louis Lassen of Louis ' Lunch , a small lunch wagon in New Haven , Connecticut , is said to have sold the first hamburger and steak sandwich in the U.S. in 1900 . New York magazine states that `` The dish actually had no name until some rowdy sailors from Hamburg named the meat on a bun after themselves years later '' , noting also that this claim is subject to dispute . A customer ordered a quick hot meal and Louis was out of steaks . Taking ground beef trimmings , Louis made a patty and grilled it , putting it between two slices of toast . Some critics like Josh Ozersky , a food editor for New York Magazine , claim that this sandwich was not a hamburger because the bread was toasted . Charlie Nagreen One of the earliest claims comes from Charlie Nagreen , who in 1885 sold a meatball between two slices of bread at the Seymour Fair now sometimes called the Outagamie County Fair . The Seymour Community Historical Society of Seymour , Wisconsin , credits Nagreen , now known as `` Hamburger Charlie '' , with the invention . Nagreen was fifteen when he was reportedly selling pork sandwiches at the 1885 Seymour Fair , made so customers could eat while walking . The Historical Society explains that Nagreen named the hamburger after the Hamburg steak with which local German immigrants were familiar . Otto Kuase According to White Castle , Otto Kuase was the inventor of the hamburger . In 1891 he created a beef patty cooked in butter and topped with a fried egg . German sailors would later omit the fried egg . Oscar Weber Bilby The family of Oscar Weber Bilby claim the first - known hamburger on a bun was served on July 4 , 1891 on Grandpa Oscar 's farm . The bun was a yeast bun . In 1995 , Governor Frank Keating proclaimed that the first true hamburger on a bun was created and consumed in Tulsa , Oklahoma in 1891 , calling Tulsa , `` The Real Birthplace of the Hamburger . '' Frank and Charles Menches A bacon cheeseburger , from a New York City diner Frank and Charles Menches claim to have sold a ground beef sandwich at the Erie County Fair in 1885 in Hamburg , New York . During the fair , they ran out of pork sausage for their sandwiches and substituted beef . Kunzog , who spoke to Frank Menches , says they exhausted their supply of sausage , so purchased chopped up beef from a butcher , Andrew Klein . Historian Joseph Streamer wrote that the meat was from Stein 's market not Klein 's , despite Stein 's having sold the market in 1874 . The story notes that the name of the hamburger comes from Hamburg , New York not Hamburg Germany . Frank Menches 's obituary in The New York Times states that these events took place at the 1892 Summit County Fair in Akron , Ohio . Fletcher Davis Fletcher Davis of Athens , Texas claimed to have invented the hamburger . According to oral histories , in the 1880s he opened a lunch counter in Athens and served a ' burger ' of fried ground beef patties with mustard and Bermuda onion between two slices of bread , with a pickle on the side . The story is that in 1904 , Davis and his wife Ciddy ran a sandwich stand at the St. Louis World 's Fair . Historian Frank X . Tolbert , noted that Athens resident Clint Murchison said his grandfather dated the hamburger to the 1880s with ' Old Dave ' a.k.a. Fletcher Davis . A photo of `` Old Dave 's Hamburger Stand '' from 1904 was sent to Tolbert as evidence of the claim . Other hamburger - steak claims Various non-specific claims of invention relate to the term `` hamburger steak '' without mention of its being a sandwich . The first printed American menu which listed hamburger is said to be an 1834 menu from Delmonico 's in New York . However , the printer of the original menu was not in business in 1834 . In 1889 , a menu from Walla Walla Union in Washington offered hamburger steak as a menu item . Between 1871 and 1884 , `` Hamburg Beefsteak '' was on the `` Breakfast and Supper Menu '' of the Clipper Restaurant at 311 / 313 Pacific Street in San Fernando , California . It cost 10 cents -- the same price as mutton chops , pig 's feet in batter , and stewed veal . It was not , however , on the dinner menu . Only `` Pig 's Head , '' `` Calf Tongue , '' and `` Stewed Kidneys '' were listed . Another claim ties the hamburger to Summit County , New York or Ohio . Summit County , Ohio exists , but Summit County , New York does not . Early major vendors See also : History of White Castle and History of McDonald 's The McDonald 's Big Mac 1921 : White Castle , Wichita , Kansas . Due to widely anti-German sentiment in the U.S. during World War I , an alternative name for hamburgers was Salisbury steak . Following the war , hamburgers became unpopular until the White Castle restaurant chain marketed and sold large numbers of small 2.5 - inch square hamburgers , known as sliders . They started to punch five holes in each patty , which help them cook evenly and eliminate the need to flip the burger . In 1995 White Castle began selling frozen hamburgers in convenience stores and vending machines . 1923 : Kewpee Hamburgers , or Kewpee Hotels , Flint , Michigan . Kewpee was the second hamburger chain and peaked at 400 locations before World War II . Many of these were licensed but not strictly franchised . Many closed during WWII . Between 1955 and 1967 , another wave closed or caused changes of name . In 1967 the Kewpee licensor moved the company to a franchise system . Currently only five locations exist . 1926 : White Tower Hamburgers 1927 : Little Tavern 1930s : White Castle ( II ; run by Henry Cassada ) 1931 : Krystal ( restaurant ) 1936 : Big Boy . In 1937 , Bob Wian created the double deck hamburger at his hamburger stand in Glendale California . Big Boy would become the name of the hamburger , the mascot and the restaurants . Big Boy expanded nationally through regional franchising and subfranchising . Primarily operating as drive - in restaurants in the 1950s , interior dining gradually replaced curb service by the early 1970s . Many franchises have closed or operate independently , but at the remaining American restaurants , the Big Boy double deck hamburger remains the signature item . 1940 : McDonald 's restaurant , San Bernardino , California , was opened by Richard and Maurice McDonald . Their introduction of the `` Speedee Service System '' in 1948 established the principles of the modern fast - food restaurant . The McDonald brothers began franchising in 1953 . In 1961 , Ray Kroc ( the supplier of their multi-mixer milkshake machines ) purchased the company from the brothers for $2.7 million and a 1.9 % royalty . Today Hamburger preparation in a fast food establishment Hamburgers are usually a feature of fast food restaurants . The hamburgers served in major fast food establishments are usually mass - produced in factories and frozen for delivery to the site . These hamburgers are thin and of uniform thickness , differing from the traditional American hamburger prepared in homes and conventional restaurants , which is thicker and prepared by hand from ground beef . Most American hamburgers are round , but some fast - food chains , such as Wendy 's , sell square - cut hamburgers . Hamburgers in fast food restaurants are usually grilled on a flat - top , but some firms , such as Burger King , use a gas flame grilling process . At conventional American restaurants , hamburgers may be ordered `` rare '' , but normally are served medium - well or well - done for food safety reasons . Fast food restaurants do not usually offer this option . The McDonald 's fast - food chain sells the Big Mac , one of the world 's top selling hamburgers , with an estimated 550 million sold annually in the United States . Other major fast - food chains , including Burger King ( also known as Hungry Jack 's in Australia ) , A&W , Culver 's , Whataburger , Carl 's Jr. / Hardee 's chain , Wendy 's ( known for their square patties ) , Jack in the Box , Cook Out , Harvey 's , Shake Shack , In - N - Out Burger , Five Guys , Fatburger , Vera 's , Burgerville , Back Yard Burgers , Lick 's Homeburger , Roy Rogers , Smashburger , and Sonic also rely heavily on hamburger sales . Fuddruckers and Red Robin are hamburger chains that specialize in the mid-tier `` restaurant - style '' variety of hamburgers . Some restaurants offer elaborate hamburgers using expensive cuts of meat and various cheeses , toppings , and sauces . One example is the Bobby 's Burger Palace chain founded by well - known chef and Food Network star Bobby Flay . Hamburgers are often served as a fast dinner , picnic or party food and are often cooked outdoors on barbecue grills . In Finland , hamburgers are sometimes served in buns made of rye instead of wheat . A high - quality hamburger patty is made entirely of ground ( minced ) beef and seasonings ; these may be described as `` all - beef hamburger '' or `` all - beef patties '' to distinguish them from inexpensive hamburgers made with cost - savers like added flour , textured vegetable protein , ammonia treated defatted beef trimmings ( which the company Beef Products Inc , calls `` lean finely textured beef '' ) , advanced meat recovery , or other fillers . In the 1930s ground liver was sometimes added . Some cooks prepare their patties with binders like eggs or breadcrumbs . Seasonings may include salt and pepper and others like as parsley , onions , soy sauce , Thousand Island dressing , onion soup mix , or Worcestershire sauce . Many name brand seasoned salt products are also used . Safety Raw hamburger may contain harmful bacteria that can produce food - borne illness such as Escherichia coli O157 : H7 , due to the occasional initial improper preparation of the meat , so caution is needed during handling and cooking . Because of the potential for food - borne illness , the USDA recommends hamburgers be cooked to an internal temperature of 160 ° F ( 71 ° C ) . If cooked to this temperature , they are considered well - done . Variations See also : List of hamburgers Burgers can also be made with patties made from ingredients other than beef . For example , a turkey burger uses ground turkey meat , a chicken burger uses ground chicken meat . A buffalo burger uses ground meat from a bison , and an ostrich burger is made from ground seasoned ostrich meat . A deer burger uses ground venison from deer . A veggie burger , black bean burger , garden burger , or tofu burger uses a meat analogue , a meat substitute such as tofu , TVP , seitan ( wheat gluten ) , quorn , beans , grains or an assortment of vegetables , ground up and mashed into patties . United States and Canada See also : Cheeseburger , Chili burger , and History of the hamburger in the United States A hamburger served in New York with arugula on a ciabatta roll Miniature hamburgers ( `` sliders '' ) In the United States and Canada , burgers may be classified as two main types : fast food hamburgers and individually prepared burgers made in homes and restaurants . The latter are often prepared with a variety of toppings , including lettuce , tomato , onion , and often sliced pickles ( or pickle relish ) . French fries often accompany the burger . Cheese ( usually processed cheese slices but often Cheddar , Swiss , pepper jack , or blue ) , either melted directly on the meat patty or crumbled on top , is generally an option . Condiments might be added to a hamburger or may be offered separately on the side including mustard , mayonnaise , ketchup , salad dressings and barbecue sauce . Other toppings can include bacon , avocado or guacamole , sliced sautéed mushrooms , cheese sauce , chili ( usually without beans ) , fried egg , scrambled egg , feta cheese , blue cheese , salsa , pineapple , jalapeños and other kinds of chili peppers , anchovies , slices of ham or bologna , pastrami or teriyaki - seasoned beef , tartar sauce , french fries , onion rings or potato chips . Standard toppings on hamburgers may depend upon location , particularly at restaurants that are not national or regional franchises . Restaurants may offer hamburgers with multiple meat patties . The most common variants are double and triple hamburgers , but California - based burger chain In - N - Out once sold a sandwich with one hundred patties , called a `` 100x100 . '' Pastrami burgers may be served in Salt Lake City , Utah . A patty melt consists of a patty , sautéed onions and cheese between two slices of rye bread . The sandwich is then buttered and fried . A slider is a very small square hamburger patty sprinkled with diced onions and served on an equally small bun . According to the earliest citations , the name originated aboard U.S. Navy ships , due to the manner in which greasy burgers slid across the galley grill as the ship pitched and rolled . Other versions claim the term `` slider '' originated from the hamburgers served by flight line galleys at military airfields , which were so greasy they slid right through you ; or because their small size allows them to `` slide '' right down your throat in one or two bites . In Alberta , Canada a `` kubie burger '' is a hamburger made with a pressed Ukrainian sausage ( kubasa ) . In Minnesota , a `` Juicy Lucy '' ( also spelled `` Jucy Lucy '' ) , is a hamburger having cheese inside the meat patty rather than on top . A piece of cheese is surrounded by raw meat and cooked until it melts , resulting in a molten core of cheese within the patty . This scalding hot cheese tends to gush out at the first bite , so servers frequently instruct customers to let the sandwich cool for a few minutes before consumption . A low carb burger is a hamburger served without a bun and replaced with large slices of lettuce with mayonnaise or mustard being the sauces primarily used . A ramen burger , invented by Keizo Shimamoto , is a hamburger patty sandwiched between two discs of compressed ramen noodles in lieu of a traditional bun . Mexico In Mexico , burgers ( called hamburguesas ) are served with ham and slices of American cheese fried on top of the meat patty . The toppings include avocado , jalapeño slices , shredded lettuce , onion and tomato . The bun has mayonnaise , ketchup and mustard . In certain parts are served with bacon , which can be fried or grilled along with the meat patty . A slice of pineapple is also a usual option , and the variation is known as a `` Hawaiian hamburger '' . Some restaurants ' burgers also have barbecue sauce , and others also replace the ground patty with sirloin , Al pastor meat , barbacoa or a fried chicken breast . Many burger chains from the United States can be found all over Mexico , including Carl 's Jr. , Sonic , as well as global chains such as McDonald 's and Burger King . United Kingdom and Ireland Hamburgers in the UK and Ireland are very similar to those in the US , and the High Street is dominated by the same big two chains as in the U.S. -- McDonald 's and Burger King . The menus offered to both countries are virtually identical , although portion sizes tend to be smaller in the UK . In Ireland the food outlet Supermacs is widespread throughout the country serving burgers as part of its menu . In Ireland , Abrakebabra ( started out selling kebabs ) and Eddie Rocket 's are also major chains . An original and indigenous rival to the big two U.S. giants was the quintessentially British fast - food chain Wimpy , originally known as Wimpy Bar ( opened 1954 at the Lyon 's Corner House in Coventry Street London ) , which served its hamburgers on a plate with British - style chips , accompanied by cutlery and delivered to the customer 's table . In the late 1970s , to compete with McDonald 's , Wimpy began to open American - style counter-service restaurants and the brand disappeared from many UK high streets when those restaurants were re-branded as Burger Kings between 1989 and 1990 by the then - owner of both brands , Grand Metropolitan . A management buyout in 1990 split the brands again and now Wimpy table - service restaurants can still be found in many town centres whilst new counter-service Wimpys are now often found at motorway service stations . Hamburgers are also available from mobile kiosks , commonly known as `` burger vans '' , particularly at outdoor events such as football matches . Burgers from this type of outlet are usually served without any form of salad -- only fried onions and a choice of tomato ketchup , mustard or brown sauce . Chip shops , particularly in the West Midlands and North - East of England , Scotland and Ireland , serve battered hamburgers called batter burgers . This is where the burger patty , by itself , is deep - fat - fried in batter and is usually served with chips . Hamburgers and veggie burgers served with chips and salad , are standard pub grub menu items . Many pubs specialize in `` gourmet '' burgers . These are usually high quality minced steak patties , topped with items such as blue cheese , brie , avocado et cetera . Some British pubs serve burger patties made from more exotic meats including venison burgers ( sometimes nicknamed Bambi Burgers ) , bison burgers , ostrich burgers and in some Australian themed pubs even kangaroo burgers can be purchased . These burgers are served in a similar way to the traditional hamburger but are sometimes served with a different sauce including redcurrant sauce , mint sauce and plum sauce . In the early 21st century `` premium '' hamburger chain and independent restaurants have arisen , selling burgers produced from meat stated to be of high quality and often organic , usually served to eat on the premises rather than to take away . Chains include Gourmet Burger Kitchen , Ultimate Burger , Hamburger Union and Byron Hamburgers in London . Independent restaurants such as Meatmarket and Dirty Burger developed a style of rich , juicy burger in 2012 which is known as a dirty burger or third - wave burger . In recent years Rustlers has sold pre-cooked hamburgers reheatable in a microwave oven in the United Kingdom . In the UK , as in North America and Japan , the term `` burger '' can refer simply to the patty , be it beef , some other kind of meat , or vegetarian . Australia and New Zealand This hamburger in a fast food restaurant in Auckland , New Zealand contains beetroot for flavor . Fast food franchises sell American style fast food hamburgers in Australia and New Zealand . The traditional Australasian hamburgers are usually bought from fish and chip shops or milk bars . The hamburger meat is almost always ground beef , or `` mince '' as it is more commonly referred to in Australia and New Zealand . They commonly include tomato , lettuce , grilled onion and meat as minimum , and can optionally include cheese , beetroot , pineapple , a fried egg and bacon . If all these optional ingredients are included it is known in Australia as `` burger with the lot '' . The only variance between the two countries ' hamburgers is that New Zealand 's equivalent to `` The Lot '' often contains a steak ( beef ) as well . The condiments regularly used are barbecue sauce and tomato sauce . The McDonald 's `` McOz '' Burger is partway between American and Australian style burgers , having beetroot and tomato in an otherwise typical American burger ; however , it is no longer a part of the menu . Likewise , McDonald 's in New Zealand created a Kiwiburger , similar to a Quarter Pounder , but features salad , beetroot and a fried egg . The Hungry Jack 's ( Burger King ) `` Aussie Burger '' has tomato , lettuce , onion , cheese , bacon , beetroot , egg , ketchup and a meat patty . China In China , restaurants such as McDonald 's and KFC exist , which sell hamburgers . Japan MOS Burger rice burger In Japan , hamburgers can be served in a bun , called hanbāgā ( ハンバーガー ) , or just the patties served without a bun , known as hanbāgu ( ハンバーグ ) or `` hamburg '' , short for `` hamburg steak '' . Hamburg steaks ( served without buns ) are similar to what are known as Salisbury steaks in the U.S. They are made from minced beef , pork or a blend of the two mixed with minced onions , egg , breadcrumbs and spices . They are served with brown sauce ( or demi - glace in restaurants ) with vegetable or salad sides , or occasionally in Japanese curries . Hamburgers may be served in casual , western style suburban restaurant chains known in Japan as `` family restaurants '' . Hamburgers in buns , on the other hand , are predominantly the domain of fast food chains such as American chains known as McDonald 's and Wendy 's . Japan has home grown hamburger chain restaurants such as MOS Burger , First Kitchen and Freshness Burger . Local varieties of burgers served in Japan include teriyaki burgers , katsu burgers ( containing tonkatsu ) and burgers containing shrimp korokke . Some of the more unusual examples include the rice burger , where the bun is made of rice , and the luxury 1000 - yen ( US $10 ) `` Takumi Burger '' ( meaning `` artisan taste '' ) , featuring avocados , freshly grated wasabi , and other rare seasonal ingredients . In terms of the actual patty , there are burgers made with Kobe beef , butchered from cows that are fed with beer and massaged daily . McDonald 's Japan also recently launched a McPork burger , made with U.S. pork . McDonald 's has been gradually losing market share in Japan to these local hamburger chains , due in part to the preference of Japanese diners for fresh ingredients and more refined , `` upscale '' hamburger offerings . Burger King once retreated from Japan , but re-entered the market in Summer 2007 in cooperation with the Korean owned Japanese fast - food chain Lotteria . According to the Guinness World Records , a Japanese man , Takeru Kobayashi ate the most amount of hamburgers in three minutes on July 11 , 2014. ( 1 ) Other countries Chicken burger with rice bun ( sold in Taiwan , Korea , Hong Kong , Macao , the Philippines , Thailand and Singapore ) . Note that the `` bun '' is composed of cooked rice Rice burgers , mentioned above , are also available in several East Asian countries such as Taiwan and South Korea . Lotteria is a big hamburger franchise in Japan owned by the South Korean Lotte group , with outlets also in China , South Korea , Vietnam , and Taiwan . In addition to selling beef hamburgers , they also have hamburgers made from squid , pork , tofu , and shrimp . Variations available in South Korea include Bulgogi burgers and Kimchi burgers . In the Philippines , a wide range of major U.S. fast - food franchises are well represented , together with local imitators , often amended to the local palate . The chain McDonald 's ( locally nicknamed `` McDo '' ) have a range of burger and chicken dishes often accompanied by plain steamed rice or French fries . The Philippines boasts its own burger - chain called Jollibee , which offers burger meals and chicken , including a signature burger called `` Champ '' . Jollibee now has a number of outlets in the United States , the Middle East and East Asia . Vada pav or `` Indian Burger '' is made of potatoes and spices . In India , burgers are usually made from chicken or vegetable patties due to cultural beliefs against eating beef ( which stem from Hindu religious practice ) and pork ( which stems from Islamic religious practice ) . Because of this , the majority of fast food chains and restaurants in India do not serve beef . McDonald 's in India , for instance , does not serve beef , offering the `` Maharaja Mac '' instead of the Big Mac , substituting the beef patties with chicken . Another version of the Indian vegetarian burger is the Wada Pav consisting deep - fried potato patty dipped in gramflour batter . It is usually served with mint chutney and fried green chili . In Pakistan , apart from American fast food chains , burgers can be found in stalls near shopping areas , the best known being the `` shami burger '' . This is made from `` shami kebab '' , made by mixing lentil and minced lamb . Onions , scrambled egg and ketchup are the most may be toppings . In Malaysia there are 300 McDonald 's restaurants . The menu in Malaysia also includes eggs and fried chicken on top of the regular burgers . Burgers are also easily found at nearby mobile kiosks , especially Ramly Burger . In Mongolia , a recent fast food craze due to the sudden influx of foreign influence has led to the prominence of the hamburger . Specialized fast food restaurants serving to Mongolian tastes have sprung up and seen great success . Beef burger with fried egg , cabbage and some french fries in Kota Kinabalu , Malaysia . In Turkey , in addition to the internationally familiar offerings , numerous localized variants of the hamburger may be found , such as the Islak Burger ( lit . `` Wet - Burger '' ) , which a beef slider doused in seasoned tomato sauce and steamed inside a special glass chamber , and has its origins in the Turkish fast food retailer Kizilkayalar . Other variations include lamb - burgers and offal - burgers , which are offered by local fast food businesses and global chains alike , such as McDonald 's and Burger King . Most burger shops have also adopted a pizzeria - like approach when it comes to home delivery , and almost all major fast food chains deliver . In the former Yugoslavia , and originally in Serbia , there is a local version of the hamburger known as the pljeskavica . It is often served as a patty , but may have a bun as well . Throughout Belgium and in some eateries in the Netherlands , a Bicky Burger is sold that combines pork , chicken , and horse meat . The hamburger , usually fried , is served between a bun , sprinkled with sesame seeds . It often comes with a specific Bickysaus ( Bicky dressing ) made with mayonnaise , mustard , cabbage , and onion . Unusual hamburgers In May 2012 , Serendipity 3 was recognized as the Guinness World Record holder for serving the world 's most expensive hamburger , the $295 Le Burger Extravagant . At $499 , the world 's largest hamburger commercially available tips the scales at 185.8 pounds ( 84.3 kg ) and is on the menu at Mallie 's Sports Grill & Bar in Southgate , Michigan . It is called the `` Absolutely Ridiculous Burger '' , which takes about 12 hours to prepare . It was cooked and adjudicated on May 30 , 2009 . A $777 Kobe beef and Maine lobster burger , topped with caramelized onion , Brie cheese and prosciutto , was reported available at Le Burger Brasserie , inside the Paris Las Vegas casino . New York chef Daniel Boulud created an intricate dish composed of layers of ground sirloin , foie gras , and wine - braised short ribs , assembled to look exactly like a fast - food burger . It is available with truffles in season . On September 2 , 2012 , the Black Bear Casino Resort near Carlton , Minnesota made the world - record bacon cheeseburger that weighed 2,014 pounds ( 914 kg ) . Guinness World Records verified the record for biggest burger . In Las Vegas , Nevada at the Heart Attack Grill there is a Quadruple Bypass Burger . The burger weighs two pounds and the name is derived from the fact that the burger is unhealthy . The restaurant is known for being honest about the fact that their food is unhealthy . They allow people that weigh over 350 pounds ( 160 kg ) to eat free . On August 5 , 2013 , the first hamburger made from meat lab grown from cow stem cells was served . The hamburger was the result of research in the Netherlands led by Mark Post at Maastricht University and sponsored by Google 's co-founder Sergey Brin . Slang `` $100 hamburger '' ( `` hundred - dollar hamburger '' ) is aviation slang for a general aviation pilot needing an excuse to fly . A $100 hamburger trip typically involves flying a short distance ( less than two hours ) , eating at an airport restaurant , and flying home . Steamed hams is a fictitious name used for hamburgers originating in a Simpsons episode that has Skinner trying to convince the Superintendent that the term is used in Albany , New York . See also Food portal Cheeseburger Chicken sandwich Frikadeller Frikandel Kofta List of hamburgers List of hamburger restaurants List of sandwiches Meat grinder Pljeskavica -- a traditional Balkan meal Salisbury steak Steak burger References Jump up ^ Harper , Douglas . `` hamburger '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved October 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Harper , Douglas . `` hamburg '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Burger Merriam - Webster Dictionary Jump up ^ McWilliams , Mark ( April 6 , 2012 ) . The Story behind the Dish : Classic American Foods : Classic American Foods . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 9780313385100 . Jump up ^ `` Neuester , vollständiger Führer durch Hamburg , Altona und Umgegend : Mit Berücksichtigung von Kiel , Helgoland , Lübeck und Travemünde . Mit vielen lithogr . Abbildungen u.d. neuesten Plane der Stadt '' ( Newest , complete guide to Hamburg , Altona and surroundings . ( ... ) ) . Bavarian National Library Archives . 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Who Invented the Hamburger ? '' . ABC News . Retrieved May 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Louis ' Lunch A Local Legacy . Library of Congress . Americaslibrary.gov . Retrieved on April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ U.S. Library of Congress Folklife Center Local Legacies Project retrieved on April 13 , 2009 Louis ' Lunch A Local Legacy Jump up ^ About Connecticut . State of Connecticut official website Jump up ^ New York Media , LLC ( 1977 ) . New York Magazine . New York Media , LLC . p. 42 . ISSN 0028 - 7369 . ^ Jump up to : Randall Beach ( February 3 , 2008 ) Louis ' Lunch has beef with book claiming it did n't invent the hamburger . New Haven Register ( New Haven , CT ) . McClatchy - Tribune Information Services . ^ Jump up to : John E. Harmon `` The Better Burger Battle '' , in Atlas of Popular Culture in the Northeastern United States . Jump up ^ `` '' Hamburger '' Charlie Nagreen `` . SeymourHistory.org . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Heuer , Myron ( October 12 , 1999 ) . `` The real home of the hamburger '' . Herald & Journal . Retrieved March 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ozersky , Josh ( 2009 ) . The Hamburger : A History . Yale University Press . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 15125 - 1 . Jump up ^ John T. Edge ( 2005 ) . Hamburgers & Fries : An American Story . G.P. Putnam 's Sons . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 399 - 15274 - 0 . Jump up ^ Michael Wallis ; Marian Clark ( 2004 ) . Hogs On 66 : Best Feed and Hangouts for Road Trips on Route 66 . Council Oak Books . p. 67 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57178 - 178 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Preusch , Matthew ( October 26 , 2007 ) . `` What 's cooking America : History of the Hamburger '' . Jump up ^ Welcome To Weber 's Superior Root Beer and Grill Archived January 14 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Webersrootbeer.net ( April 13 , 1995 ) . Retrieved on April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Obituary : Charles Menches '' . The New York Times . October 5 , 1951 . Jump up ^ Grivetti , Louis E. ; Corlett , Jan L. ; Gordon , Bertram M. ; Lockett , Cassius T. ( January -- February 2004 ) . `` Food in American History , Part 6 - Beef ( Part 1 ) : Reconstruction and Growth Into the 20th Century ( 1865 -- 1910 ) '' . Nutrition Today . 39 ( 1 ) : 18 -- 25 . doi : 10.1097 / 00017285 - 200401000 - 00006 . PMID 15076706 . Jump up ^ Roger M. Grace ( January 15 , 2004 ) . Old Menus Tell the History of Hamburgers in L.A. metnews.com . Jump up ^ `` Hoover 's Company Profiles : White Castle System , Inc '' . Answers.com . Jump up ^ Hogan , David Gerard ( 1997 ) . Selling ' em by the Sack : White Castle and the Creation of American Food ( 1st ed . ) . NYU Press . pp. 52 -- 55 . ISBN 0814735673 . Retrieved June 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ For references see the literature review in William O. Giles `` Method for preparing hamburger patties '' U.S. Patent 5,484,625 issued January 16 , 1996 . Jump up ^ Big Mac Hits The Big 4 - 0 , CBS News , February 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Anatomy of a Burger '' . The New York Times . October 4 , 2009 . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Moss , Michael ( October 3 , 2009 ) . `` The Burger That Shattered Her Life '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ground Beef and Food Safety '' . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ USDA Urges Consumers To Use Food Thermometer When Cooking Ground Beef Patties Archived September 3 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... United States Department of Agriculture Safety and Inspection Service Media Communications Office , August 11 , 1998 . Jump up ^ Orange Coast Magazine . Emmis Communications . May 2007 . p. 254 . ISSN 0279 - 0483 . Jump up ^ Seenan , Gerard ( October 4 , 2004 ) . `` Highland schools get Bambi burgers '' . The Guardian ( UK news ) . London . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` How Much Does A 100x100 In - N - Out Cheeseburger Cost ? '' . Robert Kaplinsky . Jump up ^ John T. Edge ( July 29 , 2009 ) . `` Pastrami Meets the Patty in Utah '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Slider or Slyder ( mini-hamburger ) . Barry Popik , February 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Keith Plocek ( February 21 , 2008 ) . Sliders , Rollers and Monkey Dicks . Houston Press . Jump up ^ The Canadian Oxford Dictionary has headwords for the Canadianisms `` kubasa '' , `` kubie '' ( as a hot dog ) , and `` kubie burger '' , the latter two being specific to Alberta . Jump up ^ The Low Carb Six Dollar Burger Carl 's Jr . Menu . Carlsjr.com . Retrieved on April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Low Carb , Vegetarian , Gluten - Sensitive * & Low Fat Options at Hardee 's '' . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2010 . Retrieved September 18 , 2010 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . hardees.com Jump up ^ McCracken , Jan ( 2005 ) . Healthy Carb Cookbook For Dummies . For Dummies . p. 294 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7645 - 8476 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Move over , Cronut ! The new Ramen Burger has New Yorkers in a foodie frenzy '' . New York Post . August 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Jeremy ( August 27 , 2007 ) . `` Uncovering Mexico : Best of times , worst of times : Celebrating the 100th '' . Statesman.com . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2007 . Retrieved December 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wimpy History '' . wimpy.uk.com . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lacey , Josh ( January 2 , 2006 ) . `` Camembert with that , sir ? '' . The Guardian ( UK news ) . London . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Third Wave Burgers '' . London Menu Trends 2012 . LostinCatering Jump up ^ `` Rustler 's Microwave Quarterpounder 190g '' . sainsburys.co.uk . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fed : Tough to swallow inflationary hamburgers '' . Australian Associated Press General News . Australian Associated Press . July 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Hay , Donna ( November 24 , 2002 ) . `` The new burger '' . Sunday Herald Sun . The Herald and Weekly Times . Jump up ^ `` Hungry Jack 's menu '' . Retrieved March 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ideaforesight : Upscale , modern fast food '' . ideaforesight 's blog . Jump up ^ Fried lamb burger recipe on Recidemia . En.recidemia.com ( July 15 , 2012 ) . Retrieved on April 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Steves , Rick ( 2015 ) . Rick Steves Belgium : Bruges , Brussels , Antwerp & Ghent . Avalon Travel . ISBN 1631210653 . Jump up ^ Smith , Andrew F. ( 2008 ) . `` The Global Burger '' . Hamburger a global history . London : Reaktion Books . ISBN 186189631X . Jump up ^ `` Serendipity 3 - Burger Weekly '' . Burger Weekly . Burger Weekly . June 12 , 2013 . Retrieved October 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Largest hamburger commercially available '' . guinnessworldrecords.com . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ungerleider , Neal ( June 4 , 2009 ) . `` 10 Most Expensive Hamburgers '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jessica Dickler ( July 10 , 2007 ) The DB `` Royale '' double truffle burger . Money.cnn.com . Retrieved on April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Daniel Boulud . Topics.nytimes.com . Retrieved on April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` One - ton bacon cheeseburger sets record '' . CBS News . September 4 , 2012 . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Heart Attack Grill -- Official site '' . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goodberry , Lane ( August 3 , 2012 ) . `` Good Nutrition : Something You Can Bet Your Life On '' . Hive Health Media . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` World 's first lab - grown burger is eaten in London '' . BBC . August 5 , 2013 . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Matthew Preusch ( October 26 , 2007 ) . Cleared for Lunching : The $100 Hamburger . NY Times . Further reading Barber , Katherine , editor ( 2004 ) . The Canadian Oxford Dictionary , second edition . Toronto , Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 541816 - 6 . Edge , John T. ( 2005 ) . Hamburgers & Fries : an American Story . G.P. Putnam 's Sons . ISBN 0 - 399 - 15274 - 1 . History and origins of the hamburger Trage , ( 1997 ) . The Food Chronology : A Food Lover 's Compendium of Events and Anecdotes , From Prehistory to the Present . Owl Books . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 5247 - X . Allen , Beth ( 2004 ) . Great American classics Cookbook . Hearst Books . ISBN 1 - 58816 - 280 - X . Smith , Andrew ( 2008 ) . Hamburger : A Global History . Reaktion Books . p. 128 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86189 - 390 - 1 . External links Media related to Hamburgers at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of hamburger at Wiktionary Hamburger at Wikibook Cookbooks Hamburgers Types Angus burger Buffalo burger Bun kebab Cheeseburger Chili burger Hamburger Hamdog Jucy / Juicy Lucy Luther Burger Naan burger Patty melt Rice burger Slider Slopper Slugburger Steak burger Veggie burger Brand name Bacon Deluxe Baconator Big Classic Big King Big Mac Big N ' Tasty Burger King premium burgers McDonald 's Deluxe line Quarter Pounder Whopper Overview Cheeseburger history History of the hamburger History of the hamburger in the United States List articles List of hamburger restaurants List of hamburgers Related topics Hamburg steak Patty Salisbury steak Sandwich Sloppy joe Meat Main articles Entomophagy Fish Game Livestock Meat Poultry Seafood Poultry and game Alligator Bear Chicken Crocodile Duck Goose Grouse Kangaroo Monkey Ostrich Partridge Pheasant Bat Pigeon Quail Rabbit Seal Snake Turkey Turtle Venison Livestock and minilivestock Beef Bison Black soldier fly maggots Buffalo Camel Cat Crickets Dog Elephant Frog Goat Grasshoppers Guinea pig Horse Lamb and mutton Llama Mealworm Silkworm Mopane worm Palm grub Pork Veal Yak Fish and seafood Abalone Anchovy Basa Bass Calamari Carp Catfish Cod Crab Crappie Crayfish Dolphin Eel Flounder Grouper Haddock Halibut Herring Kingfish Lobster Mackerel Mahi Mahi Marlin Milkfish Mussel Octopus Orange roughy Oyster Pacific saury Perch Pike Pollock Salmon Sardine Scallop Shark Shrimp / prawn Sole Swai Swordfish Tilapia Trout Tuna Sea urchin Walleye Whale Cuts and preparation Aged Bacon Barbecued Braised Burger Charcuterie Chop Corned Cured Cutlet Dried Dum Fillet / Supreme Fried Ground Ham Kebab Liver Luncheon meat Marinated Meatball Meatloaf Offal Pickled Poached Roasted Salt - 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in - law Pambazo Peanut butter , banana and bacon Pistolette Pocket Sabich Sándwich de milanesa Sandwiches de miga Sincronizada Smørrebrød Spaghetti Spatlo Spiedie St. Paul Tea Toast Tramezzino Trancapecho Wrap Cheese Carrozza Cheese and tomato Cheese dream Cheese on toast Grilled cheese Limburger Melt Pebete Fish and seafood Bake and Shark Balık ekmek Fischbrötchen Fish finger Lobster roll Prawn roll Salmon burger Sol over Gudhjem Tuna fish Meat American sub Barbecue Bauru Bologna Chacarero Chicken Chivito Choripán Club Cuban Cudighi Doner kebab Donkey Burger Francesinha Francesinha poveira Fried - brain Gua bao Gyro Italian Jibarito Kati roll Kottenbutter Medianoche Pepito Po ' boy Redonkadonk Roujiamo Sailor Shawarma Shooter 's Slider Sloppy joe Strammer Max Submarine Tonkatsu Torta Torta ahogada Wrap roti Wurstbrot Beef Barros Luco Beef on weck Cheesesteak Corned beef Denver French dip Hamburger List of hamburgers Italian beef Montreal - style smoked meat Pastrami on rye Reuben Roast beef Sloppy joe Steak burger Steak Tavern Tongue Ham and pork Bacon Barros Jarpa BLT Croque - monsieur Flæskesteg Ham and cheese Ham and egg bun Ham salad Monte Cristo Porchetta Pork chop bun Pork tenderloin Toast Hawaii Sausage Braunschweiger Liverwurst Maxwell Street Polish Mortadella Polish Boy Porilainen Open Butterbrot Canapé Dyrlægens natmad Gerber Horseshoe Mollete Muisjes Obložené chlebíčky Pan bagnat Panini Smørrebrød Zapiekanka Vegetarian Baked bean Cucumber Dabeli Doubles Lettuce Peanut butter and jelly Tomato Vada pav Vegetable Related Sandwich bread Sandwich loaf Soup and sandwich Category : Sandwiches Food portal BNF : cb16559479f ( data ) GND : 4158950 - 6 LCCN : sh92002088 NARA : 10647900 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamburger&oldid=848350069 '' Categories : Hamburgers ( food ) Beef German cuisine American cuisine American sandwiches World cuisine Fast food Culture in Hamburg National dishes German - American cuisine Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - 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who played rose on little house on the prairie	Name Seasons No. of episodes Portrayer Character summary Almanzo Wilder 6 -- 9 65 Dean Butler Farmer ; Laura 's husband ( season 7 ) ; Rose 's father ; Nicknamed `` Manly '' by Laura Adam Kendall 4 -- 8 35 Linwood Boomer Teacher of the blind ; Mary 's husband ( season 5 ) Adam Kendall Jr . 6 Unknown Adam and Mary 's son ; dies in fire with Alice Garvey Jenny Wilder 9 18 Shannen Doherty Almanzo 's niece , whom he gets custody of after his brother / her father Royal dies Rose Wilder 8 -- 9 17 Jennifer and Michele Steffin Almanzo and Laura 's daughter Eliza Jane Wilder 6 -- 8 14 Lucy Lee Flippin Teacher ; Almanzo 's older sister	Jennifer and Michele Steffin	List of Little House on the Prairie characters	list of little house on the prairie characters	There are many Little House on the Prairie characters , appearing in various forms of media in the Little House on the Prairie media franchise .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Television series characters 1.1 The Ingalls family 1.1. 1 The in - laws 1.2 Townsfolk 1.3 Non-recurring characters 1.3. 1 Season one 1.3. 2 Season two 1.3. 3 Season three 1.3. 4 Season four 1.3. 5 Season five 1.3. 6 Season six 1.3. 7 Season seven 1.3. 8 Season eight 1.3. 9 Season nine 1.3. 10 Post-series movies 1.4 Animals 2 Ingalls 's and Wilder 's genealogy 2.1 The Ingalls family 2.2 The Quiner family 2.2. 1 Charlotte Tucker 2.2. 2 Martha Morse 2.3 The Wilder family 2.4 The Day family 3 Neighbors , friends and acquaintances 3.1 Real people 3.2 Characters based on real people 4 References 5 External links Television series characters ( edit ) Main article : Little House on the Prairie ( TV series ) The Ingalls family ( edit ) Name Seasons No. of episodes Portrayer Character summary Charles Ingalls 1 -- 9 161 Michael Landon Farmer ; husband and father Caroline Ingalls 1 -- 8 172 Karen Grassle Wife and mother Laura Ingalls Wilder 1 -- 9 190 Melissa Gilbert Second daughter ; Later Almanzo 's wife and Rose 's mother ; nicknamed `` Half - pint '' by Charles and `` Beth '' by Almanzo Mary Ingalls 1 -- 8 133 Melissa Sue Anderson Oldest child Carrie Ingalls 1 -- 8 164 Lindsay and Sidney Greenbush Third daughter Charles Ingalls Jr . Unknown Baby son , died as an infant Grace Ingalls 5 -- 8 60 Wendi and Brenda Turnbaugh Fourth daughter Albert Quinn Ingalls 5 -- 9 89 Matthew Labyorteaux Adopted son James Cooper / Ingalls 7 -- 8 21 Jason Bateman Adopted after parents were killed in a wagon accident Cassandra Cooper / Ingalls 7 -- 8 21 Missy Francis Same as above The in - laws ( edit ) Name Seasons No. of episodes Portrayer Character summary Almanzo Wilder 6 -- 9 65 Dean Butler Farmer ; Laura 's husband ( season 7 ) ; Rose 's father ; Nicknamed `` Manly '' by Laura Adam Kendall 4 -- 8 35 Linwood Boomer Teacher of the blind ; Mary 's husband ( season 5 ) Adam Kendall Jr . 6 Unknown Adam and Mary 's son ; dies in fire with Alice Garvey Jenny Wilder 9 18 Shannen Doherty Almanzo 's niece , whom he gets custody of after his brother / her father Royal dies Rose Wilder 8 -- 9 17 Jennifer and Michele Steffin Almanzo and Laura 's daughter Eliza Jane Wilder 6 -- 8 14 Lucy Lee Flippin Teacher ; Almanzo 's older sister Townsfolk ( edit ) Name Seasons No. of episodes Portrayer Character summary Nels Oleson 1 -- 9 147 Richard Bull Mercantile proprietor ; husband and father Harriet Oleson 1 -- 9 153 Katherine MacGregor Mercantile proprietor ; wife and mother Nellie Oleson 1 -- 9 104 Alison Arngrim Oldest child of Nels and Harriet Willie Oleson 1 -- 9 140 Jonathan Gilbert Son of Nels and Harriet Nancy Oleson 8 -- 9 33 Allison Balson Adopted daughter of Nels and Harriet Percival Dalton / Isaac Cohen 6 -- 7 11 Steve Tracy Nellie 's husband Rachel Brown Oleson 9 Sherri Stoner Willie 's wife Dr. Hiram Baker 1 -- 9 113 Kevin Hagen Town physician Reverend Robert Alden 1 -- 9 76 Dabbs Greer Church minister Melinda Foster 1 -- 9 61 Ruth Foster Post office manager Isaiah Edwards 1 -- 3 , 6 , 8 -- 9 52 Victor French Charles 's best friend Grace Snider Edwards 1 -- 6 23 Bonnie Bartlett / Corinne Camacho Wife of Isaiah Edwards John Sanderson Edwards 2 -- 4 8 Radames Pera Oldest child adopted by Isaiah & Grace Edwards Alicia Sanderson Edwards 2 -- 3 , 5 , 8 19 Kyle Richards Youngest child , Adopted daughter of Isaiah & Grace Edwards Carl Sanderson Edwards 2 -- 4 19 Brian Part Middle child adopted by Isaiah & Grace Edwards Matthew Rogers 9 5 Jonathan Hall Kovacs Young boy that is taken care of by Isaiah Edwards ( season 9 ) Jonathan Garvey 4 -- 7 51 Merlin Olsen Farmer ; husband and father Alice Garvey 4 -- 6 33 Hersha Parady Wife and mother ; teacher ; dies in fire with Adam Kendall Jr . Andy Garvey 4 -- 7 43 Patrick Labyorteaux Son of Jonathan and Alice Eva Beadle Simms 1 -- 4 45 Charlotte Stewart School teacher Adam Simms Joshua Bryant Miss Beadle 's husband Lars Hanson 1 -- 5 41 Karl Swenson Lumber mill owner ; a founder of Walnut Grove Hester - Sue Terhune 4 -- 9 40 Ketty Lester Head of the school for the blind John Carter 9 19 Stan Ivar Blacksmith ; husband and father Sarah Carter 9 15 Pamela Roylance Starts a newspaper ; wife and mother Jeb Carter 9 18 Lindsay Kennedy Older son of John and Sarah Jason Carter 9 18 David Friedman Younger son of John and Sarah Susan Goodspeed 4 -- 7 16 Michelle Downey Student at the school for the blind Etta Plum 9 15 Leslie Landon School teacher Christy Kennedy 1 -- 2 10 Tracie Savage Schoolgirl Sandy Kennedy Robert Hoffman Schoolboy ; Christy 's brother Hans Dorfler 1 -- 4 , 6 9 Jim Jeter Resident of Walnut Grove ; a stable - owner Bill Anderson 6 -- 9 6 Sam Edwards Banker of Walnut Grove Joe Kagan 4 -- 5 , 7 5 Moses Gunn Aging boxer who retires to farm life in Walnut Grove Judd Larrabee 4 -- 5 5 Don `` Red '' Barry Resident of Walnut Grove Mrs. Amanda `` May '' Whipple 1 -- 4 5 Queenie Smith Resident of Walnut Grove ; local seamstress Mr. Kennedy Wayne Heffley Resident of Walnut Grove ; father of Christy and Sandy Mrs. Kennedy 1 -- 2 Eileen Ryan ( season 1 ) , Janice Carroll ( season 2 ) Resident of Walnut Grove ; mother of Christy and Sandy Ebenezer Sprague 2 -- 3 Ted Gehring Banker of Walnut Grove Houston Lamb 6 -- 7 Dub Taylor Works and lives at the school for the blind in Sleepy Eye Henry Riley 4 -- 9 15 Dan McBride recurring role - customer in Nellie 's Restaurant arguing Kezia Horn 4 -- 5 Hermione Baddeley Resident of Walnut Grove and friend of Laura and Albert Non-recurring characters ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Season one ( edit ) Episode 6 Miss Amy Hearn ( played by Josephine Hutchinson ) Episode 7 Olga Nordstrom ( played by Kim Richards ) Episode 9 Abel Makay ( played by Dirk Blocker ) Episode 11 Tinker Jones ( played by Chuck McCann ) Episode 14 Jonathan ( played by Ernest Borgnine ) Episode 19 Willie O'Hara ( played by Red Buttons ) Episode 20 Graham Stewart ( played by Johnny Lee ) John Stewart ( played by Harris Yulin ) Episode 21 Trudy Coulter ( played by Julie Cobb ) Joseph Coulter ( played by Alan Fudge ) Episode 22 Jack Lame Horse ( played by Robert Tessier ) Marshal Anders ( played by Jack Ging ) Episode 23 Hiram Johnson ( played by Hal Bokar ) Mimi ( played by Jane Alice Brandon ) Episode 24 Jim Tyler ( played by Forrest Tucker ) Helen Tyler ( played by Ann Doran ) Season two ( edit ) Episode 4 Jebediah Mumfort ( played by Karl Lukas ) Margaret Mumfort ( played by June Dayton ) Slick McBurney ( played by Gregory Walcott ) Episode 5 Amos Pike ( played by John Anderson ) Episode 7 Julia Sanderson ( played by Patricia Neal ) Episode 10 Jonah ( played by Shane Sinutko ) Episode 17 Hannibal Applewood ( played by Richard Basehart ) Episode 18 Henry Hill ( played by Louis Gossett Jr ) Episode 19 Elizabeth Thurman ( played by Mariette Hartley ) Episode 20 Yuli Pyatakov ( played by Theodore Bikel ) Viktor Pyatakov ( played by Ike Eisenmann ) Fanya Pyatakov ( played by Lisa Pera ) Episode 21 Granville Whipple ( played by Richard Mulligan ) Season three ( edit ) Episode 1 Caleb Hodgekiss ( played by Johnny Cash ) Mattie Hodgekiss ( played by June Carter Cash ) Episode 4 Wendell Loudy ( played by John Ireland ) Episode 6 Young Charles Ingalls ( played by Matthew Labyorteaux ) Lansford Ingalls ( played by Arthur Hill ) Laura Colby Ingalls ( played by Jan Sterling ) Eliza Ann Ingalls ( played by Hersha Parady ) Peter Ingalls ( played by Mark Lenard ) Episode 9 Bubba Galinder ( played by Michael LeClair ) George Galinder ( played by Roy Jenson ) Sam Galinder ( played by Geoffrey Lewis ) Episode 10 Sam Shelby ( played by Burl Ives ) Episode 14 Ginny Clark ( played by Rachel Longaker ) Harold Mayfield ( played by Warren Vanders ) Della Clark ( played by Kay Peters ) Episode 15 Joseph Spotted Eagle Stokes ( played by Caesar Ramirez ) Seth ( played by Willie Aames ) Jeremy Stokes ( played by George Murdock ) Episode 18 Solomon Henry ( played by Todd Bridges ) Mrs. Henry ( played by Maidie Norman ) Jackson Henry ( played by David Downing ) Kramer ( played by Frederic Downs ) Dr. Tane ( played by Don Pedro Colley ) Episode 19 Anna Gillberg ( played by Katy Kurtzman ) Episode 20 Elmer Dobkins ( played by Eric Olson ) Sam Dobkins ( played by Charles Aidman ) Ellen Dobkins ( played by Mitzi Hoag ) Episode 21 Zachariah ( played by E.J. Andre ) Rev. Phillips ( played by Larry Golden ) Ben Griffin ( played by Larry Pennell ) Season four ( edit ) Episode 3 Ellen Taylor ( played by Mia Bendixsen ) Eloise Taylor ( played by Corinne Michaels ) Cal Taylor ( played by James Wainwright ) Episode 4 Chris Nelson ( played by Gil Gerard ) Episode 6 Bailey Farrell ( played by Bernard Behrens ) Timothy Farrell ( played by Johnny Doran ) Episode 7 Stanley Novack ( played by Michael Pataki ) Beth Novack ( played by Collin Wilcox ) Jed Haney ( played by Eddie Quillan ) Dr. Asa T Logan ( played by Burr DeBenning ) Episode 8 Mr. Dankworth ( played by Dennis Rucker ) Mr. Hobbs ( played by John Bennett Perry ) Bob Ford ( played by Tony Marks ) Lewis Ford ( played by Frank Marth ) Episode 9 Judge Picker ( played by Eddie Quillan ) Episode 14 Samantha Higgins ( played by Seeley Ann Thumann ) Jimmy Hill ( played by Chris Petersen ) Episode 15 Nats Rachel Peal ( played by Anita Dangler ) Caleb Fisher ( played by John McLiam ) Katie Fisher ( played by Linda McMillan ) Ellen Fisher ( played by Dee Croxton ) Episode 16 Jordan Harrison ( played by Ronnie Scribner ) Young Caroline ( played by Katy Kurtzman ) Younger Laura Colby Ingalls ( played by Sarah Miller ) Mr. Watson ( played by Sorrell Booke ) Harold Watson ( played by Adam Gunn ) Peter Ingalls ( played by David Considine ) Henry Quiner - Holbrook ( played by Gregg Forrest ) Polly Ingalls ( played by Robin Muir ) Eliza Ann Quiner - Holbrook ( played by Kristi Jill Wood ) Lansford Ingalls ( played by Nicolas Coster ) Charlotte Holbrook ( played by Virginia Kiser ) Young Charles Ingalls ( played by Matthew Labyorteaux ) Episode 17 Bobby Harris ( played by Michael Mullins ) Anna Mears ( played by Lenora May ) Shaniel Mears ( played by Donald Moffat ) Rev. Pritchard ( played by Woodrow Parfrey ) Episode 21 Dr. Burke ( played by Ford Rainey ) Miseth Barton ( played by Rob Kenneally ) Season five ( edit ) Episode 4 John Bevins ( played by Cliff Emmich ) Bess Bevins ( played by Kate Woodville ) Amelia Bevins ( played by Julie Ann Haddock ) Episode 5 Toby Noe ( played by Ray Bolger ) Episode 8 Erich Schiller ( played by Ike Eisenmann ) Otto Schiller ( played by King Moody ) Anna Schiller ( played by Lisa Pera ) Episode 15 Isaac Singerman ( played by John Bleifer ) Aaron Singerman ( played by Alvin Kupperman ) Episode 18 Miss Elliot ( played by Ellen Regan ) Holly ( played by Martha Nix ) Giles Kendall ( played by Philip Abbott ) Episode 20 Adele Larrabee ( played by Joan Tompkins -- wife of Karl Swenson ) Episode 22 Leslie Harper ( played by Jenny Sullivan ) Samantha Harper ( played by Kyle Richards ) Bret Harper ( played by Charles Cioffi ) Thomas Harper ( played by Bobby Rolofson ) Episode 24 Dylan Whitaker ( played by Steve Shaw ) Season six ( edit ) Episode 3 Jeremy Quinn ( played by Michael Pataki ) Episode 6 Russell Harmon ( played by William Schallert ) Anna Craig Alden ( played by Iris Korn ) Episode 9 Milo Stavroupolis ( played by Leo Gordon ) Anna Stavroupolis ( played by Nora Meerbaum ) Episode 10 Rev. Danforth ( played by James Olson ) Episode 12 Harold ( played by Royal Dano ) Episode 13 Tod Dortmunder ( played by Timothy Wead ) Brewster Davenport ( played by Malcolm Atterbury ) Virginia Davenport ( played by Susan French ) Episode 20 Penelope Parker ( played by Stacey Sipes ) Episode 21 Molly Reardon ( played by Suzanne Rogers ) Episode 22 Miss Trimble ( played by Lucille Benson ) Season seven ( edit ) Episode 1 Harv Miller ( played by James Cromwell ) Episode 4 Dan Ellerbee ( played by James Jarnagin ) Pete Ellerbee ( played by William Traylor ) Episode 6 Annie Crane ( played by Madeleine Stowe ) Episode 7 Brenda Sue Longworth ( played by Tisch Raye ) Episode 8 Leslie Barton ( played by Suzy Gilstrap ) Episode 9 Kavendish ( played by Eddie Quillan ) Episode 15 Hertzell Lundy ( played by Mel Stewart ) Episode 17 Sylvia Webb ( played by Olivia Barash ) Mr. Webb ( played by Royal Dano ) Irv Hartwig ( played by Richard Jaeckel ) Episode 19 Edgar Mills ( played by Jeff Corey ) Edna Mills ( played by Barbara Collentine -- wife of Richard Bull ) Episode 21 Mr Case ( played by Ivan Bonar ) Jed Cooper ( played by EJ Andre ) Sarah Cooper ( played by ME Loree ) Alvin Cooper ( played by George McDaniel ) Episode 22 Isaiah Tompkins ( played by Len Wayland ) Season eight ( edit ) Episode 1 Miss Mason ( played by Elizabeth Hoffman ) Michele Pierson ( played by Melora Hardin ) Episode 4 Dr. Caleb Ledoux ( played by Don Marshall ) Mattie Ledoux ( played by Marlene Warfield ) Episode 5 Mortimer Carstairs ( played by Patrick Collins ) Ralph Waldo Emerson ( played by George Petrie ) Episode 6 Amy Cassidy ( played by Martha Nix ) Rodolfo Gambini ( played by Jack Kruschen ) Ana Rosa Gambini ( played by Gloria Manos ) Marco Gambini ( played by Stephen Manley ) Stefano Gambini ( played by Robert Torti ) Episode 7 Max ( played by Todd Susman ) Georgie ( played by Royce D. Applegate ) Episode 8 Callahan ( played by M. Emmet Walsh ) Episode 9 Elmer Miles ( played by J. Brennan Smith ) Episode 10 Major Guffey ( played by Laurie Main ) Episode 12 Gideon Hale ( played by Peter Billingsley ) Braden Hale ( played by Dennis Howard ) Mrs. Hale ( played by Jennifer Rhodes ) Episode 14 Jack Prescott ( played by Claude Earl Jones ) Episode 16 Sam Terhune ( played by J.A. Preston ) Naomi Terhune ( played by Marguerite DeLain ) Episode 20 Sherman Andruss ( played by Dennis Lipscomb ) Helen Andruss ( played by Judith Weston ) Louisa Beckwith ( played by Ruth Silveira ) Horace Beckwith ( played by Calvin Bartlett ) Nora Cramer ( played by Betty McGuire ) Episode 21 Danny ( played by Georg Olden ) Episode 22 Old Man ( played by Don Beddoe ) Season nine ( edit ) Episode 3 Lem McCary ( played by Lew Ayres ) Jess Moffet ( played by Charles Lane ) Episode 4 Thomas Stark ( played by Robert Loggia ) Constance Stark ( played by Michele Marsh ) Elizabeth Stark ( played by Tammy Lauren ) Randall Page ( played by Ronnie Scribner ) Episode 5 Lou Bates ( played by Billy Barty ) Mrs. Bates ( played by Susan French ) Episode 10 Jane Canfield ( played by Jill Schoelen ) Episode 12 Dr. Marvin Haynes ( played by Ralph Bellamy ) Episode 13 Linda McAndrews ( played by Sheila Larken ) Elliott Reed ( played by John McLiam ) Episode 14 Cole Younger ( played by Geoffrey Lewis ) Bart Younger ( played by Robert Donner ) Lonnie Younger ( played by Timothy Scott ) Episode 16 Matthew Rogers ( played by Jonathan Hall Kovacs ) Episode 19 Ruthy Leland ( played by Vera Miles ) Dewey ( played by Eric Christmas ) Episode 20 Buffalo Bill ( played by Eddie Quillan ) Episode 21 Mae Flannery ( played by Barbara Townsend ) Episode 22 Philip Rogers ( played by Robert Darnell ) Sherwood Montague ( played by Robert Casper ) Post-series movies ( edit ) Little House : The Last Farewell Nathan Lassiter ( played by James Karen ) Animals ( edit ) Dogs : Jack and Bandit Horses : Pet and Patty Pony : Bunny Goat : Fred Ingalls 's and Wilder 's genealogy ( edit ) The Ingalls family ( edit ) Charles Ingalls Caroline Lake Quiner James Wilder Angeline Day Mary Ingalls Carrie Ingalls Charles Frederic Ingalls Grace Ingalls Laura Wilder Royal Wilder Eliza Jane Wilder Alice Wilder Perley Wilder ( ( ( ) ) ) Laura Ingalls Almanzo Wilder Rose Wilder Son died shortly after birth was unnamed Ingalls line : Henry Ingalls and Joan / Johan Wytton Robert Ingalls ( 1563 - 1617 ) and Elizabeth x ( 1567 - 1631 ) Edmund Ingalls ( 1598 - 1648 ) and Ann Tripp ( 1599 - 1648 ) Henry Ingalls ( 1627 - 1718 ) and Mary Osgood ( 1633 - 1686 ) Samuel Ingalls ( 1654 - 1733 ) and Sarah Hendrick ( 1661 - 1738 ) Samuel Ingalls Jr. ( 1683 - 1747 ) and Mary E. Watts ( 1687 - ? ) Timothy Ingalls ( 1720 - 1757 ) and ? Delano line : Jonathan Delano ( b. 1647 ) and Mercy Warren ( 1658 -- 1727 ) ( gdau. of Richard Warren of the Mayflower ) Jonathan Delano ( b. 1680 ) and Amy Hatch ( b. 1687 ) Jabez Delano ( b. 1708 ) and Prudence Hibbard ( b. 1711 ) Colby line : Matthew Colby ( b. 1530 ) and ( from 1555 ) Mary ( last name unknown ) ( b. 1532 ) Thomas Colby ( b. 1567 ) and ( from May 4 , 1596 ) Anne Jackson ( b. 1571 ) Anthony Colby ( b. 1605 ) and ( from 1632 ) Susanna Haddon ( b. 1608 ) John Colby ( b. 1633 ) and ( from January 14 , 1655 ) Frances Hoyt ( b. 1636 ) John Colby ( b. 1656 ) and ( from December 27 , 1675 ) Sarah Eldridge ( b. 1658 ) Joseph Colby ( b. 1680 ) and ( from November 22 , 1704 ) Anne Bartlett ( b. 1684 ) Nathan Colby ( b. 1710 ) and ( from December 18 , 1735 ) Hannah Worthen ( b. 1716 ) Jonathan Ingalls ( 1750 -- 1834 ) & Martha Jane Locke ( 1753 -- 1785 ) Jonathan Delano ( 1735 -- 1811 ) & Anne Ladd ( 1734 -- 1816 ) Ezekiel Colby ( 1739 -- 1791 ) & Sally Fowler ( 1734 -- 1834 ) Elijah Blood ( 1748 -- 1826 ) & Eunice Sleeman ( 1758 -- 1811 ) Samuel Ingalls ( 1771 -- 1841 ) Margaret Delano ( 1773 -- 1837 ) Nathan Colby ( 1778 -- 1857 ) Eunice Blood ( 1782 -- 1862 ) Lansford Ingalls ( 1812 -- 1896 ) Laura Colby ( 1810 -- 1883 ) Peter Ingalls ( 1833 -- 1900 ) `` baby boy '' Ingalls ( 1835 -- 1835 ) Charles Ingalls ( 1836 -- 1902 ) Lydia Ingalls ( 1838 -- 1913 ) Polly Ingalls ( 1840 -- 1886 ) Lansford Ingalls ( 1842 -- 1928 ) Laura Ingalls ( 1845 -- 1918 ) Hiram Ingalls ( 1848 -- 1923 ) George Ingalls ( 1851 -- 1901 ) Ruby Ingalls ( 1855 -- 1881 ) Based on the data from : The Genealogy of Almanzo and Laura Ingalls Wilder Peter Riley Ingalls ( 1833 -- 1900 ) -- born in Cuba , New York . On June 5 , 1861 , in Brookfield , Wisconsin married Eliza Ann Quiner ( see : The Quiners ) and they had 6 children ( see below ) . They left Pepin in 1874 , together with Laura 's family , and stopped in Zumbro Falls , Minnesota . Next they moved to South Troy , Minnesota where the Ingalls visited them for some time ( in 1876 ) . Alice Josephine Ingalls ( 23 Apr 1862 -- 30 Jan 1934 ) -- married Arthur Whiting . They had five children , born between 1883 and 1899 . Ella Estella Ingalls ( 23 Jan 1865 -- 9 Mar 1945 ) -- married Leslie Lee Whiting and had four children , born between 1885 and 1894 . She spent some time in DeSmet , with her husband and the eldest baby Earl Leland . Peter Franklin Ingalls ( 16 Nov 1866 -- 23 Sep 1932 ) -- lived with Laura and Almanzo in De Smet for a while . Married Mary Edith `` Molly '' McGowin and they had seven children . Lansford Newcomb Ingalls ( b . 5 Apr 1870 ) , Edith Florence `` Dolly Varden '' ( 23 Jun 1872 -- 13 Jul 1951 ) , on 9 Jun 1892 married Heil Nelson Bingham and they had eight children , born between 1893 and 1912 . Edmond Llewellyn Ingalls ( b . 26 Aug 1880 ) , married Edith Mae Ide and they had 6 children . ( Lois Ingalls Gibson , Herbert Ingalls , Wallace Ingalls , Margaret Ingalls Cowsar and William Ingalls ) . `` baby boy '' Ingalls ( 1835 -- 1835 ) . Died at approximately two weeks of age , of `` convulsions '' , and had not been named yet . Charles Phillip Ingalls ( 1836 -- 1902 ) -- Laura 's father Mary Laura Carrie Freddie Grace Lydia Louise Ingalls ( 1838 -- 1913 ) -- on 15 Jan 1856 , she married Robert Fulton Clough and later -- in 1859 , Joseph Stouff . She had five children , first of whom was Clough 's . Issac Lafayette Clough ( b. 1857 , got married in 1876 ) Robert Stouff Minnie Stouff -- married a man with the surname Phillips . Amy Stouff Amos Alvin Stouff Polly Melona Ingalls ( 1840 -- 1886 ) -- born in Cuba , New York . In 1859 married Henry Odin Quiner ( see : The Quiners ) and they had six children ( see below ) . The family left Pepin with Laura 's family in 1868 and both families stopped in Rothville , Missouri . In 1869 they returned to Pepin . Some time later they went West . Louisa Quiner ( b . 1860 ) , Charles Quiner ( b . 1862 ) , Albert Quiner ( b . 1865 ) , Charlotte `` Lottie '' Quiner ( b . 1867 ) , Ruby Quiner Lillian Quiner Lansford James Ingalls ( 1842 -- 1928 ) -- was married twice ; to Sarah Dickinson ( 1846 -- 1897 ) and later to Mary Dickinson . Both of them were born in England . Samuel James Ingalls Sara Belle Ingalls William Walter Ingalls Mary Elizabeth Ingalls Edward Eugene Ingalls Horace Foster Ingalls Andrew Jackson Ingalls -- had a son Olive May Ingalls Martha Esther Ingalls Laura Ladocia `` Docia '' Ingalls ( 1845 -- 1918 ) -- married August Waldvogel ( divorced later ) and the couple had two children ( see below ) . Next she married Hiram `` Hi '' Forbes and they had 7 daughters . Hiram was a contractor for the Chicago and North Western Railway . They spent some time in DeSmet with the Ingalls but soon moved to Nebraska . They lost contact . Hiram died in 1906 . Lena Waldvogel ( 1866 -- 1943 ) August Eugene `` Jean '' Waldvogel ( b . 1870 ) . Hiram Lemuel Ingalls ( 1848 -- 1923 ) -- on 18 Oct 1867 , married Sarah Elizabeth Woodward ( 1847 -- 1910 ) and on 27 Feb 1919 -- Ellen Parker Laura Eliza Ingalls Ruby Evaline Ingalls Phillip L. Ingalls Sarah Jeanette Ingalls Mary Rose Ellen Ingalls Hiram LeRoy `` Roy '' Ingalls Leo Vincent Ingalls George Whiting Ingalls ( 1851 -- 1901 ) Ruby Celestia Ingalls ( 1855 -- 1881 ) ( Father of the children unknown ) George Dolly Warden Sherman The Quiner family ( edit ) William Quiner ( 1773 -- 1831 ) Margaret Doer ( 1774 -- 1839 ) Lewis Tucker ( 1779 -- 1870 ) Martha Gráinne Morse ( 1772 -- 1862 ) Henry Quiner ( 1809 -- 1844 ) Charlotte Tucker ( 1809 -- 1884 ) Frederic M. Holbrook ( 1819 - 1874 ) Martha Quiner ( 1832 -- 1836 ) Joseph Quiner ( 1834 -- 1862 ) Henry Quiner ( 1835 -- 1880 ) Martha Quiner ( 1837 -- 1927 ) Caroline Quiner ( 1839 -- 1924 ) Eliza Quiner ( 1842 -- 1931 ) Thomas Quiner ( 1844 -- 1903 ) Charlotte Holbrook ( 1854 -- 1939 ) ( Laura 's maternal great - great - grandparents ) Allan Alexander Morse and Margaret Drummond * These are fictional names . Real names unknown . ( Laura 's maternal great - grandparents ) Lewis Tucker ( 1779 -- 1870 ) and Martha Gráinne Morse ( 1772 -- 1862 ) William Quiner ( 1773 -- 1831 ) and Margaret Doer ( 1774 -- 1839 ) ( Laura 's maternal grandparents ) Charlotte Tucker and Henry Quiner THEIR CHILDREN ( Laura 's aunts and uncles ) : Martha Morse Quiner ( 1832 -- 1836 ) Joseph Carpenter Quiner ( 1834 -- 1862 ) . He married Nancy Frank in Wisconsin in 1856 . Died of wounds suffered at the Battle of Shiloh . Henry Odin Quiner ( 1835 -- 1880 ) -- born on December 7 in Ohio . He married Polly Ingalls ( for more -- see above ) Martha Jane Quiner ( 1837 -- 1927 ) -- married Charles Carpenter in 1860 . William Augustus ( 1861 -- 1884 ) Joseph Quiner ( 1863 -- 1923 ) married Elizabeth C. Reese . Phoebe Quiner Joseph Quiner Elizabeth Quiner Clara Quiner Martha Quiner Charles Quiner Theodore Quiner Donald Quiner Lillian Quiner Emilie Quiner Lettice `` Lottie '' Jane ( 1864 -- 1949 ) Nancy Cora ( 1865 -- 1955 ) Martha Eliza ( 1868 -- 1871 ) Millicent Ann ( 1869 -- 1960 ) Charles Carr ( 1871 -- 1918 ) Emma Bertha ( 1873 -- 1955 ) Etta Minerva ( 1874 -- 1899 ) Martha Josephine ( 1876 -- 1962 ) Marion Caroline ( 1879 -- 1939 ) Myrtie Emmeline ( 1879 -- 1956 ) Thomas Quiner ( 1882 -- 1944 ) George Lockwood ( 1882 -- 1954 ) Caroline Lake Quiner ( December 12 , 1839 -- April 20 , 1924 ) -- Laura 's mother Eliza Ann Quiner ( 1842 -- 1931 ) -- born on April 21 in Brookfield , Wisconsin . Both families -- the Ingalls and the Quiners -- moved several times and stopped finally in Jefferson County , Wisconsin . Eliza married Peter Ingalls in Concord , Wisconsin , on June 5 , 1861 ( for more -- see above ) . Thomas Lewis Quiner ( 1844 -- 1903 ) -- born on November 23 . He married Lillian Graham Hill . They lived for some time in DeSmet . Died in an accident at the Columbia River on February 23 , 1903 . Helen Marion Quiner Alice Quiner Donald Quiner Dugold Lewis Quiner Lillian Josephine Quiner John Hill Quiner ( born in 1902 or 1903 ) . Henry Quiner died in October 1844 in the sinking of a trading ship on the Great Lakes . Charlotte Tucker Quiner remarried , to Frederic Holbrook , and they had one child Charlotte E. `` Lottie '' Holbrook ( January 20 , 1854 -- February 15 , 1939 ) . She married Henry Moore ( b . 1852 ) in 1875 . Frederick Moore ( b . 1878 ) Arvin Moore ( b . 1880 ) Harry C. Moore ( b . 1882 ) Ralph Moore ( b . 1887 ) Pearl Eva Moore ( b . 1888 ) Charlotte Tucker ( edit ) Lewis Tucker Martha Morse ( 1782 -- 1862 ) Betsy Tucker ( 1800 -- ? ) Lewis Tucker ( 1802 -- ? ) Linus Tucker ( 1802 -- ? ) Lydia Tucker ( 1805 -- ? ) Thomas Tucker ( 1807 -- ? ) Charlotte Tucker ( 1809 -- 1884 ) Caroline Tucker ( 1811 -- ? ) Mary Tucker ( 1813 -- ? ) Nancy Tucker ( 1816 -- ? ) George Tucker ( 1820 -- 1821 ) Charlotte Wallis Tucker was born on May 25 , 1809 in Roxbury , Massachusetts ( a suburb of Boston ) . She died September 20 , 1884 in Rome , Wisconsin . Her mostly fictionalised story was described in the four - book series The Charlotte Years by Melissa Wiley . Charlotte was maternal grandmother to Laura Ingalls Wilder . As a young woman , Charlotte married Henry Newton Quiner from Connecticut . She was the first woman in her family to travel west , living in Ohio and Indiana before settling in the frontier town of Brookfield , Wisconsin . Martha Morse ( edit ) Allan Alexander Morse Margaret Drummond Grisell `` Grisie '' Morse ( b . 1774 ) Alisdair Morse ( b. 1776 ) Robert `` Robbie '' Morse ( b. 1778 ) Duncan Morse ( b. 1780 ) Martha Morse ( 1782 -- 1862 ) Martha Morse was born on January 2 , 1782 in Scotland , where her father was a wealthy landowners in the Scottish Highlands . Her mostly fictionalised story was told in the four - book series The Martha Years , by Melissa Wiley . Martha was Charlotte Tucker 's mother and great - grandmother to Laura Ingalls Wilder . Martha married Lewis Tucker , a blacksmith 's son . Lewis and Martha travelled to the United States and began their new life near Boston , Massachusetts , becoming the first of Laura 's ancestors to immigrate to America . The Wilder family ( edit ) Main article : Wilder family Daniel Wilder ( 1764 -- 1851 ) Mary Polly Gould ( 1765 -- 1828 ) Thomas Payne Sarah Stewart Mason Abel Wilder ( 1784 -- 1849 ) Hannah Payne ( 1790 -- 1842 ) Royal Gould Wilder ( 1809 -- 1815 ) Thomas Payne Wilder ( 1811 -- ? ) James Mason Wilder ( 1812 -- ? ) Hannah Payne Wilder ( 1814 -- 1891 ) Royal Gould Wilder ( 1816 -- 1887 ) Phoebe Wilder ( 1821 -- 1890 ) Polly Maria Wilder ( 1824 -- 1851 ) William Wilder ( 1828 -- 1909 ) Sarah Charlotte Wilder ( 1820 -- 1892 ) Joshua Prince Wilder ( 1832 -- 1832 ) Royal Gould Wilder ( 1809 -- 1815 ) Thomas Payne Wilder ( 1811 -- ? ) James Mason Wilder ( 1812 -- ? ) -- Almanzo 's father . Married Angeline Albina Day . Laura Ann Wilder ( 1844 -- 1899 ) -- born June 15 , 1844 , in 1874 married Harrison Lomanzo Howard . Kearny Howard ( step - child , born c. 1869 ) Angelina Esther Howard ( 1876 -- 1964 ) , in 1897 married Fred Merritt . Ralph Merritt Ethel Merritt Howard Merritt Harrison J. Howard ( 1878 -- 1918 ) Josephine Howard ( 1880 -- 1918 ) , married to William Walker Ralph Waldo Howard ( 1881 -- 1934 ) , married to Estelle C . Charles E. Howard ( 1908 -- 1978 ) Clarence Howard ( 1909 -- 1913 ) James J. Howard ( 1911 -- 1981 ) Ralph R. Howard ( 1913 -- 1921 ) Ralph Waldo Howard ( 1914 -- 1976 ) Paul Martin Howard ( 1920 -- 1923 ) Royal Gould Wilder ( 1847 -- 1925 ) , born February 20 , 1847 . In 1893 , married Electa Averill Hutchison . Ethel Hutchinson ( step - child , died 1905 ) , married Willard Stevens ( died in 1928 ) Clyde Hutchinson ( step - child ) , married Edna Baily Rae Hutchinson ( step - child ) , married Bertha Luedtke ( died 1910 ) Mae Hutchinson ( step - child ) , in 1912 married George Pooler Angeline Bernice Wilder ( 1894 -- 1957 ) , in 1917 married Arlow Laging and in 1929 , George Granger . `` baby girl '' Wilder ( stillborn in 1897 ) Susan E. Wilder ( 1898 -- 1899 ) Eliza Jane Wilder ( 1850 -- 1930 ) , born January 3 , 1850 . In 1893 , married Thomas Jefferson Thayer and in 1904 , Maxwell Gordon . Died in Los Angeles . Walcott Wilder Thayer ( 1894 -- 1965 ) , in 1918 married Frances Cockrell . Walter Thayer -- married Elaine Ditch Cynthia Thayer Walter Thayer Francis Gervaise Thayer -- married Alena ( last name unknown ) . Thomas Thayer Larry Thayer Betty Mae Thayer -- married a man with the surname Raymond , and later , a man with the surname Huey . Cynthia Raymond Walter Raymond David Huey Joan Huey Donald Huey Alice Wilder ( 1853 -- 1892 ) , born September 3 , 1853 . In 1879 married Albert A. Baldwin ( 1848 -- 1905 ) . Died in Florida . Myrtle Baldwin ( 1880 -- 1945 ) , married to John R. Brown Leland Edward Baldwin ( 1884 -- 1913 ) Almanzo Wilder ( 1857 -- 1949 ) Perley Day Wilder ( 1869 -- 1934 ) , born June 13 , 1869 , In 1897 married Elsie Lillian Merritt ( 1879 -- 1948 ) . Died in Los Angeles . James Wilder ( 1903 -- ? ) , married Thelma Gricourt Gladys Wilder ( 1905 -- ? ) Harold Wilder ( 1909 -- ? ) Perley Wilder Jr. , ( 1912 -- 1977 ) , married to Ethel Smith , and later , Dolores Moore Dorothy Wilder ( 1914 -- 1966 ) . Married to Carl Pittman John Wilder ( 1916 -- 1916 ) Hannah Payne Wilder ( 1814 -- 1891 ) Royal Gould Wilder ( 1816 -- 1887 ) -- born after his eldest brother 's death ( and so named after him ) . He became a reverend and married Eliza Jane Smith . Robert Wilder Grace Wilder William Wilder Edward Wilder Mary Jane Wilder Phoebe Wilder ( 1821 -- 1890 ) -- married Joseph C. Lamson . Chester Lamson ( 1854 -- 1934 ) -- married Catherine McDonough . Mabel Lamson ( 1888 -- 1982 ) Charles Lamson Gussie Lamson `` baby girl '' Lamson Polly Maria Wilder ( 1824 -- 1851 ) William Wilder ( 1828 -- 1909 ) Sarah Charlotte Wilder ( 1820 -- 1892 ) -- married Andrew Day ( her sister - in - law 's -- Almanzo 's mother -- brother ) Carrie May Day ( 1856 -- 1898 ) -- married Orville Everett . Frances Everett -- married a man with the last name of Smith . Dorothy Belle Smith Elmer A. Day ( 1862 -- 1947 ) -- married to Mary MacMaster ( 1864 -- 1945 ) Willard R. Day ( 1858 -- 1891 ) -- married Emma Hubbard Grace Day ( 1864 -- 1894 ) -- married to Grant Collins Joshua Prince Wilder ( 1832 -- 1832 ) The Day family ( edit ) Justin Day , I unknown unknown unknown Justin Day , II ( 1790 -- 1861 ) Diadema Bateman ( 1794 -- 1868 ) Laura Day ( 1819 -- ? ) Delia Day ( 1824 -- ? ) Angelina Albina Day ( 1821 -- ? ) Calinda A. Day ( 1826 -- ? ) Andrew Day ( 1828 -- ? ) John Wesley Day ( 1829 -- 1907 ) George W. Day ( 1821 -- 1872 ) Laura Day ( 1819 -- ? ) Delia Day ( 1824 -- ? ) Angelina Albina Day ( 1821 -- ? ) -- married James Mason Wilder and they had six children , including Almanzo James Wilder ( Laura Ingalls Wilder 's husband ) . For more information , see above . Celinda A. Day ( 1826 -- ? ) Andrew Day ( 1828 -- ? ) -- married Sarah Charlotte Wilder ( 1820 -- 1892 ) and they had four children . For more information , see the Wilders ' tree above ( since Sarah was a sister of Almanzo 's father ) . John Wesley Day ( 1829 -- 1907 ) -- married Alcesta Lindy . Fred Day Frank Day Albert Day Wilton Day George W. Day ( 1831 -- 1873 ) Neighbors , friends and acquaintances ( edit ) Real people ( edit ) Robert and Ellie Boast , were neighbors and friends of the Ingalls family . Reverend Edward Brown , was the reverend and Ingalls 's neighbour in De Smet , South Dakota Ida Wright - Brown , was an adopted daughter of the Reverend and Laura 's school friend in De Smet Oscar Edmund `` Cap '' Garland was one of the male school friends of Laura . He saved the town from starvation by going 15 miles to find wheat in a blizzard , along with Almanzo Wilder . Florence Adelia Garland Dawley was a teacher in De Smet and an older sister of Cap Garland . Mary Power , was Laura 's friend in De Smet Neta Seal , was a real - life close friend of grown - up Laura in Mansfield , Missouri Dr. Tann , was the Indian 's doctor in Kansas , during Ingalls 's stay there Characters based on real people ( edit ) Lew Brewster was a pseudonym for Louis Bouchie , a homesteader who offered Laura her first teaching job . Mr. Edwards , Ingalls 's fictional friend The Kennedy Family were the Ingalls 's neighbors in Walnut Grove , Minnesota and their children went to school with Mary and Laura Nellie Oleson was actually three real people : Nellie Owens , Genevieve Masters , and Stella Gilbert . Soldat du Chene , was a fictional Osage chief in Kansas , during Ingalls 's stay there References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Little House on the Prairie Season 8 Episode 8 Chicago '' . TV.com . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Little House on the Prairie '' . www.findagrave.com . Jump up ^ `` Ella ( Nell ) Peck Boast ( 1852 - 1918 ) - Find A Grave Memorial '' . www.findagrave.com . Jump up ^ Robert and Ella Boast at Laura Ingalls Wilder : Frontier Girl Jump up ^ Robert and Ella Boast at Laura Ingalls Wilder Memorial Society Jump up ^ `` Rev Edward Brown ( 1814 - 1895 ) - Find A Grave Memorial '' . www.findagrave.com . Jump up ^ Reverend Brown at Laura Ingalls Wilder Memorial Society Jump up ^ Reverend Brown at Laura Ingalls Wilder : Frontier Girl Jump up ^ `` Ida Belle Wright - Brown McConnell ( 1866 - 1926 ) - Find A Grave Memorial '' . www.findagrave.com . Jump up ^ Cap Garland at Laura Ingalls Wilder : Frontier Girl Jump up ^ `` Oscar Edmund `` Cap '' Garland ( 1864 - 1891 ) - Find A Grave Memorial `` . www.findagrave.com . Jump up ^ Florence Garland at Laura Ingalls Wilder : Frontier Girl Jump up ^ `` Florence Adelia Garland Dawley ( 1862 - 1935 ) - Find A Grave Memorial '' . www.findagrave.com . Jump up ^ `` Mary Power Sanford ( 1866 - 1929 ) - Find A Grave Memorial '' . www.findagrave.com . Jump up ^ Mary Power at Laura Ingalls Wilder : Frontier Girl Jump up ^ Mary Power at Laura Ingalls Wilder Memorial Society Jump up ^ `` Neta V Seal ( 1904 - 1996 ) - Find A Grave Memorial '' . www.findagrave.com . Jump up ^ Neta Seal at Laura Ingalls Wilder : Frontier Girl Jump up ^ `` George A. Tann ( 1825 - 1909 ) - Find A Grave Memorial '' . www.findagrave.com . Jump up ^ George A. Tann at Laura Ingalls Wilder : Frontier Girl Jump up ^ `` Louis Herbert Bouchie ( 1859 - 1894 ) - Find A Grave Memorial '' . www.findagrave.com . Jump up ^ Soldat du Chene at Laura Ingalls Wilder : Frontier Girl External links ( edit ) Laura 's family at Frontier Girl Official Little House books homepage Laura 's and Almanzo 's relatives Genealogy - Laura Ingalls Wilder ( hide ) Laura Ingalls Wilder Little House on the Prairie Books Little House in the Big Woods ( 1932 ) Farmer Boy ( 1933 ) Little House on the Prairie ( 1935 ) On the Banks of Plum Creek ( 1937 ) By the Shores of Silver Lake ( 1939 ) The Long Winter ( 1940 ) Little Town on the Prairie ( 1941 ) These Happy Golden Years ( 1943 ) On the Way Home ( 1962 , posthumous ) The First Four Years ( 1971 ) West from Home ( 1974 ) Old Town in the Green Groves ( 2002 ) A Little House Traveler ( 2006 ) Characters Mr. Edwards Nellie Oleson Robert Alden Other Live - action TV series pilot episodes Animated TV series TV films TV miniseries Musical Little House Wayside Locations Winoka Family Charles Ingalls Caroline Ingalls Mary Ingalls Carrie Ingalls Grace Ingalls Almanzo Wilder Rose Wilder Lane Other Young Pioneers novel pilot miniseries Christmas special Free Land Highway Medal William Anderson Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Little_House_on_the_Prairie_characters&oldid=826552659 '' Categories : Little House on the Prairie ( TV series ) Lists of drama television characters Lists of American television series characters Lists of literary characters Little House on the Prairie characters Hidden categories : Incomplete lists from August 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 20 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Little%20House%20on%20the%20Prairie%20characters	3,128
who has the most letters in the alphabet			English alphabet	english alphabet	The modern English alphabet is a Latin alphabet consisting of 26 letters , each having an uppercase and a lowercase form :	A a B b C c D d E e F f G g H h I i J j K k L l M m N n O o P p Q q R r S s T t U u V v W w X x Y y Z z The same letters constitute the ISO basic Latin alphabet . The exact shape of printed letters varies depending on the typeface ( and font ) . The shape of handwritten letters can differ significantly from the standard printed form ( and between individuals ) , especially when written in cursive style . Written English has a number of digraphs , but they are not considered separate letters of the alphabet : ch ci ck gh ng ph qu rh sc sh th ti wh wr zh Some traditions also use two ligatures , æ and œ , or consider the ampersand ( & ) part of the alphabet . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Old English 1.2 Modern English 1.3 Ligatures in recent usage 2 Proposed reforms 3 Diacritics 4 Letters 4.1 Etymology 4.2 Frequencies 4.3 Ampersand 4.4 Apostrophe 5 Phonology 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading History ( edit ) See also : History of the Latin alphabet and English orthography Old English ( edit ) Main article : Old English Latin alphabet The English language was first written in the Anglo - Saxon futhorc runic alphabet , in use from the 5th century . This alphabet was brought to what is now England , along with the proto - form of the language itself , by Anglo - Saxon settlers . Very few examples of this form of written Old English have survived , these being mostly short inscriptions or fragments . The Latin script , introduced by Christian missionaries , began to replace the Anglo - Saxon futhorc from about the 7th century , although the two continued in parallel for some time . Futhorc influenced the emerging English alphabet by providing it with the letters thorn ( Þ þ ) and wynn ( Ƿ ƿ ) . The letter eth ( Ð ð ) was later devised as a modification of dee ( D d ) , and finally yogh ( Ȝ ȝ ) was created by Norman scribes from the insular g in Old English and Irish , and used alongside their Carolingian g . The a-e ligature ash ( Æ æ ) was adopted as a letter in its own right , named after a futhorc rune æsc . In very early Old English the o-e ligature ethel ( Œ œ ) also appeared as a distinct letter , likewise named after a rune , œðel . Additionally , the v-v or u-u ligature double - u ( W w ) was in use . In the year 1011 , a monk named Byrhtferð recorded the traditional order of the Old English alphabet . He listed the 24 letters of the Latin alphabet first ( including ampersand ) , then 5 additional English letters , starting with the Tironian note ond ( ⁊ ) , an insular symbol for and : ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTVX YZ & ⁊ Ƿ Þ Ð Æ Modern English ( edit ) In the orthography of Modern English , thorn ( þ ) , eth ( ð ) , wynn ( ƿ ) , yogh ( ȝ ) , ash ( æ ) , and ethel ( œ ) are obsolete . Latin borrowings reintroduced homographs of ash and ethel into Middle English and Early Modern English , though they are not considered to be the same letters but rather ligatures , and in any case are somewhat old - fashioned . Thorn and eth were both replaced by th , though thorn continued in existence for some time , its lowercase form gradually becoming graphically indistinguishable from the minuscule y in most handwriting . Y for th can still be seen in pseudo-archaisms such as `` Ye Olde Booke Shoppe '' . The letters þ and ð are still used in present - day Icelandic while ð is still used in present - day Faroese . Wynn disappeared from English around the 14th century when it was supplanted by uu , which ultimately developed into the modern w . Yogh disappeared around the 15th century and was typically replaced by gh . The letters u and j , as distinct from v and i , were introduced in the 16th century , and w assumed the status of an independent letter , so that the English alphabet is now considered to consist of the following 26 letters : ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTU VWXYZ The variant lowercase form long s ( s ) lasted into early modern English , and was used in non-final position up to the early 19th century . Ligatures in recent usage ( edit ) Outside of professional papers on specific subjects that traditionally use ligatures in loanwords , ligatures are seldom used in modern English . The ligatures æ and œ were until the 19th century ( slightly later in American English ) used in formal writing for certain words of Greek or Latin origin , such as encyclopædia and cœlom , although such ligatures were not used in either classical Latin or ancient Greek . These are now usually rendered as `` ae '' and `` oe '' in all types of writing , although in American English , a lone e has mostly supplanted both ( for example , encyclopedia for encyclopaedia , and maneuver for manoeuvre ) . Some fonts for typesetting English contain commonly used ligatures , such as for ⟨ tt ⟩ , ⟨ fi ⟩ , ⟨ fl ⟩ , ⟨ ffi ⟩ , and ⟨ ffl ⟩ . These are not independent letters , but rather allographs . Proposed reforms ( edit ) Alternative scripts have been proposed for written English -- mostly extending or replacing the basic English alphabet -- such as the Deseret alphabet , the Shavian alphabet , Gregg shorthand , etc . Diacritics ( edit ) Main article : English terms with diacritical marks Diacritic marks mainly appear in loanwords such as naïve and façade . As such words become naturalised in English , there is a tendency to drop the diacritics , as has happened with old borrowings such as hôtel , from French . Informal English writing tends to omit diacritics because of their absence from the keyboard , while professional copywriters and typesetters tend to include them . Words that are still perceived as foreign tend to retain them ; for example , the only spelling of soupçon found in English dictionaries ( the OED and others ) uses the diacritic . Diacritics are also more likely to be retained where there would otherwise be confusion with another word ( for example , résumé ( or resumé ) rather than resume ) , and , rarely , even added ( as in maté , from Spanish yerba mate , but following the pattern of café , from French ) . Occasionally , especially in older writing , diacritics are used to indicate the syllables of a word : cursed ( verb ) is pronounced with one syllable , while cursèd ( adjective ) is pronounced with two . È is used widely in poetry , e.g. in Shakespeare 's sonnets . J.R.R. Tolkien uses ë , as in O wingëd crown . Similarly , while in chicken coop the letters - oo - represent a single vowel sound ( a digraph ) , in obsolete spellings such as zoölogist and coöperation , they represent two . This use of the diaeresis is rarely seen , but persists into the 2000s in some publications , such as MIT Technology Review and The New Yorker . An acute , grave , or diaeresis may also be placed over an `` e '' at the end of a word to indicate that it is not silent , as in saké . In general , these devices are often not used even where they would serve to alleviate some degree of confusion . Letters ( edit ) English alphabet A Received Pronunciation British English speaker reciting the English alphabet Problems playing this file ? See media help . The names of the letters are rarely spelled out , except when used in derivations or compound words ( for example tee - shirt , deejay , emcee , okay , aitchless , etc . ) , derived forms ( for example exed out , effing , to eff and blind , etc . ) , and in the names of objects named after letters ( for example em ( space ) in printing and wye ( junction ) in railroading ) . The forms listed below are from the Oxford English Dictionary . Vowels stand for themselves , and consonants usually have the form consonant + ee or e + consonant ( e.g. bee and ef ) . The exceptions are the letters aitch , jay , kay , cue , ar , ess ( but es - in compounds ) , double u , wye , and zed . Plurals of consonants end in - s ( bees , efs , ems ) or , in the cases of aitch , ess , and ex , in - es ( aitches , esses , exes ) . Plurals of vowels end in - es ( aes , ees , ies , oes , ues ) ; these are rare . All letters may stand for themselves , generally in capitalized form ( okay or OK , emcee or MC ) , and plurals may be based on these ( aes or As , cees or Cs , etc . ) Letter Name Name pronunciation Frequency Modern English Latin Modern English Latin Old French Middle English ā / eɪ / , / æ / / aː / / aː / / aː / 8.17 % bee bē / biː / / beː / / beː / / beː / 1.49 % cee cē / siː / / keː / / tʃeː / > / tseː / > / seː / / seː / 2.78 % dee dē / diː / / deː / / deː / / deː / 4.25 % ē / iː / / eː / / eː / / eː / 12.70 % ef ( eff as a verb ) ef / ɛf / / ɛf / / ɛf / / ɛf / 2.23 % gee gē / dʒ iː / / ɡeː / / dʒeː / / dʒeː / 2.02 % aitch hā / eɪ tʃ / / haː / > / ˈaha / > / ˈakːa / / ˈaːtʃə / / aːtʃ / 6.09 % haitch / heɪtʃ / i ī / aɪ / / iː / / iː / / iː / 6.97 % J jay -- / dʒ eɪ / -- -- / ja :/ 0.15 % jy / dʒ aɪ / kay kā / keɪ / / kaː / / kaː / / kaː / 0.77 % el or ell el / ɛl / / ɛl / / ɛl / / ɛl / 4.03 % em em / ɛm / / ɛm / / ɛm / / ɛm / 2.41 % en en / ɛn / / ɛn / / ɛn / / ɛn / 6.75 % O o ō / oʊ / / oː / / oː / / oː / 7.51 % pee pē / piː / / peː / / peː / / peː / 1.93 % Q cue qū / kjuː / / kuː / / kyː / / kiw / 0.10 % ar er / ɑːr / / ɛr / / ɛr / / ɛr / > / ar / 5.99 % or / ɔːr / ess ( es - ) es / ɛs / / ɛs / / ɛs / / ɛs / 6.33 % tee tē / tiː / / teː / / teː / / teː / 9.06 % U u ū / juː / / uː / / yː / / iw / 2.76 % V vee -- / viː / -- -- -- 0.98 % double - u -- / ˈdʌbəl. juː / -- -- -- 2.36 % X ex ex / ɛks / / ɛks / / iks / / ɛks / 0.15 % ix / ɪks / Y wy hȳ / waɪ / / hyː / ui , gui ? / wiː / ? 1.97 % / iː / ī graeca / iː ˈɡraɪka / / iː ɡrɛːk / Z zed zēta / zɛd / / ˈzeːta / / ˈzɛːdə / / zɛd / 0.07 % zee / ziː / Etymology ( edit ) The names of the letters are for the most part direct descendants , via French , of the Latin ( and Etruscan ) names . ( See Latin alphabet : Origins . ) The regular phonological developments ( in rough chronological order ) are : palatalization before front vowels of Latin / k / successively to / tʃ / , / ts / , and finally to Middle French / s / . Affects C . palatalization before front vowels of Latin / ɡ / to Proto - Romance and Middle French / dʒ / . Affects G . fronting of Latin / uː / to Middle French / yː / , becoming Middle English / iw / and then Modern English / juː / . Affects Q , U . the inconsistent lowering of Middle English / ɛr / to / ar / . Affects R . the Great Vowel Shift , shifting all Middle English long vowels . Affects A , B , C , D , E , G , H , I , K , O , P , T , and presumably Y . The novel forms are aitch , a regular development of Medieval Latin acca ; jay , a new letter presumably vocalized like neighboring kay to avoid confusion with established gee ( the other name , jy , was taken from French ) ; vee , a new letter named by analogy with the majority ; double - u , a new letter , self - explanatory ( the name of Latin V was ū ) ; wye , of obscure origin but with an antecedent in Old French wi ; zee , an American leveling of zed by analogy with the majority ; and izzard , from the Romance phrase i zed or i zeto `` and Z '' said when reciting the alphabet . Some groups of letters , such as pee and bee , or em and en , are easily confused in speech , especially when heard over the telephone or a radio communications link . Spelling alphabets such as the ICAO spelling alphabet , used by aircraft pilots , police and others , are designed to eliminate this potential confusion by giving each letter a name that sounds quite different from any other . Frequencies ( edit ) Main article : Letter frequency The letter most commonly used in English is E. The least used letter is Z . The frequencies shown in the table may differ in practice according to the type of text . Ampersand ( edit ) The & has sometimes appeared at the end of the English alphabet , as in Byrhtferð 's list of letters in 1011 . Historically , the figure is a ligature for the letters Et . In English and many other languages it is used to represent the word and and occasionally the Latin word et , as in the abbreviation &c ( et cetera ) . Apostrophe ( edit ) The apostrophe , while not considered part of the English alphabet , is used to contract English words . A few pairs of words , such as its ( belonging to it ) and it 's ( it is or it has ) , were ( form of ' to be ' ) and we 're ( we are ) , and shed ( to get rid of ) and she 'd ( she would or she had ) are distinguished in writing only by the presence or absence of an apostrophe . The apostrophe also distinguishes the possessive endings - 's and - s ' from the common plural ending - s , a practice introduced in the 18th century ; before , all three endings were written - s , which could lead to confusion ( as in , the Apostles words ) . Phonology ( edit ) Main article : English phonology The letters A , E , I , O , and U are considered vowel letters , since ( except when silent ) they represent vowels ; the remaining letters are considered consonant letters , since when not silent they generally represent consonants . However , Y commonly represents vowels as well as a consonant ( e.g. , `` myth '' ) , as very rarely does W ( e.g. , `` cwm '' ) . Conversely , U and I sometimes represent a consonant ( e.g. , `` quiz '' and `` onion '' respectively ) . W and Y are sometimes referred as semivowels by linguists . See also ( edit ) Alphabet song NATO phonetic alphabet English orthography English spelling reform American manual alphabet Two - handed manual alphabets English braille American braille New York Point Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ See also the section on Ligatures Jump up ^ often in Hiberno - English , due to the letter 's pronunciation in the Irish language Jump up ^ mostly in Hiberno - English , sometimes in Australian English , usually in Indian English ( although often considered incorrect ) , and also used in Malaysian English Jump up ^ in Scottish English Jump up ^ One of the few letter names not spelled with the letter in question . The spelling qu ~ que is obsolete , being attested from the 16th century . Jump up ^ in Hiberno - English Jump up ^ in compounds such as es - hook Jump up ^ Especially in American English , the / l / is often not pronounced in informal speech . ( Merriam Webster 's Collegiate Dictionary , 10th ed ) . Common colloquial pronunciations are / ˈdʌbəjuː / , / ˈdʌbəjə / , and / ˈdʌbjə / ( as in the nickname `` Dubya '' ) , especially in terms like www . Jump up ^ in British English , Hiberno - English and Commonwealth English Jump up ^ in American English References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Digraphs ( Phonics on the Web ) '' . www.phonicsontheweb.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Everson , Evertype , Baldur Sigurðsson , Íslensk Málstöð , On the Status of the Latin Letter Þorn and of its Sorting Order Jump up ^ `` Dictionary.com definition '' . Retrieved 18 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Beker , Henry ; Piper , Fred ( 1982 ) . Cipher Systems : The Protection of Communications . Wiley - Interscience . p. 397 . Table also available from Lewand , Robert ( 2000 ) . Cryptological Mathematics . The Mathematical Association of America . p. 36 . ISBN 978 - 0883857199 . and `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Apostrophe Definition '' . dictionary.com . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Michael Rosen ( 2015 ) . Alphabetical : How Every Letter Tells a Story . Counterpoint . ISBN 978 - 1619027022 . 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when is the dative case used in german	In general , the dative ( German : Dativ ) is used to mark the indirect object of a German sentence . For example :	to mark the indirect object of a German sentence	Dative case	dative case	The dative case ( abbreviated dat , or sometimes d when it is a core argument ) is a grammatical case used in some languages to indicate , among other uses , the noun to which something is given , as in `` Maria Jacobo potum dedit '' , Latin for `` Maria gave Jacob a drink '' . In these examples , the dative marks what would be considered the indirect object of a verb in English .	Sometimes the dative has functions unrelated to giving . In Scottish Gaelic and Irish , the term dative case is used in traditional grammars to refer to the prepositional case - marking of nouns following simple prepositions and the definite article . In Georgian , the dative case also marks the subject of the sentence with some verbs and some tenses . This is called the dative construction . The dative was common among early Indo - European languages and has survived to the present in the Balto - Slavic branch and the Germanic branch , among others . It also exists in similar forms in several non-Indo - European languages , such as the Uralic family of languages . In some languages , the dative case has assimilated the functions of other , now extinct cases . In Ancient Greek , the dative has the functions of the Proto - Indo - European locative and instrumental as well as those of the original dative . Under the influence of English , which uses the preposition `` to '' for ( among other uses ) both indirect objects ( give to ) and directions of movement ( go to ) , the term `` dative '' has sometimes been used to describe cases that in other languages would more appropriately be called lative . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 English 2.1 Set expressions 2.2 Relic pronouns 2.3 Modern English 3 German 4 Latin 5 Greek 5.1 Ancient 5.2 Modern 6 Slavic languages 7 Baltic languages 8 Armenian 9 Sanskrit 10 Non-Indo - European languages 10.1 Hungarian 10.2 Finnish 10.3 Tsez 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Etymology ( edit ) `` Dative '' comes from Latin cāsus datīvus ( `` case for giving '' ) , a translation of Greek δοτικὴ πτῶσις , dotikē ptôsis ( `` inflection for giving '' ) , from its use with the verb didónai `` to give '' . Dionysius Thrax in his Art of Grammar also refers to it as epistaltikḗ `` for sending ( a letter ) '' , from the verb epistéllō `` send to '' , a word from the same root as epistle . English ( edit ) The Old English language , which continued in use until after the Norman Conquest of 1066 , had a dative case ; however , the English case system gradually fell into disuse during the Middle English period , when the accusative and dative of pronouns merged into a single oblique case that was also used with all prepositions . This conflation of case in Middle and Modern English has led most modern grammarians to discard the `` accusative '' and `` dative '' labels as obsolete in reference to English , often using the term `` objective '' for oblique . Set expressions ( edit ) The dative case is rare in modern English usage , but it can be argued that it survives in a few set expressions . One example is the word `` methinks '' , with the meaning `` it seems to me '' . It survives in this fixed form from Old English ( having undergone , however , phonetic changes with the rest of the language ) , in which it was constructed as `` ( it ) '' + `` me '' ( the dative case of the personal pronoun ) + `` thinks '' ( i.e. , `` seems '' , < Old English þyncan , `` to seem '' , a verb closely related to the verb þencan , `` to think '' , but distinct from it in Old English ; later it merged with `` think '' and lost this meaning ) . Relic pronouns ( edit ) The modern objective case pronoun whom is derived from the dative case in Old English , specifically the Old English dative pronoun `` hwām '' ( as opposed to the modern subjective `` who '' , which descends from Old English `` hwā '' ) -- though `` whom '' also absorbed the functions of the Old English accusative pronoun `` hwone '' . It is also cognate to the word `` wem '' ( the dative form of `` wer '' ) in German . The OED defines all classical uses of the word `` whom '' in situations where the indirect object is not known -- in effect , indicating the anonymity of the indirect object . Likewise , some of the object forms of personal pronouns are remnants of Old English datives . For example , `` him '' goes back to the Old English dative him ( accusative was hine ) , and `` her '' goes back to the dative hire ( accusative was hīe ) . These pronouns are not datives in modern English ; they are also used for functions previously indicated by the accusative . Modern English ( edit ) A grammatical `` object '' is an object of something , either an object of a preposition or an object of a verb . Objects of verbs can be either direct or indirect , while objects of prepositions are neither direct nor indirect . The indirect object of the verb is expressed between the verb and the direct object of the verb : `` he gave me a book '' or `` he wrote me a poem . '' An indirect object can often be re-worded with a prepositional phrase using `` to '' or `` for '' , but it is then no longer an indirect object . For example , `` He gave a book to me '' and `` He wrote a poem for me '' have the same meaning the examples above , but are now adverbial prepositional phrases . Of course it is not unusual that two different grammatical structures can describe the same situation ; however referring to these prepositional objects mistakenly as indirect objects is a common error . German ( edit ) In general , the dative ( German : Dativ ) is used to mark the indirect object of a German sentence . For example : Ich schickte dem Mann ( e ) das Buch . ( literally : I sent `` to the man '' the book . ) -- Masculine Ich gab der Frau den Stift zurück . ( literally : I gave `` to the woman '' the pencil back . ) -- Feminine Ich überreiche dem Kind ( e ) ein Geschenk . ( literally : I hand `` to the child '' a present . ) -- Neuter In English , the first sentence can be rendered as `` I sent the book to the man '' and as `` I sent the man the book '' , where the indirect object is identified in English by standing in front of the direct object . The normal word order in German is to put the dative in front of the accusative ( as in the example above ) . However , since the German dative is marked in form , it can also be put after the accusative : Ich schickte das Buch dem Mann ( e ) . The ( e ) after Mann and Kind signifies a now largely archaic - e ending for certain nouns in the dative . It survives today almost exclusively in set phrases such as zu Hause ( to the house , lit . going home ) , im Zuge ( in the course of ) , and am Tage ( in the afternoon ) , as well as in occasional usage in formal prose , poetry , and song lyrics . Some masculine nouns ( and one neuter noun , Herz ( heart ) ) , referred to as weak nouns or n - nouns , take an - n or - en in the dative singular and plural . Many are masculine nouns ending in - e in the nominative ( such as Name ( name ) , Beamte ( officer ) , and Junge ( boy ) ) , although not all such nouns follow this rule . Many also , whether or not they fall into the former category , refer to people , animals , professions , or titles ; exceptions to this include the aforementioned Herz and Name , as well as Buchstabe ( letter ) , Friede ( peace ) , Obelisk ( obelisk ) , Planet ( planet ) , and others . Certain German prepositions require the dative : aus ( from ) , außer ( out of ) , bei ( at , near ) , entgegen ( against ) , gegenüber ( opposite ) , mit ( with ) , nach ( after , to ) , seit ( since ) , von ( from ) , and zu ( at , in , to ) . Some other prepositions ( an ( at ) , auf ( on ) , entlang ( along ) , hinter ( behind ) , in ( in , into ) , neben ( beside , next to ) , über ( over , across ) , unter ( under , below ) , vor ( in front of ) , and zwischen ( among , between ) ) may be used with dative ( indicating current location ) , or accusative ( indicating direction toward something ) . Das Buch liegt auf dem Tisch ( e ) ( dative : The book is lying on the table ) , but Ich lege das Buch auf den Tisch ( accusative : I put the book onto the table ) . In addition the four prepositions ( an ) statt ( in place of ) , trotz ( in spite of ) , während ( during ) , and wegen ( because of ) which require the genitive in modern formal language , are most commonly used with the dative in colloquial German . For example , `` because of the weather '' is expressed as wegen dem Wetter instead of the formally correct wegen des Wetters . Other prepositions requiring the genitive in formal language , are combined with von ( `` of '' ) in colloquial style , e.g. außerhalb vom Garten instead of außerhalb des Gartens ( `` outside the garden '' ) . Note that the concept of an indirect object may be rendered by a prepositional phrase . In this case , the noun 's or pronoun 's case is determined by the preposition , NOT by its function in the sentence . Consider this sentence : Ich sandte das Buch zum Verleger . ' I sent the book to the editor . ' Here , the subject , Ich , is in the nominative case , the direct object , das Buch , is in the accusative case , and zum Verleger is in the dative case , since zu always requires the dative ( zum is a contraction of zu + dem ) . However : Ich habe das Buch an meinen Freund ( accusative ) weitergegeben . ' I forwarded the book to my friend . ' ( weitergeben = lit. : to give further ) . In this sentence , Freund is the indirect object , but , because it follows an ( direction ) , the accusative is required , not the dative . All of the articles change in the dative case . Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural Definite article dem der dem den Indefinite article einem einer einem Ø Negative articles keinem keiner keinem keinen Some German verbs require the dative for their direct objects . Common examples are antworten ( to answer ) , danken ( to think ) , gefallen ( to please ) , folgen ( to follow ) , glauben ( to believe ) , helfen ( to help ) , and raten ( to advise ) . In each case , the direct object of the verb is rendered in the dative . For example : Meine Freunde helfen mir . ( My friends help me . ) These verbs can not be used in normal passive constructions , because German allows these only for verbs with accusative objects . It is therefore ungrammatical to say : * Ich werde geholfen . `` I am helped . '' Instead a special construction called `` impersonal passive '' must be used : Mir wird geholfen , literally : `` To me is helped . '' A colloquial ( non-standard ) and rarely used way to form the passive voice for dative verbs is the following : Ich kriege geholfen , or : Ich bekomme geholfen , literally : `` I get helped '' . The use of the verb `` to get '' here reminds us that the dative case has something to do with giving and receiving . In German , help is not something you perform on somebody , but rather something you offer them . The dative case is also used with reflexive ( sich ) verbs when specifying what part of the self the verb is being done to : Ich wasche mich . - accusative ( I wash myself . ) Ich wasche mir die Hände . - dative ( I wash my hands , literally `` I wash for myself the hands '' ) Cf . the respective accord in French : `` Les enfants se sont lavés '' ( the children have washed themselves ) vs. `` Les enfants se sont lavé '' ( uninflected ) `` les mains '' ( ... their hands ) . German can use two datives to make sentences like : Sei mir meinem Sohn ( e ) gnädig ! `` For my sake , have mercy on my son ! '' Literally : `` Be for me to my son merciful . '' The first dative mir ( `` for me '' ) expresses the speaker 's commiseration ( much like the dativus ethicus in Latin , see below ) . The second dative meinem Sohn ( e ) ( `` to my son '' ) names the actual object of the plea . Mercy is to be given to the son for or on behalf of his mother / father . Adjective endings also change in the dative case . There are three inflection possibilities depending on what precedes the adjective . They most commonly use weak inflection when preceded by a definite article ( the ) , mixed inflection after an indefinite article ( a / an ) , and strong inflection when a quantity is indicated ( many green apples ) . Adj. in dative case Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural Weak inflection - en - en - en - en Mixed inflection - en - en - en - en Strong inflection - em - er - em - en Latin ( edit ) Further information : Latin syntax § Examples of case use There are several uses for the dative case ( Dativus ) : Dativus finalis ( dative of purpose ) , e.g. non scholae sed vitae -- `` ( we learn ) not for school , but for life '' , auxilio vocare - `` to call for help '' , venio auxilio - `` I 'm coming for help '' , accipio dono - `` I receive ( this ) as a gift '' or puellae ornamento est - `` ( this ) is for the girl 's decoration '' , or `` ... for decoration for the girl '' ( puellae could be either dative or genitive ) Dativus commŏdi ( incommodi ) , which means action for ( or against ) somebody , e.g. , Graecis agros colere - `` to till fields for Greeks '' ; Combination of Dativus commodi and finalis ( double dative ) : tibi laetitiae `` to you for joy '' Dativus possessivus ( possessive dative ) which means possession , e.g. angelis alae sunt - literally `` to ( or for ) the angels are wings '' , this is typically found with a copula and translated as `` angels have wings '' . Dativus ethicus ( ethic dative ) indicates that the person in the dative is or should be especially concerned about the action , e.g. Quid mihi Celsus agit ? `` What is Celsus doing for me ? '' ( expressing the speaker being especially interested in what Celsus is doing for him or her ) ; or Cui prodest ? `` Whose interest does this serve ? '' ( literally `` To whom does this do good ? '' ) Dativus auctoris , meaning ; ' in the eyes of ' , e.g. , ' vir bonus mihi videtur ' ' he seems to me to be a good man ' . The dative expresses agency with the gerundive when the gerundive is used to convey obligation or necessity , e.g. , ' haec nobis agenda sunt , ' ' these things must be done by us . ' Greek ( edit ) Ancient ( edit ) In addition to its main function as the dativus , the dative case has other functions in Classical Greek : ( The chart below uses the Latin names for the types of dative ; the Greek name for the dative is δωτική πτώση , like its Latin equivalent , derived from the verb `` to give '' ; in Ancient Greek , δίδωμι . ) Dativus finalis : The dativus finalis , or the ' dative of purpose ' , is when the dative is used to denote the purpose of a certain action . For example : `` τῷ βασιλεῖ μάχομαι '' `` I fight for the king '' . `` θνῄσκω τῇ τιμῇ '' `` I die for honour '' . Dativus commŏdi ( incommodi ) : The dativus commodi sive incommodi , or the ' dative of benefit ( or harm ) ' is the dative that expresses the advantage or disadvantage of something for someone . For example : For the benefit of : `` πᾶς ἀνὴρ αὑτῷ πονεῖ '' ( Sophocles , Ajax 1366 ) . `` Every man toils for himself '' . For the harm or disadvantage of : `` ἥδε ἡ ἡμέρα τοῖς Ἕλλησι μεγάλων κακῶν ἄρξει . '' ( Thucydides 2.12. 4 ) . `` This day will be the beginning of great sorrows for the Greeks ( i.e. , for their disadvantage ) '' . Dativus possessivus : The dativus possessivus , or the ' dative of possession ' is the dative used to denote the possessor of a certain object or objects . For example : `` ἄλλοις μὲν γὰρ χρήματά ἐστι πολλὰ καὶ ἵπποι , ἡμῖν δὲ ξύμμαχοι ἀγαθοί . '' ( Thucycdides 1.86. 3 ) . `` For others have a lot of money and ships and horses , but we have good allies ( i.e. , To others there is a lot of money ... ) '' . Dativus ethicus : The dativus ethicus , or the ' ethic or polite dative , ' is when the dative is used to signify that the person or thing spoken of is regarded with interest by someone . This dative is mostly , if not exclusively , used in pronouns . As such , it is also called the `` dative of pronouns . '' For example : `` τούτῳ πάνυ μοι προσέχετε τὸν νοῦν . '' ( Demosthenes 18.178 ) . `` Pay close attention to this , I beg you ( i.e. , please pay ... ) '' . `` ὦ μῆτερ , ὡς καλός μοι ὁ πάππος . '' ( Xenophon , Cyropaedia 18.178 ) . `` Oh , mother , how handsome grandpa is ( I 've just realized ! ) '' . Dativus auctoris : The dativus auctoris , or the ' dative of agent , ' is the dative used to denote the doer of an action . Note , however , that in Classical Greek , the agent is usually in the genitive after ὑπό ( by , at the hands of ) . The agent is in the dative only with the perfect and pluperfect passive , and after the verbal adjective in - τέος . For example : `` πολλαὶ θεραπεῖαι τοῖς ἰατροῖς εὕρηνται . '' ( Isocrates 8.39 ) `` Many cures have been discovered by doctors . '' Dativus instrumenti : The dativus instrumenti , or the ' dative of instrument , ' is when the dative is used to denote an instrument or means of a certain action ( or , more accurately , as the instrumental case ) . For example : `` με κτείνει δόλῳ . '' ( Homer , Odyssey 9.407 ) `` He kills me with a bait ( i.e. , by means of a bait ) . '' Dativus modi : The dativus modi , or the ' dative of manner , ' is the dative used to describe the manner or way by which something happened . For example : `` νόσῳ ὕστερον ἀποθανόντα . '' ( Thucydides 8.84 ) `` having died of ( from ) a disease . '' Dativus mensurae : The dativus mensurae , or the ' dative of measurement , ' is the dative used to denote the measurement of difference . For example : `` τῇ κεφαλῇ μείζονα . '' ( Plato , Phaedo 101a ) `` taller by a head . '' `` μακρῷ ἄριστος . '' ( Plato , Laws 729d ) `` by far the best . '' The articles in the Greek dative are Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Plural Feminine Plural Neuter Plural Definite article ΤΩΙ ( τῳ ) ΤΗΙ ( τῃ ) ΤΩΙ ( τῳ ) ΤΟΙΣ ( τοις ) ΤΑΙΣ ( ταις ) ΤΟΙΣ ( τοις ) Indefinite article ΩΙ ( ῳ ) ΗΙ ( ῃ ) ΩΙ ( ῳ ) ΟΙΣ ( οις ) ΑΙΣ ( αις ) ΟΙΣ ( οις ) Nouns as well as adjectives receive suffixes . These vary according to the declension . Modern ( edit ) The dative case , strictly speaking , no longer exists in Modern Greek , except in fossilized expressions like δόξα τω Θεώ ( from the ecclesiastical τῷ Θεῷ δόξα , `` Glory to God '' ) or εν τάξει ( ἑν τάξει , lit . `` in order '' , i.e. `` all right '' or `` OK '' ) . Otherwise , most of the functions of the dative have been subsumed in the accusative . Slavic languages ( edit ) In Russian , the dative case is used for indicating the indirect object of an action ( that to which something is given , thrown , read , etc . ) . In the instance where a person is the goal of motion , dative is used instead of accusative to indicate motion toward . This is usually achieved with the preposition κ + destination in dative case ; К врачу , meaning `` to the doctor . '' Dative is also the necessary case taken by certain prepositions when expressing certain ideas . For instance , when the preposition по is used to mean `` along , '' its object is always in dative case , as in По бокам , meaning `` along the sides . '' Other Slavic languages apply the dative case ( and the other cases ) more or less the same way as does Russian , some languages may use the dative in other ways . The following examples are from Polish : after certain verbs ( dziękować komuś `` to thank someone '' , pomóc komuś `` to help someone '' , wierzyć komuś `` to believe someone '' ) in certain expressions ( Czy podoba ci się piosenka ? `` Do you like the song ? '' , Jest mi zimno `` I 'm cold '' , Jest nam smutno `` We 're feeling sad '' , Będzie wam trudniej ... `` It will be more difficult for you guys '' ) , Śniło jej się , że ... `` She dreamt that '' dativus commodi to indicate action for somebody ( Zbuduję temu człowiekowi dom `` I will build a house for this person '' ) when something is taken away or something occurs to someone ( Zdechł im pies `` Their dog died '' ; Zabrali mu komputer `` They took away his computer '' ; Zepsuł nam się samochód `` Our car broke down '' ; Coś mi się przypomniało `` I just remembered something '' ) Some other kinds of dative use as found in the Serbo - Croatian language are : Dativus finalis ( Titaniku u pomoć `` to Titanic 's rescue '' ) , Dativus commodi / incommodi ( Operi svojoj majci suđe `` Wash the dishes for your mother '' ) , Dativus possessivus ( Ovcama je dlaka gusta `` Sheep 's hair is thick '' ) , Dativus ethicus ( Šta mi radi Boni ? `` What is Boni doing ? ( I am especially interested in what it is ) '' ) and Dativus auctoris ( Izgleda mi okej `` It seems okay to me '' ) . Unusual in other Indo - European branches but common among Slavic languages , endings of nouns and adjectives are different based on grammatical function . Other factors are gender and number . In some cases , the ending may not be obvious , even when those three factors ( function , gender , number ) are considered . For example , in Polish , ' syn ' ( `` son '' ) and ' ojciec ' ( `` father '' ) are both masculine singular nouns , yet appear as syn → synowi and ojciec → ojcu in the dative . Baltic languages ( edit ) Both Lithuanian and Latvian have a distinct dative case in the system of nominal declensions . Lithuanian nouns preserve Indo - European inflections in the dative case fairly well : ( o - stems ) vaikas - > sg . vaikui , pl . vaikams ; ( ā - stems ) ranka - > sg . rankai , pl . rankoms ; ( i - stems ) viltis - > sg . vilčiai , pl . viltims ; ( u-stems ) sūnus - > sg . sūnui , pl . sūnums ; ( consonant stems ) vanduo - > sg . vandeniui , pl . vandenims . Adjectives in the dative case receive pronominal endings ( this might be the result of a more recent development ) : tas geras vaikas - > sg . tam geram vaikui , pl . tiems geriems vaikams . The dative case in Latvian underwent further simplifications - the original masculine endings of both nouns and adjectives have been replaced with pronominal inflections : tas vīrs - > sg . tam vīram , pl . tiem vīriem . Also , the final `` s '' in all Dative forms has been dropped . The only exception is personal pronouns in the plural : mums ( to us ) , jums ( to you ) . Note that in colloquial Lithuanian the final `` s '' in the dative is often omitted , as well : time geriem vaikam . In both Latvian and Lithuanian , the main function of the dative case is to render the indirect object in a sentence : ( lt ) aš duodu vyrui knygą ; ( lv ) es dodu ( duodu ) vīram grāmatu - I am giving a book to the man . The dative case can also be used with gerundives to indicate an action preceding or simultaneous with the main action in a sentence : ( lt ) jam įėjus , visi atsistojo - when he walked in , everybody stood up , lit . to him having walked in , all stood up ; ( lt ) jai miegant , visi dirbo - while she slept , everybody was working , lit . to her sleeping , all were working . In modern standard Lithuanian , Dative case is not required by prepositions , although in many dialects it is done frequently : ( dial . ) iki ( + D ) šiai dienai , ( stand . ) iki ( + G ) šios dienos - up until this day . In Latvian , the dative case is taken by several prepositions in the singular and all prepositions in the plural ( due to peculiar historical changes ) : sg . bez ( + G ) tevis ( without thee ) ~ pl . bez ( + D ) jums ( without you ) ; sg . pa ( + A ) ceļu ( along the road ) ~ pl . pa ( + D ) ceļiem ( along the roads ) . Armenian ( edit ) In modern Eastern Armenian , the dative is attained by adding any article to the genitive : dog = շուն GEN > շան ( of the dog ; dog 's ) with no articles DAT > շանը or շանն ( to the dog ) with definite articles ( - ն if preceding a vowel ) DAT > մի շան ( to a dog ) with indefinite article DAT > շանս ( to my dog ) with 1st person possessive article DAT > շանդ ( to your dog ) with 2nd person possessive article There is a general tendency to view - ին as the standard dative suffix , but only because that is its most productive ( and therefore common ) form . The suffix - ին as a dative marker is nothing but the standard , most common , genitive suffix - ի accompanied by the definite article - ն . But the dative case encompasses indefinite objects as well , which will not be marked by - ին : Definite DAT > Ես գիրքը տվեցի տղային : ( I gave the book to the boy ) Indefinite DAT > Ես գիրքը տվեցի մի տղայի : ( I gave the book to a boy ) The main function of the dative marking in Armenian is to indicate the receiving end of an action , more commonly the indirect object which in English is preceded by the preposition to . In the use of `` giving '' verbs like give , donate , offer , deliver , sell , bring ... the dative marks the recipient . With communicative verbs like tell , say , advise , explain , ask , answer ... the dative marks the listener . Other verbs whose indirect objects are marked by the dative case in Armenian are show , reach , look , approach ... Eastern Armenian also uses the dative case to mark the time of an event , in the same way English uses the preposition at , as in Meet me at nine o ' clock . Sanskrit ( edit ) The dative case is known as the `` fourth case '' ( chaturthi - vibhakti ) in the usual procedure in the declension of nouns . Its use is mainly for the indirect object as Sanskrit has seven other cases including an instrumental . The term `` dative '' is grammatically similar to the Sanskrit word `` datta '' . `` Datta '' means `` gift '' or `` the act of giving '' . Non-Indo - European languages ( edit ) Hungarian ( edit ) As with many other languages , the dative case is used in Hungarian to show the indirect object of a verb . For example , Dánielnek adtam ezt a könyvet ( I gave this book to Dániel ) . It has two suffixes , - nak and - nek ; the correct one is selected by vowel harmony . The personal dative pronouns follow the - nek version : nekem , neked , etc . This case is also used to express `` for '' in certain circumstances , such as `` I bought a gift for Mother '' . In possessive constructions the nak / nek endings are also used but this is NOT the dative form ( rather , the attributive or possessive case ) Finnish ( edit ) Finnish does not have a separate dative case . However , the allative case can fulfill essentially the same role as dative , beyond its primary meaning of directional movement ( that is , going somewhere or approaching someone ) . For example : He lahjoittivat kaikki rahansa köyhille ( They donated all their money to the poor . ) Tsez ( edit ) In the Northeast Caucasian languages , such as Tsez , the dative also takes the functions of the lative case in marking the direction of an action . By some linguists , they are still regarded as two separate cases in those languages , although the suffixes are exactly the same for both cases . Other linguists list them separately only for the purpose of separating syntactic cases from locative cases . An example with the ditransitive verb `` show '' ( literally : `` make see '' ) is given below : Кидбā ужихъор кIетIу биквархо . kidb - ā uži - qo - r kʼetʼu b - ikwa - r - xo girl : OBL - ERG boy - POSS - DAT / LAT cat : ( III ) : ABS III - see - CAUS - PRES `` The girl shows the cat to the boy . '' The dative / lative is also used to indicate possession , as in the example below , because there is no such verb as `` to have '' . Кидбехъор кIетIу зовси . kidbe - qo - r kʼetʼu zow - si girl : OBL - POSS - DAT / LAT cat : ABS be : PST - PST `` The girl had a cat . '' As in the examples above , the dative / lative case usually occurs in combination with another suffix as poss - lative case ; this should not be regarded as a separate case , however , as many of the locative cases in Tsez are constructed analytically ; hence , they are , in fact , a combination of two case suffixes . See Tsez language # Locative case suffixes for further details . Verbs of perception or emotion ( like `` see '' , `` know '' , `` love '' , `` want '' ) also require the logical subject to stand in the dative / lative case . Note that in this example the `` pure '' dative / lative without its POSS - suffix is used . ГIалир ПатIи йетих . ʻAli - r Patʼi y - eti - x Ali - DAT / LAT Fatima : ( II ) : ABS II - love - PRES `` Ali loves Fatima . '' See also ( edit ) Dative construction Declension in English Double dative References ( edit ) Jump up ^ δοτικός . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ; A Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project Jump up ^ διδόναι in Liddell and Scott Jump up ^ Dionysius Thrax . τέχνη γραμματική ( Art of Grammar ) , section ιβ _́ ( 10b ) : περὶ ὀνόματος ( On the noun ) . Bibliotheca Augustana . Jump up ^ `` Objective case ( grammar ) '' . ( about ) education . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Personal pronoun '' . Oxford Dictionaries . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Generating & parsing clitics with getarun '' . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.28. 10 . Jump up ^ Wheelock , Frederic ( 2011 ) , Wheelock 's Latin , New York : HarperCollins , p. 195 , ASIN 0061997226 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 199722 - 8 CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN ( link ) Jump up ^ Morwood , James . Oxford Grammar of Classical Greek . Oxford University Press , 2002 . ( ISBN 0 - 19 - 521851 - 5 ) Jump up ^ Ignatius Singer , ' Simplified Grammar of the Hungarian Language ' , 1882 . External links ( edit ) German dative case A lesson covering the dative case in the German language Hungarian dative case from www . HungarianReference.com Russian Dative : ( 1 ) , ( 2 ) , ( 3 ) Grammatical cases List of cases Declension Morphosyntactic alignment ( hide ) Cases Morphosyntactic alignment Absolutive Accusative Direct Ergative Intransitive Nominative Oblique Partitive Pegative Location , time , direction Ablative Addirective Adelative Adessive Allative Antessive Apudessive Approximative Delative Distantitive Distributive ( -- temporal ) Egressive Elative Illative Inelative Inessive Initiative Intrative Lative Locative Medial Perlative Pertingent Postdirective Postelative Postessive Prolative Prosecutive Proximative Separative Subdirective Subelative Subessive Sublative Superdirective Superelative Superessive Superlative Temporal Terminative Possession , companion , instrument Abessive Associative Caritive Comitative Dative Genitive Instrumental ( -- comitative ) Ornative Possessed Possessive Privative Sociative State , manner Adverbial Comparative Equative Essive ( -- formal , -- modal ) Exessive Formal Identical Instructive Modal Multiplicative Orientative Revertive Semblative Translative Cause , purpose Aversive Benefactive Causal ( -- final ) Evitative Final Other Dubitive Postpositional Prepositional Vocative Declensions Czech Archaic Dutch English ( Middle English , Old English ) Finnish German ( Old High German ) Gothic Irish Latin Latvian Lithuanian Serbo - Croatian Slovak Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dative_case&oldid=816798865 '' Categories : Grammatical cases Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Aragonés Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gàidhlig Galego Հայերեն Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano Basa Jawa Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Тыва дыл Українська Vèneto 文言 ייִדיש 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 December 2017 , at 19 : 46 . 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who is the majority shareholder of the green bay packers			Green Bay Packers , Inc. .	green bay packers, inc..	Green Bay Packers , Inc. is the official name of the publicly held nonprofit corporation that owns the Green Bay Packers football franchise of the National Football League ( NFL ) .	The Packers are the only publicly owned franchise in the NFL . Rather than being the property of an individual , partnership , or corporate entity , they are held as of 2016 by 360,760 stockholders . No one is allowed to hold more than 200,000 shares , which represents approximately four percent of the 5,011,558 shares currently outstanding . It is this broad - based community support and non-profit structure which has kept the team in Green Bay for nearly a century in spite of being the smallest market in all of North American professional sports . Green Bay is the only team with this public form of ownership structure in the NFL , grandfathered when the NFL 's current ownership policy stipulating a maximum of 32 owners per team , with one holding a minimum 30 % stake , was established in the 1980s . As a publicly held nonprofit , the Packers are also the only American major - league sports franchise to release its financial balance sheet every year . Contents 1 Board of directors 2 Shareholder rights 3 Stock sales 4 Green Bay Packers Foundation 5 References Board of directors ( edit ) The Green Bay Packers Board of Directors is the organization that serves as the owner of record for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The Packers have been a publicly owned , non-profit corporation since August 18 , 1923 . The corporation currently has 360,760 stockholders , who collectively own 5,011,558 shares of stock after the last stock sale of 2011 to 2012 . There have been five stock sales , in 1923 , 1935 , 1950 , 1997 , and 2011 . Shares in 1923 sold for $5 apiece ( approximately $72 in 2017 dollars ) , while in 1997 they were sold at $200 each and in 2011 , $250 each . The NFL does not allow corporate ownership of clubs , requiring every club to be wholly owned by either a single owner or a small group of owners , one of whom must hold a one - third stake in the team . The Packers are granted an exemption to this rule , as they have been a publicly owned corporation since before the rule was in place . The corporation is governed by a seven - member executive committee , elected from among the board of directors . The committee directs corporate management , approves major capital expenditures , establishes board policy , and monitors performance of management in conducting the business and affairs of the corporation . The elected president , currently Mark H. Murphy , represents the corporation at NFL owners meetings and other league functions . The president is the only officer who receives compensation . The balance of the committee sits gratis . Shareholder rights ( edit ) Even though it is referred to as `` common stock '' in corporate offering documents , a share of Packers stock does not share the same rights traditionally associated with common or preferred stock . It does not include an equity interest , does not pay dividends , can not be traded , and has no protection under securities law . It also confers no season - ticket purchasing privileges . Shareholders receive nothing more than voting rights , an invitation to the corporation 's annual meeting , and an opportunity to purchase exclusive shareholder - only merchandise . Shares can not be resold , except back to the team for a fraction of the original price . While new shares can be given as gifts , transfers are technically allowed only between immediate family members once ownership has been established . Stock sales ( edit ) A 1923 Green Bay Packers stock certificate , as displayed at the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame There have been five stock issues over the history of the Packers organization : 1923 Shares of stock were first sold to establish the club as a corporation . A total of five thousand dollars was raised through the sale of one thousand shares at five dollars apiece . Each stockholder was required to buy six season tickets . To ensure that there could never be any financial inducement for shareholders to move the club outside Green Bay , the original articles of incorporation for the Green Bay Football Corporation stipulated that in the event of the sale of the franchise , all profits from the sale be donated to the Sullivan - Wallen Post of the American Legion , earmarked for the purpose of building `` a proper soldier 's memorial . '' At the November 1997 annual meeting , shareholders voted to change the beneficiary to the Green Bay Packers Foundation , established to make donations to charities and institutions throughout Wisconsin . 1935 A second stock offering was conducted to raise fifteen thousand dollars after the corporation had gone into receivership . The nonprofit Green Bay Football Corporation was then reorganized as the Green Bay Packers , Inc. , the present company , with three hundred shares of stock outstanding . 1950 A third offering was held to prevent the team from becoming insolvent or moving out of Green Bay in the face of competition from the All - America Football Conference and founder Curly Lambeau 's departure after a 30 - year reign as coach . Club officers amended corporation 's bylaws to permit up to ten thousand total shares of stock to be held . To ensure no individual could assume control , a limit of two hundred shares per stockholder was implemented and the number of directors increased from fifteen to twenty - five . Approximately half the potential 9,700 new shares were sold , raising over $118,000 on some 4,700 $25 shares . In addition to being publicly held , the Packers organization also enjoys substantial support directly from its community . In 1956 , voters of the city of Green Bay approved funding to construct a new municipally owned stadium . Like its predecessor , it was called City Stadium . On September 11 , 1965 , it was renamed Lambeau Field . 1997 -- 98 The club 's then - 1,940 shareholders voted to create one million new shares , simultaneously giving themselves a thousand - to - one split . The net effect was to ensure that existing shareholders retained the vast majority of voting power . An offering of four hundred thousand shares followed to raise money for Lambeau Field redevelopment . Running for 17 weeks from late 1997 to March 16 , 1998 , it raised over $24 million through the purchase of 120,010 shares at two hundred dollars apiece by 105,989 new shareholders . 2011 To raise money for a large $143 - million Lambeau Field expansion , which included approximately 6,700 new seats , new high - definition video boards , a new sound system , and two new gates , a fifth stock sale began on December 6 , 2011 . Demand exceeded expectations , and the original 250,000 - share limit was increased by 30,000 . By the offering 's end on February 29 , 2012 , over $64 million had been raised through 250,000 buyers purchasing 269,000 shares at $250 apiece . Buyers were from all 50 U.S. states , and for the first time , sales were briefly allowed in Canada , adding around 2,000 shareholders . Approximately 99 % of the shares were purchased online . In the summer of 2011 , when the team traveled to the White House to celebrate their Super Bowl XLV victory , Charles Woodson presented President Barack Obama , a Chicago Bears fan , with a share of the team stock . Green Bay Packers Foundation ( edit ) Main article : Green Bay Packers Foundation The team created the Green Bay Packers Foundation in December 1986 . It assists in a wide variety of activities and programs benefiting education , civic affairs , health services , human services and youth - related programs . At the team 's 1997 annual stockholders meeting , the foundation was designated , in place of a Sullivan - Wallen Post soldiers memorial , as recipient of any residual assets upon the team 's sale or dissolution . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Executive Committee And Board of Directors '' . Green Bay Packers . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shareholders '' . Green Bay Packers . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shareholder History & Financial History '' ( PDF ) . Green Bay Packers . January 22 , 2015 . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Saunders , Laura ( 13 January 2012 ) . `` Are the Green Bay Packers the Worst Stock in America ? '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Daniel ( October 26 , 2009 ) . `` NFL pares ownership rule '' . SportsBusiness Daily . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Shareholders '' . Packers.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Packers plan fifth stock sale '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . December 1 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Green Bay Packers 2011 Common Stock Offering Document '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Michael McIntee ( 2011 - 08 - 12 ) , Super Bowl Champs Packers At White House , retrieved 2017 - 12 - 27 Green Bay Packers Founded in 1919 Based and headquartered in Green Bay , Wisconsin Franchise Founders : Curly Lambeau & George Whitney Calhoun Franchise overview Green Bay Packers , Inc . Charitable Foundation Team history Records Coaches Draft history First - round draft picks Players A -- D E -- K L -- R S -- Z Pro Bowlers Pro Football Hall of Famers Records Retired numbers Seasons Stadiums Starting quarterbacks Stadiums Hagemeister Park Bellevue Park City Stadium Borchert Field Wisconsin State Fair Park Marquette Stadium Milwaukee County Stadium Lambeau Field Training facilities Clarke Hinkle Field Don Hutson Center Ray Nitschke Field Rockwood Lodge ( former ) St. Norbert College ( training camp ) Culture `` Bang the Drum All Day '' Bart Starr Award Cheerleaders Cheesehead Fight song Hall of Fame Fan Hall of Fame The Hungry Five Indian Packing Company Lambeau Leap Lombardi Lumberjack Band Packers Heritage Trail Packers Pro Shop Packers sweep Pigskin Champions Pitch Perfect 2 Receiver ( statue ) Ron Wolf That ' 70s Show Titletown District Vernon Biever Vince Lombardi Lore 4th and 26 Dolly Gray impostor Fail Mary Miracle in Motown The Ice Bowl The Mud Bowl The Snow Bowl Rivalries Chicago Bears Dallas Cowboys Detroit Lions Minnesota Vikings Division championships ( 18 ) 1936 1938 1939 1944 1967 1972 1995 1997 2002 2003 2007 2011 2012 2013 2014 2016 Conference championships ( 9 ) 1960 1961 1962 1965 1966 1967 1997 League championships ( 13 ) 1929 1930 1931 1936 1939 1944 1961 1962 1965 1966 ( I ) 1967 ( II ) 1996 ( XXXI ) 2010 ( XLV ) Retired numbers 14 15 66 92 Media Broadcasters Radio : Packers Radio Network WIXX WKTI - HD2 WTAQ WTMJ Television : WGBA - TV WTMJ - TV Personnel : Wayne Larrivee ( play - by - play ) Larry McCarren ( color / analysis ) Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1921 -- present ) Conference : National Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) Division : North Division ( 2002 -- present ) Seasons ( 100 ) Championship seasons in bold 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1997 1998 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 does not include 1966 or 1967 NFL championships Current owners of the National Football League American Football Conference AFC East AFC North AFC South AFC West Terry and Kim Pegula ( Buffalo Bills ) Stephen M. Ross ( Miami Dolphins ) Robert Kraft ( New England Patriots ) Woody Johnson ( New York Jets ) Steve Bisciotti ( Baltimore Ravens ) Mike Brown ( Cincinnati Bengals ) Jimmy and Dee Haslam ( Cleveland Browns ) Rooney family ( Pittsburgh Steelers ) Bob McNair ( Houston Texans ) Jim Irsay ( Indianapolis Colts ) Shahid Khan ( Jacksonville Jaguars ) Amy Adams Strunk ( Tennessee Titans ) Pat Bowlen ( Denver Broncos ) Clark Hunt ( Kansas City Chiefs ) Dean Spanos ( Los Angeles Chargers ) Mark and Carol Davis ( Oakland Raiders ) National Football Conference NFC East NFC North NFC South NFC West Jerry Jones ( Dallas Cowboys ) John Mara and Steve Tisch ( New York Giants ) Jeffrey Lurie ( Philadelphia Eagles ) Daniel Snyder ( Washington Redskins ) Virginia Halas McCaskey ( Chicago Bears ) Martha Firestone Ford ( Detroit Lions ) Green Bay Packers , Inc . ( Green Bay Packers ) Zygi Wilf ( Minnesota Vikings ) Arthur Blank ( Atlanta Falcons ) David Tepper ( Carolina Panthers ) Gayle Benson ( New Orleans Saints ) Glazer family ( Tampa Bay Buccaneers ) Bill Bidwill ( Arizona Cardinals ) Stan Kroenke ( Los Angeles Rams ) John and Denise York ( San Francisco 49ers ) The Estate of Paul Allen ( Seattle Seahawks ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green_Bay_Packers,_Inc.&oldid=866254316 '' Categories : Green Bay Packers 1923 establishments in Wisconsin Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 07 : 11 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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types of protein on the basis of structure			Protein structure	protein structure		This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Interactive diagram of protein structure , using PCNA as an example . ( PDB : 1AXC ) Protein structure is the three - dimensional arrangement of atoms in an amino acid - chain molecule . Proteins are polymers -- specifically polypeptides -- formed from sequences of amino acids , the monomers of the polymer . A single amino acid monomer may also be called a residue indicating a repeating unit of a polymer . Proteins form by amino acids undergoing condensation reactions , in which the amino acids lose one water molecule per reaction in order to attach to one another with a peptide bond . By convention , a chain under 30 amino acids is often identified as a peptide , rather than a protein . To be able to perform their biological function , proteins fold into one or more specific spatial conformations driven by a number of non-covalent interactions such as hydrogen bonding , ionic interactions , Van der Waals forces , and hydrophobic packing . To understand the functions of proteins at a molecular level , it is often necessary to determine their three - dimensional structure . This is the topic of the scientific field of structural biology , which employs techniques such as X-ray crystallography , NMR spectroscopy , and dual polarisation interferometry to determine the structure of proteins . Protein structures range in size from tens to several thousand amino acids . By physical size , proteins are classified as nanoparticles , between 1 -- 100 nm . Very large aggregates can be formed from protein subunits . For example , many thousands of actin molecules assemble into a microfilament . A protein generally undergo reversible structural changes in performing its biological function . The alternative structures of the same protein are referred to as different conformational isomers , or simply , conformations , and transitions between them are called conformational changes . Contents 1 Levels of protein structure 1.1 Primary structure 1.2 Secondary structure 1.3 Tertiary structure 1.4 Quaternary structure 2 Domains , motifs , and folds in protein structure 2.1 Structural domain 2.2 Structural and sequence motif 2.3 Supersecondary structure 2.4 Protein fold 2.5 Superdomain 3 Protein folding 4 Protein stability 5 Protein structure determination 5.1 Protein Sequence Analysis : Ensembles 6 Protein structure databases 7 Structure classification 8 Computational prediction of protein structure 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Levels of protein structure ( edit ) There are four distinct levels of protein structure . Primary structure ( edit ) Main article : Protein primary structure The primary structure of a protein refers to the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain . The primary structure is held together by peptide bonds that are made during the process of protein biosynthesis . The two ends of the polypeptide chain are referred to as the carboxyl terminus ( C - terminus ) and the amino terminus ( N - terminus ) based on the nature of the free group on each extremity . Counting of residues always starts at the N - terminal end ( NH - group ) , which is the end where the amino group is not involved in a peptide bond . The primary structure of a protein is determined by the gene corresponding to the protein . A specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA is transcribed into mRNA , which is read by the ribosome in a process called translation . The sequence of amino acids in insulin was discovered by Frederick Sanger , establishing that proteins have defining amino acid sequences . The sequence of a protein is unique to that protein , and defines the structure and function of the protein . The sequence of a protein can be determined by methods such as Edman degradation or tandem mass spectrometry . Often , however , it is read directly from the sequence of the gene using the genetic code . It is strictly recommended to use the words `` amino acid residues '' when discussing proteins because when a peptide bond is formed , a water molecule is lost , and therefore proteins are made up of amino acid residues . Post-translational modification such as disulfide bond formation , phosphorylations and glycosylations are usually also considered a part of the primary structure , and can not be read from the gene . For example , insulin is composed of 51 amino acids in 2 chains . One chain has 31 amino acids , and the other has 20 amino acids . Secondary structure ( edit ) An α - helix with hydrogen bonds ( yellow dots ) Main article : Protein secondary structure Secondary structure refers to highly regular local sub-structures on the actual polypeptide backbone chain . Two main types of secondary structure , the α - helix and the β - strand or β - sheets , were suggested in 1951 by Linus Pauling and coworkers . These secondary structures are defined by patterns of hydrogen bonds between the main - chain peptide groups . They have a regular geometry , being constrained to specific values of the dihedral angles ψ and φ on the Ramachandran plot . Both the α - helix and the β - sheet represent a way of saturating all the hydrogen bond donors and acceptors in the peptide backbone . Some parts of the protein are ordered but do not form any regular structures . They should not be confused with random coil , an unfolded polypeptide chain lacking any fixed three - dimensional structure . Several sequential secondary structures may form a `` supersecondary unit '' . Tertiary structure ( edit ) Main article : Protein tertiary structure Tertiary structure refers to the three - dimensional structure of monomeric and multimeric protein molecules . The α - helixes and β - pleated - sheets are folded into a compact globular structure . The folding is driven by the non-specific hydrophobic interactions , the burial of hydrophobic residues from water , but the structure is stable only when the parts of a protein domain are locked into place by specific tertiary interactions , such as salt bridges , hydrogen bonds , and the tight packing of side chains and disulfide bonds . The disulfide bonds are extremely rare in cytosolic proteins , since the cytosol ( intracellular fluid ) is generally a reducing environment . Quaternary structure ( edit ) Main article : Protein quaternary structure Quaternary structure is the three - dimensional structure consisting of the aggregation of two or more individual polypeptide chains ( subunits ) that operate as a single functional unit ( multimer ) . The resulting multimer is stabilized by the same non-covalent interactions and disulfide bonds as in tertiary structure . There are many possible quaternary structure organisations . Complexes of two or more polypeptides ( i.e. multiple subunits ) are called multimers . Specifically it would be called a dimer if it contains two subunits , a trimer if it contains three subunits , a tetramer if it contains four subunits , and a pentamer if it contains five subunits . The subunits are frequently related to one another by symmetry operations , such as a 2-fold axis in a dimer . Multimers made up of identical subunits are referred to with a prefix of `` homo - '' ( e.g. a homotetramer ) and those made up of different subunits are referred to with a prefix of `` hetero - '' , for example , a heterotetramer , such as the two alpha and two beta chains of hemoglobin . Domains , motifs , and folds in protein structure ( edit ) Protein domains . The two shown protein structures share a common domain ( maroon ) , the PH domain , which is involved in phosphatidylinositol ( 3 , 4 , 5 ) - trisphosphate binding Proteins are frequently described as consisting of several structural units . These units include domains , motifs , and folds . Despite the fact that there are about 100,000 different proteins expressed in eukaryotic systems , there are many fewer different domains , structural motifs and folds . Structural domain ( edit ) A structural domain is an element of the protein 's overall structure that is self - stabilizing and often folds independently of the rest of the protein chain . Many domains are not unique to the protein products of one gene or one gene family but instead appear in a variety of proteins . Domains often are named and singled out because they figure prominently in the biological function of the protein they belong to ; for example , the `` calcium - binding domain of calmodulin '' . Because they are independently stable , domains can be `` swapped '' by genetic engineering between one protein and another to make chimera proteins . Structural and sequence motif ( edit ) The structural and sequence motifs refer to short segments of protein three - dimensional structure or amino acid sequence that were found in a large number of different proteins . Supersecondary structure ( edit ) The supersecondary structure refers to a specific combination of secondary structure elements , such as β - α - β units or a helix - turn - helix motif . Some of them may be also referred to as structural motifs . Protein fold ( edit ) A protein fold refers to the general protein architecture , like a helix bundle , β - barrel , Rossman fold or different `` folds '' provided in the Structural Classification of Proteins database . A related concept is protein topology that refers to the arrangement of contacts within the protein . Superdomain ( edit ) A superdomain consists of two or more nominally unrelated structural domains that are inherited as a single unit and occur in different proteins . An example is provided by the protein tyrosine phosphatase domain and C2 domain pair in PTEN , several tensin proteins , auxilin and proteins in plants and fungi . The PTP - C2 superdomain evidently came into existence prior to the divergence of fungi , plants and animals is therefore likely to be about 1.5 billion years old . Protein folding ( edit ) Main article : Protein folding As it is translated , polypeptides exit the ribosome as a random coil and folds into its native state . Since the fold is determined by a network of interactions between amino acids in the polypeptide , the final structure of the protein chain is determined by its amino acid sequence ( Anfinsen 's dogma ) . Protein stability ( edit ) Protein stability depends upon a few factors such as 1 ) Non-covalent electrostatic interactions 2 ) Hydrophobic interactions These interaction energies are from the order of 20 - 40 kJ / mol . Proteins are very sensitive to changing temperatures and a change in temperature may result in unfolding or denaturation . Protein denaturation may result in loss of function , and loss of native state . X-ray crystallography and calorimetry indicates that there is no general mechanism that describes the effect of temperature change on the functions and structure of proteins . This is due to the fact that proteins do not represent a uniform class of chemical entities from an energetic point of view . The structure and stability of an individual protein depends on the ratio of its polar and non-polar residues . They contribute to the conformational and the net enthalpies of local and non-local interactions . Taking the weak intermolecular interactions responsible for structural integrity into consideration , it is hard to predict the effects of temperature because there are too many unknown factors contributing to the hypothetical free energy balance and its temperature dependence . Internal salt linkages produce thermal stability , and whether cold temperature results in the destabilization of these linkages is unknown . In principle , the free energy of stabilization of soluble globular proteins does not exceed 50 - 100 kJ / mol . The stabilization is based on the equivalent of few hydrogen bonds , ion pairs , or hydrophobic interactions , even though numerous intramolecular interactions results in stabilization . Taking into consideration the large number of hydrogen bonds that take place for the stabilization of secondary structures , and the stabilization of the inner core through hydrophobic interactions , the free energy of stabilization emerges as small difference between large numbers . Therefore , the structure of a native protein is not optimized for the maximum stability . Protein structure determination ( edit ) Examples of protein structures from the PDB Rate of Protein Structure Determination by Method and Year Around 90 % of the protein structures available in the Protein Data Bank have been determined by X-ray crystallography . This method allows one to measure the three - dimensional ( 3 - D ) density distribution of electrons in the protein , in the crystallized state , and thereby infer the 3 - D coordinates of all the atoms to be determined to a certain resolution . Roughly 9 % of the known protein structures have been obtained by nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ) techniques . For larger protein complexes , cryo - electron microscopy can determine protein structures . The resolution is typically lower than that of X-ray crystallography , or NMR , but the maximum resolution is steadily increasing . This technique is still a particularly valuable for very large protein complexes such as virus coat proteins and amyloid fibers . General secondary structure composition can be determined via circular dichroism . Vibrational spectroscopy can also be used to characterize the conformation of peptides , polypeptides , and proteins . Two - dimensional infrared spectroscopy has become a valuable method to investigate the structures of flexible peptides and proteins that can not be studied with other methods . A more qualitative picture of protein structure is often obtained by proteolysis , which is also useful to screen for more crystallizable protein samples . Novel implementations of this approach , including fast parallel proteolysis ( FASTpp ) , can probe the structured fraction and its stability without the need for purification . Once a protein 's structure has been experimentally determined , further detailed studies can be done computationally , using molecular dynamic simulations of that structure . Protein sequence Analysis : ensembles ( edit ) Schematic view of the two main ensemble modeling approaches . Proteins are often thought of as relatively stable structures that have a set tertiary structure and experience conformational changes as a result of being modified by other proteins or as part of enzymatic activity . However proteins have varying degrees of stability and some of the less stable variants are intrinsically disordered proteins . These proteins exist and function in a relatively ' disordered ' state lacking a stable tertiary structure . As a result , they are difficult to describe in a standard protein structure model that was designed for proteins with a fixed tertiary structure . Conformational ensembles have been devised as a way to provide a more accurate and ' dynamic ' representation of the conformational state of intrinsically disordered proteins . Conformational ensembles function by attempting to represent the various conformations of intrinsically disordered proteins within an ensemble file ( the type found at the Protein Ensemble Database ) . Protein ensemble files are a representation of a protein that can be considered to have a flexible structure . Creating these files requires determining which of the various theoretically possible protein conformations actually exist . One approach is to apply computational algorithms to the protein data in order to try to determine the most likely set of conformations for an ensemble file . There are multiple methods for preparing data for the Protein Ensemble Database that fall into two general methodologies -- pool and molecular dynamics ( MD ) approaches ( diagrammed in the figure ) . The pool based approach uses the protein 's amino acid sequence to create a massive pool of random conformations . This pool is then subjected to more computational processing that creates a set of theoretical parameters for each conformation based on the structure . Conformational subsets from this pool whose average theoretical parameters closely match known experimental data for this protein are selected . The molecular dynamics approach takes multiple random conformations at a time and subjects all of them to experimental data . Here the experimental data is serving as limitations to be placed on the conformations ( e.g. known distances between atoms ) . Only conformations that manage to remain within the limits set by the experimental data are accepted . This approach often applies large amounts of experimental data to the conformations which is a very computationally demanding task . Protein Data Type Protocol PED ID References Sic1 / Cdc4 NMR and SAXS Pool - based PED9AAA p15 PAF NMR and SAXS Pool - based PED6AAA MKK7 NMR Pool - based PED5AAB Beta - synuclein NMR MD - based PED1AAD P27 KID NMR MD - based PED2AAA ( adapted from image in `` Computational approaches for inferring the functions of intrinsically disordered proteins '' ) Protein structure databases ( edit ) Protein structure database is a database that is modeled around the various experimentally determined protein structures . The aim of most protein structure databases is to organize and annotate the protein structures , providing the biological community access to the experimental data in a useful way . Data included in protein structure databases often includes 3D coordinates as well as experimental information , such as unit cell dimensions and angles for x-ray crystallography determined structures . Though most instances , in this case either proteins or a specific structure determinations of a protein , also contain sequence information and some databases even provide means for performing sequence based queries , the primary attribute of a structure database is structural information , whereas sequence databases focus on sequence information , and contain no structural information for the majority of entries . Protein structure databases are critical for many efforts in computational biology such as structure based drug design , both in developing the computational methods used and in providing a large experimental dataset used by some methods to provide insights about the function of a protein . Structure classification ( edit ) Protein structures can be grouped based on their similarity or a common evolutionary origin . The Structural Classification of Proteins database and CATH database provide two different structural classifications of proteins . Shared structure between proteins is considered evidence of evolutionary relatedness between proteins and is used group proteins together into protein superfamilies . Computational prediction of protein structure ( edit ) Main article : Protein structure prediction The generation of a protein sequence is much easier than the determination of a protein structure . However , the structure of a protein gives much more insight in the function of the protein than its sequence . Therefore , a number of methods for the computational prediction of protein structure from its sequence have been developed . Ab initio prediction methods use just the sequence of the protein . Threading and homology modeling methods can build a 3 - D model for a protein of unknown structure from experimental structures of evolutionarily - related proteins , called a protein family . See also ( edit ) 3did Biomolecular structure Gene structure Nucleic acid structure Z - matrix conversion from Torsion angles to Cartesian coordinates References ( edit ) Jump up ^ H. Stephen Stoker ( 1 January 2015 ) . Organic and Biological Chemistry . Cengage Learning . p. 371 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 305 - 68645 - 8 . Jump up ^ Brocchieri L , Karlin S ( 2005 - 06 - 10 ) . `` Protein length in eukaryotic and prokaryotic proteomes '' . 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Jump up ^ `` Folding at the birth of the nascent chain : coordinating translation with co-translational folding '' . Current Opinion in Structural Biology . 21 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 31 . 2011 - 02 - 01 . doi : 10.1016 / j. sbi. 2010.10. 008 . ISSN 0959 - 440X . Jump up ^ Alberts , Bruce ; Alexander Johnson ; Julian Lewis ; Martin Raff ; Keith Roberts ; Peter Walters ( 2002 ) . `` The Shape and Structure of Proteins '' . Molecular Biology of the Cell ; Fourth Edition . New York and London : Garland Science . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 3218 - 1 . Jump up ^ Anfinsen , C. ( 1972 ) . `` The formation and stabilization of protein structure '' . Biochem. J. 128 ( 4 ) : 737 -- 49 . doi : 10.1042 / bj1280737 . PMC 1173893 . PMID 4565129 . Jump up ^ Jaenicke , R. ; Heber , U. ; Franks , F. ; Chapman , D. ; Griffin , Mary C.A. ; Hvidt , A. ; Cowan , D.A. ( 1990 ) . `` Protein Structure and Function at Low Temperatures ( and Discussion ) '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London . Series B , Biological Sciences . 326 ( 1237 ) : 535 -- 553 . JSTOR 2398703 . Jump up ^ Kendrew , J.C. ; Bodo , G. ; Dintzis , H.M. ; Parrish , R.G. ; Wyckoff , H. ; Phillips , D.C. ( 1958 ) . `` A Three - Dimensional Model of the Myoglobin Molecule Obtained by X-Ray Analysis '' . Nature . 181 : 662 -- 666 . doi : 10.1038 / 181662a0 . PMID 13517261 . Jump up ^ Krimm S , Bandekar J ( 1986 ) . `` Vibrational spectroscopy and conformation of peptides , polypeptides , and proteins '' . Adv . Protein Chem. Advances in Protein Chemistry . 38 : 181 -- 364 . doi : 10.1016 / S0065 - 3233 ( 08 ) 60528 - 8 . ISBN 9780120342389 . PMID 3541539 . Jump up ^ Lessing , J. ; Roy , S. ; Reppert , M. ; Baer , M. ; Marx , D. ; Jansen , T.L.C. ; Knoester , J. ; Tokmakoff , A. ( 2012 ) . `` Identifying Residual Structure in Intrinsically Disordered Systems : A 2D IR Spectroscopic Study of the GVGXPGVG Peptide '' . J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134 : 5032 -- 5035 . doi : 10.1021 / ja2114135 . PMID 22356513 . Jump up ^ Jansen , T.L.C. ; Knoester , J. ( 2008 ) . `` Two - dimensional infrared population transfer spectroscopy for enhancing structural markers of proteins '' . Biophys . J. 94 : 1818 -- 1825 . doi : 10.1529 / biophysj. 107.118851 . PMC 2242754 . PMID 17981904 . Jump up ^ Minde DP , Maurice MM , Rüdiger SG ( 2012 ) . `` Determining biophysical protein stability in lysates by a fast proteolysis assay , FASTpp '' . PLoS ONE . 7 ( 10 ) : e46147 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0046147 . PMC 3463568 . PMID 23056252 . Jump up ^ Kumari I , Sandhu P , Ahmed M , Akhter Y ( August 2017 ) . `` Molecular Dynamics Simulations , Challenges and Opportunities : A Biologist 's Prospective '' . Curr . Protein Pept. Sci. 18 ( 11 ) : 1163 -- 1179 . doi : 10.2174 / 1389203718666170622074741 . PMID 28637405 . ^ Jump up to : Varadi , Mihaly ; Vranken , Wim ; Guharoy , Mainak ; Tompa , Peter ( 2015 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Computational approaches for inferring the functions of intrinsically disordered proteins '' . Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences. 2 : 45 . doi : 10.3389 / fmolb. 2015.00045 . PMC 4525029 . PMID 26301226 . Jump up ^ Mittag , Tanja ; Marsh , Joseph ; Grishaev , Alexander ; Orlicky , Stephen ; Lin , Hong ; Sicheri , Frank ; Tyers , Mike ; Forman - Kay , Julie D. ( 2010 - 03 - 14 ) . `` Structure / function implications in a dynamic complex of the intrinsically disordered Sic1 with the Cdc4 subunit of an SCF ubiquitin ligase '' . Structure . 18 ( 4 ) : 494 -- 506 . doi : 10.1016 / j. str. 2010.01. 020 . ISSN 1878 - 4186 . PMC 2924144 . PMID 20399186 . Jump up ^ De Biasio , Alfredo ; Ibáñez de Opakua , Alain ; Cordeiro , Tiago N. ; Villate , Maider ; Merino , Nekane ; Sibille , Nathalie ; Lelli , Moreno ; Diercks , Tammo ; Bernadó , Pau ( 2014 - 02 - 18 ) . `` p15PAF is an intrinsically disordered protein with nonrandom structural preferences at sites of interaction with other proteins '' . Biophysical Journal . 106 ( 4 ) : 865 -- 874 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bpj. 2013.12. 046 . ISSN 1542 - 0086 . PMC 3944474 . PMID 24559989 . Jump up ^ Kragelj , Jaka ; Palencia , Andrés ; Nanao , Max H. ; Maurin , Damien ; Bouvignies , Guillaume ; Blackledge , Martin ; Jensen , Malene Ringkjøbing ( 2015 - 03 - 17 ) . `` Structure and dynamics of the MKK7 - JNK signaling complex '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 112 ( 11 ) : 3409 -- 3414 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1419528112 . ISSN 1091 - 6490 . PMC 4371970 . PMID 25737554 . Jump up ^ Allison , Jane R. ; Rivers , Robert C. ; Christodoulou , John C. ; Vendruscolo , Michele ; Dobson , Christopher M. ( 2014 - 11 - 25 ) . `` A relationship between the transient structure in the monomeric state and the aggregation propensities of α - synuclein and β - synuclein '' . Biochemistry . 53 ( 46 ) : 7170 -- 7183 . doi : 10.1021 / bi5009326 . ISSN 1520 - 4995 . PMC 4245978 . PMID 25389903 . Jump up ^ Sivakolundu , Sivashankar G. ; Bashford , Donald ; Kriwacki , Richard W. ( 2005 - 11 - 11 ) . `` Disordered p27Kip1 exhibits intrinsic structure resembling the Cdk2 / cyclin A-bound conformation '' . Journal of Molecular Biology . 353 ( 5 ) : 1118 -- 1128 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jmb. 2005.08. 074 . ISSN 0022 - 2836 . PMID 16214166 . Jump up ^ Laskowski , RA . `` Protein structure databases '' . Mol Biotechnol . PMID 21225378 . Jump up ^ Murzin , A.G. ; Brenner , S. ; Hubbard , T. ; Chothia , C. ( 1995 ) . `` SCOP : A structural classification of proteins database for the investigation of sequences and structures '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Molecular Biology . 247 ( 4 ) : 536 -- 540 . doi : 10.1016 / S0022 - 2836 ( 05 ) 80134 - 2 . PMID 7723011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Orengo , C.A. ; Michie , A.D. ; Jones , S. ; Jones , D.T. ; Swindells , M.B. ; Thornton , J.M. ( 1997 ) . `` CATH -- a hierarchic classification of protein domain structures '' . Structure . 5 ( 8 ) : 1093 -- 1108 . doi : 10.1016 / S0969 - 2126 ( 97 ) 00260 - 8 . PMID 9309224 . Jump up ^ Holm , L ; Rosenström , P ( July 2010 ) . `` Dali server : conservation mapping in 3D '' . Nucleic Acids Research . 38 ( Web Server issue ) : W545 -- 9 . doi : 10.1093 / nar / gkq366 . PMC 2896194 . PMID 20457744 . Jump up ^ Zhang Y ( 2008 ) . `` Progress and challenges in protein structure prediction '' . Curr Opin Struct Biol. 18 ( 3 ) : 342 -- 348 . doi : 10.1016 / j. sbi. 2008.02. 004 . 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Further reading ( edit ) 50 Years of Protein Structure Determination Timeline - HTML Version - National Institute of General Medical Sciences at NIH External links ( edit ) Media related to Protein structures at Wikimedia Commons Proteins Processes Protein biosynthesis Post-translational modification Protein folding Protein targeting Proteome Protein methods Structures Protein structure Protein structural domains Proteasome Types List of types of proteins List of proteins Membrane protein Globular protein Globulin Edestin Albumin Fibrous protein Proteins : key methods of study Experimental Protein purification Green fluorescent protein Western blot Protein immunostaining Protein sequencing Gel electrophoresis / Protein electrophoresis Protein immunoprecipitation Peptide mass fingerprinting / Protein mass spectrometry Dual - polarization interferometry Microscale thermophoresis Chromatin immunoprecipitation Surface plasmon resonance Isothermal titration calorimetry X-ray crystallography Protein NMR Cryo - electron microscopy Freeze - fracture electron microscopy Bioinformatics Protein structure prediction Protein -- protein docking Protein structural alignment Protein ontology Protein -- protein interaction prediction Assay Enzyme assay Protein assay Secretion assay Display techniques Bacterial display mRNA display Phage display Ribosome display Yeast display Super-resolution microscopy Photoactivated localization microscopy Vertico SMI Protein domains BAR BIR BZIP CARD C1 C2 DED ENTH FYVE HEAT Kringle LIM LRR NACHT PAS PDZ Pyrin PH PX SH2 SH3 SUN TRIO WD40 zinc finger Protein structural analysis High resolution Cryo - electron microscopy X-ray crystallography NMR Electron crystallography EPR Medium resolution Fiber diffraction Mass spectrometry SAXS Spectroscopic NMR Circular dichroism Dual - polarization interferometry Absorbance Fluorescence Fluorescence anisotropy Translational Diffusion Analytical ultracentrifugation Size exclusion chromatography Light scattering NMR Rotational Diffusion Fluorescence anisotropy Flow birefringence Dielectric relaxation NMR Chemical Hydrogen - deuterium exchange Site - directed mutagenesis Chemical modification Thermodynamic Equilibrium unfolding Computational Protein structure prediction Molecular docking ← Tertiary structure Quaternary structure → Biomolecular structure Protein structure Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary Determination Prediction Design Thermodynamics Nucleic acid structure Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary Determination Prediction Design Thermodynamics See also Protein Protein domain Protein engineering Nucleic acid DNA RNA Nucleic acid double helix Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protein_structure&oldid=866213750 '' Categories : Protein structure Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2010 Articles needing additional references from May 2018 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles prone to spam from August 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano Македонски Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Occitan Русский Shqip Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 00 : 39 ( UTC ) . 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inclusion bodies formation of syncytia and change in cell shape are examples of	Cytopathic effect or cytopathogenic effect ( abbreviated CPE ) refers to structural changes in host cells that are caused by viral invasion . The infecting virus causes lysis of the host cell or when the cell dies without lysis due to an inability to reproduce . Both of these effects occur due to CPEs . If a virus causes these morphological changes in the host cell , it is said to be cytopathogenic . Common examples of CPE include rounding of the infected cell , fusion with adjacent cells to form syncytia , and the appearance of nuclear or cytoplasmic inclusion bodies .	Cytopathic effect	Cytopathic effect	cytopathic effect	Cytopathic effect or cytopathogenic effect ( abbreviated CPE ) refers to structural changes in host cells that are caused by viral invasion . The infecting virus causes lysis of the host cell or when the cell dies without lysis due to an inability to reproduce . Both of these effects occur due to CPEs . If a virus causes these morphological changes in the host cell , it is said to be cytopathogenic . Common examples of CPE include rounding of the infected cell , fusion with adjacent cells to form syncytia , and the appearance of nuclear or cytoplasmic inclusion bodies .	CPEs and other changes in cell morphology are only a few of the many effects by cytocidal viruses . When a cytocidal virus infects a permissive cell , the viruses kill the host cell through changes in cell morphology , in cell physiology , and the biosynthetic events that follow . These changes are necessary for efficient virus replication but at the expense of the host cell . Contents ( hide ) 1 Diagnostics 2 Common types 2.1 Total destruction 2.2 Subtotal destruction 2.3 Focal degeneration 2.4 Swelling and clumping 2.5 Foamy degeneration 2.6 Syncytium 2.7 Inclusion bodies 3 See also 4 References Diagnostics ( edit ) CPEs are important aspects of a viral infection in diagnostics . Many CPEs can be seen in unfixed , unstained cells under the low power of an optical microscope , with the condenser down and the iris diaphragm partly closed . However , with some CPEs , namely inclusion bodies , the cells must be fixed and stained then viewed under light microscopy . Some viruses ' CPEs are characteristic and therefore can be an important tool for virologists in diagnosing an infected animal or human . The rate of CPE appearance is also an important characteristic that virologists may use to identify virus type . If CPE appears after 4 to 5 days in vitro at low multiplicity of infection , then the virus is considered slow . If the CPE appears after 1 to 2 days in vitro at low multiplicity of infection , then the virus is thought to be rapid . Inoculations always occur at low multiplicity of infection because at high multiplicity of infection , all CPEs occur rapidly . Typically , the first sign of viral infections is the rounding of cells . Inclusion bodies often then appear in the cell nucleus and / or cytoplasm of the host cell . The inclusion bodies can first be identified by light microscopy in patient blood smears or stained sections of infected tissues . However , to fully characterize their composition , electron microscopy must be performed . Inclusion bodies may either be accumulation of virus replication byproducts or altered host cell organelles or structures . Some viral infections cause a strange CPE , the formation of syncytia . Syncytia are large cycoplasmic masses that contain many nuclei . They are typically produced by fusion of infected cells . This mechanism is useful to the virus as it allows the virus to spread from infected to uninfected cells . Viral infections may have clinically relevant phenotypical CPEs . For example , with the hepatitis C virus ( HCV ) , liver steatosis is characteristic enough of the virus that it may be used to help identify the genotype , the genetic composition of the virus . HCV genotype 3 patients are significantly more likely to develop liver steatosis than those with genotype 1 . Also , CPEs may be used during research to determine the efficacy of a new drug . An assay has been developed that screens the dengue virus 's CPEs in order to assess cell viability . Due to the host cell specificity of CPEs , researchers can also use them to test any discrepancies in an experiment . For many viral infections , different host cell strains may have a characteristic response . Currently , there are many concerns within the research community about the validity and purity of cell strains . Contamination has risen within and among laboratories . CPEs can be used to test the purity of a certain cell line . For example , HeLa CCL - 2 is a common cell line used in a wide variety of research areas . To test the purity of the HeLa cells , CPEs were observed that occurred after inoculation with Coxsackievirus B3 . These CPEs included morphology changes and cell morbidity rates . Carson et al. determined that the discrepancy is due to the heterogeneous nature of the commercial HeLa cells as compared to the homogeneous nature of HeLa cells that have been propagated for generations in a lab . Common types ( edit ) Total destruction ( edit ) Total destruction of the host cell monolayer is the most severe type of CPE . To observe this process , cells are seeded on a glass surface and a confluent monolayer of host cell is formed . Then , the viral infection is introduced . All cells in the monolayer shrink rapidly , become dense in a process known as pyknosis , and detach from the glass within three days . This form of CPE is typically seen with enteroviruses . Subtotal destruction ( edit ) Subtotal destruction of the host cell monolayer is less severe than total destruction . Similarly to total destruction , this CPE is observed by seeding a confluent monolayer of host cell on a glass surface then introducing a viral infection . Subtotal destruction characteristically shows detachment of some but not all the cells in the monolayer . It is commonly observed with some togaviruses , some picornaviruses , and some types of paramyxoviruses . Focal degeneration ( edit ) Focal degeneration causes a localized attack of the host cell monolayer . Although this type of CPE may eventually affect the entire tissue , the initial stages and spreading occur at localized viral centers known as foci . Focal degeneration is due to direct cell - to - cell transfer of the virus rather than diffusion through the extracellular medium . This different mode of transfer differentiates it from total and subtotal destruction and causes the characteristic localized effects . Initially , host cells become enlarged , rounded , and refractile . Eventually , the host cells detach from the surface . The spreading of the virus occurs concentrically , so that the cells lifting off are surrounded by enlarged , rounded cells which are surrounded by healthy tissue . This type of CPE is characteristic of herpesviruses and poxviruses . Swelling and clumping ( edit ) Swelling and clumping is a CPE where host cells swell significantly . Once enlarged , the cells clump together in clusters . Eventually , the cells become so large that they detach . This type of CPE is characteristic of adenoviruses . Foamy degeneration ( edit ) Foamy degeneration is also known as vacuolization . It is due to the formation of large and / or numerous cytoplasmic vacuoles . This type of CPE can only be observed with fixation and staining of the host cells involved . Foamy degeneration is characteristic of certain retroviruses , paramyxoviruses , and flaviviruses . Syncytium ( edit ) Syncytium is also known as cell fusion and polykaryon formation . With this CPE , the plasma membranes of four or more host cells fuse and produce an enlarged cell with at least four nuclei . Although large cell fusions are sometimes visible without staining , this type of CPE is typically detected after host cell fixation and staining . Herpesviruses characteristically produce cell fusion as well as other forms of CPE . Some paramyxoviruses may be identified through the formation of cell fusion as they exclusively produce this CPE . Inclusion bodies ( edit ) Inclusion bodies -- insoluble abnormal structures within cell nuclei or cytoplasm -- may only be seen with staining as they indicate areas of altered staining in the host cells . Typically , they indicate the areas of the host cell where viral protein or nucleic acid is being synthesized or where virions are being assembled . Also , in some cases , inclusion bodies are present without an active virus and indicate areas of viral scarring . Inclusion bodies vary with viral strain . They may be single or multiple , small or large , and round or irregularly shaped . They may also be intranuclear or intracytoplasmic and eosinophilic or basophilic . See also ( edit ) Viral culture Indirect immunoperoxidase assay Virus References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cytopathic Effect ( CPE ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Suchman , Erica ; Blair , Carol . `` Cytopathic Effects of Viruses Protocols '' . ASM Microbe Library . American Society for Microbiology . Archived from the original on 2 June 2012 . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Baron , Samuel ( 1996 ) . Medical Microbiology ( 4th ed . ) . TX : University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Rubbia - Brandt , Laura ; Quadri , Rafael ; Abid , Karim ; Giostra , Emiliano ; Male , Pierre - Jean ; Mentha , Gilles ; Spahr , Laurent ; Zarski , Jean - Pierre ; Borisch , Bettina ; Hadengue , Antoine ; Negro , Francesco ( 2000 ) . `` Hepatocyte steatosis is a cytopathic effect of hepatitis C virus genotype 3 '' . Journal of Hepatology. 33 ( 1 ) : 106 -- 115 . doi : 10.1016 / S0168 - 8278 ( 00 ) 80166 - X . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . Jump up ^ McCormick , Kevin ; Liu , Shufeng ; Jacobs , Jana ; Marques , Ernesto ; Sluis - Cremer , Nicolas ; Wang , Tianyi ( 2012 ) . `` Development of a Robust Cytopathic Effect - Based High - Throughput Screening Assay to Identify Novel Inhibitors of Dengue Virus '' . Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 56 ( 6 ) : 3399 -- 3401 . doi : 10.1128 / AAC. 06425 - 11 . PMC 3370735 . PMID 22391547 . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Carson , Steven ; Pirruccello , Samuel ( 2013 ) . `` HeLa cell heterogeneity and coxsackievirus B3 cytopathic effect : Implications for inter-laboratory reproducibility of results '' . Journal of Medical Virology. 85 ( 4 ) : 677 -- 683 . doi : 10.1002 / jmv. 23528 . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cytopathic_effect&oldid=798051233 '' Categories : Virology Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti Español Français עברית 日本語 Polski Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 August 2017 , at 18 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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who were the sufis and what role did they play in converting new populations to islam			Sufism in India	sufism in india	Sufism has a history in India evolving for over 1,000 years . The presence of Sufism has been a leading entity increasing the reaches of Islam throughout South Asia . Following the entrance of Islam in the early 8th century , Sufi mystic traditions became more visible during the 10th and 11th centuries of the Delhi Sultanate . A conglomeration of four chronologically separate dynasties , the early Delhi Sultanate consisted of rulers from Turkic and Afghan lands . This Persian influence flooded South Asia with Islam , Sufi thought , syncretic values , literature , education , and entertainment that has created an enduring impact on the presence of Islam in India today . Sufi preachers , merchants and missionaries also settled in coastal Bengal and Gujarat through maritime voyages and trade .	Various leaders of Sufi orders , Tariqa , chartered the first organized activities to introduce localities to Islam through Sufism . Saint figures and mythical stories provided solace and inspiration to Hindu caste communities often in rural villages of India . The Sufi teachings of divine spirituality , cosmic harmony , love , and humanity resonated with the common people and still does so today . The following content will take a thematic approach to discuss a myriad of influences that helped spread Sufism and a mystical understanding of Islam , making India a contemporary epicenter for Sufi culture today . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early history 1.1 Influence of Islam 1.2 Delhi Sultanate 2 Development of Education 2.1 Traditional Culture 2.2 Sufi Khanqah 3 Sufi Tariqahs 3.1 Madariyya 3.2 Shadhiliyya 3.3 Chishtiyyah 3.4 Suhrwardi 3.5 Kubrawiyyah 3.6 Naqshbandiyyah 3.7 Qadiriyyah 3.8 Mujahhidiyyah 3.9 Sarwari Qadri 4 Sufi Culture 4.1 Syncretic Mysticism 4.2 Rituals 4.3 Musical Influence 5 Impact of Sufism 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography Early History ( edit ) Influence of Islam ( edit ) Muslims entered India in 711 under the Arab commander Muhammad bin Qasim , by conquering the regions of Sindh and Multan . This historical achievement connected South Asia to the Muslim empire . Simultaneously , Arab Muslims were welcomed along the Hindustani ( India ) sea ports for trade and business ventures . The Muslim culture of the caliphate began to permeate through India . Muslims conquered Multan , the capital of Sindh , and thereby expanded the Islamic empire into India . This trade route linking India to the Mediterranean world and even Southeast Asia lasted peacefully until 900 . During this period , the Abbasid Caliphate ( 750 -- 1258 ) was seated in Baghdad ; this city is also the birthplace of Sufism with notable figures such as Ali ibn Abu Talib , Hasan al Basri , and Rabiah . The mystic tradition of Islam gained significant ground spreading from Baghdad ( Iraq ) into Persia , commonly known today as Iran and Afghanistan . In 901 , a Turkic military leader , Sabuktigin , established an Afghan kingdom in the city of Ghaznah . His son , Mahmud , expanded their territories into the Indian Punjab region during 1027 The resources and riches annexed from Punjab went into the Ghazni coffers to expand further into India 's northwest areas . During the early 11th century , the Ghaznavids brought a wealth of scholars into India 's borders , establishing the first Persian - inspired Muslim culture succeeding prior Arab influences . In 1151 , another Central Asian group , called the Ghurids , overtook the lands of the Ghaznavids -- who did very little to monitor their lands in India . Mu'izz al - Din Ghuri , a governor of Turkic origin , initiated a major invasion of India , extending the previous Ghazni territories into Delhi and Ajmer . By 1186 , northern India was indistinguishable ; a combination of Baghdad 's cosmopolitan culture mixed with Persian - Turkic traditions of the Ghaznah court accelerated Sufi intellectualism in India . Scholars , poets , and mystics from Central Asia and Iran became integrated within India . By 1204 , the Ghurids established rule in the following cities : Benaras ( Varanasi ) , Kanaug , Rajasthan , and Bihar , which introduced Muslim rule into the Bengal region . An emphasis on translation of Arabic and Persian texts ( Qu'ran , Hadith corpus , Sufi literature ) into vernacular languages helped the momentum of Islamization in India . Particularly in rural areas , Sufis helped Islam spread generously into prior polytheistic populations . Subsequently , the general consensus among scholars remains that there were never any forced mass conversions recorded during this early history time period . Between the late 12th century and 13th century , Sufi brotherhoods became firmly consolidated in northern India . Sufism came to Kashmir when Sufi Saint , Shai Karman , from the Iranian city of Karman , took up residence in a small village called Sharakaware ( baramulla ) . From Sharakawara , the religion spread to other villages like Pangipora and nawshere. they took initiative to spread the Islamic teaching among common people . Delhi Sultanate ( edit ) The period of 1206 -- 1526 is labeled as the Delhi Sultanate of Raftaar . This time frame consists of five separate dynasties that ruled territorial parts of India : the Mamluk or slave , Khaljis , Tughlaq , Sayyid , and Lodi dynasty . In history , the Delhi Sultanate is usually given marginal attention compared to the succeeding Mughal Dynasty . At its peak , the Delhi Sultanate controlled all of North India , Afghan frontier , and Bengal . The security of their lands protected India from the Mongol Conquests terrorizing the rest of Asia between 1206 and 1294 . The Mongols also succeeded in destroying Baghdad , the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate , proving that this reign of violence was no minor feat . When the Mongol invasion penetrated Central Asia , fleeing refugees chose India as a safe destination . This historical move can be deemed a significant catalyst of Sufi thought in India . Scholars , students , artisans , and common people arrived into the protection of Mamluk rulers , the first dynasty in the Delhi Sultanate . Soon the court had an immense influx of diverse cultures , religiosity , and literature from Persia and Central Asia ; Sufism was the main ingredient in all mediums . During this medieval period , Sufism spread through various regions , expanding to the Deccan plateau with the succession of the Tughlaq dynasty of 1290 -- 1388 . During this time , the Muslim rulers of the Sultanate dynasties were not necessarily of orthodox Islam ; yet , they were still deemed powerful . Advisors of the dynastic sultans included Muslim religious scholars ( ulama ) and notably , Muslim mystics ( mashai'kh ) . Although practicing Sufis rarely had political aspirations , the declining ethical reign of the Sayyid and Lodi dynasty ( 1414 -- 1517 ) required renewed leadership . Development of education ( edit ) Traditional culture ( edit ) During 901 - 1151 , the Ghaznawids began to build numerous schools called madrasa that were attached and affiliated with masjids ( mosque ) . This mass movement established stability in India 's educational systems . Existing scholars promoted the study of the Qu'ran and hadith , beginning in North West India . During the Delhi Sultanate , the intellectual caliber of India 's residents increased multiple - fold due to the Mongol invasions . Various intellectuals hailing from regions such as Iran , Afghanistan , and Central Asia began to enrich the cultural and literary life of the Delhi capital . Among the religious elite existing during the Sultanate time period , two major classifications existed . The ulama were noted exclusive religious scholars who had mastered certain Islamic legal branches of study . They were sharia oriented and tended to be more orthodox about Muslim practices . The other group of religious elites were the Sufi mystics , or fakir . This was a more inclusive group that was often more tolerant of non-Muslim traditions . Although the commitment to practice sharia remains a Sufi foundation , early Sufis in India focused on proselytizing through service work and helping the poor . During the Delhi Sultanate , the rise prevailing mystical approach to Islam was not a substitute for madrasa education nor traditional scholarship . The teachings of sufism only built upon the foundations of a madrasa education . The spiritual orientation of Sufism only sought to refine the `` consciousness of the divine , intensify piety , and inculcate a humanistic attitude . '' Sufi khanqah ( edit ) One reason why Islam became more favorable in India was due to the establishment of khanqah . A khanqah is commonly defined as a hospice , lodge , community center , or dormitory ran by Sufis . Khanqahs were also known as Jama'at Khana , large gathering halls . Structurally , a khanqah could be one large room or have additional dwelling space . Although some khanqah establishments were independent of royal funding or patronage , many received fiscal grants ( waqf ) and donations from benefactors for continuing services . Over time , the function of traditional Sufi khanqahs evolved as Sufism solidified in India . Initially , the Sufi khanqah life emphasized a close and fruitful relationship between the master - teacher ( sheikh ) and their students . For example , students in khanqahs would pray , worship , study , and read works together . Sufi literature had more academic concerns besides just the jurisprudential and theological works seen in madrasa . There were three major categories of mystical works studied in South Asia : hagiographical writing , discourses of the teacher , and letters of the master . Sufis also studied various other manuals describing code of conduct , adab ( Islam ) . In fact , the text ( trans . ) `` Path of God 's Bondsmen from Origin to Return '' written by a Persian Sufi saint , Najm al - Din Razi , spread throughout India during the authors ' lifetime . Sharing that Sufi thought was becoming increasingly favorable to study in India . Even today , preserved mystical literature has proved invaluable as a source of religious and social history of Sufi Muslims in India . The other major function of a khanqah was of a community shelter . Many of these facilities were built in low caste , rural , Hindu vicinities . The Chishti Order Sufis in India , especially , crystallized khanqahs with the highest form of modest hospitality and generosity . Keeping a `` visitors welcome '' policy , khanqahs in India offered spiritual guidance , psychological support , and counseling that was free and open to all people . The spiritually hungry and depressed caste members were both fed with a free kitchen service and provided basic education . By creating egalitarian communities within stratified caste systems , Sufis successfully spread their teachings of love , spirituality , and harmony . It was this example of Sufi brotherhood and equity that drew people to the religion of Islam . Soon these khanqahs became social , cultural , and theological epicenters for people of all ethnic and religious backgrounds and both genders . Through a khanqah 's humble services , Sufis presented the true form of Islam and forged a way for voluntary large scale conversions of lower class Hindustanis . Sufi tariqahs ( edit ) Madariyya ( edit ) The Madariyya are members of a Sufi order ( tariqa ) popular in North India , especially in Uttar Pradesh , the Mewat region , Bihar and Bengal , as well as in Nepal and Bangladesh . Known for its syncretic aspects , lack of emphasis on external religious practice and focus on internal dhikr , it was initiated by the Sufi saint ' Sayed Badiuddin Zinda Shah Madar ' ( d . 1434 CE ) , called `` Qutb - ul - Madar '' , and is centered on his shrine ( dargah ) at Makanpur , Kanpur district , Uttar Pradesh . Shadhiliyya ( edit ) Main article : Shadhili Madurai Maqbara , the tomb of Shadhili Sufi saints in Madurai , India . Shadhilyya was founded by Imam Nooruddeen Abu Al Hasan Ali Ash Sadhili Razi . Fassiya branch of Shadhiliyya was brought to India by Sheikh Aboobakkar Miskeen sahib Radiyallah of Kayalpatnam and Sheikh Mir Ahmad Ibrahim Raziyallah of Madurai . Mir Ahmad Ibrahim is the first of the three Sufi saints revered at the Madurai Maqbara in Tamil Nadu . There are more than 70 branches of Shadhiliyya and in India . Of these , the Fassiyatush Shadhiliyya is the most widely practised order . Chishtiyyah ( edit ) Main article : Chishti Order Nizamuddin Auliya 's tomb ( right ) and Jama'at Khana Masjid ( background ) , at Nizamuddin Dargah complex , in Nizamuddin West , Delhi The Chishtiyya order emerged from Central Asia and Persia . The first saint was Abu Ishaq Shami ( d . 940 -- 41 ) establishing the Chishti order in Chisht - i - Sharif within Afghanistan Furthermore , Chishtiyya took root with the notable saint Moinuddin Chishti ( d . 1236 ) who championed the order within India , making it one of the largest orders in India today . Scholars also mentioned that he had been a part - time disciple of Abu Najib Suhrawardi . Khwaja Moiuddin Chishti was originally from Sistan ( eastern Iran , southwest Afghanistan ) and grew up as a well traveled scholar to Central Asia , Middle East , and South Asia . He reached Delhi in 1193 during the end of Ghurid reign , then shortly settled in Ajmer - Rajasthan when the Delhi Sultanate formed . Moinuddin Chishti 's Sufi and social welfare activities dubbed Ajmer the `` nucleus for the Islamization of central and southern India . '' The Chishti order formed khanqah to reach the local communities , thus helping Islam spread with charity work . Islam in India grew with the efforts of dervishes , not with violent bloodshed or forced conversion . Chishtis were famous for establishing khanqahs and for their simple teachings of humanity , peace , and generosity . This group drew an unprecedented amount of Hindus of lower and higher castes within the vicinity . Until this day , both Muslims and non-Muslims visit the famous tomb of Moinuddin Chishti ; it has become even a popular tourist and pilgrimage destination . Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar ( d . 1605 ) , the 3rd Mughal ruler frequented Ajmer as a pilgrim , setting a tradition for his constituents . Successors of Khwaja Moinudden Chishti include eight additional saints ; together , these names are considered the big eight of the medieval Chishtiyya order . Moinuddin Chishti ( d . 1233 in Ajmer , India ) Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki ( d . 1236 in Delhi , India ) Fariduddin Ganjshakar ( d . 1265 in Pakpattan , Pakistan ) Nizamuddin Auliya ( d . 1335 in Delhi ) . Nasiruddin Chiragh Dehlavi Bande Nawaz ( d . 1422 in Gulbarga , India ) Syed baqaullah shah kareemi safipur , unnao ( 1269H1362H ) Akhi Siraj Aainae Hind ( d . 1357 in Bengal , India Alaul Haq Pandavi Ashraf Jahangir Semnani ( d . 1386 , Kichaucha India ) Suhrwardi ( edit ) Main article : Suhrawardiyya The founder of this order was Abdul - Wahir Abu Najib as - Suhrawardi ( d . 1168 ) . He was actually a disciple of Ahmad Ghazali , who is also the younger brother of Abu Hamid Ghazali . The teachings of Ahmad Ghazali led to the formation of this order . This order was prominent in medieval Iran prior to Persian migrations into India during the Mongol Invasion Consequently , it was Abu Najib as - Suhrawardi 's nephew that helped bring the Suhrawardiyyah to mainstream awareness . Abu Hafs Umar as - Suhrawardi ( d . 1243 ) wrote numerous treatises on Sufi theories . Most notably , the text trans . `` Gift of Deep Knowledge : Awa'rif al - Mar'if '' was so widely read that it became a standard book of teaching in Indian madrasas . This helped spread the Sufi teachings of the Suhrawardiyya . Abu Hafs was a global ambassador of his time . From teaching in Baghdad to diplomacy between the Ayyubid rulers in Egypt and Syria , Abu Hafs was a politically involved Sufi leader . By keeping cordial relations with the Islamic empire , Abu Hafs 's followers in India continued to approve of his leadership and approve political participation of Sufi orders . Kubrawiyyah ( edit ) This order was founded by Abu'l Jannab Ahmad , nicknamed Najmuddin Kubra ( d . 1221 ) who was from the border between Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan This Sufi saint was a widely acclaimed teacher with travels to Turkey , Iran , and Kashmir . His education also fostering generations of students who became saints themselves . This order became important in Kashmir during the late 14th century . Kubra and his students made significant contributions to Sufi literature with mystical treatises , mystical psychology , and instructional literature such as text `` al - Usul al - Ashara '' and `` Mirsad ul Ibad . '' These popular texts regarding are still mystic favorites in India and in frequent study . The Kubrawiya remains in Kashmir - India and within Huayy populations in China . Naqshbandiyyah ( edit ) Main article : Naqshbandi The origin of this order can be traced back to Khwaja Ya'qub Yusuf al - Hamadani ( d . 1390 ) , who lived in Central Asia . It was later organized by Baha'uddin Naqshband ( b . 1318 -- 1389 ) of Tajik and Turkic background . He is widely referred to as the founder of the Naqshbandi order . Khwaja Muhammad al - Baqi Billah Berang ( d . 1603 ) introduced the Naqshbandiyyah to India . This order was particularly popular Mughal elites due to ancestral links to the founder , Khawja al - Hamadani Babur , the founder of the Mughal dynasty in 1526 , was already initiated in the Naqshbandi order prior to conquering India . This royal affiliation gave considerable impetus to the order . This order has been considered as most orthodox among all sufi orders . This order strictly prohibits music , dance and other liberal ingredients of the sufism . Qadiriyyah ( edit ) Main article : Qadiriyyah The Qadiriyyah order was founded by Abdul - Qadir Gilani who was originally from Iran ( d . 1166 ) It is popular among the Muslims of South India . Mujahhidiyyah ( edit ) Less accurate information is known about the following other orders within India : Mujahhidiyyah . Sarwari Qadri ( edit ) Main article : Sarwari Qadiri The Sarwari Qadri order was founded by Sultan Bahu which branched out of the Qadiriyyah order . Hence , it follows the same approach of the order but unlike most Sufi orders , it does not follow a specific dress code , seclusion , or other lengthy exercises . Its mainstream philosophy is related directly to the heart and contemplating on the name of Allah , i.e. , the word الله ( allāh ) as written on own heart . Sufi culture ( edit ) Syncretic Mysticism ( edit ) Islam was not the only religion in India contributing the mystical aspects of Sufism . The Bhakti movement also gained respect due mysticism popularity spreading through India . The Bhakti movement was a regional revival of Hinduism linking language , geography , and cultural identities through devotional deity worship . This concept of `` Bhakti '' appeared in the Bhagavad Gita and the first sects emerged from south India between the 7th and 10th century . The practices and theological standpoints were very similar to Sufism , often blurring the distinction between Hindus and Muslims . Bhakti devotees linked puja ( Hinduism ) to songs about saints and theories of life ; they would meet often to sing and worship . The Brahman Bhaktis developed mystical philosophies similar to those advocated by Sufi saints . For example , the Bhaktis believed that there is a special reality beneath the illusion of life ; this reality needs to be recognized to escape the cycle of reincarnation . Moreover , moksha , liberation from Earth is the ultimate goal in Hinduism . These teachings run nearly parallel to Sufi concepts of dunya , tariqa , and akhirah . Sufism helped the assimilation of the Afghani Delhi Sultanate rulers within mainstream society . By building a syncretic medieval culture tolerant and appreciative of non-Muslims , Sufi saints contributed to a growth of stability , vernacular literature , and devotional music in India . One Sufi mystic , Saiyid Muhammad Ghaus Gwaliori popularized yogic practices among Sufi circles . Literature related to monotheism and the Bhakti movement also formed sycretic influences in history during the Sultanate period . Despite the camaraderie between Sufi saints , yogis , and Bhakti Brahmans , medieval religious existed and continue to splinter peaceful living in parts of India today . Rituals ( edit ) One of the most popular rituals in Sufism is the visiting of grave - tombs of Sufi saints . These have evolved into Sufi shrines and are seen among cultural and religious landscape of India . The ritual of visiting any place of significance is called ziyarat ; the most common example is a visit to Prophet Muhammad 's Masjid Nabawi and grave in Medina , Saudi Arabia . A saint 's tomb is a site of great veneration where blessings or baraka continue to reach the deceased holy person and are deemed ( by some ) to benefit visiting devotees and pilgrims . In order to show reverence to Sufi saints , kings and nobles provided large donations or waqf to preserve the tombs and renovate them architecturally . Over time , these donation , rituals , annual commemorations formed into an elaborate system of accepted norms . These forms of Sufi practise created an aura of spiritual and religious traditions around prescribed dates . Many orthodox or Islamic purists denounce these visiting grave rituals , especially the expectation of receiving blessings from the venerated saints . Nevertheless , these rituals have survived generations and seem adamant to remain . Musical influence ( edit ) Music has always been present as a rich tradition among all Indian religions . As an influential medium to disperse ideas , music has appealed to people for generations . The audience in India was already familiar with hymns in local languages . Thus Sufi devotional singing was instantly successful among the populations . Music transmitted Sufi ideals seamlessly . In Sufism , the term music is called `` sa'ma '' or literary audition . This is where poetry would be sung to instrumental music ; this ritual would often put Sufis into spiritual ecstasy . The common depiction of whirling dervishes dressed in white cloaks come to picture when paired with `` sa'ma . '' Many Sufi traditions encouraged poetry and music as part of education . Sufism spread widely with their teachings packaged in popular songs accessing mass demographics . Women were especially affected ; often used to sing Sufi songs during the day and in female gatherings . Sufi gatherings today are known as qawwali . One of the biggest contributors to the musical Sufi tradition was Amir Khusro ( d . 1325 ) . Known as a disciple of Nizamuddin Chishti , Amir was known as the most talented musical poet in the early Muslim period of India . He is considered the founder of Indo - Muslim devotional music traditions . Nicknamed `` Parrot of India , '' Amir Khusro furthered the Chishti affiliation through this rising Sufi pop culture within India . Impact of Sufism ( edit ) The massive geographic presence of Islam in India can be explained by the tireless activity of Sufi preachers . Sufism had left a prevailing impact on religious , cultural , and social life in South Asia. The mystical form of Islam was introduced by Sufi saints . Sufi scholars traveling from all over continental Asia were instrumental in the social , economic , and philosophic development of India . Besides preaching in major cities and centers of intellectual thought , Sufis reached out to poor and marginalized rural communities and preached in local dialects such as Urdu , Sindhi , Panjabi versus Persian , Turkish , and Arabic . Sufism emerged as a `` moral and comprehensive socio - religious force '' that even influenced other religious traditions such as Hinduism. , Their traditions of devotional practices and modest living attracted all people . Their teachings of humanity , love for God and Prophet continue to be surrounded by mystical tales and folk songs today . Sufis were firm in abstaining from religious and communal conflict and strived to be peaceful elements of civil society . Furthermore , it is the attitude of accommodation , adaptation , piety , and charisma that continues to help Sufism remain as a pillar of mystical Islam in India . See also ( edit ) Hindu -- Islamic relations List of Sufi Saints of South Asia Islam in Pakistan Islam in Bangladesh Islam in India Sufi Saints of Aurangabad Moinuddin Chishti Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani Ashraf Jahangir Semnani Ahmed Ullah Maizbhanderi Abu ; Abu ' - L - `` Wafa '' Urf Hazrath Ghalib Shahid ( RA ) List of ziyarat locations References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jafri , Saiyid Zaheer Husain ( 2006 ) . The Islamic Path : Sufism , Politics , and society in India . New Delhi : Konrad Adenauer Foundation . Jump up ^ Schimmel , p. 346 Jump up ^ Schimmel , Anniemarie ( 1975 ) . `` Sufism in Indo - Pakistan '' . Mystical Dimensions of Islam . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . p. 345 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Judith E. ( 2006 ) . A Brief History of India . Old Westbury : State University of New York . p. 58 . ^ Jump up to : Jafri , Saiyid Zaheer Husain ( 2006 ) . The Islamic Path : Sufism , Politics , and Society in India . New Delhi : Konrad Adenauer Foundation . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Zargar , Cyrus Ali . `` Introduction to Islamic Mysticism '' . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Holt , Peter Malcolm ; Ann K.S. Lambton ; Bernard Lewis ( 1977 ) . The Cambridge History of Islam . 2 . UK : Cambridge University Press . p. 2303 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 29135 - 4 . Jump up ^ Schimmel , Anniemarie ( 1975 ) . `` Sufism in Indo - Pakistan '' . Mystical Dimensions of Islam . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina . p. 344 . Jump up ^ Alvi , Sajida Sultana ( 2012 ) . Perspectives on Mughal India : Rulers , Historians , Ulama , and Sufis . Karachi : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Morgan , Michael Hamilton ( 2007 ) . Lost History : The Enduring Legacy of Muslim Scientists , Thinkers , Artists . Washington D.C. : National Geographic . p. 76 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Judith E. ( 2006 ) . A Brief History of India . Old Westbury : State University of New York . Jump up ^ Dr. Cyrus Ali Zargar Jump up ^ Walsh , Judith E. ( 2006 ) . A Brief History of India . Old Wesbury : State University of New York . p. 59 . Jump up ^ Walsh p. 56 ^ Jump up to : Alvi Jump up ^ Schimmel p. 344 ^ Jump up to : Walsh Jump up ^ Alvi 46 Jump up ^ Alvi 10 ^ Jump up to : Alvi 9 ^ Jump up to : Schimmel 345 Jump up ^ Morgan 78 ^ Jump up to : Aquil ^ Jump up to : Zargar Jump up ^ morgan77 Jump up ^ Aquil 9 Jump up ^ Aquil 11 Jump up ^ Aquil 13 Jump up ^ Alvi 11 Jump up ^ Alvi 12 ^ Jump up to : Alvi 14 Jump up ^ Schimmel ^ Jump up to : Schimmel 347 Jump up ^ Schimmel 232 Jump up ^ Schimmel 231 Jump up ^ Aquil 16 Jump up ^ `` Fassiyathush Shazuliya tariqathush Shazuliya Tariqa Shazuliya Sufi Path Sufism Zikrs Avradhs Daily Wirdh Thareeqush shukr Kaleefa 's of the tariqa Sheikh Fassy Ya Fassy Sijl Humaisara Muridheens Prostitute Entering Paradise '' . Shazuli.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Durán , Khalid ; Reuven Firestone ; Abdelwahab Hechiche . Children of Abraham : An Introduction to Islam for Jews . 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A short biography of the prominent sufis of India have been mentioned in this book including that of Alaul Haq Pandavi Jump up ^ Ashraf , Syed Waheed , Hayate Syed Ashraf Jahangir Semnani , Published 1975 , India ^ Jump up to : Schimmel 245 Jump up ^ Zargar , Schimmel Jump up ^ Schimmel 254 Jump up ^ Schimmel 255 Jump up ^ Schimmel 256 , Zargar Jump up ^ Lal , Mohan . Encyclopædia of Indian literature . 5 . p. 4203 . Jump up ^ Ohtsuka , Kazuo . `` Sufism '' . OxfordIslamicStudies.com . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Alvi 15 Jump up ^ pandey s.s ( madhyakalin itihas ) Jump up ^ Gladney , Dru . `` Muslim Tombs and Ethnic Folklore : Charters for Hui Identity '' Journal of Asian Studies , August 1987 , Vol. 46 ( 3 ) : 495 - 532 ; pp. 48 - 49 in the PDF file . Jump up ^ Sult̤ān Bāhū , Jamal J. Elias ( 1998 ) . Death Before Dying : The Sufi Poems of Sultan Bahu . University of California Press . 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Bacharach url = ( 1 ) pg = 773 Jump up ^ Cour , Ajeet ; Zaheer , Noor ; Khan , Refaqat Ali ( 2012 ) . SUFISM A CELEBRATION OF LOVE ( PDF ) . INDIA : FOSWAL . ISBN 81 - 88703 - 28 - 1 . Bibliography ( edit ) Islam , Sirajul ( 2004 ) . Sufism and Bhakti . USA . ISBN 1 - 56518 - 198 - 0 . Schimmel , Annemarie ( 1978 ) . Mystical dimensions of Islam . USA : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 1271 - 4 . Alvi , Sajida Sultana ( 2012 ) . Perspectives on Mughal India : Rulers , Historians , Ulama , and Sufis . Karachi : Oxford University Press . Aquil , Raziuddin ( 2007 ) . Sufism , Culture , and Politics : Afghans and Islam in Medieval North India . New Delhi : Oxford University Press . Morgan , Michael Hamilton ( 2007 ) . Lost History : The Enduring Legacy of Muslim Scientists , Thinkers , Artists . Washington D.C. : National Geographic . Walsh , Judith E. ( 2006 ) . A Brief History of India . Old Westbury : State University of New York . Schimmel , Anniemarie ( 1975 ) . `` Sufism in Indo - Pakistan '' . Mystical Dimensions of Islam . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . Schimmel , Anniemarie ( 1975 ) . `` Sufi Orders and Fraternities '' . Mystical Dimensions of Islam . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . Saiyid Zaheer Husain Jafri and Helmut Reifeld , ed. ( 2006 ) . The Islamic Path : Sufism , Politics , and Society in India . New Delhi : Konrad Adenauer Foundation . Zargar , Cyrus Ali ( 2013 ) . `` RELG 379 : Islamic Mysticism '' . Augustana College . Sells , Michael A. ( 1996 ) . Early Islamic Mysticism : Sufi , Qur'an , Mi'raj , Poetic and Theological Writings . New Jersey : Paulist Press . Abidi , S.A.H. ( 1992 ) . Sufism in India . New Delhi : Wishwa Prakashan . Abbas , Shemeem Burney ( 2002 ) . The Female Voice in Sufi Ritual : Devotional Practices in Pakistan and India . Austin : University of Texas Press . Anjum , Tanvir ( 2011 ) . Chishti Sufis in the Sultanate of Delhi 1190 - 1400 : From Restrained Indifference to Calculated Defiance . Pakistan : Oxford University Press . Chopra , R.M. , `` The Rise , Growth And Decline of Indo - Persian Literature '' , 2012 , Iran Culture House , New Delhi and Iran Society , Kolkata . 2nd Ed. 2013 . Chopra , R.M. , `` Great Sufi Poets of the Punjab '' ' ( 1999 ) , Iran Society , Calcutta . Chopra , R.M. , `` SUFISM '' ( Origin , Growth , Eclipse , Resurgence ) , 2016 , Anuradha Prakashan , New Delhi , ISBN 978 - 93 - 85083 - 52 - 5 ( hide ) Religion in India topics Indian religions Hinduism ( Punjab South India ) Buddhism Jainism Ayyavazhi Sikhism Abrahamic religion Christianity ( List of denominations ( in Northeast India ) ) Islam ( Shia Islam Ahmadiyya Sufism ) Judaism Bahá'í Faith Other paths Zoroastrianism Tribalism Irreligion Policy and history Secularism in India Freedom of religion Religious conflicts Religious violence Religious harmony Religious thinkers Ministry of Minority Affairs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sufism_in_India&oldid=822569631 '' Categories : Sufism in India Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Edit links This page was last edited on 27 January 2018 , at 03 : 59 . 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ronnie hawkins and the hawks who do you love			Ronnie Hawkins	ronnie hawkins	Ronald Hawkins , OC , ( born January 10 , 1935 ) is an American / Canadian rockabilly musician whose career has spanned more than half a century . His career began in Arkansas , where he was born and raised . He found success in Ontario , Canada , and has lived there for most of his life . He is considered highly influential in the establishment and evolution of rock music in Canada .	Also known as `` Rompin ' Ronnie '' , `` Mr. Dynamo '' , or simply `` The Hawk '' , he was one of the key players in the 1960s rock scene in Toronto . Throughout his career , Hawkins has performed all across North America and recorded more than twenty - five albums . His hit songs included covers of Chuck Berry 's `` Thirty Days '' ( entitled `` Forty Days '' by Hawkins ) and Young Jessie 's `` Mary Lou '' , a song about a `` gold - digging woman '' . Other well - known recordings are `` Who Do You Love ? '' , `` Hey Bo Diddley '' , and `` Susie Q '' , which was written by his cousin , rockabilly artist Dale Hawkins . Hawkins is also notable for his role as something of a talent scout and mentor . He played a pivotal role in the establishment of premiere backing musicians via his band , the Hawks . The most successful of those eventually formed The Band , while other musicians Hawkins had recruited went on to form Robbie Lane and the Disciples , Janis Joplin 's Full Tilt Boogie Band , Crowbar , Bearfoot , and Skylark . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 The Hawks Lineups 2.1 The Hawks / The Levon Helm Sextet / Levon and the Hawks / The Canadian Squires / Bob Dylan & The Band Timeline 3 Discography 3.1 Albums 3.2 Singles 4 Awards 5 Citations 6 References 7 External links Career ( edit ) Hawkins was born in 1935 in Huntsville , Arkansas , two days after the birth of Elvis Presley . When he was nine years old , his family moved to nearby Fayetteville , Arkansas . After graduating from high school , he studied physical education at the University of Arkansas , where he formed his first band , the Hawks . He toured with them throughout Arkansas , Oklahoma and Missouri . Hawkins also owned and operated the Rockwood Club in Fayetteville , where some of rock and roll 's earliest pioneers came to play including Jerry Lee Lewis , Carl Perkins , Roy Orbison and Conway Twitty . On advice from Conway Twitty , Hawkins began touring Canada in 1958 . His first gig there was at the Golden Rail Tavern in Hamilton , Ontario , where he became an overnight success . Hawkins decided to move to Canada , and in 1964 became a permanent resident , eventually making Peterborough , Ontario , his home . After the move , the Hawks , with the exception of Hawkins and drummer Levon Helm , dropped out of the band . Their vacancies were filled by Canadians Robbie Robertson , Rick Danko , Richard Manuel and Garth Hudson , all hailing from Southwestern Ontario . Helm and the rest of those Hawks would leave Hawkins in 1964 to form an act of their own , which eventually came to be named The Band . In December 1969 , Hawkins hosted John Lennon and Yoko Ono for a stay at his home in Mississauga , Ontario , during the couple 's campaign to promote world peace . Lennon signed his erotic `` Bag One '' lithographs during his stay there . Lennon also did a radio promo for a Hawkins single , `` Down in the Alley '' . In the early 1970s , Hawkins noticed guitarist Pat Travers performing in Ontario nightclubs and was so impressed with the young musician that he invited him to join his band . Travers later had a very successful recording career and became one of the most influential guitarists of the 1970s hard rock genre . Bob Dylan was a long - time admirer . In an amphetamine - fueled encounter with Keith Richards in a Mayfair nightclub in May 1966 , Dylan started a fight by claiming You guys may be the best philosophers man , but the Hawks -- they 're the best band . I could'a written Satisfaction -- easy . But there 's no fucking way you guys could'a written Mr Tambourine Man . You know that ? Think about it . In 1975 , Dylan cast Hawkins to play the role of `` Bob Dylan '' in the movie , Renaldo and Clara . The following year he was a featured performer at the Band 's Thanksgiving Day farewell concert , which was documented in the 1978 film The Last Waltz . His 1984 LP , Making It Again , garnered him a Juno Award as Canada 's best Country Male Vocalist . In addition to his music , he has also become an accomplished actor , hosting his own television show Honky Tonk in the early 1980s and appearing in such films as Heaven 's Gate with his friend Kris Kristofferson and Hello Mary Lou : Prom Night II . On January 8 , 1995 , Hawkins celebrated his 60th birthday by throwing a concert at Massey Hall in Toronto , which was documented on the album Let It Rock . The concert featured performances by Hawkins , Carl Perkins , Jerry Lee Lewis , the Band and Larry Gowan . Jeff Healey sat in on guitar for most , if not all , of the performances . Hawkins 's band , the Hawks , or permutations of it , backed most , if not all , of the acts . All of the musicians performing that night were collectively dubbed `` the Rock ' n ' Roll Orchestra '' . Ronnie Hawkins 's star on Canada 's Walk of Fame In 2002 , October 4 was declared `` Ronnie Hawkins Day '' by the city of Toronto as he was inducted into Canada 's Walk of Fame , in recognition of his lifetime contribution to music and his generous support of the Schizophrenia Society of Ontario and other charitable organizations . Hawkins was inducted into the Canadian Music Industry Hall of Fame at the Canadian Music Industry Awards on March 4 , 2004 . His pioneering contribution to the genre has also been recognized by the Rockabilly Hall of Fame . In recent years , Hawkins battled pancreatic cancer . His current state of health , attributed to everything from psychic healers to native herbal medicine , is featured in the film Ronnie Hawkins : Still Alive and Kicking . In 2005 , he was awarded an honorary degree from Laurentian University . On May 2 , 2013 , Hawkins was made an Honorary Officer of the Order of Canada . He was invested on May 7 , 2014 . The citation read : For his contributions to the development of the music industry in Canada , as a rock and roll musician , and for his support of charitable causes . For more than 50 years , musician Ronnie Hawkins has demonstrated a strong devotion to Canada 's music industry . Often referred to as the `` father of Canadian rock n ' roll '' , he was a key player in the 1960s rock scene , with his band The Hawks serving as a launching pad for a host of Canadian musicians . In addition to producing scores of singles and albums , he has performed in support of many charitable causes , notably the Peterborough Flood Relief and the Schizophrenia Society of Ontario . Hawkins recently reissued most of his albums on CD through Unidisc Music Inc . The Hawks Lineups ( edit ) Fall 1957 - Late 1957 Late 1957 - Early 1958 Early 1958 - 1959 1959 - Early 1960 Ronnie Hawkins - vocals Jimmy Ray `` Luke '' Paulman - guitar Willard `` Pops '' Jones - piano George Paulman - bass Ronnie Hawkins - vocals Jimmy Ray `` Luke '' Paulman - guitar Willard `` Pops '' Jones - piano George Paulman - bass Levon Helm - drums Ronnie Hawkins - vocals Jimmy Ray `` Luke '' Paulman - guitar Willard `` Pops '' Jones - piano Jimmy `` Lefty '' Evans - bass Levon Helm - drums Ronnie Hawkins - vocals Jimmy Ray `` Luke '' Paulman - guitar Fred Carter , Jr. - guitar Scott Cushnie - piano Jimmy `` Lefty '' Evans - bass Levon Helm - drums Early 1960 - 1960 1960 1960 - Summer 1961 Summer 1961 - Fall 1961 Ronnie Hawkins - vocals Fred Carter , Jr. - guitar Scott Cushnie - piano Robbie Robertson - bass Levon Helm - drums Ronnie Hawkins - vocals Roy Buchanan - guitar Stan Szelest - piano Robbie Robertson - bass Levon Helm - drums Ronnie Hawkins - vocals Robbie Robertson - guitar Stan Szelest - piano Rebel Payne - bass Levon Helm - drums Ronnie Hawkins - vocals Robbie Robertson - guitar Boyd Sarney - piano Rick Danko - bass Levon Helm - drums Fall 1961 Fall 1961 - December 1961 December 1961 - Late 1963 Ronnie Hawkins - vocals Robbie Robertson - guitar Stan Szelest - piano Rick Danko - bass Levon Helm - drums Ronnie Hawkins - vocals Robbie Robertson - guitar Richard Manuel - piano Rick Danko - bass Levon Helm - drums Ronnie Hawkins - vocals Jerry `` Ish '' Penfound - saxophones , flute Robbie Robertson - guitar Richard Manuel - piano Garth Hudson - organ , saxophones , piano Rick Danko - bass Levon Helm - drums The Hawks / The Levon Helm Sextet / Levon and the Hawks / The Canadian Squires / Bob Dylan & The Band Timeline ( edit ) Discography ( edit ) Albums ( edit ) Year Album CAN Label 1959 Ronnie Hawkins -- Roulette 1960 Mr. Dynamo -- Folk Ballads of Ronnie Hawkins -- 1961 Sings the Songs of Hank Williams -- 1963 The Best -- 1964 Mojo Man -- 1970 The Best -- Ronnie Hawkins 12 Cotillion 1971 The Hawk 91 1972 Rock and Roll Resurrection -- Monument Giant of Rock'n Roll -- 1977 Rockin ' -- Pye 1979 The Hawk -- United Artists 1981 A Legend in His Spare Time -- Quality 1982 The Hawk and Rock -- Trilogy 1984 Making It Again -- Epic Hello Again ... Mary Lou -- 1995 Let It Rock -- Quality 2002 Still Cruisin ' -- Hawk Singles ( edit ) Year Single Chart Positions Album CAN CAN AC CAN Country US 1959 `` Forty Days '' -- -- -- 45 Ronnie Hawkins `` Mary Lou '' -- -- -- 26 1963 `` Bo Diddley '' -- -- -- 117 singles only 1965 `` Bluebirds over the Mountain '' 8 -- -- -- `` Goin ' to the River '' 34 -- -- -- 1970 `` Home from the Forest '' -- -- 29 -- Ronnie Hawkins `` Down in the Alley '' 20 -- -- 75 `` Bittergreen '' 36 -- -- 118 1971 `` Patricia '' 84 38 -- The Hawk 1972 `` Cora Mae '' 71 -- -- -- Rock and Roll Resurrection 1973 `` Lonesome Town '' -- 8 39 -- Giant of Rock'n Roll 1981 `` ( Stuck In ) Lodi '' -- 7 8 -- A Legend in His Spare Time `` Wild Little Willie '' -- -- 45 -- The Hawk and Rock 1985 `` Making It Again '' -- -- 44 -- Making It Again `` Hello Again Mary Lou '' -- 17 39 -- Hello Again ... Mary Lou 1995 `` Days Gone By '' -- -- 51 -- Let It Rock Awards ( edit ) Juno Award for Making it Again , 1984 Walt Grealis Special Achievement Award , Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences , presented at the Juno Awards of 1996 Special Achievement Award , Society of Composers , Authors and Music Publishers ( SOCAN ) , 2007 Officer of the Order of Canada ( honorary ) , 2013 Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Quotes from Sylvia Tyson and Burton Cummings . Quotes and Tales . Ronnie Hawkins ' Official Website . Accessed June 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Hamilton Memory Project '' ( Press release ) . The Hamilton Spectator - Souvenir Edition . June 10 , 2006 . p . MP43 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Robbie Lane & the Disciples . Canadian Pop Encyclopedia . jam.canoe.ca . ^ Jump up to : Hawkins , Ronnie ( 2008 ) . `` Ronnie Hawkins Biography '' . Official Ronnie Hawkins Website . Hawkstone Enterprises Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Fathers and Sons : American Blues and British Rock Music , 1960 -- 1970 . ProQuest. 2008 . p. 294 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 549 - 96604 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Cast of Renaldo and Clara '' . imdb.com . October 19 , 2010 . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tobler , John ( 1992 ) . NME Rock ' N ' Roll Years ( 1st ed . ) . London : Reed International Books Ltd. p. 295 . CN 5585 . Jump up ^ Hampson , Sarah ( May 3 , 2003 ) . `` Cancer - free , he 's rompin ' again '' . Globe and Mail . p . R3 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Ronnie Hawkins : Still Alive and Kickin ' '' . Real2Real . October 9 , 2012 . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Honours Secretariat '' . Office of the Gove , rnor General . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Members of The Band '' . Theband.hiof.no . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2011 ) . Top Pop Singles 1955 -- 2010 . Record Research , Inc. p. 393 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 188 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronnie Hawkins Biography '' . Ronniehawkins.com . January 10 , 1935 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Appointments to the Order of Canada '' . June 28 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 29 . References ( edit ) `` Hawkins , Ronnie '' . The Canadian Pop Encyclopedia . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 11 . Adapted from the article Ronnie Hawkins , from Wikinfo , licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Ronnie Hawkins Official Home Page Ronnie Hawkins and the Hawks Ronnie Hawkins on IMDb ( Video ) 2005.12. 17 Ronnie Hawkins Playing Bo Diddley on Canada Jams at Massey Hall ( Toronto , Ontario ) Ronnie Hawkins Interview on The Hour with George Stroumboulopoulos ( hide ) The Band Rick Danko Levon Helm Garth Hudson Richard Manuel Robbie Robertson Richard Bell Randy Ciarlante Stan Szelest Jim Weider Studio albums Music from Big Pink The Band Stage Fright Cahoots Moondog Matinee Northern Lights -- Southern Cross Islands Jericho High On The Hog Jubilation with Bob Dylan Planet Waves The Basement Tapes Live albums Rock of Ages Before the Flood The Last Waltz ( 1978 album ) Live at Watkins Glen The Bootleg Series Vol. 4 : Bob Dylan Live 1966 The Last Waltz ( 2002 album ) Live at the Academy of Music 1971 Compilations The Best of The Band Anthology To Kingdom Come Across The Great Divide The Best of The Band , Vol. II Greatest Hits A Musical History The Bootleg Series Vol. 11 : The Basement Tapes Complete Films The Last Waltz Festival Express Singles `` Uh - Uh - Uh '' `` The Stones I Throw '' `` Go Go Liza Jane '' `` The Weight '' / `` I Shall Be Released '' `` Rag Mama Rag '' / `` The Unfaithful Servant '' `` Up on Cripple Creek '' / `` The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down '' `` Time to Kill '' / `` The Shape I 'm In '' `` Life Is a Carnival '' `` On a Night Like This '' ( with Bob Dylan ) `` Most Likely You Go Your Way ( And I 'll Go Mine ) '' ( with Bob Dylan ) `` Ophelia '' `` Atlantic City '' Other songs `` Tears of Rage '' `` We Can Talk '' `` Long Black Veil '' `` Chest Fever '' `` Lonesome Suzie `` This Wheel 's on Fire '' `` Across the Great Divide '' `` When You Awake '' `` Whispering Pines '' `` Jemima Surrender '' `` Look Out Cleveland '' `` King Harvest ( Has Surely Come ) '' `` Sleeping '' `` The W.S. Walcott Medicine Show '' `` Daniel and the Sacred Harp '' `` Stage Fright '' `` When I Paint My Masterpiece '' `` Do n't Do It '' `` Mystery Train '' `` Acadian Driftwood '' `` It Makes No Difference '' `` Georgia on My Mind '' `` Blind Willie McTell '' Related Discography Bob Dylan Bob Dylan World Tour 1966 Bob Dylan and The Band 1974 Tour Cate Brothers Ronnie Hawkins List of Basement Tapes songs List of Basement Tapes songs ( 1975 ) No Reason to Cry John Simon This Wheel 's on Fire : Levon Helm and the Story of The Band Allen Toussaint VIAF : 64191890 LCCN : n90621465 ISNI : 0000 0000 7732 1188 GND : 118949586 SUDOC : 159826144 BNF : cb13895046b ( data ) MusicBrainz : 8a701db6 - 1180 - 4bfb - bd69 - 417614406212 NLA : 35759658 IATH : w67t25wr Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ronnie_Hawkins&oldid=794142355 '' Categories : 1935 births American emigrants to Canada American expatriate musicians in Canada American country singers American country singer - songwriters American rock singers American rockabilly musicians The Band Canadian rock singers Canadian rockabilly musicians Charly Records artists Juno Award winners Living people Musicians from Arkansas Musicians from Toronto Officers of the Order of Canada People with cancer People from Huntsville , Arkansas Swamp rock Pye Records artists Monument Records artists Epic Records artists Atlantic Records artists United Artists Records artists Roulette Records artists People from Fayetteville , Arkansas Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from December 2014 BLP articles lacking sources from July 2007 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands Norsk Português Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2017 , at 03 : 22 . 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can you grow your own pot in colorado	Since the enactment of Colorado Amendment 64 in November 2012 , adults aged 21 or older can grow up to six marijuana plants ( with no more than half being mature flowering plants ) privately in a locked space , legally possess all marijuana from the plants they grow ( as long as it stays where it was grown ) , legally possess up to one ounce of marijuana while traveling , and give as a gift up to one ounce to other citizens 21 years of age or older . Any adult in Colorado 's territory may possess up to one ounce of marijuana at any time , regardless of whether they are an in - state resident or an out - of - state visitor , as of 2016 . Retail concentrate / edible limits are as follows : 8g of retail concentrate will be equal to 1oz of flower , and therefore 800mg of THC in the form of retail edibles will be equal to 1oz of retail flower . Consumption is permitted in a manner similar to alcohol , with equivalent offenses prescribed for driving . Consumption in public was recently passed in Denver under Ordinance 300 with a vote of 53 % for legal public consumption , and a 46 % vote against . Within 60 days the new rules will be written and should be similar to current public alcohol consumption rules and regulations . Amendment 64 also provides for licensing of cultivation facilities , product manufacturing facilities , testing facilities , and retail stores . Visitors and tourists in Colorado can use and purchase marijuana , but face prosecution if found in possession in any adjacent state . Denver airport has banned all possession of marijuana but admits it has not charged a single person with possession nor has the airport seized any marijuana since the ban went into effect .		Cannabis in Colorado	cannabis in colorado		Cannabis dispensary in Denver Cannabis in Colorado refers to cannabis ( legal term marijuana ) use and possession in Colorado , United States . The Colorado Amendment 64 , which was passed by voters on November 6 , 2012 , led to legalization in January 2014 . The policy has led to cannabis tourism . There are two sets of policies in Colorado relating to cannabis use : those for medicinal cannabis and for recreational drug use along with a third set of rules governing hemp . Contents 1 History 1.1 Prohibition ( 1917 ) 1.2 Prosecution ( 1917 - Present ) 1.3 Medical marijuana ( 2000 ) 1.4 Recreational marijuana ( 2012 ) 2 Regulation 2.1 Impaired driving 3 Results 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Prohibition ( 1917 ) ( edit ) Amidst an early 20th century trend of limiting the drug , Colorado first restricted cannabis on March 30 , 1917 . In November 1914 Colorado voters approved the 22nd Amendment to the Colorado Constitution , also known as the Prohibition Amendment , prohibiting alcohol beginning January 1 , 1916 ; and on December 18 , 1917 the Eighteenth Amendment ( establishing Prohibition ) was proposed by Congress . Shortly after the 1937 Marihuana Tax Act went into effect on October 1 , 1937 , the Federal Bureau of Narcotics and Denver Police Department arrested Moses Baca for possession and Samuel Caldwell for dealing . Baca and Caldwell 's arrest made them the first marijuana convictions under U.S. federal law for not paying the marijuana tax . Judge Foster Symes sentenced Baca to 18 months and Caldwell to four years in Leavenworth Penitentiary for violating the 1937 Marihuana Tax Act . Prosecution ( 1917 - present ) ( edit ) In 1975 , during a decade - long wave of increased penalties and prosecutions in the country , including dramatic increases in the length of prison sentences , a 53 % increase in drug arrests , a 188 % increase in the number of people arrested for marijuana offenses , and a 52 % increase in the number of people in state prisons for drug offenses , Colorado continued to prosecute people and incarcerate individuals for marijuana possession . ( 1 ) A contributing factor in the favor of decriminalization was the work on behalf of NORML by Pitkin County Deputy District Attorney Jay Moore , who helped win over the legislature 's Republican leadership with arguments as to money wasted on needless enforcement of marijuana laws . Medical marijuana ( 2000 ) ( edit ) On November 7 , 2000 , 54 % of Colorado voters approved Amendment 20 , which amended the State Constitution to allow the use of marijuana in the state for approved patients with written medical consent . Under this law , patients may possess up to 2 ounces ( 57 g ) of medical marijuana and may cultivate no more than six marijuana plants ( no more than three of these mature flowering plants at a time ) . Patients who are caught with more than this in their possession may argue `` affirmative defense of medical necessity '' but are not protected under state law with the rights of those who stay within the guidelines set forth by the state . Furthermore , doctors , when making a patient recommendation to the state can recommend the rights to possess additional medicine and grow additional plants , because of the patient 's specific medical needs . Conditions recognized for medical marijuana in Colorado include : cachexia ; cancer ; chronic pain ; chronic nervous system disorders ; epilepsy and other disorders characterized by seizures ; glaucoma ; HIV or AIDS ; multiple sclerosis and other disorders characterized by muscle spasticity ; and nausea . Additionally , patients may not use medical marijuana in public places or in any place where they are in plain view , or in any manner which may endanger others ( this includes operating a vehicle or machinery after medicating ) . Colorado medical marijuana patients can not fill prescriptions at a pharmacy because under federal law , marijuana is classified as a schedule I drug . Instead , patients may get medicine from a recognized caregiver or a non-state - affiliated club or organization , usually called a dispensary . Dispensaries in Colorado offer a range of marijuana strains with different qualities , as well as various `` edibles '' or food products that contain marijuana extracts . Certain dispensaries also offer patients seeds and `` clones '' for those who want to grow their own medicine . In April 2013 , the Colorado Court of Appeals held in Coats v. Dish Network that since marijuana remains against federal law , employers can use that standard rather than state law as a rationale for banning off - the - job worker use , and are not bound by Colorado 's Lawful Activities Statute : The primary question before us is whether federally prohibited but state - licensed medical marijuana use is `` lawful activity '' under section 24 - 34 - 402.5 , C.R.S. 2012 , Colorado 's Lawful Activities Statute . If it is , employers in Colorado would be effectively prohibited from discharging an employee for off - the - job use of medical marijuana , regardless that such use was in violation of federal law . We conclude , on reasoning different from the trial court 's analysis , that such use is not `` lawful activity . '' On June 10 , 2016 Governor John Hickenlooper signed House Bill 16 - 1359 . This bill stated that the court shall not prohibit the use or possession of medical marijuana as a condition of probation unless the individual is sentenced to probation for a conviction under Article 43.3 of Title 12 , C.R.S. ; or if the court determines based upon any material evidence that such a prohibition is necessary and appropriate to accomplish the goals of sentencing stated in 18 - 1 - 102.5 , C.R.S. Recreational marijuana ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Play media News report from Voice of America about the business of cannabis in Colorado - published March 20 , 2015 Since the enactment of Colorado Amendment 64 in November 2012 , adults aged 21 or older can grow up to six marijuana plants ( with no more than half being mature flowering plants ) privately in a locked space , legally possess all marijuana from the plants they grow ( as long as it stays where it was grown ) , legally possess up to one ounce of marijuana while traveling , and give as a gift up to one ounce to other citizens 21 years of age or older . Any adult in Colorado 's territory may possess up to one ounce of marijuana at any time , regardless of whether they are an in - state resident or an out - of - state visitor , as of 2016 . Retail concentrate / edible limits are as follows : 8g of retail concentrate will be equal to 1oz of flower , and therefore 800mg of THC in the form of retail edibles will be equal to 1oz of retail flower . Consumption is permitted in a manner similar to alcohol , with equivalent offenses prescribed for driving . Consumption in public was recently passed in Denver under Ordinance 300 with a vote of 53 % for legal public consumption , and a 46 % vote against . Within 60 days the new rules will be written and should be similar to current public alcohol consumption rules and regulations . Amendment 64 also provides for licensing of cultivation facilities , product manufacturing facilities , testing facilities , and retail stores . Visitors and tourists in Colorado can use and purchase marijuana , but face prosecution if found in possession in any adjacent state . Denver airport has banned all possession of marijuana but admits it has not charged a single person with possession nor has the airport seized any marijuana since the ban went into effect . Governor Hickenlooper signed several bills into law on May 28 , 2013 implementing the recommendations of the Task Force on the Implementation of Amendment 64 . On September 9 , 2013 , the Colorado Department of Revenue adopted final regulations for recreational marijuana establishments , implementing the Colorado Retail Marijuana Code ( HB 13 - 1317 ) . On September 16 , 2013 , the Denver City Council adopted an ordinance for retail marijuana establishments . The state prepared for an influx of tourists with extra police officers posted in Denver . Safety fears led to officials seeking to limit use of the drug in popular ski resorts . According to a Quinnipiac University poll released July 21 , 2014 , Coloradans continued to support the state 's legalization of marijuana for recreational use by a margin of 54 -- 43 percent . At the same time , the poll indicated 66 percent of voters there think marijuana use should be legal in private homes and in members - only clubs , but should not be legal in bars , clubs or entertainment venues where alcohol is served . Sixty - one percent of respondents also said laws regulating marijuana use should be as strict as laws regulating alcohol use . During 2014 , the first year of implementation of Colorado Amendment 64 , Colorado 's legal marijuana market ( both medical and recreational ) reached total sales of $700 million . In September 2014 , legislation was submitted by Alabama senator Jeff Sessions to ensure that Electronic Benefit Transfer cards could not be used to purchase marijuana , as the United States Department of Health and Human Services stated that their usage in marijuana shops was not prohibited . By April 2018 , revenue from legalized marijuana only amounted to 2 % of the state 's education budget , with some calling it `` a drop in a bucket . '' During this month , sales records showed that marijuana sales were flat and were about the same as they were the previous year . Regulation ( edit ) General regulations for the legal commercial production and vending of marijuana in the state , which continue to be updated by the General Assembly , are published through the Marijuana Enforcement Division of the Department of Revenue Hemp is defined as any form of the cannabis plant which has less than `` 3 / 10 's of one percent '' delta - 9 - THC . The state department of agriculture regulates hemp production . Impaired driving ( edit ) Like other states , driving while impaired by any drug is illegal in Colorado , though it took the legislature six attempts and three years to pass marijuana intoxication measures . Ultimately the legislators decided on a nanogram limit in the bloodstream , though the number they picked was scoffed at by activists . Today Colorado law states that juries may convict a person of marijuana intoxication if they have five or more nanograms of THC per milliliter of blood , but defendants are allowed to argue that they were not intoxicated despite having such levels of THC in their bloodstream . Results ( edit ) The Colorado amendment 64 , which was passed by voters on November 6 , 2012 , led to legalization in January 2014 . Surveys conducted in Colorado in 2016 interviewed over 17,000 students in middle & high school showing that from 2009 to 2015 the rates in which teenagers smoked marijuana has decreased . Colorado has also seen the percentage of teenagers who have smoked marijuana in the past 30 days drop to 21 % , from 25 % . The number of teenagers sent to emergency rooms more than quadrupled after marijuana was legalized . The state has also seen car crash claim rates increase after legalization , but there has been no increase in fatalities in comparison with other states . Colorado 's youth marijuana use rate dipped after legalization and is lower than the national average . In 2014 , Colorado invested $2 million generated from marijuana sales tax revenue on campaigns aimed at anti-marijuana education of minors and the state has plans to spend double that amount , $4 million in 2015 ( out of a total projected marijuana sales tax revenue of $125 million ) . The current campaigns provide information on marijuana laws , the impacts of youth use , the dangers of driving under the influence of any drug , and the harmful side effects of using marijuana . In 2017 , the government of Colorado collected over $247 million in taxes , fees , and licensing costs . See also ( edit ) Colorado Amendment 44 ( 2006 ) Colorado Amendment 64 ( 2012 ) Law of Colorado Cannabis Law Reform Prohibition of drugs Washington Initiative 502 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Miller , Joshua ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` In Colo. , a look at life after marijuana legalization '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jason Blevins ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Marijuana has huge influence on Colorado tourism , state survey says '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Industrial Hemp '' . Jump up ^ Sarah E. Boslaugh ( December 8 , 2015 ) . The SAGE Encyclopedia of Pharmacology and Society . SAGE Publications . pp. 1758 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 5063 - 4618 - 2 . Jump up ^ Horner , Kylie ( March 30 , 2012 ) . `` Marijuana criminalized in Colorado 95 years ago today : Unhappy anniversary ? '' . Westword . Jump up ^ Session Laws of Colorado . 21st Assembly . 1917 . Ch. 39 , p. 120 . OCLC 1564150 . Jump up ^ Kreck , Dick ( July 5 , 2009 ) . `` High , dry times as Prohibition era sobered Denver '' . The Denver Post . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Robert J. MacCoun ; Peter Reuter ( August 27 , 2001 ) . Drug War Heresies : Learning from Other Vices , Times , and Places . Cambridge University Press . pp. 46 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79997 - 3 . Jump up ^ Patrick Anderson ( May 17 , 2015 ) . High in America . Garrett County Press . pp. 144 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 939430 - 16 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Marijuana Law Reform '' . NORML . January 1 , 1970 . Retrieved April 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ CDPHE Archived May 21 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ingold , John ( April 25 , 2013 ) . `` Colorado court upholds firing for off - the - job medical marijuana use '' . The Denver Post . Jump up ^ Roberts , Michael ( April 26 , 2013 ) . `` Marijuana : Paralyzed MMJ patient plans Supreme Court appeal over DISH sacking '' . Westword . Jump up ^ Coats v. Dish Network , 2013 COA 62 ( April 25 , 2013 ) . Jump up ^ `` Bill Folder '' ( PDF ) . Colorado General Assembly . Colorado General Assembly . June 10 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marijuana Laws Colorado '' . Jump up ^ Amendment 64 : ( 3 ). b Jump up ^ Amendment 64 : ( 3 ). a Jump up ^ Amendment 64 : ( 3 ). a , 64 : ( 3 ). b , and 64 : ( 3 ). c Jump up ^ Amendment 64 : ( 1 ). b - III and 64 : ( 6 ). b Jump up ^ The Denver Post Editorial Board ( September 30 , 2013 ) . `` In Colorado , you still ca n't smoke marijuana in public '' . The Denver Post . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Alicia ( October 19 , 2013 ) . `` Colorado must carefully define ' public consumption ' of marijuana '' . The Denver Post . Jump up ^ Lee , Kurtis ( November 11 , 2013 ) . `` Denver to continue tweaks to public pot consumption law '' . The Denver Post . Jump up ^ Amendment 64 : ( 4 ) Jump up ^ `` Despite ban , no marijuana seized and no citations at Denver airport '' . www.denverpost.com . Retrieved April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Where to buy legal Marijuana Shops , Maps , Laws '' . North Denver News . March 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Flatow , Nicole ( May 28 , 2013 ) . `` Six Ways Colorado Will Regulate Marijuana Like Alcohol '' . Think Progress . Jump up ^ `` Gov. Signs Marijuana Bills Into Law '' . KKTV . AP . May 29 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kall , David M. ( May 28 , 2013 ) . `` Legislature approves historic marijuana sales and excise taxes in Colorado '' . Jump up ^ HB 13 - 1317 Implement Amendment 64 Majority Recommendation ; HB 13 - 1318 Retail Marijuana Taxes ; SB 13 - 283 Implement Amendment 64 Consensus Recommendations ; HB 13 - 1325 Inferences For Marijuana And Driving Offenses ; SB 13 - 250 Drug Sentencing Changes Jump up ^ Ingold , John ( September 10 , 2013 ) . `` Colorado first state in country to finalize rules for recreational pot '' . The Denver Post . Jump up ^ Meyer , Jeremy P. ( September 17 , 2013 ) . `` Denver council passes historic retail marijuana rules and regulations '' . The Denver Post . Jump up ^ Healy , Jack ( January 1 , 2014 ) . `` Colorado Stores Throw Open Their Doors to Pot Buyers '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Nick Allen ( December 31 , 2013 ) . `` Colorado becomes first US state to sell cannabis '' . telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` July 21 , 2014 - Limit Marijuana To Home , Members - Only Clubs , Colorado Voters Tell Quinnipiac University Poll ; 50 % Back Supreme Court On Contraception '' . quinnipiac.edu . Quinnipiac University . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Colorado 's legal weed market : $700 million in sales last year , $1 billion by 2016 '' . The Washington Post . February 12 , 2015 . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Miller , S.A. ( September 9 , 2014 ) . `` Welfare recipients can use debit cards for marijuana '' . Washington Times . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.denverpost.com/2018/04/27/marijuana-money-colorado-education-funding/ Jump up ^ https://www.denverpost.com/2018/06/11/colorado-marijuana-sales-april-flat/ Jump up ^ `` Marijuana Enforcement '' . Jump up ^ `` Marijuana DUI Bill Passes In Colorado Senate , Appears Poised To Become Law '' . The Huffington Post . May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michael Roberts ( May 8 , 2013 ) . `` THC driving limit 's passage means pot critic William Breathes may never drive legally again '' . Westword . Jump up ^ `` Marijuana Laws in Colorado '' . Colorado Pot Guide . Jump up ^ Ingraham , Christopher . `` Now we know what happens to teens when you make pot legal '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fox , Maggie ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ER Visits for Kids Rise Significantly After Pot Legalized in Colorado '' . NBC News . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ER visits related to marijuana use at a Colorado hospital quadruple after legalization '' . May 4 , 2017 . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stettler , Sarah ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Study : Colorado sees car crash claim rates increase after legalization of marijuana '' . KDVR , FOX31 Denver . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Colorado 's Teen Marijuana Usage Dips after Legalization '' . Scientific American . Jump up ^ `` Retail marijuana technical assistance '' . Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment. 2013 . Retrieved November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Marijuana Tax Data '' . Colorado Department of Revenue . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 -- via colorado.gov . External links ( edit ) Cannabis portal Colorado portal Denver Marijuana Info at Colorado.gov Cannabis in Colorado Companies Colorado Compassion Club Openvape Evolab Culture High Profits International Church of Cannabis Stoner Jesus Bible Study Events Cannabis Cup Law Colorado Amendment 64 ( 2012 ) Denver Initiative 300 ( 2016 ) Organizations National Cannabis Industry Association Safer Alternative for Enjoyable Recreation Women Grow People Ricardo Baca Chris Bartkowicz Samuel R. Caldwell Rachel K. Gillette Ken Gorman Mason Tvert Related Cannabis advertising in Denver Legality of cannabis in the United States Legalized Alaska California Colorado District of Columbia Maine Massachusetts Nevada Northern Mariana Islands Oregon Vermont Washington Decriminalized Connecticut Delaware Illinois Maryland Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Nebraska New Hampshire New York North Carolina Ohio Rhode Island U.S. Virgin Islands Medical status Medical cannabis Arizona Arkansas Connecticut Delaware Florida Guam Hawaii Illinois Louisiana Maryland Michigan Minnesota Montana New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island West Virginia CBD oil only Alabama Georgia Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Mississippi Missouri North Carolina South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Illegal American Samoa Idaho South Dakota Cases Leary v. United States ( 1969 ) Ravin v. State ( 1975 ) Conant v. McCaffrey ( 2000 ) United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers ' Cooperative ( 2001 ) Gonzales v. Raich ( 2005 ) Moncrieffe v. Holder ( 2013 ) Related topics Legal history Timeline Medical Non-medical Legality by jurisdiction Rescheduling Dispensaries Cannabis on American Indian reservations Congressional Cannabis Caucus Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 Politicians who have admitted use STATES Act Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_Colorado&oldid=864642352 '' Categories : Cannabis in Colorado Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from October 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2016 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 October 2018 , at 14 : 57 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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who are officially considered the two founding nations of canada	Starting in the late 15th century , French and British expeditions explored , colonized , and fought over various places within North America in what constitutes present - day Canada . The colony of New France was established in 1534 and was ceded to the United Kingdom in 1763 after the French defeat in the Seven Years ' War . The now British Province of Quebec was divided into Upper and Lower Canada in 1791 and reunified in 1841 . In 1867 , the Province of Canada was joined with two other British colonies of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia through Confederation , forming a self - governing entity named Canada . The new dominion expanded by incorporating other parts of British North America , finishing with Newfoundland and Labrador in 1949 .		History of Canada	history of canada		Part of a series on the History of Canada Benjamin West 's The Death of General Wolfe Timeline Pre-colonization 1534 -- 1763 1764 -- 1867 1867 -- 1914 1914 -- 1945 1945 -- 1960 1960 -- 1981 1982 -- 1992 1992 -- present Topics Indigenous Cultural Constitutional Economic Former colonies Immigration Military Monarchical Historic Sites Persons of significance Population Territorial evolution Women By Provinces and Territories Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland & Labrador Nunavut Northwest Territories Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Yukon See also Bibliography Historiography List of years in Canada Portal The history of Canada covers the period from the arrival of Paleo - Indians thousands of years ago to the present day . Prior to European colonization , the lands encompassing present - day Canada were inhabited for millennia by Indigenous peoples , with distinct trade networks , spiritual beliefs , and styles of social organization . Some of these older civilizations had long faded by the time of the first European arrivals and have been discovered through archaeological investigations . Starting in the late 15th century , French and British expeditions explored , colonized , and fought over various places within North America in what constitutes present - day Canada . The colony of New France was established in 1534 and was ceded to the United Kingdom in 1763 after the French defeat in the Seven Years ' War . The now British Province of Quebec was divided into Upper and Lower Canada in 1791 and reunified in 1841 . In 1867 , the Province of Canada was joined with two other British colonies of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia through Confederation , forming a self - governing entity named Canada . The new dominion expanded by incorporating other parts of British North America , finishing with Newfoundland and Labrador in 1949 . Although responsible government had existed in Canada since 1848 , Britain continued to set its foreign and defence policies until the end of the First World War . The passing of the Statute of Westminster in 1931 recognized that Canada had become co-equal with the United Kingdom . After the Constitution was patriated in 1982 , the final vestiges of legal dependence on the British parliament were removed . Canada currently consists of ten provinces and three territories and is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy with Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state . Over centuries , elements of Indigenous , French , British and more recent immigrant customs have combined to form a Canadian culture that has also been strongly influenced by its linguistic , geographic and economic neighbour , the United States . Since the conclusion of the Second World War , Canadians have supported multi-lateralism abroad and socioeconomic development domestically . Contents 1 Pre-colonization 1.1 Indigenous peoples 1.2 European contact 2 Canada under French Rule ( 1534 -- 1763 ) 2.1 Wars during the colonial era 3 Canada under British rule ( 1763 -- 1931 ) 3.1 New France is dissolved 3.2 American Revolution and the Loyalists 3.3 War of 1812 3.4 Rebellions and the Durham Report 3.5 Pacific colonies 3.6 Confederation 3.7 Early post-Confederation Canada 1867 -- 1914 3.7. 1 Territorial expansion 3.7. 2 Development of popular culture 3.8 The Great War and interwar years 1914 -- 1939 3.8. 1 First World War 3.8. 2 Women 's suffrage 3.8. 3 Interwar 3.8. 3.1 On the world stage 3.8. 3.2 Domestic affairs 3.8. 4 Great Depression 3.9 The end of British Rule 4 Canada during the Second World War 5 Post-war era 1945 -- 1960 6 1960 -- 1981 7 1982 -- 1992 8 Recent history : 1992 -- present 9 Historiography 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 12.1 Scholarly article collections 12.2 Primary sources and statistics 12.3 Historiography 13 External links Pre-colonization ( edit ) See also : Timeline of Canadian history and List of years in Canada Indigenous peoples ( edit ) Main article : Indigenous peoples in Canada The Great Lakes are estimated to have been formed at the end of the last glacial period ( about 10,000 years ago ) , when the Laurentide ice sheet receded . Archeological and Indigenous genetic evidence indicate that North and South America were the last continents into which humans migrated . During the Wisconsin glaciation , 50,000 -- 17,000 years ago , falling sea levels allowed people to move gradually across the Bering land bridge ( Beringia ) , from Siberia into northwest North America . At that point , they were blocked by the Laurentide ice sheet that covered most of Canada , confining them to Alaska and the Yukon for thousands of years . The exact dates and routes of the peopling of the Americas are the subject of an ongoing debate . By 16,000 years ago the glacial melt allowed people to move by land south and east out of Beringia , and into Canada . The Queen Charlotte Islands , Old Crow Flats , and Bluefish Caves contain some of the earliest Paleo - Indian archaeological sites in Canada . Ice Age hunter - gatherers of this period left lithic flake fluted stone tools and the remains of large butchered mammals . The North American climate stabilized around 8000 BCE ( 10,000 years ago ) . Climatic conditions were similar to modern patterns ; however , the receding glacial ice sheets still covered large portions of the land , creating lakes of meltwater . Most population groups during the Archaic periods were still highly mobile hunter - gatherers . However , individual groups started to focus on resources available to them locally ; thus with the passage of time , there is a pattern of increasing regional generalization ( i.e. : Paleo - Arctic , Plano and Maritime Archaic traditions ) . PP Great Lakes area of the Hopewell Interaction Area PP = Point Peninsula Complex S = Saugeen Complex L = Laurel Complex The Woodland cultural period dates from about 2000 BCE to 1000 CE and is applied to the Ontario , Quebec , and Maritime regions . The introduction of pottery distinguishes the Woodland culture from the previous Archaic - stage inhabitants . The Laurentian - related people of Ontario manufactured the oldest pottery excavated to date in Canada . The Hopewell tradition is an Indigenous culture that flourished along American rivers from 300 BCE to 500 CE . At its greatest extent , the Hopewell Exchange System connected cultures and societies to the peoples on the Canadian shores of Lake Ontario . Canadian expression of the Hopewellian peoples encompasses the Point Peninsula , Saugeen , and Laurel complexes . The eastern woodland areas of what became Canada were home to the Algonquian and Iroquoian peoples . The Algonquian language is believed to have originated in the western plateau of Idaho or the plains of Montana and moved with migrants eastward , eventually extending in various manifestations all the way from Hudson Bay to what is today Nova Scotia in the east and as far south as the Tidewater region of Virginia . Pre-Columbian distribution of Algonquian languages in North America . Pre-Columbian distribution of Na - Dene languages in North America . Speakers of eastern Algonquian languages included the Mi'kmaq and Abenaki of the Maritime region of Canada and likely the extinct Beothuk of Newfoundland . The Ojibwa and other Anishinaabe speakers of the central Algonquian languages retain an oral tradition of having moved to their lands around the western and central Great Lakes from the sea , likely the Atlantic coast . According to oral tradition , the Ojibwa formed the Council of Three Fires in 796 CE with the Odawa and the Potawatomi . A Gitxsan Totem pole ( left ) and Kwakwaka'wakw Totem pole ( right ) at Thunderbird Park in Victoria , British Columbia , Canada . The Five Nations of the Iroquois ( Haudenosaunee ) were centred from at least 1000 CE in northern New York , but their influence extended into what is now southern Ontario and the Montreal area of modern Quebec . They spoke varieties of Iroquoian languages . The Iroquois Confederacy , according to oral tradition , was formed in 1142 CE . In addition , there were other Iroquoian - speaking peoples in the area , including the St. Lawrence Iroquoians , the Erie , and others . On the Great Plains , the Cree or Nēhilawē ( who spoke a closely related Central Algonquian language , the plains Cree language ) depended on the vast herds of bison to supply food and many of their other needs . To the northwest were the peoples of the Na - Dene languages , which include the Athapaskan - speaking peoples and the Tlingit , who lived on the islands of southern Alaska and northern British Columbia . The Na - Dene language group is believed to be linked to the Yeniseian languages of Siberia . The Dene of the western Arctic may represent a distinct wave of migration from Asia to North America . The Interior of British Columbia was home to the Salishan language groups such as the Shuswap ( Secwepemc ) , Okanagan and southern Athabaskan language groups , primarily the Dakelh ( Carrier ) and the Tsilhqot'in . The inlets and valleys of the British Columbia Coast sheltered large , distinctive populations , such as the Haida , Kwakwaka'wakw and Nuu - chah - nulth , sustained by the region 's abundant salmon and shellfish . These peoples developed complex cultures dependent on the western red cedar that included wooden houses , seagoing whaling and war canoes and elaborately carved potlatch items and totem poles . In the Arctic archipelago , the distinctive Paleo - Eskimos known as Dorset peoples , whose culture has been traced back to around 500 BCE , were replaced by the ancestors of today 's Inuit by 1500 CE . This transition is supported by archaeological records and Inuit mythology that tells of having driven off the Tuniit or ' first inhabitants ' . Inuit traditional laws are anthropologically different from Western law . Customary law was non-existent in Inuit society before the introduction of the Canadian legal system . European Contact ( edit ) L'Anse aux Meadows on the island of Newfoundland , site of a Norsemen colony about year 1000 . Further information : European colonization of the Americas There are reports of contact made before the 1492 voyages of Christopher Columbus and the age of discovery between First Nations , Inuit and those from other continents . The Norse , who had settled Greenland and Iceland , arrived around the year 1000 and built a small settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows at the northernmost tip of Newfoundland ( carbon dating estimate 990 -- 1050 CE ) L'Anse aux Meadows is also notable for its connection with the attempted colony of Vinland established by Leif Erikson around the same period or , more broadly , with Norse exploration of the Americas . A 1947 stamp celebrating John Cabot 's discovery of the Newfoundland coast Under letters patent from King Henry VII of England , the Italian John Cabot became the first European known to have landed in Canada after the time of the Vikings . Records indicate that on 24 June 1497 he sighted land at a northern location believed to be somewhere in the Atlantic provinces . Official tradition deemed the first landing site to be at Cape Bonavista , Newfoundland , although other locations are possible . After 1497 Cabot and his son Sebastian Cabot continued to make other voyages to find the Northwest Passage , and other explorers continued to sail out of England to the New World , although the details of these voyages are not well recorded . Based on the Treaty of Tordesillas , the Spanish Crown claimed it had territorial rights in the area visited by John Cabot in 1497 and 1498 CE . However , Portuguese explorers like João Fernandes Lavrador would continue to visit the north Atlantic coast , which accounts for the appearance of `` Labrador '' on maps of the period . In 1501 and 1502 the Corte - Real brothers explored Newfoundland ( Terra Nova ) and Labrador claiming these lands as part of the Portuguese Empire . In 1506 , King Manuel I of Portugal created taxes for the cod fisheries in Newfoundland waters . João Álvares Fagundes and Pêro de Barcelos established fishing outposts in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia around 1521 CE ; however , these were later abandoned , with the Portuguese colonizers focusing their efforts on South America . The extent and nature of Portuguese activity on the Canadian mainland during the 16th century remains unclear and controversial . Canada under French rule ( 1534 -- 1763 ) ( edit ) Main articles : New France and Former colonies and territories in Canada Replica of Port Royal habitation , located at the Port - Royal National Historic Site of Canada , Nova Scotia . French interest in the New World began with Francis I of France , who in 1524 sponsored Giovanni da Verrazzano 's navigation of the region between Florida and Newfoundland in hopes of finding a route to the Pacific Ocean . Although the English had laid claims to it in 1497 when John Cabot made landfall somewhere on the North American coast ( likely either modern - day Newfoundland or Nova Scotia ) and had claimed the land for England on behalf of King Henry VII , these claims were not exercised and England did not attempt to create a permanent colony . As for the French , however , Jacques Cartier planted a cross in the Gaspé Peninsula in 1534 and claimed the land in the name of Francis I , creating a region called `` Canada '' the following summer . Permanent settlement attempts by Cartier at Charlesbourg - Royal in 1541 , at Sable Island in 1598 by Marquis de La Roche - Mesgouez , and at Tadoussac , Quebec in 1600 by François Gravé Du Pont all eventually failed . Despite these initial failures , French fishing fleets visited the Atlantic coast communities and sailed into the St. Lawrence River , trading and making alliances with First Nations , as well as establishing fishing settlements such as in Percé ( 1603 ) . As a result of France 's claim and activities in the colony of Canada , the name `` Canada '' was found on international maps showing the existence of this colony within the St. Lawrence river region . In 1604 , a North American fur trade monopoly was granted to Pierre Du Gua , Sieur de Mons . The fur trade became one of the main economic ventures in North America . Du Gua led his first colonization expedition to an island located near the mouth of the St. Croix River . Among his lieutenants was a geographer named Samuel de Champlain , who promptly carried out a major exploration of the northeastern coastline of what is now the United States . In the spring of 1605 , under Samuel de Champlain , the new St. Croix settlement was moved to Port Royal ( today 's Annapolis Royal , Nova Scotia ) . Samuel de Champlain also landed at Saint John Harbour on June 24 , 1604 ( the feast of St. John the Baptist ) and is where the city of Saint John , New Brunswick and the Saint John River gets its name . Champlain 's Quebec City habitation c. 1608 In 1608 Champlain founded what is now Quebec City , one of the earliest permanent settlements , which would become the capital of New France . He took personal administration over the city and its affairs , and sent out expeditions to explore the interior . Champlain himself discovered Lake Champlain in 1609 . By 1615 , he had travelled by canoe up the Ottawa River through Lake Nipissing and Georgian Bay to the centre of Huron country near Lake Simcoe . During these voyages , Champlain aided the Wendat ( aka `` Hurons '' ) in their battles against the Iroquois Confederacy . As a result , the Iroquois would become enemies of the French and be involved in multiple conflicts ( known as the French and Iroquois Wars ) until the signing of the Great Peace of Montreal in 1701 . The English , led by Humphrey Gilbert , had claimed St. John 's , Newfoundland , in 1583 as the first North American English colony by royal prerogative of Queen Elizabeth I. In the reign of King James I , the English established additional colonies in Cupids and Ferryland , Newfoundland , and soon after established the first successful permanent settlements of Virginia to the south . On September 29 , 1621 , a charter for the foundation of a New World Scottish colony was granted by King James to Sir William Alexander . In 1622 , the first settlers left Scotland . They initially failed and permanent Nova Scotian settlements were not firmly established until 1629 during the end of the Anglo - French War . These colonies did not last long except the fisheries in Ferryland under Sir David Kirke . In 1631 , under Charles I of England , the Treaty of Suza was signed , ending the war and returning Nova Scotia to the French . New France was not fully restored to French rule until the 1632 Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye . This led to new French immigrants and the founding of Trois - Rivières in 1634 . Following the establishment of Quebec and then Trois - Rivières , coureurs des bois and voyageurs spread quickly through the many rivers and lakes to trade with local First Nations . During this period , in contrast to the higher density and slower moving agricultural settlement development by the English inward from the east coast of the colonies , New France 's interior frontier would eventually cover an immense area with a thin network centred on fur trade , conversion efforts by missionaries , establishing and claiming an empire , and military efforts to protect and further those efforts . The largest of these canoe networks covered much of present - day Canada and central present - day United States . After Champlain 's death in 1635 , the Roman Catholic Church and the Jesuit establishment became the most dominant force in New France and hoped to establish a utopian European and Aboriginal Christian community . In 1642 , the Sulpicians sponsored a group of settlers led by Paul Chomedey de Maisonneuve , who founded Ville - Marie , precursor to present - day Montreal . In 1663 the French crown took direct control of the colonies from the Company of New France . Although immigration rates to New France remained very low under direct French control , most of the new arrivals were farmers , and the rate of population growth among the settlers themselves had been very high . The women had about 30 per cent more children than comparable women who remained in France . Yves Landry says , `` Canadians had an exceptional diet for their time . '' This was due to the natural abundance of meat , fish , and pure water ; the good food conservation conditions during the winter ; and an adequate wheat supply in most years . The 1666 census of New France was conducted by France 's intendant , Jean Talon , in the winter of 1665 -- 1666 . The census showed a population count of 3,215 Acadians and habitants ( French - Canadian farmers ) in the administrative districts of Acadia and Canada . The census also revealed a great difference in the number of men at 2,034 versus 1,181 women . Wars during the Colonial era ( edit ) Further information : French and Indian Wars See also : Military history of Canada Map of North America in 1702 showing forts , towns and areas occupied by European settlements . Britain ( pink ) , France ( blue ) , and Spain ( orange ) By the early 1700s the New France settlers were well established along the shores of the Saint Lawrence River and parts of Nova Scotia , with a population around 16,000 . However new arrivals stopped coming from France in the proceeding decades , resulting in the English and Scottish settlers in Newfoundland , Nova Scotia , and the southern Thirteen Colonies to vastly outnumber the French population approximately ten to one by the 1750s . From 1670 , through the Hudson 's Bay Company , the English also laid claim to Hudson Bay and its drainage basin known as Rupert 's Land establishing new trading posts and forts , while continuing to operate fishing settlements in Newfoundland . French expansion along the Canadian canoe routes challenged the Hudson 's Bay Company claims , and in 1686 , Pierre Troyes led an overland expedition from Montreal to the shore of the bay , where they managed to capture a handful of outposts . La Salle 's explorations gave France a claim to the Mississippi River Valley , where fur trappers and a few settlers set up scattered forts and settlements . There were four French and Indian Wars and two additional wars in Acadia and Nova Scotia between the Thirteen American Colonies and New France from 1688 to 1763 . During King William 's War ( 1688 to 1697 ) , military conflicts in Acadia included : Battle of Port Royal ( 1690 ) ; a naval battle in the Bay of Fundy ( Action of July 14 , 1696 ) ; and the Raid on Chignecto ( 1696 ) . The Treaty of Ryswick in 1697 ended the war between the two colonial powers of England and France for a brief time . During Queen Anne 's War ( 1702 to 1713 ) , the British Conquest of Acadia occurred in 1710 , resulting in Nova Scotia , other than Cape Breton , being officially ceded to the British by the Treaty of Utrecht including Rupert 's Land , which France had conquered in the late 17th century ( Battle of Hudson 's Bay ) . As an immediate result of this setback , France founded the powerful Fortress of Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island . St. John River Campaign : Raid on Grimrose ( present day Gagetown , New Brunswick ) . This is the only contemporaneous image of the Expulsion of the Acadians Louisbourg was intended to serve as a year - round military and naval base for France 's remaining North American empire and to protect the entrance to the St. Lawrence River . Father Rale 's War resulted in both the fall of New France influence in present - day Maine and the British recognition of having to negotiate with the Mi'kmaq in Nova Scotia . During King George 's War ( 1744 to 1748 ) , an army of New Englanders led by William Pepperrell mounted an expedition of 90 vessels and 4,000 men against Louisbourg in 1745 . Within three months the fortress surrendered . The return of Louisbourg to French control by the peace treaty prompted the British to found Halifax in 1749 under Edward Cornwallis . Despite the official cessation of war between the British and French empires with the Treaty of Aix - la - Chapelle ; the conflict in Acadia and Nova Scotia continued on as the Father Le Loutre 's War . The British ordered the Acadians expelled from their lands in 1755 during the French and Indian War , an event called the Expulsion of the Acadians or le Grand Dérangement . The `` expulsion '' resulted in approximately 12,000 Acadians being shipped to destinations throughout Britain 's North America and to France , Quebec and the French Caribbean colony of Saint - Domingue . The first wave of the expulsion of the Acadians began with the Bay of Fundy Campaign ( 1755 ) and the second wave began after the final Siege of Louisbourg ( 1758 ) . Many of the Acadians settled in southern Louisiana , creating the Cajun culture there . Some Acadians managed to hide and others eventually returned to Nova Scotia , but they were far outnumbered by a new migration of New England Planters who were settled on the former lands of the Acadians and transformed Nova Scotia from a colony of occupation for the British to a settled colony with stronger ties to New England . Britain eventually gained control of Quebec City and Montreal after the Battle of the Plains of Abraham and Battle of Fort Niagara in 1759 , and the Battle of the Thousand Islands and Battle of Sainte - Foy in 1760 . Canada under British rule ( 1763 -- 1931 ) ( edit ) Main article : Canada under British rule New France is dissolved ( edit ) Map showing British territorial gains following the `` Seven Years ' War '' . Treaty of Paris gains in pink , and Spanish territorial gains after the Treaty of Fontainebleau in yellow . With the end of the Seven Years ' War and the signing of the Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) , France renounced its claims to territory in mainland North America , except for fishing rights off Newfoundland and the two small islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon where its fishermen could dry their fish . France had already secretly transferred its vast Louisiana territory to Spain under the Treaty of Fontainebleau ( 1762 ) in which King Louis XV of France had given his cousin King Charles III of Spain the entire area of the drainage basin of the Mississippi River from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico and from the Appalachian Mountains to the Rocky Mountains . France and Spain kept the Treaty of Fontainebleau secret from other countries until 1764 . Britain returned to France its most important sugar - producing colony , Guadeloupe , which the French considered more valuable than Canada . ( Guadeloupe produced more sugar than all the British islands combined , and Voltaire had notoriously dismissed Canada as `` Quelques arpents de neige '' , `` A few acres of snow '' ) . The new British rulers of Canada abolished and later reinstated most of the property , religious , political , and social culture of the French - speaking habitants , guaranteeing the right of the Canadiens to practice the Catholic faith and to the use of French civil law ( now Quebec Civil Code ) through the Quebec Act of 1774 . The Royal Proclamation of 1763 had been issued in October , by King George III following Great Britain 's acquisition of French territory . The proclamation organized Great Britain 's new North American empire and stabilized relations between the British Crown and Aboriginal peoples through regulation of trade , settlement , and land purchases on the western frontier . American Revolution and the Loyalists ( edit ) Further information : Invasion of Quebec ( 1775 ) Map of the routes taken by Arnold and Montgomery attack expeditions to Quebec During the American Revolution , there was some sympathy for the American cause among the Acadians and the New Englanders in Nova Scotia . Neither party joined the rebels , although several hundred individuals joined the revolutionary cause . An invasion of Quebec by the Continental Army in 1775 , with a goal to take Quebec from British control , was halted at the Battle of Quebec by Guy Carleton , with the assistance of local militias . The defeat of the British army during the Siege of Yorktown in October 1781 signaled the end of Britain 's struggle to suppress the American Revolution . When the British evacuated New York City in 1783 , they took many Loyalist refugees to Nova Scotia , while other Loyalists went to southwestern Quebec . So many Loyalists arrived on the shores of the St. John River that a separate colony -- New Brunswick -- was created in 1784 ; followed in 1791 by the division of Quebec into the largely French - speaking Lower Canada ( French Canada ) along the St. Lawrence River and Gaspé Peninsula and an anglophone Loyalist Upper Canada , with its capital settled by 1796 in York , in present - day Toronto . After 1790 most of the new settlers were American farmers searching for new lands ; although generally favorable to republicanism , they were relatively non-political and stayed neutral in the War of 1812 . In 1785 Saint John , New Brunswick became the first incorporated city in what would later become Canada . The signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 formally ended the war . Britain made several concessions to the Americans at the expense of the North American colonies . Notably , the borders between Canada and the United States were officially demarcated ; all land south of the Great Lakes , which was formerly a part of the Province of Quebec and included modern day Michigan , Illinois and Ohio , was ceded to the Americans . Fishing rights were also granted to the United States in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and on the coast of Newfoundland and the Grand Banks . The British ignored part of the treaty and maintained their military outposts in the Great Lakes areas it had ceded to the U.S. , and they continued to supply their native allies with munitions . The British evacuated the outposts with the Jay Treaty of 1795 , but the continued supply of munitions irritated the Americans in the run - up to the War of 1812 . Canadian historians have had mixed views on the long - term impact of the American Revolution . Arthur Lower in the 1950s provided the long - standard historical interpretation that for English Canada the results were counter-revolutionary : ( English Canada ) inherited , not the benefits , but the bitterness of the Revolution ... . English Canada started its life with as powerful a nostalgic shove backward into the past as the Conquest had given to French Canada : two little peoples officially devoted to counter-revolution , to lost causes , to the tawdry ideals of a society of men and masters , and not to the self - reliant freedom alongside of them . Recently Michel Ducharme has agreed that Canada did indeed oppose `` republican liberty '' , as exemplified by the United States and France . However he says it did find a different path forward when it fought against British rulers after 1837 to secure `` modern liberty '' . That form of liberty focused not on the virtues of citizens but on protecting their rights from infringement by the state . War of 1812 ( edit ) Loyalist Laura Secord warning the British ( Lieutenant -- James FitzGibbon ) and First Nations of an impending American attack at Beaver Dams June 1813 . -- by Lorne Kidd Smith , c. 1920 Main articles : War of 1812 and Origins of the War of 1812 The War of 1812 was fought between the United States and the British , with the British North American colonies being heavily involved . Greatly outgunned by the British Royal Navy , the American war plans focused on an invasion of Canada ( especially what is today eastern and western Ontario ) . The American frontier states voted for war to suppress the First Nations raids that frustrated settlement of the frontier . The war on the border with the United States was characterized by a series of multiple failed invasions and fiascos on both sides . American forces took control of Lake Erie in 1813 , driving the British out of western Ontario , killing the Native American leader Tecumseh , and breaking the military power of his confederacy . The war was overseen by British army officers like Isaac Brock and Charles de Salaberry with the assistance of First Nations and loyalist informants , most notably Laura Secord . The War ended with no boundary changes thanks to the Treaty of Ghent of 1814 , and the Rush -- Bagot Treaty of 1817 . A demographic result was the shifting of the destination of American migration from Upper Canada to Ohio , Indiana and Michigan , without fear of Indian attacks . After the war , supporters of Britain tried to repress the republicanism that was common among American immigrants to Canada . The troubling memory of the war and the American invasions etched itself into the consciousness of Canadians as a distrust of the intentions of the United States towards the British presence in North America . Rebellions and the Durham Report ( edit ) Further information : Rebellions of 1837 The rebellions of 1837 against the British colonial government took place in both Upper and Lower Canada . In Upper Canada , a band of Reformers under the leadership of William Lyon Mackenzie took up arms in a disorganized and ultimately unsuccessful series of small - scale skirmishes around Toronto , London , and Hamilton . The Burning of the Parliament Buildings in Montreal − 1849 , Joseph Légaré , c. 1849 In Lower Canada , a more substantial rebellion occurred against British rule . Both English - and French - Canadian rebels , sometimes using bases in the neutral United States , fought several skirmishes against the authorities . The towns of Chambly and Sorel were taken by the rebels , and Quebec City was isolated from the rest of the colony . Montreal rebel leader Robert Nelson read the `` Declaration of Independence of Lower Canada '' to a crowd assembled at the town of Napierville in 1838 . The rebellion of the Patriote movement was defeated after battles across Quebec . Hundreds were arrested , and several villages were burnt in reprisal . British Government then sent Lord Durham to examine the situation ; he stayed in Canada only five months before returning to Britain and brought with him his Durham Report , which strongly recommended responsible government . A less well - received recommendation was the amalgamation of Upper and Lower Canada for the deliberate assimilation of the French - speaking population . The Canadas were merged into a single colony , the United Province of Canada , by the 1840 Act of Union , and responsible government was achieved in 1848 , a few months after it was accomplished in Nova Scotia . The parliament of United Canada in Montreal was set on fire by a mob of Tories in 1849 after the passing of an indemnity bill for the people who suffered losses during the rebellion in Lower Canada . Between the Napoleonic Wars and 1850 , some 800,000 immigrants came to the colonies of British North America , mainly from the British Isles , as part of the great migration of Canada . These included Gaelic - speaking Highland Scots displaced by the Highland Clearances to Nova Scotia and Scottish and English settlers to the Canadas , particularly Upper Canada . The Irish Famine of the 1840s significantly increased the pace of Irish Catholic immigration to British North America , with over 35,000 distressed Irish landing in Toronto alone in 1847 and 1848 . Pacific colonies ( edit ) Further information : History of British Columbia Map of the Columbia District , also referred to as Oregon Country . Spanish explorers had taken the lead in the Pacific Northwest coast , with the voyages of Juan José Pérez Hernández in 1774 and 1775 . By the time the Spanish determined to build a fort on Vancouver Island , the British navigator James Cook had visited Nootka Sound and charted the coast as far as Alaska , while British and American maritime fur traders had begun a busy era of commerce with the coastal peoples to satisfy the brisk market for sea otter pelts in China , thereby launching what became known as the China Trade . In 1789 war threatened between Britain and Spain on their respective rights ; the Nootka Crisis was resolved peacefully largely in favor of Britain , the much stronger naval power . In 1793 Alexander MacKenzie , a Canadian working for the North West Company , crossed the continent and with his Aboriginal guides and French - Canadian crew , reached the mouth of the Bella Coola River , completing the first continental crossing north of Mexico , missing George Vancouver 's charting expedition to the region by only a few weeks . In 1821 , the North West Company and Hudson 's Bay Company merged , with a combined trading territory that was extended by a licence to the North - Western Territory and the Columbia and New Caledonia fur districts , which reached the Arctic Ocean on the north and the Pacific Ocean on the west . The Colony of Vancouver Island was chartered in 1849 , with the trading post at Fort Victoria as the capital . This was followed by the Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands in 1853 , and by the creation of the Colony of British Columbia in 1858 and the Stikine Territory in 1861 , with the latter three being founded expressly to keep those regions from being overrun and annexed by American gold miners . The Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands and most of the Stikine Territory were merged into the Colony of British Columbia in 1863 ( the remainder , north of the 60th Parallel , became part of the North - Western Territory ) . Confederation ( edit ) Main article : Canadian Confederation 1885 photo of Robert Harris ' 1884 painting , Conference at Quebec in 1864 , also known as The Fathers of Confederation . The scene is an amalgamation of the Charlottetown and Quebec City conference sites and attendees . The Seventy - Two Resolutions from the 1864 Quebec Conference and Charlottetown Conference laid out the framework for uniting British colonies in North America into a federation . They had been adopted by the majority of the provinces of Canada and became the basis for the London Conference of 1866 , which led to the formation of the Dominion of Canada on July 1 , 1867 . The term dominion was chosen to indicate Canada 's status as a self - governing colony of the British Empire , the first time it was used about a country . With the coming into force of the British North America Act ( enacted by the British Parliament ) , the Province of Canada , New Brunswick , and Nova Scotia became a federated kingdom in its own right . ( According to J. McCullough , use of the phrase `` Dominion of Canada ... was gradually phased out '' during the `` late 1940 's , 50 's , and early 60 's '' with the growth of `` post-colonial Canadian nationalism '' . ) Federation emerged from multiple impulses : the British wanted Canada to defend itself ; the Maritimes needed railroad connections , which were promised in 1867 ; British - Canadian nationalism sought to unite the lands into one country , dominated by the English language and British culture ; many French - Canadians saw an opportunity to exert political control within a new largely French - speaking Quebec and fears of possible U.S. expansion northward . On a political level , there was a desire for the expansion of responsible government and elimination of the legislative deadlock between Upper and Lower Canada , and their replacement with provincial legislatures in a federation . This was especially pushed by the liberal Reform movement of Upper Canada and the French - Canadian Parti rouge in Lower Canada who favored a decentralized union in comparison to the Upper Canadian Conservative party and to some degree the French - Canadian Parti bleu , which favored a centralized union . Early Post-Confederation Canada 1867 -- 1914 ( edit ) The Battle of Fish Creek , fought April 24 , 1885 , at Fish Creek , Saskatchewan , was a major Métis victory over the Dominion of Canada forces attempting to quell Louis Riel 's North - West Rebellion . Main article : Post-Confederation Canada ( 1867 -- 1914 ) Territorial expansion ( edit ) Further information : Territorial evolution of Canada Using the lure of the Canadian Pacific Railway , a transcontinental line that would unite the nation , Ottawa attracted support in the Maritimes and in British Columbia . In 1866 , the Colony of British Columbia and the Colony of Vancouver Island merged into a single Colony of British Columbia ; it joined the Canadian Confederation in 1871 . In 1873 , Prince Edward Island joined . Newfoundland -- which had no use for a transcontinental railway -- voted no in 1869 , and did not join Canada until 1949 . In 1873 John A. Macdonald ( First Prime Minister of Canada ) created the North - West Mounted Police ( now the Royal Canadian Mounted Police ) to help police the Northwest Territories . Specifically the Mounties were to assert Canadian sovereignty over possible American encroachments into the sparsely populated land . The Mounties ' first large - scale mission was to suppress the second independence movement by Manitoba 's Métis , a mixed blood people of joint First Nations and European descent , who originated in the mid-17th century . The desire for independence erupted in the Red River Rebellion in 1869 and the later North - West Rebellion in 1885 led by Louis Riel . Suppressing the Rebellion was Canada 's first independent military action . It cost about $5 million and demonstrated the need to complete the Canadian Pacific Railway . It guaranteed Anglophone control of the Prairies , and demonstrated the national government was capable of decisive action . However , it lost the Conservative Party most of their support in Quebec and led to permanent distrust of the Anglophone community on the part of the Francophones . A photochrome postcard showing downtown Montreal , circa 1910 . Canada 's population became urbanized during the 20th century . In the 1890s , legal experts codified a framework of criminal law , culminating in the Criminal Code , 1892 . This solidified the liberal ideal of `` equality before the law '' in a way that made an abstract principle into a tangible reality for every adult Canadian . Wilfrid Laurier who served 1896 -- 1911 as the Seventh Prime Minister of Canada felt Canada was on the verge of becoming a world power , and declared that the 20th century would `` belong to Canada '' The Alaska boundary dispute , simmering since the Alaska purchase of 1867 , became critical when gold was discovered in the Yukon during the late 1890s , with the U.S. controlling all the possible ports of entry . Canada argued its boundary included the port of Skagway . The dispute went to arbitration in 1903 , but the British delegate sided with the Americans , angering Canadians who felt the British had betrayed Canadian interests to curry favour with the U.S. In 1905 Saskatchewan and Alberta were admitted as provinces . They were growing rapidly thanks to abundant wheat crops that attracted immigration to the plains by Ukrainians and Northern and Central Europeans and by settlers from the United States , Britain and eastern Canada . Laurier signed a reciprocity treaty with the U.S. that would lower tariffs in both directions . Conservatives under Robert Borden denounced it , saying it would integrate Canada 's economy into that of the U.S. and loosen ties with Britain . The Conservative party won the Canadian federal election , 1911 . Development of popular culture ( edit ) Canadian culture as it is understood today can be traced to its time period of westward expansion . Contributing factors include Canada 's unique geography , climate , and cultural makeup . Being a cold country with long winter nights for most of the year , certain unique leisure activities developed in Canada during this period including hockey and lacrosse . During this period the churches tried to steer leisure activities , by preaching against drinking and scheduling annual revivals and weekly club activities . By 1930 radio played a major role in uniting Canadians behind their local or regional hockey teams . Play - by - play sports coverage , especially of ice hockey , absorbed fans far more intensely than newspaper accounts the next day . Rural areas were especially influenced by sports coverage . Canadians in the 19th century came to believe themselves possessed of a unique `` northern character , '' due to the long , harsh winters that only those of hardy body and mind could survive . This hardiness was claimed as a Canadian trait , and such sports as ice hockey and snowshoeing that reflected this were asserted as characteristically Canadian . Outside the sports arena Canadians express the national characteristics of being peaceful , orderly and polite . Inside they scream their lungs out at ice hockey games , cheering the speed , ferocity , and violence , making hockey an ambiguous symbol of Canada . The Great War and interwar years 1914 -- 1939 ( edit ) World War I poster for 1918 -- Canadian victory bond drive , depicts three French women pulling a plow . Main article : Canada in the World Wars and Interwar Years First World War ( edit ) Main article : Military history of Canada during World War I The Canadian Forces and civilian participation in the First World War helped to foster a sense of British - Canadian nationhood . The highpoints of Canadian military achievement during the First World War came during the Somme , Vimy , Passchendaele battles and what later became known as `` Canada 's Hundred Days '' . The reputation Canadian troops earned , along with the success of Canadian flying aces including William George Barker and Billy Bishop , helped to give the nation a new sense of identity . The War Office in 1922 reported approximately 67,000 killed and 173,000 wounded during the war . This excludes civilian deaths in war - time incidents like the Halifax Explosion . Support for Great Britain during the First World War caused a major political crisis over conscription , with Francophones , mainly from Quebec , rejecting national policies . During the crisis , large numbers of enemy aliens ( especially Ukrainians and Germans ) were put under government controls . The Liberal party was deeply split , with most of its Anglophone leaders joining the unionist government headed by Prime Minister Robert Borden , the leader of the Conservative party . The Liberals regained their influence after the war under the leadership of William Lyon Mackenzie King , who served as prime minister with three separate terms between 1921 and 1949 . Women 's suffrage ( edit ) Further information : History of Canadian women § Feminism and woman suffrage See also : Canadian women during the world wars On September 20 , 1917 , women gained a limited right to vote . The nursing sisters at the Canadian hospital in France during World War I were among the first women to vote in any general election Women 's political status without the vote was vigorously promoted by the National Council of Women of Canada from 1894 to 1918 . It promoted a vision of `` transcendent citizenship '' for women . The ballot was not needed , for citizenship was to be exercised through personal influence and moral suasion , through the election of men with strong moral character , and through raising public - spirited sons . The National Council position reflected its nation - building program that sought to uphold Canada as a White settler nation . While the woman suffrage movement was important for extending the political rights of White women , it was also authorized through race - based arguments that linked White women 's enfranchisement to the need to protect the nation from `` racial degeneration '' . Women did have a local vote in some provinces , as in Canada West from 1850 , where women owning land could vote for school trustees . By 1900 other provinces adopted similar provisions , and in 1916 Manitoba took the lead in extending full women 's suffrage . Simultaneously suffragists gave strong support to the prohibition movement , especially in Ontario and the Western provinces . The Military Voters Act of 1917 gave the vote to British women who were war widows or had sons or husbands serving overseas . Unionists Prime Minister Borden pledged himself during the 1917 campaign to equal suffrage for women . After his landslide victory , he introduced a bill in 1918 for extending the franchise to women . This passed without division , but did not apply to Quebec provincial and municipal elections . The women of Quebec gained full suffrage in 1940 . The first woman elected to Parliament was Agnes Macphail of Ontario in 1921 . Interwar ( edit ) Anachronous map of the world between 1920 and 1945 which shows The League of Nations and the world . On the World stage ( edit ) As a result of its contribution to Allied victory in the First World War , Canada became more assertive and less deferential to British authority . Convinced that Canada had proven itself on the battlefields of Europe , Prime Minister Sir Robert Borden demanded that it have a separate seat at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 . This was initially opposed not only by Britain but also by the United States , which saw such a delegation as an extra British vote . Borden responded by pointing out that since Canada had lost nearly 60,000 men , a far larger proportion of its men , its right to equal status as a nation had been consecrated on the battlefield . British Prime Minister David Lloyd George eventually relented , and convinced the reluctant Americans to accept the presence of delegations from Canada , India , Australia , Newfoundland , New Zealand , and South Africa . These also received their own seats in the League of Nations . Canada asked for neither reparations nor mandates . It played only a modest role at Paris , but just having a seat was a matter of pride . It was cautiously optimistic about the new League of Nations , in which it played an active and independent role . In 1923 British Prime Minister , David Lloyd George , appealed repeatedly for Canadian support in the Chanak crisis , in which a war threatened between Britain and Turkey . Canada refused . The Department of External Affairs , which had been founded in 1909 , was expanded and promoted Canadian autonomy as Canada reduced its reliance on British diplomats and used its own foreign service . Thus began the careers of such important diplomats as Norman Robertson and Hume Wrong , and future prime minister Lester Pearson . Domestic Affairs ( edit ) In 1921 to 1926 , William Lyon Mackenzie King 's Liberal government pursued a conservative domestic policy with the object of lowering wartime taxes and , especially , cooling wartime ethnic tensions , as well as defusing postwar labour conflicts . The Progressives refused to join the government , but did help the Liberals defeat non-confidence motions . King faced a delicate balancing act of reducing tariffs enough to please the Prairie - based Progressives , but not too much to alienate his vital support in industrial Ontario and Quebec , which needed tariffs to compete with American imports . King and Conservative leader Arthur Meighen sparred constantly and bitterly in Commons debates . The Progressives gradually weakened . Their effective and passionate leader , Thomas Crerar , resigned to return to his grain business , and was replaced by the more placid Robert Forke . The socialist reformer J. S. Woodsworth gradually gained influence and power among the Progressives , and he reached an accommodation with King on policy matters . In 1926 Prime Minister Mackenzie King advised the Governor General , Lord Byng , to dissolve Parliament and call another election , but Byng refused , the only time that the Governor General has exercised such a power . Instead Byng called upon Meighen , the Conservative Party leader , to form a government . Meighen attempted to do so , but was unable to obtain a majority in the Commons and he , too , advised dissolution , which this time was accepted . The episode , the King -- Byng Affair , marks a constitutional crisis that was resolved by a new tradition of complete non-interference in Canadian political affairs on the part of the British government . Great Depression ( edit ) Main article : Great Depression in Canada Unemployed men march in Toronto Canada was hard hit by the worldwide Great Depression that began in 1929 . Between 1929 and 1933 , the gross national product dropped 40 % ( compared to 37 % in the US ) . Unemployment reached 27 % at the depth of the Depression in 1933 . Many businesses closed , as corporate profits of $396 million in 1929 turned into losses of $98 million in 1933 . Canadian exports shrank by 50 % from 1929 to 1933 . Construction all but stopped ( down 82 % , 1929 -- 33 ) , and wholesale prices dropped 30 % . Wheat prices plunged from 78c per bushel ( 1928 crop ) to 29c in 1932 . Urban unemployment nationwide was 19 % ; Toronto 's rate was 17 % , according to the census of 1931 . Farmers who stayed on their farms were not considered unemployed . By 1933 , 30 % of the labour force was out of work , and one fifth of the population became dependent on government assistance . Wages fell as did prices . Worst hit were areas dependent on primary industries such as farming , mining and logging , as prices fell and there were few alternative jobs . Most families had moderate losses and little hardship , though they too became pessimistic and their debts became heavier as prices fell . Some families saw most or all of their assets disappear , and suffered severely . In 1930 , in the first stage of the long depression , Prime Minister Mackenzie King believed that the crisis was a temporary swing of the business cycle and that the economy would soon recover without government intervention . He refused to provide unemployment relief or federal aid to the provinces , saying that if Conservative provincial governments demanded federal dollars , he would not give them `` a five cent piece . '' His blunt wisecrack was used to defeat the Liberals in the 1930 election . The main issue was the rapid deterioration in the economy and whether the prime minister was out of touch with the hardships of ordinary people . The winner of the 1930 election was Richard Bedford Bennett and the Conservatives . Bennett had promised high tariffs and large - scale spending , but as deficits increased , he became wary and cut back severely on Federal spending . With falling support and the depression getting only worse , Bennett attempted to introduce policies based on the New Deal of President Franklin D. Roosevelt ( FDR ) in the United States , but he got little passed . Bennett 's government became a focus of popular discontent . For example , auto owners saved on gasoline by using horses to pull their cars , dubbing them Bennett Buggies . The Conservative failure to restore prosperity led to the return of Mackenzie King 's Liberals in the 1935 election . Strikers from unemployment relief camps climbing on boxcars in Kamloops , British Columbia In 1935 , the Liberals used the slogan `` King or Chaos '' to win a landslide in the 1935 election . Promising a much - desired trade treaty with the U.S. , the Mackenzie King government passed the 1935 Reciprocal Trade Agreement . It marked the turning point in Canadian - American economic relations , reversing the disastrous trade war of 1930 -- 31 , lowering tariffs , and yielding a dramatic increase in trade . The worst of the Depression had passed by 1935 , as Ottawa launched relief programs such as the National Housing Act and National Employment Commission . The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation became a crown corporation in 1936 . Trans - Canada Airlines ( the precursor to Air Canada ) was formed in 1937 , as was the National Film Board of Canada in 1939 . In 1938 , Parliament transformed the Bank of Canada from a private entity to a crown corporation . One political response was a highly restrictive immigration policy and a rise in nativism . Times were especially hard in western Canada , where a full recovery did not occur until the Second World War began in 1939 . One response was the creation of new political parties such as the Social Credit movement and the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation , as well as popular protest in the form of the On - to - Ottawa Trek . The end of British rule ( edit ) Main article : Statute of Westminster , 1931 Following the Balfour Declaration of 1926 , the British Parliament passed the Statute of Westminster in 1931 which acknowledged Canada as coequal with the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms . It was a crucial step in the development of Canada as a separate state in that it provided for nearly complete legislative autonomy from the Parliament of the United Kingdom . Although the United Kingdom retained formal authority over certain Canadian constitutional changes , it relinquished this authority with the passing of the Canada Act 1982 which was the final step in achieving full sovereignty . Canada during the second World War ( edit ) Further information : Military history of Canada during the Second World War Canadian crew of a Sherman tank in Vaucelles , France , after D - day south of Juno Beach , June 1944 Canada 's involvement in the Second World War began when Canada declared war on Nazi Germany on September 10 , 1939 , delaying it one week after Britain acted to symbolically demonstrate independence . The war restored Canada 's economic health and its self - confidence , as it played a major role in the Atlantic and in Europe . During the war , Canada became more closely linked to the U.S. The Americans took virtual control of Yukon in order to build the Alaska Highway , and were a major presence in the British colony of Newfoundland with major airbases . Mackenzie King -- and Canada -- were largely ignored by Winston Churchill and the British government despite Canada 's major role in supplying food , raw materials , munitions and money to the hard - pressed British economy , training airmen for the Commonwealth , guarding the western half of the North Atlantic Ocean against German U-boats , and providing combat troops for the invasions of Italy , France and Germany in 1943 -- 45 . The government successfully mobilized the economy for war , with impressive results in industrial and agricultural output . The depression ended , prosperity returned , and Canada 's economy expanded significantly . On the political side , Mackenzie King rejected any notion of a government of national unity . The Canadian federal election , 1940 was held as normally scheduled , producing another majority for the Liberals . Building up the Royal Canadian Air Force was a high priority ; it was kept separate from Britain 's Royal Air Force . The British Commonwealth Air Training Plan Agreement , signed in December 1939 , bound Canada , Britain , New Zealand , and Australia to a program that eventually trained half the airmen from those four nations in the Second World War . After the start of war with Japan in December 1941 , the government , in cooperation with the U.S. , began the Japanese - Canadian internment , which sent 22,000 British Columbia residents of Japanese descent to relocation camps far from the coast . The reason was intense public demand for removal and fears of espionage or sabotage . The government ignored reports from the RCMP and Canadian military that most of the Japanese were law - abiding and not a threat . William Mackenzie King voting in the plebiscite on the introduction of conscription for overseas military service The Battle of the Atlantic began immediately , and from 1943 to 1945 was led by Leonard W. Murray , from Nova Scotia . German U-boats operated in Canadian and Newfoundland waters throughout the war , sinking many naval and merchant vessels , as Canada took charge of the defenses of the western Atlantic . The Canadian army was involved in the failed defence of Hong Kong , the unsuccessful Dieppe Raid in August 1942 , the Allied invasion of Italy , and the highly successful invasion of France and the Netherlands in 1944 -- 45 . The Conscription Crisis of 1944 greatly affected unity between French and English - speaking Canadians , though was not as politically intrusive as that of the First World War . Of a population of approximately 11.5 million , 1.1 million Canadians served in the armed forces in the Second World War . Many thousands more served with the Canadian Merchant Navy . In all , more than 45,000 died , and another 55,000 were wounded . Postwar era 1945 -- 1960 ( edit ) Main article : History of Canada ( 1945 -- 1960 ) Prosperity returned to Canada during the Second World War and continued in the following years , with the development of universal health care , old - age pensions , and veterans ' pensions . The financial crisis of the Great Depression had led the Dominion of Newfoundland to relinquish responsible government in 1934 and become a crown colony ruled by a British governor . In 1948 , the British government gave voters three Newfoundland Referendum choices : remaining a crown colony , returning to Dominion status ( that is , independence ) , or joining Canada . Joining the United States was not made an option . After bitter debate Newfoundlanders voted to join Canada in 1949 as a province . The Avro Canada CF - 105 Arrow ( Recreation ) . The foreign policy of Canada during the Cold War was closely tied to that of the United States . Canada was a founding member of NATO ( which Canada wanted to be a transatlantic economic and political union as well ) . In 1950 , Canada sent combat troops to Korea during the Korean War as part of the United Nations forces . The federal government 's desire to assert its territorial claims in the Arctic during the Cold War manifested with the High Arctic relocation , in which Inuit were moved from Nunavik ( the northern third of Quebec ) to barren Cornwallis Island ; this project was later the subject of a long investigation by the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples . In 1956 , the United Nations responded to the Suez Crisis by convening a United Nations Emergency Force to supervise the withdrawal of invading forces . The peacekeeping force was initially conceptualized by Secretary of External Affairs and future Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson . Pearson was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1957 for his work in establishing the peacekeeping operation . Throughout the mid-1950s , Louis St. Laurent ( 12th Prime Minister of Canada ) and his successor John Diefenbaker attempted to create a new , highly advanced jet fighter , the Avro Arrow . The controversial aircraft was cancelled by Diefenbaker in 1959 . Diefenbaker instead purchased the BOMARC missile defense system and American aircraft . In 1958 Canada established ( with the United States ) the North American Aerospace Defense Command ( NORAD ) . There were voices on both left and right that warned against being too close to the United States . Few Canadians listened before 1957 . Instead , there was wide consensus on foreign and defense policies 1948 to 1957 . Bothwell , Drummond and English state : That support was remarkably uniform geographically and racially , both coast to coast and among French and English . From the CCF on the left to the Social Credit on the right , the political parties agreed that NATO was a good thing , and communism a bad thing , that a close association with Europe was desirable , and that the Commonwealth embodied a glorious past . However the consensus did not the last . By 1957 the Suez crisis alienated Canada from both Britain and France ; politicians distrusted American leadership , businessmen questioned American financial investments ; and intellectuals ridiculed the values of American television and Hollywood offerings that all Canadians watched . `` Public support for Canada 's foreign policy big came unstuck . Foreign - policy , from being a winning issue for the Liberals , was fast becoming a losing one . '' 1960 -- 1981 ( edit ) Main article : History of Canada ( 1960 -- 1981 ) In the 1960s , what became known as the Quiet Revolution took place in Quebec , overthrowing the old establishment which centred on the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec and led to modernizing of the economy and society . Québécois nationalists demanded independence , and tensions rose until violence erupted during the 1970 October Crisis . John Saywell says , `` The two kidnappings and the murder of Pierre Laporte were the biggest domestic news stories in Canada 's history '' In 1976 the Parti Québécois was elected to power in Quebec , with a nationalist vision that included securing French linguistic rights in the province and the pursuit of some form of sovereignty for Quebec . This culminated in the 1980 referendum in Quebec on the question of sovereignty - association , which was turned down by 59 % of the voters . The Canadian flag , adopted in 1965 . In 1965 , Canada adopted the maple leaf flag , although not without considerable debate and misgivings among large number of English Canadians . The World 's Fair titled Expo 67 came to Montreal , coinciding with the Canadian Centennial that year . The fair opened April 28 , 1967 , with the theme `` Man and his World '' and became the best attended of all BIE - sanctioned world expositions until that time . Legislative restrictions on Canadian immigration that had favoured British and other European immigrants were amended in the 1960s , opening the doors to immigrants from all parts of the world . While the 1950s had seen high levels of immigration from Britain , Ireland , Italy , and northern continental Europe , by the 1970s immigrants increasingly came from India , China , Vietnam , Jamaica and Haiti . Immigrants of all backgrounds tended to settle in the major urban centres , particularly Toronto , Montreal and Vancouver . During his long tenure in the office ( 1968 -- 79 , 1980 -- 84 ) , Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau made social and cultural change his political goals , including the pursuit of official bilingualism in Canada and plans for significant constitutional change . The west , particularly the petroleum - producing provinces like Alberta , opposed many of the policies emanating from central Canada , with the National Energy Program creating considerable antagonism and growing western alienation . Multiculturalism in Canada was adopted as the official policy of the Canadian government during the prime ministership of Pierre Trudeau . 1982 -- 1992 ( edit ) Main article : History of Canada ( 1982 -- 1992 ) A commemorative plaque presented to the citizens of Bantry , Ireland by the government of Canada for the residents ' kindness and compassion to the families of the victims of Air India Flight 182 . In 1981 , the Canadian House of Commons and Senate passed a resolution requesting that the British Parliament enact a package of constitutional amendments which would end the last powers of the British Parliament to legislate for Canada and would create an entirely Canadian process for constitutional amendments . The resolution set out the text of the proposed Canada Act , which also included the text of the Constitution Act , 1982 . The British Parliament duly passed the Canada Act 1982 , the Queen granting Royal Assent on March 29 , 1982 , 115 years to the day since Queen Victoria granted Royal Assent to the Constitution Act , 1867 . On April 17 , 1982 , the Queen signed the Proclamation on the grounds of Parliament Hill in Ottawa bringing the Constitution Act , 1982 into force , thus patriating the Constitution of Canada . Previously , the main portions of the constitution had existed only as an act passed of the British parliament , though under the terms of the Statute of Westminster , it could not be altered without Canadian consent . Canada had established complete sovereignty as an independent country , with the Queen 's role as monarch of Canada separate from her role as the British monarch or the monarch of any of the other Commonwealth realms . In addition to the enactment of a Canadian amending formulas , the Constitution Act , 1982 enacted the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms . The Charter is a constitutionally entrenched bill of rights which applies to both the federal government and the provincial governments , unlike the earlier Canadian Bill of Rights . The patriation of the constitution was Trudeau 's last major act as Prime Minister ; he resigned in 1984 . On June 23 , 1985 , Air India Flight 182 was destroyed above the Atlantic Ocean by a bomb on board exploding ; all 329 on board were killed , of whom 280 were Canadian citizens . The Air India attack is the largest mass murder in Canadian history . The Progressive Conservative ( PC ) government of Brian Mulroney began efforts to gain Quebec 's support for the Constitution Act 1982 and end western alienation . In 1987 the Meech Lake Accord talks began between the provincial and federal governments , seeking constitutional changes favourable to Quebec . The failure of the Meech Lake Accord resulted in the formation of a separatist party , Bloc Québécois . The constitutional reform process under Prime Minister Mulroney culminated in the failure of the Charlottetown Accord which would have recognized Quebec as a `` distinct society '' but was rejected in 1992 by a narrow margin . Under Brian Mulroney , relations with the United States began to grow more closely integrated . In 1986 , Canada and the U.S. signed the `` Acid Rain Treaty '' to reduce acid rain . In 1989 , the federal government adopted the Free Trade Agreement with the United States despite significant animosity from the Canadian public who were concerned about the economic and cultural impacts of close integration with the United States . On July 11 , 1990 , the Oka Crisis land dispute began between the Mohawk people of Kanesatake and the adjoining town of Oka , Quebec . The dispute was the first of a number of well - publicized conflicts between First Nations and the Canadian government in the late 20th century . In August 1990 , Canada was one of the first nations to condemn Iraq 's invasion of Kuwait , and it quickly agreed to join the U.S. - led coalition . Canada deployed destroyers and later a CF - 18 Hornet squadron with support personnel , as well as a field hospital to deal with casualties . Recent History : 1992 -- present ( edit ) Main article : History of Canada ( 1992 -- present ) Following Mulroney 's resignation as prime minister in 1993 , Kim Campbell took office and became Canada 's first female prime minister . Campbell remained in office for only a few months : the 1993 election saw the collapse of the Progressive Conservative Party from government to two seats , while the Quebec - based sovereigntist Bloc Québécois became the official opposition . Prime Minister Jean Chrétien of the Liberals took office in November 1993 with a majority government and was re-elected with further majorities during the 1997 and 2000 elections . Political shift in Canada in the first decade of the 21st century In 1995 , the government of Quebec held a second referendum on sovereignty that was rejected by a margin of 50.6 % to 49.4 % . In 1998 , the Canadian Supreme Court ruled unilateral secession by a province to be unconstitutional , and Parliament passed the Clarity Act outlining the terms of a negotiated departure . Environmental issues increased in importance in Canada during this period , resulting in the signing of the Kyoto Accord on climate change by Canada 's Liberal government in 2002 . The accord was in 2007 nullified by Prime Minister Stephen Harper 's Conservative government , which proposed a `` made - in - Canada '' solution to climate change . Canada became the fourth country in the world and the first country in the Americas to legalize same - sex marriage nationwide with the enactment of the Civil Marriage Act . Court decisions , starting in 2003 , had already legalized same - sex marriage in eight out of ten provinces and one of three territories . Before the passage of the Act , more than 3,000 same - sex couples had married in these areas . The Canadian Alliance and PC Party merged into the Conservative Party of Canada in 2003 , ending a 13 - year division of the conservative vote . The party was elected twice as a minority government under the leadership of Stephen Harper in the 2006 federal election and 2008 federal election . Harper 's Conservative Party won a majority in the 2011 federal election with the New Democratic Party forming the Official Opposition for the first time . Under Harper , Canada and the United States continued to integrate state and provincial agencies to strengthen security along the Canada -- United States border through the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative . From 2002 to 2011 , Canada was involved in the Afghanistan War as part of the U.S. stabilization force and the NATO - commanded International Security Assistance Force . In July 2010 , the largest purchase in Canadian military history , totalling C $ 9 billion for the acquisition of 65 F - 35 fighters , was announced by the federal government . Canada is one of several nations that assisted in the development of the F - 35 and has invested over C $168 million in the program . On October 19 , 2015 , Stephen Harper 's Conservatives were defeated by a newly resurgent Liberal party under the leadership of Justin Trudeau and which had been reduced to third party status in the 2011 elections . Multiculturalism ( cultural and ethnic diversity ) has been emphasized in recent decades . Ambrose and Mudde conclude that : `` Canada 's unique multiculturalism policy ... which is based on a combination of selective immigration , comprehensive integration , and strong state repression of dissent on these policies . This unique blend of policies has led to a relatively low level of opposition to multiculturalism '' . Historiography ( edit ) Main article : Historiography of Canada The Conquest of New France has always been a central and contested theme of Canadian memory . Cornelius Jaenen argues : The Conquest has remained a difficult subject for French - Canadian historians because it can be viewed either as economically and ideologically disastrous or as a providential intervention to enable Canadians to maintain their language and religion under British rule . For virtually all Anglophone historians it was a victory for British military , political , and economic superiority which would eventually only benefit the conquered . Historians of the 1950s tried to explain the economic inferiority of the French - Canadians by arguing that the Conquest : destroyed an integral society and decapitated the commercial class ; leadership of the conquered people fell to the Church ; and , because commercial activity came to be monopolized by British merchants , national survival concentrated on agriculture . At the other pole , are those Francophone historians who see the positive benefit of enabling the preservation of language , and religion and traditional customs under British rule . French Canadian debates have escalated since the 1960s , as the Conquest is seen as a pivotal moment in the history of Québec 's nationalism . Historian Jocelyn Létourneau suggested in the 21st century , `` 1759 does not belong primarily to a past that we might wish to study and understand , but , rather , to a present and a future that we might wish to shape and control . '' Anglophone historians , on the other hand , portray the Conquest as a victory for British military , political and economic superiority that was a permanent benefit to the French . Allan Greer argues that Whig history was once the dominant style of scholars . He says the : interpretive schemes that dominated Canadian historical writing through the middle decades of the twentieth century were built on the assumption that history had a discernible direction and flow . Canada was moving towards a goal in the nineteenth century ; whether this endpoint was the construction of a transcontinental , commercial , and political union , the development of parliamentary government , or the preservation and resurrection of French Canada , it was certainly a Good Thing . Thus the rebels of 1837 were quite literally on the wrong track . They lost because they had to lose ; they were not simply overwhelmed by superior force , they were justly chastised by the God of History . See also ( edit ) BC AB SK MB ON QC NB PE NS NL YT NT NU History by province or territory History of Canada portal Book : Canada Canada 's Story Events of National Historic Significance ( Canada ) Heritage Minutes Historiography of Canada History of Canadian women History of Canadian sports History of Education in Canada History Trek , Canadian History web portal designed for children National Historic Sites of Canada Persons of National Historic Significance References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lawrence , David M. ( 2011 ) . Andrea Ph. D. , Alfred J. , ed . Beringia and the Peopling of the New World . World History Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 99 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 930 - 6 . Jump up ^ Goebel , Ted ; Waters , Michael R. ; O'Rourke , Dennis H. ( 2008 ) . `` The Late Pleistocene Dispersal of Modern Humans in the Americas '' ( PDF ) . Science . 319 ( 5869 ) : 1497 -- 502 . Bibcode : 2008Sci ... 319.1497 G . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1153569 . PMID 18339930 . Retrieved February 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wynn , Graeme ( 2007 ) . Canada And Arctic North America : An Environmental History . ABC - CLIO . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 437 - 0 . Laurel Sefton MacDowell ( 2012 ) . An Environmental History of Canada . UBC Press . p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 2104 - 9 . Guy Gugliotta ( February 2013 ) . `` When Did Humans Come to the Americas ? '' . Smithsonian Magazine . Washington , DC : Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fedje , Daryl W. ; et al. ( 2004 ) . Madsen , David B. , ed . Late Wisconsin Environments and Archaeological Visibility on the Northern Northwest Coast . Entering America : Northeast Asia and Beringia Before the Last Glacial Maximum . University of Utah Press . p. 125 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87480 - 786 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction '' . Unearthing the Law : Archaeological Legislation on Lands in Canada . Parks Canada . April 15 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2011 . Retrieved January 9 , 2010 . Canada 's oldest known home is a cave in Yukon occupied not 12,000 years ago as at U.S. sites , but at least 20,000 years ago Jump up ^ Dixon , E. James ( 2007 ) . Johansen , Bruce E. ; Pritzker , Barry M. , eds . Archaeology and the First Americans . Encyclopedia of American Indian History . ABC - CLIO . p. 83 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 818 - 7 . Jump up ^ Herz , Norman ; Garrison , Ervan G. ( 1998 ) . Geological Methods for Archaeology . Oxford University Press . p. 125 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 802511 - 5 . Jump up ^ Mange , Martin P.R. ( 1996 ) . Carlson , Roy L. ; Dalla Bona , Luke Robert , eds . Comparative Analysis of Microblade Cores from Haida Gwaii . Early Human Occupation in British Columbia . University of British Columbia Press . p. 152 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 0535 - 3 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Vaugh M. Jr ( 1998 ) . Gibbon , Guy ; et al. , eds . Pre-Clovis . Archaeology of Prehistoric Native America : an Encyclopedia . Garland . p. 682 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 0725 - 9 . 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McGill - Queen 's University Press . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 3754 - 5 . Jump up ^ Francis , R. Douglas ; Jones , Richard ; Smith , Donald B. ( 2009 ) . Journeys : A History of Canada ( second ed . ) . Cengage Learning . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 17 - 644244 - 6 . Jump up ^ Brandon , William ( 2012 ) . The Rise and Fall of North American Indians : From Prehistory through Geronimo . Roberts Rinehart . p. 236 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57098 - 453 - 2 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Ingeborg ( 1996 ) . History and Ethnography of the Beothuk . McGill - Queen 's University Press . p. 437 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 6589 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Maliseet and Mi'kmaq Languages '' . Aboriginal Affairs . Government of New Brunswick . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pritzker , Barry M. ( 2007 ) . Johansen , Bruce E. ; Pritzker , Barry M. , eds . Pre-Contact Indian History . Encyclopedia of American Indian History . ABC - CLIO . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 818 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Background 1 : Ojibwa history '' . Anishinaabe Arcs . Department of Science and Technology Studies The Center for Cultural Design . 2003 . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2011 . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ramsden , Peter G. ( August 28 , 2015 ) . `` Haudenosaunee ( Iroquois ) '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia ( online ed . ) . Historica Canada . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Johansen , Bruce E. ( 1995 ) . `` Dating the Iroquois Confederacy '' . Akwesasne Notes New Series . 1 ( 3 ) : 62 -- 63 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johansen , Bruce Elliot ; Mann , Barbara Alice , eds. ( 2000 ) . Encyclopedia of the Haudenosaunee ( Iroquois Confederacy ) . Greenwood . p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30880 - 2 . Jump up ^ Opie , John ( 2004 ) . Rees , Amanda , ed . Ecology and Environment . The Great Plains Region . The Greenwood Encyclopedia of American Regional Cultures . Volume 4 . Greenwood . p. 76 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32733 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Bengtson , John D. ( 2008 ) . `` Materials for a Comparative Grammar of the Dene - Caucasian ( Sino - Caucasian ) Languages '' ( PDF ) . Aspects of Comparative Linguistics . Moscow : RSUH. 3 : 45 -- 118 . Retrieved April 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` First Nations -- People of the Northwest Coast '' . B.C. Archives . 1999 . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2010 . Retrieved April 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wurm , Stephen Adolphe ; Mühlhäusler , Peter ; Tyron , Darrell T. , eds. ( 1996 ) . Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific , Asia , and the Americas : Maps . Mouton de Gruyter . p. 1065 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 013417 - 9 . Jump up ^ Whitty , Julia ( 2010 ) . Deep Blue Home : An Intimate Ecology of Our Wild Ocean . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . p. 154 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 547 - 48707 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Tirigusuusiit , Piqujait and Maligait : Inuit Perspectives on Traditional Law '' . Nunavut Arctic College . 1999 . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2011 . Retrieved August 28 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Wallace , Birgitta ( 2009 ) . McManamon , Francis P. ; Cordell , Linda S. ; Lightfoot , Kent ; Milner , George R. , eds . L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site . Archaeology in America : An Encyclopedia . Greenwood . p. 82 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33184 - 8 . Jump up ^ Axel Kristinsson ( 2010 ) . Expansions : Competition and Conquest in Europe Since the Bronze Age . ReykjavíkurAkademían . p. 216 . ISBN 978 - 9979 - 9922 - 1 - 9 . Jump up ^ Mills , William James ( 2003 ) . Cabot , John ( 1450 - ca . 1498 ) . Exploring Polar Frontiers : A Historical Encyclopedia . Volume1 , A-L . ABC - CLIO . p. 123 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 422 - 0 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Ian ( 1996 ) . John Cabot and the Matthew . Breakwater Books . p. 34 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55081 - 131 - 5 . Jump up ^ Grimbly , Shona , ed. ( 2013 ) ( 2001 ) . The Northwest Passage . Atlas of Exploration . Routledge . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 97006 - 2 . Jump up ^ Hiller , James ; Higgins , Jenny ( 2013 ) ( 1997 ) . `` John Cabot 's voyage of 1498 '' . Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web Site . Memorial University of Newfoundland . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Diffie , Bailey Wallys ( 1977 ) . Foundations of the Portuguese Empire : 1415 -- 1580 . University of Minnesota Press . p. 464 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 0782 - 2 . Jump up ^ Rorabaugh , William J. ; Critchlow , Donald T. ; Baker , Paula C. ( 2004 ) . America 's Promise : A Concise History of the United States . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 1189 - 7 . Jump up ^ Carlo Sauer ( 1975 ) ( 1971 ) . The Atlantic Coast ( 1520 -- 1526 ) . Sixteenth Century North America : The Land and the People as Seen by the Europeans . University of California Press . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 02777 - 0 . Jump up ^ Freeman - Grenville , Greville Stewart Parker ( 1975 ) . Chronology of World History : a Calendar of Principal Events from 3000 BC to AD 1973 ( 2nd ed . ) . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 387 . ISBN 0 - 87471 - 765 - 5 . Jump up ^ Rompkey , Bill ( 2005 ) . The Story of Labrador . McGill - Queen 's University Press . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 7121 - 1 . Jump up ^ Hiller , J.K. ( August 2004 ) ( 1998 ) . `` The Portuguese Explorers '' . Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web Site . Memorial University of Newfoundland . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Port - Royal National Historic Site of Canada '' . Parks Canada ( Government of Canada ) . 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Litalien , Raymonde ( 2004 ) . Champlain : The Birth of French America . McGill - Queen 's University Press . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 7256 - 0 . Jump up ^ John R. Short ( 2003 ) . The World Through Maps : A History of Cartography . University of Maryland , . p. 94 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55297 - 811 - 5 . Jump up ^ Loren , Diana Dipaolo ( 2008 ) . In Contact : Bodies and Spaces in the Sixteenth - and Seventeenth - century Eastern Woodlands . Rowman Altamira . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7591 - 0661 - 1 . Jump up ^ Riendeau , Roger E. ( 2007 ) ( 2000 ) . A Brief History of Canada ( second ed . ) . Infobase Publishing . p. 36 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 0822 - 3 . Jump up ^ Margaret F. Pickett ; Dwayne W. Pickett ( 2011 ) . The European Struggle to Settle North America : Colonizing Attempts by England , France and Spain , 1521 -- 1608 . McFarland . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 6221 - 6 . Jump up ^ Louis B. Wright ( 2014 ) . The Thirteen Colonies . New Word City . p. 86 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61230 - 811 - 1 . Jump up ^ Boswell , Randy ( 22 April 2013 ) . `` Putting Canada on the map : 16th - century globe that first labeled Great White North to be auctioned in U.K. '' Toronto : National Post . ^ Jump up to : Raymonde Litalien ( 2004 ) . Champlain : The Birth of French America . McGill - Queen 's Press -- MQUP . p. 242 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 7256 - 0 . Jump up ^ Harold Adams Innis ( 1999 ) . The Fur Trade in Canada : An Introduction to Canadian Economic History . University of Toronto Press . p. 6 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 8196 - 4 . Jump up ^ J.M. Bumsted ( 2003 ) . Canada 's Diverse Peoples : A Reference Sourcebook . ABC - CLIO . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 672 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : McGahan , Elizabeth W. ( 4 March 2015 ) . `` Saint John '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia . Historica Canada . Jump up ^ James D. Kornwolf ( 2002 ) . Architecture and Town Planning in Colonial North America . Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 5986 - 1 . Jump up ^ Margaret Conrad ; Alvin Finkel ( 2005 ) . History of the Canadian Peoples . Longman Publishing Group . p. 58 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 27008 - 5 . Jump up ^ Magocsi , Paul R ( 2002 ) . Aboriginal peoples of Canada : a short introduction . University of Toronto Press . p. 15 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 8469 - 9 . Jump up ^ Frederick Webb Hodge ( 2003 ) . Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico . Digital Scanning Inc. p. 585 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58218 - 749 - 5 . Jump up ^ Gilles Havard ( 2001 ) . The Great Peace of Montreal of 1701 : French - native Diplomacy in the Seventeenth Century . McGill - Queen 's Press . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 6934 - 8 . Jump up ^ Quinn , David B. ( 1979 ) ( 1966 ) . `` Gilbert , Sir Humphrey '' . In Brown , George Williams . Dictionary of Canadian Biography . I ( 1000 -- 1700 ) ( online ed . ) . University of Toronto Press . Jump up ^ Hornsby , Stephen J ( 2005 ) . British Atlantic , American frontier : spaces of power in early modern British America . University Press of New England . pp. 14 , 18 -- 19 , 22 -- 23 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58465 - 427 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Fry , Michael ( 2001 ) . The Scottish Empire . Tuckwell Press . p. 21 . ISBN 1 - 84158 - 259 - X . Jump up ^ Peter Edward Pope ; Shannon Lewis - Simpson ( 2013 ) . Exploring Atlantic Transitions : Archaeologies of Transience and Permanence in New Found Lands . Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 278 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84383 - 859 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Charles Fort National Historic Site of Canada '' . Parks Canada . 2009 . Retrieved June 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ William Kingsford ( 1888 ) . The History of Canada . K. Paul , French , Trübner & Company . p. 109 . Jump up ^ John Powell ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of North American Immigration . Infobase Publishing . p. 67 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 1012 - 7 . Jump up ^ Robert V. Hine ; John Mack Faragher ( 2007 ) . Frontiers : A Short History of the American West . Yale University Press . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 11710 - 3 . Jump up ^ The Canadian Frontier 1534 -- 1760 by W.J. Eccles University of Toronto Published by University of New Mexico Press ISBN 0 - 8263 - 0705 - 1 , 1969 , revised 1983 Jump up ^ Shenwen , Li ( 2001 ) . Stratégies missionnaires des Jésuites Français en Nouvelle - France et en Chine au XVIIieme siècle . Les Presses de l'Université Laval , L'Harmattan . p. 44 . ISBN 2 - 7475 - 1123 - 5 . Jump up ^ Miquelon , Dale ( December 16 , 2013 ) . `` Ville - Marie ( Colony ) '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia ( online ed . ) . Historica Canada . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Louis Hartz ( 1969 ) . The Founding of New Societies : Studies in the History of the United States , Latin America , South Africa , Canada , and Australia . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . p. 224 . ISBN 0 - 547 - 97109 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : David L. Preston ( 2009 ) . The Texture of Contact : European and Indian Settler Communities on the Frontiers of Iroquoia , 1667 -- 1783 . U of Nebraska Press . p. 43 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 2549 - 7 . Jump up ^ Thomas F. McIlwraith ; Edward K. Muller ( 2001 ) . North America : The Historical Geography of a Changing Continent . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . p. 72 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4616 - 3960 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Landry , Yves ( Winter 1993 ) . `` Fertility in France and New France : The Distinguishing Characteristics of Canadian Behavior in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries '' . Social Science History . Université de Montréal. 17 ( 4 ) : 586 . doi : 10.1017 / s0145553200016928 . JSTOR 1171305 . Jump up ^ `` ( Census of 1665 -- 1666 ) Role - playing Jean Talon '' . Statistics Canada . 2009 . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2012 . Retrieved June 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics for the 1666 Census '' . Library and Archives Canada . 2006 . Retrieved June 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Estimated population of Canada , 1605 to present '' . Statistics Canada . 2009 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ John Powell ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of North American Immigration . Infobase Publishing . p. 203 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 1012 - 7 . Jump up ^ Ronald J. Dale ( 2004 ) . The Fall of New France : How the French Lost a North American Empire 1754 -- 1763 . James Lorimer & Company . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55028 - 840 - 7 . Jump up ^ John E. Findling ; Frank W. Thackeray ( 2011 ) . What Happened ? : An Encyclopedia of Events that Changed America Forever . ABC - CLIO . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 621 - 8 . Jump up ^ Adam Hart - Davis ( 2012 ) . History : From the Dawn of Civilization to the Present Day . DK Publishing . p. 483 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7566 - 9858 - 4 . Jump up ^ Andrew Neil Porter ( 1994 ) . Atlas of British overseas expansion . Routledge . p. 60 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 06347 - 0 . Jump up ^ Marsh , James ( December 16 , 2013 ) . `` Pierre de Troyes '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia ( online ed . ) . Historica Canada . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Our History : People : Explorers : Samuel Hearne '' . Hudson 's Bay Company . Retrieved November 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ John Grenier ( 2008 ) . The Far Reaches Of Empire : War in Nova Scotia , 1710 -- 1760 . University of Oklahoma Press . p. 123 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3876 - 3 . Jump up ^ Mark Zuehlke ; C. Stuart Daniel ( 2006 ) . Canadian Military Atlas : Four Centuries of Conflict from New France to Kosovo . Douglas & McIntyre . pp. 16 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55365 - 209 - 0 . Jump up ^ John G. Reid ( 2004 ) . The `` Conquest '' of Acadia , 1710 : Imperial , Colonial , and Aboriginal Constructions . University of Toronto Press . pp. 48 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 8538 - 2 . Jump up ^ Alan Axelrod ( 2007 ) . Blooding at Great Meadows : young George Washington and the battle that shaped the man . Running Press . pp. 62 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7624 - 2769 - 7 . Jump up ^ Ronald J. Dale ( 2004 ) . The Fall of New France : How the French Lost a North American Empire 1754 -- 1763 . James Lorimer & Company . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55028 - 840 - 7 . Jump up ^ Benjamin Irvin ( 2002 ) . Samuel Adams : Son of Liberty , Father of Revolution . Oxford University Press . p. 32 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 513225 - 0 . Jump up ^ Raddall , Thomas H ( 1971 ) . Halifax , Warden of the North . McClelland and Stewart Limited . pp. 18 -- 21 . ISBN 1 - 55109 - 060 - 0 . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ John Grenier ( 2008 ) . The far reaches of empire : war in Nova Scotia , 1710 -- 1760 . University of Oklahoma Press . pp. 138 -- 140 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3876 - 3 . Jump up ^ Dean W. Jobb ( 2008 ) . The Acadians : A People 's Story of Exile and Triumph . Wiley . p. 296 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 15772 - 5 . Jump up ^ Jacques Lacoursière ( 1996 ) . Histoire populaire du Québec : De 1841 à 1896 . III . Les éditions du Septentrion . p. 270 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 89448 - 066 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Jacques Lacoursière ( 1996 ) . Histoire populaire du Québec : De 1841 à 1896 . III ( in French ) . Les éditions du Septentrion . p. 270 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 89448 - 066 - 3 . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mary Beacock Fryer ( 1993 ) . More battlefields of Canada . Dundurn Press Ltd . pp. 161 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55002 - 189 - 9 . Jump up ^ Frentzos , Christos G. ; Thompson , Antonio S. ( 2014 ) . The Routledge Handbook of American Military and Diplomatic History : The Colonial Period to 1877 . Routledge . p. 87 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 81335 - 4 . Jump up ^ Kerr , Donald P. ( Peter ) ( 1987 ) . Historical Atlas of Canada ( cartographic Material ) . University of Toronto Press . p. 171 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 2495 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Original text of The Quebec Act of 1774 '' . Canadiana ( Library and Archives Canada ) . 1774 . Retrieved April 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Maton , William F ( 1996 ) . `` The Royal Proclamation '' . The Solon Law Archive . Retrieved April 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : McNaught , Kenneth ( 1976 ) . The Pelican History of Canada . Pelican . p. 2d ed. 53 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 021083 - 0 . Jump up ^ Raddall , Thomas Head ( 2003 ) . Halifax Warden of the North . McClelland and Stewart . p. 85 . ISBN 1 - 55109 - 060 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` The expansion and final suppression of smuggling in Britain '' . Smuggling.co.uk . Retrieved August 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Territorial Evolution , 1867 '' . Natural Resources Canada . 2010 . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2010 . Retrieved April 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ F.H. Armstrong ( 1985 ) . Handbook of Upper Canadian Chronology . Dundurn . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 919670 - 92 - 1 . Jump up ^ Landon , Fred ( 1941 ) . Western Ontario and the American Frontier . Carleton University Press . pp. 17 -- 22 . ISBN 0 - 7710 - 9734 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Howard Jones ( 2002 ) . Crucible of power : a history of American foreign relations to 1913 . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8420 - 2916 - 2 . Retrieved September 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Timothy D. Willig ( 2008 ) . Restoring the chain of friendship : British policy and the Indians of the Great Lakes , 1783 -- 1815 . U of Nebraska Press . pp. 243 -- 44 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 4817 - 5 . Jump up ^ A.R.M. Lower ( 1958 ) . Canadians in the making : a social history of Canada . Longmans , Green . pp. 135 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Michel Ducharme , The Idea of Liberty in Canada during the Age of Atlantic Revolutions , 1776 -- 1838 ( 2014 ) . Jump up ^ McNairn , Jeffrey L. ( 2016 ) . `` As the Tsunami of Histories of Atlantic and Liberal Revolutions Wash up in Upper Canada : Worries from a Colonial Shore '' . History Compass. 14 ( 9 ) : 407 -- 429 . ^ Jump up to : John Herd Thompson ; Stephen J. Randall ( 2002 ) . Canada and the United States : Ambivalent Allies . University of Georgia Press . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8203 - 2403 - 6 . Jump up ^ Allen , Robert S ; Marshall , Tabitha ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` Tecumseh '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia ( online ed . ) . Historica Canada . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McKenzie , Ruth ( 1976 ) . `` Ingersoll , Laura '' . In Halpenny , Francess G. Dictionary of Canadian Biography . IX ( 1861 -- 1870 ) ( online ed . ) . University of Toronto Press . ^ Jump up to : Richard Gwyn ( 2008 ) . John A : The Man Who Made Us . 1 . Random House of Canada . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 31476 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` The 1837 -- 1838 Rebellion in Lower Canada '' . McCord Museum 's collections. 1999 . Retrieved December 10 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Allan Greer ( 1993 ) . The Patriots and the People : The Rebellion of the 1837 in Rural Lower Canada . University of Toronto Press . p. 6 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 6930 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1839 -- 1849 , Union and Responsible Government '' . Canada in the Making project . 2005 . Retrieved April 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ R.D. Francis ; Richard Jones ; Donald B. Smith ( 2009 ) . Journeys : A History of Canada . Cengage Learning . p. 147 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 17 - 644244 - 6 . Jump up ^ Robert Lucas , Jr. ( 2003 ) . `` The Industrial Revolution '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2008 . Retrieved November 14 , 2007 . it is fairly clear that up to 1800 or maybe 1750 , no society had experienced sustained growth in per capita income . ( Eighteenth century population growth also averaged one - third of 1 percent , the same as production growth . ) That is , up to about two centuries ago , per capita incomes in all societies were stagnated at around $400 to $800 per year . Jump up ^ McGowan , Mark ( 2009 ) . Death or Canada : the Irish Famine Migration to Toronto 1847 . Novalis Publishing Inc. p. 97 . ISBN 2 - 89646 - 129 - 9 . Jump up ^ Jean Barman ( 1996 ) . The West beyond the West : a history of British Columbia . University of Toronto Press . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 7185 - 9 . Jump up ^ John Sutton Lutz ( 2009 ) . Makúk : A New History of Aboriginal - White Relations . UBC Press . p. 44 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 5827 - 4 . Jump up ^ Ormsby , Margaret ( 1976 ) . British Coumbia : A History . Macmillan . p. 33 . ISBN 0 - 7581 - 8813 - 7 . Retrieved April 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Our History '' . Hudson 's Bay Company . 2009 . Retrieved April 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Jean Barman ( 2006 ) . The West Beyond the West : A History of British Columbia . University of Toronto Press . p. 67 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 7185 - 9 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Introduction '' . Canadian Confederation . Library and Archives Canada . January 9 , 2006 . ISSN 1713 - 868X . ^ Jump up to : Andrew Heard ( 1990 ) . `` Canadian Independence '' . Simon Fraser University . Retrieved April 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Department of Canadian Heritage . `` Ceremonial and Canadian Symbols Promotion > The crown in Canada '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved February 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ The Royal Household . `` The Queen and the Commonwealth > Queen and Canada '' . Queen 's Printer . Retrieved May 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Heritage Saint John > Canadian Heraldry '' . Heritage Resources of Saint John and New Brunswick Community College . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2011 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dominion of Canada FAQ '' . jjmccullough.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Romney , Paul ( 1999 ) . Getting it Wrong : How Canadians Forgot Their Past and Imperiled Confederation . p. 78 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 8105 - 6 . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bumsted , J.M. ( 1992 ) . The Peoples of Canada : A Post-Confederation History . Oxford University Press . pp. 8 -- 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 1954 - 0914 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` The RCMP 's History '' . Royal Canadian Mounted Police . 2009 . Retrieved April 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` What to Search : Topics - Canadian Genealogy Centre - Library and Archives Canada '' . Ethno - Cultural and Aboriginal Groups . Government of Canada . May 27 , 2009 . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Boulton , Charles A. ( 1886 ) . Reminiscences of the North - West Rebellions . Toronto : The Grip Printing and Publishing . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2016 . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Flanagan , Thomas ( 2000 ) . Riel and the Rebellion : 1885 Reconsidered ( second ed . ) . University of Toronto Press . pp. 4 -- 8 . ISBN 9780802082824 . Jump up ^ Criminal Code , 1892 , Chap. 29 . Ottawa : Printed by Samuel Edward Dawson . 1892 . Jump up ^ McKay , Ian ( December 2000 ) . `` The Liberal Order Framework : A Prospectus for a Reconnaissance of Canadian History '' . Canadian Historical Review . 81 ( 4 ) : 616 -- 678 . doi : 10.3138 / chr. 81.4. 616 . Jump up ^ Thompson , John Herd ; Randall , Stephen J. ( 2008 ) . Canada and the United States : ambivalent allies . University of Georgia Press . p. 79 . ISBN 0 - 8203 - 2403 - 5 . Jump up ^ Farr , D.M.L. ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Alaska Boundary Dispute '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia ( online ed . ) . Historica Canada . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Territorial evolution '' . Atlas of Canada . Natural Resources Canada . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2007 . Retrieved October 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Canada : History '' . Country Profiles . Commonwealth Secretariat . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved October 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Ellis , L. Ethan ( 1939 ) . Reciprocity , 1911 : A Study in Canadian - American Relations . Yale University Press . Jump up ^ Suzanne Morton , `` Leisure , '' Oxford Companion to Canadian History ( 2006 ) pp 355 -- 56 . Jump up ^ George Karlis , Leisure and recreation in Canadian society : An introduction ( 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Gerald Redmond , `` Some Aspects of Organized Sport and Leisure in Nineteenth - Century Canada . '' Loisir et société / Society and Leisure 2 # 1 ( 1979 ) : 71 -- 100 . Jump up ^ Lynne Sorrel Marks ( 1996 ) . Revivals and Roller Rinks : Religion , Leisure , and Identity in Late - nineteenth - century Small - town Ontario . ISBN 9780802078001 . Jump up ^ Lorenz , Stacy L. ( 2000 ) . `` '' A Lively Interest on the Prairies `` : Western Canada , the Mass Media , and a ' World of Sport , ' 1870 -- 1939 '' . Journal of Sports History . 27 ( 2 ) : 195 -- 227 . Jump up ^ Brown , Dave ( 1989 ) . `` The Northern Character Theme and Sport in Nineteenth Century Canada '' . Canadian Journal of History of Sport. 20 ( 1 ) : 47 -- 56 . doi : 10.1123 / cjhs. 20.1. 47 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Robidoux , Michael A. ( Spring 2002 ) . `` Imagining a Canadian Identity through Sport : A Historical Interpretation of Lacrosse and Hockey '' . The Journal of American Folklore. 115 ( 456 ) : 209 -- 225 . doi : 10.1353 / jaf. 2002.0021 . JSTOR 4129220 . Jump up ^ Cook , Tim ( 1999 ) . `` ' A Proper Slaughter ' : The March 1917 Gas Raid at Vimy '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Military History . Laurier Centre for Military Strategic and Disarmament Studies . 8 ( 2 ) : 7 -- 24 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 27 , 2009 . Retrieved April 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bashow , David , Lieutenant - Colonel ( Autumn 2002 ) . `` The Incomparable Billy Bishop : The Man and the Myths '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Military Journal . 3 ( 3 ) : 55 -- 60 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 2 , 2016 . Retrieved September 1 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : The War Office ( 1922 ) . Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914 -- 1920 . Reprinted by Naval & Military Press . p. 237 . ISBN 1 - 84734 - 681 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` The Conscription Crisis of 1917 '' . Historica Canada . Retrieved August 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Military History : First World War : Homefront , 1917 '' . Lermuseum.org . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2010 . Retrieved August 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bothwell , Robert ( 1998 ) . Canada and Quebec : one country , two histories . University of British Columbia Press . p. 57 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 0653 - 4 . Jump up ^ Brown , Robert Craig ; Cook , Ramsay ( 1974 ) . Canada , 1896 -- 1921 A Nation Transformed . McClelland & Stewart . p. ch 13 . ISBN 0 - 7710 - 2268 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Kinahan , Anne - Marie ( Fall 2008 ) . `` Transcendent Citizenship : Suffrage , the National Council of Women of Canada , and the Politics of Organized Womanhood '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Canadian Studies . 42 ( 3 ) : 5 -- 27 . doi : 10.3138 / jcs. 42.3. 5 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Jackel , Susan ; Millette , Dominique ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Women 's Suffrage '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia ( online ed . ) . Historica Canada . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thompson , John H. ( 1972 ) . `` ' The Beginning of Our Regeneration ' : The Great War and Western Canadian Reform Movements '' ( PDF ) . Historical Papers . Canadian Historical Association . 7 ( 1 ) : 231 . doi : 10.7202 / 030750ar . Jump up ^ Voisey , Paul ( Summer 1975 ) . `` The `` Votes For Women '' Movement `` . Alberta History . 23 ( 3 ) : 10 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Cleverdon , Catherine L. ( 1974 ) . The Woman Suffrage Movement in Canada : The Start of Liberation , 1900 -- 20 ( 2nd ed . ) . University of Toronto . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 6218 - 5 . Jump up ^ Fitzhardinge , L.F. ( June 1968 ) . `` Hughes , Borden , and Dominion Representation at the Paris Peace Conference '' . Canadian Historical Review . 49 ( 2 ) : 160 . doi : 10.3138 / CHR - 049 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Margaret ( 2005 ) . Mackenzie , David , ed . Canada and the Peace Settlements . Canada and the First World War . University of Toronto Press . pp. 379 -- 408 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 8445 - 3 . Jump up ^ Robert MacGregor Dawson ( 1959 ) . William Lyon Mackenzie King : 1874 -- 1923 . University of Toronto Press . pp. 401 -- 22 . Jump up ^ John Hilliker ; Institute of Public Administration of Canada ( 1990 ) . Canada 's Department of External Affairs : The early years , 1909 -- 1946 . McGill - Queen 's University Press . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 0751 - 7 . Jump up ^ English , John ( 1989 ) . Shadow of Heaven : the Life of Lester Pearson . Volume One : 1897 -- 1948 . Lester & Orpen Dennys . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88619 - 165 - 8 . Jump up ^ Dawson ( 1958 ) ch 14 , 15 Jump up ^ Bruce Hutchison , The Incredible Canadian ( 1952 ) , pp. 76 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Peter H. Russell ; Lorne Sossin ( 2009 ) . Parliamentary Democracy in Crisis . University of Toronto Press . p. 232 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4426 - 9337 - 1 . Jump up ^ R. Peter Gillis ; Roach , Thomas R ( 1986 ) . Lost Initiatives : Canada 's Forest Industries , Forest Policy , and Forest Conservation . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 219 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 25415 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : M.C. Urquhart , ed . Historical Statistics of Canada ( 1965 ) series F1 - F13 Jump up ^ Canada , Bureau of the Census , Unemployment Vol . VI ( Ottawa 1931 ) , pp. 1 , 267 Jump up ^ Pierre Berton ( 2012 ) . The Great Depression : 1929 -- 1939 . Doubleday Canada . pp. 2 -- 613 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 37486 - 8 . Jump up ^ H. Blair Neatby ( 2003 ) . The Politics of Chaos : Canada in the Thirties . Dundurn . pp. 1 -- 162 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 894908 - 01 - 6 . Jump up ^ Neatby , William Lyon Mackenzie King , 2 : 312 , 318 Jump up ^ Pierre Berton ( 2012 ) . The Great Depression : 1929 -- 1939 . Doubleday Canada . p. 54 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 37486 - 8 . Jump up ^ Desmond Morton ( 1999 ) . Working People : An Illustrated History of the Canadian Labour Movement . McGill - Queen 's Press -- MQUP . p. 139 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 7554 - 7 . Jump up ^ J.R.H. Wilbur ( 1968 ) . The Bennett New Deal : Fraud or Portent ? . Copp Clark . pp. 78 -- 112 , 147 -- 90 . Jump up ^ H. Blair Neatby , William Lyon Mackenzie King : 1932 -- 1939 ( 1976 ) pp 143 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Boucher , Marc T. ( 1985 -- 1986 ) . `` The Politics of Economic Depression : Canadian - American Relations in the Mid-1930s '' . International Journal . 41 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 36 . doi : 10.2307 / 40202349 . Jump up ^ `` Who we are '' . Bank of Canada . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2011 . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Canada and Jewish Refugees in the 1930 's '' . Jump up ^ `` The On - to - Ottawa Trek '' . The University of Calgary ( The Applied History Research Group ) . 1997 . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2009 . Retrieved April 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bélanger , Claude ( 2001 ) . `` The Statute of Westminster '' . Marianopolis College . Retrieved April 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Galen Roger Perras , Franklin Roosevelt and the Origins of the Canadian - American Security Alliance , 1933 -- 1945 : Necessary , but Not Necessary Enough ( 1998 ) online edition Jump up ^ J.L. Granatstein ( 1975 ) . Canada 's war : the politics of the Mackenzie King government , 1939 -- 1945 . Oxford University Press . pp. 206 -- 7 . Jump up ^ C.P. Stacey , Arms , Men and Governments : The War Policies of Canada , 1939 -- 1945 ( 1970 ) pp 17 -- 31 Jump up ^ Jean Barman ( 2007 ) . `` The '' West Beyond the West : A History of British Columbia . University of Toronto Press . pp. 346 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 9309 - 7 . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Major General Ken Stuart told Ottawa , `` I can not see that the Japanese Canadians constitute the slightest menace to national security . '' quoted in Ann Gomer Sunahara , The Politics of Racism : The Uprooting of Japanese Canadians During the Second World War , ( 1981 ) pg. 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Battle of the Atlantic '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Naval Review . 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 29 , 2009 . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brereton Greenhous , ; W.A.B. Douglas ( 1996 ) . Out of the Shadows : Canada in the Second World War . Dundurn Press Ltd . ISBN 9781554882601 . chapters 4 , 6 -- 9 Jump up ^ R.D. Francis ; Richard Jones ; Donald B. Smith ( 2009 ) . Journeys : A History of Canada . Cengage Learning . p. 428 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 17 - 644244 - 6 . Jump up ^ Mac Johnston ( 2008 ) . Corvettes Canada : Convoy Veterans of WWII Tell Their True Stories . John Wiley and Sons . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 15698 - 8 . Jump up ^ Stanley Sandler ( 2002 ) . Ground Warfare : H-Q . ABC - CLIO . p. 159 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 344 - 5 . Jump up ^ Office of the Premier ( 2003 ) . `` PROVINCE DONATES $1 Million TO HONOUR WW II VETERANS '' ... news.gov.bc.ca . Retrieved August 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stacey , C.P. ; Foot , Richard ( May 13 , 2015 ) . `` World War II : Cost and Significance '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia ( online ed . ) . Historica Canada . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Migration Multicultural Canada '' . Multicultural Canada . 2008 . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2012 . Retrieved August 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dominion of Newfoundland '' ( PDF ) . Hamilton - Wentworth District School Board . 1999 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 21 , 2011 . Retrieved April 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Karl Mcneil , Earle ( 1998 ) . `` Cousins of a Kind : The Newfoundland and Labrador Relationship with the United States '' . American Review of Canadian Studies . 28 . Jump up ^ The Economist , May 9 -- 15 , 2009 , pg 80 , `` A 60 - year - old dream '' Jump up ^ Melanie McGrath ( March 12 , 2009 ) . The Long Exile : A Tale of Inuit Betrayal and Survival in the High Arctic . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . pp. ? ?. ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 53786 - 7 . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dussault , René ; Erasmus , George ( 1994 ) . `` The High Arctic Relocation : A Report on the 1953 -- 55 Relocation ( Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples ) '' . Canadian Government Publishing . p. 190 . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2009 . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1957 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved April 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ADA - Avro Arrow Archives - AVRO CF - 105 ARROW '' . Arrow Digital Archives . 2009 . Retrieved April 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` North American Aerospace Defence ( NORAD ) '' . Canada 's Air Force ( National Defence ) . 2009 . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2012 . Retrieved April 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Robert Bothwell ; Ian M. Drummond ; John English ( 1989 ) . Canada Since 1945 : Power , Politics , and Provincialism . U of Toronto Press . p. 131 . Jump up ^ Bothwell et al. , p. 131 Jump up ^ Dickinson , John Alexander ; Brian J. Young ( 2003 ) . A short history of Quebec . McGill - Queen 's Press -- MQUP . p. 372 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 7033 - 7 . Jump up ^ John Saywell , ed. ( 1971 ) . Canadian Annual Review for 1970 . University of Toronto Press . pp. 3 -- 152 . ISBN 9780802001528 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) , quote on page 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chronology of the October Crisis , 1970 , and its Aftermath -- Quebec History '' . Retrieved April 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` First `` Canadian flags '' `` . Department of Canadian Heritage . September 24 , 2007 . Retrieved December 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bid to hold the world 's fair in Montreal '' . Expo 67 Man and His World . Library and Archives Canada . 2007 . Retrieved June 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Vivian Shalla ( 2006 ) . Working in a global era : Canadian perspectives . Canadian Scholars ' Press . p. 223 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55130 - 290 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` Immigration Policy in the 1970s '' . Canadian Heritage ( Multicultural Canada ) . 2004 . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2009 . Retrieved April 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mark Tushnet ( 2009 ) . Weak Courts , Strong Rights : Judicial Review and Social Welfare Rights in Comparative Constitutional Law . Princeton University Press . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 14320 - 0 . Jump up ^ Vicente , Mary Elizabeth ( 2005 ) . `` The National Energy Program '' . Canada 's Digital Collections . Heritage Community Foundation . Retrieved April 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Duncan James S. ; Ley , David ( 1993 ) . Place , Culture , Representation . Routledge . p. 205 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 09451 - 1 . Jump up ^ Text of the Resolution respecting the Constitution of Canada adopted by the House of Commons on December 2 , 1981 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution Acts , 1867 to 1982 '' . Department of Justice Canada . 2010 . Retrieved April 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ George V ( 2008 ) . `` Statute of Westminster '' . 4 . Westminster : King 's Printer ( published December 11 , 1931 ) . Retrieved April 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Trepanier , Peter ( 2004 ) . `` Some Visual Aspects of the Monarchical Tradition '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Parliamentary Review . Canadian Parliamentary Review . Retrieved 10 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Night of Long Knives '' . Canada : A People 's History . CBC . Retrieved April 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` In Depth : Air India : The Victims '' . CBC News . 2005 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2009 . Retrieved April 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gairdner , William D. ( 2011 ) . The Trouble with Canada ... Still ! a Citizen Speaks Out . BPS Books . p. 418 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 926645 - 67 - 4 . Jump up ^ Scarfe , Brian L. ( Winter 1981 ) . `` The Federal Budget and Energy Program , October 28 , 1980 : A Review '' . Canadian Public Policy . 7 ( 1 ) : 1 . doi : 10.2307 / 3549850 . JSTOR 3549850 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Trevor W. Harrison ; John W. Friesen ( 2010 ) . Canadian Society in the Twenty - first Century : An Historical Sociological Approach . Canadian Scholars ' Press . p. 73 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55130 - 371 - 0 . Jump up ^ Núria Bosch ; Marta Espasa ; Albert Solé Ollé ( 2010 ) . The Political Economy of Inter-regional Fiscal Flows : Measurement , Determinants and Effects on Country Stability . Edward Elgar Publishing . p. 374 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84980 - 323 - 6 . Jump up ^ Raymond B. Blake ( 2007 ) . Transforming the Nation : Canada and Brian Mulroney . McGill - Queen 's University Press . pp. 22 -- 42 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 7570 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` The Oka Crisis '' ( Digital Archives ) . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . 2000 . Retrieved April 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Canada and Multilateral Operations in Support of Peace and Stability '' . National Defence and the Canadian Armed Forces . February 27 , 1998 . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kim Campbell '' . Celebrating Women 's Achievements -- Canadian Women in Government . Library and Archives Canada . September 16 , 2010 . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Moffat , Charles ( November 2007 ) . `` The Roots of Quebec Separatism '' . The Lilith Gallery of Toronto . Retrieved April 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Dyck , Rand ( 2011 ) . Canadian Politics ( Concise fifth ed . ) . Cengage Learning . p. 211 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 17 - 650343 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : John A. Dickinson ; Brian Young ( 2008 ) . A Short History of Quebec . McGill - Queen 's University Press . p. 21 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 7726 - 8 . Jump up ^ A Climate Change Plan for the Purposes of the Kyoto Protocol Implementation Act -- 2007 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Environment Canada . 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 662 - 46496 - 9 . Retrieved April 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pierceson , Jason ; Piatti - Crocker , Adriana ; Schulenberg , Shawn ( 2010 ) . Same - Sex Marriage in the Americas : Policy Innovation for Same - Sex Relationships . Lexington Books . p. 169 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7391 - 4657 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Canada passes bill to legalize gay marriage '' . The New York Times Company . 2005 . Retrieved April 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Preliminary Results '' . Elections Canada . Retrieved May 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Konrad , Victor ; Nicol , Heather N. ( 2008 ) . Beyond Walls : Re-inventing the Canada - United States Borderlands . Ashgate Publishing . p. 189 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 7202 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Row over Canada F - 35 fighter jet order '' . BBC News . July 16 , 2010 . Retrieved July 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stone , Laura ( July 16 , 2010 ) . `` Conservatives announce $9 B purchase of military fighter jets '' . Vancouver Sun . Canada . Retrieved July 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gollom , Mark ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Trudeau pledges ' real change ' as Liberals leap ahead to majority government '' . CBC News . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ambrose , Emma ; Mudde , Cas ( 2015 ) . `` Canadian Multiculturalism and the Absence of the Far Right '' . Nationalism and Ethnic Politics . 21 ( 2 ) : 213 . doi : 10.1080 / 13537113.2015. 1032033 . Jump up ^ `` A literature review of Public Opinion Research on Canadian attitudes towards multiculturalism and immigration , 2006 -- 2009 '' . Citizenship and Immigration Canada . 2011 . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cornelius J. Jaenen , `` Canada during the French regime '' , in D.A. Muise , ed . A Reader 's Guide to Canadian History : 1 : Beginnings to Confederation ( 1982 ) , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Berger , Carl ( 1986 ) . The Writing of Canadian History : Aspects of English - Canadian Historical Writing Since 1900 . University of Toronto Press . pp. 185 -- 186 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 6568 - 1 . Jump up ^ Letourneau , Jocelyn ( 2012 ) . Buckner , Phillip ; Reid , John G. , eds . What is to be done with 1759 ? . Remembering 1759 : The Conquest of Canada in Historical Memory . University of Toronto Press . p. 279 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4426 - 4411 - 3 . Jump up ^ Jaenen , `` Canada during the French regime '' ( 1982 ) , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Allan Greer , `` 1837 -- 38 : Rebellion reconsidered '' Canadian Historical Review ( 1995 ) 76 # 1 pp 1 -- 18 , quotation on page 3 . Further reading ( edit ) Main article : Bibliography of Canadian history For an annotated bibliography and evaluation of major books , see Canada : A Reader 's Guide , ( 2nd ed. , 2000 ) by J. André Senécal , online , 91pp . Black , Conrad . Rise to Greatness : The History of Canada From the Vikings to the Present ( 2014 ) , 1120pp excerpt Brown , Craig , ed . Illustrated History of Canada ( McGill - Queen 's Press - MQUP , 2012 ) , Chapters by experts Bumsted , J.M. The Peoples of Canada : A Pre-Confederation History ; The Peoples of Canada : A Post-Confederation History ( 2 vol. 2014 ) , University textbook Chronicles of Canada Series ( 32 vol. 1915 -- 1916 ) edited by G.M. Wrong and H.H. Langton online detailed popular history Conrad , Margaret , Alvin Finkel and Donald Fyson . Canada : A History ( Toronto : Pearson , 2012 ) Crowley , Terence Allan ; Terry Crowley ; Rae Murphy ( 1993 ) . The Essentials of Canadian History : Pre-colonization to 1867 -- the Beginning of a Nation . Research & Education Assoc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7386 - 7205 - 2 . Felske , Lorry William ; Beverly Jean Rasporich ( 2004 ) . Challenging Frontiers : the Canadian West . University of Calgary Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55238 - 140 - 3 . Francis , R.D. ; Richard Jones ; Donald B. Smith ( 2009 ) . Journeys : A History of Canada . Cengage Learning . ISBN 978 - 0 - 17 - 644244 - 6 . Lower , Arthur R.M. ( 1958 ) . Canadians in the Making : A Social History of Canada . Longmans , Green . McNaught , Kenneth . The Penguin History of Canada ( Penguin books , 1988 ) Morton , Desmond ( 2001 ) . A short history of Canada . McClelland & Stewart Limited . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7710 - 6509 - 5 . Morton , Desmond ( 1999 ) . A Military History of Canada : from Champlain to Kosovo . McClelland & Stewart . ISBN 9780771065149 . Norrie , Kenneth , Douglas Owram and J.C. Herbert Emery. ( 2002 ) A History of the Canadian Economy ( 4th ed. 2007 ) Riendeau , Roger E. ( 2007 ) . A Brief History of Canada . Infobase Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 0822 - 3 . Scholarly article collections ( edit ) Bumsted , J.M. and Len Keffert , eds . Interpreting Canada 's Past ( 2 vol. 2011 ) Conrad , Margaret and Alvin Finkel , eds . Nation and Society : Readings in Pre-Confederation Canadian History ; Nation and Society : Readings in Post-Confederation Canadian History ( 2nd ed. 2008 ) Francis , R. Douglas and Donald B Smith , eds . Readings in Canadian History ( 7th ed. 2006 ) Primary sources and statistics ( edit ) Bliss , J.W.M. Canadian history in documents , 1763 - 1966 ( 1966 ) , 390pp online free Crowe , Harry S. et al. eds A Source - Book of Canadian History : Selected Documents and Personal Papers ( 1964 ) 508pp online Kennedy , W.P.M. , ed. ( 1918 ) . Documents of the Canadian Constitution , 1759 -- 1915 . Oxford UP . ; 707pp Reid , J.H. Stewart ; et al. , eds. ( 1964 ) . A Source - book of Canadian History : Selected Documents and Personal Papers . Longmans Canada . ; 484pp ; primary sources on 200 + topics Talman , James J. and Louis L. Snyder , eds . Basic Documents in Canadian History ( 1959 ) online 192 pp Thorner , Thomas ed . `` A few acres of snow '' : documents in pre-confederation Canadian history ( 2nd ed. 2003 ) online free to borrow Thorner , Thomas ed . A country nourished on self - doubt : documents in post-confederation Canadian history ( 2nd ed 2003 ) online free Urquhart , Malcolm Charles and F.H. Leacy , eds . Historical statistics of Canada ( 2nd ed . Ottawa : Statistics Canada , 1983 ) . 800 p . ISBN 0 - 660 - 11259 - 0 Historiography ( edit ) Berger , Carl . Writing Canadian History : Aspects of English Canadian Historical Writing since 1900 ( 2nd ed. 1986 ) , 364pp evaluates the work of most of the leading 20th century historians of Canada . Careless , J.M.S. `` Canadian Nationalism -- Immature or Obsolete ? '' Report of the Annual Meeting of the Canadian Historical Association / Rapports annuels de la Société historique du Canada ( 1954 ) 33 # 1 pp : 12 -- 19 . online Muise D.A. ed . A Reader 's Guide to Canadian History : 1 , Beginnings to Confederation ( 1982 ) ; ( 1982 ) Topical articles by leading scholars Granatstein J.L. and Paul Stevens , ed . A Reader 's Guide to Canadian History : vol 2 : Confederation to the present ( 1982 ) , Topical articles by leading scholars Taylor , Martin Brook ; Douglas Owram ( 1994 ) . Canadian History : A Reader 's Guide : Beginnings to Confederation . University of Toronto Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 6826 - 2 . ; essays by experts evaluate the scholarly literature Martin Brook Taylor ; Douglas Owram ( 1994 ) . Canadian history . 2 . Confederation to the present . University of Toronto Press . 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when was last time england was in semi final of world cup	Year Round Position GP D * GF GA GD 1930 Not a FIFA member 1934 1938 1950 Group stage 8th 0 0 1954 Quarter - finals 7th 8 8 0 1958 Group stage 11th 0 5 - 1 1962 Quarter - finals 8th 5 6 - 1 1966 Champions 1st 6 5 0 11 8 1970 Quarter - finals 8th 0 0 Did not qualify 1978 1982 Second group stage 6th 5 0 6 5 1986 Quarter - finals 8th 5 7 1990 Semi finals 4th 7 8 6 1994 Did not qualify 1998 Round of 16 9th 7 2002 Quarter - finals 6th 5 6 2006 Quarter - finals 7th 5 0 6 Round of 16 13th 5 - 2 2014 Group stage 26th 0 - 2 2018 Semi-finals 4th 7 12 8 2022 TBD 2026 Total 15 / 21 1 title 69 29 21 19 91 64 27	2018	England at the FIFA World Cup	england at the fifa world cup	The England national football team has competed at the FIFA World Cup since 1950 . The FIFA World Cup is the premier competitive international football tournament , first played in 1930 , whose finals stage has been held every four years since , except 1942 and 1946 , due to the Second World War .	The tournament consists of two parts , the qualification phase and the final phase ( officially called the World Cup Finals ) . The qualification phase , which currently take place over the three years preceding the finals , is used to determine which teams qualify for the finals . The current format of the finals involves thirty - two teams competing for the title , at venues within the host nation ( or nations ) over a period of about a month . The World Cup Finals is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world , with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the 2006 Final . England did not enter the competition until 1950 , but have entered all eighteen subsequent tournaments . They have failed to qualify for the finals on three occasions , 1974 ( West Germany ) , 1978 ( Argentina ) and 1994 ( United States ) , and have failed to advance from the group stages on three occasions ; at the 1950 FIFA World Cup , the 1958 FIFA World Cup and the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Their best ever performance is winning the Cup in the 1966 tournament held in England , whilst they also finished in fourth place in 1990 , in Italy , and in 2018 in Russia . Other than that , the team have reached the quarter - finals on nine occasions , the latest of which were at the 2002 ( South Korea / Japan ) and the 2006 ( Germany ) . England are the only team not representing a sovereign state to win the World Cup , which they did in 1966 when they hosted the finals . They defeated West Germany 4 -- 2 after extra time to win the World Cup title . Since then , they have generally reached the knockout stages of almost every competition they have qualified for , including a fourth - place finish in the 1990 and 2018 World Cups . At the world cup , England have had more goalless draws than any other team . Contents 1 History 1.1 Brazil 1950 1.1. 1 1950 Finals 1.2 Switzerland 1954 1.2. 1 1954 Finals 1.3 Sweden 1958 1.4 Chile 1962 1.5 England 1966 1.6 Mexico 1970 1.7 West Germany 1974 1.8 Argentina 1978 1.9 Spain 1982 1.10 Mexico 1986 1.11 Italy 1990 1.12 United States 1994 1.13 France 1998 1.14 South Korea / Japan 2002 1.15 Germany 2006 1.16 South Africa 2010 1.17 Brazil 2014 1.18 Russia 2018 1.18. 1 2018 Finals 2 Records 2.1 By match 2.2 By opponent 3 Players ' honours 3.1 List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups 3.2 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups 3.3 List of England goals by tournament 3.4 List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup 4 Team awards and records 5 Refereeing 6 Notes and references 6.1 Notes 6.2 References History ( edit ) Brazil 1950 ( edit ) Main article : 1950 FIFA World Cup See also : 1949 -- 50 British Home Championship England 's first qualifying campaign for the FIFA World Cup doubled as the 1950 British Home Championship . The series kicked off for England on 15 October 1949 at Ninian Park , Cardiff , against Wales . Stan Mortensen gave England the lead after twenty two minutes , and just seven minutes later , Jackie Milburn doubled the lead . This was the first goal of Milburn 's hat trick , which left England 4 -- 0 up with 20 minutes to play . Mal Griffiths scored a consolation goal for Wales ten minutes from time , but England held on for a comfortable victory . A month later , England welcomed Ireland to Maine Road , and it began well for the home side as Jack Rowley scored inside six minutes . England were already 6 -- 0 up , thanks to Jack Froggatt , two for Stan Pearson , Stan Mortensen and a second from Rowley , by the time Ireland struck back through Samuel Smyth after 55 minutes . Rowley added a third and a fourth to his tally in the three minutes following Smyth 's goal , however , leaving the score at 8 -- 1 at the hour mark . The frantic scoring rate calmed down after that , with only one apeice before the final whistle , with Stan Pearson completing his brace for England 's ninth , and Bobby Brennan scoring for Ireland . It was not until May 1950 that England travelled to Hampden Park to face Scotland , who were also undefeated after their games against Ireland and Wales . With the top two from the group qualifying , both teams were guaranteed progression to the finals , and the game was solely for the honour of winning the British Home Championship , and the seeding advantage to be enjoyed upon reaching Brazil . A solitary goal from Roy Bentley gave England the victory , the title and the top spot in the group . 1950 finals ( edit ) England were seeded in pot one for the finals , which meant they were the favourites to progress from Group 2 , which also contained Spain , Chile and the United States . England 's campaign kicked off against Chile in Rio de Janeiro , and , as was expected , England cruised to a 2 -- 0 victory , courtesy of goals from Stan Mortensen and Wilf Mannion . Main article : United States v England ( 1950 FIFA World Cup ) Their troubles began four days later when they faced the Americans in Belo Horizonte in what has become one of the most famous matches of all time . Joe Gaetjens scored the only goal of the match to give the United States an unlikely victory , which has gone down as one of the World Cup 's greatest upsets . A myth arose that the English newspapers were so confident of an English victory that when the result was telegrammed back , they assumed a misprint and printed the score as 10 -- 1 in England 's favour . However , this has proven to be untrue . This left England in a sticky situation prior to their final match , against Spain in Rio . They needed to win , and for Chile to beat the United States to stand any chance of going through , and even then they would need the goal averages to fall in their favour . As it turned out , no such calculations were necessary , despite Chile 's victory , as Spain 's Zarra scored the only goal of the game , eliminating England from the competition . Switzerland 1954 ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : 1954 FIFA World Cup and 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship As with their first World Cup , England 's qualifying for the 1954 edition also constituted the 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship . They played Wales at Ninian Park as their first match once again , and the 4 -- 1 result was the same . However , unlike four years earlier , it was the home side that went into the lead , after twenty two minutes through Ivor Allchurch . Despite being 1 -- 0 down at half time , England scored four within eight minutes of the restart ; two each for Dennis Wilshaw and Nat Lofthouse . Goodison Park was the venue for England 's home clash against Ireland , who were newly renamed Northern Ireland . Harold Hassall got England off to a good start with a goal after just ten minutes . Eddie McMorran put the Irish back on terms just before the hour mark , but Hassall completed his brace six minutes later . Lofthouse completed a comfortable 3 -- 1 win for England . With the top two in the group qualifying for the finals , the final game between England and Scotland , at Hampden Park , settled nothing except the placings within the group , despite Scotland having dropped a point with a 3 -- 3 draw at home to Wales . Allan Brown put the home side ahead after just seven minutes , but it was all square again thanks to Ivor Broadis just four minutes later . Johnny Nicholls gave England the lead for the first time just after half time , and they began to extend a lead after Ronnie Allen 's 68th - minute goal . Jimmy Mullen made the game all but certain seven minutes from time , and although Willie Ormond scored a consolation for Scotland with just 1 minute to play , England topped the competition for the second time in a row . 1954 finals ( edit ) England were drawn in Group 4 for the finals , with hosts Switzerland , Italy and Belgium . In an odd twist , unique to the 1954 tournament , England and Italy , as the two seeded teams in the group , did not have to play each other . Equally , Switzerland and Belgium did not have to play each other . England 's first game in Switzerland was against Belgium in Basel , and they suffered a shock as Léopold Anoul put the Belgians into the lead after just five minutes . Ivor Broadis put the favourites back on terms just over twenty minutes later , and although Nat Lofthouse gave England the lead 10 minutes later , it was proving to be tougher than they had expected against the Belgians . Broadis scored his second just after the hour , but Henri Coppens hit back four minutes later to keep Belgium in the game at only 3 -- 2 down . Anoul completed his brace another four minutes after that to level the scores again . In another oddity peculiar to this World Cup , drawn matches in the group stage would go to extra time , and as such the teams played on with the score at 3 -- 3 . Just one minute into the added period , Lofthouse added a fourth for England and they seemed to have won it , but Jimmy Dickinson scored an own goal three minutes later to put the score back at 4 -- 4 . It stayed this way until the extra period was up , and as penalty shoot - outs were yet to be invented and replays were not used in the group , the match was recorded as a draw . England 's second and final group game was against the hosts in Bern . This proved to be an easier game for the Three Lions , and they scored one goal in each half ( from Jimmy Mullen and Dennis Wilshaw respectively ) to give them a comfortable win of 2 -- 0 . As Switzerland ( against England ) , Italy ( against Switzerland ) and Belgium ( against Italy ) had all lost one game , England progressed as group winners , along with Switzerland , who won a play - off against Italy . England faced the winners of group three and defending champions Uruguay in the quarter - finals . Carlos Borges gave the South Americans the lead inside 5 minutes , but Lofthouse put England back on terms ten minutes later . England were clearly struggling , but held on until just before half time , when Obdulio Varela gave the lead back Uruguay . Juan Alberto Schiaffino doubled the lead just after the break , but Tom Finney kept England 's foot in the door with his sixty seventh - minute goal . However , it was all over after Javier Ambrois restored the two - goal lead with twelve minutes to play . The score remained at 4 -- 2 , and England were eliminated from the cup . Sweden 1958 ( edit ) Main article : 1958 FIFA World Cup For the first time , England had to play against countries other than the Home Nations to reach the Finals in Sweden . They were drawn against the Republic of Ireland and Denmark . In the qualifying round , England won three out of the four games and drew the other . Four months before the World Cup , Roger Byrne , Duncan Edwards , David Pegg and Tommy Taylor all lost their lives in the Munich air disaster while playing for Manchester United . At the finals , which is the only tournament to have seen all Home Nations take part , the Home Nations were all drawn in different groups . England were drawn against the Soviet Union ( 2 -- 2 ) , Brazil ( 0 -- 0 ) and Austria ( 2 -- 2 ) , who finished third in the 1954 World Cup . At the end of the group stage , Soviet Union and England each had three points , and had scored four goals and conceded four goals . This meant there was a play - off to decide the second - placed team in the group , the winner to qualify . England lost the play - off 1 -- 0 and were thus knocked out . The only consolation for England was that they were the only team to play the eventual winners Brazil and not lose . Chile 1962 ( edit ) Main article : 1962 FIFA World Cup The third World Cup which took place in South America , saw England qualify by successfully qualifying from the group , which contained Portugal and Luxembourg , defeating Luxembourg on both occasions , and defeating Portugal at home , and drawing in Lisbon . At the finals , England were drawn in a group with Hungary , Argentina and Bulgaria . England defeated Argentina 3 - 1 , thanks to goals from Ron Flowers , Bobby Charlton and Jimmy Greaves , before playing out a goalless draw with Bulgaria , and a 2 -- 1 defeat to Hungary . England finished in second place behind Hungary and played the winners of group 3 , defending champions Brazil , in the quarter - finals . Brazil scored first through Garrincha , before an equaliser for Gerry Hitchens before half time . However , second - half goals from Garrincha and Vavá meant Brazil won the game 3 -- 1 , and eliminated England from the competition . This defeat was manager Walter Winterbottom 's last game in charge . Winterbottom had led England to four World Cup Finals . From May 1963 , Alf Ramsey became the manager of England . England 1966 ( edit ) Main article : 1966 FIFA World Cup This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2018 ) In the 1966 World Cup Finals , England used their home advantage and , under Ramsey , won their first , and only , World Cup title . England played all their games at Wembley Stadium in London , which became the last time that the hosts were granted this privilege . After drawing 0 -- 0 in the opening game against former champions Uruguay , which started a run of four games all ending goalless . England then beat both France and Mexico 2 -- 0 and qualified for the quarter - finals . The quarter - finals saw England play Argentina , which ended in a 1 -- 0 win to England . This match saw the start of the rivalry between England and Argentina , when Argentinian Antonio Rattín was dismissed by German referee Rudolf Kreitlein in a very fierce game . A 2 -- 1 win against Portugal in the semi-final then followed . Portugal were the first team to score against England in the tournament . The final saw England play West Germany , with the result finishing in a 4 -- 2 win for England , after extra time . Mexico 1970 ( edit ) Main article : 1970 FIFA World Cup 1970 saw the first World Cup finals take place in North America and England qualified automatically for the tournament by winning the 1966 FIFA World Cup . England were drawn in a group with Romania , former world champions Brazil and Czechoslovakia . Each of the matches only saw one goal , with England defeating Romania and Czechoslovakia , and losing to Brazil . The quarter - final saw a repeat of the 1966 final , with England playing West Germany . England were hampered by the fact that first - choice goalkeeper Gordon Banks was ill , and Peter Bonetti played instead . England led 2 -- 0 with goals by Alan Mullery and Martin Peters , but in the 70th minute , Franz Beckenbauer pulled one goal back for West Germany . After Beckenbauer 's goal , Ramsey substituted Bobby Charlton , who overtook Billy Wright as England 's most capped player ever , with caps totalling 106 . Uwe Seeler equalised for the Germans in the eighty first minute , thereby taking the game into extra time . During extra time , Gerd Müller scored the winning goal for West Germany which saw the German side win 3 -- 2 . This turned out to be Charlton 's last game for England . West Germany 1974 ( edit ) Main article : 1974 FIFA World Cup qualification For the first time , England did not qualify for a World Cup . In a group with Olympic champions Poland and Wales , England could not overtake Poland . After only drawing at home to Wales 1 -- 1 and losing the first leg 2 -- 0 to Poland , meant that England had to beat Poland at home , whilst Poland only needed to draw . Poland managed to withstand England 's attacks in the first half , who had Martin Peters playing for them . Poland took the lead in the 57th minute with a goal from Jan Domarski . England equalised six minutes later , with a penalty converted by Allan Clarke . England were unable to score any more goals with goalkeeper Jan Tomaszewski keeping England at bay . Brian Clough had previously called Tomaszewski a `` clown '' . The commentator of the game then said `` it 's all over '' . Poland took this good form to the finals and ended in third place . After failing to qualify , Alf Ramsey resigned from his post and after a time , where Ramsey and his predecessor had lasted a total of 29 years , no manager was able to last in the job for longer than eight years . This ended when Bobby Robson became England manager . Argentina 1978 ( edit ) See also : 1978 FIFA World Cup qualification This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) England also did not qualify for the fourth World Cup which took place in South America . This time , England were denied by Italy , who had scored three more goals than England after both teams finished on the same points . Goals scored dictated who qualified after the head - to - head record between the two sides finished the same , following a 2 -- 0 home win for each team . The lower - ranked teams in the group were Finland and Luxembourg , but the size of the wins against them proved to be decisive . Nevertheless , Ron Greenwood was given a second chance in charge of England , after taking the role in 1977 . Spain 1982 ( edit ) Main article : 1982 FIFA World Cup 1982 saw the first time where the European Qualifying Rounds were divided into groups of five teams , where the top two teams qualify for the World Cup . Greenwood used his second chance and took England to Spain by finishing second behind Hungary and above Romania , Switzerland and Norway . At the finals , England won all three group games , defeating France 3 - 1 , with a brace from Bryan Robson , before beating Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 , with a Jozef Barmos own goal , and World Cup newcomers Kuwait 1 -- 0 , thanks to a Trevor Francis goal . The next round saw a second group stage consisting of three teams , a first time event at the World Cup . England drew with West Germany 0 -- 0 and after the Germans beat Spain 2 -- 1 , England then had to beat Spain with a two - goal difference to progress to the next round . England , however , only managed a 0 -- 0 draw against the Spanish . England remained unbeaten at the end of the tournament . After the World Cup , Ron Greenwood 's time as England manager ended , and he was replaced by Bobby Robson . Mexico 1986 ( edit ) Main article : 1986 FIFA World Cup This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1986 saw the second World Cup to take place in Mexico . England qualified for Mexico 1986 by winning four games and drawing four times against Northern Ireland , who qualified in second place , Romania , Finland and Turkey . In Mexico , England lost their opening game to Portugal 1 -- 0 and could only manage a goalless draw against Morocco . The final group game , however , saw England beat Poland 3 -- 0 , which is one of the three highest scores for England at the World Cup , with Gary Lineker scoring a hat - trick . This result took England to second place and finished behind Morocco . England then also beat Paraguay 3 -- 0 in the Round of 16 . In the quarter - finals , England renewed their rivalry with Argentina in a game that has become notorious for the Argentina goals , both scored by Diego Maradona . Maradona 's first goal , known as the Hand of God , was illegal and should not have counted , as he used his hand to punch the ball into the net . However , the referee missed this infringement , and ruled that the goal should stand . Maradona then made the score 2 - 0 , famously dribbling from inside Argentina 's half and around several English players before scoring . Gary Lineker pulled back the score to 2 - 1 , but England ran out of time to equalise , and were eliminated . Nevertheless , Lineker finished with the Golden Boot by scoring six goals and thereby becoming England 's first Golden Boot winner . Italy 1990 ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup By winning three and drawing three , England qualified for Italia ' 90 , the second World Cup to be held in Italy , scoring ten goals and conceding none . England were unbeaten through qualification , winning three games , and drawing the remaining three , but still finished second to Sweden , whom they drew with twice . England profited from Romania 's 3 -- 1 win over Denmark , who , had they won , would have qualified as the third - best second - placed team . West Germany and England were able to qualify for Italia ' 90 as the best second - placed teams in the groups with four teams . Because a few years previously saw English hooligans at European competition matches , England were forced to play their group games on Sardinia and Sicily . In group F , was the European champions Netherlands , the Republic of Ireland and Egypt and England . After opening the tournament with a 1 -- 1 draw against Ireland and a 0 -- 0 draw against the Dutch , England then beat Egypt 1 -- 0 . This was Egypt 's first appearance since the 1934 World Cup . England won the group with four points . In the next round , England had to play Belgium . The game went to extra time , and in the hundredth and nineteenth minute , David Platt scored the winning goal . England also had to play extra time against Cameroon in the quarter - finals . Cameroon were the first African team to have reached the quarter - finals . England opened the scoring through David Platt , but Cameroon quickly turned around the game to lead 2 - 1 . Lineker subsequently won and scored a penalty in the 83rd minute to ensure the game went to extra time . He then scored a second penalty , to see England reach the semi-finals . In the semi-finals , England met West Germany . There was no separating the two teams after 90 minutes , which made England the first team to have played extra time in three successive World Cup games . There was also no separating the two teams after extra time , thereby taking the game to penalties . Although English goalkeeper Peter Shilton dived the right way for every penalty , he was unable to save any . German goalkeeper Bodo Illgner , having failed to save any of England 's first three penalties , saved England 's fourth penalty , taken by Stuart Pearce . Olaf Thon then scored for Germany , meaning that England 's Chris Waddle would have to score his fifth penalty and hope that Shilton saved the Germans ' fifth penalty . However , Waddle 's penalty missed completely , going high over the crossbar , thereby resulting in England 's being knocked out of the competition . The third - place playoff between England and Italy saw England lose their only game of the tournament in normal time . Even though this was England 's best finish since the 1966 World Cup , Bobby Robson 's time as England manager had come to an end . United States 1994 ( edit ) Main article : 1994 FIFA World Cup qualification For the 1994 World Cup in the United States , under the leadership of new manager Graham Taylor , England surprisingly did not qualify for the tournament . In a group with six teams , England lost to Norway and the Netherlands , finishing third above Poland , Turkey and San Marino . England went into their final game with San Marino knowing they would need a seven - goal victory and for Poland to beat the Netherlands in the other match in order to qualify . In the game against San Marino , Davide Gualtieri scored against England after nine seconds , taking the lead for the outsiders . England went on to win 7 -- 1 , which was too small a goal margin . Additionally , despite the half - time score between the Poles and the Dutch being 1 - 1 , the Dutch went on to win 3 - 1 , meaning that however many goals England scored , they could still not qualify . Taylor 's tenure in charge ended and he was replaced by Terry Venables , who was dismissed after England lost the semi-final of Euro 1996 , hosted in England . France 1998 ( edit ) Main article : 1998 FIFA World Cup After missing out on the World Cup in 1994 , England , managed by Glenn Hoddle , qualified for the World Cup in France . England were drawn in Group 2 of UEFA qualifying with Italy , Poland , Georgia and Moldova . England beat Poland , Georgia and Moldova both home and away , but a home defeat to Italy in their fourth match meant they went into the final qualifier at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome just a point ahead of the Azzurri and only needing a draw to qualify automatically ; defeat would see them have to navigate a play - off to secure qualification . The match finished as a goalless draw and England finished top of the group . At the finals in France , England played in Group G. England defeated Tunisia 2 -- 0 in the first game , with goals from Alan Shearer and Paul Scholes . Their second match saw England lose 2 -- 1 to Romania ; despite an 81st - minute equaliser from Michael Owen , Dan Petrescu scored a winner shortly before injury time . In their final group game , England defeated Colombia 2 -- 0 in the decisive match , thanks to goals from midfielders Darren Anderton and David Beckham . England finished second in Group G , which saw them qualify for the last 16 phase , and play the winner of 1998 FIFA World Cup Group H , Argentina . In a fiery game containing six yellow cards and two penalties , David Beckham was controversially sent off in the 47th minute for what many felt was at most a yellow card offence , knocking over Diego Simeone . Gabriel Batistuta opened the scoring from the penalty spot in the fifth minute of the game , before an equaliser also from the spot by Alan Shearer four minutes later . England took the lead through Owen , in the 16th minute . Argentina drew level through Javier Zanetti in injury time of the first half . The game finished 2 - 2 , and , as neither team were able to find a winner in extra time , penalties were needed to decide the team that qualified to the next round . While David Seaman did save one penalty , Argentine goalkeeper Carlos Roa managed to save two , including the vital one from David Batty , thereby knocking England out of the World Cup . Beckham subsequently received death threats and was sent bullets in the post . South Korea / Japan 2002 ( edit ) Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup In 2002 the World Cup took place in Asia for the first time . England , under its first ever foreign manager in Swedish Sven - Göran Eriksson , were able to qualify for the tournament . England were drawn in Group 9 , alongside Germany , Finland , Greece and Albania . In the last ever game in the original Wembley Stadium , ( which closed after the match ) England played Germany , losing 1 -- 0 , the only goal scored by Dietmar Hamann . The match was the last under the management of Kevin Keegan , who resigned at the end of the match , and was replaced by Eriksson . By beating Germany 5 -- 1 in Munich , England 's qualifying campaign was revitalised , and they qualified automatically , by drawing 2 -- 2 with Greece . Germany , who could only draw 0 -- 0 with Finland , had to play a play - off game against Ukraine , with England qualifying ahead winning the group . In Japan , England had to play against Eriksson 's homeland , Sweden , and both settled out for a 1 -- 1 draw . England and Beckham gained a measure of revenge for their previous 1998 defeat in defeating Argentina 1 - 0 , thanks to a Beckham penalty . However , England could only manage a disappointing 0 - 0 draw against Nigeria , meaning that although they were able to qualify for the second round , where they played Denmark , they qualified as runners up , which meant that they would meet favourites Brazil in the quarter - finals if they qualified . England played Denmark in the round of 16 defeating Denmark 3 -- 0 , thanks to goals from Micheal Owen , Rio Ferdinand , and Emile Heskey . England played four - time World Cup winners and 1998 runners - up Brazil in the quarter - finals . Despite leading through a Michael Owen goal , a mistake by David Seaman saw England lose 2 -- 1 , and Brazil won their fourth World Cup match against England , and went on to win the tournament . Germany 2006 ( edit ) Main article : 2006 FIFA World Cup England were drawn into Group 6 of European qualifying for the 2006 World Cup . The group featured other home nations in Wales , and Northern Ireland , as well as Poland ( who had eliminated England the last time the World Cup took place in Germany ) , Azerbaijan and Austria . England won eight of the 10 games , and qualified as group winners , in front of Portugal , despite drawing to Austria in Vienna , and losing to Northern Ireland in Belfast . In Germany , however , England were less convincing . England played in Group B , alongside Paraguay , Trinidad and Tobago , and Sweden . England started with a 1 -- 0 win against Paraguay ; which was won due to a 3rd minute own goal . The second game against first time qualifiers Trinidad and Tobago saw England have to wait until the 83rd minute for England to take the lead , with Peter Crouch opened the scoring with a goal many felt was illegal , and the second goal of the game coming in added time from Steven Gerrard . The last group game saw England play against Sweden , where an eventual 2 - 2 draw saw them qualify for the next round as group winners , thereby avoiding playing hosts Germany . In the last 16 stage , a free kick from David Beckham saw England win 1 -- 0 against Ecuador and reach the quarter - finals , where they faced Portugal . The game finished goalless , and England once again were knocked out on penalties and Portuguese goalkeeper Ricardo became the first goalkeeper to save three penalties in a penalty shoot - out . Ricardo saved from Frank Lampard , Steven Gerrard , and Jamie Carragher ; the only England player who successfully converted his penalty was Owen Hargreaves . Portugal won the shoot - out 3 - 1 , despite misses from Petit and Hugo Viana . This game was also Erickson 's final match as England manager . South africa 2010 ( edit ) Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Qualification for the first African World Cup went successfully for new England manager Fabio Capello , after previous manager Steve McClaren was unable to secure qualification to the Euro 2008 . By winning nine times and only losing to Ukraine , England qualified ahead of Croatia , Belarus , Kazakhstan and Andorra . England 's group was seen as a favourable one , containing comparatively much weaker teams . However , England opened up their campaign with a 1 -- 1 draw against the United States , thanks to a major error by goalkeeper Robert Green . They then drew 0 -- 0 against Algeria and were booed off the field by their own fans , drawing the ire of striker Wayne Rooney . England eventually qualified for the next round by beating Slovenia 1 -- 0 , but only qualified as runners up to the United States , thereby meaning they would draw favourites Germany . In the second round match , Germany took the lead after 20 minutes after goalkeeper Manuel Neuer played the ball down the pitch to Miroslav Klose , who opened the scoring . The score became 2 -- 0 to Germany after 32 minutes . Shortly after , England defender Matthew Upson scored a header . Later , Frank Lampard had a shot at goal which was disallowed despite crossing the line ; which was confirmed on replays . German goalkeeper Manuel Neuer admitted subsequently he knew the ball had crossed the line , but decided to deceive the referee . The German media reported it was `` revenge for Wembley '' , while the English media criticised FIFA 's refusal to implement goal - line technology . Ironically , despite his earlier opposition to goal - line technology , Sepp Blatter said that it should be introduced after a Ukrainian goal against England at Euro 2012 was ruled out . As England tried to equalise , Germany used this to their advantage and scored two more goals . This became Germany 's biggest win against England in a World Cup , winning 4 - 1 . Brazil 2014 ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup Under Roy Hodgson , who replaced Fabio Capello after Euro 2012 after a disagreement between Capello and The FA , England qualified for the second World Cup to be held in Brazil . Ukraine were again one of the opponents in the qualifying rounds . The other opponents included Montenegro , Poland , Moldova and San Marino . After winning six games and drawing four , England qualified unbeaten . The draw for the finals saw England have to play against Italy and Uruguay , both former world champions , which meant that it was the first ever time three World Champions were drawn in the same group , along with Costa Rica . England lost to Italy and Uruguay , and were thus knocked out after two games . The final match against Costa Rica finished as a goalless draw . This performance was statistically their worst ever performance at a World Cup , ending up with just one point after two losses to Uruguay and Italy and a goalless draw with Costa Rica in the dead rubber match , their lowest points total in the group stage of a world cup . Russia 2018 ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup England played in UEFA Group F in qualification for the 2018 World Cup , in a group of six with Slovakia , Slovenia , Scotland , Lithuania and Malta , with only the winner of the group guaranteed qualification . England went into the qualification process under manager Sam Allardyce , only for Allardyce to leave the post after just one game due to controversy regarding discussing breaking FIFA rules . Under Allardyce 's replacement , Gareth Southgate , England went undefeated throughout qualification , winning eight matches out of 10 , drawing with Slovenia 0 -- 0 in Ljubljana , and drawing 2 -- 2 with Scotland in Glasgow thanks to a 90th - minute equaliser from Harry Kane . This was the third successive major tournament that England were undefeated , having been undefeated in 2014 World Cup , and Euro 2016 qualifying . 2018 finals ( edit ) England national team at the 2018 World Cup in Russia Under Gareth Southgate , the England team began their tournament in group G against Tunisia . The game started well for England with a goal from Harry Kane in the 11th minute . Tunisia equalised through Sassi from the penalty spot in the 35th minute following a foul by Kyle Walker . Some controversy followed as various potential offences against Harry Kane , inside the penalty area were ignored by the referee and no VAR checks were carried out . England persevered and scored a second goal in the 91st minute , again by Harry Kane , resulting in a 2 -- 1 victory . In the second group stage match , England surpassed their record for goals scored in a World Cup match by beating Panama 6 - 1 . Jesse Lingard scored the third goal , John Stones scored the first and fourth goals and Harry Kane scored a hat - trick with the second , fifth and sixth goals . In the final group stage match , England narrowly lost 1 - 0 to Belgium . Adnan Januzaj scored the sole goal of the game ; but with both teams having fielded reserve teams , with England specificially making 9 changes . Before the game media outlets stating that a loss could potentially become beneficial , as the winner would be in the half of the draw with four of the top seven sides in the world . The result that meant Belgium topped the group and England finished second , setting up a last 16 clash with Group H winners Colombia . England played their last 16 match in the Otkritie Arena , Moscow , with the same team as against Tunisia . Harry Kane scored his sixth goal of the tournament , and the third penalty , after once again being fouled in the box from a corner , similarly as against Panama . The score remained at 1 - 0 , until stoppage time , where a header from Yerry Mina beat Jordan Pickford in goal to bring the game to extra time . Neither team managed to score in extra time , and the match went to penalties , which England won 4 - 3 . As well as being the first knockout match England had won at a major tournament since 2006 ( last defeating Ecuador in the last 16 ) ; it was the first time England won a World Cup penalty shoot - out . The match was notable for the heated atmosphere the game was played in , with a total of eight yellow cards being shown in the match . England played against Sweden in their quarter - final at Cosmos Arena , Samara on 7 July 2018 . They won the match 2 -- 0 , with defender Harry Maguire scoring his first England goal , a header scored from a corner , and Dele Alli a second header from close range . This would send them through to their third World Cup semi-final and their first since 1990 , and third overall . The team played Croatia in the semi-final , resulting in a 2 -- 1 loss after extra time . England would later finish fourth in the competition , the best result since 1990 . England would lose again to Belgium in the 3rd place playoff , thanks to goals from Thomas Meunier and Eden Hazard , despite a Eric Dier shot being cleared off the line by Toby Alderweireld . The tournament would see England score nine goals from set - pieces -- the most by a team in a single World Cup tournament since 1966 . Records ( edit ) Year Round Position GP D * GF GA GD 1930 Not a FIFA member 1934 1938 1950 Group stage 8th 0 0 1954 Quarter - finals 7th 8 8 0 1958 Group stage 11th 0 5 - 1 1962 Quarter - finals 8th 5 6 - 1 1966 Champions 1st 6 5 0 11 8 1970 Quarter - finals 8th 0 0 Did not qualify 1978 1982 Second group stage 6th 5 0 6 5 1986 Quarter - finals 8th 5 7 1990 Semi finals 4th 7 8 6 1994 Did not qualify 1998 Round of 16 9th 7 2002 Quarter - finals 6th 5 6 2006 Quarter - finals 7th 5 0 6 Round of 16 13th 5 - 2 2014 Group stage 26th 0 - 2 2018 Semi-finals 4th 7 12 8 2022 TBD 2026 Total 15 / 21 1 title 69 29 21 19 91 64 27 * Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks show England 's World Cup record First Match England 2 -- 0 Chile ( 25 June 1950 ; Rio de Janeiro , Brazil ) Biggest Win England 6 -- 1 Panama ( 24 June 2018 ; Nizhny Novgorod , Russia ) Biggest Defeat England 1 - 4 Germany ( 27 June 2010 ; Bloemfontein , South Africa ) Best Result Champions at the 1966 World Cup Worst Result Group stage in 1950 , 1958 and 2014 By match ( edit ) Year Round Against Score Scorers 1950 Group 2 Chile 2 -- 0 Mortensen , Mannion United States 0 -- 1 Spain 0 -- 1 1954 Group 4 Belgium 4 -- 4 ( aet ) Broadis ( 2 ) , Lofthouse ( 2 ) Switzerland 2 -- 0 Mullen , Wilshaw Quarter - final Uruguay 2 -- 4 Lofthouse , Finney 1958 Group 4 Soviet Union 2 -- 2 Kevan , Finney Brazil 0 -- 0 Austria 2 -- 2 Haynes , Kevan Play - off Soviet Union 0 -- 1 1962 Group 4 Hungary 1 -- 2 Flowers Argentina 3 -- 1 Flowers , Charlton , Greaves Bulgaria 0 -- 0 Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 3 Hitchens 1966 Group 1 Uruguay 0 -- 0 Mexico 2 -- 0 Charlton , Hunt France 2 -- 0 Hunt ( 2 ) Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 0 Hurst Semi-final Portugal 2 -- 1 Charlton ( 2 ) Final West Germany 4 -- 2 ( aet ) Hurst ( 3 ) , Peters 1970 Group 3 Romania 1 -- 0 Hurst Brazil 0 -- 1 Czechoslovakia 1 -- 0 Clarke Quarter - final West Germany 2 -- 3 ( aet ) Mullery , Peters 1982 Group 4 France 3 -- 1 Robson ( 2 ) , Mariner Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 Francis , Barmoš ( o.g. ) Kuwait 1 -- 0 Francis Group B Round 2 West Germany 0 -- 0 Spain 0 -- 0 1986 Group F Portugal 0 -- 1 Morocco 0 -- 0 Poland 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 3 ) Round of 16 Paraguay 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 2 ) , Beardsley Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 2 Lineker 1990 Group F Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Lineker Netherlands 0 -- 0 Egypt 1 -- 0 Wright Round of 16 Belgium 1 -- 0 ( aet ) Platt Quarter - final Cameroon 3 -- 2 ( aet ) Platt , Lineker ( 2 ) Semi-final West Germany 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Lineker Third - place play - off Italy 1 -- 2 Platt 1998 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 0 Shearer , Scholes Romania 1 -- 2 Owen Colombia 2 -- 0 Anderton , Beckham Round of 16 Argentina 2 -- 2 ( aet ) Shearer , Owen 2002 Group F Sweden 1 -- 1 Campbell Argentina 1 -- 0 Beckham Nigeria 0 -- 0 Round of 16 Denmark 3 -- 0 Ferdinand , Owen , Heskey Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 2 Owen 2006 Group B Paraguay 1 -- 0 Gamarra ( o.g. ) Trinidad and Tobago 2 -- 0 Crouch , Gerrard Sweden 2 -- 2 Cole , Gerrard Round of 16 Ecuador 1 -- 0 Beckham Quarter - final Portugal 0 -- 0 ( aet ) Group C United States 1 -- 1 Gerrard Algeria 0 -- 0 Slovenia 1 -- 0 Defoe Round of 16 Germany 1 -- 4 Upson 2014 Group D Italy 1 -- 2 Sturridge Uruguay 1 -- 2 Rooney Costa Rica 0 -- 0 2018 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 1 Kane ( 2 ) Panama 6 -- 1 Stones ( 2 ) , Kane ( 3 ) , Lingard Belgium 0 -- 1 Round of 16 Colombia 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Kane Quarter - final Sweden 2 -- 0 Maguire , Alli Semi-final Croatia 1 -- 2 ( aet ) Trippier Third - place play - off Belgium 0 -- 2 By opponent ( edit ) Country Played Won Drawn Lost GF GA GD Argentina 5 8 5 + 3 Germany 5 8 10 - 2 Brazil 0 6 - 4 Sweden 0 5 + 2 Belgium 5 7 - 2 Portugal 0 Uruguay 0 6 - 3 France 0 0 5 + 4 Paraguay 0 0 0 + 4 Tunisia 0 0 + 3 Czechoslovakia 0 0 0 + 3 Colombia 0 + 2 Romania 0 0 Soviet Union 0 - 1 United States 0 - 1 Spain 0 0 - 1 Italy 0 0 - 2 Panama 0 0 6 + 5 Poland 0 0 0 + 3 Denmark 0 0 0 + 3 Chile 0 0 0 + 2 Switzerland 0 0 0 + 2 Mexico 0 0 0 + 2 Trinidad and Tobago 0 0 0 + 2 Cameroon 0 0 + 1 Kuwait 0 0 0 + 1 Egypt 0 0 0 + 1 Ecuador 0 0 0 + 1 Slovenia 0 0 0 0 + 1 Austria 0 0 0 Republic of Ireland 0 0 0 Bulgaria 0 0 0 0 0 Morocco 0 0 0 0 0 Netherlands 0 0 0 0 0 Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 Costa Rica 0 0 0 0 0 Hungary 0 0 - 1 Croatia 0 0 - 1 Last update : 14 July 2018 Players ' honours ( edit ) List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Matches World Cups Peter Shilton 17 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Terry Butcher 14 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Bobby Charlton 14 1958 , 1962 , 1966 , 1970 Ashley Cole 14 2002 , 2006 , 2010 Bobby Moore 14 1962 , 1966 , 1970 6 David Beckham 13 1998 , 2002 , 2006 7 Steven Gerrard 12 2006 , 2010 , 2014 Gary Lineker 12 1986 , 1990 Michael Owen 12 1998 , 2002 , 2006 10 Chris Waddle 11 1986 , 1990 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Goals World Cups Gary Lineker 10 1986 ( 6 ) and 1990 ( 4 ) Harry Kane 6 2018 Geoff Hurst 5 1966 ( 4 ) and 1970 ( 1 ) Bobby Charlton 1962 ( 1 ) and 1966 ( 3 ) Michael Owen 1998 ( 2 ) and 2002 ( 2 ) 6 Nat Lofthouse 1954 Roger Hunt 1966 David Platt 1990 David Beckham 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Steven Gerrard 2006 ( 2 ) and 2010 11 Nine players Current as of 3 July 2018 after the match against Colombia List of England goals by tournament ( edit ) World Cup Goalscorer ( s ) 1950 Wilf Mannion , Stan Mortensen 1954 Nat Lofthouse ( 3 ) , Ivor Broadis ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Jimmy Mullen , Dennis Wilshaw 1958 Derek Kevan ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Johnny Haynes 1962 Ron Flowers ( 2 ) , Bobby Charlton , Jimmy Greaves , Gerry Hitchens 1966 Geoff Hurst ( 4 ) , Roger Hunt ( 3 ) , Bobby Charlton ( 3 ) , Martin Peters 1970 Allan Clarke , Geoff Hurst , Alan Mullery , Martin Peters 1982 Trevor Francis ( 2 ) , Bryan Robson ( 2 ) , Paul Mariner , Own Goal 1986 Gary Lineker ( 6 ) , Peter Beardsley 1990 Gary Lineker ( 4 ) , David Platt ( 3 ) , Mark Wright 1998 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , Alan Shearer ( 2 ) , Darren Anderton , David Beckham , Paul Scholes 2002 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Sol Campbell , Rio Ferdinand , Emile Heskey 2006 Steven Gerrard ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Joe Cole , Peter Crouch , Own Goal Jermain Defoe , Steven Gerrard , Matthew Upson 2014 Wayne Rooney , Daniel Sturridge 2018 Harry Kane ( 6 ) , John Stones ( 2 ) , Jesse Lingard , Harry Maguire , Dele Alli , Kieran Trippier List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup ( edit ) Historically , very few English World Cup squad members were playing for a club in a foreign league at the time of their selection to the national squad . Year Number ( Country ) Players ( Apps ) 1950 -- 1958 0 1962 1 ( Italy ) Gerry Hitchens ( 2 ) 1966 -- 1970 0 1982 1 ( West Germany ) Tony Woodcock ( 2 ) 1986 2 ( Italy ) Mark Hateley ( 3 ) , Ray Wilkins 1990 5 ( 4 in Scotland , 1 in France ) Terry Butcher ( 5 ) , Trevor Steven ( 3 ) , Gary Stevens ( 2 ) , Chris Woods ( 0 ) ; Chris Waddle ( 7 ) 1998 0 2002 1 ( Germany ) Owen Hargreaves ( 2 ) 2006 2 ( 1 Spain , 1 Germany ) David Beckham ( 5 ) ; Owen Hargreaves ( 4 ) 0 2014 1 ( Scotland ) Fraser Forster ( 0 ) 2018 0 Team awards and records ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Team Awards World Champions 1966 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1990 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1998 ( shared ) Individual Awards Golden Ball 1966 : Bobby Charlton Silver Ball 1966 : Bobby Moore Golden Boot 1986 : Gary Lineker Golden Boot 2018 : Harry Kane Bronze Boot 1966 : Geoff Hurst Golden Glove 1966 : Gordon Banks Best Young Player Award 1998 : Michael Owen Team Records Most penalty shoot - outs lost : 3 ( shared with Italy and Spain ) Biggest World Cup victory : 6 - 1 vs Panama , 2018 Group Stage Individual Records Only hattrick in a final : Geoff Hurst ( 1966 v West Germany ) Oldest captain : Peter Shilton ( age 40 years and 292 days , 1990 v Italy ) Most clean sheets : Peter Shilton ( 10 , 1982 - 1990 ) ( shared with Fabien Barthez ) Refereeing ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Four FIFA World Cup finals were officiated by English referees , more than by any other football association . The first Englishman to officiate a final , George Reader , is also the oldest World Cup referee to date , as he was 53 years and 236 days old at the 1950 decisive match between Uruguay and Brazil . The other final referees are William Ling ( 1954 ) , Jack Taylor ( 1974 ) and Howard Webb ( 2010 ) . Arthur Ellis , who was a linesman at the 1950 final , is part of an elite group of referees who has been called up for three consecutive World Cups ( 1950 -- 1958 ) . Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ England declined the chance , created and given to them when Austria withdrew from the tournament following the Anschluss , to take part in the 1938 FIFA World Cup . Jump up ^ Excluding the 1982 FIFA World Cup , which did not have formal quarter - finals , but instead had a second group stage that determined who would qualify for the semi-finals . Jump up ^ Belgium were ranked third , and Germany had already been eliminated . Only Switzerland ( 6 ) and Spain ( 10 ) would be on the loser 's half of the draw from the top 10 of the FIFA World Rankings Jump up ^ England had previously lost World Cup penalty shoot - outs in 1990 to West Germany , 1998 to Argentina and Portugal in 2006 . England 's penalty shoot - out record before the match was 1 -- 6 , with their only win against Spain in EURO 96 . 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England national football squads England squad -- 1950 FIFA World Cup GK Ditchburn GK Williams DF Aston DF Eckersley DF Ramsey DF Scott DF Taylor DF Wright ( c ) MF Baily MF Cockburn MF Dickinson MF Hughes MF Nicholson MF Watson FW Bentley FW Finney FW Mannion FW Matthews FW Milburn FW Mortensen FW Mullen Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1954 FIFA World Cup 1 Merrick 2 Staniforth 3 Byrne 4 Wright ( c ) 5 Owen 6 Dickinson 7 Matthews 8 Broadis 9 Lofthouse 10 Taylor 11 Finney 12 Burgin 13 Green 14 McGarry 15 Wilshaw 16 Quixall 17 Mullen 18 Chilton 19 Armstrong 20 Jezzard 21 Haynes 22 Hooper Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1958 FIFA World Cup 1 McDonald 2 Howe 3 Banks 4 Clamp 5 Wright ( c ) 6 Slater 7 Douglas 8 Robson 9 Kevan 10 Haynes 11 Finney 12 Hopkinson 13 Hodgkinson 14 Sillett 15 Clayton 16 Norman 17 Brabrook 18 Broadbent 19 Smith 20 Charlton 21 A'Court 22 Setters Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1962 FIFA World Cup 1 Springett 2 Armfield 3 Wilson 4 Robson 5 Swan 6 Flowers 7 Connelly 8 Greaves 9 Hitchens 10 Haynes ( c ) 11 Charlton 12 Hodgkinson 13 Kevan 14 Anderson 15 Norman 16 Moore 17 Douglas 18 Hunt 19 Peacock 20 Eastham 21 Howe 22 Adamson Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1966 FIFA World Cup winners ( 1st title ) 1 Banks 2 Cohen 3 Wilson 4 Stiles 5 J. Charlton 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Ball 8 Greaves 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Connelly 12 Springett 13 Bonetti 14 Armfield 15 Byrne 16 Peters 17 Flowers 18 Hunter 19 Paine 20 Callaghan 21 Hunt 22 Eastham Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1970 FIFA World Cup 1 Banks 2 Newton 3 Cooper 4 Mullery 5 Labone 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Lee 8 Ball 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Peters 12 Bonetti 13 Stepney 14 Wright 15 Stiles 16 Hughes 17 J. Charlton 18 Hunter 19 Bell 20 Osgood 21 Clarke 22 Astle Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1982 FIFA World Cup 1 Clemence 2 Anderson 3 Brooking 4 Butcher 5 Coppell 6 Foster 7 Keegan 8 Francis 9 Hoddle 10 McDermott 11 Mariner 12 Mills ( c ) 13 Corrigan 14 Neal 15 Rix 16 Robson 17 Sansom 18 Thompson 19 Wilkins 20 Withe 21 Woodcock 22 Shilton Coach : Greenwood England squad -- 1986 FIFA World Cup 1 Shilton 2 G.M. Stevens 3 Sansom 4 Hoddle 5 Martin 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Wilkins 9 Hateley 10 Lineker 11 Waddle 12 Anderson 13 Woods 14 Fenwick 15 G.A. Stevens 16 Reid 17 Steven 18 Hodge 19 Barnes 20 Beardsley 21 Dixon 22 Bailey Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1990 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Shilton 2 Stevens 3 Pearce 4 Webb 5 Walker 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Waddle 9 Beardsley 10 Lineker 11 Barnes 12 Parker 13 Woods 14 Wright 15 Dorigo 16 McMahon 17 Platt 18 Hodge 19 Gascoigne 20 Steven 21 Bull 22 Beasant Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Campbell 3 Le Saux 4 Ince 5 Adams 6 Southgate 7 Beckham 8 Batty 9 Shearer ( c ) 10 Sheringham 11 McManaman 12 Neville 13 Martyn 14 Anderton 15 Merson 16 Scholes 17 Lee 18 Keown 19 L. Ferdinand 20 Owen 21 R. Ferdinand 22 Flowers Coach : Hoddle England squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Mills 3 A. Cole 4 Sinclair 5 Ferdinand 6 Campbell 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Scholes 9 Fowler 10 Owen 11 Heskey 12 Brown 13 Martyn 14 Bridge 15 Keown 16 Southgate 17 Sheringham 18 Hargreaves 19 J. Cole 20 Vassell 21 Butt 22 James 23 Dyer Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Robinson 2 Neville 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard 5 Ferdinand 6 Terry 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Lampard 9 Rooney 10 Owen 11 J. Cole 12 Campbell 13 James 14 Bridge 15 Carragher 16 Hargreaves 17 Jenas 18 Carrick 19 Lennon 20 Downing 21 Crouch 22 Carson 23 Walcott Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 James 2 Johnson 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Dawson 6 Terry 7 Lennon 8 Lampard 9 Crouch 10 Rooney 11 J. Cole 12 Green 13 Warnock 14 Barry 15 Upson 16 Milner 17 Wright - Phillips 18 Carragher 19 Defoe 20 King 21 Heskey 22 Carrick 23 Hart Coach : Capello England squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Hart 2 Johnson 3 Baines 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Cahill 6 Jagielka 7 Wilshere 8 Lampard 9 Sturridge 10 Rooney 11 Welbeck 12 Smalling 13 Foster 14 Henderson 15 Oxlade - Chamberlain 16 Jones 17 Milner 18 Lambert 19 Sterling 20 Lallana 21 Barkley 22 Forster 23 Shaw Coach : Hodgson England squad -- 2018 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Pickford 2 Walker 3 Rose 4 Dier 5 Stones 6 Maguire 7 Lingard 8 Henderson 9 Kane ( c ) 10 Sterling 11 Vardy 12 Trippier 13 Butland 14 Welbeck 15 Cahill 16 Jones 17 Delph 18 Young 19 Rashford 20 Alli 21 Loftus - Cheek 22 Alexander - Arnold 23 Pope Coach : Southgate England national football team General The Football Association History Managers Captains Kits Venues Wembley Stadium 1923 stadium 2007 stadium Home venues St George 's Park ( Burton ) Statistics All - time record Records World Cup record European Championship record Hat - tricks Awards The FA England Awards The FA Women 's Football Awards Results Men 's 1872 -- 99 1900 -- 29 1930 -- 59 1960 -- 79 1980 -- 99 2000 -- 19 Unofficial matches Women 's 2010s Players World Cup & Euro Championship squads 10 + caps 4 -- 9 caps 2 -- 3 caps 1 cap Born outside England Other categories World Cups 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1982 1986 1990 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 European Championships 1968 1980 2000 2012 2016 Other tournaments British Home Championship ( 1884 -- 1984 ) Minor tournaments Noted rivalries Argentina Germany Scotland Culture Noted matches Band Songs Discography WAGs `` They think it 's all over '' Other FA teams Men 's England B England C Amateur ( defunct ) U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 Futsal Learning Disabilities Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Women 's Senior U-23 U-20 U-19 U-17 U-15 Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Countries at the FIFA World Cup Team appearances Teams with no appearances All - time table AFC Australia China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kuwait North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF Algeria Angola Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Togo Tunisia CONCACAF Canada Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay OFC New Zealand UEFA Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany England France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Considered a successor team by FIFA , or have competed under another name ( s ) . Have been member of multiple confederations . Team and national federation no longer exist . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=856208693 '' Categories : England at the FIFA World Cup Countries at the FIFA World Cup History of the England national football team Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links EngvarB from June 2018 Use dmy dates from June 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Articles needing additional references from July 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from July 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 16 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England%20at%20the%20FIFA%20World%20Cup	190
when did michigan pass the no smoking law	Statewide smoking ban : On May 1 , 2010 , after being signed into law by Governor Jennifer Granholm on December 18 , 2009 , the Dr. Ron Davis Law took effect , banning smoking statewide in all enclosed , indoor workplaces in Michigan , as well as the outdoor patios of bars and restaurants . The law exempts only cigar bars , retail tobacco stores , private home offices , company vehicles including commercial trucks , and Detroit 's three casinos ' gambling floors . The law is silent as to whether local governments may regulate smoking more strictly than the state , though it prohibits state or local health departments from enacting any smoking rules different than the law .	May 1 , 2010	List of smoking bans in the United States	list of smoking bans in the united states	The following is a list of smoking bans in the United States . For smoking bans and restrictions outside the United States , see the worldwide list of smoking bans .	The United States Congress has not attempted to enact any nationwide federal smoking ban . Therefore , smoking bans in the United States are entirely a product of first - level jurisdictional , local criminal , and occupational safety and health laws . In 1995 , California was the first state to enact a statewide smoking ban ; throughout the early to mid-2000s , especially between 2004 and 2007 , an increasing number of states enacted a statewide smoking ban of some kind . As of July 2017 , the most recent statewide smoking ban is North Dakota 's , which was ratified by voters on November 6 , 2012 . As further detailed in this list , smoking laws vary widely throughout the United States . Some places in the United States do not generally regulate smoking at all , some ban smoking in certain areas and not others , and some ban smoking nearly everywhere , even in outdoor areas ( no state bans smoking in all public outdoor areas , but some local jurisdictions do ) . As of July 1 , 2017 , according to the American Nonsmokers ' Rights Foundation , 81.5 % of the U.S. population lives under a ban on smoking in `` workplaces , and / or restaurants , and / or bars , by either a state , commonwealth , or local law '' , and 58.6 % live under a ban covering all workplaces and restaurants and bars . A smoking ban ( either state or local ) has been enacted covering all bars and restaurants in each of the 60 most populated cities in the United States except these 11 : Atlanta , Jacksonville , Memphis , Miami , Las Vegas , Nashville , Oklahoma City , Philadelphia , Tampa , Tulsa , and Virginia Beach . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 1.1 Statewide bans on smoking in all enclosed public places 1.2 Statewide smoking bans exempting adult - only venues 1.3 Unique statewide smoking bans 1.4 States with no statewide smoking ban 1.5 Smoking laws and non-states 1.6 Smoking laws and the U.S. federal government 2 Smoking laws of the United States by state or territory 2.1 Alabama 2.2 Alaska 2.3 American Samoa 2.4 Arizona 2.5 Arkansas 2.6 California 2.7 Colorado 2.8 Connecticut 2.9 Delaware 2.10 District of Columbia 2.11 Florida 2.12 Georgia 2.13 Guam 2.14 Hawaii 2.15 Idaho 2.16 Illinois 2.17 Indiana 2.18 Iowa 2.19 Kansas 2.20 Kentucky 2.21 Louisiana 2.22 Maine 2.23 Maryland 2.24 Massachusetts 2.25 Michigan 2.26 Minnesota 2.27 Mississippi 2.28 Missouri 2.29 Montana 2.30 Nebraska 2.31 Nevada 2.32 New Hampshire 2.33 New Jersey 2.34 New Mexico 2.35 New York 2.36 North Carolina 2.37 North Dakota 2.38 Northern Mariana Islands 2.39 Ohio 2.40 Oklahoma 2.41 Oregon 2.42 Pennsylvania 2.43 Puerto Rico 2.44 Rhode Island 2.45 South Carolina 2.46 South Dakota 2.47 Tennessee 2.48 Texas 2.49 United States Virgin Islands 2.50 Utah 2.51 Vermont 2.52 Virginia 2.53 Washington 2.54 West Virginia 2.55 Wisconsin 2.56 Wyoming 3 Smoking related damages in the United States 3.1 Slow Decomposition of Cigarettes 3.2 Forest Fires and Property Damage from Cigarettes 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Overview ( edit ) Statewide bans on smoking in all enclosed public places ( edit ) As of July 2017 , 25 states have enacted statewide bans on smoking in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants : Arizona , California , Delaware , Hawaii , Illinois , Iowa , Kansas , Maine , Maryland , Massachusetts , Michigan , Minnesota , Montana , Nebraska , North Dakota , New Jersey , New York , Ohio , Oregon , Rhode Island , South Dakota , Utah , Vermont , Washington , and Wisconsin . 11 other states have enacted statewide smoking bans but have carved out an exception for certain establishments and workplaces : Colorado , Connecticut , Florida , Idaho , Indiana , Louisiana , Nevada , New Hampshire , New Mexico , North Carolina , and Pennsylvania . However , these states exempt a variety of places from their respective smoking bans . All except seven ( California , Delaware , Montana , North Dakota , Utah , Vermont , and Washington ) exempt tobacconists . All except five ( Michigan , Indiana , North Dakota , Vermont , and Wisconsin ) allow hotels and motels to designate a certain percentage of smoking rooms . Many also exempt or do not cover casinos ( 9 ) , private clubs ( 7 ) , cigar bars ( 13 ) , or certain small workplaces ( 7 ) . The following is a table of common exemptions from these 28 states ' smoking bans : States that exempt tobacconists States that exempt cigar bars States that exempt private clubs States that exempt casinos States that exempt small workplaces AZ , CA , CO , CT , HI , KS , IL , IA , ME , MD , MA , MI , MN , NE , NJ , NM , NY , OH , OR , RI , SD , WI CA , CO , CT , MA , MI , NE , NJ , NM , NY , OR , RI , SD , WI AZ , CT , IA , KS , MA , NY , OH CT , IA , KS , ME ( OTB parlors , beano and bingo halls ) , MI , MN , NJ ( including OTB parlors ) , NM , RI ( including OTB parlors ) , WI CO ( 3 or fewer employees ) , CT ( 5 or fewer employees ) , ND ( 1 employee ) , NM ( 1 employee ) , OH ( family owned and operated ) , UT ( 1 employee ) , VT ( 1 employee ) In Connecticut , Oregon , Montana , Utah , and Wisconsin , the state law preempts local governments from enacting stricter smoking bans than the state , though some cities and / or counties in some of those states have enacted local versions of the state 's smoking ban . In the other 23 states with a statewide general smoking ban , some cities and / or counties have enacted stricter local smoking bans to varying degrees . In California , Connecticut , Delaware , Hawaii , Maine , New Jersey , North Dakota , Oregon , Utah , and Vermont , usage of e-cigarettes is prohibited indoors . The strictest smoking ban in the United States is in Calabasas , California , where smoking anywhere a non-smoker could congregate , including public sidewalks and apartment complexes , is a misdemeanor punishable by a fine of at least $250 . Statewide smoking bans exempting adult - only venues ( edit ) As of July 2017 , six states ban smoking in most enclosed public places , but permit adult venues such as bars ( and casinos , if applicable ) to allow smoking if they choose : Florida , Idaho , Indiana , Louisiana Iowa and Nevada . In Florida , state law preempts local governments from enacting stricter smoking bans than the state , though in Idaho , Indiana , and Louisiana , some cities and / or counties have enacted stricter local smoking bans to varying degrees , in some cases banning it in all enclosed workplaces . See individual state listings below for details . Unique statewide smoking bans ( edit ) As of July 2017 , 4 states have enacted smoking bans in particular places that do not fit in the other categories : Idaho bans smoking in restaurants , but exempts both bars ( which can be 100 % smoking ) and small workplaces ( which can have a designated smoking area ) ; local governments in Idaho can regulate smoking more strictly than the state . Nevada generally bans smoking in all public places and places of employment , but exempts bars , casinos , strip clubs , brothels , and retail tobacco stores , and restaurants that do not allow patrons under 21 years of age . In all other restaurants , smoking is relegated to separately ventilated designated smoking areas . Local governments in Nevada may regulate smoking more strictly than the state . New Hampshire bans smoking in restaurants and some bars ( those besides cigar bars and private clubs ) , schools , and certain common areas open to the public , but not anywhere else , and state law prohibits local governments from enacting local smoking bans . North Carolina bans smoking in all restaurants and bars ( excluding cigar bars and private clubs ) , as well as government buildings and vehicles , but does not regulate smoking anywhere else . Local governments may regulate smoking more strictly than the state , except in cigar bars , private clubs , tobacco shops , private residences / vehicles , designated hotel / motel smoking rooms , and theatrical performances involving smoking . States with no statewide smoking ban ( edit ) As of July 2017 , 14 states have not enacted any general statewide ban on smoking in workplaces and / or bars and / or restaurants : Alabama , Alaska , Arkansas , Georgia , Kentucky , Mississippi , Missouri , Oklahoma , South Carolina , Tennessee , Texas , Virginia , West Virginia , and Wyoming . Instead , laws in most of these states ( see individual state listings below for further information ) require proprietors of certain places to designate smoking and non-smoking areas and post warning signage . In Oklahoma , Tennessee , and Virginia , state laws prohibit local governments from regulating smoking more strictly than the state , making those states among the fewest in the nation without any legislated smoking bans . In the other eleven states , cities and / or counties have enacted stricter smoking laws than the state , in some cases banning smoking in all enclosed workplaces . In Alabama and Mississippi , the state smoking law expressly allows all local governments to do so . In Alaska , Kentucky , Missouri , South Carolina , Texas , and West Virginia , a court has ruled that certain local governments have the power to do so . See the individual state listings below for details . Smoking laws and non-states ( edit ) In the District of Columbia , American Samoa , Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands , smoking is banned in all enclosed public places , including bars and restaurants . Guam prohibits smoking in restaurants , but the ban does n't extend to workplaces or any other businesses . The Northern Mariana Islands prohibits smoking in most workplaces and restaurants , but not in bars . Smoking laws and the U.S. federal government ( edit ) Although Congress has not attempted to enact a general nationwide federal smoking ban in workplaces , several federal regulations do concern indoor smoking . Effective April 1998 , inflight smoking is banned by the United States Department of Transportation on all commercial passenger flights in the United States , and / or by American air carriers . This was long after Delta Air Lines had banned smoking on all of its flights . On August 9 , 1997 , President Bill Clinton issued Executive Order 13058 , banning smoking in all interior spaces owned , rented , or leased by the Executive Branch of the Federal Government , as well as in any outdoor areas under executive branch control near air intake ducts . Smoking laws of the United States by state or territory ( edit ) Alabama ( edit ) No statewide smoking ban . Instead , Alabama 's 2003 statewide smoking law , the Alabama Clean Indoor Air Act , generally prohibits smoking in public places and public meetings unless a smoking area is designated that in certain places must be `` enclosed and well ventilated . '' Warning signs must be posted appropriately . Bars , lounges , retail tobacco stores , limousines under private hire , designated hotel / motel smoking rooms , and psychiatric facilities are entirely exempt from the Act 's regulation . Local governments may regulate smoking more stringently than the Act , and the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals reiterated this in August 2009 . Proposals to enact a statewide smoking ban in Alabama , all but one of which were sponsored only by State Senator Vivian Davis Figures , have failed in the Alabama Legislature every year since 2008 . In May 2008 , a bill by Sen. Figures to ban smoking in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants , failed when it did not receive a vote before the end of the legislative session . In April 2009 , Sen. Figures withdrew a similar bill after the Alabama Senate amended it to allow smoking in bars , the bar sections of restaurants , dog tracks , and gambling halls . In April 2010 , a bill by Sen. Figures to ban smoking statewide only in restaurants passed the Senate by a vote of 19 -- 3 but did not receive a vote in the Alabama House of Representatives . In April 2011 , a bill by Sen. Figures to ban smoking in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants , failed when it did not receive a vote in a Senate committee , and a similar House bill by Rep. Mary Sue McClurkin failed the same way . In 2012 , two Senate bills ( one by Sen. Figures ) and another House bill by Rep. McClurkin to enact a statewide smoking ban in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants , also failed this way . Localities in Alabama with smoking bans that include all bars and restaurants ( 35 total ) : Albertville , November 12 , 2010 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Anniston , July 1 , 2013 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Atmore , November 13 , 2008 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Auburn , November 15 , 2006 , banned in bars and restaurants , but not other workplaces Bayou La Batre , August 31 , 2007 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Birmingham , April 27 , 2012 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants ; also includes private clubs and hotels / motels Chickasaw , December 26 , 2013 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Citronelle , March 1 , 2006 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Clay , January 6 , 2012 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Cottonwood , December 11 , 2005 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Creola , April 25 , 2013 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Decatur , October 1 , 2007 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants East Brewton , November 1 , 2006 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Fairfield , February 1 , 2006 , banned in bars and restaurants , but not other workplaces Flomaton , June 23 , 2006 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Fultondale , September 1 , 2011 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants ; also includes private clubs Gadsden , January 1 , 2015 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Gulf Shores , August 14 , 2007 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Headland , May 1 , 2005 , banned in bars and restaurants , but not other workplaces Homewood , November 19 , 2015 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Jasper , November 1 , 2011 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants ; exempts private clubs that are for non-profit . Lanett , October 17 , 2011 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Luverne , April 15 , 2005 , banned in bars and restaurants , but not other workplaces Midfield , December 28 , 2011 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Monroeville , March 19 , 2013 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Mountain Brook , October 19 , 2016 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Orange Beach , August 9 , 2007 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Oxford , January 1 , 2007 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Phenix City , February 18 , 2009 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Saraland , September 22 , 2016 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Satsuma , August 1 , 2013 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Talladega , September 1 , 2007 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Tallassee , December 16 , 2009 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Troy , June 25 , 2013 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Vestavia Hills , July 25 , 2012 , banned in workplaces , bars , restaurants , hotels / motels , and within 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) of entrances and exits Localities in Alabama with smoking bans that do not include all bars and restaurants ( 17 total ) : Alexander City , January 1 , 2009 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including restaurants but exempting bars Bay Minette , January 1 , 2008 , banned in all restaurants , but not bars or other enclosed workplaces Bessemer , November 1 , 2012 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including restaurants but exempting bars Center Point , June 25 , 2006 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , exempting bars and restaurants Daphne , May 18 , 2008 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including restaurants but exempting bars Fairhope , November 20 , 2006 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including restaurants but exempting bars Foley , November 23 , 2006 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including restaurants but exempting bars Fort Payne , April 1 , 2009 , banned in all restaurants , but not bars or other enclosed workplaces Geneva , July 4 , 2007 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , exempting bars and restaurants Mobile , October 1 , 2012 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including restaurants but exempting bars Northport , October 12 , 2007 , banned in all restaurants , but not bars or other enclosed workplaces Opelika , May 22 , 2006 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including restaurants but exempting bars Opp , November 1 , 2006 , banned in all restaurants , but not bars or other enclosed workplaces Prichard , February 28 , 2007 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including restaurants but exempting bars Robertsdale , January 2 , 2007 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including restaurants but exempting bars Spanish Fort , September 15 , 2009 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including restaurants but exempting bars Tuskegee , June 9 , 2009 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including restaurants , but exempting bars . Alaska ( edit ) No statewide smoking ban . Instead , Alaska 's statewide smoking law generally requires the designation of smoking and nonsmoking areas and warning signage in most enclosed workplaces and public places . Smoking is prohibited only in : ( 1 ) schools during school hours , except in designated areas where minors can not be present , ( 2 ) meetings of state or local government public bodies , ( 3 ) non-psychiatric hospitals , health care facilities , and doctors ' offices , and ( 4 ) elevators . In ( 1 ) public transportation vehicles and depots , ( 2 ) workplaces , government offices , and places of entertainment or recreation , ( 3 ) universities or adult daycare facilities , ( 4 ) courtrooms or jury deliberation rooms , ( 5 ) state capitol chambers when not in session , ( 6 ) residential healthcare facilities and psychiatric facilities , ( 7 ) restaurants that seat more than 50 people , ( 8 ) grocery / food stores , ( 9 ) places of employment posting a sign stating that smoking is prohibited by law , ( 10 ) correctional facilities , and ( 11 ) the Alaska Pioneers ' Home or the Alaska Veterans ' Home , a smoking area may be designated , with no limit on its size , but must post appropriate warning signage . All other places are entirely exempt from regulation . The Alaska state smoking law is silent as to whether cities can regulate smoking more stringently , and on June 1 , 2011 , the Supreme Court of Alaska upheld Juneau 's municipal ban on smoking in all bars , restaurants , and private clubs . Localities in Alaska with smoking bans that include all bars and restaurants ( 10 total ) : Anchorage , July 1 , 2007 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars , restaurants , and private clubs . Dillingham , August 1 , 2013 , banned in bars and restaurants , but not other workplaces Haines Borough , January 4 , 2010 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants . Juneau , January 2 , 2008 , banned in all bars , restaurants , and private clubs , but not other workplaces . Klawock , November 4 , 2007 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Nome , September 20 , 2011 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , bars , restaurants , as well as outdoor stadiums and vehicles when used as public transportation . Palmer , January 2 , 2013 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Petersburg , November 1 , 2010 , banned in all bars and restaurants , but not other workplaces . Skagway Borough , August 26 , 2011 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Unalaska , August 10 , 2009 , banned in bars and restaurants , but not other workplaces . Localities in Alaska with smoking bans that do not include all bars and restaurants ( 5 total ) : Barrow , February 15 , 2002 , banned in all restaurants , but not bars or all other workplaces Fairbanks , August 12 , 2004 , banned in all workplaces , exempting bars and restaurants Koyuk , July 15 , 2003 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including restaurants but exempting bars Nunam Iqua , April 10 , 2000 , banned in all restaurants , but not bars or other enclosed workplaces Sitka , November 18 , 2005 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including restaurants but exempting bars Localities in Alaska that have rejected a smoking ban in some manner ( 1 total ) : Kodiak Island Borough , July 11 , 2013 , bill to ban smoking in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants , withdrawn by sponsor American Samoa ( edit ) Territory - wide smoking ban . On October 20 , 2010 Governor Togiola Tulafono signed into law the American Samoa Smoke Free Environment Act , a Fono ( Legislature ) bill passed earlier in the year . The bill went into effect on January 20 , 2011 . Arizona ( edit ) Statewide smoking ban : On May 1 , 2007 , the Smoke Free Arizona Act ( Proposition 201 ) went into effect after passage by 54.7 % of voters the prior November , banning smoking in all enclosed workplaces and within 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) of an entrance or exit of such a place , including bars and restaurants , only exempting private residences , retail tobacco stores , private clubs , smoking associated with American Indian religious ceremonies , outdoor patios , and stage / film / television performances ; local governments may enact stricter regulations than the state . The law does not cover businesses located on Indian Reservations , as the reservations are sovereign nations . Arkansas ( edit ) No statewide smoking ban . Instead , Arkansas 's statewide smoking law , the Arkansas Clean Indoor Air Act of 2006 , bans smoking in most enclosed workplaces in Arkansas , exempting private residences , hotel and motel rooms designated as smoking rooms , workplaces with fewer than three employees , retail tobacco stores , designated areas in nursing homes , outdoor areas , workplaces of tobacco manufacturers ( and importers and wholesalers ) , bars and restaurants that do not allow patrons younger than 21 , and gaming floors of operations regulated by the Arkansas Racing Commission . Local governments may regulate smoking more stringently than the state law . At the same time , the Arkansas Protection from Secondhand Smoke for Children Act of 2006 went into effect , prohibiting smoking in a motor vehicle carrying a child under age six years old who weighs less than 60 pounds and is in a car seat . Localities in Arkansas with smoking bans that include all bars and restaurants ( 3 total ) : Fairfield Bay , January 29 , 2006 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Helena - West Helena , November 7 , 2008 banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Wooster , May 26 , 2016 banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Localities in Arkansas with smoking bans that do not include all bars and restaurants ( 3 total ) : Fayetteville , March 11 , 2004 , banned in all restaurants , but not bars or other enclosed workplaces Highfill , July 12 , 2003 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including restaurants but exempting bars Pine Bluff , July 7 , 2005 , banned in all restaurants , but not bars or other enclosed workplaces California ( edit ) Statewide smoking ban : Since January 1 , 1995 , smoking has been banned in all enclosed workplaces in California , including bars and restaurants ( bars were excluded until January 1 , 1998 ) ; these following areas were exempt until June 9 , 2016 : meeting and banquet rooms except while food or beverage functions are taking place ( including set - up , service , and clean - up activities or when the room is being used for exhibit activities ) , retail or wholesale tobacco shops and private smokers lounges ( i.e. cigar bars ) , truck cabs / tractors if no nonsmoking employees are present , theatrical production sites if smoking is an integral part of the story , medical research or treatment sites if smoking is integral to the research or treatment being conducted , private residences except homes licensed as family day care homes during the hours of operation and in those areas where children are present , and patient smoking areas in long - term health care facilities . Effective January 1 , 2004 , California bill AB846 bans smoking within 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) of the entrance or operable window of a public building ( `` public building '' means a building owned and occupied , or leased and occupied , by the state , a county , a city , a city and county , or a California Community College district . ) The law also prohibits smoking in state owned vehicles . Additionally , effective January 1 , 2008 , smoking in a moving vehicle while in the presence of a minor ( 18 years or younger ) is an infraction ; the charge is not serious enough to be pulled over , and only can be cited along with a stricter offense , such as a moving violation or traffic accident . Local jurisdictions may regulate smoking more strictly than the state . Many California communities have established smoke - free registries for private residential apartment buildings , which range from complexes where smoking is entirely prohibited ( whether inside private dwellings or outside ) to those where certain sections of dwellings may be designated as smoking dwellings . Most California cities allow landlords to regulate smoking at will . Alameda , January 2 , 2012 , banned in commercial areas , recreation areas ( parks , trails beaches , sports fields ) , service areas ( bus stops , ticket lines , ATMs ) , dining areas , public event spaces , entryways , and many workplaces including 90 % of hotel / motel guest rooms , small businesses with fewer than five employees , tobacco shops , hookah bars medical research sites , work vehicles , theatrical production sites , and all outdoor worksites . On January 1 , 2013 the ban expanded to include all multi-unit housing . Belmont , October 9 , 2007 , banned in parks and other public places , as well as inside apartments and condominiums . Berkeley , March 26 , 2008 , banned on all commercially zoned sidewalks , and within 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) of a bus stop Beverly Hills , October 1 , 2007 , banned in all outdoor dining areas . Burbank , April 2007 , banned in most public places including Downtown Burbank , outdoor dining & shopping areas , parks , service lines , and within 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) of all building entrances / exits . Calabasas , 2006 , banned in all indoor and outdoor public places , except for a handful of scattered , designated outdoor smoking areas in town . Believed to be the strictest ban in the United States . Davis , The Davis City Code prohibits smoking in a wide variety of locations open to the public . El Cajon , August 14 , 2007 , banned on city streets , in outdoor patios in restaurants , and outside of the local shopping mall . Anyone caught smoking in public areas will faces a fine of up to $500 . The city previously outlawed smoking in parks , and also requires businesses that sell tobacco products to obtain a city license . El Cerrito , January 1 , 2015 , banned in all public places , commercial areas , and multi-unit residences and within 25 feet of any of these . Escondido , in 2005 , increased the state prohibition on smoking within 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) of an entrance to a public place to 80 feet ( 24 m ) outside city - owned buildings . In 2009 , the city , at the urging of local students , banned smoking in parks , city open spaces , and trails , including the parking areas for these city properties . Glendale , October 7 , 2008 , banned smoking in / on and within 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) from : all city property ( except streets and sidewalks ) ; city vehicles and public transportation vehicles ; city public transit stations ; places of employment ; enclosed public places ; non-enclosed public places ; and common areas of multi-unit rental housing . Some of the areas where smoking is prohibited are authorized to have smoking - permitted areas , subject to regulations . Also , landlords in Glendale are required to provide disclosure to a prospective renter , prior to signing a lease , as to the location of possible sources of second - hand smoke , relative to the unit that they are renting . Hermosa Beach , March 1 , 2012 , banned at all of Hermosa 's outdoor dining areas , the popular Pier Plaza , the city pier , the Strand , the greenbelt parkway , and all city parks and parking lots . Smoking already is outlawed on the city - owned beach . Loma Linda , July 25 , 2008 , banned on all sidewalks , streets , common areas in shopping centers , bus stops , parks , restaurant patios , theaters , City Hall , and 80 % of motel rooms and apartment units . Exempts the federally controlled VA hospital grounds , and smoking in cars traveling in the city . Long Beach , California bans smoking in all city parks , at or within 20 feet of busstops , and at farmers ' markets . Los Angeles , 2007 , banned in all city parks , and , 2011 , all outdoor dining areas . Marin County , May 23 , 2012 banned in all condos and apartments , as well as all patios within residential units . Anyone caught smoking will face a $100 fine and will be sentenced to five community day services . A second offense warrants a $300 fine and ten community day services , and a third offense being $700 fine and fifteen community day services . Landlords may opt out of smoking restrictions by designating 20 percent of their units reserved for smoking and may permit e-cigarettes to be used inside apartments and condos . All other outdoor areas , including bar and restaurant patios , and private homes that are not of multi-unit residences and smoking in cars are exempt from the ban . Oakland , bans smoking within 25 feet of an entrance , exit , window , or air intake of the building of most enclosed places where smoking is prohibited ( e.g. , workplaces , service areas , common areas and no - smoking units of multi-unit housing ) ; exemption is made outside of bars provided the smoke does n't enter prohibited areas . Smoking is also banned in certain unenclosed areas , including service areas ( e.g. , bus stops , cab stands , ATMs ) . Palm Springs , April 2011 , banned smoking in all city parks . Pasadena , October 27 , 2008 , banned smoking in certain outdoor areas , including shopping malls , unenclosed areas of bars and restaurants , service waiting lines ( e.g. ATMs , bus stops , etc . ) and within 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) from them , and within 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) of doorways , windows , or ventilation areas of enclosed places where smoking is banned . Also banned smoking in multi-unit housing , owned and / or leased , and all public events , including the Rose Parade . San Diego , July 11 , 2006 , banned smoking at all City of San Diego beaches and parks , including all beaches from La Jolla to Sunset Cliffs . San Francisco , January 2005 , banned smoking in all city parks . January 2013 , banned smoking at all outdoor `` street fairs and festivals '' , with exceptions for legal medical marijuana and small neighborhood block parties . San Jose , October 2007 , banned in all city parks . San Luis Obispo , August 2 , 1990 , became the first city in the world to ban smoking in all public buildings . On January 15 , 2010 , the City 's municipal code amendment included city parks and outdoor recreational facilities as smoke - free areas . In April 2010 , City Council adopted an ordinance that bans smoking in all areas frequented by the public , with limited exceptions , including unenclosed areas at certain drinking establishments . Santa Barbara & Goleta , Local laws in Santa Barbara County and in the City of Goleta prohibit smoking within 30 feet of any building or area where smoking is prohibited . Ashtrays are also banned within a 30 - foot smoke - free area . Santa Monica , 2006 , banned smoking within 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) of entrances , exits , or operable windows of a public building ( such as City Hall and the courthouse ) ; in local parks ( including parking lots ) ; on the Third Street Promenade ; on local beaches ; and on the Santa Monica Pier ( except within designated zones ) . In 2012 , the California Legislature passed the following into law , California Civil Code Section 1947.5 . ( a ) A landlord of a residential dwelling unit , as defined in Section 1940 , or his or her agent , may prohibit the smoking of a cigarette , as defined in Section 104556 of the Health and Safety Code , or other tobacco product on the property or in any building or portion of the building , including any dwelling unit , other interior or exterior area , or the premises on which it is located , in accordance with this article . ( b ) ( 1 ) Every lease or rental agreement entered into on or after January 1 , 2012 , for a residential dwelling unit on property on any portion of which the landlord has prohibited the smoking of cigarettes or other tobacco products pursuant to this article shall include a provision that specifies the areas on the property where smoking is prohibited , if the lessee has not previously occupied the dwelling unit . ( 2 ) For a lease or rental agreement entered into before January 1 , 2012 , a prohibition against the smoking of cigarettes or other tobacco products in any portion of the property in which smoking was previously permitted shall constitute a change of the terms of tenancy , requiring adequate notice in writing , to be provided in the manner prescribed in Section 827 . ( c ) A landlord who exercises the authority provided in subdivision ( a ) to prohibit smoking shall be subject to federal , state , and local requirements governing changes to the terms of a lease or rental agreement for tenants with leases or rental agreements that are in existence at the time that the policy limiting or prohibiting smoking is adopted . ( d ) This section shall not be construed to preempt any local ordinance in effect on or before January 1 , 2012 , or any provision of a local ordinance in effect on or after January 1 , 2012 , that restricts the smoking of cigarettes or other tobacco products . ( e ) A limitation or prohibition of the use of any tobacco product shall not affect any other term or condition of the tenancy , nor shall this section be construed to require statutory authority to establish or enforce any other lawful term or condition of the tenancy . ( Added by Stats. 2011 , Ch. 264 , Sec. 2 . Effective January 1 , 2012 . ) Colorado ( edit ) Statewide smoking ban : On July 1 , 2006 , the Colorado Clean Indoor Air Act went into effect , banning smoking in all enclosed workplaces statewide , including bars and restaurants . Casinos , initially exempt , were added to the ban January 1 , 2008 . The Act only exempts private residences and automobiles unless used for the public transportation of children or as part of healthcare or daycare , limousines under private hire , hotel / motel rooms designated as smoking rooms , retail tobacco stores , cigar bars , designated areas in airports , outdoor areas , workplaces not open to the public where the employer employs three or fewer employees , private nonresidential buildings on a farm or ranch that has annual gross income of less than $500,000 , and designated areas in nursing homes . Local governments may regulate smoking more strictly than the state . A judge has ruled that a bar sharing common indoor space with a tobacco shop is also exempt from the ban . Connecticut ( edit ) Statewide smoking ban : On October 1 , 2003 , the Clean Indoor Air Act went into effect , banning smoking statewide in all enclosed workplaces in Connecticut , including bars and restaurants ( bars , cafes , and bowling alleys were exempt until April 1 , 2004 . The Act exempts correctional and psychiatric facilities , public housing projects , private clubs whose liquor permit was issued on or before May 1 , 2003 , areas of businesses where tobacco products are developed and tested , and cigar bars ( a business that has a liquor permit and generated at least 10 % of its 2002 gross income from on - site sales of tobacco products or humidor rentals and has not changed its size or location after December 31 , 2002 ) . If a business has five or fewer employees ( except bars and restaurants ) , the employer and all employees can agree to designate 20 % of the place 's enclosed space as a smoking area , provided that it is separately ventilated and adequate breakroom space for nonsmokers is allocated . Local governments are preempted from regulating smoking at all . Smoking is also permitted in hotel rooms but must be designated . Two large casinos on Mohegan and Mashantucket Pequot tribal land , Mohegan Sun and Foxwoods , allow smoking in many areas of their properties . Employers may also designate an on - site designated smoking area for employees . Delaware ( edit ) Statewide smoking ban : On November 1 , 2002 , the Clean Indoor Air Act went into effect , banning smoking statewide in all enclosed workplaces in Delaware , including bars , restaurants , and casinos . The Act exempts private homes and automobiles not used for childcare or daycare or the public transportation of children , rented social halls while being rented , limousines under private hire , hotel / motel rooms designated as smoking rooms , fundraising activities sponsored by an ambulance or fire company while on property owned or leased by the company , and fundraising activities sponsored by a fraternal benefit society taking place upon property owned or leased by the society . Local governments can regulate smoking more strictly than the state . Bethany Beach has outlawed smoking on the boardwalk and beach . In Rehoboth Beach , smoking is banned in parks , playgrounds , the beach , the boardwalk , and adjacent public areas . District of Columbia ( edit ) District - wide smoking ban : Effective January 2007 , smoking is banned in bars , restaurants , and other public places in the District of Columbia ; exempts outdoor areas , designated hotel / motel rooms , retail tobacco stores , cigar bars , hookah bars , and businesses that can show they receive 10 % or more of their annual revenue from tobacco sales , excluding cigarette machines . Florida ( edit ) Statewide smoking ban excluding bars : On July 1 , 2003 , a constitutional amendment passed by voters came into effect which banned smoking statewide in all enclosed workplaces in Florida , exempting private residences , retail tobacco shops , designated smoking rooms in hotels / motels , stand - alone bars with no more than 10 % of revenue from food sales , rooms used for quit - smoking programs and medical research , and designated smoking areas in customs transit areas under the authority of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security . Local governments are preempted from regulating smoking . See also : Tobacco Free Florida Georgia ( edit ) No statewide smoking ban . Instead , Georgia 's 2005 statewide smoking law , the Georgia Smokefree Air Act , prohibits smoking in all enclosed public places in Georgia , except each of the following : designated smoking areas in non-work areas of businesses that are separately ventilated , bars and restaurants where persons under 18 years of age are not employed or permitted to enter , separately enclosed smoking rooms in any bar or restaurant , private residences not used as healthcare or child daycare facilities , hotel / motel rooms designated as smoking rooms , retail tobacco stores , nursing homes , outdoor areas , designated areas in international airports , workplaces of a tobacco manufacturer or other tobacco business , privately owned meeting and assembly rooms during private functions where persons under 18 are not allowed , and areas of private places of employment ( other than medical facilities ) that are open to the general public by appointment only . Local governments may regulate smoking more strictly than the state . Buildings in which smoking is banned under the Act may have an outdoor smoking area that is located a reasonable distance from any entrance , exit , window , vent , or air intake system , but any ashtrays located there must be placed a reasonable distance away . A violation of the Act is punishable by a fine of between $100 and $500 . Localities in Georgia with smoking bans that include all bars and restaurants ( 11 total ) : Athens , July 7 , 2005 , banned in bars and restaurants , but not other workplaces Buena Vista , April 2 , 2004 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Chatham County , February 24 , 2012 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars , private clubs , restaurants , and retail tobacco stores . Clarkston , September 3 , 2016 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Effingham County , November 21 , 2002 , banned in bars and restaurants , but not other workplaces Gainesville , July 1 , 2005 , banned in bars and restaurants , but not other workplaces Morrow , September 22 , 2006 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Pooler , January 1 , 2015 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Savannah , January 1 , 2011 , banned in bars and restaurants and even service queues Snellville , April 1 , 2004 , banned in bars and restaurants , but not other workplaces Tift County , December 5 , 2004 , banned in bars and restaurants , but not other workplaces Localities in Georgia with smoking bans that do not include all bars and restaurants ( 14 total ) : Berkeley Lake , May 1 , 2004 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including restaurants but exempting bars Columbia County , January 1 , 2005 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including restaurants but exempting bars Cordele , June 1 , 2004 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , except bars and restaurants Decatur , April 1 , 2005 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including restaurants but exempting bars DeKalb County , February 17 , 2003 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , except bars and restaurants Douglas , June 26 , 2004 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including restaurants but exempting bars Douglas County , March 1 , 2005 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , except bars and restaurants Douglasville , May 1 , 2004 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , except bars and restaurants Dunwoody , December 1 , 2008 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , except bars and restaurants Loganville , May 10 , 2003 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including restaurants but exempting bars Madison , November 8 , 2004 banned in all restaurants , but not bars or all other enclosed workplaces Peachtree City , October 18 , 2004 , banned in all restaurants , but not bars or all other enclosed workplaces Tifton , October 18 , 2004 , banned in all restaurants , but not bars or all other enclosed workplaces Valdosta , February 16 , 2004 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including restaurants but exempting bars Guam ( edit ) Territory - wide ban on smoking in restaurants only : On February 6 , 2007 , the Natasha Protection Act went into effect after the Supreme Court of Guam lifted an injunction on it , banning smoking in all restaurants , as well as in bars that double as restaurants between 4 : 00 am and 10 : 00 pm ; the ban does not cover either stand - alone bars or workplaces in general . In 2009 , a new act went into effect , additionally banning smoking within 20 feet of public buildings . Hawaii ( edit ) Statewide smoking ban : On November 16 , 2006 , smoking was banned statewide in all enclosed or partially enclosed workplaces in Hawaii , including the indoor and outdoor portions of all bars and restaurants . The law exempts private residences not used as a healthcare or daycare facility , hotel / motel rooms designated as smoking rooms , retail tobacco stores , designated rooms in nursing homes , outdoor places of employment not part of bars or restaurants , any place where smoking is part of a production being filmed , and state correctional facilities . Smoking is prohibited within 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) of the entrance / exit of a place where the law prohibits smoking indoors . Fines range from $50 for a person caught smoking in violation of the law , to between $100 and $500 for an establishment caught allowing smoking in violation of the law . In 2010 , several bills were introduced attempting to exempt bars . Counties may regulate smoking more strictly than the state . Kalawao County , October 4 , 2002 , banned smoking in all public buildings . The ban did not apply to private homes or Kalawao County 's only bar at the time . Hawaii County , March 13 , 2008 , banned in public recreational areas , such as parks and beaches . Idaho ( edit ) Statewide ban on smoking in restaurants and some workplaces : On July 1 , 2004 , the Clean Indoor Air Act went into effect , banning smoking statewide in all enclosed public places , except in bars , retail tobacco stores , private clubs , designated smoking rooms in hotels / motels , theatrical productions , areas of owner - operated businesses with no employees besides the owner not open to the general public , offices ( other than childcare facilities ) within private homes , veterans homes , and designated breakrooms in businesses with fewer than five employees ( as long as they are separately ventilated and minors are not allowed in that room ) . Local governments may regulate smoking more strictly than the state . Boise , January 2 , 2012 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and private clubs , as well as in any public outdoor space accessible to children and in all spaces owned by the public , including parks . Moscow , August 4 , 2009 , banned in bars and private clubs , but not other workplaces Ketchum , April 15 , 2013 , banned in a long list of areas that include all bars , city - owned facilities , parks , and indoor public places and places of employment , including hotel and motel rooms . Illinois ( edit ) Statewide smoking ban : On January 1 , 2008 , the Smoke Free Illinois Act went into effect , banning smoking in all enclosed workplaces , including bars , restaurants , and casinos , and within 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) of such places ; exempts certain retail tobacco stores , private and semiprivate rooms in nursing homes occupied exclusively by smokers , no more than 25 % of designated smoking rooms in hotels / motels on the same floor , and private residences . Smoking is prohibited in private residences when defined as a place of employment such as when used for child care or foster care . Local governments may regulate smoking more strictly than the state . HB 1310 : a proposal in January 2012 to once again permit smoking in bars , casinos , adult entertainment venues , and private clubs failed in the Illinois House 30 - 82 . Chicago has had its own Clean Indoor Air Ordinance since 1988 . The Chicago Clean Indoor Air Act was updated to mention e-cigarettes in 2014 , making it the first major U.S. city to legislate e-cigarette use . The Chicago Park District 's Board of Commissioners has discussed banning all forms of smoking in Chicago parks , beaches , play lots and other facilities , but there is not yet a municipal ordinance . As of January 1 , 2018 , the minimum legal age to purchase tobacco products and e-cigarettes in Lake County , Illinois will be 21 years . Indiana ( edit ) Statewide smoking ban excluding bars , and casinos . Effective July 1 , 2012 , after having been signed into law by Governor Mitch Daniels on March 19 , 2012 , Indiana 's 1993 statewide Clean Indoor Air Law was repealed and replaced by a new chapter of the Indiana Code titled `` Prohibition on Smoking . '' The new chapter bans smoking in all enclosed public places and workplaces in Indiana and within 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) of an entrance thereto , except as exempted . The law exempts : ( 1 ) horse racing facilities including off - track betting parlors ; ( 2 ) riverboats ; ( 3 ) all indoor portions of casinos and other licensed gaming facilities ; ( 4 ) cigar bars and hookah lounges ; ( 5 ) private clubs ; ( 6 ) retail tobacco stores ; ( 7 ) bars and taverns ( defined as any business with a liquor license that does not allow in persons under 21 years of age ) ; and ( 8 ) cigar manufacturers . The law expressly allows local governments to enact more stringent smoking restrictions . Attempts in the Indiana General Assembly to enact a ban on smoking in all workplaces in Indiana , including all bars and restaurants , have failed every year since 2007 . In April 2007 , the Indiana Senate removed a smoking ban from a health care funding bill passed by the Indiana House of Representatives , and in January 2008 , a proposed statewide smoking ban introduced by Rep. Charlie Brown died in a House committee without a vote or debate . In April 2009 , another proposed statewide ban introduced by Rep. Brown was passed in the House by a vote of 70 -- 26 after being amended to exempt restaurants , bars , and casinos , and then did not receive a committee hearing in the Senate . In February 2010 , another proposed ban by Rep. Brown was denied a committee hearing or vote in the Senate after having been passed by the House , 73 - 26 . In April 2011 , a Senate committee voted 8 -- 1 to reject a statewide ban exempting bars , casinos , private clubs , retail tobacco shops , and nursing homes , which also had been introduced by Rep. Brown and previously had passed the House , 68 - 31 . The ban that ultimately was enacted in 2012 passed the House as a complete ban on smoking in all workplaces in Indiana , including all bars and restaurants ( and authored again by Rep. Brown ) , but was amended by the Senate to include the above exemptions , upon which the House agreed to the Senate 's exemptions . Ball State University , August 1 , 2013 , banned on campus , except for designated areas . Bloomington , January 1 , 2005 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants . Smoking is allowed only outside at a `` reasonable distance '' from doors , vents , and windows -- measured by whether smoke can drift inside . Columbus , June 1 , 2013 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars , restaurants , and private clubs Cumberland , January 1 , 2008 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants . Delaware County , August 11 , 2011 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , bars , private clubs and restaurants Elkhart , May 1 , 2008 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including restaurants but exempted existing bars until May 1 , 2009 , with a grandfather clause Franklin , June 8 , 2009 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Fort Wayne , June 1 , 2007 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants . Greencastle , September 1 , 2007 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants . Hancock County , March 15 , 2009 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants . Howard County , July 1 , 2017 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Indiana University -- Purdue University Fort Wayne , April 1 , 2014 , banned on campus . Indiana State University , July 1 , 2009 , banned on campus , except for designated areas . Indiana University , banned on campus ; Bloomington campus extends this to all outdoor areas . Indianapolis , June 1 , 2012 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants ; exempts cigar and hookah bars , retail tobacco stores , off - track betting facilities and private clubs and veterans halls . Lawrence , October 1 , 2012 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Monroe County , February 1 , 2006 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants . Ban also applies to drivers carrying children aged 13 or younger . Plainfield , February 1 , 2007 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants but exempting private clubs ; nursing homes were exempt until July 1 , 2012 when the new statewide smoking ban took effect Purdue University , banned on West Lafayette campus , except for designated areas . South Bend , January 2 , 2017 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants . Terre Haute , July 1 , 2012 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Vanderburgh County , July 1 , 2011 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars & restaurants ; under new provisions , smoking is prohibited within 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) of entrances where smoking is banned to ensure that no smoke can drift inside ; excludes retail tobacco stores , fraternal clubs and private clubs that prohibit persons younger than 18 Vigo County , June 26 , 2012 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars , restaurants and private clubs West Lafayette , July 1 , 2007 banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants but exempting tobacco bars , private residences , designated hotel / motel smoking rooms , retail tobacco stores , private clubs , and outdoor areas in the city , including Purdue University 's main campus . Zionsville , July 5 , 2006 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars , restaurants , and private clubs . Localities in Indiana with a smoking ban that was rejected in some manner ( 1 total ) : Evansville , April 1 , 2012 banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants , private clubs and fraternal organizations , but excluded casino gaming floors . But struck down by Supreme Court of Indiana on February 11 , 2014 , as unconstitutional due to the casino exemption , which was held to violate the Indiana Constitution and could not be severed from the ordinance . Iowa ( edit ) Statewide smoking ban : On July 1 , 2008 , the Iowa Smokefree Air Act went into effect , banning smoking statewide in all workplaces in Iowa , including bars and restaurants , as well as the outdoor areas of schools , stadia , restaurants , and public transit areas ( including bus shelters ) . The Act does not legislate smoking in public parks . The Act exempts private residences while not being used as a childcare or healthcare facility , outdoor areas where smoking is not specifically prohibited , hotel / motel rooms designated as smoking rooms , retail tobacco stores , private and semiprivate rooms in nursing homes occupied by smokers , private clubs , limousines under private hire , private work vehicles where only one employee is located , places where a quit - smoking program is taking place , farm vehicles , casino gaming floors , the state - run veterans ' home in Marshalltown , and designated areas of correctional facilities . Fines for individuals found in violation of the Smokefree Air Act are $50 per violation . Fines for businesses range anywhere from $100 to $500 for each violation with the eventual possibility of revocation of liquor and / or business license for habitually offending businesses . Kansas ( edit ) Statewide smoking ban : On July 1 , 2010 , after being signed into law by Governor Mark Parkinson on March 12 , 2010 , an amendment to Kansas ' 1987 statewide smoking law took effect , banning smoking statewide in all enclosed , indoor workplaces in Kansas . The law will exempt only ( 1 ) casino and racetrack gaming floors , ( 2 ) the entire area of a private club that was in existence on January 1 , 2009 , ( 3 ) designated areas in any private club where persons under 18 are prohibited , ( 4 ) tobacconists , ( 5 ) designated hotel and motel smoking rooms , ( 6 ) designated smoking areas in nursing homes and healthcare facilities , ( 7 ) and all outdoor areas , unless within a 10 ' radius of an entryway to a public building . The amendment will not change the original law 's provision allowing local governments to regulate smoking more stringently than the state , which the Kansas Supreme Court reiterated in 2007 upon a bar owner 's challenge to Lawrence 's local smoking ban . On June 30 , 2010 , the District Court of Shawnee County , Kansas , issued a preliminary injunction prohibiting the statewide smoking ban from taking effect in 31 private clubs established after January 1 , 2009 , until it settles a lawsuit against the state by those clubs . Kentucky ( edit ) No statewide smoking ban . Instead , in Kentucky , the only state laws dealing with smoking prohibit smoking in government offices , universities , and the state capitol , except in designated smoking areas . In 2004 , the Kentucky Supreme Court ruled that the state 's food and tobacco sales laws do not preempt cities and counties from enacting smoking regulations of any kind . In 2011 and 2012 , bills to enact a statewide smoking ban in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars , restaurants , and gaming facilities , as well as a bill in 2011 to ban smoking in cars in which minors are riding , all failed before the Kentucky General Assembly when they did not receive a committee hearing in the Kentucky House of Representatives . Localities in Kentucky with smoking bans that include all bars and restaurants ( 31 total ) : Ashland , October 1 , 2006 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants , as well as outdoor venues and outdoor patio areas of bars and restaurants . Bardstown , June 17 , 2010 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Berea , September 2 , 2014 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Bowling Green , April 28 , 2011 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants . Campbellsville , June 1 , 2009 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Clarkson , May 18 , 2017 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Corbin , November 23 , 2011 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Danville , June 27 , 2008 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants , as well as within ten feet of the entrance of any such place Elizabethtown , December 1 , 2006 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Frankfort , August 7 , 2006 , banned in all bars and restaurants , but not in all other workplaces Franklin County , May 4 , 2012 , banned in bars and restaurants , but not other enclosed workplaces Georgetown , October 1 , 2006 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Glasgow , June 20 , 2010 , banned in bars and restaurants , but not all other workplaces Hardin County , April 1 , 2007 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants , in unincorporated areas of the county Leitchfield , January 1 , 2017 , banned in all bars and restaurants , but not other workplaces Lexington , November 6 , 2008 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants London , August 3 , 2009 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Louisville , July 1 , 2007 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants . Manchester , January 29 , 2012 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Midway , August 18 , 2014 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Middlesborough , August 17 , 2015 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including restaurants ; this municipality is dry Morehead , August 1 , 2006 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Owensboro , October 15 , 2014 , banned in bars and restaurants , but not other workplaces Paducah , April 1 , 2007 , banned in all bars and restaurants , but not in all other workplaces Prestonburg , November 1 , 2009 banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Radcliff , April 1 , 2010 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Richmond , September 9 , 2014 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Somerset , November 14 , 2007 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants ; exempts private clubs when not open to the public Versailles , October 6 , 2014 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Williamsburg , February 11 , 2013 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Woodford County , December 4 , 2014 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Localities in Kentucky with smoking bans that do not include all bars and restaurants ( 6 total ) : Henderson , October 1 , 2006 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , excluding bars and restaurants Kenton County , April 15 , 2011 , banned in all workplaces , except for establishments with a liquor license . Letcher County , July 1 , 2006 , banned in restaurants , but not bars or other workplaces Oldham County , May 1 , 2007 , banned in all restaurants , but not bars or all other workplaces Paintsville , January 31 , 2007 , banned in restaurants , but not bars or other enclosed workplaces Pikeville , November 1 , 2007 , banned in all restaurants , but not bars or all other workplaces Localities in Kentucky with smoking ban in vehicles : Bullitt County , banned in private vehicles in the presence of children under the age of 18 . Localities in Kentucky in which a smoking ban was rejected in some manner ( 1 total ) : Boone County , July 2010 , bowed out of multi-county discussions due to a lack of votes to support a ban Campbell County , December 2010 , banned in enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants , but then repealed in February 2011 by 3 - 1 vote of County Fiscal Court Louisiana ( edit ) Statewide smoking ban excluding bars : On January 1 , 2007 , SB 742 went into effect , banning smoking in all schools , workplaces , and public places , including restaurants . The law exempts bars ( food establishments where the majority of sales are derived from alcohol ) , private residences and automobiles except those when used as a healthcare or childcare facility , limousines under private hire , designated hotel / motel smoking rooms , retail tobacco shops , outdoor areas , private and semiprivate rooms of nursing homes occupied exclusively by smokers , casino gaming floors , workplaces of tobacco - related businesses such as manufacturers and distributors , convention and banquet facilities rented out to a private party , designated areas in nursing homes , and correctional facilities ( until August 1 , 2009 ) . Local governments may regulate smoking more strictly than the state . Prior to this ordinance , six localities had smoking provisions that exempted restaurants , but were later superseded by the Act once it had gone into effect , and localities were prohibited from regulating or prohibiting smoking in bars and restaurants as well . Universities in Louisiana now prohibit smoking anywhere on campus . This includes but is not limited to cigarettes , cigars and e-cigarettes as well as smokeless tobacco products . This went into effect August 1 , 2014 for most universities in accordance with Act 211 of the 2013 Louisiana State Legislative session . Since 2009 , attempts to further ban smoking statewide in Louisiana have failed every year before the Louisiana State Legislature . In June 2009 , the Louisiana House of Representatives rejected ending the exemption for bars and casinos by a vote of 79 -- 21 . In May 2010 , a House committee rejected a bill to ban smoking in casinos , and then rejected a bill to ban smoking in bars , casinos , and the remainder of restaurants that the Louisiana Senate had passed by a vote of 23 -- 12 . In June 2011 , the Senate rejected a bill to ban smoking in bars by a vote of 22 -- 15 . In May 2012 , the Senate rejected a bill to prohibit smoking within 25 feet ( 7.6 m ) of all places where smoking is banned by a vote of 18 - 12 , and instead chose to amend the bill to prohibit smoking within 25 feet ( 7.6 m ) of entrances to state - owned government buildings . Abbeville , January 1 , 2015 , banned in all enclosed public places , including bars and gaming establishments Alexandria , January 2 , 2012 , banned in all enclosed public places , including bars and gaming establishments Bogalusa , December 21 , 2016 , banned in all enclosed public places , including bars and gaming establishments Cheneyville , June 7 , 2014 , banned in all enclosed public places , including bars and gaming establishments Colfax , June 8 , 2017 , banned in all enclosed public places , including bars and gaming establishments East Baton Rouge Parish , June 1 , 2018 , banned in all enclosed public places , including bars and gaming establishments Glenmora , March 15 , 2017 , banned in all enclosed public places , including bars and gaming establishments Hammond , July 20 , 2015 , banned in all enclosed public places , including bars and gaming establishments Lafayette Parish , April 27 , 2017 , banned in all enclosed public places , including bars and gaming establishments Lecompte , December 10 , 2017 , banned in all enclosed public places , including bars and gaming establishments Monroe , January 2 , 2014 , banned in all enclosed public places , including bars and gaming establishments New Orleans , April 22 , 2015 , banned in all enclosed public places , including bars and gaming establishments Ouachita Parish , January 2 , 2014 , banned in all enclosed public places , including bars and gaming establishments West Monroe , January 2 , 2014 , banned in all enclosed public places , including bars and gaming establishments Woodworth , April 15 , 2012 , banned in all enclosed public places , including bars and gaming establishments Maine ( edit ) Statewide smoking ban : Effective January 1 , 2004 , laws from 1985 and 1999 were expanded such that smoking is banned statewide in all workplaces and public places in Maine , including bars and restaurants . The law exempts places open to the public during hours when it is closed , stage performances involving smoking , smoking for religious rituals , factories where labor unions have contracted to have smoking areas , designated areas in hospitals , designated hotel / motel smoking rooms , private residences except when used as a childcare or healthcare facility , beano and bingo halls , tobacco specialty stores , and off - track betting parlors that were in existence on June 30 , 2003 . The state law exempts private clubs ( Elks , American Legion , VFW etc . ) under certain conditions . The state law is silent as to whether local governments may regulate smoking more strictly than the state , though as of April 2009 no local government in Maine has done so . Effective September 1 , 2008 , smoking is banned in any car when a person under the age of 16 is present , though no driver may be pulled over or searched solely for violation of this law . Maryland ( edit ) Statewide smoking ban : On February 1 , 2008 , the Maryland Clean Indoor Air Act of 2007 went into effect , banning smoking in all public transportation vehicles , enclosed public places , and enclosed workplaces , including bars , restaurants , casinos , and private clubs . The Act exempts private residences and vehicles while not being used as a childcare or healthcare facility , designated hotel / motel smoking rooms , retail tobacco stores , cigar lounges and hookah bars , other tobacco - related workplaces such as importers and distributors , facilities where smoking research is conducted , psychiatric facilities , long - term care facilities , hospitals where a doctor has authorized a patient to smoke , and any business that has applied for and received a waiver allowing smoking ( though all waivers expired on January 1 , 2011 ) . Local governments may regulate smoking more strictly than the state , though not less strictly . Massachusetts ( edit ) Statewide smoking ban : Effective July 1 , 2004 , smoking is banned in all enclosed public places and workplaces , including bars and restaurants . The law exempts private clubs when not open to the public , private residences except when used as a business for healthcare or childcare , designated hotel / motel smoking rooms , retail tobacco stores , licensed cigar or hookah bars , stage performances involving smoking , places where smoking - related scientific research is occurring , religious ceremonies involving smoking , outdoor areas , designated areas in nursing homes as approved by the state , and other tobacco - related workplaces such as farms and distributors . Local governments and boards of health may regulate smoking more strictly than the state . Boston , February 9 , 2009 , banned by the Boston Public Health Commission on outside patios of bars and restaurants ; also banned on February 9 , 2019 ( 10 years later than the other new restrictions ) in cigar and hookah bars , unless the establishment obtains an additional 10 - year exemption . Additionally , smoking is banned in all hotel rooms in the city of Boston . Tobacco products can not be sold at educational institutions or health care institutions including pharmacies and stores having pharmacies within . Michigan ( edit ) Statewide smoking ban : On May 1 , 2010 , after being signed into law by Governor Jennifer Granholm on December 18 , 2009 , the Dr. Ron Davis Law took effect , banning smoking statewide in all enclosed , indoor workplaces in Michigan , as well as the outdoor patios of bars and restaurants . The law exempts only cigar bars , retail tobacco stores , private home offices , company vehicles including commercial trucks , and Detroit 's three casinos ' gambling floors . The law is silent as to whether local governments may regulate smoking more strictly than the state , though it prohibits state or local health departments from enacting any smoking rules different than the law . Minnesota ( edit ) Statewide smoking ban : On October 1 , 2007 , the Freedom to Breathe Act went into effect , expanding the existing Clean Indoor Air Act of 1975 so as to ban smoking statewide in all enclosed workplaces in Minnesota , including public transportation , bars , and restaurants . The Act exempts designated rooms in nursing homes , designated areas in psychiatric facilities , places where scientific studies related to smoking occur , private homes and residences not in use as a place of employment , designated hotel / motel smoking rooms , retail tobacco shops , heavy commercial vehicles , farm vehicles and construction equipment , buildings on family farms , the Minnesota disabled veterans ' rest camp , smoking by American Indians as part of a traditional spiritual or cultural ceremony , stage performances involving smoking , and outdoor areas . Local governments may regulate smoking more stringently than the state . Carlton County , June 1 , 2007 , banned on 50 % of outdoor patio seating in bars and restaurants . Duluth , March 7 , 2010 , banned within 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) of a bus shelter or transit center . Golden Valley , March 31 , 2009 , banned within 25 feet ( 7.6 m ) of entrances , exits , and ventilation openings of all areas of bars and restaurants ; also in public parks and recreational facilities . Rochester , June 2010 Downtown smoke - free zone includes the block of Second Avenue Southwest between Gonda and the Kahler , and the two - block pedestrian mall known as the Peace Plaza . The zone was extended in June 2010 to include two blocks of West Center Street between the Kahler Grand Hotel , Methodist Hospital and the Gonda Building . Mississippi ( edit ) No statewide smoking ban . Instead , Mississippi 's 2006 statewide smoking law , the Clean Indoor Air Act , prohibits smoking only inside any state or local government building ( except designated areas in the state 's veterans ' homes ) or inside any university or college classroom building . Local governments may regulate smoking more stringently than the Act . In 2011 and 2012 , three separate bills before the Mississippi Legislature seeking to enact some form of a statewide smoking ban all failed when they did not receive a committee hearing . Localities in Mississippi with smoking bans that include all bars and restaurants ( 133 total ) : Aberdeen , March 22 , 2007 , banned in all bars and restaurants , but not in all other enclosed workplaces Alligator , July 5 , 2012 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Amory , November 1 , 2007 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Anguilla , April 27 , 2012 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Arcola , May 10 , 2012 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Artesia , May 5 , 2016 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Baldwyn , July 5 , 2013 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Bassfield , March 4 , 2010 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Batesville , March 4 , 2010 banned in all bars and restaurants , but not other workplaces Belzoni , July 1 , 2010 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Beulah , September 3 , 2014 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Booneville , June 30 , 2012 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including restaurants ; this municipality is dry Brandon , May 4 , 2015 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Brooksville , July 2 , 2015 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Bruce , January 2 , 2014 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Byram , December 10 , 2011 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Calhoun City , September 1 , 2011 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Canton , January 19 , 2012 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Cary , December 8 , 2012 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Centreville , December 17 , 2011 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Charleston , March 7 , 2015 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Clarksdale , September 10 , 2014 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Clinton , August 14 , 2008 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Coahoma County , November 16 , 2012 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Coldwater , March 3 , 2016 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Collins , June 5 , 2008 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Corinth , November 6 , 2007 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including restaurants , by vote of the Board of Aldermen ; this municipality is dry Courtland , April 2 , 2015 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Crawford , May 28 , 2010 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Cruger , April 6 , 2016 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Crystal Springs , November 1 , 2008 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Drew , April 2 , 2015 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Duck Hill , April 9 , 2014 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Duncan , April 5 , 2012 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Durant , May 3 , 2012 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Ecru , March 12 , 2008 , banned in bars and restaurants , but not in all other enclosed workplaces Eden , August 13 , 2015 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Edwards , December 15 , 2016 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Ellisville , November 5 , 2015 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Ethel , November 1 , 2012 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Farmington , February 20 , 2014 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Fayette , June 11 , 2015 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Floria , December 13 , 2007 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Florence , September 20 , 2012 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Forest , September 6 , 2012 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Friars Point , January 8 , 2014 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Fulton , March 18 , 2017 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Georgetown , April 11 , 2012 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Greenwood , August 17 , 2007 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Grenada , January 8 , 2009 , banned in all bars and restaurants , but not in all other workplaces Hattiesburg , January 1 , 2007 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Hernando , March 8 , 2007 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Hollandale , December 3 , 2009 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Holly Springs , October 1 , 2015 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Houston , September 3 , 2016 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Indianola , November 7 , 2012 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Isola , September 4 , 2014 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Itta Bena , January 16 , 2014 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Iuka , January 1 , 2015 banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Jackson , July 2 , 2010 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Jonestown , October 13 , 2010 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Kosciusko , November 2 , 2007 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Laurel , December 4 , 2008 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Lexington , October 11 , 2015 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Louise , October 1 , 2015 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Louisville , April 3 , 2014 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Lucedale , February 1 , 2013 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Lula , December 4 , 2015 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Lumberton , July 3 , 2010 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Lyon , October 2 , 2014 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Macon , September 17 , 2015 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Madison , June 3 , 2010 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Madison County , July 19 , 2017 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Magee , November 19 , 2013 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Mantachie , September 9 , 2014 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Mayersville , September 17 , 2005 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Meadville , March 2 , 2015 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Mendenhall , March 4 , 2014 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Meridian , February 19 , 2010 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Metcalfe , September 3 , 2002 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Monticello , January 18 , 2012 , banned in all bars and restaurants , but not all other enclosed workplaces Moorhead , January 11 , 2013 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Morton , October 31 , 2013 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Moss Point , June 14 , 2012 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Nettleton , February 5 , 2015 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants New Albany , December 1 , 2011 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants New Augusta , May 31 , 2012 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Noxapater , May 1 , 2014 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Oakland , March 9 , 2017 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurans Okolona , April 15 , 2011 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Oxford , October 16 , 2006 , banned in all bars and restaurants , but not in all other enclosed workplaces Pascagoula , July 18 , 2013 , banned in all bars and restaurants , but not other workplaces Petal , December 20 , 2007 , banned in nearly all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Picayune , July 26 , 2014 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Pickens , July 2 , 2015 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Pittsboro , June 4 , 2015 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Plantersville , July 6 , 2013 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Pontotoc , May 1 , 2008 , banned in all bars and restaurants , but not in all other enclosed workplaces Poplarville , January 3 , 2015 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Prentiss , April 1 , 2010 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Quitman , March 23 , 2017 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Renova , September 2 , 2016 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Ridgeland , July 19 , 2007 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Rolling Fork , December 12 , 2011 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Roxie , July 6 , 2017 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Saltillo , September 18 , 2015 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Sebastopol , September 1 , 2016 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Senatobia , November 20 , 2014 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Shaw , October 24 , 2015 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Shubuta , December 2 , 2015 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Shuqualak , May 31 , 2012 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Sidon , February 5 , 2015 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Sledge , June 4 , 2014 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Southaven , August 4 , 2014 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Starkville , May 20 , 2006 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants State Line , July 2 , 2015 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Summit , March 16 , 2017 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Sumner , July 5 , 2012 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Sumrall , July 3 , 2010 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Tchula , August 13 , 2016 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Tupelo , October 5 , 2006 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Tutwiler , April 2 , 2015 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Utica , September 8 , 2016 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Verona , May 3 , 2012 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Walnut , December 5 , 2013 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Walnut Grove , April 2 , 2015 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Webb , March 9 , 2017 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Weir , April 10 , 2014 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Wesson , July 1 , 2010 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Wiggins , January 17 , 2013 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Woodland , December 3 , 2016 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Woodville , December 30 , 2013 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Yalonusha County , July 3 , 2017 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Localities in Mississippi with smoking bans that do not include all bars and restaurants ( 10 total ) : Diamondhead , January 1 , 2016 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including restaurants but exempting bars Flowood , May 4 , 2011 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including restaurants but exempting bars Goodman , June 3 , 2010 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including restaurants but exempting bars Gulfport , May 1 , 2008 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including restaurants but exempting bars & casinos Leakesville , March 3 , 2016 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including restaurants but exempting bars Pearl , September 29 , 2010 , banned in all restaurants , but not bars or other enclosed workplaces Rienzi , October 5 , 2010 , banned in all restaurants , but not bars or other enclosed workplaces Vaiden , June 30 , 2012 , banned in all restaurants , but not bars or other enclosed workplaces Walls , August 1 , 2008 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including restaurants but exempting bars West , December 6 , 1996 , banned in all enclosed workplaces except bars and restaurants Missouri ( edit ) No statewide smoking ban . Instead , Missouri 's 1992 statewide smoking law , the Indoor Clean Air Act , prohibits smoking in all enclosed public places ( including workplaces ) and public meetings , except in designated smoking areas , which may occupy no more than 30 % of the place 's enclosed area . Warning signs must be appropriately posted either way . Local governments may prohibit smoking in schools , child daycare facilities , and school buses , as well as in public places . Bars , restaurants that seat fewer than 50 people , bowling alleys , billiard parlors , retail tobacco shops , rooms and halls used for private social functions , limousines and taxicabs where the driver and all passengers agree to smoking , stage performances including smoking , indoor sports stadiums seating more than 15,000 people , and private residences `` are not considered a public place '' . On June 23 , 2009 , the Western District of the Missouri Court of Appeals ruled that Kansas City 's 2008 local ban on smoking in all workplaces , including bars and billiard parlors , did not conflict with this statute and was not preempted . The Supreme Court of Missouri later declined to hear an appeal from that decision . Attempts in the Missouri General Assembly to enact some form of statewide smoking ban have failed every year since 2008 , except for 2015 , when one was not even introduced : Bills to ban smoking statewide by Senator Joan Bray before the Missouri Senate in 2008 , 2009 , and 2010 and by Rep. Walt Bivens before the Missouri House of Representatives in 2010 all failed without receiving a committee hearing . In 2009 , a proposal by Rep. Joe Fallert to amend the Constitution of Missouri to ban smoking statewide and a bill by Rep. Jill Schupp proposing . 1 % a tax on all non-smoke - free businesses also both failed this way . In 2011 , a bill by Rep. Jill Schupp received a hearing before a House committee , but the committee did not put it up for a vote . In 2012 , respective bills by Rep. Schupp and Sen. Maria Chappelle - Nadal to ban smoking statewide both failed without receiving a committee hearing , while a bill by Rep. Melissa Leach to undo the Court of Appeals ' 2009 smoking ban decision underwent a committee hearing , though no vote was held . In 2013 , respective bills by Rep. Schupp and Sen. Chapelle - Nadal to ban smoking statewide both failed without even being referred to a committee , while a bill by Rep. Bill Otto to prohibit localities from banning smoking in riverboat casinos underwent a committee hearing but without a vote , and a bill by Rep. Kathie Conway to deprive localities banning smoking of their sales and property tax revenue from smoking - banned private businesses was passed by the House Local Government Committee , but did not advance to a vote before the full House of Representatives . In 2014 , respective bills by Reps . Schupp and Courtney Curtis and Sen. Chapelle - Nadal to ban smoking statewide all failed without a committee hearing , while a bill by Rep. Conway to deprive localities banning smoking of their sales and property tax revenue from smoking - banned private businesses was passed by the House Local Government Committee , but did not advance to a vote before the full House of Representatives . For 2013 , the periodic `` Freedom in the 50 States '' study prepared by the Mercatus Center at George Mason University ranked Missouri first in the nation in tobacco freedom ( also # 3 for alcohol freedom and # 7 for freedom overall ) . As of December 2013 , Missouri has the lowest cigarette excise taxes in the United States , at 17 cents per pack , and the state electorate previously voted in 2002 , 2006 , and 2012 to keep it that way . According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , in 2012 Missouri had the seventh highest percentage of adult smokers among U.S. states , at 25 % . In both January 2011 and January 2013 , the Missouri House of Representatives voted to continue allowing smoking in its half of the Missouri State Capitol . In October 2008 , a statewide survey by the Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services found that only 27.5 % of Missourians support a statewide ban on smoking in all bars and cocktail lounges . Missouri also has one of the most permissive approaches to alcohol in the United States ( see Alcohol laws of Missouri ) . As detailed below , of the 961 cities in Missouri , only 36 ( 3.7 % ) have enacted comprehensive smoking bans , though all of Missouri 's municipalities exceeding 100,000 residents have adopted comprehensive no smoking ordinances . St. Louis County bans smoking in many places , though exempting bars and casinos and is the lone county in the state with smoking provisions of any kind . Nine cities and one county have rejected a smoking ban in some manner , and eight other municipalities have provided exceptions for workplaces and / or bars and / or restaurants . On April 5 , 2011 , Cape Girardeau became one of the few cities in the United States ever to have rejected a smoking ban in a public vote . Localities in Missouri with a smoking ban that includes all bars and restaurants ( 36 total ) : Ballwin , January 2 , 2006 , banned in all workplaces , including bars , and restaurants ; exempts private clubs with no employees . Belton , August 5 , 2009 , banned in all enclosed public places and workplaces , by public vote in April 2009 ; exempts business vehicles where all occupants agree to allow smoking , any businesses occupied exclusively by one smoker , private and semiprivate rooms in nursing homes , retail tobacco stores , and private clubs ; all existing businesses that allowed smoking were exempt until August 5 , 2012 ; existing bars and restaurants that allowed smoking were exempt until August 5 , 2016 . aces by unanimous Board of Aldermen vote in October 2014 ; exempts up to 20 % of designated hotel and motel smoking rooms , tobacco shops , smoking lounges in tobacco - related businesses , private homes , outdoor areas in places of employment , outdoor patios of restaurants , and golf courses . Branson , July 1 , 2015 , banned in all enclosed public places and workplaces by unanimous Board of Aldermen vote in October 2014 ; exempts up to 20 % of designated hotel and motel smoking rooms , tobacco shops , smoking lounges in tobacco - related businesses , private homes , outdoor areas in places of employment , outdoor patios of restaurants , and golf courses . Brentwood , January 1 , 2011 , banned in all enclosed public places and workplaces , by City Council vote of 7 -- 1 in August 2010 ; exempts designated hotel and motel smoking rooms , tobacco shops , private homes , and private vehicles . Clayton , July 1 , 2010 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including restaurants ; exempts tobacco shops , 20 % of hotel and motel rooms , and outdoor areas Clinton , March 1 , 2015 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Chillicothe , January 1 , 2008 , banned in all bars and restaurants , but not all other workplaces by City Council vote of 4 -- 1 , after 56 % of voters approved of the idea in a referendum ; exempts separately ventilated offices occupied exclusively by smokers . Columbia , January 9 , 2007 , banned in all workplaces , including bars and restaurants ; exempts rented social halls , separately ventilated offices occupied exclusively by smokers , stage performances , retail tobacco shops , and private clubs with no employees . Creve Coeur , January 2 , 2011 , banned by unanimous city council vote in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants ; exempts cigar bars , private clubs , tobacco shops , and hotel / motel designated smoking rooms Excelsior Springs , July 4 , 2013 , banned by unanimous City Council vote in all enclosed workplaces , including bars , restaurants , and private clubs ; exempts private residences , 25 % of hotel and motel rooms , and retail tobacco shops Farmington , November 13 , 2015 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants , after public vote of 59 % - 41 % and including within 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) of entrances ; exempts cigar bars , hotel rooms , private clubs , and nursing homes Fulton , January 31 , 2011 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants , after public vote of 53.85 % -- 46.15 % . Gainesville , June 9 , 2014 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Grandview , January 1 , 2012 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including restaurants ; bars were exempt until August 2016 ; exempts private residences and vehicles , nursing homes , outdoor areas , private clubs , and designated smoking rooms in hotels and motels Hannibal , October 4 , 2012 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants , after public vote of 55.8 % -- 44.2 % ; exempts designated smoking rooms in hotels and motels , private residences , private clubs , outdoor areas , and retail tobacco stores . Independence , March 17 , 2007 , banned in all workplaces , including bars and restaurants , per referendum in November 2006 ; exempts private and semiprivate rooms in nursing homes occupied exclusively by smokers . Jefferson City , January 31 , 2011 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants , after public vote of 58 % -- 42 % . Kansas City , June 7 , 2008 , banned in all indoor workplaces , except casino gaming floors and establishments receiving more than 80 % of their revenue from tobacco but neither sell nor serve food or beverages , after public vote of 52 % -- 48 % but halted by the Circuit Court of Jackson County on June 4 , 2008 , after businesses sued Kansas City on the grounds that state law permitted them to allow smoking ; and then reinstated by the court on June 21 , 2008 . On June 23 , 2009 , the Missouri Court of Appeals ruled that Kansas City 's ban on smoking did not conflict with the state 's Indoor Clean Air Act , and the Supreme Court of Missouri declined to hear an appeal from that decision . Kearney , October 1 , 2015 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants ; smoking is allowed only on patios of businesses as well as outdoor areas of the Kearney Amphitheater ; vaping is allowed in all smoke - free areas Kennett , April 16 , 2014 , banned by 8 - 1 vote of city council in all enclosed workplaces , including all restaurants ; exempts bars and taverns , outdoor areas , retail tobacco shops , 25 % of hotel and motel rooms , and private residences Kirksville , July 1 , 2007 , banned in all workplaces , including bars and restaurants ; exempts private clubs . Kirkwood , January 2 , 2010 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants , after public vote of 65 % -- 35 % ; exempts private clubs , private residences , private vehicles , smoking rooms in hotels and motels , and retail tobacco stores . Lake Saint Louis , September 30 , 2010 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants , by Board of Aldermen vote of 4 -- 2 on March 15 , 2010 ; exempts designated hotel / motel smoking rooms , private clubs with no employees , outdoor areas , cigar bars , and retail tobacco stores . Lee 's Summit , December 8 , 2006 banned in all workplaces , including bars and restaurants , per referendum in November 2006 ; exempts private and semiprivate rooms in nursing homes occupied exclusively by smokers , retail tobacco stores , and private clubs . Liberty , January 2 , 2010 , banned in all workplaces , including bars and restaurants , and in public parks , by public vote of 2,684 yes to 1,127 no ; exempts outdoor patios , private residences , and smoking rooms in hotels and motels . Maryville , October 1 , 2010 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants , by a city council vote of 3 -- 2 . Nevada , January 1 , 2018 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars , restaurants , and private clubs ; exempts 20 % of hotel / motel rooms contiguous and all on one floor and provide no infiltration of smoke to other rooms anywhere within the premises . North Kansas City , July 10 , 2008 , banned in all workplaces , including bars and restaurants ; exempts casinos and retail tobacco shops O'Fallon , June 4 , 2011 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars restaurants , after public vote of 73 % -- 27 % on April 5 , 2011 ; exempts cigar bars , private clubs , retail tobacco stores , private residences , outdoor areas , and 20 % of hotel and motel rooms . Rolla , January 1 , 2012 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants , by a city council vote of 8 -- 4 on June 6 , 2011 ; exempts private clubs with no employees , outdoor areas , designated hotel / motel smoking rooms , and private homes and vehicles Sedalia , September 1 , 2013 , banned in most enclosed workplaces , including most areas of bars and restaurants , as well as city parks and outdoor recreation areas , by a city council vote of 6 - 2 on June 17 , 2013 ; exempts 50 % of undefined `` patio area '' space in any bar or restaurant , private clubs , small workplaces ( those with one employee ) , work vehicles where all passengers consent to allow smoking , private residences , private vehicles , designated hotel and motel smoking rooms , private and semiprivate rooms in nursing homes , and retail tobacco stores . St. Joseph , June 7 , 2014 , banned in all enclosed workplaces and public places , including all bars , restaurants , and private and semiprivate rooms in nursing homes , after public vote of 52.75 % -- 47.25 % ; exempts private vehicles and residences , 10 % of hotel and motel rooms designated as smoking , private clubs ( when no employees are present ) , and casino gaming areas ( including bars , restaurants , and lounges within those gaming areas ) . St. Louis , January 2 , 2011 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants ; indefinitely exempts casino gaming floors and VIP lounges ( unless St. Louis County and St. Charles County and / or St. Charles city also prohibit casino gaming floors ) , private clubs with no employees , retail tobacco stores , designated hotel / motel smoking rooms , private residences , and outdoor areas ; bars in existence on January 2 , 2011 , that were less than 2,000 square feet ( 190 m ) and did not allow under - 21 patrons were exempt until January 2 , 2016 . On September 14 , 2012 , the St. Louis Health Department issued an order further permanently exempting the Missouri Athletic Club from the city 's smoking ban . Springfield , June 11 , 2011 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all restaurants , bars , and retail tobacco shops , after public vote of 53 % -- 47 % on April 5 , 2011 ; exempts only private residences and 20 % of hotel and motel rooms , but partially repealed by unanimous vote of the City Council on May 7 , 2012 , to exempt cigar bars , tobacco shops , and private clubs . Warrensburg , November 30 , 2010 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants ; exempts private clubs , retail tobacco stores , any stores whose revenue is at least 80 % from tobacco , stage performances involving smoking , designated smoking areas in institutions of higher education , outdoor patios , designated hotel / motel smoking rooms , and private residences . Washington , April 15 , 2013 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants by unanimous city council vote ; also banned in private rooms in nursing homes ; exempts only private residences not serving as a workplace and designated smoking rooms in hotels and motels ; exempts hookah lounges until April 15 , 2014 . Localities in Missouri with a smoking ban that does not include all bars and restaurants ( 9 total ) : Arnold , November 1 , 2004 , banned in all restaurants / restaurant - bars seating 50 people or more , except in separately ventilated smoking rooms ; does not touch standalone bars or other places ; exempts any establishment otherwise classified as a restaurant , that receives 70 % or more of its revenue from alcohol sales Blue Springs , May 1 , 2008 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including most restaurants ; exempts bars , restaurants that seat less than 50 people , restaurants that receive less than 60 % of their revenue from food sales , bowling alleys , bingo halls during bingo games , rented social halls , private dances open to the public , and retail tobacco shops . Gladstone , May 24 , 2009 , banned by City Council vote of 4 -- 1 in all enclosed workplaces and city parks ; exempts any business existing and licensed to serve liquor on January 1 , 2009 , that customarily allows smoking and remains under the same ownership ; further exempts all bars , taverns , restaurants seating less than 50 people , billiard parlors , bowling alleys , retail tobacco shops , rented social halls , taxicabs and limousines where both driver and passengers agree to allow smoking , stage performances involving smoking , private clubs , private and semiprivate rooms in nursing homes occupied exclusively by smokers , and a percentage of hotel and motel rooms . Hazelwood , January 19 , 2011 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , exempting bars and some restaurants ; exempts private clubs , smoking during stage productions , nursing homes , retail tobacco stores , designated smoking rooms in hotels and motels , cigar bars , and any liquor licensee that receives less than 25 % of its revenue from food sales Nixa , June 8 , 2007 , banned in all workplaces , including restaurants ; exempts rented social halls , taxicabs and limousines where both driver and passengers agree to allow smoking , stage performances , designated areas of shopping malls , retail tobacco shops , and designated employee smoking areas not accessible to the general public . Parkville , October 2 , 2009 , banned in all enclosed public places and workplaces by Board of Aldermen ; exempts all bars , taverns , restaurants seating less than 50 people , billiard parlors , bowling alleys , retail tobacco shops , rented social halls , taxicabs and limousines where both driver and passengers agree to allow smoking , stage performances involving smoking , and private clubs . Raymore , August 22 , 2008 , banned in all public places and within 100 feet ( 30 m ) of the entrance to public places ( except on outdoor patios ) , including most restaurants ; exempts bars , restaurants with bars , private clubs , stage performances , restaurants that seat fewer than 50 people , bowling alleys , billiard parlors , taxicabs and limousines where both driver and passengers agree to allow smoking , and retail tobacco shops . St. Louis County , January 2 , 2011 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including restaurants , after public vote of 65 % -- 35 % on November 3 , 2009 ; exempts certain drinking establishments ( bars having 25 % or less gross sales of food , were in existence on January 2 , 2011 and have applied for a smoking exemption certificate ) , cigar bars , casino gaming floors , private clubs , performing on stage as part of a theatrical production , private and semi-private rooms in nursing homes and rest homes , retail tobacco shops , smoking rooms in hotels and motels , and smoking lounges at Lambert - St. Louis International Airport . West Plains , May 1 , 2016 , banned in all restaurants ; exempts limousines for hire and taxicabs , where the driver and all passengers affirmatively consent to smoking in such vehicle , performers upon the stage , provided the smoking is part of a theatrical production , any licensed establishment which serves liquor on the premises for which not more than ten percent ( 10 % ) of the gross sales receipts of the business are supplied by food purchases , either for consumption on the premises or elsewhere , private residences , except when used as a childcare facility , adult day care , or health care facility , and not more than twenty percent ( 20 % ) of hotel and motel rooms as defined in this ordinance and designated as smoking rooms , which must be contiguous and smoke from these rooms must not infiltrate into areas where smoking is prohibited . Localities in Missouri where a smoking ban or other smoking restriction was rejected in some manner ( 9 total ) : Cape Girardeau , April 5 , 2011 , ban on smoking in all enclosed workplaces , including bars , restaurants , and casinos , rejected by public vote of 52 % -- 48 % . Carthage , February 2 , 2009 , ban on smoking in all restaurants indefinitely tabled by City Council committee because it was local , rather than regional Joplin , October 18 , 2010 , City Council rejected a proposed ban on smoking in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants , by a vote of 5 -- 4 Raytown , October 7 , 2008 , Board of Aldermen rejected even taking up the issue of a new smoking ordinance , by a vote of 6 -- 4 ; on September 8 , 2009 , the Board of Aldermen rejected a proposed smoking ban on all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants , by a vote of 7 -- 3 . Riverside , June 16 , 2009 , Board of Aldermen rejected taking up the issue of a smoking ordinance , by a vote of 4 -- 2 . Smithville , December 18 , 2007 , Board of Aldermen unanimously rejected a ban on smoking in all workplaces , including bars and restaurants St. Charles , May 2008 , City Council rejected even taking up the issue of a ban on smoking in all workplaces , including bars and restaurants , by a vote of 6 -- 4 , and also rejected sending the proposed ban to voters ; July 2013 , City Council again rejected taking up any smoking ban and instead voted to introduce a mandatory warning signage ordinance St. Charles County , June 2011 , County Executive vetoed a proposed referendum on a countywide smoking ban including all bars and restaurants but exempting casinos and cigar bars ; November 29 , 2011 , County Council rejected sending a proposed ban on smoking in all workplaces , including bars and restaurants , to voters by a vote of 3 -- 3 ; September 15 , 2012 , County Council removed two competing proposed bans , one including bars and casinos and one excluding them , from the November 2012 county ballot Webb City , April 11 , 2011 , City Council rejected a ban on smoking in all workplaces , including bars and restaurants , by vote of 5 -- 3 ; June 13 , 2011 , City Council again rejected the same proposal , 5 - 3 Montana ( edit ) Statewide smoking ban : On October 1 , 2005 , the Montana Clean Indoor Air Act ( MCIAA ) went into effect , banning smoking statewide in all enclosed workplaces in Montana including restaurants , though bars were exempt until October 1 , 2009 ; the word `` bar '' is defined in the Act as also including taverns , night clubs , cocktail lounges , and casinos . The act exempts private residences not used as a daycare facility or healthcare facility , private motor vehicles , tobacco demonstrations in schools , designated hotel / motel smoking rooms , and American Indian religious and cultural activities . Local governments are preempted from regulating smoking more stringently than the Act . Nebraska ( edit ) Statewide smoking ban : On June 1 , 2009 , the Nebraska Clean Indoor Air Act passed in February 2008 went into effect , banning smoking statewide in all enclosed workplaces in Nebraska , including all bars and restaurants . The Act exempts tobacco retail stores , designated hotel / motel smoking rooms , private residences , and places where scientific research about smoking is occurring . In April 2009 , the Act was amended to further exempt cigar bars , as well . Local governments may regulate smoking more stringently than the Act . Nevada ( edit ) Statewide smoking ban excluding bars , casinos , and designated restaurant smoking rooms : On December 8 , 2006 , after passage by 54 % of voters on November 7 , 2006 , the Nevada Clean Indoor Air Act went into effect , banning smoking statewide in all enclosed workplaces . The act passed by voters initially included all restaurants as well as bars that serve food . The Act permits smoking without limitation in areas within casinos where minors are already prohibited , stand - alone bars that do not serve food , strip clubs and brothels , retail tobacco stores , and private residences ( including those that serve as an office workplace , unless used as a childcare , adult daycare , or healthcare facility ) . Local governments may regulate smoking more stringently than the Act , though no city or county in Nevada has chosen to do so . In 2009 Nevada partially repealed the ban to allow smoking in tobacco - related trade conventions . The ban was further amended in 2011 to allow smoking in taverns that serve alcohol and food as long as patrons under 21 are not allowed in . Smoking is also now allowed in designated areas of family restaurants if the smoking area is physically enclosed and separated from the non-smoking area and minors are prohibited inside . New Hampshire ( edit ) Statewide ban on smoking in bars , restaurants , and some other workplaces : On September 17 , 2007 , the Indoor Smoking Act went into effect , banning smoking in schools , child daycare facilities , hospitals , grocery stores , elevators and public conveyances ( except when rented for private purposes ) , restaurants , bars , and private clubs when open to the public . Private clubs and religious and fraternal organizations ( including bars and restaurants inside these places ) , hotel and motel rooms , rented halls and rooms under control of the renter , college dormitory rooms , public housing , nursing homes , areas designated by hospitals , and alcohol / drug rehabilitation facilities are exempt from smoking regulation and can allow smoking indoors freely . All other places must designate smoking and nonsmoking areas and post appropriate signs . On January 1 , 2010 , House Bill 392 went into effect . It established an on - premises cigar , beverage , and liquor license and allowed for cigar smoking at public cigar bars . Towns only can regulate smoking more strictly with regard to fire safety and sanitation . In 2003 , the New Hampshire Supreme Court ruled that this means state law preempts towns from enacting stricter local smoking bans for health reasons . New Jersey ( edit ) Statewide smoking ban : On April 15 , 2006 , the New Jersey Smoke - Free Air Act went into effect , banning smoking statewide in all enclosed workplaces in New Jersey , including all bars and restaurants , strip clubs , hospitals , psychiatric facilities , as well as outside portions of school grounds . The Act exempts city parks , beaches , cigar bars , tobacco retail stores , tobacco manufacturing facilities , private residences and private automobiles , off - track betting parlors , and designated hotel / motel smoking rooms . Local governments may regulate smoking more stringently than the Act . Violating the Act can result in a fine of between $250 and $1,000 , depending how many violations one has incurred within a year . Atlantic City , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants as well as 75 % of casino gaming floors . Pequannock , banned in public parks with ball - fields or playgrounds in July 2011 through ordinance introduced by Mayor Rich Phelan . See Smoke - Free Air Act . New Mexico ( edit ) Statewide smoking ban : On June 15 , 2007 , the Dee Johnson Clean Indoor Air Act went into effect , banning smoking statewide in all enclosed workplaces in New Mexico , including all bars and restaurants , as well as within a `` reasonable distance '' of the entrances to those places . The Act exempts ( 1 ) private residences except when being used to provide commercial childcare , adult care , and / or healthcare , ( 2 ) retail tobacco stores , ( 3 ) cigar bars , ( 4 ) tobacco manufacturing facilities , ( 5 ) casinos , ( 6 ) quit - smoking programs , ( 7 ) designated outdoor smoking areas , ( 8 ) private clubs , ( 9 ) limousines under private hire , ( 10 ) designated hotel / motel smoking rooms , ( 11 ) enclosed areas within restaurants , bars , and hotel / motel conference / meeting rooms that are being used for private functions , ( 12 ) cultural or ceremonial activities by American Indians , ( 13 ) non-bar / restaurant businesses with fewer than two employees that is not usually accessible to the public and all employees agree to allow smoking , and ( 14 ) stage , motion picture , or television productions involving smoking as part of the production . Penalties are $100 for a first violation , $200 for a second violation within 12 months and $500 for the third and subsequent violations . Local governments may regulate smoking more stringently than the Act . UNM campuses are tobacco - free as of August 2009 . New York ( edit ) Statewide smoking ban : Effective July 24 , 2003 , smoking is banned statewide in all enclosed workplaces in New York , including all bars and restaurants and construction sites . The law exempts ( 1 ) private homes and automobiles , ( 2 ) hotel / motel rooms , ( 3 ) retail tobacco businesses , ( 4 ) private clubs , ( 5 ) cigar bars ( A cigar bar that makes 10 percent of its gross income from the on - site sale of tobacco products and the rental of on - site humidors , not including vending machines sales are exempt from the ban ) , ( 6 ) outdoor areas of bars and restaurants , and ( 7 ) enclosed rooms in restaurants , bars , convention halls , etc. , when hosting private functions organized for the promotion and sampling of tobacco products . Local governments may regulate smoking more stringently than the state law . Breaking the state law can result in a fine of between $200 and $2,000 , depending how many violations one has had within a year . Albany , On January 1 , 2015 , the following ordinance took effect . `` No person shall smoke within the City 's parks , sport fields , swimming pools , or playgrounds . For purposes of this section , to ' smoke ' means to burn a lighted cigar , cigarette , or pipe or to use any other substance which contains tobacco . '' Great Neck , Adopted January 4 , 2011 , smoking was banned on sidewalks in front of commercial buildings , Village Green park , and the Housing Authority . New York City , From May 18 , 2014 everyone under the age of 21 was banned from buying cigarettes , tobacco products and e-cigarettes . Effective May 23 , 2011 , smoking was banned in all parks , boardwalks , beaches , recreation centers , swimming pools and pedestrian plazas . On March 30 , 2003 , smoking was banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants ; exempts tobacco bars , owner - operated bars , separately ventilated smoking rooms in bars , private clubs with no employees , private functions organized for the promotion and sampling of tobacco products , and retail tobacco shops . Shortly after , on July 24 , 2003 , the statewide smoking ban came into effect . New York City may suspend or revoke a business 's license if it has been found guilty of violating this law three times within 12 months . On January 21 , 1908 , the New York City Council had passed the Sullivan Ordinance , which would have banned women from smoking anywhere except their homes , but was vetoed by the Mayor within two weeks of its passage . North Carolina ( edit ) Statewide ban on smoking in bars , restaurants , and some other workplaces : On January 2 , 2010 , after being signed into law by Governor Bev Perdue on May 19 , 2009 , North Carolina Session Law 2009 - 27 went into effect , banning smoking statewide in all bars and restaurants in North Carolina , as well as in government buildings and vehicles . The law exempts cigar bars , private clubs that are not - for - profit ( including country clubs ) , designated hotel / motel smoking areas , and medical research facilities studying tobacco . The law generally allows local governments to regulate smoking more strictly beginning July 5 , 2009 ( as long as it is approved by the county , too ) , but preempts local governments from regulating smoking in cigar bars , retail tobacco shops , tobacco manufacturer facilities , designated hotel / motel smoking rooms , private clubs ( including country clubs ) , theatrical productions involving smoking , private residences , or private vehicles . Other statewide smoking regulation in North Carolina : North Carolina Department of Correction , January 2006 , banned in all state prisons . Orange County , January 1 , 2012 , banned on all sidewalks owned , operated , or maintained by the municipalities incorporated within the county . UNC Hospitals , August 2007 , banned on all hospital grounds . University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , January 2008 , banned on all university grounds except 100 feet ( 30 m ) from any school building . Waynesville , May 23 , 2015 , banned on sidewalks , public parks , parking lots , greenways , city vehicles and the area in and surrounding town buildings North Dakota ( edit ) Statewide smoking ban : On November 6 , 2012 , by a vote of 66 % - 34 % , North Dakota voters ratified Initiative Measure Four , which , upon taking effect in December 2012 , amends North Dakota 's existing partial smoking ban so as to ban smoking statewide in all enclosed public places and places of employment , including all bars , restaurants , and tobacco stores . The ban exempts only ( 1 ) private residences except when operating as a childcare or adult day care facility , ( 2 ) outdoor areas except within 20 feet of the entrance to a public place or place of employment , ( 3 ) businesses not open to the public with no employees besides the owner , and ( 4 ) American Indian religious and cultural rituals . Local governments may regulate smoking more stringently than the state . As noted above , North Dakota is one of only six states that ban smoking in tobacco stores and is one of only four that prohibit hotels and motels from designating a certain percentage of rooms for smoking . North Dakota State University , 2008 , banned outdoors on campus within 50 feet ( 15 m ) of buildings . University of North Dakota , Grand Forks , October 5 , 2007 , banned anywhere on campus grounds Northern Mariana Islands ( edit ) Partial territory - wide smoking ban . Since September 29 , 2009 , smoking has been banned for most workplaces and restaurants , but not bars . Ohio ( edit ) Statewide smoking ban : On December 7 , 2006 , after passage by Ohio voters on November 7 , 2006 , Chapter 3794 ( titled `` Smoking Ban '' ) of the Ohio Revised Code went into effect , banning smoking statewide in all enclosed workplaces in Ohio , including bars and restaurants . The law exempts ( 1 ) private residences except when being used as a business when employees other than the owner are present , ( 2 ) designated hotel / motel smoking rooms , ( 3 ) family - owned and operated businesses not open to the public where all employees are related to the owner , ( 4 ) designated smoking areas in nursing homes , ( 5 ) retail tobacco stores , ( 6 ) outdoor patios , ( 7 ) private clubs with no employees . The law is enforced by the Ohio Department of Health , which began enforcement on May 3 , 2007 . A business may be fined up to $2,500 and individuals $100 for violation of the ban . Local governments may regulate smoking more stringently than the state . A ruling by the 10th District Court of Appeals in Columbus upheld the law , stating that a bar owner had intentionally violated it . The bar owner , facing violations and fines totaling $33,000 , brought suit , claiming the ban is unconstitutional . On May 23 , 2012 , The Supreme Court of Ohio affirmed the ruling of the Tenth District Court of Appeals . North Royalton , April 16 , 2008 , passed Ordinance 08 - 69 banning smoking in public outdoor places owned by the city . Smoking areas may be designated at the mayor 's discretion . Oberlin , June 2010 , Oberlin , banned smoking and the use of smokeless tobacco in city parks . Oklahoma ( edit ) No statewide smoking ban . Instead , Oklahoma 's statewide smoking law prohibits smoking in any indoor workplaces -- including restaurants and hotels -- unless a separate ventilation system under negative pressure is installed for ventilating the smoking area , but permits smoking without limitation in bars , private clubs , bingo halls , retail tobacco stores , small family - owned workplaces , workplaces occupied exclusively by smokers , veterans ' halls , and designated employee smoking areas . The Oklahoma law expressly preempts local governments from enacting any local smoking regulations that are not exactly the same as the state law . In February 2009 , a committee of the Oklahoma Senate rejected a proposed ban on smoking in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants , and a similar bill before the Oklahoma House of Representatives failed when it was denied a committee hearing . In May 2009 , a bill before the Oklahoma House of Representatives to repeal the preemption on stricter local smoking regulation failed when it did not receive a committee hearing . Oregon ( edit ) Statewide smoking ban : Effective January 1 , 2009 , after being signed into law on June 26 , 2007 , the 1981 Oregon Indoor Clean Air Act ( as previously amended in 2001 ) was amended to ban smoking statewide in all enclosed workplaces in Oregon , including bars and restaurants , as well as within 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) of the entrances , exits , or windows of such places . The Act exempts ( 1 ) private residences except when serving as a childcare or adult care facility , ( 2 ) designated hotel / motel smoking rooms , ( 3 ) spaces designated for traditional American Indian religious and cultural ceremonies , ( 4 ) retail tobacco shops , and ( 5 ) cigar bars . Local governments may regulate smoking more stringently than the Act ; and the Oregon Court of Appeals reiterated this in 2000 . Pennsylvania ( edit ) Statewide smoking ban excluding bars , casinos and some restaurants . Effective September 11 , 2008 , after being signed into law by Governor Ed Rendell on June 13 , 2008 , Pennsylvania 's 1988 Clean Indoor Air Act was amended to ban smoking statewide in all restaurants and other enclosed workplaces in Pennsylvania , except as exempted . The Act exempts ( 1 ) eating / drinking establishments where 20 % or less of sales come from food AND persons under 18 are not allowed , ( 2 ) private homes and vehicles , except those used as a child daycare or adult care facility , ( 3 ) designated hotel / motel smoking rooms , ( 4 ) full service truck stops , ( 5 ) retail tobacco shops , ( 6 ) workplaces of tobacco manufacturers and wholesalers , ( 7 ) nursing homes , ( 8 ) designated smoking areas in day treatment facilities , psychiatric facilities , and healthcare facilities , ( 9 ) private clubs when public events are not being held , including volunteer fire , ambulance , and rescue stations , ( 10 ) tobacco - related fundraisers , ( 11 ) places rented for tobacco exhibitions , ( 12 ) cigar bars , ( 13 ) 25 % of a casino gaming floor , and ( 14 ) outdoor areas . Local governments except Philadelphia are preempted from regulating smoking more stringently than the Act . Philadelphia 's smoking ordinance , which went into effect on January 8 , 2007 , bans smoking in all restaurants , exempting bars where food accounts for less than 10 % of sales and alcohol accounts for more than 90 % of sales , and persons under 18 are prohibited . Philadelphia 's ordinance is the only local smoking ban in Pennsylvania . On April 29 , 2014 , Mayor Michael Nutter passed an executive order banning smoking in all city parks . Allegheny County enacted a smoking ban October 2006 , but it was immediately challenged in court as violating the 1988 Clean Indoor Air Act 's preemption of all local smoking regulations . In May 2007 , the ban was overturned by the Pennsylvania Commonwealth Court . ' Smoking - Free Beaches ' Program : Pennsylvania 's ' Smoke - Free Beaches ' program was initiated by the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources . This program places smoking constraints at designated parks to eliminate smoking on beaches and swimming areas . For visitors who smoke and still want to use these beaches , designated areas adjacent to the beach are provided . The restriction includes cigarettes , pipes , cigars and the increasingly popular e-cigarettes . Staff at newly affected parks have been preparing for the change by purchasing and installing butt disposal units ; installing new signage ; establishing designated smoking areas with seating ; and informing park user and support groups . In 2016 , 12 state parks initiated new `` Smoke Free Beaches . '' They were : Hills Creek , Tioga County ; Lyman Run , Potter County ; R.B. Winter , Union ; Presque Isle , Erie ; Pymatuning , Crawford , Laurel Hill , Somerset County ; Whipple Dam , Huntingdon County ; Gifford Pinchot , York County ; Cowans Gap , Fulton County ; Gouldsboro , Monroe County ; Ricketts Glen , Luzerne County ; and Worlds End , Sullivan . Puerto Rico ( edit ) Territory - wide smoking ban : Effective March 2 , 2007 , smoking is banned territory - wide in all enclosed workplaces in Puerto Rico , including bars and restaurants , as well as private vehicles when either a minor in a car seat or a child under 13 is present . The law exempts ( 1 ) retail tobacco stores , ( 2 ) theater and film productions and presentations in which actors smoke as part of their character , ( 3 ) private homes except when serving as a workplace , and ( 4 ) designated hotel / motel smoking rooms . Rhode Island ( edit ) Statewide smoking ban : On March 1 , 2005 , the Public Health and Workplace Safety Act went into effect , banning smoking statewide in all enclosed workplaces in Rhode Island , including bars and restaurants . The Act exempts ( 1 ) cigar bars ( income over 50 % tobacco products ) , ( 2 ) outdoor areas , ( 3 ) private and semiprivate rooms in nursing homes , ( 4 ) retail tobacco stores , ( 5 ) stage performances involving smoking , ( 6 ) private residences , except used as a licensed child care , adult daycare , or healthcare facility , and ( 7 ) the two state - licensed gambling facilities , Newport Grand and Twin River Casino . Local governments may regulate smoking more strictly than the Act , though as of April 2009 none have chosen to do so . South Carolina ( edit ) No statewide smoking ban . Instead , South Carolina 's 1990 statewide smoking law , the Clean Indoor Air Law , generally prohibits smoking only in ( 1 ) public schools , excluding offices and teacher lounges ( unless a local school board says otherwise ) , ( 2 ) childcare facilities , ( 3 ) healthcare facilities , except in designated employee smoking areas ( unless the facilities chooses to be smoke - free ) , ( 4 ) government buildings , except in designated employee smoking areas ( and except the State Capitol and legislative office buildings ) , ( 5 ) elevators , ( 6 ) public transportation vehicles , and ( 7 ) public theatres and arenas , except in designated smoking areas in common areas , and in any such designated smoking area warning signs must be appropriately posted . The Act covers no other places . On March 31 , 2008 , the South Carolina Supreme Court ruled that local governments generally may regulate smoking more stringently than the Act . On September 8 , 2008 , the South Carolina Supreme Court ruled that the maximum fine a city or town constitutionally can impose for breaking a local smoking ban is $25 . As of July 1 , 2016 , 61 local governments in South Carolina have enacted local smoking bans . In May 2008 , four bills before the South Carolina General Assembly that sought to ban smoking statewide in all bars and restaurants failed when they did not receive a committee hearing before the end of the legislative session . Localities in South Carolina with smoking bans that include all bars and restaurants ( 61 total as of April 1 , 2018 ) : Aiken , July 14 , 2008 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Aiken County , September 16 , 2008 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants . Atlantic Beach , May 2 , 2011 , prohibited in all bars and restaurants , but not in all other workplaces Beaufort , May 27 , 2008 , prohibited in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Beaufort County , January 10 , 2007 , prohibited in all workplaces , including bars and restaurants , within unincorporated areas of Beaufort County . Blacksburg , September 12 , 2017 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Camden , September 22 , 2008 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Cayce , June 1 , 2010 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Chapin , August 3 , 2010 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Charleston , July 23 , 2007 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants ; exempts cigar bars , theatrical performances involving smoking , and 25 % of designated hotel and motel smoking rooms . Charleston County , September 1 , 2012 , banned in all bars and restaurants , but not in all other workplaces Chesnee , August 9 , 2010 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Clemson , July 1 , 2008 , banned in all bars and restaurants , but not in all other workplaces Clinton , March 1 , 2015 banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Colleton County , July 28 , 2015 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Columbia , October 1 , 2008 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Denmark , August 18 , 2014 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Duncan , November 17 , 2015 , banned in all bars and restaurants , but not other workplaces Easley , January 1 , 2009 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Edisto Beach , March 1 , 2009 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Estill , May 1 , 2013 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Florence , November 1 , 2011 banned in bars and restaurants but allows workplaces and other privately owned businesses to establish designated break rooms for smoking that are enclosed and separately ventilated from the rest of the establishment in order to be exempt from the law Fort Mill , August 1 , 2009 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Goose Creek , July 1 , 2013 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Greenville , January 1 , 2007 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants and has placed a ban for outdoor smoking within city limits Hampton , January 1 , 2012 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Hartsville , October 10 , 2012 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Heath Springs , May 28 , 2013 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Hilton Head Island , May 1 , 2007 , banned in all bars and restaurants , but not in all other workplaces Hollywood , July 26 , 2010 banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Inman , April 8 , 2015 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Isle of Palms , January 1 , 2009 , banned in all bars and restaurants , but not in all other workplaces Kershaw , March 18 , 2013 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Lancaster , October 22 , 2013 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Lancaster County , March 1 , 2013 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Lexington , October 3 , 2009 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Lexington County , January 1 , 2010 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Mount Pleasant , September 1 , 2007 , banned in all bars , restaurants , and private clubs , but not in all other workplaces North Augusta , August 1 , 2009 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants North Myrtle Beach , March 7 , 2012 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants ; theatrical performances and tobacco bars are exempt from the ordinance ; further exempts use of e-cigarettes Pendleton , February 1 , 2012 , banned in all bars and restaurants , but not in other workplaces Pickens , May 1 , 2009 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Pine Ridge , January 1 , 2010 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Quinby , March 1 , 2012 , banned in bars and restaurants but allows workplaces and other privately owned businesses to establish designated break rooms for smoking that are enclosed and separately ventilated from the rest of the establishment in order to be exempt from the law Ravenel , April 27 , 2010 , banned in all bars and restaurants , but not in all other workplaces Richland County , October 1 , 2009 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Rock Hill , May 1 , 2009 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Simpsonville , September 1 , 2012 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants South Congaree , May 18 , 2010 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Spartanburg , September 1 , 2011 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants as well as outdoor functions such as Spring Fling Springdale , January 1 , 2010 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Sullivan 's Island , July 20 , 2006 , banned in all bars and restaurants , but not in all other workplaces Summerville , July 12 , 2011 , banned in bars and restaurants , but not in all other workplaces Sumter , April 20 , 2009 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Surfside Beach , October 1 , 2007 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Timmonsville , March 1 , 2012 , banned in bars and restaurants but allows workplaces and other privately owned businesses to establish designated break rooms for smoking that are enclosed and separately ventilated from the rest of the establishment in order to be exempt from the law Walterboro , August 1 , 2008 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants West Columbia , June 1 , 2010 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants West Pelzer , July 2 , 2014 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants Yemassee , August 9 , 2013 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including all bars and restaurants York County , May 1 , 2009 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Localities in South Carolina with a smoking ban that does not include all bars and restaurants ( 1 total ) : Liberty , October 9 , 2006 , banned in all restaurants , but not bars or other enclosed workplaces Localities in South Carolina that rejected a smoking ban in some manner ( 2 total ) : North Charleston , May 14 , 2008 , rejected a ban on smoking in enclosed workplaces . Folly Beach , May 28 , 2008 , rejected a ban on smoking in enclosed workplaces . South Dakota ( edit ) Statewide smoking ban : South Dakota voters passed 2009 H.B. 1240 on November 10 , 2010 . The bill bans smoking statewide in all enclosed workplaces in South Dakota , including bars and restaurants , exempting only private residences unless used for child daycare , cigar bars , retail tobacco shops , and a percentage of hotel and motel rooms . The bill was passed in the South Dakota State Legislature and signed into law by Governor Mike Rounds . It was scheduled to take effect in July 2009 , but on June 22 , 2009 , a group of casino and video lottery operators presented the Secretary of State with a petition for a referendum over H.B. 1240 that they claimed to bear 25,000 valid signatures . On June 25 , 2009 , the Secretary of State certified that the petition indeed bore at least the required 16,776 valid signatures , putting H.B. 1240 to the November 2010 public referendum . On July 24 , 2009 , the Secretary of State declared that after further review , the number of valid signatures on the petition fell short of the required number to put the issue on the ballot . On November 13 , 2009 , however , Circuit Judge Kathleen Trandahl ruled that the petition did have enough valid signatures , and ordered the Secretary of State to put the issue to a public vote on November 2 , 2010 , which ultimately passed . H.B. 1240 is silent as to whether local governments may regulate smoking more stringently , though as of November 2010 no local governments in South Dakota have done so . Tennessee ( edit ) No statewide smoking ban . Instead , Tennessee 's 2007 statewide smoking law , the Non-Smoker Protection Act , prohibits smoking statewide in all public places in Tennessee , except as exempted ; ( 1 ) any business , including a bar or restaurant , that does not serve persons under 21 , ( 2 ) designated hotel / motel smoking rooms , ( 3 ) tobacco industry - related facilities , ( 4 ) outdoor areas and areas with an open garage door , ( 5 ) nursing homes , ( 6 ) designated smoking areas not accessible to the general public in businesses with three or fewer employees , ( 7 ) private clubs , ( 8 ) private residences and vehicles unless it is being used for child care , daycare , or public transportation of children , ( 9 ) retail tobacco stores , and ( 10 ) commercial vehicles occupied solely by the operator . Local governments are preempted from regulating smoking . Texas ( edit ) No statewide smoking ban . Instead , Texas ' 1997 statewide smoking law only prohibits smoking in activities of public schools on or off school property , elevators , theatres , libraries , museums , hospitals , buses , airplanes , and trains , as long as these areas are open to the general public , unless the proprietor designates the place for smoking and posts appropriate warning signs . Violation of this law is a class C misdemeanor . Texas law is silent as to whether local governments may regulate smoking more stringently than the state , and on December 9 , 2004 , the Texas Court of Appeals upheld El Paso 's municipal ban on smoking in all bars and restaurants . As of April 1 , 2018 , 133 cities in Texas have enacted local smoking bans to varying degrees . Attempts to ban smoking statewide have failed twice before the Texas Legislature , first in May 2007 when a bill to ban smoking statewide in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants passed the Texas House of Representatives by a vote of 91 -- 48 after being amended to allow any business owner to opt out of the ban by posting signs saying smoking is permitted , and then did not receive a vote in the Texas Senate , and then again in May 2009 , when a similar bill was passed by a Senate committee but did not receive the 21 votes necessary to reach the Senate floor . Localities in Texas with a smoking ban including all bars and restaurants ( 96 total ) : Abilene , January 3 , 2007 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Alamo , August 10 , 2017 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Alton , April 1 , 2008 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Anthony , October 23 , 2017 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Arlington , May 19 , 2017 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Austin , September 1 , 2005 , after passage by 52 % of voters , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants ; exempts bingo halls , fraternities , designated hotel / motel smoking rooms , separately ventilated smoking rooms in bars and restaurants constructed before September 2005 , and nursing homes . Struck down as unconstitutionally vague by the United States District Court for the Western District of Texas in 2006 , but reinstated on appeal by the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit in March 2008 . Baytown , November 20 , 2006 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Beaumont , August 1 , 2006 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Benbrook , November 1 , 2006 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants , as well as within 25 feet ( 7.6 m ) of the entrances and exits of such places . Bonham , May 11 , 2015 , banned in bars and restaurants , but not other workplaces Brookshire , June 1 , 2017 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Brownsville , December 5 , 2012 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Burkburnett , May 21 , 2015 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Burnet , January 15 , 2015 , banned in bars and restaurants , but not other workplaces College Station , February 1 , 2009 , banned in all enclosed workplaces including bars , restaurants , and within a 20 - foot ( 6.1 m ) radius of entryways except in theater performances or tobacco shops . Copperas Cove , May 18 , 2004 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants ; exempts bingo halls ( if enclosed non-smoking area is provided ) , fraternal organizations , designated hotel / motel smoking rooms , and private and semi-private rooms in nursing homes . Corpus Christi , April 14 , 2009 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Dallas , April 10 , 2009 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Del Rio , June 13 , 2017 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Denison , July 1 , 2017 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Denton , August 19 , 2015 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Desoto , January 1 , 2016 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Donna , January 3 , 2017 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Duncanville , May 1 , 2016 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Eagle Pass , September 28 , 2010 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Edinburg , December 1 , 2015 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants El Lago , January 19 , 2009 , banned in all bars and restaurants , but not in all other workplaces El Paso , January 2 , 2002 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Elsa , October 27 , 2017 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Ennis , June 21 , 2010 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants ; Flower Mound , January 1 , 2009 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Fort Worth , December 12 , 2017 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Frisco , November 17 , 2011 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants and within 20 feet of entrances to places where smoking is prohibited ; exempts hotels / motels that have designated smoking rooms , and retail tobacco stores that have an enclosed , separately ventilated smoking room that exhausts directly to the outside environment Granbury , April 15 , 2008 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Harlingen , March 23 , 2005 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Hidalgo , September 10 , 2017 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Highland Village , June 1 , 2011 banned in all enclosed public places as well as restaurants ; this municipality is dry Horseshoe Bay , August 25 , 2009 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Houston , September 1 , 2007 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants ; exempts retail tobacco shops , cigar bars , and private function events not open to the public . Huntsville , May 12 , 2017 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Joshua , August 21 , 2014 , banned in all enclosed public places as well as restaurants ; this municipality is dry La Grulla , January 4 , 2018 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants La Joya , August 12 , 2017 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Lancaster , July 23 , 2017 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Laredo , July 3 , 2006 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Lewisville , October 1 , 2012 , banned in bars and restaurants , but not other workplaces Little Elm , June 17 , 2014 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Lufkin , April 16 , 2013 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Lyford , March 24 , 2017 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Manor , January 3 , 2018 , banned in bars and restaurants , but not other workplaces Marshall , August 1 , 2007 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants McKinney , September 4 , 2008 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants ; exempts retail tobacco shops and country club smoking rooms , but includes all outdoor areas of parks with the exception of parking lots . Mercedes , February 21 , 2017 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Mesquite , June 14 , 2009 , banned in bars and restaurants but not other workplaces Mission , September 25 , 2016 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Missouri City , October 1 , 2010 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants and within 25 feet of entrances to public places ; smoking is also prohibited at youth sporting events at city parks as well as within 20 feet Nacogdoches , August 27 , 2008 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants New Braunfels , March 13 , 2017 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants ; also includes private clubs Palmhurst , June 30 , 2017 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Palmview , May 4 , 2017 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Panorama Village , January 26 , 2010 , banned in bars and restaurants , but not other workplaces Patton Village , November 20 , 2014 , banned in all enclosed public places as well as restaurants ; this municipality is dry Pearland , November 30 , 2007 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants ; includes city - owned parks and playgrounds and within 25 feet ( 7.6 m ) of entrances , operable windows and ventilation systems of places where smoking is banned . Penitas , April 30 , 2017 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Pharr , September 13 , 2006 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Plano , June 1 , 2007 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Portland , October 3 , 2006 , banned in all enclosed public places as well as restaurants ; this municipality is dry Port Lavaca , November 3 , 2015 , banned in bars and restaurants , but not other workplaces Prairie View , March 15 , 2017 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Raymondville , April 7 , 2017 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Red Oak , December 14 , 2015 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Richardson , September 1 , 2008 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Rio Hondo , June 24 , 2017 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Robinson , November 11 , 2008 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Rollingwood , June 4 , 2001 , banned in all bars and restaurants , but not in all other workplaces Rowlett , May 1 , 2009 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants San Angelo , December 2 , 2010 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants . San Antonio , August 19 , 2011 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants ; exempts cigar bars , outdoor restaurants and bar patio areas , the River Walk , Alamo Plaza , and Main Plaza . San Benito , October 21 , 2017 , banned in all enclosed workpklaces , including bars and restaurants San Juan , March 16 , 2017 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants San Marcos , January 1 , 2015 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Seagoville , March 3 , 2016 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Sherman , July 20 , 2015 , banned in bars and restaurants , but not other workplaces Socorro , December 8 , 2006 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Southlake , June 1 , 2007 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants ; does not exempt hotel / motel rooms . Spring Valley , November 14 , 2006 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Tyler , June 1 , 2008 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Universal City , September 16 , 2016 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants University Park , February 16 , 2010 , banned in bars and restaurants , but not other workplaces Vernon , July 1 , 2006 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Victoria , June 21 , 2006 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Waco , January 1 , 2016 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Waxahachie , September 18 , 2014 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Weslaco , May 3 , 2017 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Wichita Falls , June 17 , 2016 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Woodway , August 14 , 2004 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Localities in Texas with a smoking ban that does not include all bars and restaurants ( 37 total ) : Alpine , July 12 , 2010 , banned in bars , but not restaurants or other enclosed workplaces Angleton , March 1 , 2007 banned in all restaurants , but not bars or all other workplaces Athens , April 23 , 2012 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , exempting bars and restaurants Bedford , January 1 , 2015 , banned in all restaurants , but not bars or other enclosed workplaces Boerne , March 27 , 2007 , banned in all restaurants , but not bars or all other workplaces Brenham , July 20 , 2007 , banned in all restaurants , but not bars or all other workplaces ; exempts manufacturing facilities Caldwell , June 1 , 2007 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , exempting bars and restaurants Conroe , March 1 , 2010 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including restaurants but exempting bars Coppell , September 13 , 2016 , banned in all enclosed workplaces except bars and restaurants Forney , January 31 , 2013 , banned in restaurants , but not bars or other enclosed workplaces Gainesville , June 6 , 2013 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , exempting bars and restaurants Galveston , January 1 , 2010 , banned by City Council in all enclosed workplaces ; but on September 23 , 2010 , City Council repealed smoking ban on bars , private clubs , fraternal organizations , and restaurants . The ban that took effect in 2010 originally included bars , private clubs fraternal organizations , and restaurants . Grand Prairie , January 21 , 2014 , banned in all restaurants , but not bars or other enclosed workplaces Harlingen , April 2 , 2005 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including restaurants but exempting bars Hewitt , November 14 , 2010 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , exempting bars and restaurants Humble , February 23 , 2012 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including restaurants but exempting bars Irving , August 19 , 2015 , banned in all enclosed workplaces except bars and restaurants Kaufman , October 8 , 2007 , banned in all enclosed workplaces except bars and restaurants Kerrville , June 24 , 2008 , banned in bars , but not restaurants or other enclosed workplaces Kilgore , July 9 , 2009 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants that make more than 50 % of annual revenue from alcohol sales ; also prohibits smoking within 30 feet of places where smoking is prohibited , and provides no exceptions for outdoor patios within bars and restaurants that are non-smoking Killeen , June 1 , 2009 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including restaurants but exempting bars North Richland Hills , January 1 , 2014 , banned in all enclosed workplaces except bars and restaurants Leander , June 1 , 2001 , banned in all enclosed workplaces except bars and restaurants Palestine , October 26 , 2009 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , but exempting bars , restaurants , private clubs , designated hotel / motel smoking rooms , bingo halls , and fraternal organizations . Paris , March 24 , 2014 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including restaurants but exempting bars Pasadena , January 2 , 2008 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including restaurants but exempting bars Port Arthur , May 9 , 2016 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including restaurants but exempting bars Prosper , September 20 , 2007 , banned in all restaurants , but not bars or all other workplaces Richardson , September 1 , 2008 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , exempting bars and restaurants Rockwall , May 1 , 2007 , banned in all restaurants , but not bars or all other workplaces Rosenberg , April 5 , 2011 banned in all enclosed workplaces , including restaurants but exempting bars Round Rock , February 1 , 2003 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including restaurants but exempting bars Stafford , August 1 , 2013 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , exempting bars and restaurants Sugar Land , January 1 , 2008 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including restaurants but exempting bars Sweeny , January 1 , 2008 , banned in all restaurants , but not in bars or all other enclosed workplaces Yoakum , May 12 , 2007 voters approved a referendum banning smoking in all enclosed workplaces , exempting bars and restaurants Weatherford , April 26 , 2014 , banned in all restaurants , but not bars or other enclosed workplaces Localities in Texas where a smoking ban was rejected in some manner ( 1 total ) : Amarillo , May 2008 , ban rejected by 238 votes in a May 2008 referendum . United States Virgin Islands ( edit ) Territory - wide smoking ban : Effective February 10 , 2011 , smoking is banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants , and in outdoor service lines . Utah ( edit ) Statewide smoking ban : Effective January 1 , 2007 , as passed in March 2006 ( amended in 2012 ) , Utah 's 1995 Indoor Clean Air Act was expanded to ban smoking statewide in all enclosed workplaces in Utah , including bars and restaurants ( bars and private clubs were exempt until January 1 , 2009 ) , exempting only ( 1 ) designated hotel / motel smoking rooms , ( 2 ) areas of owner - operated businesses with no employees besides the owner , and ( 3 ) American Indian religious and cultural ceremonies . Since the state law supersedes any ordinances passed by political subdivisions of the state ( i.e. , cities , counties , school districts , agencies , etc . ) , such political subdivisions are preempted from regulating indoor smoking any more or less stringently than the Act . Utah is one of the few states with a statewide smoking ban that does not exempt tobacconists . Local outdoor smoking bans : Notwithstanding the preemption against political subdivisions modifying the restrictions on indoor smoking , the Act expressly allows such political subdivisions to regulate `` smoking in outdoor places of public access which are owned or operated by '' ( emphasis added ) a political subdivision ( specifically including state institutions of public or higher education ) . Accordingly , some political subdivisions have enacted local ordinances prohibiting smoking in certain outdoor areas such as schools , parks , and public transit facilities . Vermont ( edit ) Statewide smoking ban : Effective September 1 , 2005 , smoking is banned in all enclosed workplaces in Vermont , including all bars and restaurants , except in areas of owner - operated businesses with no employees that are not open to the public , although separately ventilated designated smoking areas in businesses where employees are not required to be were exempt until July 1 , 2009 . Designated unenclosed smoking areas in businesses where the layout of the workplace is such that smoking would not be a physical irritation to any nonsmoking employee and three - fourths of the employees agreed were also exempt until July 1 , 2009 . The Vermont Veterans Home in Bennington is the only non-owner - operated workplace in the state permitted to allow smoking . Vermont is one of the few states with a statewide smoking ban that does not expressly exempt tobacconists , and is one of four states that does not allow the designation of hotel / motel smoking rooms . Local governments may regulate smoking more stringently than the state law . Illegal to smoke in a car with a passenger under age 8 . Virginia ( edit ) No statewide smoking ban . Instead , Virginia 's 2009 statewide smoking law , the 2009 Indoor Clean Air Act prohibits smoking statewide in enclosed public elevators , public school buses , primary and secondary schools , hospital emergency rooms , health department offices , polling places , indoor service lines and cashier lines , public restrooms in government buildings and hospitals , child daycare centers except where located in a private home , and public restrooms of health care facilities , and relegating smoking in restaurants ( including bars ) to separately ventilated designated smoking rooms that are structurally separated from the rest of the establishment . The Act exempts private clubs , retail tobacco stores , tobacco warehouses , tobacco manufacturing facilities , prisons , designated smoking areas in government offices , food preparation facilities for catering services , restaurants located on the premises of tobacco manufacturers , rented private rooms in restaurants ; requires the reasonable designation of non-smoking areas in educational facilities where smoking is not banned , hospitals , retail stores bigger than 15,000 square feet ( 1,400 m ) , and recreational facilities . Local governments are preempted from regulating smoking more stringently than the Act . Effectively , the cost and complexity involved with complying with the law 's requirements for separately ventilated smoking areas has meant that nearly all Virginia bars and restaurants operate completely smoke - free . Since 2006 , smoking in state offices , vehicles , and buildings ( except for correctional facilities ) has been banned by executive order issued by the Governor of Virginia . A law which came into effect on July 1 , 2016 banned smoking in private cars with any occupants who are 8 years or younger . In December 2013 , the Court of Appeals of Virginia held 100 % of the premises of a retail tobacco store that also operates a restaurant is exempt from Virginia 's 2009 smoking restrictions , and may allow smoking throughout the restaurant portion . Norfolk , March 25 , 2008 , repealed a ban on smoking in restaurants , which was passed in October 2007 but had not yet gone into effect , by City Council vote of 5 -- 2 , because the City Attorney advised the Council that its ban would violate Virginia state law and could not withstand a legal challenge . Washington ( edit ) Statewide smoking ban : On December 8 , 2005 , after ratification by a majority of Washington voters in a statewide initiative referendum , an amendment to Washington 's 1985 Clean Indoor Air Act became effective banning smoking statewide in all public places and places of employment in Washington ( except 25 % of hotel / motel rooms ) , as well as within 25 feet ( 7.6 m ) of doors , windows , or ventilation intakes to such places . The act exempts private enclosed workplaces and private residences except when being used to provide licensed childcare , foster care , adult care , or other similar social service care . Washington does not provide exemptions for tobacconists or businesses whose sole purpose is to provide an environment for smoking ( e.g. hookah lounges , cigar bars ) . However , private clubs in enclosed spaces with no employees , and businesses on tribal lands , are exempt . Local governments may regulate smoking more stringently than the act , and local health boards are authorized to enforce the act locally . Mason County , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants West Virginia ( edit ) No statewide smoking ban . Instead , West Virginia 's statewide smoking laws generally prohibit smoking in ( 1 ) public transportation vehicles where a `` no smoking '' sign is posted , ( 2 ) areas of public school except teacher 's lounges not accessible to students ( unless a local education board rules differently ) , ( 3 ) workplaces where a `` no smoking '' sign is posted , ( 4 ) areas near surface magazines for explosives used in mining , ( 5 ) mines and structures around mines , ( 6 ) nonsmoking sections in bingo halls , and ( 7 ) nonsmoking areas in nursing homes . No West Virginia law requires the designation of nonsmoking areas generally in enclosed workplaces . In 2003 , the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia ruled that county health boards may regulate smoking more stringently than the state , except in bingo halls and retirement homes . As of April 2009 , 51 counties and two cities in West Virginia have enacted local smoking bans to varying degrees . In 2008 , a proposed statewide smoking ban failed in the West Virginia Legislature . Localities in West Virginia with a smoking ban that includes all bars and restaurants ( 37 total ) : Barbour County , October 1 , 2014 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Berkeley County , July 1 , 2014 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Braxton County , July 1 , 2004 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Brooke County , July 1 , 2015 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Cabell County , October 1 , 2008 , banned in all enclosed workplaces including bars and restaurants Calhoun County , October 1 , 2008 banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Doddridge County , September 29 , 2009 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Grant County , September 1 , 2009 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Greenbrier County , September 1 , 2012 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Hampshire County , January 1 , 2016 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Hancock County , July 1 , 2015 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Harrison County , January 1 , 2009 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Jackson County , July 1 , 2008 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Kanawha County , July 1 , 2008 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Lewis County , July 1 , 2013 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Lincoln County , September 29 , 2002 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Marlinton , November 8 , 2006 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Mason County , July 1 , 2016 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Mineral County , January 2 , 2014 , banned in all enclosed workplaces including bars and restaurants Monongalia County , March 9 , 2012 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Monroe County , January 1 , 2015 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Morgantown , January 1 , 2012 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Nicholas County , August 15 , 2014 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Ohio County , June 26 , 2005 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Pendleton County , January 1 , 2012 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Pleasants County , October 1 , 2008 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Pocahontas County , August 1 , 2007 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Preston County , April 1 , 2016 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Randolph County , September 30 , 2007 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Ritchie County , October 1 , 2008 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Roane County , October 1 , 2008 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Summers County , January 1 , 2008 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Taylor County , July 22 , 2012 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Tucker County , May 30 , 2003 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Upshur County , September 9 , 2007 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Wirt County , October 1 , 2008 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Wood County , October 1 , 2008 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Localities in West Virginia with a smoking ban that does not include all bars and restaurants ( 15 total ) : Boone County , August 31 , 2005 , banned in all enclosed workplaces except bars and restaurants Clay County , June 17 , 2005 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including restaurants but exempting bars Fayette County , May 31 , 2005 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including restaurants but exempting bars Hardy County , April 1 , 2000 , banned in all enclosed workplaces except bars and restaurants Jefferson County , October 31 , 2003 , banned in all enclosed workplaces except bars and restaurants Marion County , July 30 , 2004 banned in all enclosed workplaces , including restaurants but exempting bars Marshall County , April 1 , 2013 , banned in all enclosed workplaces except bars and restaurants McDowell County , July 1 , 2006 , banned in all restaurants , but not bars or all other workplaces Mercer County , December 30 , 2005 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including restaurants but exempting bars Mingo County , July 1 , 2006 , banned in all enclosed workplaces except bars and restaurants Morgan County , July 30 , 2007 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including restaurants but exempting bars Raleigh County , February 22 , 2005 , banned in all enclosed workplaces except bars and restaurants Wayne County , December 9 , 2004 , banned in all enclosed workplaces except bars and restaurants Webster County , October 13 , 2004 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including restaurants but exempting bars Wyoming County , January 31 , 1998 , banned in all enclosed workplaces except bars and restaurants Localities in West Virginia where a smoking ban was rejected in some manner ( 1 total ) : Putnam County , August 21 , 2007 , County Health Board repealed a September 2006 ban on smoking in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Wisconsin ( edit ) Statewide smoking ban : On July 5 , 2009 , after being signed into law by Governor Jim Doyle on May 18 , 2009 , S.B. 181 ( 2009 Wisconsin Act 12 ) took effect , banning smoking statewide in all enclosed workplaces in Wisconsin , including all bars , restaurants , lodging establishments , and private clubs , as well as within a `` reasonable distance '' outdoors from any such place , except in bar / restaurant outdoor patios . The Act exempts only cigar bars or retail tobacco stores already in existence , private residences , and rooms in nursing homes in which the occupants agree to allow smoking ; it does not cover casinos run by American Indian tribes , as those casinos are in the tribes ' sovereign territory . Local governments are preempted from regulating smoking more strictly than the Act . Prior to this law taking effect , several localities in Wisconsin had local smoking bans in effect . Wyoming ( edit ) No statewide smoking ban . Instead , Wyoming state law only prohibits smoking where it could cause an explosion and in underground mines . Wyoming has no state laws concerning indoor smoking in general , and thus local governments can regulate general indoor smoking as they see fit . As of July 2017 , six cities in Wyoming have enacted local smoking bans , all covering all bars and restaurants , but varying otherwise . In February 2009 , a bill before the Wyoming Legislature that would have enacted a statewide ban on smoking in all enclosed workplaces , except in private offices and in bars and restaurants serving only patrons over 21 years of age ( and except in any local community that chose to opt out ) failed when it was passed by the Wyoming House of Representatives in a vote of 31 -- 29 but then was denied a committee hearing in the Wyoming Senate . Localities in Wyoming with a smoking ban that includes all bars and restaurants ( 6 total ) : Burlington , October 9 , 2008 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Casper , September 1 , 2012 , banned in bars and restaurants , but not other workplaces ; on June 28 , 2013 , the Casper City Council repealed the ban on smoking in bars by a vote of 5 - 4 but left the restaurant ban in place ; On November 4 , 2015 , the ban on smoking in bars was reinstated on a special election vote by 54 percent of voters Cheyenne , August 15 , 2006 , banned in all bars and restaurants , but not in all other workplaces ; ban includes private clubs . Evanston , September 4 , 2007 , banned in all bars and restaurants , but not in all other workplaces Laramie , April 6 , 2005 , banned in all bars and restaurants , but not in all other workplaces ; ban includes private clubs . Mountain View , June 1 , 2011 , banned in all enclosed workplaces , including bars and restaurants Localities in Wyoming with a smoking ban that does not include all bars and restaurants ( 1 total ) : Rock Springs , March 1 , 2008 , banned in all restaurants , but not bars , private clubs , and other workplaces . Smoking related damages in the United States ( edit ) Slow decomposition of cigarettes ( edit ) In the United States alone there over 176,000,000 pounds of discarded cigarette butts per year . Research has shown that cigarettes pose an extremely large threat to the environment and our wildlife . Cigarettes contain small amounts of plastic that can not naturally decompose . A study published in 2015 showed that after two years only 38 % of a cigarette butt decomposes . In addition to cigarette butt 's long composition time , the chemicals found within cigarette filters can remain in the soil for up to 10 years . The problem created by cigarettes affects natural resources across the United States and poses a serious threat to the diverse wildlife population within it . Forest fires and property damage from cigarettes ( edit ) In addition to the pollution from cigarettes , the National Fire Protection Agency has concluded that smoking materials like cigarettes , pipes , and cigars , directly cause 90,000 fires per year in the United States . These smoking related fires cause over 27 billion dollars per year . See also ( edit ) Alcohol laws of the United States by state Electronic cigarette List of smoking bans worldwide Smokeasy Tobacco control Smoking in the United States Smoking ban References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Overview List -- How many Smokefree Laws ? , Americans for Nonsmokers ' Rights , January 2 , 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved January 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Summary of 100 % Smokefree State Laws and Population Protected by 100 % U.S. Smokefree Laws , Americans for Nonsmokers ' Rights , 1 January 2 , 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` States , Commonwealths , and Municipalities with 100 % Smokefree Laws in Workplaces , Restaurants , or Bars , American Nonsmokers ' Rights Foundation , January 2 , 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved January 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Municipalities with Local 100 % Smokefree Laws , American Nonsmokers ' Rights Foundation , January 2 , 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved January 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Taub , Daniel ( March 17 , 2006 ) . `` Daniel Taub , `` California Town Makes It Tougher to Smoke in Public , '' Bloomberg.com , March 17 , 2006 `` . Bloomberg . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ 14 C.F.R. Part 252 Jump up ^ Executive Order 13058 , August 9 , 1997 ^ Jump up to : `` Ala . Code § 22 - 15A - 4 '' . Legislature.state.al.us . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ala . Code § 22 - 15A - 6 '' . Legislature.state.al.us . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ala . Code § 22 - 15A - 7 '' . Legislature.state.al.us . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ala . Code § 22 - 15A - 10 '' . Legislature.state.al.us . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gann v. City of Gulf Shores , 29 So . 3d 244 ( Ala . Crim . App . 2009 ) Jump up ^ `` Time runs out in Alabama Legislature on statewide smoking ban , ' ' The Birmingham News ' ' , May 20 , 2008 '' . Al.com . May 20 , 2008 . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2012 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Phillip Rawls , `` Alabama senator delays her anti-smoking bill '' , AP , April 3 , 2009 `` . News.ino.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( Press - Register / Victor Calhoun ) . `` George Altman , `` Ban on smoking in Alabama restaurants fails in Legislature , '' ' ' Press - Register ' ' ( April 23 , 2010 ) `` . Blog.al.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Our View : Strong smoke - free laws are spreading across the country , but in the Alabama Legislature , they may not be going anywhere , ' ' Press - Register ' ' ( April 27 , 2011 ) '' . Blog.al.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Alaska Stat. § 18.35. 305 '' . Touchngo.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Alaska Stat. § 18.35. 300 '' . Touchngo.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Alaska Stat. § 18.35. 310 '' . Touchngo.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Alaska Stat. § 18.35. 320 '' . Touchngo.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Alaska Stat. § 18.35. 330 '' . Touchngo.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Google Scholar '' . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Anchorage voters embrace smoking ban '' Archived December 16 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , Anchorage Daily News , April 3 , 2007 Jump up ^ The Associated Press ( February 26 , 2008 ) . `` Juneau bar owners say smoking ban hurts business , ' ' Anchorage Daily News ' ' , February 26 , 2008 '' . Adn.com . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2009 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Associated Press ( September 20 , 2011 ) . `` Smoking ban begins in Nome , ' ' Anchorage Daily News ' ' , September 20 , 2011 '' . Adn.com . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2012 . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Proposed Smoking Ban on Kodiak Island All but Dead , '' Associated Press ( July 14 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` Governor Togiola Signs American Samoa Smoke Free Environment Act , American Samoa Community Cancer Coalition , October 22nd , 2010 '' . Asccancercoalition.org . October 22 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2011 . 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( March 19 , 2006 ) . `` Smoking Ban Takes Effect , Indoors and Out '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Davis Municipal Code / 34.02. 010 '' . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego Metro News SignOnSanDiego.com -- El Cajon bans smoking in most public places '' . SignOnSanDiego.com . August 14 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2008 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Comprehensive Smoke Pollution Protection Ordinance '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Escondido Municipal Code , Chapter 22A , Smoking Regulations , Section 2 Prohibitions '' . Qcode.us . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ADAM KAYE -- North County Times ( November 18 , 2007 ) . `` North County Times , November 18 , 2007 , Adam Kaye , `` Smoking bans spreading in North County -- Encinitas , Carlsbad are latest to investigate ordinances '' , Escondido , CA `` . Nctimes.com . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2012 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` North County Times , May 21 , 2007 , Paul Eakins , `` Students to ask Escondido council to consider smoking ban '' , Escondido , CA `` . Nctimes.com . May 21 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2010 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ci.glendale.ca.us Jump up ^ Aggressive Hermosa Beach outdoor smoking ban to begin , March 2 , 2012 Jump up ^ Enforcement of Loma Linda 's more restrictive smoking ban does not appear to be priority in first day Archived September 6 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , July 25 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles County Bans Smoking at Public Parks , Golf Courses '' . Cigarettesreviews.com . Retrieved May 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://clkrep.lacity.org/onlinedocs/2008/08-1544_ord_181065.pdf Jump up ^ `` Marin smoking ban stretches into the home '' . SFBay . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Municipal Code , chapter 8.30 '' . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ci.pasadena.ca.us '' . Ci.pasadena.ca.us . 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Jump up ^ `` Mark Peterson , `` Smoking ban debate over in Indiana , '' ' ' WNDU - 16 ' ' , February 4 , 2010 `` . Wndu.com . February 4 , 2010 . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2013 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Carden , Dan ( April 11 , 2011 ) . `` Dan Carden , `` Smoking ban dies in Senate '' , ' ' Northwest Indiana Times ' ' , April 11 , 2011 `` . Nwitimes.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Action information for HB 1149 , Indiana General Assembly ( 2012 ) '' . In.gov . March 9 , 2012 . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CMS.bsu.edu '' . CMS.bsu.edu . March 17 , 2008 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fortwayne.com '' . Fortwayne.com . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2012 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.ipfw.edu/tobacco-free/ Jump up ^ `` A hazy ban '' . Idsnews.com . March 30 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2012 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Purdue.edu '' . Purdue.edu . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2012 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://wsbt.com/news/local/south-bend-smoking-ban-is-here . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Evansville Courier and Press '' . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Paul Stieler Enters . v. City of Evansville , 2 N.E. 3d 1269 ( Ind . 2014 ) Jump up ^ `` folio - destination - name : ' sec_142D_3 ' ) $ x = Advanced # 0 - 0 - 0 - 27117 Iowa Code § 142D. 3 '' . Search.legis.state.ia.us . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ TIM JAMISON , Waterloo man pushes for park smoking ban The Courier , September 18 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` folio - destination - name : ' sec_142D_4 ' ) $ x = Advanced # 0 - 0 - 0 - 27119 Iowa Code § 142D. 4 '' . Search.legis.state.ia.us . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` folio - destination - name : ' sec_142D_9 ' ) $ x = Advanced # 0 - 0 - 0 - 27129 Iowa Code § 142D. 9 '' . Search.legis.state.ia.us . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : H.B. 2221 ( Kan . 2010 ) Jump up ^ K.S.A. 21 -- 4013 Jump up ^ `` Steffes v. City of Lawrence , 284 Kan . 380 , 160 P. 3d 843 ( 2007 ) '' . Kscourts.org . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` KS Judge Blocks Parts Of Smoking Law , KMBC - 9 TV , Kansas City , Mo. , June 30 , 2010 '' . Kmbc.com . June 30 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` K.R.S. 61.165 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` K.R.S. 61.167 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lexington Fayette County Food & Bev . Ass'n v. Lexington - Fayette Urban County Gov 't , 131 S.W. 3d 745 ( Ky. 2004 ) '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 6 , 2012 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Kentucky HB193 '' . Lrc.ky.gov . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Kentucky HB289 '' . Lrc.ky.gov . Retrieved April 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Kentucky HB216 '' . Lrc.ky.gov . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Health and Wellness -- Smoke - Free Law Online Toolkit '' . LouisvilleKy.gov . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2012 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Council passes smoking ban '' Archive '' Commonwealth Journal `` . Somerset-kentucky.com . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ TEGNA . `` Shepherdsville City Council bans ' smoking in cars with kids ' '' . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Boone pulls out of smoking ban talks '' . Cincinnati.com . July 30 , 2010 . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ in : Campbell County ( February 17 , 2011 ) . `` Campbell repeals indoor smoking ban Kentucky Politics '' . Cincinnati.com . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` La . Rev. Stat . § 1300.256 '' . Legis.state.la.us . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Times - Picayune ( June 2 , 2009 ) . `` Jan Moller , `` House rejects smoking ban , 29 -- 71 '' , ' ' New Orleans Times - Picayune ' ' , June 2 , 2009 `` . Nola.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Carolyn Kaster / The Associated Press . `` Jan Moller , `` Casino smoking ban rejected by House committee '' ( May 6 , 2010 ) `` . Nola.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Marsha Shuler , `` Committee rejects smoking ban bill , '' Baton Rouge Advocate ( May 26 , 2010 ) Jump up ^ `` AP , `` Senate rejects smoking ban for Louisiana bars , '' ' ' New Orleans CityBusiness ' ' ( June 2 , 2011 ) `` . Neworleanscitybusiness.com . June 2 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Louisiana Senate rejects smoking ban extension '' . Necn.com . May 23 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2012 . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . 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Jump up ^ `` Boston Public Health Commission Regulation Restricting the Sale of Tobacco Products in the City of Boston '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Smith , Stephen ( December 12 , 2008 ) . `` Hub enacts strict ban on tobacco sales '' . The Boston Globe . ^ Jump up to : `` 2009 Michigan House Bill 4377 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan Government Smoking Ban FAQ '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Minn. Rev. Stat . § 144.414 '' . Revisor.leg.state.mn.us . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Clean Indoor Air Act '' ( PDF ) . Emily Cleveland . July 2007 . Retrieved October 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Minn. Rev. Stat . § 144.417 '' . Revisor.leg.state.mn.us . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Duluthtransit.com Archived November 21 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Postbulletin.com '' . Postbulletin.com . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Miss . Code § 29 - 5 - 161 Jump up ^ Miss . Code § 29 - 5 - 163 Jump up ^ `` 2011 Mississippi SB2514 '' . Billstatus.ls.state.ms.us . July 1 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Mississippi HB863 '' . Billstatus.ls.state.ms.us . July 1 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Mississippi HB131 '' . Billstatus.ls.state.ms.us . July 1 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` commercialappeal.com '' . Jump up ^ `` Corinth aldermen adopt public smoking ban '' , Clarion Ledger , November 7 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : `` Mo . Rev. Stat . § 191.767 '' . Moga.mo.gov . August 28 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mo . Rev. Stat . § 191.771 '' . Moga.mo.gov . August 28 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mo . Rev. Stat . § 191.777 '' . Moga.mo.gov . August 28 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mo . Rev. Stat . § 191.769 '' . Moga.mo.gov . August 28 , 2011 . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2011 . 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Freedom in the 50 States . George Mason University . Retrieved March 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Campaign for Tobacco - Free Kids , ' ' State Excise Tax Rates and Rankings ' ' , December 3 , 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved April 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A burning issue , '' St. Louis Post-Dispatch , November 12 , 2006 Jump up ^ Tim O'Neil ( November 6 , 2012 ) . `` Tim O'Neil , `` Missouri keeps tobacco tax as the lowest in the nation '' `` . Stltoday.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Smoking & Tobacco Use State Highlights -- Missouri , May 1 , 2013 '' . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Retrieved April 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Associated Press ( January 13 , 2011 ) . `` Missouri House rejects smoking ban in Capitol offices , ' ' Southeast Missourian ' ' , January 13 , 2011 '' . Semissourian.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . 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Jump up ^ `` Council OKs smoke ban , '' The Rolla Daily News , July 6 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Emily Jarrett , `` City council votes to snuff out smoking in bars , restaurants , '' ' ' Sedalia Democrat ' ' ( June 17 , 2013 ) `` . Sedaliademocrat.com . January 31 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2014 . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Smoking ban passes in close vote '' . News - Press & Gazette Company . April 8 , 2014 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ City of St. Joseph Special Ordinance No. 1453 - 10 Jump up ^ `` City of St. Louis ( Mo . ) Board Bill # 46FS ( 2009 ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ David Hunn ( September 15 , 2012 ) . `` St. Louis health director drops smoking charges against Missouri Athletic Club '' . Retrieved September 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Smoking , alcohol bans pass , '' Springfield News - Leader , April 5 , 2011 Archived November 17 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Springfield ( Mo . ) Ordinance No. 5927 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 5 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amos Bridges , `` City Council approves amendments to smoking ban , '' ' ' Springfield News - Leader ' ' ( May 8 , 2012 ) `` . News-leader.com . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2013 . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Warrensburg ( Mo . ) Ordinance No. 4510 Jump up ^ Pruneau , Ed ( January 26 , 2013 ) . `` Ed Pruneau , `` Council Adopts Smoke - Free Law ; Takes Effect April 15 , '' ' ' Washington ( Mo . ) Missourian ' ' ( Jan. 26 , 2013 ) `` . Emissourian.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Smoking or non ? '' , St. Louis Post-Dispatch , July 14 , 2004 Jump up ^ Arnold ( Mo . ) Code of Ordinances , Chapter 10 , Article XI Jump up ^ `` It 's approved ! '' , The Blue Springs Examiner , February 5 , 2008 Jump up ^ Blue Springs ( Mo . ) Code of Ordinances , Section 245.280 Jump up ^ `` City of Gladstone ( Mo . ) Ordinance No . 3.208 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 6 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gladstone council passes smoking restrictions '' , The Kansas City Star , February 24 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Hazelwood ( Mo . ) Code of Ordinances , Section 215.555 '' . Z2codes.sullivanpublications.com . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2013 . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nixa passes toughest smoking ban in state , '' Drury University Mirror , March 12 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Word - Chapter CONTENTS. doc '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Larry Seward , ' ' Parkville Passes Smoking Ban ' ' , KSHB - TV April 8 , 2009 '' . Nbcactionnews.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Parkville ( Mo . ) Code of Ordinances , Chapter 206 Jump up ^ Raymore ( Mo . ) Code of Ordinances , Chapter 270 Jump up ^ `` St. Louis County Code Chapter 605 '' . Library3.municode.com . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Moyers , Scott ( April 6 , 2011 ) . `` Scott Moyers , `` Cape voters reject public smoking ban , '' ' ' The Southeast Missourian ' ' ( April 5 , 2011 ) `` . Semissourian.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Susan Redden , `` Carthage committee debates , tables proposed smoking ban '' , Joplin ( Mo . ) Globe , February 3 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Joplin City Council rejects proposed smoking ban '' , KSPR - TV , October 19 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` AGENDA '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 25 , 2012 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brian Burnes , `` Raytown board rejects proposed smoking law '' , The Kansas City Star , September 8 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Jeff Salem , `` Riverside postpones smoking ban discussion indefinitely , '' ' ' The Platte County ( Mo . ) Sun Gazette ' ' , June 22 , 2009 `` . Plattesungazette.com . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2012 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ashley Vasquez , `` Smoking ban talk ends , '' The Smithville Herald , December 26 , 2007 Jump up ^ Mark Schlinkmann , `` St. Charles election on smoking appears unlikely '' , St. Louis Post-Dispatch , June 1 , 2008 Jump up ^ Levin , Sam ( July 11 , 2013 ) . `` Sam Levin , `` St. Charles City Backs Off Smoking Ban Proposal , Considers Mandatory Signage , '' ' ' Riverfront Times ' ' ( July 11 , 2013 ) `` . Blogs.riverfronttimes.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schlinkmann , Mark ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` Mark Schlinkmann , `` City - imposed smoking ban appears dead in St. Charles , '' ' ' St. Louis Post-Dispatch ' ' ( July 9 , 2013 ) `` . Stltoday.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Korando , Russell ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` Russel Korando , `` Smoking ban proposal blocked from St. Charles County ballot , '' ' ' St. Louis Post-Dispatch ' ' ( June 14 , 2011 ) `` . Stltoday.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Korando , Russell ( November 21 , 2011 ) . `` Russell Korando , `` St. Charles County Council rejects smoke - free bill , '' ' ' St. Louis Post-Dispatch ' ' ( November 30 , 2011 ) `` . Stltoday.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Korando , Russell ( September 17 , 2012 ) . `` Russell Korando , `` Smoking ban vote snuffed out in St. Charles County , '' ' ' St. Louis Post-Dispatch ' ' ( September 17 , 2012 ) `` . Stltoday.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bryan , Andra ( April 12 , 2011 ) . `` Andra Bryan Stefanoni , `` Webb City Council rejects smoking ban , '' ' ' The Joplin Globe ' ' , April 12 , 2011 `` . Joplinglobe.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FINANCIAL OVERSIGHT 6 : 00 P '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 28 , 2012 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mont . Code Ann . § 50 - 40 - 104 '' . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2009 . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` § 50 - 40 - 103 '' . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2003 . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mont . Code Ann . § 50 - 40 - 120 '' . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2009 . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` N.R.S. § 71 - 5729 '' . Uniweb.legislature.ne.gov . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` N.R.S. § 71 - 5730 '' . Uniweb.legislature.ne.gov . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Associated Press , `` Gov. signs cigar - bar exemption to Neb. smoking ban `` , KCAU - TV Sioux City , Iowa , April 22 , 2009 ) Jump up ^ `` N.R.S. § 71 - 5717 '' . Uniweb.legislature.ne.gov . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` NRS 202.2483 '' . Leg.state.nv.us . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` N.H. Rev. Stat . Ann . § 155 : 66 '' . Gencourt.state.nh.us . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` N.H. Rev. Stat . Ann . § 155 : 67 '' . Gencourt.state.nh.us . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` N.H. Rev. Stat . Ann . § 155 : 68 '' . Gencourt.state.nh.us . January 1 , 1991 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` N.H. General Court , 829 A. 2d 1089 ( N.H. 2003 ) '' . Gencourt.state.nh.us . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` N.H. Rev. Stat . Ann . § 155 : 67 '' . Gencourt.state.nh.us . January 1 , 1991 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . 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Jump up ^ `` WAYNESVILLE , N.C. SMOKING BAN PASSES '' . Jump up ^ Van , Mara ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` Mara Van Ells , `` Smoking ban to change bar culture , '' ' ' Bismarck Tribune ' ' ( November 8 , 2012 ) `` . Bismarcktribune.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` North Dakota Initiative Measure 4 ( 2012 ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ DakotaStudent.com : Smoking ban shows positive results Jump up ^ `` NMI '' . No-smoke.org . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ohio Rev. Code Chapter 3794 , `` Smoking Ban '' `` . Codes.ohio.gov . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court of Ohio Case Summaries '' . Supremecourt.ohio.gov . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Council Legislation 2008 '' . Northroyalton.org . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cityofberlin.com '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 28 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ok . Stat . Ann . Section 21 - 1247 Jump up ^ Ok . Stat . Ann . Section 63 - 1 - 1523 , et seq . Jump up ^ Ok . Stat . Ann . Section 63 - 1 - 1527 Jump up ^ `` Mick Hinton , `` Committee waters down smoking bill '' , ' ' Tulsa World ' ' , February 19 , 2009 `` . Tulsaworld.com . February 19 , 2009 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Oklahom House Bill 1040 ( 2009 ) -- status '' . Webserver1.lsb.state.ok.us . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2005 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ore . Rev. Stat . § 433.845 Archived March 14 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ore . Rev. Stat . § 433.835 Archived March 14 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ore . Rev. Stat . § 433.850 Archived March 14 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ore . Rev. Stat . § 433.870 Archived March 14 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Oregon Restaurant Ass'n v. City of Corvallis , 166 Ore . App . 506 , 999 P. 2d 518 ( 2000 ) '' . Publications.ojd.state.or.us . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2012 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Pennsylvania Senate Bill 246 '' . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Act of Jun. 13 , 2008 , P.L. 182 , No. 27 Cl. 35 -- CLEAN INDOOR AIR ACT -- ENACTMENT '' . Retrieved September 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Smoking Ban '' . Smokefreephilly.org . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2013 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nutter to Ban Smoking in Philly Parks '' . NBC 10 Philadelphia . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ward , Paula Reed ; Anita Srikameswaran ( May 22 , 2007 ) . `` County 's smoking ban in ashes '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved September 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ NextPage -- LivePublish ( December 19 , 2002 ) . `` P.R. Laws ch. 62 § 892 '' . Michie.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ NextPage -- LivePublish ( December 19 , 2002 ) . `` P.R. Laws ch. 62 § 894 '' . Michie.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` R.I. Gen. Laws § 23 - 20.10 - 3 '' . Rilin.state.ri.us . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` R.I. Gen. Laws § 23 - 20.10 - 4 '' . Rilin.state.ri.us . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` R.I. Gen. Laws § 23 - 20.10 - 6 '' . Rilin.state.ri.us . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` R.I. Gen. Laws § 23 - 20.10 -- 6.1 '' . Rilin.state.ri.us . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` R.I. Gen. Laws § 23 - 20.10 -- 13 '' . Rilin.state.ri.us . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` S.C. Code § 44 - 95 - 20 '' . Scstatehouse.gov . December 31 , 1990 . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` S.C. Code § 44 - 95 - 30 '' . Scstatehouse.gov . December 31 , 1990 . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Foothills Brewing Concern , Inc. v. City of Greenville , 660 S.E. 2d 264 ( S.C. 2008 ) '' . Judicial.state.sc.us . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Beachfront Entertainment , Inc. v. Town of Sullivan 's Island , 666 S.E. 2d 912 ( S.C. 2008 ) '' . Sccourts.org . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ordinance Implementation , South Carolina Tobacco Collaborative '' . Sctobacco.org . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2012 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` American Nonsmokers ' Rights Foundation , `` Bill Tracking Summary '' , May 29 , 2009 `` . Protectlocalcontrol.org . November 18 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Beaufort passes smoking ban , '' The Beaufort Gazette , May 27 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Florence bans smoking at most indoor businesses '' . Southcarolinaradionetwork.com . May 10 , 2011 . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` North Myrtle Beach smoking ban goes into effect : News '' . CarolinaLive.com . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . 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Jump up ^ Statewide smoking ban in Texas , has failed by Billy Loftin ( May 19 , 2009 ) . `` Billy Loftin , `` Statewide smoking ban in Texas has failed '' , KVII - TV Amarillo , May 19 , 2009 `` . Connectamarillo.com . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2012 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Roark & Hardee L.P. v. City of Austin , Case No . A-05 - CA - 837 - SS ( W.D. Tex. 2006 ) Jump up ^ `` Roark & Hardee LP v. City of Austin , 522 F. 3d 533 ( 5th Cir. 2008 ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` College Station City Ordinance , Section 9 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 21 , 2012 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.fox4news.com/news/fort-worth-city-council-approves-smoking-ban-for-bars-bingo-halls Jump up ^ `` City of Frisco , Texas '' ( PDF ) . Ci.fisco.tx.us . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 17 , 2012 . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Houston , Texas '' ( PDF ) . houstontx.gov . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Worth smoking ban takes effect Tuesday ; McKinney offers grace period '' , The Dallas Morning News , December 31 , 2007 Archived January 16 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( October 1 , 2010 ) . `` Missouri City smoking ban goes into effect today abc13.com '' . Abclocal.go.com . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Collier , Kiah. `` 2010 ELECTION : San Angelo bans smoking , drops sunset on sales tax , ' ' San Angelo Standard - Times ' ' , November 3 , 2010 '' . Gosanangelo.com . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Council adopts tough smoking rules '' , San Antonio Express - News , August 19 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` States and Municipalities with Laws Regulating Use of Electronic Cigarettes '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ White , Ian ( September 24 , 2010 ) . `` Ian White , `` Council amends smoking rules , '' ' ' Galveston Daily News ' ' , September 24 , 2010 `` . Galvestondailynews.com . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2012 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Smoking ban debate generating lots of heat , ' ' The Monitor ' ' , November 13 , 2005 '' . Smokersclubinc.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Humble passes near - blanket smoking ban '' . Jump up ^ `` Kilgore Passes Smoking Ban -- KYTX CBS 19 Tyler Longview News Weather Sports '' . Cbs19.tv . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Editorial : Put out the fire , ' ' Amarillo Globe - News ' ' , May 11 , 2008 '' . Amarillo.com . May 11 , 2008 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ JOY BLACKBURN ( Daily News Staff ) ( February 10 , 2011 ) . `` Smoking ban enforcement begins today , ' ' Virgin Islands Daily News ' ' , February 10 , 2011 '' . Virginislandsdailynews.com . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` U.C.A. 1953 § 26 - 38 - 2.6 '' . Utah State . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2013 . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` U.C.A. 1953 § 26 - 38 - 3 '' . Utah State . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2012 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` U.C.A. 1953 § 26 - 38 - 3.5 '' . Utah State . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2012 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.C.A. 1953 § 26 - 38 - 6 '' . Utah State . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2012 . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Utah County Board of Health Regulation on Smoking in Outdoor Public Places '' ( PDF ) . Utah County Health Department . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rider Rules '' . Utah Transit Authority . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ver . Stat . tit. 28 § 1742 '' . Leg.state.vt.us . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ver . Stat . tit. 28 § 1743 '' . Leg.state.vt.us . September 1 , 2005 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Daniel Barlow , `` Workplace smoking ban starts July 1 '' , ' ' The Barre Montpelier Times Argus ' ' , May 30 , 2009 `` . Timesargus.com . May 30 , 2009 . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2015 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ver . Stat . tit. 28 § 1428 '' . Leg.state.vt.us . July 1 , 1988 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ver . Stat . tit. 28 § 1746 '' . Leg.state.vt.us . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Va . Senate Bill 1105 ( 2009 ) '' . Leg1.state.va.us . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Davis , Chelyen . `` Chelyen Davis , `` House , Senate OK smoke ban , '' ' ' The Fredericksburg ( Va . ) Free Lance - Star ' ' , February 20 , 2009 `` . Fredericksburg.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Banning Smoking in State Offices and Vehicles ( Virginia Executive Order ) Archived October 29 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Virginia bans smoking in cars with children eight or younger Jump up ^ Kepa , Inc. v. Va . Dept. of Health , 751 S.E. 2d 671 ( Va . App . 2013 ) Jump up ^ Minium , Harry ( March 26 , 2008 ) . `` Harry Minium , `` Norfolk council reverses itself on smoking ban '' , ' ' The Virginian - Pilot ' ' , March 26 , 2008 `` . Hamptonroads.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wash . Rev. Code § 70.160. 030 '' . Apps.leg.wa.gov . November 8 , 2005 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wash . Rev. Code § 70.160. 075 '' . Apps.leg.wa.gov . November 8 , 2005 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wash . Rev. Code § 70.160. 060 '' . Apps.leg.wa.gov . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wash . Rev. Code § 70.160. 020 '' . Apps.leg.wa.gov . November 8 , 2005 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wash . Rev. Code § 70.160. 080 '' . Apps.leg.wa.gov . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` W. Va . Code § 8 - 27 - 10a ( 1985 ) '' . Legis.state.wv.us . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` W. Va . Code § § 16 - 9A - 4 ( 1987 ) '' . Legis.state.wv.us . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` W. Va . Code § 21 - 3 - 8 ( 1919 ) '' . Legis.state.wv.us . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` W. Va . Code § 22A - 2 - 30 ( 1985 ) '' . Legis.state.wv.us . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` W. Va . Code § 22A - 2 - 53 ( 1985 ) '' . Legis.state.wv.us . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` W. Va . Code § 22A - 2 - 53c ( 1994 ) '' . Legis.state.wv.us . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` W. Va . Code § 47 - 20 - 28a '' . Legis.state.wv.us . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ 64 W.Va . C.S.R. § 14 , 8.12. 3 Jump up ^ `` Found . for Indep . Living , Inc. v. Cabell - Huntington Bd. of Health , 591 S.E. 2d 744 ( W.V. 2003 ) '' . State.wv.us . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ smoke - free `` , The Times West Virginian , April 6 , 2008 Jump up ^ Alison Knezevich , `` Putnam reverses smoking ban '' , West Virginia Gazette , August 22 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : `` 2009 Wisconsin Senate Bill 181 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statewide smoking ban picks up steam , ' ' Green Bay Press Gazette ' ' , April 9 , 2006 '' . Smokersclubinc.com . March 5 , 2006 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ NextPage -- LivePublish . `` Wyo . Stat . Ann . § 30 - 2 - 602 '' . Michie.lexisnexis.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ NextPage -- LivePublish . `` Wyo . Stat . Ann . § 30 - 2 - 604 '' . Michie.lexisnexis.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ NextPage -- LivePublish . `` Wyo . Stat . Ann . § 30 - 3 - 303 '' . Michie.lexisnexis.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ NextPage -- LivePublish . `` Wyo . Stat . Ann . § 30 - 3 - 304 '' . Michie.lexisnexis.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ BEN NEARY Associated Press writer ( February 16 , 2009 ) . `` Ben Neary , `` Legislature shoveling through bills '' , ' ' Casper Tribune ' ' , February 16 , 2009 `` . Trib.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Light up : Casper repeals smoking ban for bars , '' Associated Press ( June 22 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` Voters approve full smoking ban in Casper '' . Casper Star Tribune . Heather Richards and Brendan Meyer . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Springs adopts partial smoking ban , ' ' AP ' ' , November 22 , 2007 '' . Tobacco.org . November 22 , 2007 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . 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how much is the fund on people's court			The People 's Court	the people's court	The People 's Court is an American arbitration - based reality court show presided over by retired Florida State Circuit Court Judge Marilyn Milian ( her 16th season as the show 's arbitrator by September 5 , 2016 ) . Milian , the show 's longest - reigning arbiter , handles small claims disputes in a simulated courtroom set .	The People 's Court is the first court show to use binding arbitration , introducing the format into the genre in 1981 . The system has been duplicated by most of the show 's successors in the judicial genre . Moreover , The People 's Court is the first popular , long - running reality in the judicial genre . It was preceded only by a few short - lived realities in the genre ; these short - lived predecessors were only loosely related to judicial proceedings , except for one : Parole ( 1959 ) took footage from real - life courtrooms holding legal proceedings . Prior to The People 's Court , the vast majority of TV courtroom shows used actors , and recreated or fictional cases ( as did radio before that ) . Among examples of these types of court shows include Famous Jury Trials and Your Witness . The People 's Court has had two incarnations . The show 's first life was presided over solely by former Los Angeles County Superior Court Judge Joseph Wapner . His tenure lasted from the show 's debut on September 14 , 1981 , until May 17 , 1993 , when the show was cancelled due to low ratings . This left the show with a total of 2,484 half - hour episodes and 12 seasons . The show was taped in Los Angeles during its first life . After being cancelled , reruns aired in syndication until September 9 , 1994 , and on the USA Network from October 16 , 1995 , to June 6 , 1997 . On September 8 , 1997 , after being out of production for four years , The People 's Court was revived for a second life in first - run syndication as a 60 - minute program . Former lawyer and Mayor of New York Ed Koch was chosen as arbiter , which he maintained for two seasons . By the 1999 -- 2000 season , former New York State Supreme Court Judge Jerry Sheindlin ( husband of Judy Sheindlin from Judge Judy ) succeeded Koch . Sheindlin only lasted one and a half seasons and was replaced towards the end of the 2000 -- 01 season . Since spring 2001 , Marilyn Milian has been the judge . With 32 seasons as of September 5 , 2016 , The People 's Court ranks as the second - longest running courtroom series in history ( behind Divorce Court ) . Its current production life entered its 20th season on September 5 , 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Conception 2 First version ( 1981 - 93 ) 2.1 Cancellation 3 Second version ( 1997 - present ) 3.1 Ed Koch ( seasons one - two , 1997 - 99 ) 3.2 Jerry Sheindlin ( seasons three - four , 1999 - March 2001 ) 3.3 Marilyn Milian era ( since season four , 2001 -- present ) 4 Series overview 4.1 Opening monologue 4.2 Litigant compensation 5 Production notes 5.1 Theme music 6 Ratings 7 British version 8 In popular culture 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Conception ( edit ) When John Masterson devised the original camera - in - court concept in 1975 , he first pitched it to Monty Hall , the producer and host of the game show Let 's Make a Deal , and his partner , producer - writer Stefan Hatos . They put a young associate , Stu Billett , in charge of selling it , but the networks were not interested . Billett later went out on his own and refined the concept into a show shot in a studio rather than a real courtroom . Small - claims court participants agreed to drop their court cases and accept binding arbitration in a simulated courtroom . The networks expressed interest , but still did not buy it ; however , it did sell into the first - run syndication market . The series was executive produced by Ralph Edwards , who also created and hosted the documentary show This Is Your Life , and Stu Billett , who later went on to create Moral Court . John Masterson , whom many consider a pioneer and originator of `` reality TV '' also created Bride and Groom and Breakfast in Hollywood . First version ( 1981 - 93 ) ( edit ) The People 's Court pilot episode was taped on October 23 , 1980 , with a second pilot episode taped on January 13 , 1981 . It debuted in syndication on September 14 , 1981 . The judge from the show 's original 12 years ( including the 1980 pilot ) , was Joseph Wapner . Rusty Burrell was his bailiff , Jack Harrell was the announcer , and Doug Llewelyn was the host and court reporter , who announced the matter of the dispute at the beginning of each trial . He also interviewed the plaintiff and the defendant after the court ruling , to gauge their responses to the verdict . Llewelyn often ended each episode with a jaunty `` If you 're in a dispute with another party and you ca n't seem to work things out , do n't take the law into your own hands ; you take ' em to court '' , which became something of a 1980s catchphrase . If a case ended with a verdict for the defendant , however , Llewelyn instead ended the episode by saying , `` If someone files a lawsuit against you and yet you 're convinced you 've done nothing wrong , do n't be intimidated . The best policy is to go to court and stand up for your rights '' . The cases often had pun - related names , such as `` The Case of the Overdone Underthings '' and `` A Head with a Beer on It '' . Judge Wapner greeted his litigants by saying , `` I know you 've been sworn . I 've read your complaint ... '' Occasionally , if an episode wrapped up a few minutes early , Judge Wapner fielded questions from the courtroom observers , or the legal consultant explained the legal reasons behind Wapner 's decisions . The People 's Court deals in small - claims matters . When the show premiered in 1981 , litigants could not sue for more than US $1,500 , which was the limit for small - claims court at the time in California . As the laws in California changed , so did this amount . Starting in 1990 , litigants could sue for up to US $5,000 , which is now the law in most states . Researchers for the show examined small - claims filings in Southern California and approached the plaintiff and defendant in interesting cases . The producers offered to have Judge Wapner arbitrate the dispute if they would agree to dismiss their action and be bound by Judge Wapner 's decision . Through this approach , the show could get real people with real cases . Though the show is decorated and run like a real courtroom , it is not a real court or part of any judicial system , but instead a form of binding arbitration . The losing party does not actually need to pay the judgment , as such . Instead ( as is stated in the disclaimer at the end of each show ) , both parties are paid from a fund ( set up by Ralph Edwards - Stu Billett Productions ) . This fund was based on the amount of the lawsuit claim , but an exact formula was not stated . The fund was to be first divided equally , then any monetary judgment ordered was subtracted from the loser 's half ( and presumably both halves in the case of cross judgments ) . Each litigant received at least what remained of their half in shows concluding with that disclaimer . The disclaimer did not call this fund an `` appearance fee '' , a term which appeared later in connection with The People 's Court and other court shows . There may have been a later period when The People 's Court paid the judgment , plus expenses and only a modest appearance fee to each litigant . Cancellation ( edit ) After 12 seasons on The People 's Court , Wapner was not invited back to the court show in 1993 . The producers of The People 's Court wished to revamp the series , but did not notify Wapner of this decision . Wapner learned of the decision from his brother - in - law , who read it in The San Francisco Chronicle . Wapner has expressed holding great resentment and bitterness at the court show 's producers for finding out this way , and additional resentment over being let go when , according to him , the show was doing well . However , although the show had a good run ratings-wise , the ratings had dropped to an all - time low at around the time The People 's Court was cancelled . Wapner stated that he was told years later that the producers did not want to hurt his feelings , but that it was exactly what the producers did . Wapner also stated that he was not notified when the producers decided to revamp the series , and that he held no opinions on The People 's Court judges who succeeded him as he never watched the program . He did , however , note that the two People 's Court judges who succeeded him , Ed Koch and Jerry Sheindlin , only lasted two seasons each , whereas he lasted 12 seasons . He also emphasized that judges need to be respectful of litigants . Second version ( 1997 - present ) ( edit ) On September 8 , 1997 , a new version of The People 's Court debuted in first - run syndication as a 60 - minute program . The series as a whole reached its 32nd season on September 5 , 2016 , with its 20th season in its current production cycle . By that point , the 1997 revival has already outlasted its original version , which ran 12 seasons . The show 's second life has been headed by three judges since its debut . Ed Koch ( seasons one - two , 1997 - 99 ) ( edit ) When the new People 's Court premiered in 1997 , former New York newscaster Carol Martin of WCBS - TV hosted from a studio with Harvey Levin , who was involved with the prior edition of the series as a legal consultant , serving as a co-host in the field taking questions and opinions from people at the Manhattan Mall , then returning to the studio at the end of the show for a wrap - up . Curt Chaplin was hired to serve as the show 's announcer and to fill Doug Llewellyn 's position as the court reporter , although with the addition of a host , his role was limited to interviewing the litigants after the conclusion of each case . Former New York City Mayor Ed Koch presided over the court from September 8 , 1997 , to June 25 , 1999 ( with reruns airing until September 10 ) . Several months into the run , Martin departed the series and Levin became the series ' sole host . The studio segments were done away with and Levin hosted the entire episodes from the viewing area , which eventually moved from the Manhattan Mall to the Times Square visitors ' center . Since Levin is now based in Los Angeles with TMZ , the viewing area has moved to the Third Street Promenade in Santa Monica , California , while production of The People 's Court has moved to Connecticut . The opening outlines of the taped cases are shown to people in the outdoor viewing area on a monitor . Their responses are edited into the program . Jerry Sheindlin ( seasons three - four , 1999 - March 2001 ) ( edit ) Judge Jerry Sheindlin ( husband of former New York Family Court Judge Judith Sheindlin , the presiding judge over the court show Judge Judy ) sat on the bench from September 13 , 1999 , to March 9 , 2001 , and ratings on the show lagged . The bailiff for both of these judges ' tenures was Josephine Ann Longobardi . Marilyn Milian era ( since season four , 2001 -- present ) ( edit ) Marilyn Milian began hosting the series 2001 . On March 12 , 2001 , late in The People 's Court 's fourth season , retired Florida State Circuit Court Judge Marilyn Milian replaced Sheindlin as presiding judge on the court show . Under Milian , People 's Court ratings improved significantly . Milian is the first Latina judge to preside over a courtroom series . Milian is also the show 's youngest and first female arbitrator . By the completion of the 16th season of The People 's Court ( 2012 -- 13 ) , Milian had completed 12 and a half seasons presiding over the series , officially making her the longest reigning judge over the program -- outlasting Joseph Wapner 's reign of 12 seasons . Now in its 20th revival season , Milian enters her 16th season presiding over the series . For the remainder of the 2000 -- 01 season , Davey Jones took over the role as bailiff , replacing Longobardi . In September 2001 , Jones was replaced by Douglas McIntosh , who remains in the position as of March 2017 . In 2008 , The People 's Court , under Milian 's reign , was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award under a new Courtroom / Legal Show category created by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . In 2009 and 2010 , the show was nominated again for the Daytime Emmy Award under the same category , but did not win . On May 1 , 2013 , The People 's Court had again been nominated for an Outstanding Legal / Courtroom Program Daytime Emmy , but again did not win . The People 's Court finally won a Daytime Emmy in 2014 and again in 2015 While the show taped from New York City for the first 15 seasons of the revival , it began taping from Stamford , Connecticut , in the 16th season of its present installment ( 2012 -- 13 ) . For the show 's 20th season , Doug Llewelyn returned to the series for the first time since the end of the original series . He resumed his previous role as reporter , replacing Curt Chaplin , who remains in his announcer role as of March 2017 . For his first show back , Judge Milian welcomed him `` home '' and handed him his suit jacket and microphone . Series overview ( edit ) Opening monologue ( edit ) When the original People 's Court first hit the air , the monologue was : What you are about to witness is real . The participants are not actors . They are the actual people who have already either filed suit or been served a summons to appear in a California municipal court . Both parties in the suit have agreed to dismiss their court cases and have their disputes settled here , in our forum : The People 's Court . Later , the show opened with : What you are witnessing is real . The participants are not actors . They are actual litigants with a case pending in a California municipal court . Both parties have agreed to dismiss their court cases and have their disputes settled here , in our forum : The People 's Court . In the 1997 revival , the line was : What you are witnessing is real . The participants are not actors . They are actual litigants with a case pending in a New York metropolitan area court / civil court . Both parties / sides have agreed to drop their claims and have their disputes settled here , in our / Judge Jerry Sheindlin 's forum ( the latter from the period when Jerry Sheindlin was the presiding judge ) : The People 's Court . When Marilyn Milian replaced Sheindlin in 2001 , the previous introduction was revised : What you are witnessing is real . The participants are not actors . They are actual litigants with real cases . They will settle their disputes here , in Judge Marilyn Milian 's forum : The People 's Court . Later , Milian 's introduction was revised : There 's a new judge in town , the honorable Marilyn Milian . She will be hearing real cases presented by real litigants who have agreed to have their disputes settled here in our forum : The People 's Court . Then the opening was changed to : The whole country 's talking about the honorable Marilyn Milian ... ( soundbite of Judge Milian saying , `` Judge here ! '' ) ... the hottest judge on television . ( Soundbite of Judge saying , `` It 's my ruling ! '' ) She 'll hear real cases from real litigants . Here , in our forum : The People 's Court . After a few months the soundbites of Judge Milian 's voice were dropped from the opening , and the wording of Curt Chaplin 's introduction was slightly changed : Everybody 's talking about the honorable Marilyn Milian , the hottest judge on television . Real cases , real litigants . Here , in our forum : The People 's Court . In September 2009 , the new opening was revealed when the new season premiered : What you are about to witness is real . The participants are not actors . They are actual litigants with a case pending in civil court . Both parties have agreed to drop their claims and have their cases settled here , before Judge Marilyn Milian , in our forum : The People 's Court . Litigant compensation ( edit ) At the end of each show , the following disclaimer appears : Both the plaintiff and the defendant have been paid from a fund for their appearance . The amount , if any , awarded in the case , is deducted from this fund , and the remainder is divided equally between both litigants . The amount of the fund is dependent on the size of the judgment . No information is given as to what relation the amount of the fund bears to the size of the judgment , nor the amount of the fund if a verdict for the defense is rendered . In a talk - show appearance , Judge Wapner gave a few more specifics as to how compensation was typically calculated . In his words , if the plaintiff won , the show would pay his / her judgment and give the defendant $50 for his time , whereas if the defendant won , the parties would `` split $500 '' . In 1989 , a litigant sued the producers , claiming , `` I was only willing to appear because they guaranteed me $1,500 . I never would have appeared on that show and made a fool out of myself for a chintzy $250 . '' ( In response , an associate producer said that before going on the show , participants are given a packet of information `` where everything is clearly outlined to the nth degree . '' ) The New York Post reported on some of the details surrounding compensation for a lawsuit filed by Claudia Evart . `` The show pays all damages awarded to defendants and plaintiffs , as well as a $250 appearance fee . '' Production notes ( edit ) The 1981 -- 93 life of the show was initially taped at Golden West Broadcasters and , later , Metromedia in Los Angeles , before moving to The Production Group . In New York City , The People 's Court first taped episodes at the NEP / Image studios in the former Grand Ballroom of the Hotel Pennsylvania , which was also the studio for the talk show Maury . In 1998 , the show began taping at the MTI Studios on the 8th floor at 401 Fifth Avenue , where the courtroom received a makeover . In 2006 , the MTI Studios were sold to NEP / Image . At the end credits of some episodes , the show is said to be taped at the NEP / Image studios . The former MTI studios are officially part of NEP Broadcasting 's NEP Penn Studios . As of 2012 , the show has moved to the Connecticut Film Center in Stamford . The aired episodes are sometimes spliced together in a different order from which they are taped . This is why the judge 's blouse color may change and why fewer courtroom observers may be seen during the second half of the show than during the first half . For the 2012 season , the show started broadcasting in widescreen standard definition . The People 's Court is `` A Ralph Edwards - Stu Billett Production '' in association with Telepictures Productions and distributed by Warner Bros. Domestic Television Distribution . The original series was distributed by Telepictures , and later Lorimar - Telepictures , which is now part of Warner Bros . Theme music ( edit ) The theme music , `` The Big One ( People 's Court Theme ) '' , was composed by Alan Stanley Tew . The uptempo theme music , with prominent piano theme and bongo drum rhythm , has been sampled by many artists , including Nelly . It has also been featured in several films and television shows , including the 1977 pornographic film Barbara Broadcast , the 1979 low - budget film Malibu High , the BCTV current affairs show Webster ! , SpongeBob SquarePants , The Simpsons , `` Blue Harvest '' , the sixth - season premiere episode of Family Guy , the December 5 , 2005 , and December 21 , 2009 , editions of WWE Raw in Tampa , Florida , Malibu High , Boy Meets World , and Popular . Ratings ( edit ) To date , The People 's Court ranks second behind Judge Judy in the ratings for court shows . It had been third behind Judge Joe Brown , but inherited the second spot once Brown 's program was cancelled . British version ( edit ) A British version of the show was produced by STV Productions ( then known as `` SMG TV Productions '' ) to replace Trisha Goddard 's talk show on ITV in 2005 . The court reporter was Carol Smillie , the male judge was Jerome Lynch , and the female judge was Rhonda Anderson . The show was considered a failure and not renewed . In Popular culture ( edit ) In 1986 , Judge Wapner appeared on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson to preside over a dispute arbitration between David Letterman and Johnny Carson . Letterman sued after Carson illegally towed his truck and broke the headlight . Letterman was awarded $24.95 , which Carson promptly paid on the spot . The original version of the show was referenced repeatedly in the 1988 film Rain Man . In the movie , autistic savant Raymond Babbit ( Dustin Hoffman ) compulsively watches the show ( which he refers to as simply `` Wapner '' ) , recites the entire opening monologue , and records the judgment amounts in a dedicated notebook . In one scene , his brother Charlie ( Tom Cruise ) awkwardly convinces a stranger to let Raymond watch the show in her house , since he was about to have a panic attack for nearly missing an episode . Charlie later buys him a portable television so he will never miss an episode again . Hoffman came up with this idea for his character , because in real life , Hoffman was a huge fan of the original series . In 1995 , Judge Wapner appeared on the Fox network 's science fiction show Sliders as himself in the parallel world version of this program where , as a Soviet judge , he sentences Rembrandt Brown to 15 years in the Alaskan gulag for being a subversive . The parody show 's logo uses a faux Cyrillic `` Я '' in place of the `` R '' in `` Court '' . In the season 1 Popular episode `` The Trial of Emory Dick '' , at the beginning of said trial , the litigants enter in a manner similar manner to the opening of The People 's Court , complete with the show 's theme music . The December 21 , 2009 edition of WWE Raw in Tampa featured a parody skit called the `` Little People 's Court '' , in which Degeneration X members Triple H and Shawn Michaels had to appear before a mock makeshift court of dwarves to testify about their continued mistreating of Hornswoggle . The videos shown during the `` trial '' even used the litigant introduction music of the original People 's Court theme . In SpongeBob SquarePants , whenever a character has to go to court , the same opening music is played and the trial is conducted in a form similar to The People 's Court . In the Family Guy episode `` Blue Harvest '' , Chris Griffin ( as Luke Skywalker ) requests that John Williams plays the theme to the show . On February 11 , 2017 , Saturday Night Live performed a parody of The People 's Court in which President Donald Trump ( played by Alec Baldwin ) takes his grievance to the show against three judges of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals for their decision to uphold a suspension of Executive Order 13769 , claiming they were simply `` being mean '' to him . The skit was done after the real Trump had tweeted ( in all caps ) `` See you in court ! '' in response to the decision . In the skit , Judge Milian ( played by Cecily Strong ) dismissed Trump 's case and upheld the previous court 's decision . See also ( edit ) Judge Mathis Divorce Court La Corte del Pueblo References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The People 's Court Judge Milian '' . Peoplescourt.warnerbros.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ http://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/exhibits/mason_&_associates/documents/reality_series_by_title.pdf Archived 2014 - 01 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Troutman , Andrew . `` Judge Joseph Wapner '' . latimes.com . Retrieved 3 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TV : ' People 's Court ' , ' Reality ' in the Morning '' , New York Times , September 8 , 1981 Jump up ^ `` People 's Court Final Airing 5 - 17 - 93 '' . youtube.com . Retrieved 17 October 2016 . Jump up ^ The Intelligencer -- September 9 , 1994 Jump up ^ The Intelligencer -- October 16 , 1995 Jump up ^ The Post Standard -- June 6 , 1997 Jump up ^ `` The People 's Court About '' . Peoplescourt.warnerbros.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Grace , Roger . `` ' People 's Court ' : the Show the Networks Spurned '' . Metropolitan News - Enterprise . Retrieved 9 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Rusty Burrell ( 1925 -- 2002 ) was a sheriff 's department court bailiff in several famous Los Angeles trials , the Manson murders , The Onion Field murder , the Patty Hearst / SLA bank robbery , and the Caryl Chessman `` Red Light Bandit '' . Burrell had appeared on TV in the 1950s Divorce Court , and it was also his job at that show to find real attorneys to appear on camera . One of those regular Divorce Court attorneys was Judge Joseph Wapner 's father . ' People 's Court ' Bailiff Dies 2002 - 04 - 21 , zap2it.com ; Inside Judge Wapner 's wallet at the Wayback Machine ( archived October 21 , 2003 ) by Ken Kurson , 2000 - 08 - 04 , Green magazine at Salon.com . ^ Jump up to : ' People 's Court ' Finds Itself Before the Dock -- NYT June 15 , 1989 ) Jump up ^ `` Joseph A. Wapner Interview '' . emmytvlegends.org . Retrieved 3 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The People 's Court : His Honor JERRY SHEINDLIN ( Judge ) '' . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2000 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 15 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Jerry and Judy Sheindlin Discuss Laying Down the Law on TV `` KING : ... she 's tough . '' -- CNN Larry King Live transcript , aired September 12 , 2000 Jump up ^ NYT 2008 - 01 - 31 `` ' Judge Judy ' , the longest - running and highest - rated courtroom show in syndication ... '' ^ Jump up to : Lovell Banks , Taunya. `` 27 '' . Judging the Judges - Daytime Television 's Integrated Reality Court Bench . p. 311 . Jump up ^ New Judge For ' People 's Court ' -- 2000 - 12 - 21 , Zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` Daytime Entertainment Emmy Awards -- 40th Annual Daytime Entertainment Emmy Awards Nominations '' . Emmyonline.org . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ http://stamfordadvocate.com/local/article/People-s-Court-reporter-Doug-Llewelyn-8338171.php Jump up ^ Boniello , Kathianne ( January 29 , 2012 ) . `` ' The People 's Court ' rocked by possible murder mystery , episode controversy '' . New York Post . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tickets & Information '' . Onset Productions . 2012 - 09 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Albiniak , Paige ( 2012 - 11 - 07 ) . `` Syndication Ratings : Syndies Steady Headed Into November Sweeps '' . broadcastingcable.com . Retrieved 3 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The People 's Court UK '' . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2006 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 14 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , 2006 Jump up ^ Carson vs Letterman ' 86 YouTube Jump up ^ Houston Chronicle ( January 27 , 1989 ) ; `` Houston has its day in ` The People 's Court ' Notoriety ` rains ' on Judge Wapner '' Jump up ^ Izadi , Elahe ( February 12 , 2017 ) . `` SNL 's Donald Trump takes his executive order frustrations to ' The People 's Court ' '' . Washington Post . External links ( edit ) Official website People 's Court Raw ' People 's Court ' : the Show the Networks Spurned ( includes photo of Stu Billett ) Certain Cases on ' People 's Court ' Come Readily to Wapner 's Mind ( includes photos of the show with Judge Wapner ) ' People 's Court ' Returns to the Air but Without Wapner ( includes photo of former NYC Mayor ' Judge ' Ed Koch ) Judge Wapner vs. Judge Judy : What A Match That Would Have Been ( hide ) Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Legal / Courtroom Program Cristina 's Court ( 2008 ) Cristina 's Court ( 2009 ) Cristina 's Court ( 2010 ) Judge Pirro ( 2011 ) Last Shot with Judge Gunn ( 2012 ) Judge Judy ( 2013 ) The People 's Court ( 2014 ) The People 's Court ( 2015 ) Judge Judy ( 2016 ) Judge Judy ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_People%27s_Court&oldid=804953294 '' Categories : 1981 American television series debuts 1993 American television series endings 1997 American television series debuts 1980s American television series 1990s American television series 2000s American television series 2010s American television series American reality television series Arbitration courts and tribunals English - language television programs First - run syndicated television programs in the United States ITV television programmes Court shows STV Productions Television series by Warner Bros. Television Television series by Ralph Edwards Productions Television series revived after cancellation Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 03 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20People%2527s%20Court	3,137
will there be a second season of fairy tail	The second season of the Fairy Tail anime series was directed by Shinji Ishihira and produced by A-1 Pictures and Satelight . Like the rest of the series , it follows the adventures of Natsu Dragneel and Lucy Heartfilia of the magical guild , Fairy Tail . The series contains two story arcs . The first 20 episodes make up the `` Nirvana '' ( ニルヴァーナ , Niruvāna ) arc , which adapts Hiro Mashima 's Fairy Tail manga from shortly after the beginning of the 16th through the middle of the 20th volume . The arc focuses on Fairy Tail 's alliance with other guilds to take down the dark guild Oración Seis , aided by the Dragon Slayer Wendy Marvell and a reformed Jellal Fernandez . The last four episodes form the self - contained `` Daphne '' ( ダフネ , Dafune ) arc , where Gray Fullbuster seemingly betrays the guild and helps Daphne , a deranged wizard , capture Natsu to power an artificial dragon .		List of Fairy Tail episodes ( season 2 )	list of fairy tail episodes ( season 2 )	The second season of the Fairy Tail anime series was directed by Shinji Ishihira and produced by A-1 Pictures and Satelight . Like the rest of the series , it follows the adventures of Natsu Dragneel and Lucy Heartfilia of the magical guild , Fairy Tail . The series contains two story arcs . The first 20 episodes make up the `` Nirvana '' ( ニルヴァーナ , Niruvāna ) arc , which adapts Hiro Mashima 's Fairy Tail manga from shortly after the beginning of the 16th through the middle of the 20th volume . The arc focuses on Fairy Tail 's alliance with other guilds to take down the dark guild Oración Seis , aided by the Dragon Slayer Wendy Marvell and a reformed Jellal Fernandez . The last four episodes form the self - contained `` Daphne '' ( ダフネ , Dafune ) arc , where Gray Fullbuster seemingly betrays the guild and helps Daphne , a deranged wizard , capture Natsu to power an artificial dragon .	The season initially ran from October 11 , 2010 to March 28 , 2011 on TV Tokyo in Japan . It was later released on DVD in 12 compilations , each containing four episodes , by Pony Canyon between February 2 , 2011 and January 6 , 2012 . It was licensed by Animax Asia for an English - subtitled Southeast Asian broadcast . Their adaptation aired from February 10 , 2012 to April 23 , 2012 . Funimation Entertainment released the episodes with their own English - dubbed version across two Blu - ray / DVD box sets , released on July 23 and August 20 of 2013 , respectively . The two sets were released as together as `` Collection 3 '' on January 6 , 2015 . The season uses of four pieces of theme music : two opening themes and four ending themes . `` Egao no Mahō '' ( エガオノマホウ , `` Magic Smile '' ) performed by Magic Party is used for the first 12 episodes , and `` Fiesta '' by + Plus for the rest of the season . The ending themes , used with the opening themes , are `` Holy Shine '' performed by Daisy x Daisy , and `` Be as One '' by W - inds . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episode list 2 Notes 3 References Episode list ( edit ) No . Official English title Original Japanese title Original air date English air date 49 `` The Day of the Fateful Encounter '' `` Unmei no Deai no Hi '' ( 運命の出会いの日 ) October 11 , 2010 September 3 , 2013 A reporter from `` The Weekly Sorcerer '' comes to interview Fairy Tail . Cana tells Lucy Heartfilia that she will have a fateful encounter . Lucy meets an author who asks her to show him the surroundings because he needs inspiration for his new upcoming book . 50 `` Special Request : Watch Out for the Guy You Like ! '' `` Tokubetsu Irai . Kininaru Kare ni Chūi Seyo ! '' ( 特別依頼. 気になる彼に注意せよ ! ) October 18 , 2010 September 10 , 2013 Love is in the air as Lucy thinks that Natsu Dragneel has secret feelings for her . Meanwhile , Fairy Tail is turned upside down when Juvia tries to use a love potion to further her own relationship with Gray - only to cause havoc when the potion causes everyone who drinks it to believe the first thing they see is a rival instead . 51 `` Love & Lucky '' October 25 , 2010 September 17 , 2013 Lucy 's father , bankrupted , approaches her for money now that Heartfilia Railways has been seized , which Lucy refuses . However , when she learns that the Love and Lucky trade guild in Acalypha has been held up by armed robbers , she goes to save them since she recalls her father mentioned he would try to find work there . 52 `` Allied Forces , Assemble ! '' `` Rengōgun , Shūketsu ! '' ( 連合軍、集結 ! ) November 1 , 2010 September 24 , 2013 To defeat the dark guild Oración Seis , Fairy Tail delegates Natsu , Lucy , Happy , Gray , and Erza to join members from Blue Pegasus ( Ichiya , Hibiki , Eve , and Ren ) , Lamia Scale ( Lyon , Sherry , and Jura ) , and Cait Shelter in a joint effort . Everyone is stunned , however , when the representative from Cait Shelter arrives : a young girl named Wendy . 53 `` Enter the Oración Seis ! '' `` Orashion Seisu Arawaru ! '' ( 六魔将軍 ( オラシオンセイス ) 現る ! ) November 8 , 2010 October 1 , 2013 The six powerful wizards of Oración Seis intend to unseal Nirvana , a powerful spell , and the four guilds must work together to stop them . However , their plans go awry when Oración Seis member Angel learns their plans and undermines their efforts . With all members defeated , the guild leader Brain recognizes Wendy . 54 `` Maiden of the Sky '' `` Tenkū no Miko '' ( 天空の巫女 ) November 15 , 2010 October 8 , 2013 With Erza slowly being poisoned to death , Carla reveals that Wendy 's powers as a Sky Dragon Slayer can heal Erza , which sends everyone off to rescue their friends . However , Natsu , Gray , and Carla are inhibited by members of the dark guild Naked Mummy . Meanwhile , Wendy is forced to resurrect Jellal . 55 `` The Girl and the Ghost '' `` Shōjo to Bōrei '' ( 少女と亡霊 ) November 22 , 2010 October 15 , 2013 Despite being aware of Jellal 's past , Wendy reluctantly revives him because she mysteriously confesses she owes him her life . Nearing the base , Gray stays behind to fight Oración Seis wizard Racer while Natsu and Carla goes on to rescue Wendy and Happy . Though shocked to find Jellal alive , Natsu and his friends leave in order to save Erza . 56 `` Dead Grand Prix '' `` Deddo Guran Puri '' ( デッド GP ( グランプリ ) ) November 29 , 2010 October 22 , 2013 Hibiki directs Natsu on how to find Erza . Gray faces off against Racer with difficulty , despite help from Lyon and Sherry . When Lyon sacrifices himself to ensure Racer 's defeat , Sherry is left heartbroken . Meanwhile , Brain senses the loss of Racer and awakens the wizard Midnight . 57 `` Darkness '' `` Yami '' ( 闇 ) December 6 , 2010 October 29 , 2013 While Jura fights Hot Eye , Cobra follows Jellal , whose mind he can not read , in hopes of finding Nirvana . Erza secretly goes off to find Jellal after she is healed by Wendy , prompting Natsu to find Jellal to prevent him from meeting Erza . Hibiki reveals that Nirvana has the power to invert light and dark within people , thus people of light who feel powerful negative emotion fall into darkness . Unfortunately , Nirvana has already begun to affect everyone in the area , including Wendy , Sherry , Hot Eye , Ren , Midnight , and Eve . 58 `` Celestial Skirmish '' `` Seirei Gassen '' ( 星霊合戦 ) December 13 , 2010 November 5 , 2013 Lucy , Hibiki , Wendy , Happy , and Carla pursue Natsu , who has been defeated by an uncharacteristic Gray - who turns out to be the Celestial Spirit Gemini , contracted to Oración Seis wizard Angel . Angel 's knowledge of Celestial Spirit relationships trumps Lucy 's attempts to protect her friends , until Hibiki provides Lucy with the powerful Urano Metria spell . 59 `` Jellal of Days Gone By '' `` Tsuioku no Jerāru '' ( 追憶のジェラール ) December 20 , 2010 November 12 , 2013 Angel is defeated and Natsu together with Lucy end up falling down a giant waterfall , where they reunite with Gray , Lyon , and Sherry . Wendy reveals to Carla her past concerning Jellal and how she came to Cait Shelter . Meanwhile , Erza finds an amnesiac Jellal at the site of Nirvana . Seeing the pain he has caused her , Jellal places a self - destructive magic upon himself . 60 `` March of Destruction '' `` Hametsu no Kōshin '' ( 破滅の行進 ) December 27 , 2010 November 19 , 2013 Despite Jellal 's attempts to end everything with his death , Brain takes control of Nirvana and activates its second stage - an ancient city that begins marching at his order towards Cait Shelter . Natsu , Lucy , Happy , and Gray rush off to defeat it . When Natsu and Happy try to get ahead , they are forced into an aerial battle against Cobra . Meanwhile , Erza saves Jellal and convinces him to live for the future , and they begin to devise a plan to destroy Nirvana . 61 `` Super Aerial Battle : Natsu vs. Cobra ! '' `` Chōkūchūsen ! Natsu vs. Kobura '' ( 超空中戦 ! ナツ vs. コブラ ) January 10 , 2011 November 26 , 2013 Because Cobra can predict all his moves , Natsu ca n't gain the upper hand until he fights instinctively , where it is revealed that Cobra is a Dragon Slayer . Midnight shows up in front of Lucy , Gray , Jura and Hot Eye . Concluding that Hot Eye betrayed his father , Midnight engages in a fight with him . 62 `` Wizard Saint Jura '' `` Seiten no Jura '' ( 聖十のジュラ ) January 17 , 2011 December 3 , 2013 Cobra is injured by Brain for his failure , while Jura demonstrates his power as one of the Ten Wizard Saints and defeats Brain , whose final prayer is for Midnight not to fall . Natsu and the others continue their efforts to stop Nirvana 's advance on Cait Shelter , not realizing that Nirvana will not stop as long as Midnight is there . 63 `` Your Words '' `` Kimi no Kotoba koso '' ( 君の言葉こそ ) January 24 , 2011 December 10 , 2013 The staff Brain had before reveals his identity as the last member of Oracion Seis - the 7th , much to their confusion - and the reason behind their intentions of destroying the Cait Shelter Guild . Erza determines the true form of Midnight 's magic and prepares to fight him again . Meanwhile , Wendy searches for Jellal in order to find the necessary information that will help Natsu and the others stop Nirvana . 64 `` Zero '' `` Zero '' ( ゼロ ) January 31 , 2011 December 17 , 2013 Erza manages to overcome Midnight 's illusory magic , while Natsu , Lucy , Happy , and Gray confront Brain 's staff , Klodoa . Realizing Midnight 's defeat , Klodoa explains that Brain has an alternate destructive personality called Zero that was kept sealed by the members of the Oración Seis using body link magic . Erza , Jellal , Wendy and Carla make haste as Zero initiates Nirvana to fire upon Cait Shelter . 65 `` From Pegasus to Fairies '' `` Tenma kara Yōsei - tachi e '' ( 天馬から妖精たちへ ) February 7 , 2011 December 24 , 2013 As Zero fires on Cait Shelter , Blue Pegasus 's ship Christina , held together by Lyon , Sherry , and Ren , destroy one of Nirvana 's legs and cause it to miss . Hibiki relays the details of the plan to stop Nirvana : within 20 minutes , the six legs of Nirvana must be destroyed at the same time . As Natsu goes to the location of first Lacrima to fight Zero , Jellal follows him after regaining some of his memory . 66 `` The Power of Feelings '' `` Omoi no Chikara '' ( 想いの力 ) February 14 , 2011 December 31 , 2013 Having told Wendy to destroy the sixth Lacrima in his place , Jellal appears at the first Lacrima and gives Natsu the `` Flame of Rebuke '' . Natsu consumes the flame and enters Dragon Force for his fight against Zero and they power up for the final blow . Meanwhile , everyone reaches their respective destinations and wait for the right moment to strike . 67 `` I 'm With You '' `` Watashi ga Tsuiteiru '' ( 私がついている ) February 21 , 2011 January 7 , 2014 As everyone gathers their strength for the final blow , Natsu is consumed by Zero 's `` Genesis Zero '' attack . As he floats in the world of nothing , Igneel 's voice speaks to him and he breaks free , defeating Zero and manages to destroy Nirvana 's legs along with his allies , resulting in Nirvana 's destruction . 68 `` A Guild for One '' `` Tatta Hitori no Tame no Girudo '' ( たった一人の為のギルド ) February 28 , 2011 January 14 , 2014 Agents from the Magic Council dispatched to the site of Nirvana 's fall arrest Jellal ; when everyone else resists , Erza stops them and urges the officials to take Jellal away , though she is devastated by the outcome . As everyone recovers at Cait Shelter , it is revealed that the entire guild was an illusion created by the spirit of its guild master for Wendy 's sake . With Nirvana 's destruction , the spirit has fulfilled its purpose and Cait Shelter vanishes . As Wendy is left behind crying , Erza invites her to join Fairy Tail . 69 `` Call of the Dragon '' `` Ryū no Izanai '' ( 竜の誘い ) March 7 , 2011 January 21 , 2014 Everyone returns to their respective guilds , and Wendy and Carla officially become members of Fairy Tail . When Gray tells Natsu rumours of a woman , Daphne , who claims to have met a dragon , Natsu and Wendy set off to find her . However , they are dismayed that it is a trap and that Gray is inexplicably in league with Daphne . Meanwhile , Erza encounters a monster that uses the same kind of magic as her . 70 `` Natsu vs. Gray ! ! '' `` Natsu vs. Gurei ! ! '' ( ナツ vs. グレイ ! ! ) March 14 , 2011 January 28 , 2014 Natsu fights with Gray , who refuses to explain why he helped Daphne capture him . Lucy and Erza set off to save Natsu and Wendy , but encounter more Lizardmen , artificial monsters created by Daphne to mimic their opponents ' magic . Eventually Natsu is subdued and used by Daphne to power her artificial dragon , the Dragonoid . 71 `` Friendship Overcomes the Dead '' `` Tomo wa Shikabane o Koete '' ( 友は屍を越えて ) March 21 , 2011 February 4 , 2014 Elfman , Macao and Wakaba arrive to subdue Gray and bring him back to Fairy Tail , while Daphne flies towards Magnolia in her fully powered Dragonoid , intending to destroy the city . The members of Fairy Tail all fight against the Dragonoid before Natsu tells them to destroy him with it . 72 `` A Fairy Tail Wizard '' `` Fearī Teiru no Madōshi '' ( フェアリーテイルの魔導士 ) March 28 , 2011 February 11 , 2014 Gray explains to Makarov that he helped Daphne capture Natsu so that Natsu could destroy her Dragonoid from within and fulfill a forgotten promise to lift a curse Daphne cast to make the inhabitants of a town invisible . With help from the wizards of Fairy Tail , Natsu overloads the Dragonoid and defeats Daphne , lifting the curse she placed on the city . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ All English titles are taken from Funimation . Jump up ^ Date the episode originally aired on TV Tokyo . Jump up ^ Date the episode first aired on the Funimation Channel in an English dub . References ( edit ) General `` Episodes 49 - 60 '' ( in Japanese ) . TV Tokyo . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2012 . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . `` Episodes 61 - 72 '' ( in Japanese ) . TV Tokyo . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2012 . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Specific Jump up ^ `` あにてれ : FAIRY TAIL '' ( in Japanese ) . TV Tokyo . Retrieved May 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ポニーキャニョン - FAIRY TAIL ( 13 ) : DVD '' . Pony Canyon . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ポニーキャニョン - FAIRY TAIL ( 24 ) : DVD '' . Pony Canyon . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fairy Tail Season 2 '' . Asia Animax . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2012 . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 運命の出会いの日 '' . Fairy Tail . Episode 49 ( in Japanese ) . October 11 , 2010 . TV Tokyo . ^ Jump up to : `` 超空中戦 ! ナツ vs. コブラ '' . Fairy Tail . Episode 61 ( in Japanese ) . January 10 , 2011 . TV Tokyo . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 36 of 2013 ( Mon 2 Sep 2013 - Sun 8 Sep 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 49 ) ( P ) - Episode 49 - The Day of the Fateful Encounter Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 37 of 2013 ( Mon 9 Sep 2013 - Sun 15 Sep 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 50 ) ( P ) - Episode 50 - Special Request : Watch Out for the Guy You Like ! Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 38 of 2013 ( Mon 16 Sep 2013 - Sun 22 Sep 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 51 ) ( P ) - Episode 51 - Love & Lucky Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 39 of 2013 ( Mon 23 Sep 2013 - Sun 29 Sep 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 52 ) ( P ) - Episode 52 - Allied Forces , Assemble ! Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 40 of 2013 ( Mon 30 Sep 2013 - Sun 6 Oct 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 53 ) ( P ) - Episode 53 - Enter the Oración Seis ! Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 41 of 2013 ( Mon 7 Oct 2013 - Sun 13 Oct 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 54 ) ( P ) - Episode 54 - Maiden of the Sky Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 42 of 2013 ( Mon 14 Oct 2013 - Sun 20 Oct 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 55 ) ( P ) - Episode 55 - The Girl and the Ghost Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 43 of 2013 ( Mon 21 Oct 2013 - Sun 27 Oct 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 56 ) ( P ) - Episode 56 - Dead Grand Prix Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 44 of 2013 ( Mon 28 Oct 2013 - Sun 3 Nov 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 57 ) ( P ) - Episode 57 - Darkness Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 45 of 2013 ( Mon 4 Nov 2013 - Sun 10 Nov 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 58 ) ( P ) - Episode 58 - Celestial Skirmish Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 46 of 2013 ( Mon 11 Nov 2013 - Sun 17 Nov 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 59 ) ( P ) - Episode 59 - Jellal of Days Gone By Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 47 of 2013 ( Mon 18 Nov 2013 - Sun 24 Nov 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 60 ) ( P ) - Episode 60 - March of Destruction Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 48 of 2013 ( Mon 25 Nov 2013 - Sun 1 Dec 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 61 ) ( P ) - Episode 61 - Super Aerial Battle : Natsu vs. Cobra ! Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 49 of 2013 ( Mon 2 Dec 2013 - Sun 8 Dec 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 62 ) ( P ) - Episode 62 - Wizard Saint Jura Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 50 of 2013 ( Mon 9 Dec 2013 - Sun 15 Dec 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 63 ) ( P ) - Episode 63 - Your Words Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 51 of 2013 ( Mon 16 Dec 2013 - Sun 22 Dec 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 64 ) ( P ) - Episode 64 - Zero Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 52 of 2013 ( Mon 23 Dec 2013 - Sun 29 Dec 2013 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 65 ) ( P ) - Episode 65 - From Pegasus to Fairies Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 1 of 2014 ( Mon 30 Dec 2013 - Sun 5 Jan 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 66 ) ( P ) - Episode 66 - The Power of Feelings Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 2 of 2014 ( Mon 6 Jan 2014 - Sun 12 Jan 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 67 ) ( P ) - Episode 67 - I 'm With You Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 3 of 2014 ( Mon 13 Jan 2014 - Sun 19 Jan 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 68 ) ( P ) - Episode 68 - A Guild for One Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 4 of 2014 ( Mon 20 Jan 2014 - Sun 26 Jan 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 69 ) ( P ) - Episode 69 - Call of the Dragon Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 5 of 2014 ( Mon 27 Jan 2014 - Sun 2 Feb 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 70 ) ( P ) - Episode 70 - Natsu vs. Gray ! ! Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 6 of 2014 ( Mon 3 Feb 2014 - Sun 9 Feb 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 71 ) ( P ) - Episode 71 - Friendship Overcomes the Dead Jump up ^ `` Funimation Week 7 of 2014 ( Mon 10 Feb 2014 - Sun 16 Feb 2014 ) '' . Funimation Channel . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . 09 : 00p Fairy Tail ( 72 ) ( P ) - Episode 72 - A Fairy Tail Wizard ( hide ) Works by Hiro Mashima Fairy Tail Media Volumes 1 -- 15 16 -- 30 31 -- 45 46 -- 63 Spin - offs Fairy Tail Zero Episodes Season 1 6 7 Zero Characters Natsu Dragneel Films Phoenix Priestess Dragon Cry Rave Master Chapters Episodes Characters Other series Monster Soul Monster Hunter Orage Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Fairy_Tail_episodes_(season_2)&oldid=832944609 '' Categories : 2010 Japanese television seasons 2011 Japanese television seasons Fairy Tail episode lists Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages using deprecated image syntax Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Articles containing Japanese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Română Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 20 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Fairy%20Tail%20episodes%20%28season%202%29	3,138
who sent the wedding video to gossip girl	Blair thinks her stepfather may have found a potential loophole in her prenuptial agreement that would allow her to escape her marriage to Louis . CeCe Rhodes , before her death , arranged for a secret Irish - themed wake to take place at Van der Woodsen penthouse . Georgina Sparks decides to leave her post at Gossip Girl to her loyal but incompetent husband , Phil , and crash the wake to stir up more trouble . Chuck learns that Dan was the one who sent the video of him and Blair at her wedding ceremony and sends a blast to Gossip Girl . However , Phil inadvertently leaves Chuck 's name in the blast . William Van der Woodsen ( guest star William Baldwin ) returns to the Upper East Side for the wake , and is the executor of CeCe 's estate . Ivy Dickens is announced as CeCe 's heir and we learn that CeCe was apparently aware the whole time of Ivy 's real identity . Ivy evicts both Lily and Rufus from the Van der Woodsen penthouse . Carol Rhodes also reveals the identity of Charlie 's father as William Van der Woodsen . The real Charlie ' Lola ' Rhodes continues her affair with Nate but has little interest in getting to know her family until Georgina suggests to her there may be another reason why her mother hid her from them . We learn that Blair 's personal accountant , Estée , is in love with Louis , and she convinces Blair to agree to having her marriage annulled as long as she does n't say a word to the media , including Gossip Girl . However this is all a ruse perpetrated by Georgina herself , who sends a photo of Blair and Dan kissing to Gossip Girl and the Waldorf 's are once again threatened with responsibility of paying the dowry and declaring bankruptcy . Blair tells Chuck that she will always love him but is not in love with him anymore . Georgina no longer wants to act as Gossip Girl after revealing to everyone that she has been filling in for the real Gossip Girl . She sends her computer to Serena and leaves for Monaco to help annul Blair 's marriage ... in exchange for a favor down the road . Blair tells Dan that he 's the one who has her heart and they begin a relationship .	Dan	Gossip Girl ( season 5 )	gossip girl ( season 5 )	The fifth season of Gossip Girl , an American teen drama based upon the book series by Cecily von Ziegesar and developed for television by Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage . The CW officially renewed the series for a fifth season on April 26 , 2011 .	It was announced later that Taylor Momsen , who played Jenny Humphrey since the pilot , and Jessica Szohr , who joined the series as Vanessa Abrams in season one , would not be returning for the fifth season as regulars . Kaylee DeFer was upgraded to a series regular status in her roles as Serena 's cousin , Charlie Rhodes , and aspiring actress / con artist Ivy Dickens . Hugo Becker also reprises his role as Blair 's love interest , Prince Louis Grimaldi of Monaco . With the confirmation of the 2011 -- 12 schedule , The CW television network announced that Gossip Girl would be returning to Mondays at 8 : 00pm as a lead - in to Hart of Dixie . It features 24 episodes . The fifth season premiered on September 26 , 2011 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Guest stars 2 Episodes 3 Production 3.1 Cast 3.2 Plot 4 Release 4.1 Ratings 5 References Cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of Gossip Girl characters Main ( edit ) Blake Lively as Serena van der Woodsen Leighton Meester as Blair Waldorf Penn Badgley as Dan Humphrey Chace Crawford as Nate Archibald Ed Westwick as Chuck Bass Kaylee DeFer as Ivy Dickens Kelly Rutherford as Lily Humphrey Matthew Settle as Rufus Humphrey Kristen Bell as Gossip Girl ( Uncredited ) Recurring ( edit ) Michelle Trachtenberg as Georgina Sparks Hugo Becke as Louis Grimaldi Ella Rae Peck as Lola Rhodes Margaret Colin as Eleanor Waldorf Elizabeth Hurley as Diana Payne Wallace Shawn as Cyrus Rose Sheila Kelley as Carol Rhodes Zuzanna Szadkowski as Dorota Kishlovsky Brian J. Smith as Max Harding Amanda Setton as Penelope Shafai Nan Zhang as Kati Farkas Alice Callahan as Jessica Leitenberg Guest stars ( edit ) William Baldwin as William van der Woodsen Robert John Burke as Bart Bass Caroline Lagerfelt as CeCe Rhodes Desmond Harrington as Jack Bass Aaron Tveit as Tripp van der Bilt Joanne Whalley as Sophie Roxane Mesquida as Beatrice Grimaldi Michael Michele as Jane Zoë Bell as herself Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Gossip Girl episodes No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( in millions ) 88 `` Yes , Then Zero '' Mark Piznarski Joshua Safran September 26 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 26 ) 1.37 While working as a production assistant in Hollywood , Serena makes a mistake while trying to impress her new boss ( guest star Michael Michele ) . Chuck and Nate arrive in Los Angeles to visit Serena where Nate gets involved with a shady older woman ( guest star Elizabeth Hurley ) and Chuck has a meeting of minds with actress / stuntwoman Zoë Bell ( playing herself ) as he struggles to get over Blair . Meanwhile , Blair and Louis return to New York from Monaco after spending the summer planning their wedding . Louis ' problem in supporting Blair 's difficult choices and nearly impossible demands threatens their relationship when she begins to see him as weak . Also , Dan gets help from Louis in a desperate attempt to prevent his book from being published in a local magazine . It is revealed in this episode that Dorota is pregnant and expecting her second child . Towards the end of the episode , it is also hinted that Blair is the one that is pregnant in which Dorota lied for her . As she is fitted for her wedding dress , the dress fitter says that by the time of her wedding she will be showing . Also , Serena runs into Charlie in Los Angeles still unaware of her real identity : Ivy Dickens , who has moved to California with her boyfriend , Max . Title reference : From the 1987 film , Less Than Zero . 89 `` Beauty and the Feast '' Mark Piznarski Sara Goodman October 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 03 ) 1.34 Blair tries to conceal the news of her recent pregnancy from Louis as the arrival of her future sister - in - law Beatrice ( guest star Roxane Mesquida ) nears . Nate reconnects with the mysterious Diana Payne ( guest star Elizabeth Hurley ) , a woman whom he had a fling with in Los Angeles who offers him a job opportunity to work at her publishing company , called Spectator , in New York . Meanwhile , Dan is desperately in need of help from Chuck to stop his novel from being published , but finds out that Chuck is hiding a secret . Ivy , still in character as Charlie , tries to avoid her real identity from an unsuspecting Serena but her plans affects her life in L.A. with her unsuspecting boyfriend Max . Blair 's plan does n't go accordingly ; since Beatrice overhears her tell Dan that she 's pregnant , not bulimic . Title reference : From the 1991 film , Beauty and the Beast . 90 `` The Jewel of Denial '' Larry Shaw Amanda Lasher October 10 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 10 ) 1.27 Serena and Charlie return to New York . Worrying that her identity will be revealed , Ivy decides to start making her own choice by being a part of New York 's social society as Charlie . Meanwhile , Dan learns that his former mentor , Noah Shapiro , is responsible for publishing his novel . After his attempts at stopping Noah fail , Dan soon ends up in the spotlight . Chuck tries to break through his emotional block . Unknowingly , Nate is persuaded by the ruthless man - eater Diana ( guest star Elizabeth Hurley ) to cross moral lines while interviewing a couple at the Jenny Packham fashion show . Lily is finally released from house arrest and attends the fashion show with Rufus , despite the fact that her social life is in shambles . After learning that Ivy stole some of Charlie 's trust fund money for herself , Carol Rhodes tracks down Ivy to New York where Ivy threatens to reveal their scam , as well as implicate Serena and the entire Van Der Woodsen family , if Carol does not back away . Elsewhere , a very reluctant Blair decides she does not want to learn who the father of her unborn child is , but is later seen telling Chuck that she is pregnant with Louis ' baby , but adds `` Part of me wished it was yours '' . He is both amazed and hurt . When Blair tells Louis that she is pregnant , he is ecstatic , but at the end Blair is seen hiding the test results in a drawer . Also , Nate finds Ivy 's missing cell phone with her text messages from her boyfriend Max , but does not make the connection that Ivy and Charlie are one and the same . Title reference : From the 1985 film , The Jewel of the Nile . 91 `` Memoirs of an Invisible Dan '' Tate Donovan Amy B. Harris October 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 17 ) 1.16 Dan is about to be announced as author of Inside so he gives a copy of the book to Blair , Serena , Nate , Chuck and Rufus hoping they will be supportive at his upcoming book party . In the book , Dan described Serena as the `` old Serena '' : drinking , dating teachers , being shallow , partying , reckless , and having random sex . Nate does n't receive a character description , but is joined with Eric ( a younger , gay character with political relatives ) . Chuck is described as being lonely , cynical and without any friends or family . The book talks about Blair and Dan having sex , and when Louis reads it he says he ca n't trust Blair anymore . Blair is afraid she will have to raise the baby on her own if he leaves and finally tells Serena . Louis apologizes for his behavior and agrees to trust Blair . Even Rufus becomes angry and alienated with Dan when he says he had never regretted leaving the music industry to have a family , until upon reading the book , which portrays him as marrying Lily just for money . Meanwhile , Diana makes the connection of Ivy and Charlie being the same person and forces Charlie to work for her at Spectator . Also , Serena 's boss tells her to get the film rights for Inside and that she has only one week , forcing Serena to choose between Dan and her career . Title reference : From the 1992 film , Memoirs of an Invisible Man . 92 5 `` The Fasting and the Furious '' Joe Lazarov Peter Elkoff October 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 24 ) 1.36 Louis ' mother Princess Sophie and his sister Beatrice pay another visit to New York where Blair announces her pregnancy to everyone . While her stepfather and mother , Cyrus and Eleanore , decide to throw a Yom Kippur dinner party to celebrate , Sophie and Beatrice try to get Blair to accept a series of conditions following the marriage . Blair naturally refuses , and Louis must choose between standing beside Blair or his mother . Meanwhile , Serena tries to get back into Dan 's good graces after her boss tells her to ask Dan to gain the movie rights to his book . Charlie asks Nate for help after Diana gives her a difficult assignment to find more dirt on the Van der Woodsen family kept in the family safe . As Rufus and Lily continue to avoid talking with Dan over his book , Chuck connects with an attractive therapist who rebuffs his advances and seems to see right through his character for who he really is . Title reference : From the 2001 film , The Fast and the Furious . 93 6 `` I Am Number Nine '' Andy Wolk Jake Coburn November 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 07 ) 1.26 Blair tries out three of her former minions for her Bridesmaids slots , and Charlie willingly teams up with the group in order to seek out a story where she proves herself to be more than a match for the Mean Girls . Nate becomes more frustrated that Diana refuses to publicly speak about their romance . So , Nate tries to make Diana jealous by asking Charlie to accompany him to Diana 's party celebrating the opening of her new gossip Internet blog at Spectator . Meanwhile , Serena is forced by her boss , Jane , to secure the screenwriting rights for Dan 's book , who quickly realizes that Jane wants someone else to write the screenplay in order to make the movie even more sordid and absurd as well as marketable . Also , Chuck discovers that his therapist , Dr. Eliza Barnes , has been recruited by Louis in order to dissuade Chuck from pursuing Blair any further . Title reference : From the 2011 film , I Am Number Four . 94 7 `` The Big Sleep No More '' Vince Misiano Dan Steele November 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 14 ) 1.24 Several of the group attend a performance of Punchdrunk 's provocative theater experience , `` Sleep No More '' , which translates to masks , anonymity and some surprising romantic twists by the end of the evening . Dorota follows Blair to the performance to stop her from trying to prove that Chuck 's attempts to reform himself into a better man is a scam . Meanwhile , Diana sets her sights to snag Serena a job at Spectator as part of her twisted quest to ruin Gossip Girl 's website . Charlie / Ivy 's ex-boyfriend , Max , arrives in town for an interview look for her , and ends up as Serena 's date to the performance . Diana sets about manipulating Max , Serena , Charlie , and Nate , hoping to cause a major confrontation for her own deranged enjoyment . Elsewhere , Dan sets out on his book tour , but Rufus and Lily discover that he is n't exactly having the experience as he claims to be . At the end , more shocking twists are revealed as the evil Diana and Nate 's crooked grandfather , William van der Bilt , are revealed to have been working together to orchestrate Nate 's employment with Diana as part of sinister grand plan for Nate , while Max , sent away by Diana on a ruse , accidentally discovers Ivy 's double life of impersonating Serena 's cousin Charlie . Title reference : From the 1946 film The Big Sleep and the 2011 theatrical production Sleep No More . 95 8 `` All the Pretty Sources '' Cherie Nowlan Austin Winsberg November 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 21 ) 1.35 Serena is hard at work planning a dream bridal shower for Blair , but it should come as no surprise that Serena has to plant some false information about the shower in order to keep Blair from finding out all the details . Meanwhile , Chuck and Dan decide to spend the day together to distract themselves from the fact that they did n't make the invite list for Blair 's shower . Nate and Serena find a silver bullet in Diana 's war against Gossip Girl when they uncover a list of all of Gossip Girl 's contacts , but struggle about whether to use it or not . But when the list is leaked anyway , Nate and Serena accuse each other , then Nate accuses Diana , but Blair finds out that the culprit is Louis . Elsewhere , Max confronts Ivy about her double life of impersonating Charlie who tells him that Charlie is her real identity . But Max quickly sees through Ivy 's lies and instead of informing Lily or Serena or the authorities with what he knows , he instead blackmails Ivy for a large sum of money . Also , William van der Bilt makes his presence known where he forces Diana to quit as editor - in - chief of Spectator so that Nate can take her place . Chuck tells Dan that he is in love with Blair . The episode ends with Blair visiting Chuck at the Empire after she learns from Serena that Chuck really has changed . Title reference : From the 2000 film , All the Pretty Horses . 96 9 `` Rhodes to Perdition '' Andrew McCarthy Natalie Krinsky November 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 28 ) 1.32 CeCe Rhodes arrives back in New York where Lily and Serena are planning to throw her a Studio 54 party in her honor . Serena continues dating Max who begins blackmailing Charlie . Meanwhile , Dan meets with his publicist Alessandra where they create rival `` Dan fan '' and `` Dan hater '' accounts on Twitter in order to create online buzz for his book . Blair attempts to figure out how to make Louis more like the `` new '' Chuck by spending the day with Chuck . She accompanies him to therapy and demands to know how he 's improved himself only to find out that he 's let her go . Upset she runs home and later reveals to Chuck that she 's afraid she is the one that brings the dark side out in him and Louis . Chuck assures her that she is `` the lightest thing that ever came into my life '' and tells her he let her go because she asked him to . He just wants her to be happy . Also , Nate is the new boss of the Spectator and one of his employees finds out that his cousin Tripp 's wife , Maureen , might be having an affair . He soon figures out , however , that Maureen is faking an affair in order to create a sympathetic image for Tripp in the public eye before the upcoming election . Serena learns about Ivy and Max and breaks up with him and Carol Rhodes visits to help find a cover story to get `` Charlie '' her trust fund and to help keep her there where she 's loved . In the final confrontation , everyone believes Ivy 's false story that she really is Charlie and pretended to be Ivy when she was with Max , even though he calls her a liar and says otherwise . Ivy also finds out that CeCe is sick , but keeps it a secret . The episode ends with Max reaffirming his threats to Ivy to expose her scam , Chuck telling Nate that he still loves Blair , and Blair looking despondent in her bedroom , refusing to talking to Louis who is out of the country . Title reference : From the 2002 film , Road to Perdition . 97 10 `` Riding in Town Cars with Boys '' Vince Misiano Amanda Lasher December 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 05 ) 1.28 Serena and Lily prepare Charlie for her first debutante ball to welcome her into New York high society , but the vindictive Max is determined to reveal Charlie / Ivy 's secret by any means necessary . Meanwhile , Blair must choose where she stands with both Louis and Chuck as she hides out at the Humphrey loft in Brooklyn from the press . Dan realizes that it is time to tell Blair the truth about his feelings for her . Louis returns to New York where he meets with Serena and confides in her about his fears about his future with Blair . Nate learns that his grandfather , William van der Bilt , owns the majority of stock shares at Spectator and he influenced Diana to hire him . William invites Nate to an upstate retreat , but Nate 's cousin , Tripp , has been excluded . After Dan sacrifices his own love for Blair for her happiness , Chuck and Blair are hurried into a car from Charlie 's debutante ball . Their car is tailed by vicious paparazzi ( Charlie sent a blast to Gossip Girl and tipped them off in order to keep them away from her ) who cause them to crash , leaving Chuck fighting for his life and the pregnant Blair fighting to keep her baby . After Max 's pleas to both Serena and Nate about Charlie 's real identity fall on deaf ears , he has a run - in with Tripp van der Bilt whom he apparently tells his story about Ivy . Charlie calls Carol Rhodes to tell her that she is leaving New York City after she tells Rufus that she is a fraud . Also , Diana is called by Jack Bass and informed about Chuck and Blair 's car accident ; she is somehow involved . Title reference : From the 2001 film , Riding in Cars with Boys . 98 11 `` The End of the Affair ? '' Michael Grossman Sara Goodman January 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 16 ) 1.29 Through a series of emotional flashbacks , Blair reveals to Serena what really happened in the aftermath of her car crash with Chuck . Dan tries to help Blair recover , while both Chuck and Louis mistaken their bonding as an affair . Meanwhile , Nate discovers information about the accident that suggests possible foul play . Having successfully shut down Gossip Girl 's website , Serena is reluctant to become the next Gossip Girl as her work at Spectator News takes off . Elsewhere , Lily is worried by Charlie 's long absence and decides to hire a private detective to track her down despite Rufus ' objections . Vera Wang makes a cameo as herself at Blair 's dress fitting . Title reference : From the 1999 film , The End of the Affair . 99 12 `` Father and the Bride '' Amy Heckerling Peter Elkoff January 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 23 ) 1.11 Blair decides to throw herself a bachelorette party , but shady enemies who include Beatrice ( guest star Roxane Mesquida ) , and her co-conspirator cousin Father Cavette , scheme to ruin and humiliate Blair , with an unknowing Chuck as their patsy , in order to prevent Blair 's upcoming marriage by any means necessary . Meanwhile , Nate , with the distant assistance of Gossip Girl , finally discovers that Tripp was responsible for the car accident that affected Blair and Chuck and he contacts William van der Bilt for help to expose Tripp 's scheme . Also , Serena and Dan continue their fake relationship to protect Blair while Dan becomes uncertain about writing again . Title reference : From the 1991 film , Father of the Bride . 100 13 `` G.G. '' Mark Piznarski Joshua Safran January 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 30 ) 1.39 In the 100th episode , Blair 's wedding day finally arrives , along with a vengeful Georgina Sparks and her co-conspirator husband who are determined to ruin Blair 's wedding by any means necessary . Meanwhile , Serena decides that she has to tell Dan how she feels while Nate unknowingly meets the real Charlie Rhodes working as a waitress at the reception . Elsewhere , Chuck must decide whether or not to make a final grand gesture to show Blair how he feels until Blair 's mother , Eleanor , approaches him to persuade him to stop the wedding . Blair 's estranged father Harold , and her stepfather , Cyrus , try to get Blair to choose one of them to escort her down the aisle , while Louis ' mother , Sophia , again tries to tell him that Blair is not , and never will be , trustworthy . During the wedding , Gossip Girl leaks a video which shows Blair confessing her love for Chuck . However , an interrupted wedding continues and Blair is officially declared the Princess of Monaco . However , at the reception , Louis reveals to Blair that the wedding stands as contracted and `` a show '' , and their love does not exist , to which Blair reacts in distress and runs away with Dan . The identity of Gossip Girl 's successor is revealed at the end of the episode . Title reference : From the 1958 film , Gigi . 101 14 `` The Backup Dan '' David Warren Matt Whitney February 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 06 ) 1.25 Following the wedding , Blair tries to leave for the Dominican Republic , with the help of Dan , to get a divorce from Louis without his consent due to a loophole in the Dominican Republic 's law . However , she realizes that she forgot her passport and so asks Dorota for help . Serena , Chuck , Nate reluctantly team up with Georgina to find Blair , until Georgina gets a tip from one of her sources and she leaves . Georgina then , as Gossip Girl , informs Louis and Sophia of Blair 's location . Nate , Serena and Chuck eventually find Blair in a hotel room with Dan . Sophia finds Blair and threatens to forcefully sell Eleanor 's company as dowry if Blair chooses not to return , on which Blair reluctantly decides to go back . Elsewhere , Nate has another meeting with the real Charlie Rhodes , who goes by the name of Lola . At the end , it is implied that neither Chuck nor Serena , who takes the blame , leaked the video of Blair confessing her love for Chuck . It is revealed that Georgina is simply filling in for Gossip Girl ever since she abandoned the blog after Chuck and Blair 's car accident . Title reference : From the 2010 film , The Back - up Plan . 102 15 `` Crazy , Cupid , Love '' Matt Penn Austin Winsberg February 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 13 ) 1.13 It 's Valentine 's Day on the Upper East Side and Blair ca n't resist playing Cupid for someone she loves as she tries to get Serena and Dan back together . Georgina is intent on stirring up more drama and trouble since taking over Gossip Girl 's website . With the help of a group of informants , Georgina decides to crash Nate 's Valentine 's Day party which is being held at the Empire Hotel , while Chuck does not feel in the holiday spirit and falls into his old habits . Meanwhile , Ivy Dickens returns to New York for a quick visit , but has a run - in with the real Charlie Rhodes , working at the party , whom Nate is still pining after . Serena is shocked by something she witnesses at the party when Dan and Blair 's relationship takes a turn when Dan kisses Blair and she kisses him back . Georgina figures out that Dan was the one who leaked the video of Blair confessing her love for Chuck at her wedding , but keeps silent when Dan discovers her own secret of being Gossip Girl . Charlie discovers Ivy , whom she used to know from acting school , has been impersonating her and also remains quiet as she sets out to investigate her . Ivy is also revealed to have spent the last three months hiding out in the Hamptons where she keeps a bedside vigil at a local hospice for a terminally sick CeCe Rhodes . Title reference : From the 2011 film , Crazy , Stupid , Love . 103 16 `` Cross Rhodes '' John Terlesky Amy B. Harris February 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 20 ) 1.00 Dan feels honored when he learns that Upright Citizen 's Brigade theater troupe is performing excerpts from his book , Inside . Meanwhile , Blair tries to prove Serena 's suspicions about her feelings for Dan are wrong , in order to save their relationship . A jealous and vindictive Chuck maliciously plots to sabotage Dan 's writing career . On her way out of town , Ivy Dickens ends up on a collision course with the Van der Woodsens and destiny as she continues to look after the cancer - stricken CeCe . Charlie / Lola continues to investigate Ivy 's origins as well as keep what she is doing a secret from Nate and everyone else . Carol Rhodes also arrives back in New York after learning from Lily and Serena about Cece 's medical turn for the worse . It is here at the hospital , that Ivy and Charlie run into each other once again , where this time Charlie finally reveals in front of the whole Van der Woodsen family that Ivy ( whom they still know as Charlie ) is an impostor . Carol , unable to lie any more , tells the truth about Ivy and all about their scheme . Blair admits to her feelings for Dan . At the end of the episode CeCe dies . Title reference : From the 1986 film , Crossroads . 104 17 `` The Princess Dowry '' Andrew McCarthy Jake Coburn February 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 27 ) 1.11 Blair thinks her stepfather may have found a potential loophole in her prenuptial agreement that would allow her to escape her marriage to Louis . CeCe Rhodes , before her death , arranged for a secret Irish - themed wake to take place at Van der Woodsen penthouse . Georgina Sparks decides to leave her post at Gossip Girl to her loyal but incompetent husband , Phil , and crash the wake to stir up more trouble . Chuck learns that Dan was the one who sent the video of him and Blair at her wedding ceremony and sends a blast to Gossip Girl . However , Phil inadvertently leaves Chuck 's name in the blast . William Van der Woodsen ( guest star William Baldwin ) returns to the Upper East Side for the wake , and is the executor of CeCe 's estate . Ivy Dickens is announced as CeCe 's heir and we learn that CeCe was apparently aware the whole time of Ivy 's real identity . Ivy evicts both Lily and Rufus from the Van der Woodsen penthouse . Carol Rhodes also reveals the identity of Charlie 's father as William Van der Woodsen . The real Charlie ' Lola ' Rhodes continues her affair with Nate but has little interest in getting to know her family until Georgina suggests to her there may be another reason why her mother hid her from them . We learn that Blair 's personal accountant , Estée , is in love with Louis , and she convinces Blair to agree to having her marriage annulled as long as she does n't say a word to the media , including Gossip Girl . However this is all a ruse perpetrated by Georgina herself , who sends a photo of Blair and Dan kissing to Gossip Girl and the Waldorf 's are once again threatened with responsibility of paying the dowry and declaring bankruptcy . Blair tells Chuck that she will always love him but is not in love with him anymore . Georgina no longer wants to act as Gossip Girl after revealing to everyone that she has been filling in for the real Gossip Girl . She sends her computer to Serena and leaves for Monaco to help annul Blair 's marriage ... in exchange for a favor down the road . Blair tells Dan that he 's the one who has her heart and they begin a relationship . Title reference : From the 2001 film , The Princess Diaries . 105 18 `` Con Heir '' Joe Lazarov Annemarie Navar - Gill April 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 02 ) 0.97 Chuck invites his uncle , Jack , back to New York to thank him for saving his life in the car accident by donating blood , but starts to doubt Jack 's story when Chuck investigates and learns that Jack was recently diagnosed positive with Hepatitis C , and a test on Chuck turns to be negative . Meanwhile , Blair and Dan attempt to consummate their new relationship , but unexpected roadblocks get in their way . Serena takes over the role of Gossip Girl after receiving Georgina 's package , but learns that the job is trickier than she thought . Elsewhere , Ivy believes she has found an ally in William in her quest to be accepted into high society on the Upper East Side . Lily tries to adjust to living in Brooklyn at the Humphrey loft with Rufus until the war against Ivy is settled . Lola decides to help her family , seeing as they are all she has left . Also , Nate is hopeful that a new investor will save his newspaper Spectator . The episode concludes with the real Gossip Girl ready to resume her post , and requesting that Serena give the site back . Chuck discovers that it is his mother who donated the blood . Title reference : From the 1997 film , Con Air . 106 19 `` It Girl , Interrupted '' Omar Madha Amanda Lasher April 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 09 ) 0.98 Serena is determined to turn Lola into the next `` it - girl '' of the Upper East Side , starting with trying to persuade Lola to model at a Kiki de Montparnasse lingerie show . Meanwhile , Chuck reaches out to Blair for advice about his past but is rejected as she believes he has a hidden agenda . Diana Payne 's return to The Spectator starts a power struggle with Nate for control , while Lola reacts with jealousy ; but everything is not what it appears . It is discovered that Chuck paid Blair 's dowry to get rid of Louis ' family . Also , Rufus and Lily have a falling out after Lily goes behind Rufus ' back to play a simple scheme to remove Ivy from their penthouse . Title reference : From the 1999 film , Girl , Interrupted . 107 20 `` Salon of the Dead '' Norman Buckley Natalie Krinsky April 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 16 ) 1.06 Blair and Dan throw a salon as a way of coming out as a couple , but drama caused by their friends derail the night . Lola finds out Serena is posing as Gossip Girl but does n't tell Nate , knowing he would be hurt by the revelation . Lily cuts off Rufus ' debit card after she finds out he has been paying for a hotel for Ivy . It is revealed at the end that Diana is really Chuck 's mother , she was too young to raise a baby and gave him to Elizabeth to look after . Title reference : From the 2004 film , Shaun of the Dead . 108 21 `` Despicable B '' David Warren Austin Winsberg April 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 23 ) 0.99 Blair feels like her Upper East Side status might be slipping away and devises a plan to assure that does n't happen by upstaging Dan at a publishers gathering . Meanwhile , Lily throws a family gathering including William , Carol , and Lola in an attempt to prove the van der Woodsen family is as united as ever , but Lily has an ulterior motive . Finally , Nate digs into Diana 's past and is surprised by what he discovers . Title reference : From the 2010 film , Despicable Me . 109 22 `` Raiders of the Lost Art '' Bart Wenrich Jake Coburn April 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 30 ) 1.02 Chuck , Nate , Blair , Serena and Lola team up to uncover what they think is an explosive secret between Diana and Jack . Meanwhile , Dan is offered a prestigious fellowship in Rome for the summer , but turns it down for his relationship with Blair . Dan tells Blair he loves her but she does n't say it back . Nate and Lola team up with Gossip Girl to take back the site from Serena leaving her hopeless . Diana is seen to be running a high class brothel service . At the end of the episode Chuck finds out his father Bart Bass is still alive . Title reference : From the 1981 film , Raiders of the Lost Ark . 110 23 `` The Fugitives '' Andy Wolk Matt Whitney May 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 07 ) 0.83 Blair enlists Serena to be her stand - in at an important meeting when Blair finds herself needing to be in two places at the same time as Dan seeks to meet with a college rep from Italy for his oversees summer stay in Italy . Meanwhile , Ivy and Lola team up to help Chuck with a personal vendetta against an old enemy of Bart Bass ' . Also , Nate makes a decision about the future with Diana Payne ( guest star Elizabeth Hurley ) . Title reference : From the 1993 film , The Fugitive . 111 24 `` The Return of the Ring '' J. Miller Tobin Sara Goodman May 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 14 ) 1.14 In the fifth season finale , when Gossip Girl begins to upload excerpts from Blair 's diary , her love life begins to unravel causing her to choose between Dan and Chuck . Serena is banished from the Waldorf apartment for her part in the reveal of Blair 's diary , she then retaliates by trying to seduce Dan with the help of Blair 's minions . Nate asks Lola to move in with him , but she turns him down when she tells him that her acting group is going on tour . Meanwhile at the Shephard divorce party , Serena and Dan have sex , but when Dan learns she videotaped their encounter just to hurt Blair , he furiously leaves . Elsewhere , Lily chooses to annul her marriage to Rufus , since her marriage to Bart is still valid . Lola receives her share of the Van der Woodsen estate from her biological father , William Van der Woodsen , and also learns that Lily intentionally sabotaged Carol 's defense in court to keep her imprisoned as well as destroyed Ivy 's case in order to keep Cece 's wealth all for herself . Blair accepts an offer from Eleanor to take over her fashion company . Following a Bass Industries press conference , Blair chooses Chuck over Dan , but Chuck rebuffs her when he is preoccupied with his father 's return as head of Bass Industries who ousts Chuck to reclaim his former position as CEO . One week later ; Lola hands over her inheritance share to Ivy , who in return promises to keep in touch and help her bring down their common enemy : Lily . Lola leaves town to go on tour with her acting troupe , while Ivy returns to Florida to plot her revenge against Lily . The disgraced Serena leaves town and reverts back to her old self by taking drugs and sleeping with her dealer , whilst the alienated Dan leaves for Rome and prepares to write another hurtful , tell - all book about the Upper East Side with the help of Georgina Sparks . Nate receives CCTV footage from Diana Payne of the real Gossip Girl ( a hooded masked figure ) stealing Serena 's laptop on the night of Bart 's return . Whilst in Paris , Blair goes to a casino where Chuck and Jack are scheming to bring down Bart Bass and tells Chuck it 's now her turn to fight for him . Title reference : From the 2003 film , The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King . Production ( edit ) The CW officially renewed the series for a fifth season on April 26 , 2011 . On May 19 , 2011 , with the reveal of The CW 's 2011 -- 12 television schedule , Gossip Girl stayed on Monday night and moved to the 8 : 00 pm Eastern / 7 : 00 pm Central timeslot as a lead - in to Hart of Dixie , which is produced by Gossip Girl 's executive producers Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage . The fifth season premiered on Monday , September 26 , 2011 . Filming for the season began on July 7 , 2011 . On August 3 , 2011 , The CW ordered two additional episodes for the fifth season , which will now total at 24 . Executive producer Joshua Safran announced that he would be `` pulling out all the stops '' to make the 100th episode of the show special , which is expected to air in January . On the date of the season premiere , the show used footage of the New York cityscape that showed the World Trade Center before the September 11 attacks . Footage containing the World Trade Center have been omitted by films and TV shows such as Sex and the City and The Sopranos to honor individuals who died in the attacks . The network has not responded to criticism regarding the usage of the footage . Despite dwindling ratings , series executives are confident the show will be renewed for a sixth season . Head of Warner Bros. Television , Peter Roth is also confident that the show will return , stating , `` I ca n't really say at this point , but I would hope and expect that there would be at least another year -- if not years -- to come . '' Later on , executive producer Stephanie Savage hinted that a sixth and final season is likely . `` We 're not writing a series finale this year , '' said Savage . She added `` I checked in with the bosses to make sure we 're not shooting ourselves in the foot '' and said the cast contracts run out at the end of the next season so `` that feels like probably an organic ending point '' . St. Vincent performed `` Cruel '' and `` Cheerleader '' from her Strange Mercy album during the Valentine 's Day episode . Cast ( edit ) Diana 's entrance on the Upper East Side will change the lives of all our characters -- including and especially , Gossip Girl herself . `` '' -- Stephanie Savage and Joshua Safran on Liz Hurley 's introduction . Blake Lively , Leighton Meester , Penn Badgley , Chace Crawford , and Ed Westwick all returned as series regulars . Kaylee DeFer was upgraded to series regular status , while Taylor Momsen and Jessica Szohr have been invited back as guest stars . Kelly Rutherford and Matthew Settle also returned as regulars . On April 6 , 2011 10 Things I Hate About You star Ethan Peck landed a guest - starring role on the show . Peck made his debut in the fourth season finale and was in talks with producers for a recurring role for the fifth season . Peck would later film his scenes with Lively for the season premiere . French actress and model Roxane Mesquida was cast as Beatrice , Louis ' sister and Blair 's nemesis in a recurring role for the fifth season . Actress Elizabeth Hurley has been cast as media mogul Diana Payne and will star in a multi-episode arc with the character being described as `` a sexy , smart , self - made media mogul and an all - around force to be reckoned with . '' Former Lost actor Marc Menard will join the cast in the potentially recurring role of Father Cavalia , a handsome priest from Monaco who will preside over Blair 's wedding . Brian J. Smith , best known for his role on Stargate Universe , had been cast as a love interest for Serena while she is in Los Angeles and would appearing on the show as Max , an aspiring chef . Connor Paolo , who is now a regular on Revenge , will not return to the show as Eric van der Woodsen stating , `` I 'm done . You should never go back in life . Only forward . '' In an interview with Elle magazine on August 16 , 2011 , Momsen stated that she had quit the series to focus fully on her music career . Hollywood stuntwoman Zoë Bell was slated to appear on the show and made her debut in the season premiere . New York magazine noted the appearance of American novelist Jay McInerney , who reprised his role as writer Jeremiah Harris . Aaron Tveit , who previously portrayed Nate 's cousin Trip Vanderbilt in the third season , returned to the show for a multi-episode arc . Michelle Trachtenberg will reprise her role as Georgina Sparks , who was last seen in the fourth season finale . Her first appearance will be during the show 's 100th episode . Also returning is William Baldwin as Serena and Eric 's father , William van der Woodsen , for the season 's seventeenth episode , set to air in February 2012 . It was also reported that Desmond Harrington who made a cameo appearance in the fall finale will return as Chuck 's Uncle . Also guest starring is One Life to Live 's alum David A. Gregory as a friend of the real Charlie Rhodes ( Ella Rae Peck ) . Cobra Starship 's Gabe Saporta will make a cameo in season 5 finale . Plot ( edit ) I feel like if you 're a fan of the show and you 've been watching from the beginning , you 're going to feel rewarded . But I also feel like if you 're tuning in after a long time , I think you may feel like you 've missed a lot , but we really try to hit on everything that 's happened since ( early on ) . I 'm very proud of it . `` '' -- Joshua Safran on the series ' 100th episode milestone . Season five opens in Los Angeles , where a vacationing Chuck and Nate decide to visit Serena , who is working on a movie set . Back in New York , Blair learns that planning a royal wedding can be stressful , especially with a baby on the way , and Dan discovers the consequences of writing candidly about his closest friends . Also , the surprise return of cousin Charlie will threaten to destroy the Van der Woodsen family . Confused about Chuck 's sudden change , Blair is determined to prove his behaviour is an act to win her back . The series ' 100th episode focused on Blair 's wedding to prince Louis . `` I think it 's our biggest episode since the pilot '' , said executive producer Joshua Safran . Release ( edit ) With the move to 8 : 00pm , The CW charged $50,304 for a 30 - second advertising slot before the fifth season began airing . Ratings ( edit ) The season premiere was watched by 1.37 million viewers and received a 0.7 rating in the Adults 19 -- 49 demo , down 0.3 vs. last season 's premiere . Episode 23 hit a new series low , hitting for the fourth time a total viewership below the 1 million viewer mark , to 869,000 viewers and a 0.4 in the 18 - 49 demographic . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( September 27 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Broadcast Final Ratings : ' Terra Nova , ' ' 2.5 Men , ' ' Castle , ' HIMYM , ' Hart Of Dixie , ' ' Broke Girls ' Adjusted Up ; ' Gossip Girl , ' ' Mike & Molly ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 4 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Broadcast Final Ratings : ' Terra Nova , ' ' 2.5 Men , ' ' 2 Broke Girls ' Adjusted Up ; ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved October 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Terra Nova , ' ' House , ' Unscrambled ; ' Mother , ' ' Sing Off , ' ' Broke Girls , ' ' 2.5 Men , ' ' Hawaii 5 - 0 ' Adjusted Up ; ' Dancing , ' ' Castle , ' ' Mike & Molly ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved October 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 18 , 2011 ) . `` TV Monday Final Ratings : ' Terra Nova , ' ' HIMYM , ' ' 2 Broke Girls , ' ' 2.5 Men , ' Adjusted Up ; ' Castle , ' ' Hart of Dixie ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 25 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : World Series Game 5 Draws 14.3 Million ; ' Dancing , ' ' Gossip Girl ' Adjusted Up ; ' Castle , ' ' 2 Broke Girls , ' ' 2.5 Men , ' ' Mike & Molly , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved October 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 8 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls , ' ' 2.5 Men , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' House , ' ' DWTS ' ' The Sing Off ' Adjusted Up ; ' Castle Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved November 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 15 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Two And A Half Men , ' ' How I Met Your Mother , ' ' Hart Of Dixie ' Adjusted Up , ' Dancing , ' ' Sing Off , ' ' Rock Center , ' ' 20 / 20 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved November 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 22 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' How I Met Your Mother , ' ' 2 Broke Girls ' Adjusted Up ; ' Dancing , ' ' Castle ' ' You Deserve It ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 30 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Hart of Dixie ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Sing - Off , ' ' Rock Center with Brian Williams ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved November 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( December 6 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Two And A Half Men ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 18 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' Adjusted Up ; ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved January 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 24 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Gossip Girl , ' ' Hart of Dixie ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved January 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 31 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' House , ' ' Alcatraz ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved January 31 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( February 7 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice , ' ' Alcatraz , ' ' House , ' ' Two and a Half Men ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2012 . Retrieved February 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Biel , Sara ( February 22 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice , ' ' House , ' ' Two and a Half Men , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2012 . Retrieved February 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Amanda Kondolojy ( February 28 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' Adjusted Up ; ' Smash , ' ' Castle ' Adjusted Down + ' Daytona 500 ' Final Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2012 . Retrieved February 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 3 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' House ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' Castle , ' ' Smash ' Adjusted Down + NCAA Basketball Championship '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 10 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' How I Met Your Mother ' , ' Bones ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Dancing With The Stars ' Up ; ' House ' , ' Smash ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 17 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice , ' ' Mother , ' ' Bones , ' ' 2 Broke Girls , ' ' 2.5 Men ' & ' Dancing ' Adjusted Up ; ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 24 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' Smash ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 1 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Bones ' , ' How I Met Your Mother , ' 2 Broke Girls ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' DWTS ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' The Voice ' , and ' 2 Broke Girls ' Adjusted Up ; ' Castle ' and ' Smash ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' How I Met Your Mother ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Mike & Molly ' , ' America 's Got Talent ' & ' The Bachelorette ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 26 , 2011 ) . `` Breaking : CW Renews Vampire Diaries , Supernatural , Gossip Girl and 90210 '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` The CW 's Fall Schedule : Sarah Michelle Gellar Back on Tuesdays , Nikita Makes Move '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( June 20 , 2011 ) . `` The CW Network Announces Fall 2011 Premiere Dates '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Marcus ( June 29 , 2011 ) . `` Penn Badgley Knows There 's Skepticism About His Ability to Play Jeff Buckley '' . New York . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 3 , 2011 ) . `` CW Orders Additional Episodes Of Four Returning Dramas '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( September 6 , 2011 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on Glee , Grey 's Anatomy , Community , Gossip Girl , HIMYM and More ! '' . TV Line . Retrieved September 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eckstein , David ( September 27 , 2011 ) . `` ' Gossip Girl ' gaffe : World Trade Center shown in season premiere '' . Zap2it . Retrieved October 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gonzalez , Sandra ( November 20 , 2011 ) . `` ' Gossip Girl ' scoop : Bosses planning on another season . Plus , the cast teases big moments in 100th episode '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ryder , James ( January 26 , 2012 ) . `` Gossip Girl to end after sixth season ? '' . AVT Today . Retrieved January 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pelly , Jenn ( February 1 , 2012 ) . `` St. Vincent to Appear on `` Gossip Girl '' `` . Pitchfork Media . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( July 5 , 2011 ) . `` Exclusive : Gossip Girl Targets Elizabeth Hurley '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 9 , 2011 ) . `` Gossip Girl Exclusive : Taylor Momsen and Jessica Szohr Not Returning For Season 5 '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` THE CW ANNOUNCES 2011 - 2012 SCHEDULE '' . The CW . May 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2011 . Retrieved May 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 5 , 2011 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on Smallville , Glee , Castle , Bones , How I Met Your Mother and More ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wightman , Catriona ( April 6 , 2011 ) . `` Ethan Peck ' lands Gossip Girl role ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wengen , Deidre ( April 6 , 2011 ) . `` Ethan Peck to appear on Gossip Girl '' . phillyBurbs.com . Calkins Media . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2011 . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 22 , 2011 ) . `` Gossip Girl Exclusive : Meet Blair 's New Nemesis '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 7 , 2011 ) . `` Exclusive : Lost Hunk Joins Gossip Girl as ... '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 12 , 2011 ) . `` Gossip Girl Exclusive : Is Stargate : Universe Stud Serena 's New Boyfriend ? '' . TV Line . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( August 8 , 2011 ) . `` Connor Paolo Confirms Gossip Exit : ' I 'm Done ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Davis , Rebecca Willa ( August 16 , 2011 ) . `` Taylor Momsen 's `` Quit Acting '' Forever `` . Elle . Hearst Corporation . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2012 . Retrieved January 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Binkley , Christina ( June 23 , 2011 ) . `` Fighting and Falling in High Heels '' . The Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company . Retrieved October 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pressler , Jessica ( September 27 , 2011 ) . `` Gossip Girl Recap : The Zip Codes May Be Different , But the Douchebags Are the Same '' . New York . Retrieved October 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mackenzie , Carina Adly ( October 4 , 2011 ) . `` ' Gossip Girl ' : Aaron Tveit returns for multi-episode arc ... is he back for Serena ? '' . Zap2it . Retrieved October 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 1 , 2011 ) . `` Gossip Girl Exclusive : Michelle Trachtenberg Returning For ( MAJOR SPOILER ALERT ) ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ dos Santos , Kristin ( January 6 , 2012 ) . `` Gossip Girl Scoop : Billy Baldwin Set to Return for '' . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2012 . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( January 12 , 2012 ) . `` Gossip Girl Exclusive : Look Who 's Returning ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marsters , Megan ( February 6 , 2012 ) . `` TVLine Items : Boss Hires Jonathan Groff , Justified and Gossip Girl Casting News and More ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` Fall Preview : Spoilers on Next Season 's Gossip Girl , Vampire Diaries , Supernatural and More ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( October 24 , 2011 ) . `` ' American Idol , ' NFL Duke it out for Priciest TV Spot '' . Advertising Age . Crain Communications . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario T. ( September 21 , 2010 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Monday , September 20 , 2010 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 8 , 2012 ) . `` ' Gossip Girl , ' ' 2 Broke Girls ' fall to ratings lows '' . Entertainment Weekly . EW.com . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . ( hide ) Gossip Girl Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Wild Brunch '' `` Victor , Victrola '' `` Hi , Society '' `` The Thin Line Between Chuck and Nate '' `` Desperately Seeking Serena '' `` All About My Brother '' `` Much ' I Do ' About Nothing '' Season 2 `` Summer , Kind of Wonderful '' `` Never Been Marcused '' `` The Dark Night '' `` The Ex Files '' `` The Serena Also Rises '' `` Seder Anything '' `` Valley Girls '' `` The Goodbye Gossip Girl '' Season 3 `` Reversals of Fortune '' `` The Freshman '' `` The Lost Boy '' `` Enough About Eve '' `` They Shoot Humphreys , Do n't They ? '' `` The Last Days of Disco Stick '' `` The Debarted '' `` The Hurt Locket '' `` Last Tango , Then Paris '' Season 4 `` Belles de Jour '' `` Double Identity '' `` The Undergraduates '' `` Touch of Eva '' `` Easy J '' `` Gaslit '' `` The Townie '' `` Petty in Pink '' `` The Princesses and the Frog '' `` The Wrong Goodbye '' Season 5 `` Yes , Then Zero '' `` All the Pretty Sources '' `` Rhodes to Perdition '' `` Riding in Town Cars with Boys '' `` The End of the Affair ? '' `` Father and the Bride '' `` G.G. '' `` The Backup Dan '' Season 6 `` Gone Maybe Gone '' `` New York , I Love You XOXO '' Characters Serena van der Woodsen Blair Waldorf Dan Humphrey Nate Archibald Jenny Humphrey Chuck Bass Vanessa Abrams Eric van der Woodsen Lily van der Woodsen Rufus Humphrey Georgina Sparks Juliet Sharp Ivy Dickens Lola Rhodes Related Gossip Girl novel series The It Girl novel series OMFGG -- Original Music Featured on Gossip Girl No. 1 Gossip Girl : Acapulco episodes Gossip Girl : Thailand The Transcenders Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gossip_Girl_(season_5)&oldid=806361328 '' Categories : 2011 American television seasons 2012 American television seasons Gossip Girl ( season 5 ) episodes Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2017 , at 14 : 36 . 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what is the purpose of overdrive in a car	Overdrive is a term used to describe the operation of an automobile cruising at sustained speed with reduced engine revolutions per minute ( RPM ) , leading to better fuel consumption , lower noise , and lower wear . Use of the term is confused , as it is applied to several different , but related , meanings .		Overdrive ( mechanics )	overdrive ( mechanics )	Overdrive is a term used to describe the operation of an automobile cruising at sustained speed with reduced engine revolutions per minute ( RPM ) , leading to better fuel consumption , lower noise , and lower wear . Use of the term is confused , as it is applied to several different , but related , meanings .	The most fundamental meaning is that of an overall gear ratio between engine and wheels , such that the car is over-geared , and can not reach its potential top speed , i.e. the car could travel faster if it were in a lower gear , with the engine turning at higher RPM . The purpose of such a gear may not be immediately obvious . The power produced by an engine increases with the engine 's RPM to a maximum , then falls away . The point of maximum power is somewhat lower than the absolute maximum RPM to which the engine is limited , the `` redline '' RPM . A car 's speed is limited by the power required to drive it against air resistance , which increases with speed . At the maximum possible speed , the engine is running at its point of maximum power , or power peak , and the car is traveling at the speed where air resistance equals that maximum power . There is therefore one specific gear ratio at which the car can achieve its maximum speed : the one that matches that engine speed with that travel speed . At travel speeds below this maximum , there is a range of gear ratios that can match engine power to air resistance , and the most fuel efficient is the one that results in the lowest engine speed . Therefore , a car needs one gearing to reach maximum speed but another to reach maximum fuel efficiency at a lower speed . With the early development of cars and the almost universal rear - wheel drive layout , the final drive ( i.e. rear axle ) ratio for fast cars was chosen to give the ratio for maximum speed . The gearbox was designed so that , for efficiency , the fastest ratio would be a `` direct - drive '' or `` straight - through '' 1 : 1 ratio , avoiding frictional losses in the gears . Achieving an overdriven ratio for cruising thus required a gearbox ratio even higher than this , i.e. the gearbox output shaft rotating faster than the engine . The propeller shaft linking gearbox and rear axle is thus overdriven , and a transmission capable of doing this became termed an `` overdrive '' transmission . The device for achieving an overdrive transmission was usually a small separate gearbox , attached to the rear of the main gearbox and controlled by its own shift lever . These were often optional on some models of the same car . As popular cars became faster relative to legal limits and fuel costs became more important , particularly after the 1973 oil crisis , the use of 5 - speed gearboxes became more common in mass - market cars . These had a direct ( 1 : 1 ) fourth gear with an overdrive 5th gear , replacing the need for the separate overdrive gearbox . With the popularity of front wheel drive cars , the separate gearbox and final drive have merged into a single transaxle . There is no longer a propeller shaft and so one meaning of `` overdrive '' can no longer be applied . However the fundamental meaning , that of an overall ratio higher than the ratio for maximum speed , still applies . Although the deliberate labelling of an overdrive is now rare , the underlying feature is now found across all cars . Contents 1 Description 1.1 Background 1.2 Gearbox vs. final drive 1.3 Overdrive 2 Usage 3 How an overdrive unit works 4 In Europe 5 In North America 6 Fuel economy and drivetrain wear 7 References 8 External links Description ( edit ) Background ( edit ) The power needed to propel a car at any given set of conditions and speed is straightforward to calculate , based primarily on the total weight and the vehicle 's speed . These produce two primary forces slowing the car : rolling resistance and air drag . The former varies roughly with the speed of the vehicle , while the latter varies with the square of the speed . Calculating these from first principles is generally difficult due to a variety of real - world factors , so this is often measured directly in wind tunnels and similar systems . The power produced by an engine increases with the engine 's RPM to a maximum , then falls away . This is known as the point of maximum power . Given a curve describing the overall drag on the vehicle , it is simple to find the speed at which the total drag forces are the same as the maximum power of the engine . This defines the maximum speed the vehicle is able to reach . The rotational speed of the wheels for that given forward speed is simple to calculate , it is simply the tyre circumference multiplied by the RPM . As the tire RPM at maximum speed is not the same as the engine RPM at that power , a transmission is used with a gear ratio to convert one to the other . At even slightly lower speeds than maximum , the total drag on the vehicle is considerably less , and the engine needs to deliver this greatly reduced amount of power . In this case the RPM of the engine has changed significantly while the RPM of the wheels has changed very little . Clearly this condition calls for a different gear ratio . If one is not supplied , the engine is forced to run at a higher RPM than optimal . As the engine requires more power to overcome internal friction at higher RPM , this means more fuel is used simply to keep the engine running at this speed . Every cycle of the engine leads to wear , so keeping the engine at higher RPM is also unfavorable for engine life . Additionally , the sound of an engine is strongly related to the RPM , so running at lower RPM is generally quieter . If one runs the same RPM transmission exercise outlined above for maximum speed , but instead sets the `` maximum speed '' to that of highway cruising , the output is a higher gear ratio that provides ideal fuel mileage . In an era when cars were not able to travel very fast , the maximum power point might be near enough to the desired speed that additional gears were not needed . But as more powerful cars appeared , especially during the 1960s , this disparity between the maximum power point and desired speed grew considerably . This meant that cars were often operating far from their most efficient point . As the desire for better fuel economy grew , especially after the 1973 oil crisis , the need for a `` cruising gear '' became more pressing . Gearbox vs. final drive ( edit ) The obvious solution to this problem would be to add more gears to the transmission . Indeed , in modern vehicles this is common . However , due to historical particularities , this was not always practical . In the conventional rear - wheel drive layout , the transmission system normally contained two sections , the `` gearbox '' or `` transmission '' mounted behind the engine , and the `` final drive '' mounted in the rear axle at the rear of the car . The reason for this separation of duties between the front and back of the car was to allow the drive shaft to run at lower torque , by using higher RPM . As power is the product of RPM and torque , running the shaft at higher RPM allowed more power to be transferred at lower torque . Doing so reduced the torque the driveshaft had to carry , and thus the strength and weight it required . Although the designer was theoretically free to choose any ratio for the gearbox and final drive , there is one additional consideration which meant that the top gear of most gearboxes was 1 : 1 or `` direct drive '' . This is chosen for efficiency , as it does not require any gears to transmit power and so reduces the power lost by them . This was particularly important in the early days of cars , as their straight - cut gears were poorly finished , noisy and inefficient . The final drive then took this output and adjusted it in a fixed - ratio transmission arrangement that was much simpler to build . Final drive ratios of 4 : 1 were common , meaning that the wheels would turn at one fourth the rate they would if directly connected to the engine . Overdrive ( edit ) In an era when different models of car with different wheel sizes could be accommodated by simply changing the final drive ratio , it made sense for all transmissions to use direct drive as the highest gear . As noted earlier , however , this would cause the engine to operate at too high an RPM for efficient cruising . Although adding the cruising gear to the main gearbox was possible , it was generally simpler to add a separate two - gear overdrive system to the existing gearbox . This not only meant that it could be tuned for different vehicles , but had the additional advantage that it could be offered as an easily installed option . With the use of front - wheel drive layouts , the gearbox and final drive are combined into a single transaxle . There is no longer a drive shaft between them and so the notion of `` direct drive '' is n't applicable . Although `` overdrive '' is still referred to , this is now mostly a marketing term to refer to any extra-high ratio for efficient cruising , whether it is achieved through the gearbox ratios , or by an unusually high final drive . Usage ( edit ) Generally speaking , overdrive is the highest gear in the transmission . Overdrive allows the engine to operate at a lower RPM for a given road speed . This allows the vehicle to achieve better fuel efficiency , and often quieter operation on the highway . When it is switched on , an automatic transmission can shift into overdrive mode after a certain speed is reached ( usually 70 + km / h ( 40 - 45 mph or more ) depending on the load ) . When it is off , the automatic transmission shifting is limited to the lower gears . Overdrive should usually be selected when the average speed is above 70 km / h ( 40 - 45 mph ) . Dashboard indicator for overdrive ( automatic vehicle , manufactured 2000 ) The automatic transmission automatically shifts from OD to direct drive when more load is present . When less load is present , it shifts back to OD . Under certain conditions , for example driving uphill , or towing a trailer , the transmission may `` hunt '' between OD and the next highest gear , shifting back and forth . In this case , switching it off can help the transmission to `` decide '' . It may also be advantageous to switch it off if engine braking is desired , for example when driving downhill . The vehicle 's owner 's manual will often contain information and suitable procedures regarding such situations , for each given vehicle . Virtually all vehicles ( cars and trucks ) have overdrive today whether manual transmission or automatic . In the automotive aftermarket you can also retrofit overdrive to existing early transmissions . Overdrive was widely used in European automobiles with manual transmission in the 60s and 70s to improve mileage and sport driving as a bolt - on option but it became increasingly more common for later transmissions to have this gear built in . If a vehicle is equipped with a bolt - on overdrive ( e.g. : GKN or Gear Vendors ) as opposed to having an overdrive built in one will typically have the option to use the overdrive in more gears than just the top gear . In this case gear changing is still possible in all gears , even with overdrive disconnected . Overdrive simply adds effective ranges to the gears , thus overdrive third and fourth become in effect `` third - and - a-half '' and a fifth gear . In practice this gives the driver more ratios which are closer together providing greater flexibility particularly in performance cars . How an overdrive unit works ( edit ) Overdrive button on the gear stick of an automatic vehicle manufactured in 2000 . An overdrive consists of an electrically or hydraulically operated epicyclic gear train bolted behind the transmission unit . It can either couple the input driveshaft directly to the output shaft ( or propeller shaft ) ( 1 : 1 ) , or increase the output speed so that it turns faster than the input shaft ( 1 : 1 + n ) . Thus the output shaft may be `` overdriven '' relative to the input shaft . In newer transmissions , the overdrive speed ( s ) are typically as a result of combinations of planetary / epicyclic gearsets which are integrated in the transmission . In these cases , there is no separately identifiable `` overdrive '' unit . In older vehicles , it is sometimes actuated by a knob or button , often incorporated into the gearshift knob , and does not require operation of the clutch . Newer vehicles have electronic overdrive in which the computer automatically adjusts to the conditions of power need and load . In europe ( edit ) The vast majority of overdrives in European cars were invented and developed by a man called de Normanville and manufactured by an English company called Laycock Engineering ( later GKN Laycock ) , at its Little London Road site in Sheffield . The system was devised by Captain Edgar J de Normanville ( 1882 -- 1968 ) , and made by Laycock through a chance meeting with a Laycock Products Engineer . De Normanville overdrives were found in vehicles manufactured by Standard - Triumph , who were first , followed by Ford , BMC and British Leyland , Jaguar , Rootes Group and Volvo to name only a few . Another British company , the former aircraft builder Fairey , built a successful all - mechanical unit for the Land Rover , which is still in production in America today . The first production vehicle to feature the Laycock system was the 1948 Standard Vanguard Saloon . The first unit to be created was the A-type overdrive , which was fitted to many sports cars during the 1950s , and into the late 1960s . Several famous marques used A-type overdrives , including Jaguar , Aston Martin , Ferrari , Austin - Healey , Jensen , Bristol , AC , Armstrong Siddeley and Triumph 's TR sports car range , from the TR2 through to the end of the 1972 model year of the TR6 . In 1959 , the Laycock Engineering Company introduced the D - type overdrive , which was fitted to a variety of motor cars including Volvo 120 and 1800s , Sunbeam Alpines and Rapiers , Triumph Spitfires , and also 1962 - 1967 MGBs ( those with 3 - synchro transmissions ) . From 1967 the LH - type overdrive was introduced , and this featured in a variety of models , including 1968 -- 1980 MGBs , the MGC , the Ford Zephyr , early Reliant Scimitars , TVRs , and Gilberns . The J - type overdrive was introduced in the late 1960s , and was adapted to fit Volvo , Triumph , Vauxhall / Opel , American Motors and Chrysler motorcars , and Ford Transit vans . The P - type overdrive marked the last updates and included both a Gear Vendors U.S. version and a Volvo version . The Volvo version kept the same package size as the J - type but with the updated 18 element freewheel and stronger splines through the planet carrier . The Gear Vendors U.S. version uses a larger 1.375 outer diameter output shaft for higher capacity and a longer rear case . Over a period of 40 years , Laycock Engineering manufactured over three and a half million overdrive Units , and over one million of these were fitted to Volvo motorcars . In 2008 the U.S. company Gear Vendors , Inc. of El Cajon , California purchased all the overdrive assets of GKN to continue production of the U.S. version and all spares for J and P types worldwide . The system features an oil pressure operated device attached to the back of the standard gearbox operating on the gearbox output shaft . Through a system of oil pressure , solenoids and pistons , the overdrive would drop the revs on whatever gears it was used on by 22 % (. 778 ) . For instance , the overdrive system applied to a Triumph TR5 operates on 2nd , 3rd and top gear . When engaged , the overdrive would drop the revs from 3000 by 666 RPM , or from 3500 the drop would be 777 RPM to 2723 net . The advantages this reduced rpm had on fuel consumption was most often quite near 22 % decrease during highway driving . In north America ( edit ) In the days before automatic transmissions were common , especially in the 1950s , many rear - wheel drive American cars were available with an overdrive option . Borg Warner provided the box that was factory - installed between the transmission and a foreshortened driveshaft . Since the overdrive function , if enabled , could be shifted by simply easing up on the accelerator without depressing the clutch pedal , the action was much like a semi-automatic . Also , an electrically operated solenoid would deactivate the unit via a switch under the accelerator pedal providing the equivalent of the kickdown of the automatic . A knob connected to a bowden cable , similar to some emergency brake applications , was also provided to lock out the unit mechanically . Using overdrive with the main 3 - speed transmission in 2nd gear was similar in ratio to 3rd gear , and with the main transmission in 3rd , the overall ratio was fractional ( i.e. , `` true overdrive '' ) . Such add - on overdrive boxes were available from the 1930s to the 1970s for cars and light trucks . Today , most petrol and diesel cars and trucks come with an overdrive transmission because of the benefit to fuel economy . Overdrive is included in both automatic and manual transmissions as an extra gear ( or two in some cases ) . Fuel economy and drivetrain wear ( edit ) When using overdrive gearing , the car 's engine speed drops , reducing wear and normally saving fuel . Since 1981 U.S. corporate average fuel economy ( CAFE ) legislation , virtually all domestic vehicles have included overdrive to save fuel . One should refer to the car 's owner 's manual for the proper speed to run at overdrive . All engines have a range of peak efficiency and it is possible for the use of overdrive to keep the engine out of this range for all or part of the time of its use if used at inappropriate speeds , thus cutting into any fuel savings from the lower engine speed . Overall drivetrain reduction comes down to three basic factors : transmission gearing ( including overdrive ) , differential gearing ( in the axle ) , and tire size . The rotation speed problem comes into effect when the differential gearing is a high ratio and an overdrive is used to compensate . This may create unpleasant vibrations at high speeds and possible destruction of the driveshaft due to the centripetal forces or uneven balance . The driveshaft is usually a hollow metal tube that requires balancing to reduce vibration and contains no internal bracing . The higher speeds on the driveshaft and related parts can cause heat and wear problems if an overdrive and high differential gearing ( or even very small tires ) are combined , and create unnecessary friction . This is especially important because the differential gears are bathed in heavy oil and seldom provided with any cooling besides air blowing over the housing . The impetus is to minimize overdrive use and provide a higher ratio first gear , which means more gears between the first and the last to keep the engine at its most efficient speed . This is part of the reason that modern automobiles tend to have larger numbers of gears in their transmissions . It is also why more than one overdrive gear is seldom seen in a vehicle except in special circumstances i.e. where high ( numerical ) differential gear is required to get the vehicle moving as in trucks or performance cars though double overdrive transmissions are common in other vehicles , often with a small number on the axle gear reduction , but usually only engage at speeds exceeding 100 kilometres per hour ( 62 mph ) . References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ For instance , a 15 - inch wheel with 215 / 65 tyres has a diameter of about 26 inches , or a circumference of about 82 inches . At 100 mph , or 1760 inches per second , the wheel will be turning 21.5 times per second , or just under 1,300 RPM . Jump up ^ Using the example above , at 100 mph the engine might need to be turning 5,000 RPM to generate the required power to turn the tyres at 1,300 RPM . A transmission with a gear ratio of 4 : 1 would be appropriate in this case . Jump up ^ This ratio varies between cars , from around 3.5 : 1 to 5 : 1 . American cars with large - slow - revving engines would use higher ratios , European compact cars with small high - revving engines were lower . Often the final drive ratio varied between models within a range , a `` sports '' model having a lower ratio . Jump up ^ Small Volkswagens of the 1980s , such as the Polo , were marketed to an environmentally - conscious market with an overdrive top ratio labelled on the gear shift as `` E '' , variously described as `` Efficiency '' , `` Economy '' or `` Environment '' . Citations ^ Jump up to : Setright , L.J.K. ( 1976 ) . `` Overdrive '' . In Ian Ward . Anatomy of the Motor Car . Orbis . pp. 93 -- 95 . ISBN 0 85613 230 6 . Jump up ^ `` Obituary : E , J.de Normanville '' . Motor . 27 January 1968 . p. 112 . Jump up ^ `` gearvendors.com '' . gearvendors.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Overdrives . `` How Automatic Transmissions Work -- Overdrive '' ( with a Flash interactive animation ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Overdrive_(mechanics)&oldid=847439238 '' Categories : Automotive transmission technologies Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2010 Use dmy dates from January 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Polski Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 June 2018 , at 11 : 02 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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what was significant about the outcome of the august coup in the soviet union	The 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt , also known as the August Coup ( Russian : Августовский путч , tr . Avgustovskiy Putch `` August Putsch '' ) , was an attempt by members of the Soviet Union 's government to take control of the country from Soviet President and General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev . The coup leaders were hard - line members of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union ( CPSU ) who were opposed to Gorbachev 's reform program and the new union treaty that he had negotiated which decentralised much of the central government 's power to the republics . They were opposed , mainly in Moscow , by a short but effective campaign of civil resistance led by Russian president Boris Yeltsin , who had been both an ally and critic of Gorbachev . Although the coup collapsed in only two days and Gorbachev returned to government , the event destabilised the Soviet Union and is widely considered to have contributed to both the demise of the CPSU and the dissolution of the Soviet Union .	demise of the CPSU and the dissolution of the Soviet Union	1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt	1991 soviet coup d'etat attempt	GKChP	Taman Guards Kantemir Division Communist Party Alpha Group Vympel Group Supporting republics : Azerbaijan Pridnestrovian SSR Byelorussia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Auxiliary party : LDPSU Interfront movement : Intermovement IFWP Yedinstvo Unitate - Edinstvo International support : DFLP PFLP Sudan Iraq Libya Yugoslavia North Korea Russian SFSR Supreme Soviet Council of Ministers Russian opposition Opposition republics : Armenia Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kirghizia Latvia Lithuania Moldavia Ukraine Uzbekistan Anti-communists Demonstrators UNA - UNSO International support : United States Canada Germany European Community United Kingdom Commanders and leaders GKChP / Gang of Eight Gennady Yanayev Dmitry Yazov Vladimir Kryuchkov Valentin Pavlov Boris Pugo Oleg Baklanov Vasily Starodubtsev Alexander Tizyakov Republic Leaders Ayaz Mutallibov Qahhor Mahkamov Saparmurat Niyazov Omar al - Bashir Saddam Hussein Muammar Gaddafi Kim Il - sung Mikhail Gorbachev Boris Yeltsin Ivan Silayev Konstantin Kobets Edgar Savisaar Ivars Godmanis Gediminas Vagnorius Levon Ter - Petrosyan Zviad Gamsakhurdia Nursultan Nazarbayev Askar Akayev Mircea Snegur Valeriu Muravschi Leonid Kravchuk Islam Karimov George H.W. Bush Brian Mulroney Helmut Kohl Jacques Delors John Major ^ a Placed under house arrest at Foros . 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Lenin 2 . Stalin 3 . Malenkov 4 . Khrushchev 5 . Brezhnev 6 . Andropov 7 . Chernenko 8 . Gorbachev Culture Economy Education Geography Politics Soviet Union portal The 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt , also known as the August Coup ( Russian : Августовский путч , tr . Avgustovskiy Putch `` August Putsch '' ) , was an attempt by members of the Soviet Union 's government to take control of the country from Soviet President and General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev . The coup leaders were hard - line members of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union ( CPSU ) who were opposed to Gorbachev 's reform program and the new union treaty that he had negotiated which decentralised much of the central government 's power to the republics . They were opposed , mainly in Moscow , by a short but effective campaign of civil resistance led by Russian president Boris Yeltsin , who had been both an ally and critic of Gorbachev . Although the coup collapsed in only two days and Gorbachev returned to government , the event destabilised the Soviet Union and is widely considered to have contributed to both the demise of the CPSU and the dissolution of the Soviet Union . After the capitulation of the State Committee on the State of Emergency ( GKChP ) , popularly referred to as the `` Gang of Eight '' , both the Supreme Court of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( RSFSR ) and the President of the USSR Mikhail Gorbachev described their actions as a coup attempt . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Preparation 3 The August Coup 3.1 19 August 3.2 20 August 3.3 21 August 4 Aftermath 4.1 End of the CPSU 4.2 Dissolution of the Soviet Union 4.3 Beginning of radical economic reforms in Russia 4.4 Trial of the members of the GKChP 4.5 Parliamentary commission 5 International reactions 5.1 United States 5.2 United Kingdom 5.3 Other sovereign states 5.4 Supranational bodies and organizations 6 Further fate of GKChP members 7 See also 8 Notes and references 8.1 Bibliography 9 External links Background ( edit ) Since assuming power as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1985 , Gorbachev had embarked on an ambitious program of reform , embodied in the twin concepts of perestroika and glasnost , meaning economic / political restructuring and openness , respectively . These moves prompted resistance and suspicion on the part of hardline members of the nomenklatura . The reforms also unleashed some forces and movements that Gorbachev did not expect . Specifically , nationalist agitation on the part of the Soviet Union 's non-Russian minorities grew , and there were fears that some or all of the union republics might secede . In 1991 , the Soviet Union was in a severe economic and political crisis . Scarcity of food , medicine , and other consumables was widespread , people had to stand in long lines to buy even essential goods , fuel stocks were up to 50 % less than the estimated need for the approaching winter , and inflation was over 300 % on an annual basis , with factories lacking in cash needed to pay salaries . In 1990 , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania , Armenia and Georgia had already declared the restoration of their independence from the Soviet Union . In January 1991 , there was an attempt to return Lithuania to the Soviet Union by force . About a week later , there was a similar attempt by local pro-Soviet forces to overthrow the Latvian authorities . There were continuing armed ethnic conflicts in Nagorno Karabakh and South Ossetia . Russia declared its sovereignty on 12 June 1990 and thereafter limited the application of Soviet laws , in particular the laws concerning finance and the economy , on Russian territory . The Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR adopted laws which contradicted Soviet laws ( the so - called War of Laws ) . In the unionwide referendum on 17 March 1991 , boycotted by the Baltic states , Armenia , Georgia , and Moldova , the majority of the residents of the rest of the republics expressed the desire to retain the renewed Soviet Union . Following negotiations , eight of the nine republics ( except Ukraine ) approved the New Union Treaty with some conditions . The treaty would make the Soviet Union a federation of independent republics with a common president , foreign policy , and military . Russia , Kazakhstan , and Uzbekistan were to sign the Treaty in Moscow on 20 August 1991 . Preparation ( edit ) On 11 December 1990 , KGB Chairman Vladimir Kryuchkov , made a `` call for order '' over Central television in Moscow . That day , he asked two KGB officers to prepare a plan of measures that could be taken in case a state of emergency was declared in the USSR . Later , Kryuchkov brought Soviet Defense Minister Dmitry Yazov , Internal Affairs Minister Boris Pugo , Premier Valentin Pavlov , Vice-President Gennady Yanayev , Soviet Defense Council deputy chief Oleg Baklanov , Gorbachev secretariat head Valeriy Boldin ( ru ) , and CPSU Central Committee Secretary Oleg Shenin into the conspiracy . The members of the GKChP hoped that Gorbachev could be persuaded to declare the state of emergency and to `` restore order '' . On 23 July 1991 , a number of party functionaries and literati published in the hardline newspaper Sovetskaya Rossiya as a prime factor to an anti-Perestroika manifesto entitled A Word to the People . Six days later , Gorbachev , Russian President Boris Yeltsin and Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev discussed the possibility of replacing such hardliners as Pavlov , Yazov , Kryuchkov and Pugo with more liberal figures . Kryuchkov , who had placed Gorbachev under close surveillance as Subject 110 several months earlier , eventually got wind of the conversation . On 4 August , Gorbachev went on holiday to his dacha in Foros , Crimea . He planned to return to Moscow in time for the New Union Treaty signing on 20 August . On 17 August , the members of the GKChP met at a KGB guesthouse in Moscow and studied the treaty document . They believed the pact would pave the way to the Soviet Union 's breakup , and decided that it was time to act . The next day , Baklanov , Boldin , Shenin , and USSR Deputy Defense Minister General Valentin Varennikov flew to Crimea for a meeting with Gorbachev . They demanded that Gorbachev either declare a state of emergency or resign and name Yanayev as acting president to allow the members of the GKChP `` to restore order '' in the country . Gorbachev has always claimed that he refused point blank to accept the ultimatum . Varennikov has insisted that Gorbachev said : `` Damn you . Do what you want . But report my opinion ! '' However , those present at the dacha at the time testified that Baklanov , Boldin , Shenin , and Varennikov had been clearly disappointed and nervous after the meeting with Gorbachev . With Gorbachev 's refusal , the conspirators ordered that he remain confined to the Foros dacha ; at the same time the dacha 's communication lines ( which were controlled by the KGB ) were shut down . Additional KGB security guards were placed at the dacha gates with orders to stop anybody from leaving . The members of the GKChP ordered 250,000 pairs of handcuffs from a factory in Pskov to be sent to Moscow and 300,000 arrest forms . Kryuchkov doubled the pay of all KGB personnel , called them back from holiday , and placed them on alert . The Lefortovo Prison was emptied to receive prisoners . The August coup ( edit ) Main article : Timeline of Soviet coup d'état attempt 1991 The members of the GKChP met in the Kremlin after Baklanov , Boldin , Shenin and Varennikov returned from Crimea . Yanayev , Pavlov and Baklanov signed the so - called `` Declaration of the Soviet Leadership '' in which they declared the state of emergency in all of the USSR and announced that the State Committee of the State of Emergency ( Государственный Комитет по Чрезвычайному Положению , ГКЧП , or Gosudarstvenniy Komitet po Chrezvichaynomu Polozheniyu , GKChP ) had been created `` to manage the country and to effectively maintain the regime of the state of emergency '' . The GKChP included the following members : Gennady Yanayev Valentin Pavlov Vladimir Kryuchkov Dmitry Yazov Boris Pugo Oleg Baklanov Vasily Starodubtsev , chairman of the USSR Peasant Union Alexander Tizyakov ( ru ) , president of the Association of the State Enterprises and Objects of Industry , Transport , and Communications of the USSR Yanayev signed the decree naming himself as acting USSR president on the pretext of Gorbachev 's inability to perform presidential duties due to `` illness '' . These eight collectively became known as the `` Gang of Eight '' . The GKChP banned all newspapers in Moscow , except for nine Party - controlled newspapers . The GKChP also issued a populist declaration which stated that `` the honour and dignity of a Soviet man must be restored . '' 19 August ( edit ) Yeltsin stands on a tank to defy the August Coup in 1991 . All of the State Committee on the State of Emergency ( GKChP ) documents were broadcast over the state radio and television starting from 7 a.m. The Russian SFSR - controlled Radio Rossii and Televidenie Rossii , plus `` Ekho Moskvy '' , the only independent political radio station , were cut off the air . Armour units of the Tamanskaya Division and the Kantemirovskaya tank division rolled into Moscow along with paratroops . Four Russian SFSR people 's deputies ( who were considered the most `` dangerous '' ) were detained by the KGB at an army base near Moscow . The conspirators considered detaining Russian SFSR President Boris Yeltsin upon his arrival from a visit to Kazakhstan on 17 August , or after that when he was at his dacha near Moscow , but for some reason they did not do so . The failure to arrest Yeltsin was to prove fatal to their plans . Yeltsin arrived at the White House , Russia 's parliament building , at 9 am on 19 August . Together with Russian SFSR Prime Minister Ivan Silayev and Supreme Soviet Chairman Ruslan Khasbulatov , Yeltsin issued a declaration in which it was stated that a reactionary anti-constitutional coup had taken place . The military was urged not to take part in the coup . The declaration called for a general strike with the demand to let Mikhail Gorbachev address the people . This declaration was distributed around Moscow in the form of flyers . In the afternoon the citizens of Moscow began to gather around the White House and to erect barricades around it . In response Gennady Yanayev declared the state of emergency in Moscow at 16 : 00 . Yanayev declared at the press conference at 17 : 00 that Gorbachev was `` resting '' . He said : `` Over these years he has got very tired and needs some time to get his health back . '' Meanwhile , Major Evdokimov , chief of staff of a tank battalion of the Tamanskaya Division guarding the White House , declared his loyalty to the leadership of the Russian SFSR . Yeltsin climbed one of the tanks and addressed the crowd . Unexpectedly , this episode was included in the state media 's evening news . 20 August ( edit ) Tanks at the Red Square At noon , Moscow military district commander General Kalinin , whom Yanayev appointed as military commandant of Moscow , declared a curfew in Moscow from 23 : 00 to 5 : 00 , effective from 20 August . This was understood as the sign that the attack on the White House was imminent . The defenders of the White House prepared themselves , most of them being unarmed . Evdokimov 's tanks were moved from the White House in the evening . The makeshift White House defense headquarters was headed by General Konstantin Kobets , a Russian SFSR people 's deputy . In the afternoon , Kryuchkov , Yazov and Pugo finally decided to attack the White House . This decision was supported by other GKChP members . Kryuchkov and Yazov 's deputies , KGB general Ageyev and Army general Vladislav Achalov , respectively , planned the assault , codenamed `` Operation Grom '' ( Thunder ) , which would gather elements of the Alpha and Vympel elite special force units , with the support of the paratroopers , Moscow OMON , the Internal Troops of the Dzerzhinsky division , three tank companies and a helicopter squadron . Alpha Group commander General Viktor Karpukhin and other senior officers of the unit together with Airborne Troops deputy commander Gen. Alexander Lebed mingled with the crowds near the White House and assessed the possibility of such an operation . After that , Karpukhin and Vympel commander Colonel Beskov tried to convince Ageyev that the operation would result in bloodshed and should be canceled . Lebed , with the consent of his immediate superior , Pavel Grachev , returned to the White House and secretly informed the defense headquarters that the attack would begin at 2 : 00 . Estonia 's Supreme Council declared Republic of Estonia sovereign and independent at 23 : 03 . 21 August ( edit ) At about 1 : 00 , not far from the White House , trolleybuses and street cleaning machines barricaded a tunnel against oncoming Taman Guards infantry fighting vehicles ( IFVs ) . Three men were killed in the incident with several others wounded . Two of the victims were trying to cover an IFV 's observation slit . The crowd later burned the IFV , but no soldiers were killed . Alpha Group and Vympel did not move to the White House as had been planned and Yazov ordered the troops to pull out from Moscow . The troops began to move from Moscow at 8 : 00 . The GKChP members met in the Defence Ministry and , not knowing what to do , decided to send Kryuchkov , Yazov , Baklanov , Tizyakov , Anatoly Lukyanov , and Deputy CPSU General Secretary Vladimir Ivashko to the Crimea to meet Gorbachev , who refused to meet them when they arrived . With the dacha 's communications to Moscow restored , Gorbachev declared all the GKChP 's decisions void and dismissed its members from their state offices . The USSR General Prosecutors Office started the investigation of the coup . During that period , the Supreme Council Republic of Latvia declared its sovereignty officially completed . Aftermath ( edit ) Gorbachev and the GKChP delegation flew to Moscow , where Kryuchkov , Yazov , and Tizyakov were arrested upon arrival in the early hours of 22 August . Pugo committed suicide along with his wife the next day . Pavlov , Vasily Starodubtsev , Baklanov , Boldin , and Shenin would be in custody within the next 48 hours . Since several heads of the regional executive committees supported the GKChP , on 21 August the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR adopted Decision No. 1626 - 1 , which authorized Russian President Boris Yeltsin to appoint heads of regional administrations , although the Russian constitution did not empower the president with such authority . It passed another decision the next day which declared the old imperial colors as Russia 's national flag . It eventually replaced the Russian SFSR flag two months later . On the night of 24 August , the Felix Dzerzhinsky statue in front of the KGB building at Dzerzhinskiy Square ( Lubianka ) was dismantled , while thousands of Moscow citizens took part in the funeral of Dmitry Komar , Vladimir Usov and Ilya Krichevsky , the three citizens who died in the tunnel incident . Gorbachev posthumously awarded them with the title of Hero of the Soviet Union . Yeltsin asked their relatives to forgive him for not being able to prevent their deaths . End of the CPSU ( edit ) Gorbachev resigned as CPSU general secretary on 24 August . Vladimir Ivashko replaced him as acting general secretary but resigned on 29 August when the Supreme Soviet terminated all Party activities in the Soviet territory . Around the same time , Yeltsin decreed the transfer of the CPSU archives to the state archive authorities , as well as nationalizing all CPSU assets in the Russian SFSR ( which included not only the headquarters of party committees but also educational institutions , hotels , etc . ) . Yeltsin decreed the termination and banning of all Party activities on Russian soil as well as the closure of the Central Committee building in Staraya Square . Dissolution of the Soviet Union ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Belavezha Accords On 24 August , Mikhail Gorbachev created the so - called `` Committee for the Operational Management of the Soviet Economy '' ( Комитет по оперативному управлению народным хозяйством СССР ) , to replace the USSR Cabinet of Ministers headed by Valentin Pavlov , a GKChP member . Russian prime minister Ivan Silayev headed this committee . On the same day the Verkhovna Rada adopted the Declaration of Independence of Ukraine and called for a referendum on support of the Declaration of Independence . The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic , the third powerful republic in the union , also declared its independence the next day on 25 August which then established the Republic of Belarus . On 5 September , the Congress of People 's Deputies of the Soviet Union adopted Soviet Law No. 2392 - 1 `` On the Authorities of the Soviet Union in the Transitional Period '' under which the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union had replaced Congress of People 's Deputies and was reformed . Two new legislative chambers -- the Soviet of the Union ( Совет Союза ) and the Soviet of Republics ( Совет Республик ) -- replaced the Soviet of the Union and the Soviet of Nationalities ( both elected by the USSR Congress of Peoples Deputies ) . The Soviet of the Union was to be formed by the popularly elected USSR people 's deputies . The Soviet of Republics was to include 20 deputies from each union republic plus one deputy to represent each autonomous region of each union republic ( both USSR people 's deputies and republican people 's deputies ) delegated by the legislatures of the union republic . Russia was an exception with 52 deputies . However , the delegation of each union republic was to have only one vote in the Soviet of Republics . The laws were to be first adopted by the Soviet of the Union and then by the Soviet of Republics . Also created was the USSR State Council ( Государственный совет СССР ) , which included the USSR President and the presidents of union republics . The `` Committee for the Operational Management of the Soviet Economy '' was replaced by the USSR Inter-republican Economic Committee ( Межреспубликанский экономический комитет СССР ) , also headed by Ivan Silayev . On 27 August , the first state became independent , when the Supreme Soviet of Moldova declared the independence of Moldova from the Soviet Union . The Supreme Soviets of Azerbaijan and Kyrgyzstan did the same on 30 and 31 August respectively . Afterwards , on 6 September the newly created Soviet State Council recognized the independence of Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania . Estonia had declared re-independence on 20 August , Latvia on the following day , while Lithuania had done so already on 11 March 1990 . Three days later , on 9 September the Supreme Soviet of Tajikistan declared the independence of Tajikistan from the Soviet Union . Furthermore , in September over 99 % percent of voters in Armenia voted for a referendum approving the Republic 's commitment to independence . The immediate aftermath of that vote was the Armenian Supreme Soviet 's declaration of independence , issued on 21 September . By 27 October the Supreme Soviet of Turkmenistan declared the independence of Turkmenistan from the Soviet Union . On 1 December Ukraine held a referendum , in which more than 90 % of residents supported the Act of Independence of Ukraine . By November , the only Soviet Republics that had not declared independence were Russia , Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan . That same month , seven republics ( Russia , Belarus , Kazakhstan , Uzbekistan , Kyrgyzstan , Turkmenistan , and Tajikistan ) agreed to a new union treaty that would form a confederation called the Union of Sovereign States . However , this confederation never materialized . On 8 December Boris Yeltsin , Leonid Kravchuk and Stanislav Shushkevich -- respectively leaders of Russia , Ukraine , and Belarus ( which adopted that name in August 1991 ) -- as well as the prime ministers of the republics met in Minsk , the capital of Belarus , where they signed the Belavezha Accords . This document declared that the Soviet Union had ceased to exist `` as a subject of international law and geopolitical reality . '' It repudiated the 1922 union treaty that established the Soviet Union , and established the Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) in the Union 's place . On 12 December , the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR ratified the accords and recalled the Russian deputies from the Supreme Soviet of the USSR . Although this has been interpreted as the moment that Russia seceded from the Union , in fact Russia took the line that it was not possible to secede from a state that no longer existed . The lower chamber of the Supreme Soviet , the Council of the Union , was forced to halt its operations , as the departure of the Russian deputies left it without a quorum . Doubts remained about the legitimacy of the signing that took place on 8 December , since only three republics took part . Thus , on 21 December in Alma - Ata on 21 December , the Alma - Ata Protocol expanded the CIS to include Armenia , Azerbaijan and the five republics of Central Asia . They also pre-emptively accepted Gorbachev 's resignation . With 11 of the 12 remaining republics ( all except Georgia ) having agreed that the Union no longer existed , Gorbachev bowed to the inevitable and said he would resign as soon as the CIS became a reality ( Georgia joined the CIS in 1993 , only to withdraw in 2008 after conflict between Georgia and Russia ; the three Baltic states never joined instead going on to join the European Union and NATO in 2004 . ) On 24 December 1991 , the Russian SFSR -- now renamed the Russian Federation -- with the concurrence of the other republics of the Commonwealth of Independent States , informed the United Nations that it would inherit the Soviet Union 's membership in the UN -- including the Soviet Union 's permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council . No member state of the UN formally objected to this step . The legitimacy of this act has been questioned by some legal scholars as the Soviet Union itself was not constitutionally succeeded by the Russian Federation , but merely dissolved . Others argued that the international community had already established the precedent of recognizing the Soviet Union as the legal successor of the Russian Empire , and so recognizing the Russian Federation as the Soviet Union 's successor state was valid . On 25 December 1991 , Gorbachev announced his resignation as Soviet president . The red hammer and sickle flag of the Soviet Union was lowered from the Senate building in the Kremlin and replaced with the tricolor flag of Russia . The next day , 26 December 1991 , the Council of Republics , the upper chamber of the Supreme Soviet , formally voted the Soviet Union out of existence , thus ending the life of the world 's first and oldest socialist state . All former Soviet embassies became Russian embassies while Russia received the nuclear weapons from the other former republics by 1996 . A constitutional crisis occurred in 1993 had been escalated into violence and the new constitution adopted officially abolished the entire Soviet government . Beginning of radical economic reforms in Russia ( edit ) See also : Economic history of the Russian Federation On 1 November 1991 , the RSFSR Congress of People 's Deputies issued Decision No. 1831 - 1 On the Legal Support of the Economic Reform whereby the Russian president ( Boris Yeltsin ) was granted the right to issue decrees required for the economic reform even if they contravened the laws . Such decrees entered into force if they were not repealed within 7 days by the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR or its Presidium . Five days later , Boris Yeltsin , in addition to the duties of the President , assumed the duties of the prime minister . Yegor Gaidar became deputy prime minister and simultaneously economic and finance minister . On 15 November 1991 Boris Yeltsin issued Decree No. 213 On the Liberalization of Foreign Economic Activity on the Territory of the RSFSR whereby all Russian companies were allowed to import and to export goods and to acquire foreign currency ( previously all foreign trade had been tightly controlled by the state ) . Following the issuing of Decree No. 213 , on 3 December 1991 Boris Yeltsin issued Decree No. 297 On the Measures to Liberalize Prices whereby from 2 January 1992 most previously existing price controls were abolished . Trial of the members of the GKChP ( edit ) The GKChP members and their accomplices were charged with treason in the form of a conspiracy aimed at capturing power . However , by the end of 1992 they were all released from custody pending trial . The trial in the Military Chamber of the Russian Supreme Court began on 14 April 1993 . On 23 February 1994 the State Duma declared amnesty for all GKChP members and their accomplices , along with the participants of the October 1993 crisis . They all accepted the amnesty , except for General Varennikov , who demanded the continuation of the trial and was finally acquitted on 11 August 1994 . Parliamentary Commission ( edit ) In 1991 the Parliamentary Commission for Investigating Causes and Reasons of the coup attempt was established under Lev Ponomaryov , but in 1992 it was dissolved at Ruslan Khasbulatov 's insistence . International reactions ( edit ) United States ( edit ) George H.W. Bush , left , is seen with Mikhail Gorbachev in 1990 . Bush condemned the coup and the actions of the `` Gang of Eight '' . During his vacation in Kennebunkport , Maine , the President of the United States , George H.W. Bush made a blunt demand for Gorbachev 's restoration to power and said the United States did not accept the legitimacy of the self - proclaimed new Soviet Government . He returned to the White House after rushing from his vacation home . Bush then issued a strongly - worded statement that followed a day of consultations with other leaders of the Western alliance and a concerted effort to squeeze the new Soviet leadership by freezing economic aid programs . He decried the coup as a `` misguided and illegitimate effort '' that `` bypasses both Soviet law and the will of the Soviet peoples . '' President Bush called the overthrow `` very disturbing , '' and he put a hold on U.S. aid to the Soviet Union until the situation is clarified . The Bush statement , drafted after a series of meetings with top aides at the White House , was much more forceful than the President 's initial reaction that morning in Maine . It was in keeping with a unified Western effort to apply both diplomatic and economic pressure to the group of Soviet officials seeking to regain control of the Kremlin and the country . Former President Ronald Reagan had said : `` I ca n't believe that the Soviet people will allow a reversal in the progress that they have recently made toward economic and political freedom . Based on my extensive meetings and conversations with him , I am convinced that President Gorbachev had the best interest of the Soviet people in mind . I have always felt that his opposition came from the communist bureaucracy , and I can only hope that enough progress was made that a movement toward democracy will be unstoppable . '' On September 2 , 1991 , the United States re-recognized the independence of Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania when Bush delivered the press conference in Kennebunkport . United kingdom ( edit ) The British Prime Minister John Major had expressed feelings in a 1991 interview on behalf of the UK and the Empire about the coup and said `` I think there are many reasons why it failed and a great deal of time and trouble will be spent on analysing that later . There were , I think , a number of things that were significant . I do n't think it was terribly well - handled from the point of view of those organising the coup . I think the enormous and unanimous condemnation of the rest of the world publicly of the coup was of immense encouragement to the people resisting it . That is not just my view ; that is the view that has been expressed to me by Mr. Shevardnadze , Mr. Yakovlev , President Yeltsin and many others as well to whom I have spoken to the last 48 hours . The moral pressure from the West and the fact that we were prepared to state unequivocally that the coup was illegal and that we wanted the legal government restored , was of immense help in the Soviet Union . I think that did play a part . '' Major met with his cabinet that same day on 19 August to deal with the crisis . He added , `` There seems little doubt that President Gorbachev has been removed from power by an unconstitutional seizure of power . There are constitutional ways of removing the president of the Soviet Union ; they have not been used . I believe that the whole world has a very serious stake in the events currently taking place in the Soviet Union . The reform process there is of vital importance to the world and of most vital importance of course to the Soviet people themselves and I hope that is fully clear . There is a great deal of information we do n't yet have , but I would like to make clear above all that we would expect the Soviet Union to respect and honor all the commitments that President Gorbachev has made on its behalf , he said , echoing sentiments from a litany of other Western leaders . '' However , the British Government had frozen $80 million in economic aid to Moscow , and the European Community scheduled an emergency meeting in which it was expected to suspend a $1.5 billion aid program . Other Sovereign States ( edit ) Australia : Prime Minister Bob Hawke said `` The developments in the Soviet Union ... raise the question as to whether the purpose is to reverse the political and economic reforms which have been taking place . Australia does not want to see repression , persecution or vindictive actions against Gorbachev or those associated with him . '' Bulgaria : President Zhelyu Zhelev has stated `` Such anti-democratic methods can never lead to anything good neither for the Soviet Union , nor for Eastern Europe , nor for the democratic developments in the world . '' Canada : Several reactions to coup quickly happened such as the Prime Minister of Canada , Brian Mulroney had huddled with his top advisers discussed the toppling of Mikhail Gorbachev , but his officials said the Prime Minister will likely react cautiously to the stunning development . Mulroney condemned the coup and suspended food aid and other assurances with the Soviet Union . External Affairs Minister Barbara McDougall suggested on August 20 , 1991 that `` Canada could work with any Soviet junta that promises to carry on Gorbachev 's legacy , Lloyd Axworthy and Liberal Leader Jean Chretien said Canada must join with other Western governments to back Russian President Boris Yeltsin , former Soviet foreign minister and Georgian president Eduard Shevardnadze and others fighting for Soviet democracy . '' McDougall met with the chargé d'affaires of the Soviet embassy , Vasily Sredin . China : The Chinese government appeared tacitly to support the coup when it issued a statement saying the move was an internal affair of the Soviet Union and the Communist Party of China released no immediate comment . Confidential Chinese documents have indicated that China 's hardline leaders strongly disapprove of Gorbachev 's program of political liberalization , blaming him for `` the loss of Eastern Europe to capitalism . '' Several Chinese people said that a key difference between the Soviet coup leaders ' failed attempts to use tanks to crush dissent in Moscow and the hard - line Chinese leaders ' successful use of tank - led forces to smash the 1989 protest movement was that the Soviet people had a powerful leader like Russian President Boris Yeltsin to rally around , whereas the Chinese protesters did not . The Soviet coup collapsed in three days without any major violence by the Soviet army against civilians ; in June 1989 , the People 's Liberation Army killed hundreds of people to crush the democracy movement . `` People all over Beijing are celebrating the failure of the coup tonight , '' said a young intellectual reached in Beijing today after word of the coup 's collapse spread through the Chinese capital , mostly by way of foreign radio broadcasts . `` I personally know of some Communist Party members who are also celebrating . '' Czechoslovakia : Vaclav Havel , the Czechoslovakian president , warned his nation could face a possible `` wave of refugees '' crossing its border with the Ukrainian SSR . However , Havel said `` It is not possible to reverse the changes that have already happened in the Soviet Union . We believe democracy will eventually prevail in the Soviet Union . '' Interior Ministry spokesman Martin Fendrych said an unspecified number of additional troops had been moved to reinforce the Czechoslovak border with the Soviet Union . Denmark : Foreign Minister Uffe Ellemann - Jensen said the process of change in the Soviet Union could not be reversed . In a statement he said , `` So much has happened and so many people have been involved in the changes in Soviet Union that I can not see a total reversal . '' France : President François Mitterrand called on the new rulers of the Soviet Union to guarantee the life and liberty of Gorbachev and Russian President Boris Yeltsin , who was Gorbachev 's rival in the changing Soviet Union . '' Mitterrand added , `` France attaches a high price to the life and liberty of Messrs. Gorbachev and Yeltsin being guaranteed by the new Moscow leaders . These will be judged by their acts , especially on the fashion in which the two high personalities in question will be treated . '' Germany : Chancellor Helmut Kohl cut his vacation short in Austria and returned to Bonn for an emergency meeting . Kohl had said he was sure Moscow would withdraw its remaining 272,000 troops from the former German Democratic Republic on schedule . Björn Engholm , leader of Germany 's opposition Social Democratic Party , urged member states of the European Community `` to speak with one voice '' on the situation and said `` the West should not exclude the possibility of imposing economic and political sanctions on the Soviet Union to avoid `` a jolt to the right , '' in Moscow . '' Greece : Greece described the situation in the Soviet Union as `` alarming '' . The Communist - led Alliance of the Left and former Socialist Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou both issued statements condemning the coup . Hungary : Deputy Speaker of Parliament Mátyás Szűrös said the coup increased the risk of a civil war in the Soviet Union . `` Undoubtedly , the Soviet economy has collapsed but this has not been the result of Gorbachev 's policy but of the paralyzing influence of conservatives '' Szűrös said . `` Suddenly , the likelihood of a civil war in the Soviet Union has increased . '' Iraq : Saddam Hussein 's Iraq was a close ally of the Soviet Union until it condemned Baghdad during the Gulf War . One Iraqi spokesman quoted by the official Iraqi News Agency : `` It is natural that we welcome such change like the states and people who were affected by the policies of the former regime . '' Israel : Israeli officials said they hoped Gorbachev 's attempted removal had not derailed the conference held in Madrid or a slower Soviet Jewish immigration . The quasi-governmental Jewish Agency , which has coordinated the massive flow of Jews arriving from the Soviet Union , called an emergency meeting to assess how the coup would affect Jewish immigration . `` We are closely following what is happening in the Soviet Union with concern , '' Foreign Minister David Levy said . `` One might say that this is an internal issue of the Soviet Union , but in the Soviet Union ... everything internal has an influence for the entire world . '' Italy : Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti released a statement and said `` I 'm surprised , embittered and worried . We all know the difficulties that Gorbachev encountered . But I do n't know how a new president , who , at least for now , does n't have ( Gorbachev 's ) prestige and international connections , can overcome the obstacles . '' Achille Occhetto , the head of what was once the Italian Communist Party , called the ouster of Gorbachev `` a most dramatic event of world proportions ( which ) will have immense repercussions on international life . I am personally and strongly struck , not only for the incalculable burden of this event , but also for the fate of comrade Gorbachev . '' Japan : Prime Minister Toshiki Kaifu ordered the Foreign Ministry to analyze the developments . `` I strongly hope that the leadership change will not influence the positive policies of perestroika and new thinking diplomacy . '' said Chief Cabinet Secretary Misoji Sakamoto . In addition , Soviet aid and technical loans from Japan was frozen . South Korea : President Roh Tae - woo welcomed the change of the coup 's collapse as a symbolic victory for the Soviet people . He quoted `` It was a triumph of the courage and resolve of the Soviet citizens towards freedom and democracy . '' Philippines : Philippine President Corazon Aquino expressed `` grave concern '' and said `` We hope that the progress toward world peace ... achieved under the leadership of President Gorbachev will continue to be preserved and enhanced further . '' Poland : In a statement released by the President Lech Walesa , whose Solidarity union helped prompt the collapse of communist regimes in Eastern Europe , appealed for calm . `` May unity and responsibility for our state gain the upper hand . '' Walesa said in a statement read on Polish radio by spokesman Andrzej Drzycimski , `` The situation in the U.S.S.R. is significant for our country , It can affect our bilateral relations . We want then to be friendly . '' But he emphasized Poland kept its hard - won sovereignty while it pursued its economic and political reforms . South Africa : Foreign Minister Pik Botha said : `` I very much hope that ( developments in the Soviet Union ) will neither give rise to large - scale turbulence within the Soviet Union itself or more widely in Europe , nor jeopardize the era of hard - won international cooperation upon which the world has embarked . '' Yugoslavia : The country , consumed by its own internal dissent , followed the coup closely . `` I am afraid that conservatives in Yugoslavia may now try to grab power in our country , when they see how conservatives removed Gorbachev , '' a 51 - year - old schoolteacher said . `` Gorbachev has done the most to bring a sort of democracy to both Eastern European countries and to the Soviet Union . '' Dragan Radic , 57 , an economist , had said : `` Gorbachev has done a lot for world peace and helped replace hard - line communist regimes in the past few years . Yet , the West failed to support Gorbachev financially and economically and he was forced to step down because he could not feed the Soviet people . '' Supranational bodies and organizations ( edit ) NATO : The alliance held an emergency meeting in Brussels condemning the Soviet coup . `` If indeed this coup did fail , it will be a great victory for the courageous Soviet people who have tasted freedom and who are not prepared to have it taken away from them . '' the United States Secretary of State James A. Baker III said `` It will also , to some extent , be a victory , too , for the international community and for all those governments who reacted strongly to these events . '' NATO Secretary General Manfred Woerner also said , `` We should see how the situation in the Soviet Union develops . Our own plans will take into account what happens there . '' Palestine Liberation Organization -- The Palestinian Liberation Organization was dissatisfied with the coup . Yasser Abed Rabdo , who was a member of the PLO Executive Committee , said he hoped the putsch `` will permit resolution in the best interests of the Palestinians of the problem of Soviet Jews in Israel . '' Further fate of GKChP members ( edit ) Gennadiy Yanayev , amnesty of the Russian State Duma of 1994 , headed the Department of History and International Relations for the Russian International Academy of Tourism , died in 2010 Valentin Pavlov , amnesty of the Russian State Duma of 1994 ( financial expert for several banks and other financial institutions , chairman of Free Economic Society ) , died in 2003 Vladimir Kryuchkov , amnesty of the Russian State Duma of 1994 , died in 2007 Dmitriy Yazov , amnesty of the Russian State Duma of 1994 ( adviser to Ministry of Defense and the Academy of General Staff ) Boris Pugo , committed suicide on 22 August 1991 Oleg Baklanov , amnesty of the Russian State Duma of 1994 ( chairman of board of directors for `` Rosobshchemash '' ) Vasiliy Starodubtsev , freed from arrest in 1992 due to health complications ( deputy to the Federation Council of Russia 1993 -- 95 , governor of Tula Oblast 1997 - 05 , member of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation since 2007 ) , died in 2011 . Alexander Tizyakov ( ru ) , amnesty of the Russian State Duma of 1994 ( member of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation , founder of series of enterprises such as `` Antal '' ( machine manufacturing ) , `` Severnaya kazna '' ( insurance company ) , `` Vidikon '' ( production of electric arc furnace ) , `` Fidelity '' ( production of fast - moving consumer goods ) ) See also ( edit ) Soviet Union portal 1990s portal Politics portal Civil resistance Dissolution of the Soviet Union History of the Soviet Union 1993 Russian constitutional crisis State collapse Notes and references ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ольга Васильева , `` Республики во время путча '' в сб. статей : `` Путч . Хроника тревожных дней '' . / / Издательство `` Прогресс '' , 1991 . ( in Russian ) . Accessed 14 June 2009 . Archived 17 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Solving Transnistria : Any Optimists Left ? by Cristian Urse . p. 58 . Available at http://se2.isn.ch/serviceengine/Files/RESSpecNet/57339/ichaptersection_singledocument/7EE8018C-AD17-44B6-8BC2-8171256A7790/en/Chapter_4.pdf Jump up ^ a party led by the nationalist politician Vladimir Zhirinovsky -- http://www.lenta.ru/lib/14159799/full.htm . Accessed 13 September 2009 . Archived 16 September 2009 - . ^ Jump up to : `` Би - би - си - Россия - Хроника путча . Часть II '' . news.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ Р . Г . Апресян . Народное сопротивление августовскому путчу ( recuperato il 27 novembre 2010 tramite Internet Archive ) ^ Jump up to : Isherwood , Julian M. ( 19 August 1991 ) . `` World reacts with shock to Gorbachev ouster '' . United Press International . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : R.C. Gupta. ( 1997 ) Collapse of the Soviet Union . p. 57 . ISBN 9788185842813 , Jump up ^ Mark Kramer , `` The Dialectics of Empire : Soviet Leaders and the Challenge of Civil Resistance in East - Central Europe , 1968 -- 91 '' , in Adam Roberts and Timothy Garton Ash ( eds . ) , Civil Resistance and Power Politics : The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present , Oxford University Press , 2009 pp. 108 -- 09 . Jump up ^ `` Gorbachev and Perestroika . Professor Gerhard Rempel , Department of History , Western New England College , 1996 - 02 - 02 , accessed 2008 - 07 - 12 '' . Mars.wnec.edu . Archived from the original on 28 August 2008 . Retrieved 31 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Sarker , Sunil Kumar ( 1994 ) . The rise and fall of communism . New Delhi : Atlantic publishers and distributors . p. 94 . ISBN 978 - 8171565153 . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Gupta , R.C. ( 1997 ) . Collapse of the Soviet Union . India : Krishna Prakashan Media . p. 62 . ISBN 978 - 8185842813 . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Ziemele ( 2005 ) . p. 30 . Jump up ^ Ziemele ( 2005 ) . p. 35 . Jump up ^ Ziemele ( 2005 ) . pp. 38 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Yevgenia Albats and Catherine A. Fitzpatrick . The State Within a State : The KGB and Its Hold on Russia -- Past , Present , and Future . 1994 . ISBN 0 - 374 - 52738 - 5 , pages 276 - 293 . Jump up ^ KGB Maj. Gen. Vyacheslav Zhizhin and KGB Col. Alexei Yegorov , The State Within a State , p. 276 -- 277 . ^ Jump up to : ( in Russian ) September 1991 internal KGB report on the involvement of KGB in the coup ^ Jump up to : ( in Russian ) `` Novaya Gazeta '' No. 51 of 23 July 2001 ( extracts from the indictment of the conspirators ) ^ Jump up to : ( in Russian ) Timeline of the events Archived 27 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , by Artem Krechnikov , Moscow BBC correspondent ^ Jump up to : Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin ( 2000 ) . The Mitrokhin Archive : The KGB in Europe and the West . Gardners Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 028487 - 7 , pages 513 -- 514 . Jump up ^ The KGB surveillance logbook included every move of Gorbachev and his wife Raisa Gorbacheva , Subject 111 , such as `` 18 : 30 . 111 is in the bathtub . '' The State Within a State , page 276 -- 277 ^ Jump up to : ( in Russian ) Novaya Gazeta No. 59 of 20 August 2001 ( extracts from the indictment of the conspirators ) ^ Jump up to : Kommersant , 18 August 2006 ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Gorbachev 's interview to the Russian Service of BBC of 16 August 2001 ( in Russian ) ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Варенников Валентин Иванович / Неповторимое / Книга 6 / Часть 9 / Глава 2 -- Таинственная Страна '' . www.mysteriouscountry.ru . Jump up ^ Revolutionary Passage by Marc Garcelon p. 159 ^ Jump up to : ( in Russian ) GKChP documents ^ Jump up to : ( in Russian ) another `` Kommersant '' article , 18 August 2006 Jump up ^ ( in Russian ) `` Novaya Gazeta '' No. 55 of 6 August 2001 ( extracts from the indictment of the conspirators ) Jump up ^ ( in Russian ) `` Novaya Gazeta '' No. 57 of 13 August 2001 ( extracts from the indictment of the conspirators ) ^ Jump up to : `` Путч . Хроника тревожных дней '' . old.russ.ru . Jump up ^ `` Izvestia '' , 18 August 2006 ( in Russian ) ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Moskovskie Novosty '' , 2001 , No. 33 ( in Russian ) `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 27 November 2007 . Retrieved 26 June 2007 . ^ Jump up to : ( in Russian ) `` Nezavisimoe Voiennoye Obozrenie '' , 18 August 2006 ^ Jump up to : `` Усов Владимир Александрович '' . www.warheroes.ru . ^ Jump up to : `` Argumenty i Facty '' , 15 August 2001 Jump up ^ A Russian site on Ilya Krichevsky `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 11 August 2011 . Retrieved 25 December 2010 ... Accessed 15 August 2009 . Archived 17 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Supreme Soviet of the Latvian SSR ( 21 August 1991 ) . `` Constitutional law On statehood of the Republic of Latvia '' ( in Latvian ) . Latvijas Vēstnesis . Retrieved 7 January 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Konsultant+ ( Russian legal database ) Jump up ^ Fedor , Helen ( 1995 ) . `` Belarus -- Prelude to Independence '' . Belarus : A Country Study . Library of Congress . Retrieved 22 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Закон СССР от 05.09. 1991 N 2392 - 1 об органах государственной '' . pravo.levonevsky.org . Jump up ^ `` 6 сентября '' . 5 September 2005 . Jump up ^ Letter to the Secretary - General of the United Nations from the President of the Russian Federation Jump up ^ `` Vzgliad '' , 18 August 2006 ( in Russian ) ( 3 ) ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , Andrew ( 20 August 1991 ) . `` THE SOVIET CRISIS ; Bush Condemns Soviet Coup And Calls For Its Reversal '' -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ `` SOVIET TURMOIL ; Excerpts From Bush 's Conference : ' Strong Support ' for Baltic Independence '' . 3 September 1991 -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Mr Major 's Comments on the Soviet Coup - 21st August 1991 '' . www.johnmajor.co.uk . Jump up ^ Farnsworth , Clyde H. ( 25 August 1991 ) . `` Canadian Is Attacked for Remarks on Soviet Coup '' -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ `` archives '' . thestar.com . Jump up ^ Southerl , Daniel ; Southerl , Daniel ( 23 August 1991 ) . `` CHINESE DISSIDENTS HAIL MOSCOW EVENTS '' -- via washingtonpost.com . Jump up ^ `` archives '' . thestar.com . Jump up ^ `` Nato ` s Response Covers All Bases '' . Jump up ^ `` Gennady Yanayev '' . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) `` LA Times '' , March 2015 Jump up ^ Simon Saradzhyan Coup Leader May Join Defense Team , `` The Moscow Times '' , March 2015 Jump up ^ ( 5 ) `` Find A Grave '' , March 2015 Jump up ^ Rupert Cornwell ( 6 ) `` Vasily Starodubtsev : Politician who tried to topple Gorbachev in 1991 '' , March 2015 Jump up ^ Vladimir Socor ( 7 ) `` The Jamestown Foundation '' , March 2015 Bibliography ( edit ) Ziemele , Ineta ( 2005 ) . State Continuity and Nationality : The Baltic States and Russia . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . ISBN 90 - 04 - 14295 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1991 coup d'état attempt in the Soviet Union . Russia at the Barricades : Eyewitness Accounts of the Moscow Coup ( August 1991 ) , ed . Victoria Bonnell , Ann Copper , and Gregory Freidin . Introduction by Victoria E. Bonnell and Gregory Freidin ( M.E. Sharpe , 1994 ) . Includes the chronology of the coup , photos , and accounts from a broad cross-section of participants and eyewitnesses , including the editors . Voices From An ( Attempted ) Soviet Coup . 1st person accounts and documents from both sides of the barricades . Compiled and edited by Anya Chernyakhovskaya , Dr John Jirik and Nikolai Lamm . IRC logs : Transcript of internet chat from the time of the coup TASS transmissions at the time of the coup ( captured from short - wave radio transmissions , contains decoding errors ) Andrew Coyne : Getting to the Roots of a Deserved Failure The St. Petersburg Times # 696 ( 63 ) , 17 August 2001 The issue of The St. Petersburg Times devoted to the 10th anniversary of the coup attempt . The Collapse of Stalinism Chronology of the Coup The USSR in 1991 : The Implosion of a Superpower by Dr Robert F. Miller 1991 Diplomatic Bluebook , Section 4 . The Soviet Union by the Japanese Foreign Ministry Moscow Coup , August 1991 , Anonymous : Memories of an anonymous Russian in Wiki Memory Archive Memories of Sam Lafranco in Wiki Memory Archive Personal account and photographs of historian Douglas Smith , eyewitness to the coup Vadim Anatov , a programmer for Relcom ( the first public ISP in the USSR ) on YouTube talking about the role of the Internet in resistance to the coup . Adventures of the `` Nuclear Briefcase '' : A Russian Document Analysis , Strategic Insights , Volume III , Issue 9 ( September 2004 ) , by Mikhail Tsypkin Map of Europe showing areas affected by Soviet Coup Attempt Gorbachev , Mikhail ( 1991 ) . The August Coup : The Truth and the Lessons . New York : HarperPerennial . Includes transcript of videotaped statement made 19 / 20 August 1991 as his Foros dacha . Armed conflicts involving Russia ( incl . Imperial and Soviet times ) Internal Razin 's Rebellion Bulavin Rebellion Pugachev 's Rebellion Decembrist revolt Russian Civil War August Uprising Coup d'état attempt ( 1991 ) 1993 Russian constitutional crisis First Chechen War War of Dagestan Second Chechen War Insurgency in the North Caucasus Pre-17th century Muscovite -- Volga Bulgars war ( 1376 ) Battle on Pyana River ( 1377 ) Battle of the Vozha River ( 1378 ) First Muscovite -- Lithuanian War ( 1492 -- 94 ) Russo - Swedish War ( 1495 -- 97 ) Second Muscovite -- Lithuanian War ( 1500 -- 03 ) Battle of the Siritsa River ( 1501 ) Third Muscovite -- Lithuanian War ( 1507 -- 08 ) Fourth Muscovite -- Lithuanian War ( 1512 -- 22 ) Fifth Muscovite -- Lithuanian War ( 1534 -- 37 ) Russo - Crimean Wars Russo - Kazan Wars Russo - Swedish War ( 1554 -- 57 ) Livonian War Russian Conquest of Siberia ( 1580 - 1747 ) Russo - Swedish War ( 1590 -- 95 ) Polish -- Muscovite War ( 1605 -- 18 ) and the Time of Troubles Ingrian War Smolensk War Russo - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%20Soviet%20coup%20d%2527%25C3%25A9tat%20attempt	3,141
who coined the term zymase for enzymes in yeast	Some science historians suggest that Eduard Buchner , in his 1897 work , merely repeated experiments already made by Antoine Béchamp in 1857 . This is not the case : what Buchner obtained with yeast zymase , and without yeast cells , was alcoholic fermentation , while Béchamp had explicitly stated that , in absence of yeast cells , and by use of what he , also , called `` zymase '' , he obtained only sugar inversion and no alcoholic fermentation . According to K.L. Manchester , what Béchamp called `` zymase '' was invertase .	Eduard Buchner	Zymase	zymase	Zymase is an enzyme complex that catalyzes the fermentation of sugar into ethanol and carbon dioxide . It occurs naturally in yeasts . Zymase activity varies among yeast strains .	Zymase is also the brand name of the drug pancrelipase . Cell - free fermentation experiment ( edit ) Zymase was first isolated from the yeast cell in 1897 by a German chemist named Eduard Buchner who fermented sugar in the laboratory without living cells , leading to 1907 Nobel Prize in Chemistry . The experiment for which Buchner won the Nobel Prize consisted of producing a cell - free extract of yeast cells and showing that this `` press juice '' could ferment sugar . This dealt yet another blow to vitalism by showing that the presence of living yeast cells was not needed for fermentation . The cell - free extract was produced by combining dry yeast cells , quartz and kieselguhr and then pulverizing the yeast cells with a mortar and pestle . This mixture would then become moist as the yeast cells ' contents would come out of the cells . Once this step was done , the moist mixture would be put through a press and when this resulting `` press juice '' had glucose , fructose , or maltose added , carbon dioxide was seen to evolve , sometimes for days . Microscopic investigation revealed no living yeast cells in the extract . Buchner hypothesized that yeast cells secrete proteins into their environment in order to ferment sugars . It was later shown that fermentation occurs inside the yeast cells . British chemist Sir Arthur Harden divided zymase into two varieties ( dialyzable and nondialyzable ) in 1905 . Some science historians suggest that Eduard Buchner , in his 1897 work , merely repeated experiments already made by Antoine Béchamp in 1857 . This is not the case : what Buchner obtained with yeast zymase , and without yeast cells , was alcoholic fermentation , while Béchamp had explicitly stated that , in absence of yeast cells , and by use of what he , also , called `` zymase '' , he obtained only sugar inversion and no alcoholic fermentation . According to K.L. Manchester , what Béchamp called `` zymase '' was invertase . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The enzyme complex in yeasts that catalyzes the breakdown of sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide . '' http://www.thefreedictionary.com/zymase Jump up ^ Angelov , A.I. ; Karadjov , G.I. ; Roshkova , Z.G. ( 1996 ) . `` Strains selection of baker 's yeast with improved technological properties '' . Food Research International . 29 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 235 . doi : 10.1016 / 0963 - 9969 ( 96 ) 00030 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Our textbooks , however , erroneously tell us that Buchner was the first to extract an enzyme from yeast , and call it zymase , a ' breakthrough ' that was achieved in 1897 , some 35 years after Bechamp 's experiments ! '' ( Milton Wainwright , `` Early history of microbiology `` , Advances in applied microbiology , vol. 52 , 2003 , pp. 333 - 355 , partly available on Google Books , esp . pp. 341 - 342 . ) Jump up ^ Antoine Béchamp , Les microzymas , Paris , 1883 ( repr . Paris , 1990 ) , pp. 286 - 288 Jump up ^ Keith L. Manchester : `` Antoine Béchamp : père de la biologie . Oui ou non ? `` , Endeavour , Vol. 25 , n ° 2 , 1 juny 2001 , pp. 68 - 73 ; Keith L. Manchester : '' Louis Pasteur , fermentation , and a rival `` , South African Journal of Science , vol. 103 ( 2007 ) , online . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zymase&oldid=802244918 '' Categories : Enzymes Talk About Wikipedia Български Català Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 22 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zymase	3,142
what is the smallest positive representative of the residue class of 83 in latex mathbb z_ 15 z 15			P - adic number	p - adic number	In mathematics , the p - adic number system for any prime number p extends the ordinary arithmetic of the rational numbers in a different way from the extension of the rational number system to the real and complex number systems . The extension is achieved by an alternative interpretation of the concept of `` closeness '' or absolute value . In particular , p - adic numbers are considered to be close when their difference is divisible by a high power of p : the higher the power , the closer they are . This property enables p - adic numbers to encode congruence information in a way that turns out to have powerful applications in number theory -- including , for example , in the famous proof of Fermat 's Last Theorem by Andrew Wiles .	p - adic numbers were first described by Kurt Hensel in 1897 , though , with hindsight , some of Ernst Kummer 's earlier work can be interpreted as implicitly using p - adic numbers . The p - adic numbers were motivated primarily by an attempt to bring the ideas and techniques of power series methods into number theory . Their influence now extends far beyond this . For example , the field of p - adic analysis essentially provides an alternative form of calculus . More formally , for a given prime p , the field Q of p - adic numbers is a completion of the rational numbers . The field Q is also given a topology derived from a metric , which is itself derived from the p - adic order , an alternative valuation on the rational numbers . This metric space is complete in the sense that every Cauchy sequence converges to a point in Q . This is what allows the development of calculus on Q , and it is the interaction of this analytic and algebraic structure that gives the p - adic number systems their power and utility . The p in `` p - adic '' is a variable and may be replaced with a prime ( yielding , for instance , `` the 2 - adic numbers '' ) or another placeholder variable ( for expressions such as `` the l - adic numbers '' ) . The `` adic '' of `` p - adic '' comes from the ending found in words such as dyadic or triadic . Contents ( hide ) 1 Introduction 2 p - adic expansions 3 Notation 4 Constructions 4.1 Analytic approach 4.2 Algebraic approach 5 Properties 5.1 Cardinality 5.2 Topology 5.3 Metric completions and algebraic closures 5.4 Multiplicative group of Q 5.5 Analysis on Q 6 Rational arithmetic 7 Generalizations and related concepts 8 Local -- global principle 9 See also 10 Footnotes 10.1 Notes 10.2 Citations 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Introduction ( edit ) This section is an informal introduction to p - adic numbers , using examples from the ring of 10 - adic ( decadic ) numbers . Although for p - adic numbers p should be a prime , base 10 was chosen to highlight the analogy with decimals . The decadic numbers are generally not used in mathematics : since 10 is not prime or prime power , the decadics are not a field . More formal constructions and properties are given below . In the standard decimal representation , almost all real numbers do not have a terminating decimal representation . For example , 1 / 3 is represented as a non-terminating decimal as follows 1 3 = 0.333333 ... . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) = 0.333333 \ ldots . ) Informally , non-terminating decimals are easily understood , because it is clear that a real number can be approximated to any required degree of precision by a terminating decimal . If two decimal expansions differ only after the 10th decimal place , they are quite close to one another ; and if they differ only after the 20th decimal place , they are even closer . 10 - adic numbers use a similar non-terminating expansion , but with a different concept of `` closeness '' . Whereas two decimal expansions are close to one another if their difference is a large negative power of 10 , two 10 - adic expansions are close if their difference is a large positive power of 10 . Thus 4739 and 5739 , which differ by 10 , are close in the 10 - adic world , and 72694473 and 82694473 are even closer , differing by 10 . More precisely , a positive rational number r can be expressed as r = : p / q 10 , where p and q are positive integers and q is relatively prime to p and to 10 . For each r ≠ 0 there exists the maximal d such that this representation is possible . Let the 10 - adic `` absolute value '' of r be r 10 : = 1 10 d ( \ displaystyle r _ ( 10 ) : = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 10 ^ ( d ) ) ) ) . Certainly , we have to define 0 : = 0 . Now , taking p / q = 1 and d = 0 , 1 , 2 , ... we have 10 = 10 , 10 = 10 , 10 = 10 , ... , with the consequence that we have lim d → + ∞ 10 d 10 = 0 ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( d \ rightarrow + \ infty ) 10 ^ ( d ) _ ( 10 ) = 0 ) . Closeness in any number system is defined by a metric . Using the 10 - adic metric the distance between numbers x and y is given by x − y . An interesting consequence of the 10 - adic metric ( or of a p - adic metric ) is that there is no longer a need for the negative sign . ( In fact , there is no order relation which is compatible with the ring operations and this metric , s . b . ) As an example , by examining the following sequence we can see how unsigned 10 - adics can get progressively closer and closer to the number − 1 : 9 = − 1 + 10 ( \ displaystyle 9 = - 1 + 10 ) so 9 − ( − 1 ) 10 = 1 10 ( \ displaystyle 9 - ( - 1 ) _ ( 10 ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 10 ) ) ) . 99 = − 1 + 10 2 ( \ displaystyle 99 = - 1 + 10 ^ ( 2 ) ) so 99 − ( − 1 ) 10 = 1 100 ( \ displaystyle 99 - ( - 1 ) _ ( 10 ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 100 ) ) ) . 999 = − 1 + 10 3 ( \ displaystyle 999 = - 1 + 10 ^ ( 3 ) ) so 999 − ( − 1 ) 10 = 1 1000 ( \ displaystyle 999 - ( - 1 ) _ ( 10 ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 1000 ) ) ) . 9999 = − 1 + 10 4 ( \ displaystyle 9999 = - 1 + 10 ^ ( 4 ) ) so 9999 − ( − 1 ) 10 = 1 10000 ( \ displaystyle 9999 - ( - 1 ) _ ( 10 ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 10000 ) ) ) . and taking this sequence to its limit , we can deduce the 10 - adic expansion of − 1 ... 9999 − ( − 1 ) 10 = 0 ( \ displaystyle \ dots 9999 - ( - 1 ) _ ( 10 ) = 0 ) , thus ... 9999 = − 1 ( \ displaystyle \ dots 9999 = - 1 ) , an expansion which clearly is a ten 's complement representation . In this notation , 10 - adic expansions can be extended indefinitely to the left , in contrast to decimal expansions , which can be extended indefinitely to the right . Note that this is not the only way to write p - adic numbers -- for alternatives see the Notation section below . More formally , a 10 - adic number can be defined as ∑ i = n ∞ a i 10 i ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( i = n ) ^ ( \ infty ) a_ ( i ) 10 ^ ( i ) ) where each of the a is a digit taken from the set ( 0 , 1 , ... , 9 ) and the initial index n may be positive , negative or 0 , but must be finite . From this definition , it is clear that positive integers and positive rational numbers with terminating decimal expansions will have terminating 10 - adic expansions that are identical to their decimal expansions . Other numbers may have non-terminating 10 - adic expansions . It is possible to define addition , subtraction , and multiplication on 10 - adic numbers in a consistent way , so that the 10 - adic numbers form a commutative ring . We can create 10 - adic expansions for `` negative numbers '' as follows − 100 = − 1 × 100 = ... 9999 × 100 = ... 9900 ( \ displaystyle - 100 = - 1 \ times 100 = \ dots 9999 \ times 100 = \ dots 9900 ) ⇒ − 35 = − 100 + 65 = ... 9900 + 65 = ... 9965 ( \ displaystyle \ Rightarrow - 35 = - 100 + 65 = \ dots 9900 + 65 = \ dots 9965 ) ⇒ − ( 3 + 1 2 ) = − 35 10 = ... 9965 10 = ... 9996.5 ( \ displaystyle \ Rightarrow - \ left ( 3 + ( \ dfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) = ( \ dfrac ( - 35 ) ( 10 ) ) = ( \ dfrac ( \ dots 9965 ) ( 10 ) ) = \ dots 9996.5 ) and fractions which have non-terminating decimal expansions also have non-terminating 10 - adic expansions . For example 10 6 − 1 7 = 142857 ; 10 12 − 1 7 = 142857142857 ; 10 18 − 1 7 = 142857142857142857 ( \ displaystyle ( \ dfrac ( 10 ^ ( 6 ) - 1 ) ( 7 ) ) = 142857 ; ( \ dfrac ( 10 ^ ( 12 ) - 1 ) ( 7 ) ) = 142857142857 ; ( \ dfrac ( 10 ^ ( 18 ) - 1 ) ( 7 ) ) = 142857142857142857 ) ⇒ − 1 7 = ... 142857142857142857 ( \ displaystyle \ Rightarrow - ( \ dfrac ( 1 ) ( 7 ) ) = \ dots 142857142857142857 ) ⇒ − 6 7 = ... 142857142857142857 × 6 = ... 857142857142857142 ( \ displaystyle \ Rightarrow - ( \ dfrac ( 6 ) ( 7 ) ) = \ dots 142857142857142857 \ times 6 = \ dots 857142857142857142 ) ⇒ 1 7 = − 6 7 + 1 = ... 857142857142857143 . ( \ displaystyle \ Rightarrow ( \ dfrac ( 1 ) ( 7 ) ) = - ( \ dfrac ( 6 ) ( 7 ) ) + 1 = \ dots 857142857142857143 . ) Generalizing the last example , we can find a 10 - adic expansion with no digits to the right of the decimal point for any rational number p / q such that q is co-prime to 10 ; Euler 's theorem guarantees that if q is co-prime to 10 , then there is an n such that 10 − 1 is a multiple of q . The other rational numbers can be expressed as 10 - adic numbers with some digits after the decimal point . As noted above , 10 - adic numbers have a major drawback . It is possible to find pairs of non-zero 10 - adic numbers ( which are not rational , thus having an infinite number of digits ) whose product is 0 . This means that 10 - adic numbers do not always have multiplicative inverses i.e. valid reciprocals , which in turn implies that though 10 - adic numbers form a ring they do not form a field , a deficiency that makes them much less useful as an analytical tool . Another way of saying this is that the ring of 10 - adic numbers is not an integral domain because they contain zero divisors . The reason for this property turns out to be that 10 is a composite number which is not a power of a prime . This problem is simply avoided by using a prime number p or a prime power p as the base of the number system instead of 10 and indeed for this reason p in p - adic is usually taken to be prime . fraction original decimal notation 10 - adic notation fraction original decimal notation 10 - adic notation fraction original decimal notation 10 - adic notation 1 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ) 0.5 0.5 5 7 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 5 ) ( 7 ) ) ) 0. 714285 428571 5 9 10 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 9 ) ( 10 ) ) ) 0.9 0.9 1 3 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) ) 0. 3 67 6 7 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 6 ) ( 7 ) ) ) 0. 857142 714285 8 1 11 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 11 ) ) ) 0. 09 09 1 2 3 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ) ) 0. 6 1 8 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 8 ) ) ) 0.125 0.125 2 11 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 11 ) ) ) 0. 18 18 2 1 4 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ) ) 0.25 0.25 3 8 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 8 ) ) ) 0.375 0.375 3 11 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 11 ) ) ) 0. 27 27 3 3 4 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ) ) 0.75 0.75 5 8 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 5 ) ( 8 ) ) ) 0.625 0.625 4 11 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 11 ) ) ) 0. 36 36 4 1 5 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 5 ) ) ) 0.2 0.2 7 8 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 7 ) ( 8 ) ) ) 0.875 0.875 5 11 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 5 ) ( 11 ) ) ) 0. 45 45 5 2 5 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 5 ) ) ) 0.4 0.4 1 9 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 9 ) ) ) 0. 1 89 6 11 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 6 ) ( 11 ) ) ) 0. 54 54 6 3 5 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ) ) 0.6 0.6 2 9 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 9 ) ) ) 0. 2 78 7 11 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 7 ) ( 11 ) ) ) 0. 63 63 7 4 5 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ) ) 0.8 0.8 4 9 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 9 ) ) ) 0. 4 56 8 11 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 8 ) ( 11 ) ) ) 0. 72 72 8 1 6 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 6 ) ) ) 0.1 6 3. 5 5 9 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 5 ) ( 9 ) ) ) 0. 5 45 9 11 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 9 ) ( 11 ) ) ) 0. 81 81 9 5 6 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 5 ) ( 6 ) ) ) 0.8 3 67.5 7 9 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 7 ) ( 9 ) ) ) 0. 7 10 11 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 10 ) ( 11 ) ) ) 0. 90 09 10 1 7 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 7 ) ) ) 0. 142857 285714 3 8 9 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 8 ) ( 9 ) ) ) 0. 8 1 12 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 12 ) ) ) 0.08 3 6. 75 2 7 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 7 ) ) ) 0. 285714 571428 6 1 10 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 10 ) ) ) 0.1 0.1 5 12 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 5 ) ( 12 ) ) ) 0.41 6 3. 75 3 7 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 7 ) ) ) 0. 428571 857142 9 3 10 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 10 ) ) ) 0.3 0.3 7 12 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 7 ) ( 12 ) ) ) 0.58 3 67.25 4 7 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 7 ) ) ) 0. 571428 142857 2 7 10 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 7 ) ( 10 ) ) ) 0.7 0.7 11 12 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 11 ) ( 12 ) ) ) 0.91 6 34.25 P - adic expansions ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) When dealing with natural numbers , if we take p to be a fixed prime number , then any positive integer can be written as a base p expansion in the form ∑ i = 0 n a i p i ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( i = 0 ) ^ ( n ) a_ ( i ) p ^ ( i ) ) where the a are integers in ( 0 , ... , p − 1 ) . For example , the binary expansion of 35 is 1 2 + 0 2 + 0 2 + 0 2 + 1 2 + 1 2 , often written in the shorthand notation 100011 . The familiar approach to extending this description to the larger domain of the rationals ( and , ultimately , to the reals ) is to use sums of the form : ± ∑ i = − ∞ n a i p i . ( \ displaystyle \ pm \ sum _ ( i = - \ infty ) ^ ( n ) a_ ( i ) p ^ ( i ) . ) A definite meaning is given to these sums based on Cauchy sequences , using the absolute value as metric . Thus , for example , 1 / 3 can be expressed in base 5 as the limit of the sequence 0.1313131313 ... . In this formulation , the integers are precisely those numbers for which a = 0 for all i < 0 . With p - adic numbers , on the other hand , we choose to extend the base p expansions in a different way . Unlike traditional integers , where the magnitude is determined by how far they are from zero , the `` size '' of p - adic numbers is determined by the p - adic absolute value , where high positive powers of p are relatively small compared to high negative powers of p . Consider infinite sums of the form : ∑ i = k ∞ a i p i ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( i = k ) ^ ( \ infty ) a_ ( i ) p ^ ( i ) ) where k is some ( not necessarily positive ) integer , and each coefficient a i ( \ displaystyle a_ ( i ) ) can be called a p - adic digit . With this approach we obtain the p - adic expansions of the p - adic numbers . Those p - adic numbers for which a = 0 for all i < 0 are also called the p - adic integers . As opposed to real number expansions which extend to the right as sums of ever smaller , increasingly negative powers of the base p , p - adic numbers may expand to the left forever , a property that can often be true for the p - adic integers . For example , consider the p - adic expansion of 1 / 3 in base 5 . It can be shown to be ... 1313132 , i.e. , the limit of the sequence 2 , 32 , 132 , 3132 , 13132 , 313132 , 1313132 , ... : 5 2 − 1 3 = 44 5 3 = 13 5 ; 5 4 − 1 3 = 4444 5 3 = 1313 5 ( \ displaystyle ( \ dfrac ( 5 ^ ( 2 ) - 1 ) ( 3 ) ) = ( \ dfrac ( 44_ ( 5 ) ) ( 3 ) ) = 13_ ( 5 ) ; \ , ( \ dfrac ( 5 ^ ( 4 ) - 1 ) ( 3 ) ) = ( \ dfrac ( 4444_ ( 5 ) ) ( 3 ) ) = 1313_ ( 5 ) ) ⇒ − 1 3 = ... 1313 5 ( \ displaystyle \ Rightarrow - ( \ dfrac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) = \ dots 1313_ ( 5 ) ) ⇒ − 2 3 = ... 1313 5 × 2 = ... 3131 5 ( \ displaystyle \ Rightarrow - ( \ dfrac ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ) = \ dots 1313_ ( 5 ) \ times 2 = \ dots 3131_ ( 5 ) ) ⇒ 1 3 = − 2 3 + 1 = ... 3132 5 . ( \ displaystyle \ Rightarrow ( \ dfrac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) = - ( \ dfrac ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ) + 1 = \ dots 3132_ ( 5 ) . ) Multiplying this infinite sum by 3 in base 5 gives ... 0000001 . As there are no negative powers of 5 in this expansion of 1 / 3 ( i.e. no numbers to the right of the decimal point ) , we see that 1 / 3 satisfies the definition of being a p - adic integer in base 5 . More formally , the p - adic expansions can be used to define the field Q of p - adic numbers while the p - adic integers form a subring of Q , denoted Z . ( Not to be confused with the ring of integers modulo p which is also sometimes written Z . To avoid ambiguity , Z / pZ or Z / ( p ) are often used to represent the integers modulo p . ) While it is possible to use the approach above to define p - adic numbers and explore their properties , just as in the case of real numbers other approaches are generally preferred . Hence we want to define a notion of infinite sum which makes these expressions meaningful , and this is most easily accomplished by the introduction of the p - adic metric . Two different but equivalent solutions to this problem are presented in the Constructions section below . Notation ( edit ) There are several different conventions for writing p - adic expansions . So far this article has used a notation for p - adic expansions in which powers of p increase from right to left . With this right - to - left notation the 3 - adic expansion of ⁄ , for example , is written as 1 5 = ... 121012102 3 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ dfrac ( 1 ) ( 5 ) ) = \ dots 121012102_ ( 3 ) . ) When performing arithmetic in this notation , digits are carried to the left . It is also possible to write p - adic expansions so that the powers of p increase from left to right , and digits are carried to the right . With this left - to - right notation the 3 - adic expansion of ⁄ is 1 5 = 2.01210121 ... 3 or 1 15 = 20.1210121 ... 3 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ dfrac ( 1 ) ( 5 ) ) = 2.01210121 \ dots _ ( 3 ) ( \ mbox ( or ) ) ( \ dfrac ( 1 ) ( 15 ) ) = 20.1210121 \ dots _ ( 3 ) . ) p - adic expansions may be written with other sets of digits instead of ( 0 , 1 , ... , p − 1 ) . For example , the 3 - adic expansion of / can be written using balanced ternary digits ( 1 , 0 , 1 ) as 1 5 = ... 1 _ 11 11 _ 11 11 _ 11 1 _ 3 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ dfrac ( 1 ) ( 5 ) ) = \ dots ( \ underline ( 1 ) ) 11 ( \ underline ( 11 ) ) 11 ( \ underline ( 11 ) ) 11 ( \ underline ( 1 ) ) _ ( 3 ) . ) In fact any set of p integers which are in distinct residue classes modulo p may be used as p - adic digits . In number theory , Teichmüller representatives are sometimes used as digits . Constructions ( edit ) Analytic approach ( edit ) See also : p - adic order p = 2 ← distance = 1 → De - ci - mal Bi - nary ← d = 1⁄2 → ← d = 1⁄2 → `` d = 1⁄4 '' `` d = 1⁄4 '' `` d = 1⁄4 '' `` d = 1⁄4 '' `` 1⁄8 '' `` 1⁄8 '' `` 1⁄8 '' `` 1⁄8 '' `` 1⁄8 '' `` 1⁄8 '' `` 1⁄8 '' `` 1⁄8 '' ... 17 10001 J 16 10000 J 15 1111 14 1110 13 1101 12 1100 11 1011 10 1010 9 1001 8 1000 7 111 6 110 5 101 100 11 10 0 0 ... 000 − 1 1 ... 111 J − 2 1 ... 110 J − 3 1 ... 101 J − 4 1 ... 100 J Dec Bin 2 - adic ( p = 2 ) arrangement of integers , from left to right . This shows a hierarchical subdivision pattern common for ultrametric spaces . Points within a distance 1 / 8 are grouped in one colored strip . A pair of strips within a distance 1 / 4 has the same chroma , four strips within a distance 1 / 2 have the same hue . The hue is determined by the least significant bit , the saturation -- by the next ( 2 ) bit , and the brightness depends on the value of 2 bit . Bits ( digit places ) which are less significant for the usual metric are more significant for the p - adic distance . Similar picture for p = 3 ( click to enlarge ) shows three closed balls of radius 1 / 3 , where each consists of 3 balls of radius 1 / 9 The real numbers can be defined as equivalence classes of Cauchy sequences of rational numbers ; this allows us to , for example , write 1 as 1.000 ... = 0.999 ... . The definition of a Cauchy sequence relies on the metric chosen , though , so if we choose a different one , we can construct numbers other than the real numbers . The usual metric which yields the real numbers is called the Euclidean metric . For a given prime p , we define the p - adic absolute value in Q as follows : for any non-zero rational number x , there is a unique integer n allowing us to write x = p ( a / b ) , where neither of the integers a and b is divisible by p . Unless the numerator or denominator of x in lowest terms contains p as a factor , n will be 0 . Now define x = p . We also define 0 = 0 . For example with x = 63 / 550 = 2 3 5 7 11 x 2 = 2 x 3 = 1 / 9 x 5 = 25 x 7 = 1 / 7 x 11 = 11 x any other prime = 1 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) & x _ ( 2 ) = 2 \ \ ( 6pt ) & x _ ( 3 ) = 1 / 9 \ \ ( 6pt ) & x _ ( 5 ) = 25 \ \ ( 6pt ) & x _ ( 7 ) = 1 / 7 \ \ ( 6pt ) & x _ ( 11 ) = 11 \ \ ( 6pt ) & x _ ( \ text ( any other prime ) ) = 1. \ end ( aligned ) ) ) This definition of x has the effect that high powers of p become `` small '' . By the fundamental theorem of arithmetic , for a given non-zero rational number x there is a unique finite set of distinct primes p 1 , ... , p r ( \ displaystyle p_ ( 1 ) , \ ldots , p_ ( r ) ) and a corresponding sequence of non-zero integers a 1 , ... , a r ( \ displaystyle a_ ( 1 ) , \ ldots , a_ ( r ) ) such that : x = p 1 a 1 ... p r a r . ( \ displaystyle x = p_ ( 1 ) ^ ( a_ ( 1 ) ) \ ldots p_ ( r ) ^ ( a_ ( r ) ) . ) It then follows that x p i = p i − a i ( \ displaystyle x _ ( p_ ( i ) ) = p_ ( i ) ^ ( - a_ ( i ) ) ) for all 1 ≤ i ≤ r ( \ displaystyle 1 \ leq i \ leq r ) , and x p = 1 ( \ displaystyle x _ ( p ) = 1 ) for any other prime p ∉ ( p 1 , ... , p r ) . ( \ displaystyle p \ notin \ ( p_ ( 1 ) , \ ldots , p_ ( r ) \ ) . ) The p - adic absolute value defines a metric d on Q by setting d p ( x , y ) = x − y p ( \ displaystyle d_ ( p ) ( x , y ) = x-y _ ( p ) ) The field Q of p - adic numbers can then be defined as the completion of the metric space ( Q , d ) ; its elements are equivalence classes of Cauchy sequences , where two sequences are called equivalent if their difference converges to zero . In this way , we obtain a complete metric space which is also a field and contains Q . It can be shown that in Q , every element x may be written in a unique way as ∑ i = k ∞ a i p i ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( i = k ) ^ ( \ infty ) a_ ( i ) p ^ ( i ) ) where k is some integer such that a ≠ 0 and each a is in ( 0 , ... , p − 1 ) . This series converges to x with respect to the metric d . With this absolute value , the field Q is a local field . Ostrowski 's theorem states that each absolute value on Q is equivalent either to the Euclidean absolute value , the trivial absolute value , or to one of the p - adic absolute values for some prime p . Each absolute value ( or metric ) leads to a different completion of Q. ( With the trivial absolute value , Q is already complete . ) Algebraic approach ( edit ) In the algebraic approach , we first define the ring of p - adic integers , and then construct the field of fractions of this ring to get the field of p - adic numbers . We start with the inverse limit of the rings Z / p Z ( see modular arithmetic ) : a p - adic integer is then a sequence ( a ) such that a is in Z / p Z , and if n ≤ m , then a ≡ a ( mod p ) . Every natural number m defines such a sequence ( a ) by a = m mod p and can therefore be regarded as a p - adic integer . For example , in this case 35 as a 2 - adic integer would be written as the sequence ( 1 , 3 , 3 , 3 , 3 , 35 , 35 , 35 , ... ) . The operators of the ring amount to pointwise addition and multiplication of such sequences . This is well defined because addition and multiplication commute with the `` mod '' operator ; see modular arithmetic . Moreover , every sequence ( a ) where the first element is not 0 has an inverse . In that case , for every n , a and p are coprime , and so a and p are relatively prime . Therefore , each a has an inverse mod p , and the sequence of these inverses , ( b ) , is the sought inverse of ( a ) . For example , consider the p - adic integer corresponding to the natural number 7 ; as a 2 - adic number , it would be written ( 1 , 3 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 , ... ) . This object 's inverse would be written as an ever - increasing sequence that begins ( 1 , 3 , 7 , 7 , 23 , 55 , 55 , 183 , 439 , 439 , 1463 ... ) . Naturally , this 2 - adic integer has no corresponding natural number . Every such sequence can alternatively be written as a series . For instance , in the 3 - adics , the sequence ( 2 , 8 , 8 , 35 , 35 , ... ) can be written as 2 + 2 3 + 0 3 + 1 3 + 0 3 + ... The partial sums of this latter series are the elements of the given sequence . The ring of p - adic integers has no zero divisors , so we can take the field of fractions to get the field Q of p - adic numbers . Note that in this field of fractions , every non-integer p - adic number can be uniquely written as p u with a natural number n and a unit u in the p - adic integers . This means that Q p = Quot ⁡ ( Z p ) ≅ ( p N ) − 1 Z p × . ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( Q ) _ ( p ) = \ operatorname ( Quot ) \ left ( \ mathbf ( Z ) _ ( p ) \ right ) \ cong ( p ^ ( \ mathbf ( N ) ) ) ^ ( - 1 ) \ mathbf ( Z ) _ ( p ) ^ ( \ times ) . ) Note that S A , where S = p N = ( p n : n ∈ N ) ( \ displaystyle S = p ^ ( \ mathbf ( N ) ) = \ ( p ^ ( n ) : n \ in \ mathbf ( N ) \ ) ) is a multiplicative subset ( contains the unit and closed under multiplication ) of a commutative ring with unit A ( \ displaystyle A ) , is an algebraic construction called the ring of fractions or localization of A ( \ displaystyle A ) by S ( \ displaystyle S ) . Properties ( edit ) Cardinality ( edit ) Z is the inverse limit of the finite rings Z / p Z , which is uncountable -- in fact , has the cardinality of the continuum . Accordingly , the field Q is uncountable . The endomorphism ring of the Prüfer p - group of rank n , denoted Z ( p ) , is the ring of n × n matrices over Z ; this is sometimes referred to as the Tate module . The number of p - adic numbers with terminating p - adic representations is countably infinite . And , if the standard digits ( 0 , ... , p − 1 ) are taken , their value and representation coincides in Z and R . Topology ( edit ) A scheme showing the topology of the dyadic ( or indeed p - adic ) integers . Each clump is an open set made up of other clumps . The numbers in the left-most quarter ( containing 1 ) are all the odd numbers . The next group to the right is the even numbers not divisible by 4 . Define a topology on Z by taking as a basis of open sets all sets of the form U ( n ) = ( n + λp : λ ∈ Z ) . where a is a non-negative integer and n is an integer in ( 1 , p ) . For example , in the dyadic integers , U ( 1 ) is the set of odd numbers . U ( n ) is the set of all p - adic integers whose difference from n has p - adic absolute value less than p . Then Z is a compactification of Z , under the derived topology ( it is not a compactification of Z with its usual discrete topology ) . The relative topology on Z as a subset of Z is called the p - adic topology on Z . The topology of Z is that of a Cantor set C ( \ displaystyle ( \ mathcal ( C ) ) ) . For instance , we can make a continuous 1 - to - 1 mapping between the dyadic integers and the Cantor set expressed in base 3 by mapping ... d 2 d 1 d 0 ( \ displaystyle \ dots d_ ( 2 ) d_ ( 1 ) d_ ( 0 ) ) in Z to 0 . e 0 e 1 e 2 ... 3 ( \ displaystyle 0. e_ ( 0 ) e_ ( 1 ) e_ ( 2 ) \ dots _ ( 3 ) ) in C ( \ displaystyle ( \ mathcal ( C ) ) ) , where e n = 2 d n . ( \ displaystyle e_ ( n ) = 2d_ ( n ) . ) The topology of Q is that of a Cantor set minus any point . In particular , Z is compact while Q is not ; it is only locally compact . As metric spaces , both Z and Q are complete . Metric completions and algebraic closures ( edit ) Q contains Q and is a field of characteristic 0 . This field can not be turned into an ordered field . R has only a single proper algebraic extension : C ; in other words , this quadratic extension is already algebraically closed . By contrast , the algebraic closure of Q , denoted Q p _̄ , ( \ displaystyle ( \ overline ( \ mathbf ( Q ) _ ( p ) ) ) , ) has infinite degree , i.e. Q has infinitely many inequivalent algebraic extensions . Also contrasting the case of real numbers , although there is a unique extension of the p - adic valuation to Q p _̄ , ( \ displaystyle ( \ overline ( \ mathbf ( Q ) _ ( p ) ) ) , ) the latter is not ( metrically ) complete . Its ( metric ) completion is called C or Ω . Here an end is reached , as C is algebraically closed . However unlike C this field is not locally compact . C and C are isomorphic as rings , so we may regard C as C endowed with an exotic metric . It should be noted that the proof of existence of such a field isomorphism relies on the axiom of choice , and does not provide an explicit example of such an isomorphism . If K is a finite Galois extension of Q , the Galois group Gal ( K / Q p ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ text ( Gal ) ) \ left ( \ mathbf ( K ) / \ mathbf ( Q ) _ ( p ) \ right ) ) is solvable . Thus , the Galois group Gal ( Q p _̄ / Q p ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ text ( Gal ) ) \ left ( ( \ overline ( \ mathbf ( Q ) _ ( p ) ) ) / \ mathbf ( Q ) _ ( p ) \ right ) ) is prosolvable . Multiplicative group of Q ( edit ) Q contains the n - th cyclotomic field ( n > 2 ) if and only if n p − 1 . For instance , the n - th cyclotomic field is a subfield of Q if and only if n = 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 , or 12 . In particular , there is no multiplicative p - torsion in Q , if p > 2 . Also , − 1 is the only non-trivial torsion element in Q . Given a natural number k , the index of the multiplicative group of the k - th powers of the non-zero elements of Q in Q is finite . The number e , defined as the sum of reciprocals of factorials , is not a member of any p - adic field ; but e ∈ Q ( p ≠ 2 ) . For p = 2 one must take at least the fourth power . ( Thus a number with similar properties as e -- namely a p - th root of e -- is a member of Q p _̄ ( \ displaystyle ( \ overline ( \ mathbf ( Q ) _ ( p ) ) ) ) for all p . ) Analysis on Q ( edit ) The only real functions whose derivative is zero are the constant functions . This is not true over Q. For instance , the function f : Q p → Q p f ( x ) = ( x p − 2 x ≠ 0 0 x = 0 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) &f : \ mathbf ( Q ) _ ( p ) \ to \ mathbf ( Q ) _ ( p ) \ \ &f ( x ) = ( \ begin ( cases ) x _ ( p ) ^ ( - 2 ) &x \ neq 0 \ \ 0&x = 0 \ end ( cases ) ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) has zero derivative everywhere but is not even locally constant at 0 . If we let R be denoted Q , then given any elements r , r , r , r , r , ... where r ∈ Q , it is possible to find a sequence ( x ) in Q such that for all p ( including ∞ ) , the limit of x in Q is r . Rational arithmetic ( edit ) Eric Hehner and Nigel Horspool proposed in 1979 the use of a p - adic representation for rational numbers on computers called Quote notation . The primary advantage of such a representation is that addition , subtraction , and multiplication can be done in a straightforward manner analogous to similar methods for binary integers ; and division is even simpler , resembling multiplication . However , it has the disadvantage that representations can be much larger than simply storing the numerator and denominator in binary ( for more details see Quote notation # Length of representation ) . Generalizations and related concepts ( edit ) The reals and the p - adic numbers are the completions of the rationals ; it is also possible to complete other fields , for instance general algebraic number fields , in an analogous way . This will be described now . Suppose D is a Dedekind domain and E is its field of fractions . Pick a non-zero prime ideal P of D. If x is a non-zero element of E , then xD is a fractional ideal and can be uniquely factored as a product of positive and negative powers of non-zero prime ideals of D . We write ord ( x ) for the exponent of P in this factorization , and for any choice of number c greater than 1 we can set x P = c − ord P ⁡ ( x ) . ( \ displaystyle x _ ( P ) = c ^ ( - \ operatorname ( ord ) _ ( P ) ( x ) ) . ) Completing with respect to this absolute value . yields a field E , the proper generalization of the field of p - adic numbers to this setting . The choice of c does not change the completion ( different choices yield the same concept of Cauchy sequence , so the same completion ) . It is convenient , when the residue field D / P is finite , to take for c the size of D / P . For example , when E is a number field , Ostrowski 's theorem says that every non-trivial non-Archimedean absolute value on E arises as some . . The remaining non-trivial absolute values on E arise from the different embeddings of E into the real or complex numbers . ( In fact , the non-Archimedean absolute values can be considered as simply the different embeddings of E into the fields C , thus putting the description of all the non-trivial absolute values of a number field on a common footing . ) Often , one needs to simultaneously keep track of all the above - mentioned completions when E is a number field ( or more generally a global field ) , which are seen as encoding `` local '' information . This is accomplished by adele rings and idele groups . Local -- global principle ( edit ) Helmut Hasse 's local -- global principle is said to hold for an equation if it can be solved over the rational numbers if and only if it can be solved over the real numbers and over the p - adic numbers for every prime p . This principle holds e.g. for equations given by quadratic forms , but fails for higher polynomials in several indeterminates . See also ( edit ) 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + ... C - minimal theory Hensel 's lemma k - adic notation Mahler 's theorem p - adic quantum mechanics Profinite integer Volkenborn integral Footnotes ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Translator 's introduction , page 35 : `` Indeed , with hindsight it becomes apparent that a discrete valuation is behind Kummer 's concept of ideal numbers . '' ( Dedekind & Weber 2012 , p. 35 ) Jump up ^ The number of real numbers with terminating decimal representations is countably infinite , while the number of real numbers without such a representation is uncountably infinite . Jump up ^ The so defined function is not really an absolute value , because the requirement of multiplicativity is violated : 2 10 = 2 ⋅ 10 0 10 = 1 10 0 = 5 ⋅ 10 0 10 = 5 10 ( \ displaystyle 2 _ ( 10 ) = 2 \ cdot 10 ^ ( 0 ) _ ( 10 ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 10 ^ ( 0 ) ) ) = 5 \ cdot 10 ^ ( 0 ) _ ( 10 ) = 5 _ ( 10 ) ) , but 2 ⋅ 5 10 = 10 1 10 = 1 10 1 ≠ 1 10 0 ( \ displaystyle 2 \ cdot 5 _ ( 10 ) = 10 ^ ( 1 ) _ ( 10 ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 10 ^ ( 1 ) ) ) \ neq ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 10 ^ ( 0 ) ) ) ) . It suffices , however , for establishing a metric , because this does not need multiplicativity . Jump up ^ More precisely : additively inverted numbers , because there are no numbers < 0 . ^ Jump up to : For i ∈ N 0 ( \ displaystyle i \ in \ mathbb ( N ) _ ( 0 ) ) let x i : = 5 2 i ( \ displaystyle x_ ( i ) : = 5 ^ ( 2 ^ ( i ) ) ) and y i : = 6 5 i ( \ displaystyle y_ ( i ) : = 6 ^ ( 5 ^ ( i ) ) ) . Then , for i ≥ 1 there is ξ i ( \ displaystyle \ xi _ ( i ) ) with x i = x i − 1 + 10 i ⋅ ξ i ( \ displaystyle x_ ( i ) = x_ ( i - 1 ) + 10 ^ ( i ) \ cdot \ xi _ ( i ) ) , so that the sequence ( x i ) i ∈ N ( \ displaystyle \ left \ ( x_ ( i ) \ right \ ) _ ( i \ in \ mathbb ( N ) ) ) is Cauchy under the metric with lim + ∞ ← i x i ≠ 0 ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( + \ infty \ leftarrow i ) x_ ( i ) \ neq 0 ) . Same for y i = y i − 1 + 10 i ⋅ η i ( \ displaystyle y_ ( i ) = y_ ( i - 1 ) + 10 ^ ( i ) \ cdot \ eta _ ( i ) ) . However , lim + ∞ ← e x e ⋅ y e = 0 ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( + \ infty \ leftarrow e ) x_ ( e ) \ cdot y_ ( e ) = 0 ) . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( Gouvêa 1994 , pp. 203 -- 222 ) Jump up ^ ( Hensel 1897 ) Jump up ^ See Gérard Michon 's article at Jump up ^ ( Kelley 2008 , pp. 22 -- 25 ) Jump up ^ Bogomolny , Alexander . `` p - adic Expansions '' . Jump up ^ Koç , Çetin . `` A Tutorial on p - adic Arithmetic '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Madore , David . `` A first introduction to p - adic numbers '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ ( Hazewinkel 2009 , p. 342 ) Jump up ^ ( Robert 2000 , Chapter 1 Section 1.1 ) Jump up ^ ( Robert 2000 , Chapter 1 Section 2.3 ) Jump up ^ ( Gouvêa 1997 , Corollary 3.3. 8 ) Jump up ^ ( Gouvêa 1997 , Corollary 5.3. 10 ) Jump up ^ ( Gouvêa 1997 , Theorem 5.7. 4 ) ^ Jump up to : ( Cassels 1986 , p. 149 ) ^ Jump up to : ( Koblitz 1980 , p. 13 ) Jump up ^ ( Gouvêa 1997 , Proposition 5.7. 8 ) Jump up ^ ( Gouvêa 1997 , Proposition 3.4. 2 ) Jump up ^ ( Robert 2000 , Section 4.1 ) Jump up ^ ( Robert 2000 , Section 5.1 ) Jump up ^ ( Hehner & Horspool 1979 , pp. 124 -- 134 ) References ( edit ) Cassels , J.W.S. ( 1986 ) , Local Fields , London Mathematical Society Student Texts , 3 , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 31525 - 5 , Zbl 0595.12006 Dedekind , Richard ; Weber , Heinrich ( 2012 ) , Theory of Algebraic Functions of One Variable , History of mathematics , 39 , American Mathematical Society , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8218 - 8330 - 3 . -- Translation into English by John Stillwell of Theorie der algebraischen Functionen einer Veränderlichen ( 1882 ) . Gouvêa , F.Q. ( March 1994 ) , `` A Marvelous Proof '' , American Mathematical Monthly , 101 ( 3 ) : 203 -- 222 , doi : 10.2307 / 2975598 , JSTOR 2975598 Gouvêa , Fernando Q. ( 1997 ) , p - adic Numbers : An Introduction ( 2nd ed . ) , Springer , ISBN 3 - 540 - 62911 - 4 , Zbl 0874.11002 Hazewinkel , M. , ed. ( 2009 ) , Handbook of Algebra , 6 , North Holland , p. 342 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 444 - 53257 - 2 Hehner , Eric C.R. ; Horspool , R. Nigel ( 1979 ) , `` A new representation of the rational numbers for fast easy arithmetic '' ( PDF ) , SIAM Journal on Computing , 8 ( 2 ) : 124 -- 134 , doi : 10.1137 / 0208011 Hensel , Kurt ( 1897 ) , `` Über eine neue Begründung der Theorie der algebraischen Zahlen '' , Jahresbericht der Deutschen Mathematiker - Vereinigung , 6 ( 3 ) : 83 -- 88 Kelley , John L. ( 2008 ) ( 1955 ) , General Topology , New York : Ishi Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 923891 - 55 - 8 Koblitz , Neal ( 1980 ) , p - adic analysis : a short course on recent work , London Mathematical Society Lecture Note Series , 46 , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 28060 - 5 , Zbl 0439.12011 Robert , Alain M. ( 2000 ) , A Course in p - adic Analysis , Springer , ISBN 0 - 387 - 98669 - 3 Further reading ( edit ) Bachman , George ( 1964 ) , Introduction to p - adic Numbers and Valuation Theory , Academic Press , ISBN 0 - 12 - 070268 - 1 Borevich , Z.I. ; Shafarevich , I.R. ( 1986 ) , Number Theory , Pure and Applied Mathematics , 20 , Boston , MA : Academic Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 117851 - 2 , MR 0195803 Koblitz , Neal ( 1984 ) , p - adic Numbers , p - adic Analysis , and Zeta - Functions , Graduate Texts in Mathematics , 58 ( 2nd ed . ) , Springer , ISBN 0 - 387 - 96017 - 1 Mahler , Kurt ( 1981 ) , p - adic numbers and their functions , Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics , 76 ( 2nd ed . ) , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 23102 - 7 , Zbl 0444.12013 Steen , Lynn Arthur ( 1978 ) , Counterexamples in Topology , Dover , ISBN 0 - 486 - 68735 - X External links ( edit ) Weisstein , Eric W. `` p - adic Number '' . MathWorld . `` p - adic integers '' . PlanetMath . p - adic number at Springer On - line Encyclopaedia of Mathematics Completion of Algebraic Closure -- on - line lecture notes by Brian Conrad An Introduction to p - adic Numbers and p - adic Analysis - on - line lecture notes by Andrew Baker , 2007 Efficient p - adic arithmetic ( slides ) Introduction to p - adic numbers ( hide ) Number systems Countable sets Natural numbers ( N ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( N ) ) ) Integers ( Z ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( Z ) ) ) Rational numbers ( Q ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( Q ) ) ) Constructible numbers Algebraic numbers ( A ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( A ) ) A ) Periods Computable numbers Definable real numbers Arithmetical numbers Gaussian integers Division algebras Real numbers ( R ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( R ) ) ) Complex numbers ( C ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( C ) ) ) Quaternions ( H ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( H ) ) ) Octonions ( O ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( O ) ) O ) Split Composition algebras over R ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( R ) ) : Split - complex numbers Split - quaternions Split - octonions over C ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( C ) ) : Bicomplex numbers Biquaternions Bioctonions Other hypercomplex Dual numbers Dual quaternions Hyperbolic quaternions Sedenions ( S ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( S ) ) S ) Split - biquaternions Multicomplex numbers Other types Cardinal numbers Irrational numbers Fuzzy numbers Hyperreal numbers Levi - Civita field Surreal numbers Transcendental numbers Ordinal numbers p - adic numbers Supernatural numbers Superreal numbers Classification List Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P-adic_number&oldid=835541137 '' Categories : Field theory Number theory P - adic numbers Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2013 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 文言粵語中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 09 : 24 . 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who plays cindy in that's so raven	Year Title Role Notes 2006 That 's So Raven Sydney Recurring role , 3 episodes 2007 Entourage Girl Scout Episode : `` Gotcha ! '' The Hill Unsold ABC Pilot 2008 The Sarah Silverman Program Stella Episode : `` Pee '' Hannah Montana Kelsey DiAria Episode : `` Ready , Set , Do n't Drive ! '' Gary Unmarried Mikhela Episode : `` Gary Gives Sasha His Full Attention '' Spork Tootsie Roll Lead role Sons of Tucson Vanessa Episode : `` Dog Days of Tucson '' 2010 -- 13 CSI : NY Ellie Danville Recurring role , 4 episodes 2013 Emily & Reyna Plucks ( yellow bug ) Voice 2013 -- 15 Instant Mom Gabby Phillips Main role , 65 episodes 2014 The Thundermans Cassandra Guest star , Episode : `` Shred It Go '' 2015 Bella and the Bulldogs Mia Guest star Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn Randee Guest star , Episode : `` Mall in the Family '' One Crazy Cruise Piper Bauer Main role Nickelodeon 's Ho Ho Holiday Herself Special 2016 , 2017 The Walking Dead Cyndie 2 episodes 2016 -- present The HALO Effect Herself Host 2017 -- present Spirit Riding Free Pru Granger Voice 2017 Wish Upon Meredith McNeil		Sydney Park ( actress )	sydney park ( actress )	Sydney Park ( born October 31 , 1997 ) is an American actress and comedian .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Filmography 4 Discography 4.1 Other songs 5 External links 6 References Early life ( edit ) Park was born in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania to an African - American mother and a Korean - American father . She currently resides in Los Angeles , California . Career ( edit ) Park got her start in 2003 when she was the `` Youngest comedian to ever perform at the famous Hollywood Improv ( now LA Improv ) '' . In 2006 , she auditioned for the first season of American reality competition America 's Got Talent under the stage name Syd the Kid , where she had advanced on to the semi-finals . Park had to drop out due to her acting career . She made her television debut on the teen sitcom That 's So Raven in 2006 . In 2010 , Park was hired to play Ellie Danville , the adopted daughter of Detective Jo Danville In 2010 , Park also starred as `` Tootsie Roll '' in the independent dark - comedy Spork . From 2013 to 2015 , Park starred as Gabby in the Nick@Nite show Instant Mom . In 2016 , she appeared as Cyndie on The Walking Dead . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2006 That 's So Raven Sydney Recurring role , 3 episodes 2007 Entourage Girl Scout Episode : `` Gotcha ! '' The Hill Unsold ABC Pilot 2008 The Sarah Silverman Program Stella Episode : `` Pee '' Hannah Montana Kelsey DiAria Episode : `` Ready , Set , Do n't Drive ! '' Gary Unmarried Mikhela Episode : `` Gary Gives Sasha His Full Attention '' Spork Tootsie Roll Lead role Sons of Tucson Vanessa Episode : `` Dog Days of Tucson '' 2010 -- 13 CSI : NY Ellie Danville Recurring role , 4 episodes 2013 Emily & Reyna Plucks ( yellow bug ) Voice 2013 -- 15 Instant Mom Gabby Phillips Main role , 65 episodes 2014 The Thundermans Cassandra Guest star , Episode : `` Shred It Go '' 2015 Bella and the Bulldogs Mia Guest star Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn Randee Guest star , Episode : `` Mall in the Family '' One Crazy Cruise Piper Bauer Main role Nickelodeon 's Ho Ho Holiday Herself Special 2016 , 2017 The Walking Dead Cyndie 2 episodes 2016 -- present The HALO Effect Herself Host 2017 -- present Spirit Riding Free Pru Granger Voice 2017 Wish Upon Meredith McNeil Discography ( edit ) Other songs ( edit ) Year Title Album `` S.P.O.R.K. ( featuring Lady Triga ) '' Spork ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack External links ( edit ) Sydney Park on IMDb Sydney Park on Twitter VIAF : 232576356 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Rising Stars Raising Funds Performers -- Sydney Park '' . ( 2007 ) . EwingsSarcoma.org . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Trongo , Rachel ( October 12 , 2010 ) . `` New York Casts Young Actress For Family Role '' . CSI Files . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ on CSI : NY Hale , Mike ( May 26 , 2011 ) . `` Life on the Fringe '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 30 , 2012 . This article about an American television actor or actress born in the 1990s is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This article about a United States film actor or actress born in the 1990s is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sydney_Park_(actress)&oldid=798514444 '' Categories : 1997 births Living people 21st - century American actresses African - American comedians American comedians Actresses from Philadelphia American child actresses American people of Korean descent American stand - up comedians American women comedians America 's Got Talent contestants African - American actresses American actresses Actresses of Korean descent American television actor , 1990s birth stubs American film actor , 1990s birth stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 2 September 2017 , at 09 : 36 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney%20Park%20%28actress%29	3,144
what is the name of the bridge between denmark and sweden	The Øresund or Öresund Bridge ( Danish : Øresundsbroen ( ˈøːɐsɔnsˌbʁoˀːn̩ ) ; Swedish : Öresundsbron ( œːrɛ2sɵnːdsˌbruːn ) ; hybrid name : Øresundsbron ) is a combined railway and motorway bridge across the Øresund strait between Sweden and Denmark . The bridge runs nearly 8 kilometres ( 5 miles ) from the Swedish coast to the artificial island Peberholm in the middle of the strait . The crossing is completed by the 4 - kilometre ( 2.5 mi ) Drogden Tunnel from Peberholm to the Danish island of Amager .		Øresund bridge	øresund bridge	The Øresund or Öresund Bridge ( Danish : Øresundsbroen ( ˈøːɐsɔnsˌbʁoˀːn̩ ) ; Swedish : Öresundsbron ( œːrɛ2sɵnːdsˌbruːn ) ; hybrid name : Øresundsbron ) is a combined railway and motorway bridge across the Øresund strait between Sweden and Denmark . The bridge runs nearly 8 kilometres ( 5 miles ) from the Swedish coast to the artificial island Peberholm in the middle of the strait . The crossing is completed by the 4 - kilometre ( 2.5 mi ) Drogden Tunnel from Peberholm to the Danish island of Amager .	The Øresund Bridge is the longest combined road and rail bridge in Europe and connects two major metropolitan areas : Copenhagen , the Danish capital city , and the Swedish city of Malmö . It connects the road and rail networks of the Scandinavian Peninsula with those of Central and Western Europe . A data cable also makes the bridge the backbone of internet data transmission between central Europe and Sweden ( and , prior to 2016 also Finland ) . The international European route E20 crosses via road , the Oresund Line via railway . The construction of the Great Belt Fixed Link ( 1988 - 1998 ) , connecting Zealand to Funen and thence to the Jutland Peninsula , and the Øresund Bridge have connected Central and Western Europe to Scandinavia by road and rail . The Øresund Bridge was designed by the Danish engineering firm COWI . The justification for the additional expenditure and complexity related to digging a tunnel for part of the way , rather than raising that section of the bridge , was to avoid interfering with air traffic from the nearby Copenhagen Airport , to provide a clear channel for ships in good weather or bad , and to prevent ice floes from blocking the strait . The Øresund Bridge crosses the border between Denmark and Sweden , but in accordance with the Schengen Agreement and the Nordic Passport Union , there are usually no passport inspections . There are a few random customs checks at the entrance toll booths entering Sweden , but not when entering Denmark . Since January 2016 , checks have become significantly more stringent due to the European migrant crisis . Construction began in 1995 , with the bridge opening to traffic on 1 July 2000 . The Øresund Bridge received the 2002 IABSE Outstanding Structure Award . Contents 1 History 2 Link features 2.1 Bridge 2.2 Peberholm 2.3 Drogden Tunnel 3 Rail transport 4 Costs and benefits 5 Cultural references 6 Environmental effects 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) The concept of a bridge over the Øresund was first formally proposed in 1936 by a consortium of engineering firms who proposed a national motorway network for Denmark . The idea was dropped during World War II , but picked up again thereafter and studied in significant detail in various Danish - Swedish government commissions through the 1950s and 1960s . However , disagreement existed regarding the placement and exact form of the link , with some arguing for a link at the narrowest point of the sound at Helsingør - Helsingborg , further north of Copenhagen , and some arguing for a more direct link from Copenhagen to Malmö . Additionally , some regional and local interests argued that other bridge and road projects , notably the unbuilt at that time Great Belt Fixed Link , should take priority . The governments of Denmark and Sweden eventually signed an agreement to build a fixed link in 1973 . However , that project was cancelled in 1978 due to the economic situation , and growing environmental concerns . As the economic situation improved in the 1980s , interest continued and the governments signed a new agreement in 1991 . An OMEGA centre report identified the following as primary motivations for construction of the bridge : to improve transport links in northern Europe , from Hamburg to Oslo ; regional development around the Øresund as an answer to the intensifying globalisation process and Sweden 's decision to apply for membership of the European Community ; connecting the two largest cities of the region , which were both experiencing economic difficulties ; improving communications to Kastrup airport , the main flight transportation hub in the region . A joint venture of Hochtief , Skanska , Højgaard & Schultz and Monberg & Thorsen ( the same of the previous Great Belt Fixed Link ) , began construction of the bridge in 1995 and completed it 14 August 1999 . Crown Prince Frederik of Denmark and Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden met midway across the bridge - tunnel on 14 August 1999 to celebrate its completion . The official dedication took place on 1 July 2000 , with Queen Margrethe II , and King Carl XVI Gustaf as the host and hostess of the ceremony . Because of the death of nine people , including three Danes and three Swedes , at the Roskilde Festival the evening before , the ceremony opened with a minute of silence . The bridge - tunnel opened for public traffic later that day . On 12 June 2000 , two weeks before the dedication , 79,871 runners competed in Broloppet , a half marathon from Amager , Denmark , to Skåne , Sweden . Despite two schedule setbacks -- the discovery of 16 unexploded World War II bombs on the seafloor and an inadvertently skewed tunnel segment -- the bridge - tunnel was finished three months ahead of schedule . Although traffic between Denmark and Sweden increased by 61 percent in the first year after the bridge opened , traffic levels were not as high as expected , perhaps due to high tolls . However , since 2005 , traffic levels have increased rapidly . This may be due to Danes buying homes in Sweden to take advantage of lower housing prices in Malmö and commuting to work in Denmark . In 2012 , to cross by car cost DKK 310 , SEK 375 or € 43 , with discounts of up to 75 % available to regular users . In 2007 , almost 25 million people travelled over the Øresund Bridge : 15.2 million by car and bus and 9.6 million by train . By 2009 , the figure had risen to 35.6 million by car , coach or train . In January 2016 , amidst the European migrant crisis , Sweden was granted a temporary exemption from the Schengen Agreement in order to mandate that all travellers across the bridge had photographic proof of identity . A fine of SEK 50,000 would be the punishment for travel companies serving travellers without such identity documents . The move marked a break with 60 years of passport - free travel between the Nordic countries . Øresund Bridge , Øresund Link features ( edit ) Bridge ( edit ) Aerial photo of Øresund Bridge . In the foreground is Copenhagen Airport on the island Amager , to the left of the bridge is the Danish island of Saltholm , and in the background , the bridge connects to Malmö . At 7,845 m ( 25,738 ft ) , the bridge covers half the distance between Sweden and the Danish island of Amager , the border between the two countries being 5.3 km ( 3.3 mi ) from the Swedish end . The structure has a mass of 82,000 tonnes and supports two railway tracks beneath four road lanes in a horizontal girder extending along the entire length of the bridge . On both approaches to the three cable - stayed bridge sections , the girder is supported every 140 m ( 459 ft ) by concrete piers . The two pairs of free - standing cable - supporting towers are 204 m ( 669 ft ) high allowing shipping 57 m ( 187 ft ) of head room under the main span , but most ships ' captains prefer to pass through the unobstructed Drogden Strait above the Drogden Tunnel . The cable - stayed main span is 491 m ( 1,611 ft ) long . A girder and cable - stayed design was chosen to provide the specific rigidity necessary to carry heavy rail traffic , and also to resist large accumulations of ice . The bridge experiences occasional brief closures during very severe weather , such as the St. Jude storm of October 2013 . Due to high longitudinal and transverse loads acting over the bridge and to accommodate movements between the superstructure and substructure , it has bearings weighing up to 20 t each , capable of bearing vertical loads up to 96,000 kN in a longitudinal direction and up to 40,000 kN in transverse direction . The design , manufacturing and installation of the bearings were carried out by the Swiss civil engineering firm Mageba . Vibration issues , caused by several cables in the bridge moving under certain wind and temperature conditions , were combatted with the installation of compression spring dampers installed in pairs at the centre of the cables . Two of these dampers were equipped with laser gauges for ongoing monitoring . Testing , development and installation of these spring dampers was carried out by specialists European Springs . Peberholm ( edit ) Main article : Peberholm The bridge joins Drogden tunnel on the artificial island of Peberholm ( Pepper Islet ) . The Danes chose the name to complement the natural island of Saltholm ( Salt Islet ) just to the north . Peberholm is a designated nature reserve built from Swedish rock and the soil dredged up during the bridge and tunnel construction , approximately 4 km ( 2.5 mi ) long with an average width of 500 m ( 1,640 ft ) . It is 20 m ( 66 ft ) high . Drogden tunnel ( edit ) Cross-section of the Drogden Tunnel The connection between Peberholm and the artificial peninsula at Kastrup on Amager island , the nearest populated part of Denmark , is through the 4,050 - metre ( 13,287 ft ) long Drogden Tunnel ( Drogdentunnelen ) . It comprises a 3,510 - metre ( 11,516 ft ) immersed tube plus 270 - metre ( 886 ft ) entry tunnels at each end . The tube tunnel is made from 20 prefabricated reinforced concrete segments -- the largest in the world at 55,000 tonnes each -- interconnected in a trench dug in the seabed . Two tubes in the tunnel carry railway tracks , two carry roads and a small fifth tube is provided for emergencies . The tubes are arranged side -- by -- side . Rail transport ( edit ) Satellite image of the Øresund Bridge The bridge 's full stretch between Peberholm and Malmö Main article : Oresund Line The rail link is operated jointly by the Swedish SJ and Danish railways via DSBFirst on a commission by Skånetrafiken and other county traffic companies ( that also sell tickets ) and the Danish transport agency . A series of new dual - voltage trains was developed , linking the Copenhagen area with Malmö and southern Sweden as far as Gothenburg and Kalmar . SJ operates X2000 and InterCity trains over the bridge , with connections to Gothenburg and Stockholm . DSB operates trains to Ystad that connect directly to a ferry to Bornholm . Copenhagen Airport at Kastrup has its own railway station close to the western bridgehead . Trains operate every 20 minutes , once an hour during the night , in both directions . An additional couple of Øresundstrains are operated at rush hour , and 1 -- 2 SJ trains and DSB trains per hour and direction every other hour . Freight trains also use the crossing . The rail section is double track 1,435 mm ( 4 ft 8 ⁄ in ) standard gauge and capable of speeds of up to 200 kilometres per hour ( 120 mph ) , slower in Denmark , especially in the tunnel section . There were challenges related to the difference in electrification and signalling between the Danish and Swedish railway networks . The solution chosen is to switch the electrical system from Swedish 15 kV , 16.7 Hz to Danish 25 kV , 50 Hz before the eastern bridgehead at Lernacken in Sweden . The line is signalled according to the standard Swedish system across the length of the bridge . On Peberholm the line switches to Danish signalling , which continues into the tunnel . Swedish trains run on the left , Danish on the right . Initially the switch was made at Malmö Central Station , a terminus at that time . After the 2010 inauguration of the Malmö City Tunnel connection , a flyover was built at Burlöv , north of Malmö , where the two southbound tracks cross over the northbound pair . The railway in Malmö thus uses the Danish standard . Costs and benefits ( edit ) On the bridge In the tunnel The cost for the Øresund Connection , including motorway and railway connections on land , was DKK 30.1 billion ( ~ € 4.0 bn ) according to the 2000 year price index , with the cost of the bridge expected in 2003 to be recouped by 2037 . In 2006 , Sweden began work on the Malmö City Tunnel , a SEK 9.45 billion connection with the bridge that was completed in December 2010 . The connection will be entirely user - financed . The owner company is owned half by the Danish state and half by the Swedish state . This owner company has taken loans guaranteed by the governments to finance the connection and the user fees are its only income . After the increase in traffic , these fees are enough to pay the interest and begin repaying the loans , which is expected to take about 30 years . Taxpayers have not paid for the bridge nor the tunnel , but tax money has been used for the land connections . On the Danish side , the land connection has domestic benefit , mainly connecting the airport to the railway network . The Malmö City Tunnel has the benefit of connecting the southern part of the inner city to the rail network and allowing many more trains to and from Malmö . According to The Öresund Committee , the bridge has made a national economic gain of DKK 57 billion , or SEK 78 billion SEK ( ~ € 8.41 bn ) on both sides of the strait by increased commuting and lower commuting expense . The gain is estimated to be SEK 6.5 billion per year but this could be increased to 7.7 billion by removing the three biggest obstacles to integration and mobility , the two largest being that non-EU nationals in Sweden are not allowed to work in Denmark and that many professional qualifications and merits are not mutually recognised . Cultural references ( edit ) The Øresund Bridge gave its name to the Nordic noir television series The Bridge , as the series was set in the region around the bridge . When Malmö hosted the Eurovision Song Contest in 2013 , the Øresund Bridge was used as a symbol for the connection between Sweden and the rest of Europe . It was the inspiration behind the 2014 song `` Walk Me to the Bridge '' by Manic Street Preachers from their album Futurology . Environmental effects ( edit ) The underwater parts of the bridge have become covered in marine organisms and act as an artificial reef . See also ( edit ) Denmark portal Sweden portal Bridges portal Øresund Region HH Tunnel , a proposed second Øresund fixed link connecting Helsingør and Helsingborg Great Belt Fixed Link Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link List of bridge -- tunnels List of road - rail bridges References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Data for 2014 : 34,087 motorbikes , 6,217,111 passenger cars , 194,495 vans , 50,362 busses , 422,222 trucks , 6,918,277 total ( 18,954 per day ) . Trafikstatistik ( oresundsbron.com ) Archived 12 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` New Baltic data cable plan unfolding '' . Yle yhtiönä. 11 December 2013 . Archived from the original on 14 December 2013 . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . According to current plans , the undersea optic fibre cable would run directly from Germany to Finland . Haavisto said that the project could make Finland a significant international data hub . So far , all data transmission to Finland has taken place via the Øresund Bridge , that is through Denmark and Sweden . ^ Jump up to : Boge , Knut ( 2006 ) . Votes Count but the Number of Seats Decides : A comparative historical case study of 20th century Danish , Swedish and Norwegian road policy ( Ph. D . ) . DBI Norwegian School of Management . Retrieved 11 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Marstrand , Wilhelm ( 14 March 1936 ) . `` Det Store Vej - og broprojekt Motorveje med broer over storebælt og Øresund '' ( The Great Road and Bridge Project Motorway with Bridge over the Great Belt and Øresund ) . Ingeniøren ( in Danish ) : 67 -- 70 . Archived from the original on 23 September 2015 . Retrieved 20 November 2015 . Jump up ^ OECD ( 2003 ) . OECD Territorial Reviews OECD Territorial Reviews : Oresund , Denmark / Sweden 2003 . OECD Publishing . p. 77 . ISBN 978 - 9264100800 . Archived from the original on 19 November 2015 . Retrieved 18 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Krokeborg , J , ed. ( 1 January 2001 ) . Strait crossings 2001 : proceedings of the Fourth Symposium on Strait Crossings , Bergen , Norway , 2 - 5 September 2001 . Lisse : CRC Press . ISBN 978 - 9026518454 . Archived from the original on 19 November 2015 . Retrieved 18 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Centre for Mega Projects in Transport and Development ( 2014 ) . `` Project Profile : Sweden , The Oresund Link '' ( PDF ) . OMEGA Case Studies . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 31 January 2016 . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HOCHTIEF Infrastructure Scandinavia '' . HOCHTIEF . Archived from the original on 21 November 2015 . Retrieved 20 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Danmark og Sverige landfast '' ( Denmark and Sweden by Land ) ( in Danish ) . DR . Retrieved 20 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Øresundsbroen indviet '' ( Oresund Bridge inaugurated ) . B.T. ( in Danish ) . Ritzau. 1 July 2000 . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 20 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Broåbning i tragediens skygge '' . Berlingske ( in Danish ) . Ritzau. 1 July 2000 . Archived from the original on 23 September 2015 . Retrieved 20 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 90.000 løbere over Øresundsbroen '' ( 90,000 runners cross the Øresunds Bridge ) . B.T. ( in Danish ) . Ritzau. 12 June 2000 . Archived from the original on 22 March 2012 . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Baunkjær , Claus F. ( 28 March 2013 ) . `` Cautious traffic assumptions for the Fehmarnbelt project '' . Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link . Archived from the original on 2 July 2015 . Retrieved 20 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Øresundsbrons bokslut för 2008 : Bättre resultat trots den ekonomiska avmattningen '' ( Øresundsbrons financial statements for 2008 : better results despite the economic slowdown ) ( in Swedish ) . Uk.oresundsbron.com . Archived from the original on 13 March 2013 . Retrieved 24 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Traffic numbers '' . Archived from the original on 19 October 2013 . , `` Øresundsbron traffic figures all years '' . Archived from the original on 2 January 2014 . Retrieved 6 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Migrant crisis : Sweden border checks come into force '' . BBC News . 4 January 2016 . Archived from the original on 4 January 2016 . Retrieved 4 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Kirk , Lisbeth ( 5 January 2016 ) . `` Domino effect : Denmark follows Sweden on EU border checks '' . EUObserver . Archived from the original on 25 January 2016 . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stormen lukker Øresundsbroen '' ( Storm closes the Oresund Bridge ) . JydskeVestkysten ( in Danish ) . 28 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 21 November 2015 . Retrieved 20 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Øresund Bridge '' . Mageba . Archived from the original on 23 December 2016 . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Öresund bridge '' . European Springs and Pressings Ltd . Archived from the original on 21 November 2015 . Retrieved 20 November 2015 . Jump up ^ OECD ( 2003 ) . OECD Territorial Reviews OECD Territorial Reviews : Oresund , Denmark / Sweden 2003 OECD Territorial Reviews Series . OECD Publishing . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 64 - 10080 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ekonomiska vinster av Øresundsförbindelsen ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . Öresund Institute . November 2014 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 20 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Hamberg , Thomas ( 31 August 2014 ) . `` Öresundsbron ger mångmiljardvinster '' ( Oresund Bridge provides multi-billion profits ) . Dagens Nyheter . Stockholm . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 20 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Robert Barry , `` Bleeding Edge : Nicky Wire on Futures , Futurism and Futurology , '' TheQuietus.com , 27 May 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Øresund bridge . 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where will the 2018 world cup final be held	The final tournament will involve 32 national teams , which include 31 teams determined through qualifying competitions and the automatically qualified host team . A total of 64 matches will be played in 12 venues located in 11 cities . The final will take place on 15 July in Moscow at the Luzhniki Stadium .	in Moscow at the Luzhniki Stadium	2018 FIFA World Cup	2018 fifa world cup	The 2018 FIFA World Cup will be the 21st FIFA World Cup , a quadrennial international football tournament contested by the men 's national teams of the member associations of FIFA . It is scheduled to take place in Russia from 14 June to 15 July 2018 , after the country was awarded the hosting rights on 2 December 2010 . This will be the first World Cup held in Europe since 2006 ; all but one of the stadium venues are in European Russia , west of the Ural Mountains to keep travel time manageable .	The final tournament will involve 32 national teams , which include 31 teams determined through qualifying competitions and the automatically qualified host team . A total of 64 matches will be played in 12 venues located in 11 cities . The final will take place on 15 July in Moscow at the Luzhniki Stadium . This will be the first World Cup with Iceland and Panama as participants . The winners of the World Cup will qualify for the 2021 FIFA Confederations Cup . Contents ( hide ) 1 Host selection 2 Qualification 2.1 Qualified teams 2.2 Proposal for expansion 3 Venues 4 Schedule 5 Draw 6 Squads 7 Group stage 7.1 Tiebreakers 7.2 Group A 7.3 Group B 7.4 Group C 7.5 Group D 7.6 Group E 7.7 Group F 7.8 Group G 7.9 Group H 8 Knockout stage 8.1 Bracket 8.2 Round of 16 8.3 Quarter - finals 8.4 Semi-finals 8.5 Third place play - off 8.6 Final 9 Controversies 10 Russian visa policy 11 Branding 12 Broadcasting rights 13 Prize money 14 Mascot 15 Ticketing 16 Sponsorship 17 See also 18 References 19 External links Host selection Main article : Russia 2018 FIFA World Cup bid Russian bid personnel celebrate the awarding of the 2018 World Cup to Russia . The bidding procedure to host the 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups began in January 2009 , and national associations had until 2 February 2009 to register their interest . Initially , nine countries placed bids for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , but Mexico later withdrew from proceedings , and Indonesia 's bid was rejected by FIFA in February 2010 after the Indonesian government failed to submit a letter to support the bid . During the bidding process , the three remaining non-UEFA nations ( Australia , Japan , and the United States ) gradually withdrew from the 2018 bids , and the UEFA nations were thus ruled out of the 2022 bid . As such , there were eventually four bids for the 2018 FIFA World Cup : England , Russia , Netherlands / Belgium , and Portugal / Spain . The twenty - two - member FIFA Executive Committee convened in Zürich on 2 December 2010 to vote to select the hosts of both tournaments . Russia won the right to be the 2018 host in the second round of voting . The Portugal / Spain bid came second , and that from Belgium / Netherlands third . England 's bid to host its second tournament fell at the first hurdle . The voting results were as follows : 2018 FIFA bidding ( majority 12 votes ) Bidders Votes Round 1 Round 2 Russia 9 13 Portugal / Spain 7 7 Belgium / Netherlands England Eliminated Qualification Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification Team qualified for World Cup Team may qualify for World Cup Team failed to qualify - games to play Team failed to qualify for World Cup - all games done Team expelled from the tournament by FIFA prior to playing a match Country not a FIFA member For the first time in the history of the FIFA World Cup , all eligible nations - the 209 FIFA member associations minus automatically qualified hosts Russia - entered the qualifying process . Zimbabwe and Indonesia were later disqualified before playing their first matches , while Gibraltar and Kosovo , who joined FIFA on 13 May 2016 after the qualifying draw but before European qualifying had begun , also entered the competition . Myanmar , having successfully appealed against a ban from the competition for crowd trouble during a 2014 World Cup qualifying tie against Oman , were obliged to play all their home matches outside the country . Places in the tournament were allocated to continental confederations , with the allocation unchanged from the 2014 World Cup . The first qualification game began in Dili , Timor Leste , on 12 March 2015 as part of the AFC 's qualification , and the main qualifying draw took place at the Konstantinovsky Palace in Strelna , Saint Petersburg on 25 July 2015 at 18 : 00 local time ( UTC + 3 ) . Qualified teams As of 10 October 2017 , twenty - three countries have secured qualification to the final tournament . Of these , seventeen countries competed at the previous edition of the tournament in 2014 . Serbia will return to the tournament after missing the 2014 edition . Poland and Saudi Arabia both qualified for the first time since 2006 , whilst Egypt will return to the finals after a 28 - year absence from their last appearance in 1990 . Both Iceland and Panama have qualified for the first time . Notable countries that have failed to qualify include reigning Copa América champions and Confederations Cup runners - up Chile , 2014 third place side Netherlands , missing their first World Cup since 2002 and the United States , failing to qualify for the first time in 32 years . Team Qualified as Qualified on Previous appearances in tournament Previous best performance Russia Hosts 01 ! 2 December 2010 10 ( 1958 , 1962 , 1966 , 1970 , 1982 , 1986 , 1990 , 1994 , 2002 , 2014 ) Fourth place ( 1966 ) Brazil CONMEBOL 01 winners 02 ! 28 March 2017 20 ( 1930 , 1934 , 1938 , 1950 , 1954 , 1958 , 1962 , 1966 , 1970 , 1974 , 1978 , 1982 , 1986 , 1990 , 1994 , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 , 2010 , 2014 ) Winners ( 1958 , 1962 , 1970 , 1994 , 2002 ) Iran AFC Third Round Group A 01 winners 03 ! 12 June 2017 4 ( 1978 , 1998 , 2006 , 2014 ) First round ( 1978 , 1998 , 2006 , 2014 ) Japan AFC Third Round Group B 01 winners 04 ! 31 August 2017 5 ( 1998 , 2002 , 2006 , 2010 , 2014 ) Round of 16 ( 2002 , 2010 ) Mexico CONCACAF Fifth Round 01 winners 05 ! 1 September 2017 15 ( 1930 , 1950 , 1954 , 1958 , 1962 , 1966 , 1970 , 1978 , 1986 , 1994 , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 , 2010 , 2014 ) Quarter - finals ( 1970 , 1986 ) Belgium UEFA Group H winners 06 ! 3 September 2017 12 ( 1930 , 1934 , 1938 , 1954 , 1970 , 1982 , 1986 , 1990 , 1994 , 1998 , 2002 , 2014 ) Fourth place ( 1986 ) South Korea AFC Third Round Group A 02 runners - up 07 ! 5 September 2017 9 ( 1954 , 1986 , 1990 , 1994 , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 , 2010 , 2014 ) Fourth place ( 2002 ) Saudi Arabia AFC Third Round Group B 02 runners - up 08 ! 5 September 2017 4 ( 1994 , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 ) Round of 16 ( 1994 ) Germany UEFA Group C winners 09 ! 5 October 2017 18 ( 1934 , 1938 , 1954 , 1958 , 1962 , 1966 , 1970 , 1974 , 1978 , 1982 , 1986 , 1990 , 1994 , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 , 2010 , 2014 ) Winners ( 1954 , 1974 , 1990 , 2014 ) England UEFA Group F winners 10 ! 5 October 2017 14 ( 1950 , 1954 , 1958 , 1962 , 1966 , 1970 , 1982 , 1986 , 1990 , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 , 2010 , 2014 ) Winners ( 1966 ) Spain UEFA Group G winners 11 ! 6 October 2017 14 ( 1934 , 1950 , 1962 , 1966 , 1978 , 1982 , 1986 , 1990 , 1994 , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 , 2010 , 2014 ) Winners ( 2010 ) Nigeria CAF Third Round Group B winners 12 ! 7 October 2017 5 ( 1994 , 1998 , 2002 , 2010 , 2014 ) Round of 16 ( 1994 , 1998 , 2014 ) Costa Rica CONCACAF Fifth Round 02 runners - up 13 ! 7 October 2017 4 ( 1990 , 2002 , 2006 , 2014 ) Quarter - finals ( 2014 ) Poland UEFA Group E winners 14 ! 8 October 2017 7 ( 1938 , 1974 , 1978 , 1982 , 1986 , 2002 , 2006 ) Third place ( 1974 , 1982 ) Egypt CAF Third Round Group E winners 15 ! 8 October 2017 2 ( 1934 , 1990 ) First round ( 1934 , 1990 ) Iceland UEFA Group I winners 16 ! 9 October 2017 None ( debut ) -- Serbia UEFA Group D winners 17 ! 9 October 2017 11 ( 1930 , 1950 , 1954 , 1958 , 1962 , 1974 , 1982 , 1990 , 1998 , 2006 , 2010 ) Fourth place ( 1930 , 1962 ) Portugal UEFA Group B winners 18 ! 10 October 2017 6 ( 1966 , 1986 , 2002 , 2006 , 2010 , 2014 ) Third place ( 1966 ) France UEFA Group A winners 19 ! 10 October 2017 14 ( 1930 , 1934 , 1938 , 1954 , 1958 , 1966 , 1978 , 1982 , 1986 , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 , 2010 , 2014 ) Winners ( 1998 ) Uruguay CONMEBOL 02 runners - up 20 ! 10 October 2017 12 ( 1930 , 1950 , 1954 , 1962 , 1966 , 1970 , 1974 , 1986 , 1990 , 2002 , 2010 , 2014 ) Winners ( 1930 , 1950 ) Argentina CONMEBOL 03 3rd place 21 ! 10 October 2017 16 ( 1930 , 1934 , 1958 , 1962 , 1966 , 1974 , 1978 , 1982 , 1986 , 1990 , 1994 , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 , 2010 , 2014 ) Winners ( 1978 , 1986 ) Colombia CONMEBOL 04 4th place 22 ! 10 October 2017 5 ( 1962 , 1990 , 1994 , 1998 , 2014 ) Quarter - finals ( 2014 ) Panama CONCACAF Fifth Round 03 3rd place 23 ! 10 October 2017 None ( debut ) -- Bold indicates champion for that year . Italic indicates host for that year . From 1958 to 1990 , Russia competed as the Soviet Union . From 1954 to 1990 , Germany competed as West Germany . From 1930 to 2006 , Serbia competed as a part of Yugoslavia and Serbia and Montenegro . Proposal for expansion In October 2013 , UEFA President Michel Platini proposed that the World Cup finals should be expanded from 32 to 40 teams starting from 2018 . The format would have been the same , but in groups of five instead of four . This was in response to FIFA President Sepp Blatter 's comments that Africa and Asia deserved more spots in the World Cup finals at the expense of European and South American teams . However , FIFA general secretary Jérôme Valcke said that expansion in 2018 would be `` unlikely '' , while Russian sports minister Vitaly Mutko said that the country was `` preparing on the basis that 32 teams will be taking part . '' Expansion was ultimately delayed until 10 January 2017 , when the FIFA Council voted unanimously to expand to 48 teams starting in the 2026 FIFA World Cup . Venues Russia proposed the following host cities : Kaliningrad , Kazan , Krasnodar , Moscow , Nizhny Novgorod , Rostov - on - Don , Saint Petersburg , Samara , Saransk , Sochi , Volgograd , Yaroslavl , and Yekaterinburg . All the cities are in or just outside European Russia to reduce travel time for the teams in the huge country . The bid evaluation report stated : `` The Russian bid proposes 13 host cities and 16 stadiums , thus exceeding FIFA 's minimum requirement . Three of the 16 stadiums would be renovated , and 13 would be newly constructed . '' In October 2011 , Russia decreased the number of stadiums from 16 to 14 . Construction of the proposed Podolsk stadium in the Moscow region was cancelled by the regional government , and also in the capital , Otkrytiye Arena was competing with Dynamo Stadium over which would be constructed first . The final choice of host cities was announced on 29 September 2012 . The number of cities was further reduced to 11 and number of stadiums to 12 as Krasnodar and Yaroslavl were dropped from the final list . Sepp Blatter stated in July 2014 that due to concerns over the completion of venues in Russia , the number of venues for the tournament may be reduced from 12 to 10 . He also said , `` We are not going to be in a situation , as is the case of one , two or even three stadiums in South Africa , where it is a problem of what you do with these stadiums '' . In October 2014 , on their first official visit to Russia , FIFA 's inspection committee and its head Chris Unger visited St Petersburg , Sochi , Kazan and both Moscow venues . They were satisfied with the progress . On 8 October 2015 , FIFA and the Local Organising Committee agreed on the official names of the stadiums used during the tournament . Moscow Saint Petersburg Kaliningrad Luzhniki Stadium Otkrytiye Arena ( Spartak Stadium ) Krestovsky Stadium ( Saint Petersburg Stadium ) Kaliningrad Stadium Capacity : 81,000 ( upgraded ) Capacity : 45,360 Capacity : 68,134 Capacity : 35,212 ( new stadium ) Kazan Moscow Saint Petersburg Kaliningrad Nizhny Novgorod Kazan Samara Volgograd Saransk Sochi Rostov - on - Don Yekaterinburg Nizhny Novgorod Kazan Arena Nizhny Novgorod Stadium Capacity : 45,379 Capacity : 44,899 ( new stadium ) Samara Volgograd Cosmos Arena ( Samara Arena ) Volgograd Arena Capacity : 44,918 ( new stadium ) Capacity : 45,568 ( rebuilt ) Saransk Rostov - on - Don Sochi Yekaterinburg Mordovia Arena Rostov Arena Fisht Olympic Stadium ( Fisht Stadium ) Central Stadium ( Ekaterinburg Arena ) Capacity : 45,015 ( new stadium ) Capacity : 45,000 ( new stadium ) Capacity : 47,659 Capacity : 35,696 ( upgraded ) Media related to Stadiums of FIFA World Cup 2018 at Wikimedia Commons Schedule A ceremony in Moscow launching the countdown from 1000 days until the 2018 FIFA Football World Cup begins in Russia . The full schedule was announced by FIFA on 24 July 2015 ( without kick - off times , which were confirmed later ) . Russia will be placed in position A1 in the group stage and play in the opening match at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow on 14 June , which will also host the second semi-final on 11 July and the final on 15 July . The Krestovsky Stadium in Saint Petersburg will host the first semi-final on 10 July and the third place match on 14 July . Draw Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup seeding The draw will be held on 1 December 2017 at the State Kremlin Palace in Moscow . The 32 teams will be drawn into eight groups of four . For the draw , the teams will be allocated to four pots based on the FIFA World Rankings of October 2017 . Pot 1 will contain the hosts Russia ( which will be automatically assigned to Position A1 ) and the best seven teams , Pot 2 will contain the next best eight teams , and so on for Pots 3 and 4 . This will be different from previous draws , where only Pot 1 was based on FIFA Rankings while the remaining pots were based on geographical considerations . Same as previous editions , teams from the same confederation will not be drawn against each other for the group stage , except for UEFA where each group can contain up to two teams . Squads Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup squads Each team must first name a preliminary squad of 30 players . From the preliminary squad , the team must name a final squad of 23 players ( three of whom must be goalkeepers ) by the FIFA deadline . Players in the final squad may be replaced due to serious injury up to 24 hours prior to kickoff of the team 's first match , where the replacement players do not need to be in the preliminary squad . For players named in the 30 - player preliminary squad , there is a mandatory rest period between 21 and 27 May 2018 , except for those involved in the 2018 UEFA Champions League Final played on 26 May . Group stage The top two teams of each group advance to the round of 16 . Matches are played on a round - robin basis . Tiebreakers The rankings of teams in each group are determined as follows ( regulations Article 32.5 ) : points obtained in all group matches ; goal difference in all group matches ; number of goals scored in all group matches ; If two or more teams are equal on the basis of the above three criteria , their rankings are determined as follows : points obtained in the group matches between the teams concerned ; goal difference in the group matches between the teams concerned ; number of goals scored in the group matches between the teams concerned ; fair play points first yellow card : minus 1 point ; indirect red card ( second yellow card ) : minus 3 points ; direct red card : minus 4 points ; yellow card and direct red card : minus 5 points ; drawing of lots by the FIFA Organising Committee . All times listed are local time . Group A Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Russia ( H ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Advance to knockout stage A2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 First match ( es ) will be played on 14 June 2018 . Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers ( H ) Host . Russia v A2 14 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 14 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Russia Match 1 A2 Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow A3 v A4 15 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 17 : 00 YEKT ( UTC + 5 ) A3 Match 2 A4 Central Stadium , Yekaterinburg Russia v A3 19 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 19 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Russia Match 17 A3 Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg A4 v A2 20 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 20 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) A4 Match 18 A2 Rostov Arena , Rostov - on - Don A4 v Russia 25 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 25 ) 18 : 00 SAMT ( UTC + 4 ) A4 Match 33 Russia Cosmos Arena , Samara A2 v A3 25 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 25 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) A2 Match 34 A3 Volgograd Arena , Volgograd Group B Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification B1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Advance to knockout stage B2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 B3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 B4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 First match ( es ) will be played on 15 June 2018 . Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers B3 v B4 15 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) B3 Match 4 B4 Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg B1 v B2 15 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) B1 Match 3 B2 Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi B1 v B3 20 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 20 ) 15 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) B1 Match 19 B3 Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow B4 v B2 20 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 20 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) B4 Match 20 B2 Kazan Arena , Kazan B4 v B1 25 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 25 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) B4 Match 35 B1 Mordovia Arena , Saransk B2 v B3 25 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 25 ) 20 : 00 KALT ( UTC + 2 ) B2 Match 36 B3 Kaliningrad Stadium , Kaliningrad Group C Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification C1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Advance to knockout stage C2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 First match ( es ) will be played on 16 June 2018 . Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers C1 v C2 16 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 16 ) 13 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) C1 Match 5 C2 Kazan Arena , Kazan C3 v C4 16 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 16 ) 19 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) C3 Match 6 C4 Mordovia Arena , Saransk C1 v C3 21 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 21 ) 17 : 00 YEKT ( UTC + 5 ) C1 Match 21 C3 Central Stadium , Yekaterinburg C4 v C2 21 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 21 ) 19 : 00 SAMT ( UTC + 4 ) C4 Match 22 C2 Cosmos Arena , Samara C4 v C1 26 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 26 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) C4 Match 37 C1 Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow C2 v C3 26 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 26 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) C2 Match 38 C3 Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi Group D Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification D1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Advance to knockout stage D2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 D3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 D4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 First match ( es ) will be played on 16 June 2018 . Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers D1 v D2 16 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 16 ) 16 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) D1 Match 7 D2 Otkrytiye Arena , Moscow D3 v D4 16 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 16 ) 21 : 00 KALT ( UTC + 2 ) D3 Match 8 D4 Kaliningrad Stadium , Kaliningrad D1 v D3 21 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 21 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) D1 Match 23 D3 Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod D4 v D2 22 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) D4 Match 24 D2 Volgograd Arena , Volgograd D4 v D1 26 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 26 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) D4 Match 39 D1 Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg D2 v D3 26 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 26 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) D2 Match 40 D3 Rostov Arena , Rostov - on - Don Group E Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification E1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Advance to knockout stage E2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 E3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 E4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 First match ( es ) will be played on 17 June 2018 . Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers E3 v E4 17 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 17 ) 16 : 00 SAMT ( UTC + 4 ) E3 Match 10 E4 Cosmos Arena , Samara E1 v E2 17 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 17 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) E1 Match 9 E2 Rostov Arena , Rostov - on - Don E1 v E3 22 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) 15 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) E1 Match 25 E3 Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg E4 v E2 22 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) 20 : 00 KALT ( UTC + 2 ) E4 Match 26 E2 Kaliningrad Stadium , Kaliningrad E4 v E1 27 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 27 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) E4 Match 41 E1 Otkrytiye Arena , Moscow E2 v E3 27 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 27 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) E2 Match 42 E3 Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod Group F Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification F1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Advance to knockout stage F2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 F3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 F4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 First match ( es ) will be played on 17 June 2018 . Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers F1 v F2 17 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 17 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) F1 Match 11 F2 Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow F3 v F4 18 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 18 ) 15 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) F3 Match 12 F4 Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod F1 v F3 23 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 23 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) F1 Match 27 F3 Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi F4 v F2 23 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 23 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) F4 Match 28 F2 Rostov Arena , Rostov - on - Don F4 v F1 27 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 27 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) F4 Match 43 F1 Kazan Arena , Kazan F2 v F3 27 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 27 ) 19 : 00 YEKT ( UTC + 5 ) F2 Match 44 F3 Central Stadium , Yekaterinburg Group G Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification G1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Advance to knockout stage G2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 G3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 G4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 First match ( es ) will be played on 18 June 2018 . Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers G1 v G2 18 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 18 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) G1 Match 13 G2 Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi G3 v G4 18 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 18 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) G3 Match 14 G4 Volgograd Arena , Volgograd G1 v G3 23 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 23 ) 15 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) G1 Match 29 G3 Otkrytiye Arena , Moscow G4 v G2 24 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 24 ) 15 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) G4 Match 30 G2 Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod G4 v G1 28 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 28 ) 20 : 00 KALT ( UTC + 2 ) G4 Match 45 G1 Kaliningrad Stadium , Kaliningrad G2 v G3 28 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 28 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) G2 Match 46 G3 Mordovia Arena , Saransk Group H Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification H1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Advance to knockout stage H2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 H3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 H4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 First match ( es ) will be played on 19 June 2018 . Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers H1 v H2 19 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 19 ) 15 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) H1 Match 15 H2 Otkrytiye Arena , Moscow H3 v H4 19 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 19 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) H3 Match 16 H4 Mordovia Arena , Saransk H4 v H2 24 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 24 ) 20 : 00 YEKT ( UTC + 5 ) H4 Match 32 H2 Central Stadium , Yekaterinburg H1 v H3 24 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 24 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) H1 Match 31 H3 Kazan Arena , Kazan H4 v H1 28 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 28 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) H4 Match 47 H1 Volgograd Arena , Volgograd H2 v H3 28 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 28 ) 18 : 00 SAMT ( UTC + 4 ) H2 Match 48 H3 Cosmos Arena , Samara Knockout stage In the knockout stages , if a match is level at the end of normal playing time , extra time is played ( two periods of 15 minutes each ) and followed , if necessary , by a penalty shoot - out to determine the winner . Bracket Round of 16 Quarter - finals Semi-finals Final 30 June -- Sochi Winner Group A 6 July -- Nizhny Novgorod Runner - up Group B Winner Match 49 30 June -- Kazan Winner Match 50 Winner Group C 10 July -- Saint Petersburg Runner - up Group D Winner Match 57 2 July -- Samara Winner Match 58 Winner Group E 6 July -- Kazan Runner - up Group F Winner Match 53 2 July -- Rostov - on - Don Winner Match 54 Winner Group G 15 July -- Moscow ( Luzhniki ) Runner - up Group H Winner Match 61 1 July -- Moscow ( Luzhniki ) Winner Match 62 Winner Group B 7 July -- Sochi Runner - up Group A Winner Match 51 1 July -- Nizhny Novgorod Winner Match 52 Winner Group D 11 July -- Moscow ( Luzhniki ) Runner - up Group C Winner Match 59 3 July -- Saint Petersburg Winner Match 60 Third place play - off Winner Group F 7 July -- Samara 14 July -- Saint Petersburg Runner - up Group E Winner Match 55 Loser Match 61 3 July -- Moscow ( Spartak ) Winner Match 56 Loser Match 62 Winner Group H Runner - up Group G Round of 16 Winner Group C v Runner - up Group D 30 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 30 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Winner Group C Match 50 Runner - up Group D Kazan Arena , Kazan Winner Group A v Runner - up Group B 30 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 30 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Winner Group A Match 49 Runner - up Group B Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi Winner Group B v Runner - up Group A 1 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 01 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Winner Group B Match 51 Runner - up Group A Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Winner Group D v Runner - up Group C 1 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 01 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Winner Group D Match 52 Runner - up Group C Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod Winner Group E v Runner - up Group F 2 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 02 ) 18 : 00 SAMT ( UTC + 4 ) Winner Group E Match 53 Runner - up Group F Cosmos Arena , Samara Winner Group G v Runner - up Group H 2 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 02 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Winner Group G Match 54 Runner - up Group H Rostov Arena , Rostov - on - Don Winner Group F v Runner - up Group E 3 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 03 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Winner Group F Match 55 Runner - up Group E Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg Winner Group H v Runner - up Group G 3 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 03 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Winner Group H Match 56 Runner - up Group G Otkrytiye Arena , Moscow Quarter - finals Winner Match 49 v Winner Match 50 6 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Winner Match 49 Match 57 Winner Match 50 Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod Winner Match 53 v Winner Match 54 6 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Winner Match 53 Match 58 Winner Match 54 Kazan Arena , Kazan Winner Match 55 v Winner Match 56 7 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 07 ) 18 : 00 SAMT ( UTC + 4 ) Winner Match 55 Match 60 Winner Match 56 Cosmos Arena , Samara Winner Match 51 v Winner Match 52 7 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 07 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Winner Match 51 Match 59 Winner Match 52 Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi Semi-finals Winner Match 57 v Winner Match 58 10 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 10 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Winner Match 57 Match 61 Winner Match 58 Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg Winner Match 59 v Winner Match 60 11 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 11 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Winner Match 59 Match 62 Winner Match 60 Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Third place play - off Loser Match 61 v Loser Match 62 14 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 14 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Loser Match 61 Match 63 Loser Match 62 Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg Final Winner Match 61 v Winner Match 62 15 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 15 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Winner Match 61 Match 64 Winner Match 62 Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Controversies Main article : List of 2018 FIFA World Cup controversies As with the 2014 Winter Olympics , the choice of Russia as host has been challenged . Controversial issues have included the level of racism in Russian football , and discrimination against LGBT people in wider Russian society . Russia 's involvement in the ongoing conflict in Ukraine has also caused calls for the tournament to be moved , particularly following the annexation of Crimea . FIFA President Sepp Blatter said : `` The World Cup has been given and voted to Russia and we are going forward with our work '' . Allegations of corruption in the bidding processes for the 2018 and 2022 World Cups caused threats from England 's FA to boycott the tournament . FIFA appointed Michael J. Garcia , a US attorney , to investigate and produce a report ( the Garcia Report ) on the corruption allegations . Although the report was never published , FIFA released a 42 - page summary of its findings as determined by German judge Hans - Joachim Eckert . Eckert 's summary cleared Russia and Qatar of any wrongdoing , but was denounced by critics as a whitewash . Garcia criticised the summary as being `` materially incomplete '' with `` erroneous representations of the facts and conclusions '' , and appealed to FIFA 's Appeal Committee . The committee declined to hear his appeal , so Garcia resigned in protest of FIFA 's conduct , citing a `` lack of leadership '' and lack of confidence in the independence of Eckert . On 3 June 2015 , the FBI confirmed that the federal authorities were investigating the bidding and awarding processes for the 2018 and 2022 World Cups . In an interview published on 7 June 2015 , Domenico Scala , the head of FIFA 's Audit And Compliance Committee , stated that `` should there be evidence that the awards to Qatar and Russia came only because of bought votes , then the awards could be cancelled '' . Due to the financial crisis in the Russian economy , the budget for the preparations was cut a few times . In June 2015 , a government decree cut the budget by $560 million , to a total of $11.8 billion . Russian visa policy The general visa policy of Russia will not apply to the World Cup participants and fans , who will be able to visit Russia without a visa right before and during the competition regardless of their citizenship . Branding The typeface used for branding The tournament logo was unveiled on 28 October 2014 by cosmonauts at the International Space Station and then projected onto Moscow 's Bolshoi Theatre during an evening television programme . Russian Sports Minister Vitaly Mutko said that the logo was inspired by `` Russia 's rich artistic tradition and its history of bold achievement and innovation '' , and FIFA President Sepp Blatter stated that it reflected the `` heart and soul '' of the country . For the branding , a typeface called Dusha ( from Душа , Russian for soul ) was created by Portuguese design agency Brandia Central in 2014 . Broadcasting rights See also : 2018 FIFA World Cup broadcasting rights FIFA , through several companies , sold the broadcasting rights for the 2018 FIFA World Cup to various local broadcasters . In the United States , the 2018 World Cup will be the first men 's World Cup whose rights will be held by Fox Sports . The elimination of the U.S. national team in qualifying led to concerns that U.S. interest and viewership of this World Cup would be reduced ( particularly `` casual '' viewers interested in the U.S. team ) , especially noting how much Fox paid for the rights , and that U.S. games at the 2014 World Cup peaked at 16.5 million viewers . During a launch event prior to the elimination , Fox stated that it had planned to place a secondary focus on the Mexican team in its coverage to take advantage of their popularity in the U.S. ; the network stated that it still committed to broadcasting a significant amount of coverage for the tournament . Prize money Prize money amounts were annnounced in October 2017 . Position Amount ( USD million ) Per team Total Champions 38 38 Runners - up 28 28 Third place 24 24 Fourth place 22 22 5th -- 8th place 16 64 9th -- 16th place 12 96 17th -- 32nd place 8 128 Total 400 Mascot The official FIFA World Cup mascot for the 2018 tournament , a wolf named Zabivaka ( `` the one who scores '' in Russian ) , was unveiled on 21 October 2016 . Representing an anthropomorphic wolf with brown and white wool T - shirt with the words `` RUSSIA 2018 '' and orange sport glasses . The combination of white , blue and red T - shirt and shorts are the national colors of the Russian team . The student designer is Ekaterina Bocharova , and the mascot was selected by Internet voting . The election results were announced on October 22 , 2016 , in the Evening Urgant on Channel One Russia . Wolf , named Zabivaka , scored 53 % of the vote , ahead of Tiger ( 27 % ) . Cat , with 20 % of the vote , was third . More than 1 million people participated in the voting , which took place during September 2016 on the FIFA platforms , as well as during the live broadcast on Channel One , where the results of the creative competition were announced . Ticketing The first phase of ticket sales started on 14 September 2017 , 12 : 00 Moscow time , and will last until 12 October 2017 . Sponsorship FIFA partners FIFA World Cup sponsors European supporters Adidas Coca - Cola Gazprom Hyundai -- Kia Qatar Airways VISA Wanda Group Anheuser - Busch InBev Hisense McDonald 's Vivo Alfa - Bank See also Association football portal Russia portal 2010s portal 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( CONMEBOL ) 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( CONCACAF ) 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( AFC ) 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( UEFA ) 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( CAF ) 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( OFC ) References Jump up ^ Standard Russian pronunciation is ( tɕɪmjpjɪɐˈnat ˈmjirə pə fʊdˈboɫʊ djvjɪ ˈtɨsjɪtɕɪ vəsjɪmˈnatsətj ) ^ Jump up to : `` Ethics : Executive Committee unanimously supports recommendation to publish report on 2018 / 2022 FIFA World Cup TM bidding process '' ( Press release ) . FIFA.com. 19 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Russia united for 2018 FIFA World Cup Host Cities announcement '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 13 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Picks Cities for World Cup 2018 '' . En.rsport.ru. 29 September 2012 . Archived from the original on 13 November 2013 . Retrieved 13 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Russia budget for 2018 Fifa World Cup nearly doubles '' . BBC News . 30 September 2012 . Retrieved 13 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Goff , Steve ( 16 January 2009 ) . `` Future World Cups '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 16 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico withdraws FIFA World Cup bid '' . FIFA. 29 September 2009 . Retrieved 10 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesia 's bid to host the 2022 World Cup bid ends '' . BBC Sport. 19 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 20 March 2010 . Retrieved 19 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Combined bidding confirmed '' . FIFA. 20 December 2008 . Archived from the original on 22 January 2009 . Retrieved 20 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` England miss out to Russia in 2018 World Cup Vote '' . BBC News . 2 December 2010 . Archived from the original on 3 December 2010 . Retrieved 2 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Paul ; Busfield , Steve ( 2 December 2010 ) . `` World Cup 2018 and 2022 decision day -- live ! '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` Road to Russia with new milestone '' . FIFA.com. 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe expelled from the preliminary competition of the 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia '' . FIFA.com. 12 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Impact of Football Association of Indonesia suspension '' . AFC. 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kosovo & Gibraltar become eligible for 2018 World Cup Qualifying '' . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Myanmar appeal partially upheld '' . FIFA. 7 November 2011 . Retrieved 13 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2022 FIFA World Cup to be played in November / December '' . FIFA.com. 20 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Current allocation of FIFA World Cup TM confederation slots maintained '' . FIFA.com. 30 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Long road to Russia begins in Dili '' . FIFA.com. 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup TM Preliminary Draw : 1 week to go '' . FIFA.com. 18 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Organising Committee for the FIFA World Cup extends its responsibilities to cover 2018 and 2022 '' . FIFA.com. 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Konstantinovsky Palace to stage Preliminary Draw of the 2018 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA.com. 10 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Russia 's best result under its current name is the group stage in 1994 , 2002 and 2014 . However , FIFA considers Russia as the successor team of the Soviet Union . Jump up ^ Serbia 's best result under its current name is the group stage in 2010 . However , FIFA considers Serbia as the successor team of Yugoslavia . Jump up ^ `` UEFA chief Platini calls for 40 team World Cup '' . Reuters. 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Blatter wants more Africa slots for World Cup '' . Confederation of African Football . 26 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Michel Platini 's World Cup expansion plan unlikely -- Fifa '' . BBC Sport. 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 World Cup expansion ' unlikely ' , says Valcke '' . Soccerway. 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Unanimous decision expands FIFA World Cup TM to 48 teams from 2026 '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 10 January 2017 . Retrieved 10 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Bid Evaluation Report : Russia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . Retrieved 10 December 2002 . Jump up ^ Marikar , Hafiz . `` Russia to host next FIFA World Cup '' . Dailynews.lk . The Associated Newspapers of Ceylon Ltd . Archived from the original on 9 August 2014 . Retrieved 23 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Почему у России осталось только 14 стадионов к ЧМ - 2018 -- Известия ( Why are there only 14 stadiums for the Russia 2018 World Cup ) '' ( in Russian ) . Izvestia.ru. 7 October 2011 . Retrieved 8 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup TM to be played in 11 Host Cities '' . fifa.com. 29 September 2012 . Retrieved 29 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Saakov , Rafael ( 22 July 2014 ) . `` Russia 2018 : Major challenges for next World Cup hosts '' . BBC News . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Rogovitskiy , Dmitriy ( 21 October 2014 ) . `` Russia on track for World Cup 2018 , say FIFA inspectors '' . Reuters . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stadium names for the 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM confirmed '' . FIFA.com. 8 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Capacity at 2 of Russia 's stadiums to be reduced '' . The Oklahoman ( via Associated Press ) . 2014 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Match schedules for FIFA Confederations Cup 2017 and 2018 FIFA World Cup TM unveiled '' . FIFA.com. 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Final Draw to take place in State Kremlin Palace '' . FIFA.com. 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` OC for FIFA Competitions approves procedures for the Final Draw of the 2018 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA.com. 14 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Regulations -- 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` Rest periods tor the players on the provisional list tor the 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com. 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Russia 2018 - Match Schedule '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ Syal , Rajeev ( 3 December 2010 ) . `` World Cup 2018 win raises Russian racism fears '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 20 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Yaya Toure : Black players may boycott 2018 Russia World Cup '' . BBC Sport. 25 October 2013 . Jump up ^ J.P. McCormick ( 25 March 2014 ) . `` Campaigns demand FIFA bans Russia from hosting 2018 World Cup due to anti-gay law '' . Pink News . Jump up ^ J. Lavin ( 28 February 2014 ) . `` Why FIFA Needs to Move the World Cup '' . advocate.com . Jump up ^ `` Fifa urged to rethink staging 2018 World Cup in Russia '' . Bbc.com . March 21 , 2014 . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Winter , Stuart ( March 23 , 2014 ) . `` US calls for Fifa to drop Russia from hosting World Cup in 2018 '' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sepp Blatter : Russia will host 2018 World Cup despite Crimea '' . BBC Sport. 21 March 2014 . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Ornstein , David ( 17 November 2014 ) . `` World Cup : Former FA chief David Bernstein calls for boycott '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 17 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Dunbar , Graham . `` FIFA under fire after report on Qatar , Russia '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 16 November 2014 . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Roan , Dan ( 17 November 2014 ) . `` Greg Dyke : FA demands full report findings into World Cup corruption '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 17 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Conway , Richard . `` FIFA corruption report : Who is to blame and what happens now ? '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Garcia : FIFA investigator resigns in World Cup report row '' . BBC . December 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Rumsby , `` Fifa in crisis : FBI extends investigation to Russia 2018 and Qatar 2022 World Cup bids '' , The Telegraph `` . 4 June 2015 . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` James Riach `` FBI investigating Fifa 's awarding of 2018 and 2022 World Cups -- report '' , The Guardian `` . 3 June 2015 . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Russia & Qatar may lose World Cups ' - Fifa official '' . BBC News . 7 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Owen Gibson ( 7 June 2015 ) . `` Russia and Qatar may lose World Cups if evidence of bribery is found '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Russia Orders $560 - Million Cuts on World Cup 2018 Spending '' . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russia to ease visa regime for World Cup fans in 2018 '' . Voice of Russia . 11 July 2014 . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Russia 's heart & soul ' : World Cup 2018 logo unveiled in Moscow ( PHOTOS , VIDEO ) '' . RT . 28 October 2014 . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Draper , Kevin ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) . `` Fox and Others Will Feel Pain of U.S. Absence at World Cup '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` USMNT elimination is a disaster for Fox Sports '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Fox Projects Up to $20 Million in Lost World Cup Ad Sales '' . Bloomberg.com. 2017 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Henley , Brendon ( 27 October 2017 ) . `` FIFA World Cup Prize Money '' ( pdf ) . FIFA.com . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wolf chosen as 2018 FIFA World Cup Official Mascot and named Zabivaka '' ( Press release ) . FIFA. 21 October 2016 . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ticket sales for 2018 FIFA World Cup TM to start on 14 September 2017 '' . FIFA.com. 12 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA and adidas extend partnership until 2030 '' . FIFA.com . FIFA . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola renews Fifa football sponsorship until 2022 '' . Campaignlive.co.uk . Campaign . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gazprom agrees Fifa sponsorship deal '' . SportsProMedia.com . SportsPro . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hyundai - Kia drives on as FIFA Partner until 2022 '' . FIFA.com . FIFA . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar Airways announced as Official Partner and Official Airline of FIFA until 2022 '' . FIFA.com . FIFA . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Visa extending World Cup deal for eight years '' . SportsBusinessDaily.com . Sports Business Daily . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wanda Group becomes new FIFA Partner '' . FIFA.com . FIFA . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA and Anheuser - Busch InBev announce FIFA World Cup TM sponsorship for 2018 / 2022 '' . FIFA.com . FIFA . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hisense becomes Official Sponsor of 2018 FIFA World Cup TM '' . FIFA.com . FIFA . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's looking ahead to 2018 '' . FIFA.com . FIFA . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa agrees massive World Cup deal with Vivo '' . SportsProMedia.com . SportsPro . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alfa - Bank unveiled as first - ever Regional Supporter for the FIFA World Cup TM '' . FIFA.com . FIFA . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2018 FIFA World Cup . FIFA.com 2018 website Welcome2018.com 2018 FIFA World Cup Stages Qualification Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G Group H Knockout stage Final General information Awards Bids Broadcasting rights Controversies Discipline Marketing Mascot Officials Opening ceremony Preparations Seeding Squads Statistics Venues 2018 FIFA World Cup stadiums Kaliningrad Stadium ( Kaliningrad ) Krestovsky Stadium ( Saint Petersburg ) Luzhniki Stadium ( Moscow ) Otkrytiye Arena ( Moscow ) Kazan Arena ( Kazan ) Nizhny Novgorod Stadium ( Nizhny Novgorod ) Cosmos Arena ( Samara ) Volgograd Arena ( Volgograd ) Mordovia Arena ( Saransk ) Rostov Arena ( Rostov - on - Don ) Fisht Olympic Stadium ( Sochi ) Central Stadium ( Yekaterinburg ) FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea / Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 2026 2030 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Records and statistics All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Team appearances Teams with no appearances Miscellaneous Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=807546922 '' Categories : 2018 FIFA World Cup 2018 in association football 2018 in Russian sport FIFA World Cup tournaments International association football competitions hosted by Russia Scheduled association football competitions June 2018 sports events in Europe July 2018 sports events in Europe Hidden categories : CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from November 2013 Articles containing Russian - language text Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Afrikaans Aragonés Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia IsiXhosa Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2017 , at 17 : 35 . 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how many senate seats are up for grabs in 2018	Elections to the United States Senate will be held November 6 , 2018 , with 33 of the 100 seats in the Senate being contested in regular elections and two seats being contested in special elections . The winners will serve six - year terms from January 3 , 2019 , to January 3 , 2025 . Currently , Democrats have 24 seats up for election , as well as the seats of two independents who caucus with them . Republicans have nine seats up for election . The seats up for regular election in 2018 were last up for election in 2012 ; in addition , special elections will be scheduled if vacancies occur , as has already happened in Minnesota and Mississippi . After the 2016 elections , some state election officials are trying to upgrade voting systems in time for this election .	33 of the 100 seats in the Senate being contested in regular elections and two seats being contested in special elections	United States Senate elections , 2018	united states senate elections, 2018	Mitch McConnell Republican	Elections to the United States Senate will be held November 6 , 2018 , with 33 of the 100 seats in the Senate being contested in regular elections and two seats being contested in special elections . The winners will serve six - year terms from January 3 , 2019 , to January 3 , 2025 . Currently , Democrats have 24 seats up for election , as well as the seats of two independents who caucus with them . Republicans have nine seats up for election . The seats up for regular election in 2018 were last up for election in 2012 ; in addition , special elections will be scheduled if vacancies occur , as has already happened in Minnesota and Mississippi . After the 2016 elections , some state election officials are trying to upgrade voting systems in time for this election . The U.S. House of Representatives elections , 39 gubernatorial elections , and many other state and local elections will also be held on this date . Republicans can only afford to lose one Senate seat and still have a working majority with the Vice President breaking the tie in their favor . Four of the Republican seats are open as a result of retirements in Tennessee , Utah , Arizona , and Mississippi . Democrats are defending ten seats in states won by Donald Trump in the 2016 presidential election , while Republicans are only defending one seat in a state won by Hillary Clinton in 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Focus on competitive races 2 Partisan composition 3 Change in composition 3.1 Before the elections 3.2 After the elections 4 Most recent election predictions 5 Election dates 6 Race summary 6.1 Special elections during the preceding Congress 6.2 Elections leading to the next Congress 7 Arizona 8 California 9 Connecticut 10 Delaware 11 Florida 12 Hawaii 13 Indiana 14 Maine 15 Maryland 16 Massachusetts 17 Michigan 18 Minnesota 19 Minnesota ( Special ) 20 Mississippi 21 Mississippi ( Special ) 22 Missouri 23 Montana 24 Nebraska 25 Nevada 26 New Jersey 27 New Mexico 28 New York 29 North Dakota 30 Ohio 31 Pennsylvania 32 Rhode Island 33 Tennessee 34 Texas 35 Utah 36 Vermont 37 Virginia 38 Washington 39 West Virginia 40 Wisconsin 41 Wyoming 42 See also 43 Notes 44 References Focus on competitive races ( edit ) Democrats are expected to target the Republican - held Senate seats in Arizona ( open seat ) and Nevada . Democrats could also target seats in Texas , Mississippi ( at least one of the two seats ) and Tennessee 's open - seat . Republicans are expected to target Democratic - held seats in Indiana , Missouri , Montana , North Dakota , and West Virginia , all of which voted for Mitt Romney in the 2012 presidential election and Donald Trump in the 2016 presidential election , as well as seats in Florida , Ohio , Pennsylvania , Wisconsin , and Michigan , all of which voted for Donald Trump in the 2016 election . Republicans could also target seats in Minnesota ( at least one of the two seats ) , Virginia , Maine , and New Jersey . Other races may also become competitive closer to election day . Partisan composition ( edit ) Among the 33 Class 1 Senate seats up for regular election in 2018 are 23 currently held by Democrats , two by independents who caucus with the Senate Democrats , and eight by Republicans . The Class 2 seats in Minnesota and Mississippi held by interim appointees are also up for election ; both incumbent appointees are running in their elections to finish the unexpired terms . Parties Total Democratic Republican Independent Last election ( 2016 ) 46 52 100 Before this election 47 51 100 Not up 23 42 0 65 Class 2 ( 2014 → 2020 ) 11 20 0 31 Class 3 ( 2016 → 2022 ) 12 22 0 34 Up 24 9 35 Class 1 ( 2012 → 2018 ) 23 8 33 Special : Class 2 0 Incumbent retiring 0 0 Incumbent running 24 6 32 Change in composition ( edit ) Before the elections ( edit ) Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Retiring Majority → Retiring Running Running Running Running Running Running Retiring After the elections ( edit ) TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD Majority → TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD Key : D Democratic Republican Independent , caucusing with Democrats Most recent election predictions ( edit ) Most election predictors use : `` tossup '' : no advantage `` tilt '' ( used sometimes ) : advantage that is not quite as strong as `` lean '' `` lean '' : slight advantage `` likely '' or `` favored '' : significant , but surmountable , advantage `` safe '' or `` solid '' : near - certain chance of victory State PVI Incumbent Most recent result Cook Apr 9 , 2018 I.E. Apr 20 , 2018 Sabato June 13 , 2018 NYT June 11 , 2018 CNN June 11 , 2018 RCP June 14 , 2018 Fox News June 12 , 2018 Daily Kos June 14 , 2018 Arizona R + 5 Jeff Flake ( R ) ( Retiring ) 49 % R Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup California D + 12 Dianne Feinstein ( D ) 63 % D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Likely D Safe D Connecticut D + 6 Chris Murphy ( D ) 55 % D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Likely D Safe D Delaware D + 6 Tom Carper ( D ) 66 % D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Likely D Safe D Florida R + 2 Bill Nelson ( D ) 55 % D Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Hawaii D + 18 Mazie Hirono ( D ) 63 % D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Likely D Safe D Indiana R + 9 Joe Donnelly ( D ) 50 % D Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Maine D + 3 Angus King ( I ) 53 % I Safe D / I Safe D / I Safe D / I Safe D / I Likely D / I Safe D / I Likely D / I Safe D / I Maryland D + 12 Ben Cardin ( D ) 55 % D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Likely D Safe D Massachusetts D + 12 Elizabeth Warren ( D ) 54 % D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Likely D Safe D Michigan D + 1 Debbie Stabenow ( D ) 59 % D Likely D Safe D Likely D Likely D Likely D Likely D Likely D Likely D Minnesota D + 1 Amy Klobuchar ( D ) 65 % D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Likely D Safe D Minnesota ( Special ) D + 1 Tina Smith ( D ) 53 % D Lean D Likely D Likely D Likely D Likely D Likely D Likely D Likely D Mississippi R + 9 Roger Wicker ( R ) 57 % R Safe R Safe R Safe R Safe R Safe R Safe R Likely R Safe R Mississippi ( Special ) R + 9 Cindy Hyde - Smith ( R ) 60 % R Likely R Safe R Likely R Likely R Safe R Likely R Likely R Likely R Missouri R + 9 Claire McCaskill ( D ) 55 % D Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Montana R + 11 Jon Tester ( D ) 49 % D Likely D Tilt D Lean D Lean D Lean D Lean D Tossup Tossup Nebraska R + 14 Deb Fischer ( R ) 56 % R Likely R Safe R Safe R Safe R Safe R Safe R Likely R Safe R Nevada D + 1 Dean Heller ( R ) 46 % R Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Lean D ( flip ) Tossup New Jersey D + 7 Bob Menendez ( D ) 59 % D Likely D Safe D Likely D Likely D Safe D Likely D Likely D Likely D New Mexico D + 3 Martin Heinrich ( D ) 51 % D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Likely D Safe D New York D + 11 Kirsten Gillibrand ( D ) 72 % D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Likely D Safe D North Dakota R + 16 Heidi Heitkamp ( D ) 50 % D Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Ohio R + 3 Sherrod Brown ( D ) 51 % D Lean D Lean D Likely D Lean D Lean D Likely D Lean D Lean D Pennsylvania EVEN Bob Casey Jr . ( D ) 54 % D Likely D Likely D Likely D Likely D Likely D Likely D Likely D Likely D Rhode Island D + 10 Sheldon Whitehouse ( D ) 64 % D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Likely D Safe D Tennessee R + 14 Bob Corker ( R ) ( Retiring ) 65 % R Tossup Lean R Lean R Lean R Lean R Tossup Tossup Likely R Texas R + 8 Ted Cruz ( R ) 57 % R Likely R Likely R Likely R Likely R Likely R Lean R Lean R Likely R Utah R + 20 Orrin Hatch ( R ) ( Retiring ) 65 % R Safe R Safe R Safe R Safe R Safe R Safe R Likely R Safe R Vermont D + 15 Bernie Sanders ( I ) 71 % I Safe D / I Safe D / I Safe D / I Safe D / I Safe D / I Safe D / I Likely D / I Safe D / I Virginia D + 1 Tim Kaine ( D ) 53 % D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Likely D Likely D Likely D Safe D Washington D + 7 Maria Cantwell ( D ) 61 % D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Likely D Safe D West Virginia R + 20 Joe Manchin ( D ) 61 % D Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Wisconsin EVEN Tammy Baldwin ( D ) 51 % D Likely D Tilt D Lean D Lean D Lean D Likely D Likely D Lean D Wyoming R + 25 John Barrasso ( R ) 76 % R Safe R Safe R Safe R Safe R Safe R Safe R Likely R Safe R Election dates ( edit ) For the regularly scheduled general elections . Shading added for future events . State Filing deadline Primary election Primary runoff ( if necessary ) General election Poll closing ( Eastern Time ) Arizona May 30 , 2018 August 28 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 9pm California March 9 , 2018 June 5 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 11pm Connecticut June 12 , 2018 August 14 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 8pm Delaware July 10 , 2018 September 6 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 8pm Florida May 4 , 2018 August 28 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 7pm & 8pm Hawaii June 5 , 2018 August 11 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 11pm Indiana February 9 , 2018 May 8 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 6pm & 7pm Maine March 15 , 2018 June 12 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 8pm Maryland February 27 , 2018 June 26 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 8pm Massachusetts June 5 , 2018 September 4 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 8pm Michigan April 24 , 2018 August 7 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 8pm & 9pm Minnesota June 5 , 2018 August 14 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 9pm Mississippi March 1 , 2018 June 5 , 2018 June 26 , 2018 November 6 , 2018 8pm Mississippi ( Special ) March 26 , 2018 November 6 , 2018 N / A November 27 , 2018 8pm Missouri March 27 , 2018 August 7 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 8pm Montana March 12 , 2018 June 5 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 10pm Nebraska March 1 , 2018 May 15 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 9pm Nevada March 16 , 2018 June 12 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 10pm New Jersey April 2 , 2018 June 5 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 8pm New Mexico March 13 , 2018 June 5 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 9pm New York April 12 , 2018 June 26 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 9pm North Dakota April 9 , 2018 June 12 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 10pm & 11pm Ohio February 7 , 2018 May 8 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 7 : 30pm Pennsylvania March 20 , 2018 May 15 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 8pm Rhode Island June 27 , 2018 September 12 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 8pm Tennessee April 5 , 2018 August 2 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 8pm Texas December 11 , 2017 March 6 , 2018 May 22 , 2018 ( Unnecessary ) November 6 , 2018 8pm & 9pm Utah March 15 , 2018 June 26 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 10pm Vermont May 31 , 2018 August 14 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 7pm Virginia March 29 , 2018 June 12 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 7pm Washington May 18 , 2018 August 7 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 11pm West Virginia January 27 , 2018 May 8 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 7 : 30pm Wisconsin June 1 , 2018 August 14 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 9pm Wyoming June 1 , 2018 August 21 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 9pm Race summary ( edit ) Special elections during the preceding Congress ( edit ) In these special elections , the winners will be elected coincidingly with the other races of the 2018 Senate elections , but will be seated before January 3 , 2019 . Ordered by election date , then by state , then by class . State ( linked to summaries below ) Incumbent Results Candidates Senator Party Electoral history Minnesota ( Class 2 ) Tina Smith Democratic 2018 ( Appointed ) Special election scheduled for November 6 , 2018 . Interim appointee running . Ali Chehem Ali ( Democratic ) Bob Anderson ( Republican ) Nikolay Bey ( Republican ) Karin Housley ( Republican ) Gregg Iverson ( Democratic ) Nick Leonard ( Democratic ) Richard Painter ( Democratic ) Christopher Seymore ( Democratic ) Tina Smith ( Democratic ) Mississippi ( Class 2 ) Cindy Hyde - Smith Republican 2018 ( Appointed ) Special election scheduled for November 6 , 2018 . If no candidate receives a majority , a runoff will be held on November 27 , 2018 . Interim appointee running . Tobey Bartee ( Democratic ) Mike Espy ( Democratic ) Cindy Hyde - Smith ( Republican ) Chris McDaniel ( Republican ) Elections leading to the next Congress ( edit ) In these general elections , the winners will be elected for the term beginning January 3 , 2019 . All of the elections involve the Class 1 seats ; ordered by state . State ( linked to summaries below ) Incumbent Results Candidates Senator Party Electoral history Arizona Jeff Flake Republican 2012 Incumbent retiring . New senator to be elected . Deedra Abboud ( Democratic ) Eve Reyes Aguirre ( Green ) Joe Arpaio ( Republican ) Doug Marks ( Libertarian ) Martha McSally ( Republican ) Kyrsten Sinema ( Democratic ) Kelli Ward ( Republican ) California Dianne Feinstein Democratic 1992 ( Special ) 1994 2000 2006 2012 Incumbent renominated . Kevin de León ( Democratic ) Dianne Feinstein ( Democratic ) Connecticut Chris Murphy Democratic 2012 Incumbent running . Ann - Marie Adams ( Democratic ) Matthew Corey ( Republican ) Chris Murphy ( Democratic ) Dominic Rapini ( Republican ) Delaware Tom Carper Democratic 2000 2006 2012 Incumbent running . Robert Arlett ( Republican ) Tom Carper ( Democratic ) Kerri Evelyn Harris ( Democratic ) Gene Truono ( Republican ) Florida Bill Nelson Democratic 2000 2006 2012 Incumbent running . Rocky De La Fuente ( Republican ) Lateresa Ann Jones ( Write - in ) Howard Knepper ( Write - in ) Michael Levinson ( Write - in ) Bill Nelson ( Democratic ) Rick Scott ( Republican ) Charles Frederick Tolbert ( Write - in ) David Weeks ( Write - in ) Hawaii Mazie Hirono Democratic 2012 Incumbent running . Consuelo Anderson ( Republican ) Ronald Curtis ( Republican ) Charles Haverty ( Nonpartisan ) Robert Helsham ( Republican ) Mazie Hirono ( Democratic ) Michael Hodgkiss ( Republican ) Arturo Reyes ( Nonpartisan ) Thomas White ( Republican ) Indiana Joe Donnelly Democratic 2012 Incumbent renominated . Lucy Brenton ( Libertarian ) Mike Braun ( Republican ) Joe Donnelly ( Democratic ) Maine Angus King Independent 2012 Incumbent renominated . Eric Brakey ( Republican ) Angus King ( Independent ) Zak Ringelstein ( Democratic ) Maryland Ben Cardin Democratic 2006 2012 Incumbent running . Tony Campbell ( Republican ) Ben Cardin ( Democratic ) Chris Chaffee ( Republican ) Evan Cronhardt ( Republican ) Nnabu Eze ( Republican ) John Graziani ( Republican ) Christina Grigorian ( Republican ) Albert Howard ( Republican ) Erik Jetmir ( Democratic ) Bill Krehnbrink ( Republican ) Chelsea Manning ( Democratic ) Marcia Morgan ( Democratic ) Jerry Segal ( Democratic ) Neal Simon ( Independent ) Edward Shlikas ( Independent ) Gerald Smith ( Republican ) Blaine Taylor ( Republican ) Brian Charles Vaeth ( Republican ) Rikki Vaughn ( Democratic ) Arvin Vohra ( Libertarian ) Rica Wilson ( Democratic ) Lih Young ( Democratic ) Massachusetts Elizabeth Warren Democratic 2012 Incumbent running . Shiva Ayyadurai ( Independent ) Geoff Diehl ( Republican ) John Kingston ( Republican ) Beth Lindstrom ( Republican ) Elizabeth Warren ( Democratic ) Michigan Debbie Stabenow Democratic 2000 2006 2012 Incumbent running . John James ( Republican ) Sandy Pensler ( Republican ) Marcia Squier ( Independent ) Debbie Stabenow ( Democratic ) Minnesota Amy Klobuchar Democratic 2006 2012 Incumbent running . Merrill Anderson ( Republican ) Rae Hart Anderson ( Republican ) Steve Carlson ( Democratic ) Stephen Emery ( Democratic ) David Groves ( Democratic ) Amy Klobuchar ( Democratic ) Jim Newberger ( Republican ) Leonard Richards ( Democratic ) Mississippi Roger Wicker Republican 2007 ( Appointed ) 2008 ( Special ) 2012 Incumbent renominated . David Baria ( Democratic ) Danny Bedwell ( Libertarian ) Shawn O'Hara ( Reform ) Howard Sherman ( Democratic ) Roger Wicker ( Republican ) Missouri Claire McCaskill Democratic 2006 2012 Incumbent running . Jerome Bauer ( Green ) Japheth Campbell ( Libertarian ) Jo Crain ( Green ) Angelica Earl ( Democratic ) David Faust ( Democratic ) Travis Gonzalez ( Democratic ) Brian Hagg ( Republican ) Josh Hawley ( Republican ) John Hogan ( Democratic ) Bradley Krembs ( Republican ) Claire McCaskill ( Democratic ) Tony Monetti ( Republican ) Kristi Nichols ( Republican ) Ken Patterson ( Republican ) Austin Petersen ( Republican ) Peter Pfeifer ( Republican ) Fred Ryman ( Republican ) Christina Smith ( Republican ) Courtland Sykes ( Republican ) Leonard Steinman ( Democratic ) Carla Wright ( Democratic ) Montana Jon Tester Democratic 2006 2012 Incumbent renominated . Rick Breckenridge ( Libertarian ) Matthew Rosendale ( Republican ) Jon Tester ( Democratic ) Nebraska Deb Fischer Republican 2012 Incumbent renominated . Deb Fischer ( Republican ) Jane Raybould ( Democratic ) Jim Schultz ( Libertarian ) Nevada Dean Heller Republican 2011 ( Appointed ) 2012 Incumbent renominated . Kamau Bakari ( Independent American ) Tim Hagan ( Libertarian ) Dean Heller ( Republican ) Barry Michaels ( Independent ) Jacky Rosen ( Democratic ) New Jersey Bob Menendez Democratic 2006 ( Appointed ) 2006 2012 Incumbent renominated . Bob Hugin ( Republican ) Bob Menendez ( Democratic ) New Mexico Martin Heinrich Democratic 2012 Incumbent renominated . Aubrey Dunn Jr . ( Libertarian ) Martin Heinrich ( Democratic ) Mick Rich ( Republican ) New York Kirsten Gillibrand Democratic 2009 ( Appointed ) 2010 ( Special ) 2012 Incumbent running . Chele Chiavacci Farley ( Republican ) Kirsten Gillibrand ( Democratic ) Scott Noren ( Democratic ) North Dakota Heidi Heitkamp Democratic 2012 Incumbent renominated . Kevin Cramer ( Republican ) Heidi Heitkamp ( Democratic ) Ohio Sherrod Brown Democratic 2006 2012 Incumbent renominated . Sherrod Brown ( Democratic ) Philena Irene Farley ( Green , write - in ) Jim Renacci ( Republican ) Pennsylvania Bob Casey Jr . Democratic 2006 2012 Incumbent renominated . Lou Barletta ( Republican ) Bob Casey Jr . ( Democratic ) Rhode Island Sheldon Whitehouse Democratic 2006 2012 Incumbent running . Robert Flanders ( Republican ) Robert Nardolillo ( Republican ) Sheldon Whitehouse ( Democratic ) Tennessee Bob Corker Republican 2006 2012 Incumbent retiring . New senator to be elected . David Anderson ( Republican ) Trudy Austin ( Independent ) Phil Bredesen ( Democratic ) Marsha Blackburn ( Republican ) John Carico ( Independent ) Larry Crim ( Republican ) Gary Davis ( Democratic ) `` Mr. Jim '' Elkins ( Republican ) Tommy Hay ( Republican ) Terri Honeycutt ( Republican ) Dean Hill ( Independent ) J. Darrell Lynn ( Republican ) Kevin McCants ( Independent ) Aaron Pettigrew ( Republican ) Breton Philips ( Independent ) Kris Todd ( Independent ) Rolando Toyos ( Republican ) John Wolfe ( Democratic ) Texas Ted Cruz Republican 2012 Incumbent renominated . Carl Bible ( Independent ) Ted Cruz ( Republican ) Neal Dikeman ( Libertarian ) Bob McNeil ( Independent ) Beto O'Rourke ( Democratic ) Utah Orrin Hatch Republican 1976 1982 1988 1994 2000 2006 2012 Incumbent retiring . New senator to be elected . Tim Aalders ( Constitution ) Craig Bowden ( Libertarian ) Ryan Daniel Jackson ( Write - in ) Mike Kennedy ( Republican ) Abe Korb ( Write - in ) Reed McCandless ( Independent American ) Caleb Dan Reeve ( Write - in ) Mitt Romney ( Republican ) Jenny Wilson ( Democratic ) Vermont Bernie Sanders Independent 2006 2012 Incumbent running . Folasade Adeluola ( Democratic ) Brooke Paige ( Republican ) Jasdeep Pannu ( Republican ) Bernie Sanders ( Democratic ) Lawrence Zupan ( Republican ) Virginia Tim Kaine Democratic 2012 Incumbent renominated . Tim Kaine ( Democratic ) Corey Stewart ( Republican ) Matt Waters ( Libertarian ) Washington Maria Cantwell Democratic 2000 2006 2012 Incumbent running . Thor Amundson ( Independent ) Dave Bryant ( Republican ) Jon Butler ( Independent ) Maria Cantwell ( Democratic ) Brad Chase ( FDFR ) Art Coday ( Republican ) Jimmie Deal ( Green ) Rocky De La Fuente ( Republican ) Jennifer Ferguson ( Democratic ) Joey Gibson ( Republican ) Matt Hawkins ( Republican ) Matthew Heines ( Republican ) Steve Hoffman ( FreedomSocialist ) Susan Hutchison ( Republican ) Charlie Jackson ( Independent ) George Kalberer ( Democratic ) Mike Luke ( Libertarian ) John Orlinski ( Republican ) Tim Owen ( Republican ) Don Rivers ( Democratic ) Mohammad Said ( Democratic ) RC Smith ( Republican ) Glen Stockwell ( Republican ) Dave Strider ( Independent ) Keith Swank ( Republican ) Clint Tannehill ( Democratic ) Alex Tsimerman ( StandupAmerica ) Sam Wright ( The Human Rights ) West Virginia Joe Manchin Democratic 2010 ( Special ) 2012 Incumbent renominated . Joe Manchin ( Democratic ) Patrick Morrisey ( Republican ) Wisconsin Tammy Baldwin Democratic 2012 Incumbent renominated . Tammy Baldwin ( Democratic ) Charles Barman ( Republican ) George Lucia ( Republican ) Griffin Jones ( Republican ) Kevin Nicholson ( Republican ) Leah Vukmir ( Republican ) Wyoming John Barrasso Republican 2007 ( Appointed ) 2008 ( Special ) 2012 Incumbent running . John Barrasso ( Republican ) Dave Dodson ( Independent ) Charlie Hardy ( Republican ) John Holtz ( Republican ) Anthony Risseghem ( Republican ) Gary Trauner ( Democratic ) Arizona ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Arizona , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Arizona One - term Republican Jeff Flake was elected with 49 % of the vote in 2012 . He has declared he will retire at the end of his term . U.S. Representative Martha McSally , former state senator Kelli Ward , and former Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio , are running contest the Republican primary . U.S. Rep. Kyrsten Sinema and Deedra Abboud are running for the Democratic nomination . Eve Reyes Aguirre is running as a Green Party Candidate . California ( edit ) California election ← 2012 2024 → Nominee Dianne Feinstein Kevin de León Party Democratic Democratic Incumbent U.S. Senator Dianne Feinstein Democratic Main article : United States Senate election in California , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from California Four - term Democrat Dianne Feinstein won a special election in 1992 and was elected to full terms in 1994 , 2000 , 2006 , and 2012 . She is running for re-election and will advance to the general election after securing the top spot in the June 5 primary . President pro tempore of the California State Senate Kevin de León will advance to the general election after securing the second spot in the June 5 primary . Other Democratic candidates included community advocate Adrienne Nicole Edwards , Eugene Patterson Harris , David Hildebrand , Douglas Howard Pierce , and Alison Hartson . Republican candidates included Paul Allen Taylor . Derrick Michael Reid ran with the Libertarian Party . Independent candidates included biologist Tim Gildersleeve , Lee W. Olson , and evangelist Ling Ling Shi . Connecticut ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Connecticut , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Connecticut One - term Democrat Chris Murphy was elected with 55 % of the vote in 2012 . He is running for re-election . He is being challenged for the Democratic nomination by Ann - Marie Adams . Businessmen Matthew Corey and Dominic Rapini are seeking the Republican nomination . Delaware ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Delaware , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Delaware Three - term Democrat Tom Carper won re-election with 66 % of the vote in 2012 . He announced he was running for re-election during an interview on MSNBC on July 24 , 2017 . He will be challenged by Kerri Evelyn Harris for the Democratic nomination . Sussex County Councilman Robert Arlett and Businessman Gene Truono are running for the Republican nomination . Florida ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Florida , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Florida Three - term Democrat Bill Nelson was re-elected with 55 % of the vote in 2012 . He will seek re-election to a fourth term in office . Florida Governor Rick Scott has announced his candidacy for the Republican nomination . First elected in 2010 and re-elected in 2014 , Scott 's term as Governor of Florida is set to end by January 2019 , due to term limits . Lateresa Ann Jones , Howard Knepper , and Joe Smith , are also running for the Republican nomination . Edward Janowski is running as independents . Hawaii ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Hawaii , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Hawaii One - term Democrat Mazie Hirono was elected with 63 % of the vote in 2012 . She is running . Republican Thomas Edward White is running . Indiana ( edit ) Indiana election ← 2012 2024 → Nominee Joe Donnelly Mike Braun Party Democratic Republican Incumbent U.S. Senator Joe Donnelly Democratic Main article : United States Senate election in Indiana , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Indiana One - term Democrat Joe Donnelly was elected with 50.04 % of the vote in 2012 . He is running . He won the Democratic primary unopposed . State Representative Mike Braun won the May 8 Republican primary . Congressmen Luke Messer and Todd Rokita also ran for the Republican nomination . James Johnson is running as an independent . Maine ( edit ) Maine election ← 2012 2024 → Nominee Angus King Eric Brakey Zak Ringelstein Party Independent Republican Democratic Incumbent U.S. Senator Angus King Independent Main article : United States Senate election in Maine , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Maine One - term Independent Senator Angus King was elected in a three - way race with 53 % of the vote in 2012 . King has caucused with the Democratic Party since taking office in 2013 , but he has left open the possibility of caucusing with the Republican Party in the future . King is running . State Senator Eric Brakey ran unopposed for the Republican nomination . Public school teacher and founder of UClass Zak Ringelstein ran unopposed for the Democratic nomination . Maryland ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Maryland , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Maryland Two - term Democrat Ben Cardin was re-elected with 56 % of the vote in 2012 . He is running , He is being challenged in the Democratic primary by Chelsea Manning , Marcia Morgan , Jerry Segal , Richard `` Rikki '' Vaughn , Debbie `` Rica '' Wilson , and Lih Young . Tony Campbell , Evan Cronhardt , Nnabu Eze , Gerald Smith , and Blaine Taylor are seeking the Republican nomination . Arvin Vohra , vice chairman of the Libertarian National Committee , is seeking the Libertarian Party nomination . Independents Neal Simon and Edward Shlikas are running . Massachusetts ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Massachusetts , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Massachusetts One - term Democrat Elizabeth Warren was elected with 54 % of the vote in 2012 . She is running . State Representative Geoff Diehl , attorney and founder of Better for America , John Kingston , former Romney aide Beth Lindstrom , are running for the Republican nomination . Shiva Ayyadurai is running as an independent . Shiva started as in early 2017 as the first Republican in the race but went independent in November 2017 . Michigan ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Michigan , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Michigan Three - term Democrat Debbie Stabenow was re-elected with 59 % of the vote in 2012 . She is the only Democrat from the state of Michigan running for Senate . On the Republican side , businessman John James , and businessman Sandy Pensler are running . Independent candidate Marcia Squier is also running . Marcia Squier ran as a Green Party candidate for District 14 of the U.S. House of Representatives in 2016 . Minnesota ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Minnesota , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Minnesota and United States Senate special election in Minnesota , 2018 Two - term Democrat Amy Klobuchar was re-elected with 65 % of the vote in 2012 . She is running . State Representative Jim Newberger is running for the Republican nomination . Minnesota ( special ) ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate special election in Minnesota , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Minnesota and United States Senate election in Minnesota , 2018 Two - term Democrat Al Franken announced that he would resign in December 2017 , following allegations of sexual harassment . Mark Dayton , Governor of Minnesota , appointed Lt. Gov. Tina Smith on January 2 , 2018 , as an interim Senator until the November 2018 election . Democratic incumbent Tina Smith , Nick Leonard , Republican Karin Housley , and Republican Bob Anderson are running . Mississippi ( edit ) Mississippi election ← 2012 2024 → Nominee Roger Wicker TBD Party Republican Democratic Incumbent U.S. Senator Roger Wicker Republican Main article : United States Senate election in Mississippi , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Mississippi and United States Senate special election in Mississippi , 2018 One - term Republican Roger Wicker won re-election with 57 % of the vote in 2012 . He was appointed in 2007 and won a special election in 2008 to serve the remainder of Trent Lott 's term . He is running . David Baria and Howard Sherman are seeking the Democratic nomination . Neither won a majority in the June 5 primary and both will compete in a runoff on June 26 . Mississippi ( special ) ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate special election in Mississippi , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Mississippi and United States Senate election in Mississippi , 2018 Seven - term Republican Thad Cochran , who won re-election with 59.9 % of the vote in 2014 , announced that he would resign April 1 , 2018 due to health reasons . Phil Bryant , Governor of Mississippi , announced on March 21 , 2018 , that he would appoint Mississippi Agriculture Commissioner Cindy Hyde - Smith to fill the vacancy . She will be running in the special election . Former United States Secretary of Agriculture and member of the U.S. House of Representatives Mike Espy and Toby Bartee are running as Democratic candidates . Republican Chris McDaniel is also running . Missouri ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Missouri , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Missouri Two - term Democrat Claire McCaskill was re-elected with 55 % of the vote in 2012 . She is running . She is being challenged in the Democratic primary by Angelica Earl . Attorney General Josh Hawley , Libertarian presidential candidate in 2016 Austin Petersen , assistant dean of aviation at University of Central Missouri Tony Monetti , and Courtland Sykes , are running for the Republican nomination . Japeth Campbell has declared his candidacy for the Libertarian nomination . Montana ( edit ) Montana election ← 2012 2024 → Nominee Jon Tester Matt Rosendale Party Democratic Republican Incumbent U.S. Senator Jon Tester Democratic Main article : United States Senate election in Montana , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Montana Two - term Democrat Jon Tester was re-elected with 49 % of the vote in 2012 . He won the Democratic nomination in the June 5 primary with no opposition . State Auditor Matthew Rosendale won the Republican nomination in the June 5 primary . State Senator Albert Olszewski , former judge Russell Fagg , and Troy Downing also ran for the Republican nomination . Green Party candidate Steve Kelly is running . Nebraska ( edit ) Nebraska election ← 2012 2024 → Nominee Deb Fischer Jane Raybould Party Republican Democratic Incumbent U.S. Senator Deb Fischer Republican Main article : United States Senate election in Nebraska , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Nebraska One - term Republican Deb Fischer was elected with 58 % of the vote in 2012 . She ran for and won the Republican nomination in the May 15 primary . Other Republicans who ran include retired professor Jack Heidel , Todd Watson , and Dennis Frank Macek . Lincoln Councilwoman Jane Raybould ran for and won the Democratic nomination in the May 15 primary . Other Democrats who ran include Frank Svoboda , Chris Janicek , and Larry Marvin , who was a candidate in 2008 , 2012 , and 2014 . Jim Schultz is running for the Libertarian nomination . Nevada ( edit ) Nevada election ← 2012 2024 → Nominee Dean Heller Jacky Rosen Party Republican Democratic Incumbent U.S. Senator Dean Heller Republican Main article : United States Senate election in Nevada , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Nevada Incumbent Republican Dean Heller is the Republican nominee . He was appointed to the seat in 2011 and then reelected elected with 46 % of the vote in 2012 . Heller considered running for governor , but chose to seek re-election , Representative Jacky Rosen is the Democratic nominee . New Jersey ( edit ) New Jersey election ← 2012 2024 → Nominee Bob Menendez Bob Hugin Party Democratic Republican Incumbent U.S. Senator Bob Menendez Democratic Main article : United States Senate election in New Jersey , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from New Jersey Republican Bob Hugin was nominated to face two - term Democrat Bob Menendez , who was re-elected with 59 % of the vote in 2012 . Menendez was originally appointed to the seat in January 2006 . He is running . New Mexico ( edit ) New Mexico election ← 2012 2024 → Nominee Martin Heinrich Mick Rich Party Democratic Republican Incumbent U.S. Senator Martin Heinrich Democratic Main article : United States Senate election in New Mexico , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from New Mexico One - term Democrat Martin Heinrich was elected with 51 % of the vote in 2012 . He is running . Mick Rich won the Republican nomination unopposed . Aubrey Dunn Jr. , New Mexico Commissioner of Public Lands and otherwise the first Libertarian to ever hold statewide elected office in history , has announced his run for the seat . New York ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in New York , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from New York One - term Democrat Kirsten Gillibrand was elected with 72 % of the vote in 2012 . She had previously been appointed to the seat in 2009 and won a special election to remain in office in 2010 . She is running . Private equity executive Chele Chiavacci Farley has been nominated for U.S. Senate by the Republican and Conservative Parties . North Dakota ( edit ) North Dakota election ← 2012 2024 → Nominee Heidi Heitkamp Kevin Cramer Party Democratic Republican Incumbent U.S. Senator Heidi Heitkamp Democratic Main article : United States Senate election in North Dakota , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from North Dakota One - term Democrat Heidi Heitkamp was elected with 50 % of the vote in 2012 . She won the Democratic nomination unopposed . Congressman Kevin Cramer won the Republican nomination in the June 12 primary . Former Niagara , North Dakota Mayor Thomas O'Neill also ran for the Republican nomination . Ohio ( edit ) Ohio election ← 2012 2024 → Nominee Sherrod Brown Jim Renacci Party Democratic Republican Incumbent U.S. Senator Sherrod Brown Democratic Main article : United States Senate election in Ohio , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Ohio Two - term Democrat Sherrod Brown was re-elected with 51 % of the vote in 2012 . He is running and was unopposed in Democratic primary . U.S. Representative Jim Renacci ran for and won the Republican nomination in the May 8 primary . Other Republicans who ran include investment banker Michael Gibbons , businesswoman Melissa Ackison , Dan Kiley , and Don Elijah Eckhart . Pennsylvania ( edit ) Pennsylvania election ← 2012 2024 → Nominee Bob Casey Jr . Lou Barletta Party Democratic Republican Incumbent U.S. Senator Bob Casey Jr . Democratic Main article : United States Senate election in Pennsylvania , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Pennsylvania Two - term Democrat Bob Casey Jr. was re-elected with 54 % of the vote in 2012 . He is running and won the Democratic primary unopposed . U.S. Representative Lou Barletta ran for and won the Republican nomination in the May 15 primary . Jim Christiana also ran for the Republican nomination . Rhode Island ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Rhode Island , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Rhode Island Two - term Democrat Sheldon Whitehouse was re-elected with 64 % of the vote in 2012 . He is running . State Representative Robert Nardolillo and former Rhode Island Supreme Court Associate Justice Robert Flanders are running for the Republican nomination . Tennessee ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Tennessee , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Tennessee Two - term Republican Bob Corker was re-elected with 65 % of the vote in 2012 . Senator Corker filed his Statement of Candidacy with the Secretary of the U.S. Senate to run for re-election , but on September 26 , 2017 , Senator Corker announced his intent to retire . Aaron Pettigrew and Republican U.S. Representative Marsha Blackburn are running for the Republican nomination . Former Tennessee Governor Phil Bredesen is seeking the Democratic nomination . Texas ( edit ) Texas election ← 2012 2024 → Nominee Ted Cruz Beto O'Rourke Party Republican Democratic Incumbent U.S. Senator Ted Cruz Republican Main article : United States Senate election in Texas , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Texas One - term Republican Ted Cruz was elected with 57 % of the vote in 2012 . He overwhelmingly won the Republican primary on March 6 , 2018 . Television producer Bruce Jacobson , Houston energy attorney Stefano de Stefano , former mayor of La Marque Geraldine Sam , Mary Miller , and Thomas Dillingham were Cruz 's opponents . U.S. Representative Beto O'Rourke won the Democratic nomination on March 6 , 2018 . Other Democrats who ran include Irasema Ramirez Hernandez and Edward Kimbrough . Nurse Carl Bible ran as an independent . Bob McNeil ran with the American Citizen Party . Utah ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Utah , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Utah Seven - term Republican Orrin Hatch was re-elected with 65 % of the vote in 2012 . Hatch is the President pro tempore of the United States Senate , as well as the second most - senior Senator . Before the 2012 election , Hatch said that he would retire at the end of his seventh term if he was re-elected . Hatch initially announced his re-election campaign on March 9 , 2017 , but later announced his plans to retire on January 2 , 2018 . 2012 Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney is running for the seat . Attorney Larry Meyers is also running for the Republican nomination . Professor James Singer was running for the Democratic nomination , but he dropped out and endorsed Salt Lake County Councilwoman Jenny Wilson , who made her Senate bid official on July 17 , 2017 . Danny Drew also was running but dropped out and endorsed Jenny Wilson . Mitchell Kent Vice was defeated for the Democratic nomination by Wilson . Vermont ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Vermont , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Vermont Two - term Independent Senator Bernie Sanders was re-elected with 71 % of the vote in 2012 . Sanders , one of two independent members of Congress , has caucused with the Democratic Party since taking office in 2007 . In November 2015 , Sanders announced his plans to run as a Democrat , rather than an Independent , in all future elections . He is running . Folasade Adeluola is running for the Democratic nomination . Virginia ( edit ) Virginia election ← 2012 2024 → Nominee Tim Kaine Corey Stewart Party Democratic Republican Incumbent U.S. Senator Tim Kaine Democratic Main article : United States Senate election in Virginia , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Virginia One - term Democrat Tim Kaine was elected with 53 % of the vote in 2012 . He was re-nominated unopposed . Prince William County Supervisor Corey Stewart is the Republican nominee . Matt Waters is the Libertarian nominee . Washington ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Washington , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Washington Three - term Democrat Maria Cantwell was re-elected with 61 % of the vote in 2012 . She is running . Former state Republican Party chair Susan Hutchison is running . Jennifer Gigi Ferguson andDave Strider are running as independents . Mike Luke is running with the Libertarian Party . West Virginia ( edit ) West Virginia election ← 2012 2024 → Nominee Joe Manchin Patrick Morrisey Party Democratic Republican Incumbent U.S. Senator Joe Manchin Democratic Main article : United States Senate election in West Virginia , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from West Virginia One - term Democrat Joe Manchin was elected with 61 % of the vote in 2012 . He originally won the seat in a 2010 special election . Manchin is running for re-election and won the May 8 Democratic primary . Environmental activist Paula Jean Swearengin , also ran for the Democratic nomination . West Virginia Attorney General Patrick Morrisey received the Republican nomination in the May 8 primary . Representative Evan Jenkins , coal miner Bo Copley , Jack Newbrough , Don Blankenship , and Tom Willis ran for the Republican nomination . Wisconsin ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Wisconsin , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Wisconsin One - term Democrat Tammy Baldwin was elected with 51 % of the vote in 2012 . She is running . State Senator Leah Vukmir and businessman and member of Wisconsin Board of Veterans Affairs Kevin Nicholson are running for the Republican nomination . Wyoming ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Wyoming , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Wyoming One - term Republican John Barrasso was elected with 76 % of the vote in 2012 . Barrasso was appointed to the seat in 2007 and won a special election in 2008 . He is running . 58 year old Gary Trauner , a Jackson Hole businessman and US House candidate in 2006 and 2008 , is running for the Democratic nomination . See also ( edit ) United States gubernatorial elections , 2018 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Including the United States Senate special election in Mississippi , 2018 Jump up ^ Including the United States Senate special election in Minnesota , 2018 Jump up ^ Mississippi will hold runoff for special election on November 27 , 2018 , in which no one candidate wins a majority of the vote in the November 6 , 2018 jungle primary . Jump up ^ American Citizen Party does not have ballot access in Texas . Bob McNeil appears on ballot as `` Independent . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Michael Wines ( October 14 , 2017 ) . `` Wary of Hackers , States Move to Upgrade Voting Systems '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dick , Jason ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Senate Democrats , 2018 Math Is Not Your Friend '' . Roll Call . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Livingston , Abby ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` Rep. Beto O'Rourke `` very likely '' to run for Sen. Ted Cruz 's seat in 2018 `` . The Texas Tribune . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pramuk , Jacob ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` Republican Sen. Bob Corker of Tennessee will not seek re-election , long - shot opportunity for Democrats '' . CNBC . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kondik , Kyle ( July 25 , 2013 ) . `` Senate 2014 and Beyond '' . Sabato 's Crystal Ball . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fram , Alan ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` Several Democrats facing 2018 re-election are from states Trump carried '' . PBS NewsHour . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bobic , Igor ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` Independent Angus King Will Continue To Caucus With Senate Democrats '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gaudiano , Nicole ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` Bernie Sanders to caucus with GOP ? Fat chance , he says '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 State PVI Changes -- Decision Desk HQ '' . decisiondeskhq.com . December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Senate Race Ratings '' . Cook Political Report . January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Senate Ratings '' . Inside Elections . January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 - 2018 Crystal Ball Senate race ratings map '' . University of Virginia Center for Politics . May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Election Calendar and Results '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CNN Key Races : Democrats ' tough Senate map '' . CNN . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Battle for the Senate 2018 '' . RCP . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fox News Midterms 2018 America 's Election HQ '' . Fox News . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Kos Elections releases initial Senate race ratings for 2018 '' . Daily Kos . June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Kos Elections 2018 Primary Calendar '' . Daily Kos Elections . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 Primary and Runoff Elections for Statewide offices and Congress Chronologically with Filing Deadlines '' . The Green Papers . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Poll Closing Times for Statewide office and Congress General Election Chronologically '' . The Green Papers . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Candidate Filings - 2018 State General Election '' . Minnesota Secretary of State . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 Mississippi Candidate Qualifying List '' ( PDF ) . Mississippi Secretary of State . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 Primary Election '' . Arizona Secretary of State . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` California Candidate List '' ( PDF ) . California Secretary of State . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bass , Paul ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` Murphy Navigates A Changed World '' . New Haven Independent . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ADAMS , ANN MARIE DR - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : Altimari , Danielle ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Corey Planning U.S. Senate Run Against Murphy '' . Hartford Courant . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McGuiness , Dylan ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Branford Republican Announces Campaign for U.S. Senate '' . Hartford Courant . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kailani Koenig on Twitter '' . July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` United States Senate election in Delaware , 2018 '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ Mueller , Sarah . `` Kerri Harris challenges Carper in September primary '' . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Candidate Listing for 2018 General Election '' . Florida Department of State . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Candidates Filing Report '' . Hawaii Office of Election . Retrieved June 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indiana Secretary of State Official Candidates '' ( PDF ) . Indiana Secretary of State . February 10 , 2018 . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Maine Candidates Lists '' . Leuitenant Governor Election . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Maine General Election Candidates List '' . Maine Secretary os State . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Elections , Maryland State Board of . `` 2018 Candidate Listing '' . elections.state.md.us . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Independent to launch bid for Senate in Maryland '' . POLITICO . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shlikas will fix it ! '' . Shlikas for Senate . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dr. Shiva Ayyadurai on Twitter : `` Today Shiva 4 Senate dumped the MA GOP Establishment and Declared Our Independence '' . Twitter . November 11 , 2017 . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 State Primary - Republican Candidates for Nomination '' . Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts . Retrieved June 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 State Primary - Democratic Candidates for Nomination '' . Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts . Retrieved June 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 Michigan Candidate Listing '' . Michigan Secretary of State . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's running for Congress in Michigan ? Here 's what we know '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Ruth ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` State of Michigan Political Party Status '' ( PDF ) . 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who sang the original version of walking in memphis	`` Walking in Memphis '' is a song composed and originally recorded by the American singer - songwriter Marc Cohn , for whom it remains his signature song . Cohn said the song is `` 100 percent autobiographical '' . He described it as a song about `` a Jewish gospel - music - lover '' , and as `` a pretty literal transcription of a visit I made ... in 1986 . I went to Graceland , I heard Al Green preach the gospel , I saw W.C. Handy 's statue . But the song is about more than just a place , it 's about a kind of spiritual awakening , one of those trips where you 're different when you leave . '' It reflects on Cohn 's experience as a Jew who feels the Gospel spirit of Memphis .	Marc Cohn	Walking in Memphis	walking in memphis	`` Walking in Memphis '' is a song composed and originally recorded by the American singer - songwriter Marc Cohn , for whom it remains his signature song . Cohn said the song is `` 100 percent autobiographical '' . He described it as a song about `` a Jewish gospel - music - lover '' , and as `` a pretty literal transcription of a visit I made ... in 1986 . I went to Graceland , I heard Al Green preach the gospel , I saw W.C. Handy 's statue . But the song is about more than just a place , it 's about a kind of spiritual awakening , one of those trips where you 're different when you leave . '' It reflects on Cohn 's experience as a Jew who feels the Gospel spirit of Memphis .	The last verse refers to Cohn 's inspirational encounter with singer Muriel Wilkins , with whom he performed `` Amazing Grace '' . This all culminates in the iconic lyric , `` ' Tell me are you a Christian , child ? ' and I said , ' Ma'am , I am tonight ! ' '' Cohn finds it funny that many listeners infer from the lyric that he is a Christian or born again . `` But to me , '' Cohn said , `` that line could have only been written by a Jew . It 's such a Jewish line , and I love that . '' Cohn reached number 13 in 1991 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . It is the only Top 40 hit for Cohn . `` Walking in Memphis '' has since been remade several times , notably in 1995 by Cher ( number 11 UK ) and in 2003 by Lonestar ( number 8 C&W / number 61 Hot 100 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Marc Cohn version 1.1 Inspiration 1.2 Composition 1.3 Recording 1.4 Impact 1.5 Critical reception 1.6 Track listings and formats 1.7 Charts 1.7. 1 Weekly charts 1.7. 2 Year - end charts 2 Cher version 2.1 Background 2.2 Critical reception 2.3 Live performances 2.4 Track listings and formats 2.5 Charts 2.5. 1 Weekly charts 2.6 Year - end charts 3 Lonestar version 3.1 Background 3.2 Music video 3.3 Charts 4 Other versions 5 Songs based on `` Walking in Memphis '' 5.1 Shut Up and Dance version ( `` Raving I 'm Raving '' ) 5.2 Scooter version ( `` I 'm Raving '' ) 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Marc Cohn version ( edit ) Inspiration ( edit ) Marc Cohn was inspired to write `` Walking in Memphis '' by a 1985 visit to the Memphis , Tennessee area : he was then based in New York City working as a session singer while pursuing a recording contract - `` ( quote ) One night while listening to all of my demos , I came to the realization that I should n't be signed , because I did n't have any great songs yet . My voice was good and the demos were interesting , but the songs were only just okay . I was 28 years old and not in love with my songs . James Taylor had written ' Fire and Rain ' when he was 18 , and Jackson Browne wrote ' These Days ' when he was only 17 . I thought : ' I 'm already ten years older than these geniuses . It 's never going to happen for me . ' So it was a pretty desperate time , and I went to Memphis with that struggle at the forefront of my mind . '' Cohn made his first excursion to Memphis after reading an interview with James Taylor in which Taylor stated he overcame writer 's block by `` go ( ing ) somewhere I 've never been , hoping to find some idea I would n't get just by sitting at home '' : Cohn emulated Taylor , choosing Memphis as his destination - `` I always knew it was a place I had to visit because so much of my favorite music came from there . From Al Green , Ann Peebles , and everything on Hi Records , to Elvis Presley , Isaac Hayes , David Porter , and the Stax catalog , an almost endless stream of brilliance and soul came out of Memphis . I was aware early on that ... there was something going on in Memphis that was utterly inexplicable . It was part of what made me want to be a musician in the first place . '' Cohn recalls that on arrival in Memphis : `` I did all the ( expected ) touristy things ... I went to Graceland , and I saw Elvis Presley 's tomb and his airplanes '' - ( Cohn would express misgivings after , eventually referencing Presley in the lyrics of `` Walking in Memphis '' : `` To me , the song is so minimally about him , but I worry that it gets cast off as another Elvis tribute . It 's a testament to the power of his name , even if you just mention it in one verse , the song becomes about him because people focus on it . '' ) - `` But a friend told me there were two things in particular that I had to do , things that would forever change me . They would later become the centerpieces of ' Walking in Memphis ' . The first thing was go to the Full Gospel Tabernacle Church on a Sunday morning to hear the Reverend Al Green preach ... I ( soon ) had chills running up and down my spine . The service was so deeply moving that I found myself with sweat running down my face and tears in my eyes , totally enveloped by everything I was seeing and hearing . There was something incredibly powerful about Al Green 's voice in that context . Even after three hours of continuous singing , his voice only got stronger and his band only got better . I sat there crying in the church , aware of the irony of how I used to cry in Synagogue in Cleveland as a kid -- but because I wanted to get the heck out of there ! Al Green 's service was one of the great experiences of my life . '' The second advisement of his friend was that Cohn visit the Hollywood Café in Robinsonville , Mississippi , 35 miles south of Memphis , to see Muriel Davis Wilkins , a retired school teacher who performed at the cafe on Friday nights : `` When I arrived , Muriel , who ... was in her 60s , was onstage playing a beat - up old upright piano and singing gospel standards ... I felt an immediate connection to her voice , her spirit , her face , and her smile . I was totally transfixed by her music . While many of the patrons were busy eating and not paying close attention to Muriel , I could n't take my eyes off her . During her breaks , the two of us would talk . Muriel asked me why I was there , and I told her I was a songwriter trying to find inspiration . I also told her a little bit about my childhood -- how when I was two and a half years old , my mom had passed away very unexpectedly , and about ten years later , my dad had passed away and I 'd been raised by a stepmother . My mother 's death was a central event in my life , and I 'd been writing a lot about it over the years , both in songs and in journals . I think a part of me felt stuck in time , like I 'd never quite been able to work through that loss ... By midnight , the Hollywood was still packed , and Muriel asked me to join her onstage . We soon realized that there was n't a song in the universe that both of us knew in common . A quick thinker , Muriel started feeding me lyrics to gospel songs so that I could catch up in time to sing somewhat in rhythm with her and make up my own version of the melody . Some songs I was vaguely familiar with , and some I did n't know at all . The very last song we sang together that night was ' Amazing Grace ' . After we finished and people were applauding , Muriel leaned over and whispered in my ear : ' Child , you can let go now . ' It was an incredibly maternal thing for her to say to me . Just like sitting in Revered Al Green 's church , I was again transformed . It was almost as if my mother was whispering in my ear . From the time I left Memphis and went back home to New York City , I knew I had a song in me about my experience there . '' Composition ( edit ) Soon after returning to New York City , Cohn began constructing the melody for his Memphis song on his guitar : `` I started playing an arpeggiated figure that I liked , but it did n't take long for me to realize that I could n't play it very well on guitar . So I went to the piano , where that kind of rolling rhythm was easier for me to play . Then I added that first line to the piano riff and I was off to the races . The music for ' Walking in Memphis ' , except for the bridge , is really just the same thing over and over again . It 's an attempt to keep things simple so that the narrative is what the listener focuses on . The story keeps changing ; it goes from one scenario to another , all following the thread of my elation , described in the lyric ' Walking with my feet ten feet off of Beale ' . What 's being expressed is my love of music and the spiritual transformation I 've always felt through it . The line : ' Tell me are you a Christian child , and I said ' Ma'am I am tonight ' - even in the moment I wrote it down , I knew I was getting closer to finding my songwriting voice . To this day , people still ask me if I am a Christian . While I have to admit that I enjoy the confusion the lyric brings , the thing that makes that line work is the fact that I 'm a Jew . So many great artists over the years needed to hide the fact that they were Jewish to protect themselves and their families from anti-Semitism , so I 'm proud of the fact that I could come right out and practically announce my religion on the first song I ever released . '' Cohn wrote numerous drafts before he had a set of lyrics which satisfied him : `` When I finished the song , I felt like I had completed a jigsaw puzzle . I was n't sure if it was a hit , because I was still years away from being signed to Atlantic Records . Six months later ( in 1986 ) , after I wrote many of the songs that would later comprise my album ' Marc Cohn ' , I went back to the Hollywood Café to play them all for Muriel . After I finished , Muriel said to me : ' You know the one where you mention me at the end ? That 's the best one you got ! ' '' ( Muriel Davis Wilkins , born December 6 , 1923 , would die October 1 , 1990 , five months before the release of `` Walking in Memphis '' . ) Recording ( edit ) Cohn recorded the demo for `` Walking in Memphis '' accompanying himself on the piano at a 1986 New York City studio session : it was on the strength of this demo that Cohn was signed to Atlantic Records in 1988 . The tracks for Cohn 's debut album were recorded at Quad Recording Studios ( NYC ) with Cohn and Ben Wisch co-producing . The recording of a finished version of `` Walking in Memphis '' proved problematic : Cohn recalls : `` After many different versions ... with just as many different musicians I ( suggested ) to Peter Koepke '' - the A&R exec who 'd signed Cohn to Atlantic - `` ' Maybe this just needs to be a piano / vocal track . Or maybe it should n't be on the record at all . ' ( Koepke ) replied : ' If it 's not on the record , I 'm not sure we 're going to make a record ! So you better go figure this out , because we think this just may get on the radio . ' '' Ben Wisch would recall : `` We probably recorded ( ' Walking in Memphis ' ) five different times in different configurations ... Eventually , we settled on a band that featured John Leventhal on bass , Denny McDermott on drums , and Chris Palmaro on Hammond organ . Everything was based around Marc 's singing and piano playing '' - Cohn played a Steinway grand piano which happened to be at the studio - `` The piano sound is very in - your - face , not unlike Bruce Hornsby 's sound of a few years prior . '' Impact ( edit ) Released as the first single from Cohn 's self - titled debut album in March 1991 , `` Walking in Memphis '' debuted at # 87 on the Hot 100 in Billboard magazine dated March 30 , 1990 with a subsequent two - month gradual chart ascent to the Top 40 , the single 's # 38 ranking on the Hot 100 dated May 25 , 1991 inaugurating a ten - week Top 40 tenure with a peak of # 13 for two weeks , the first week of which was dated 6 July 1991 - one day after Cohn 's birthday : overall `` Walking in Memphis '' spent 23 weeks in the Hot 100 . `` Walking in Memphis '' was also a hit on Billboard 's Adult Contemporary chart ( # 12 ) and crossed - over to the magazine 's C&W chart ( # 74 ) . In its original April 29 , 1991 , release in the British Isles , `` Walking in Memphis '' reached # 7 in Ireland - its evident best - ever showing on a national Pop chart - while stalling at # 66 UK : its September 1991 re-release returned `` Walking in Memphis '' to the Irish Top Twenty at # 16 and introduced the single to the UK Top 30 with a peak of # 22 ( despite a disproportionately brief four - week tenure in the UK Top 100 singles chart ) . ( The re-release of `` Walking in Memphis '' replaced the original B - side : `` Dig Down Deep , '' with a live version of `` Silver Thunderbird '' recorded July 17 , 1991 . ) `` Walking in Memphis '' was also a Top 20 hit in both Australia and New Zealand , with respective chart peaks of # 11 and # 18 : in Europe , the single charted in Germany for 19 weeks with a # 25 chart peak , with minor hit status achieved in France ( # 45 ) , the Netherlands ( # 54 ) , and Sweden ( # 36 ) . Critical reception ( edit ) In the liner notes he wrote for the 2015 release The Very Best of Marc Cohn veteran music journalist Dave Marsh opines of `` Walking in Memphis '' : `` Its perfectly written narrative takes into account the whole history of American music , from where it begins in storefront church gospel and W.C. Handy 's blues to where it shoots out into Elvis and Al Green and , at the climactic moment , Marc Cohn himself . '' Mary Chang of `` Music in Notes '' said of the song , `` ' Walking in Memphis ' by Cleveland - born singer / songwriter Marc Cohn shows how piano can be used in a pop song as an emphatic declaration of feeling ... I 'm not a religious person by any means , but there is something so stirring so powerful in the words ' She said `` Tell me are you a Christian , child ? and I said `` Ma'am , I am tonight ! '' ' , you want to get up out of your chair and shout . '' Michael Waterman said of Cohn and his `` one - hit wonder song '' on TopOneHitWonders.com , `` We still like ' Walking in Memphis ' for its well - placed references to Elvis and Al Green . For that alone we give it bonus points on the one - hit - ometer . '' At the 34th Grammy Awards , presented in February 1992 , `` Walking in Memphis '' was nominated for Song of the Year , and Cohn was nominated for Best Pop Male Vocalist . Neither award was won , although Cohn did win Best New Artist . Track listings and formats ( edit ) 7 '' single `` Walking in Memphis '' -- 4 : 18 `` Dig Down Deep '' -- 5 : 08 7 '' single `` Walking in Memphis '' -- 4 : 18 `` Silver Thunderbird '' ( live ) -- 5 : 26 CD maxi `` Walking in Memphis '' -- 4 : 18 `` Dig Down Deep '' -- 5 : 08 `` Saving the Best for Last '' -- 5 : 31 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1991 -- 1992 ) Peak position Australian ARIA Singles Chart 11 Dutch Mega Top 100 56 French SNEP Singles Chart 45 German Singles Chart 25 Irish Singles Chart 7 New Zealand Top 40 Singles Chart 18 UK Singles Chart 22 US Billboard Hot 100 13 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 12 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 74 US Mainstream Rock Tracks ( Billboard ) 7 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1991 ) Position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 35 Cher version ( edit ) `` Walking in Memphis '' Single by Cher from the album It 's a Man 's World Released October 13 , 1995 Recorded 1995 Genre Pop rock Length 3 : 59 Label WEA Songwriter ( s ) Marc Cohn Producer ( s ) Christopher Neil Cher singles chronology `` Love Can Build a Bridge '' ( 1995 ) `` Walking in Memphis '' ( 1995 ) `` One by One '' ( 1996 ) `` Love Can Build a Bridge '' ( 1995 ) `` Walking in Memphis '' ( 1995 ) `` One by One '' ( 1996 ) Audio sample file help Background ( edit ) `` Walking in Memphis '' was remade by Cher for her twenty - second studio album It 's a Man 's World from which it was released as the lead single in Europe and the UK on October 16 , 1995 . The b&w music video prepared to promote the track intercut footage of Cher singing - seated in the doorway of a motor coach - with footage of an Elvis Presley - like figure - played by Cher - mostly seen walking down the streets of Memphis . The lyrics as sung by Cher reverse the gender of Muriel the pianist , the pianist being renamed Gabriel . Cher - wearing a blonde wig and dark outfit as on the single 's picture sleeve - premiered `` Walking in Memphis '' on the TOTP broadcast of October 19 , 1995 : her version then debuted at # 11 on the UK Singles chart for the week ending October 28 , 1995 , and after being reprised on the TOTP broadcast of October 26 , 1995 - on which Cher sang `` Walking in Memphis '' groomed as Elvis Presley - her single essentially maintained its UK chart popularity with a # 12 ranking dated November 4 , 1995 . Cher 's `` Walking in Memphis '' subsequently made a rapid UK chart descent dropping out of the Top 100 after a # 68 ranking dated 9 December 1995 to return to the UK Top 100 charts dated December 20 , 1995 ( # 97 ) and January 6 , 1996 ( # 100 ) , the single evidently boosted by Cher 's performance of the song on ITV 's The Caballe Family Christmas special broadcast Christmas Eve 1995 . It would be Cher 's follow - up single to `` Walking in Memphis '' : `` One by One '' , which would provide the singer with her most significant UK hit off It 's a Man 's World , as `` One by One '' spent two weeks at # 7 in January 1996 with a four - week Top Ten tenure . Although never issued as a single in North America , `` Walking in Memphis '' did afford Cher a minor Canadian hit in the autumn of 1996 , the album cut receiving enough radio airplay to reach # 60 on the 100 Hit Tracks chart in RPM magazine . Despite being a comparative failure for Cher , `` Walking in Memphis '' would be included in the set list for the singer 's 1999 - 2000 Do You Believe ? Tour , the first Cher tour subsequent to her recording of the song : in introducing the number Cher would wryly overstate how low was the impact of her take on `` Walking in Memphis '' , first citing Marc Cohn 's original as `` a huge hit '' , then her own version as `` a huge bomb ... not exactly in the infomercial category , but very close to it '' ( referencing her early - 1990s stint as spokeswoman for several infomercials which Cher would tell EW in 1995 she 'd realized was `` just devastating to my career '' . ) `` Walking in Memphis '' has since remained a staple of Cher 's live shows . The episode of the paranormal Fox - TV series The X-Files entitled `` The Post-Modern Prometheus '' - broadcast November 30 , 1997 - concluded with a portrayal of Cher performing `` Walking in Memphis '' : the scene was written in expectation of Cher herself making a cameo , Cher having expressed an interest in guesting on the series , but on learning the nature of the proffered role she declined it - `` ( quote ) I wanted them to ask me to come on and act - then they just wanted me to come on and sing '' - instead authorizing her recording of `` Walking in Memphis '' to be heard while celebrity impersonator Tracey Bell - groomed as Cher and filmed in longshot or from the back or overheard - ostensibly performed the song onstage . ( Cher would express regret for not appearing in the episode herself : `` Had I ( foreseen ) the quality of ( it ) I would have done it in a heartbeat . '' ) Critical reception ( edit ) AllMusic called this cover rousing . Jim Farber stated that it `` must be heard to be believed . '' Live performances ( edit ) Cher performed the song on the following concert tours : Do You Believe ? Tour The Farewell Tour ( sung on the fifth , sixth , seventh , eighth and the ninth leg of the tour ) Cher at the Colosseum Dressed to Kill Tour Classic Cher tour Track listings and formats ( edit ) These are the formats and track listings of all single releases of `` Walking in Memphis '' . UK CD maxi - single Pt 1 ( WEA 021 CD1 ) `` Walking in Memphis '' `` Angels Running '' `` Walking in Memphis '' ( Shut Up & Dance Instrumental ) UK CD maxi - single Pt 2 ( WEA 021 CD2 ) `` Walking In Memphis '' ( Shut Up & Dance Vocal ) `` Walking In Memphis '' ( Shut Up & Dance Instrumental ) `` Walking In Memphis '' ( Rated P.G. Mix ) `` Walking In Memphis '' ( Baby Doc Mix ) UK 2 x 12 '' vinyl ( 0630 - 13100 - 0 ) Same track list as the UK CD Maxi - Single Pt 2 . UK 12 '' vinyl ( WEA032T ) A1 . `` One By One '' ( Junior 's Club Vocal ) B1 . `` Walking In Memphis '' ( Shut Up And Dance Vocal Mix ) B2 . `` Walking In Memphis '' ( Baby Doc Mix ) US 12 '' vinyl promo ( PRO-A - 8428 ) A1 . `` One By One '' ( Junior 's Pride Mix ) A2 . `` One By One '' ( Bonus Beats ) A3 . `` One By One '' ( Piano Dub ) B1 . `` Walking In Memphis '' ( Shut Up And Dance Mix ) B2 . `` Walking In Memphis '' ( Rated PG Mix ) Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 -- 96 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 65 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 17 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 60 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 49 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 44 Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) 36 European Adult Contemporary Top 25 9 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 63 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 7 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 13 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 11 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 ) Position Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 96 Lonestar version ( edit ) `` Walking in Memphis '' Single by Lonestar from the album From There to Here : Greatest Hits Released August 11 , 2003 Recorded 2003 Genre Country Length 3 : 50 Label BNA Songwriter ( s ) Marc Cohn Producer ( s ) Dann Huff Lonestar singles chronology `` My Front Porch Looking In '' ( 2003 ) `` Walking in Memphis '' ( 2003 ) `` Let 's Be Us Again '' ( 2004 ) `` My Front Porch Looking In '' ( 2003 ) `` Walking in Memphis '' ( 2003 ) `` Let 's Be Us Again '' ( 2004 ) Background ( edit ) American country music band Lonestar reached # 8 on the Hot Country Songs chart and # 61 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 2003 with a remake of `` Walking in Memphis '' released as a single off the Lonestar album From There to Here : Greatest Hits . This version was featured on Smallville Season 3 , Episode 5 `` Perry '' when Perry White returns to Metropolis . Lonestar 's lead vocalist , Richie McDonald , would recall that during the two years of the band 's inaugural phase as a bar band , `` Walking in Memphis '' was a staple of their set list from the beginning : `` After we got our record deal , we stopped doing ( any ) cover songs but ... a few years later , ( we were ) in Memphis , Tennessee getting ready to do a benefit for St. Jude 's down on Beale Street '' - i.e. St. Jude Children 's Research Hospital - `` ( and ) we thought this would be a good time to do ' Walking in Memphis , ' because we were right there on Beale ... One of the label guys was there ( and ) said , `` Y'all should record that . '' We started doing it in our live shows and it just became something we wanted to put out . '' Music video ( edit ) The music video was directed by Milton Lage and premiered in late 2003 . Charts ( edit ) `` Walking in Memphis '' debuted at number fifty - nine on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of August 16 , 2003 . Chart ( 2003 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 8 US Billboard Hot 100 61 Other versions ( edit ) In the summer of 2005 Wouter ( nl ) , the runner - up in Idool 2004 , spent eleven weeks in the Top 20 of the Flemish chart with his version of `` Walking in Memphis '' , the track spending three weeks at # 3 : the track was included on Rock On , Wouter 's only album release to - date . `` Walking in Memphis '' became a # 5 hit in Sweden in December 2009 via a remake by Calle Kristiansson the runner - up finalist in Idol 2009 : Kristiansson had performed the song in the `` Jury 's Choice '' episode broadcast December 4 , 2009 , being the penultimate episode of Idol 2009 . Kristiansson 's version of `` Walking in Memphis '' was included on his self - titled album issued in January 2010 . A concert performance of `` Walking in Memphis '' by Eric Church - recorded February 18 , 2017 at the Memphis - area stop of Church 's Holdin ' My Own tour hosted by the Landers Center in Southaven MS - was on September 22 , 2017 included in the second batch of Holdin ' My Own tour performances made available online and subsequently featured in the first installment of the 15 - LP ( vinyl ) box set of Church recordings entitled 61 Days in Church , Church 's concert performance of `` Walking in Memphis '' coupling the song with the 1969 Bobby Bare hit `` How I Got to Memphis '' as `` Memphis Medley '' . The song has also been recorded by Paul Anka ( album Classics - My Way / 2007 ) , Michael Ball ( album This Time ... It 's Personal / 2000 ) , Joyce Cobb ( album Beale Street Saturday Night / 2003 ) , Skott Freedman ( album Some Company / 2003 ) , Stefan Gwildis ( de ) ( as `` Gestern war gestern '' - album Wünscht du wärst hier / 2009 ) , Tony Hadley ( album Obsession / 2000 ) , Bert Heerink ( nl ) ( as `` Zeven dagen in Memphis '' - album Net op tijd / 2000 ) , Michael Jones ( as `` Marcher dans Memphis '' - album Prises et reprises / 2004 ) , Barb Jungr ( album Walking in the Sun / 2006 ) , and the John Tesh Project ( instrumental - album Discovery / 1996 ) . Songs based on `` Walking in Memphis '' ( edit ) Shut up and dance version ( `` Raving I 'm Raving '' ) ( edit ) English electronic band Shut Up and Dance released `` Raving I 'm Raving '' on May 18 , 1992 , based significantly on `` Walking in Memphis '' . Several lyrics were altered including the line `` I 'm walking in Memphis '' becoming `` I 'm raving I 'm raving '' . The single reached # 2 on the UK Singles Chart in May 1992 , but ran into difficulties as they had not obtained clearance . As a result , the track was banned , causing it to fall to # 15 the next week then leave the charts completely . Proceeds were ordered to be given to charity . Nonetheless , near the end of 1992 , the song did make another appearance on influential compilation Rave 92 . Scooter version ( `` I 'm Raving '' ) ( edit ) In 1996 , German hard dance band Scooter released a similar cover entitled `` I 'm Raving '' as a single from their album Wicked ! . The single was certified gold in Germany and peaked at number 4 on the German charts . Music & Media wrote about the song : `` Rembember Marc Cohn 's beautiful piano ballad Walking In Memphis ? Change the lyrics in I 'm Raving , I 'm Raving , add some bagpipe - synths and the semi-live - gimmick patented by Scooter . This makes chart - storming seem effortless . '' See also ( edit ) 1991 in music References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Soft Rock ( Top Songs ) '' . AllMusic. 2011 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2011 . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Knopper , Steve ( July 21 , 2011 ) . `` Marc Cohn Went Back to 1970 for Latest Album '' . Chicago Tribrune . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , G. ( November 15 , 1991 ) . `` Marc Cohn Influenced by Club Singer '' . Denver Post . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Moore , Rick ( July 13 , 2015 ) . `` Lyric of the Week : Marc Cohn , `` Walking in Memphis '' `` . American Songwriter . ^ Jump up to : `` Song Stories : Walking in Memphis '' . KeyboardMag.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Suzanne Vega '' ( PDF ) . Casinoballroom.com . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . On Beauty & Crime , Suzanne Vega 's Blue Note Records debut , the Manhattan native uses New York City as the backdrop for a collection of eleven new songs that juxtapose acoustic guitar - driven melodies with coolly synthesized beats Jump up ^ Chang , Mary . `` Song Analysis # 3 : Marc Cohn -- ' Walking in Memphis ' '' . Musicinnotes.wordpress.com . Music in Notes . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Waterman , Michael . `` Walking in Memphis -- Marc Cohn '' . TopOneHitWonders.com . Top One Hit Wonders . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Walking in Memphis '' , in various singles charts Lescharts.com ( Retrieved January 2 , 2009 ) Jump up ^ German Singles Chart Charts-surfer.de ( Retrieved January 2 , 2009 ) Jump up ^ Irish Single Chart Irishcharts.ie ( Retrieved January 2 , 2009 ) Jump up ^ NZ Music Charts Nztop40.co.nz ( Retrieved December 18 , 2017 ) Jump up ^ UK Singles Chart Chartstats.com ( Retrieved January 2 , 2009 ) Jump up ^ `` Marc Cohn Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Marc Cohn Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Marc Cohn Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Marc Cohn Album & Song Chart History '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RPM 100 Hit Tracks of 1991 '' . RPM . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bego , Mark ( 2001 ) . Cher : if you believe . NYC : Cooper Square Press . p. 260 . ISBN 978 - 1589791350 . Jump up ^ `` Cher plots her next comeback '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Jump up ^ `` It 's a Man 's World - Cher - Songs , Reviews , Credits '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` It 's a Man 's World '' . Ew.com . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cher - Walking In Memphis '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Walking In Memphis Single '' . Sites.google.com . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cher - Walking In Memphis ( Special Remix CD ) '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cher - Walking In Memphis '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cher - One By One '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cher - One By One / Walking In Memphis '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart -- Week Ending 24 Dec 1995 '' . I.imgur.com ( original document published by ARIA ) . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . N.B. The HP column displays the highest peak reached . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Cher -- Walking in Memphis '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 9823 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 9825 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Cher -- Walking in Memphis '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Eurochart Hot 100 Singles '' . Music & Media . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2005 . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` European Adult Contemporary Top 25 , page 35 '' ( PDF ) . Music & Media . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cher - Top Titel '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Cher -- Walking in Memphis '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cher : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar - År 1995 '' . Hitlisten.se ( in Swedish ) . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrating 20 Years With Lonestar , by Kathy Stockbridge '' . NYSMusic.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lonestar Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Lonestar Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` ERIC CHURCH ANNOUNCES 61 DAYS IN CHURCH 15 - VINYL BOX SET AND INCLUDES A ROAD CASE , TOUR BOOK AND TOUR POSTER ; ON SALE 10 / 27 - Eric Church '' . Ericchurch.com . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2005 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 18th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 455 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 00 - 8 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2005 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 18th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 443 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 00 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` New Releases : Singles '' ( PDF ) . Music & Media . October 26 , 1996 . p. 14 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) 1990s portal Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Marc Cohn Albums Marc Cohn The Rainy Season Burning the Daze Join the Parade Listening Booth : 1970 Singles `` Walking in Memphis '' Cher Albums Singles Filmography Tours Videography Awards Studio albums All I Really Want to Do The Sonny Side of Chér Chér With Love , Chér Backstage 3614 Jackson Highway Gypsys , Tramps & Thieves Foxy Lady Bittersweet White Light Half - Breed Dark Lady Stars I 'd Rather Believe in You Cherished Take Me Home Prisoner I Paralyze Cher Heart of Stone Love Hurts It 's a Man 's World Believe not. com. mercial Living Proof Closer to the Truth Compilations Golden Greats Superpack Vol. 1 and 2 Greatest Hits Greatest Hits : 1965 -- 1992 If I Could Turn Back Time : Cher 's Greatest Hits The Greatest Hits The Very Best of Cher Gold Soundtracks Chastity Mermaids Burlesque Music video releases The Video Collection The Very Best of Cher : The Video Hits Collection Live releases Extravaganza : Live at the Mirage Live in Concert Live ! The Farewell Tour The Farewell Tour Live at the Mirage Other video releases CherFitness : A New Attitude CherFitness : Body Confidence Tours and residencies Cher in Concert Heart of Stone Tour Love Hurts Tour Do You Believe ? Living Proof : The Farewell Tour Cher Dressed to Kill Tour Classic Cher Television The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour Cher Cher ... Special Dear Mom , Love Cher Books The Ugly Duckling ( audiobook ) Related music Sonny Bono ( first husband ) Sonny & Cher discography Gregg Allman ( second husband ) `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' `` Be My Baby '' Two the Hard Way Black Rose `` Love Can Build a Bridge '' Related tours Two the Hard Way Tour The Black Rose Show Related articles Cher as a gay icon Chaz Bono ( son ) Elijah Blue Allman ( son ) Mego Sonny & Cher Toys Uninhibited Book Category Portal Cher singles 1960s `` All I Really Want to Do '' `` Where Do You Go '' `` Bang Bang ( My Baby Shot Me Down ) '' `` Alfie '' `` I Feel Something in the Air '' `` Sunny '' `` Hey Joe '' `` You Better Sit Down Kids '' `` For What It 's Worth '' 1970s `` Gypsys , Tramps & Thieves '' `` The Way of Love '' `` Living in a House Divided '' `` Do n't Hide Your Love '' `` Am I Blue '' `` Half - Breed '' `` Dark Lady '' `` Train of Thought '' `` Take Me Home '' `` Was n't It Good '' `` Hell on Wheels '' 1980s `` Rudy '' `` I Paralyze '' `` I Found Someone '' `` We All Sleep Alone '' `` Skin Deep '' `` Main Man '' `` After All '' `` If I Could Turn Back Time '' `` Just Like Jesse James '' 1990s `` Heart of Stone '' `` You Would n't Know Love '' `` Baby I 'm Yours '' `` The Shoop Shoop Song ( It 's in His Kiss ) '' `` Love and Understanding '' `` Save Up All Your Tears '' `` Love Hurts '' `` Could 've Been You '' `` When Lovers Become Strangers '' `` Oh No Not My Baby '' `` Whenever You 're Near '' `` Many Rivers to Cross '' `` Walking in Memphis '' `` One by One '' `` Not Enough Love in the World '' `` The Sun Ai n't Gonna Shine Anymore '' `` Paradise Is Here '' `` Believe '' `` Strong Enough '' `` All or Nothing '' `` Dov'è l'amore '' 2000s `` The Music 's No Good Without You '' `` Song for the Lonely '' `` Alive Again '' `` A Different Kind of Love Song '' `` When the Money 's Gone '' `` Love One Another '' 2010s `` You Have n't Seen the Last of Me '' `` Woman 's World '' `` I Hope You Find It '' `` Take It Like a Man '' `` I Walk Alone '' Guest singles `` A Love Like Yours ( Do n't Come Knocking Everyday ) '' `` Dead Ringer for Love '' `` I Got You Babe '' `` It Ai n't Necessarily So '' `` Love Can Build a Bridge '' `` Più che puoi '' `` Bewitched , Bothered and Bewildered '' Book Category Portal Lonestar Michael Britt Richie McDonald Keech Rainwater Dean Sams Cody Collins John Rich Studio albums Lonestar Crazy Nights Lonely Grill I 'm Already There Let 's Be Us Again Coming Home Mountains Party Heard Around the World Life as We Know It Christmas albums This Christmas Time Compilation albums From There to Here : Greatest Hits Notable singles `` Tequila Talkin ' '' `` No News '' `` Runnin ' Away with My Heart '' `` Heartbroke Every Day '' `` Come Cryin ' to Me '' `` You Walked In '' `` Say When '' `` Everything 's Changed '' `` Amazed '' `` Smile '' `` What About Now '' `` Tell Her '' `` I 'm Already There '' `` With Me '' `` Not a Day Goes By '' `` Unusually Unusual '' `` My Front Porch Looking In '' `` Walking in Memphis '' `` Let 's Be Us Again '' `` Mr. Mom '' `` Class Reunion ( That Used to Be Us ) '' `` You 're Like Comin ' Home '' `` Mountains '' Associated acts Canyon McAlyster Big & Rich Related articles Discography I Turn to You `` Maybe He 'll Notice Her Now '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walking_in_Memphis&oldid=836426282 '' Categories : 1991 singles 1995 singles 2003 singles Black - and - white music videos Debut singles Marc Cohn songs Cher songs Lonestar songs Songs about Memphis , Tennessee Songs about Elvis Presley Song recordings produced by Dann Huff Song recordings produced by Christopher Neil Pop ballads 1990s ballads Atlantic Records singles Warner Music Group singles BNA Records singles 1991 songs Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use mdy dates from March 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Magyar Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 14 April 2018 , at 19 : 10 . 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where does the word serial killer come from			Serial killer	serial killer	Note : Varies by jurisdiction	Assassination Cannibalism Child murder Consensual homicide Contract killing Crime of passion Depraved - heart murder Execution - style murder Felony murder rule Feticide Honor killing Human sacrifice Infanticide Child sacrifice Internet homicide Lonely hearts killer Lust murder Lynching Mass murder Mass shooting Misdemeanor murder Murder -- suicide Poisoning Proxy murder Pseudocommando Serial killer Spree killer Thrill killing Torture murder Vehicle - ramming attack Manslaughter In English law Negligent homicide Vehicular homicide Non-criminal homicide Note : Varies by jurisdiction Assisted suicide Capital punishment Euthanasia Feticide Justifiable homicide War By victim or victims Suicide Family Avunculicide ( Nepoticide ) Familicide Mariticide Parricide Prolicide Filicide Infanticide Neonaticide Siblicide Fratricide Sororicide Uxoricide Matricide Patricide Other Blood libel Capital punishment Crucifixion Democide Friendly fire Gendercide Genocide Omnicide Regicide Stoning Tyrannicide War crime A serial killer is typically a person who murders three or more people , usually in service of abnormal psychological gratification , with the murders taking place over more than a month and including a significant break ( a `` cooling off period '' ) between them . Different authorities apply different criteria when designating serial killers ; while most set a threshold of three murders , others extend it to four or lessen it to two . The Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) , for example , defines serial killing as `` a series of two or more murders , committed as separate events , usually , but not always , by one offender acting alone '' . Although psychological gratification is the usual motive for serial killing , and most serial killings involve sexual contact with the victim , the FBI states that the motives of serial killers can include anger , thrill - seeking , financial gain , and attention seeking . The murders may be attempted or completed in a similar fashion , and the victims may have something in common : age group , appearance , gender , or race , for example . Serial killing is not the same as mass murdering ( killing numerous people in a given incident ) ; nor is it spree killing ( in which murders are committed in two or more locations , in a short time ) . However , cases of extended bouts of sequential killings over periods of weeks or months with no apparent `` cooling off period '' or `` return to normalcy '' have caused some experts to suggest a hybrid category of `` spree - serial killer '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characteristics 1.1 General 1.2 Development 1.2. 1 Chromosomal make up 1.2. 2 Fantasy 1.3 Organized , disorganized , and mixed 1.4 Medical professionals 1.5 Female 1.6 Juvenile 1.7 Ethnicity and demographics in the U.S. 2 Motives 2.1 Visionary 2.2 Mission - oriented 2.3 Hedonistic 2.3. 1 Lust 2.3. 2 Thrill 2.3. 3 Comfort ( profit ) 2.4 Power / control 2.5 Media 2.6 Theories 2.6. 1 Biological and sociological 2.6. 2 Military 3 Investigation 3.1 FBI : Issues and practices 3.1. 1 Identification 3.1. 2 Leadership 3.1. 3 Organization 3.1. 4 Resource augmentation 3.1. 5 Communication 3.1. 6 Data management 4 History 4.1 In modern times 5 Memorabilia 6 Etymology 7 See also 8 Footnotes 9 Bibliography 10 Further reading 11 External links Characteristics ( edit ) General ( edit ) Some commonly found characteristics of serial killers include the following : They may exhibit varying degrees of mental illness or psychopathy , which may contribute to their homicidal behavior . For example , someone who is mentally ill may have psychotic breaks that cause them to believe they are another person or are compelled to murder by other entities . Psychopathic behavior that is consistent with traits common to some serial killers include sensation seeking , a lack of remorse or guilt , impulsivity , the need for control , and predatory behavior . Unlike people with major mental disorders such as schizophrenia , psychopaths can seem normal and often quite charming , a state of adaptation that psychiatrist Hervey Cleckley called the `` mask of sanity '' . They were often abused -- emotionally , physically or sexually -- by a family member . Serial killers may be more likely to engage in fetishism , partialism or necrophilia , which are paraphilias that involve a strong tendency to experience the object of erotic interest almost as if it were a physical representation of the symbolized body . Individuals engage in paraphilias which are organized along a continuum ; participating in varying levels of fantasy perhaps by focusing on body parts ( partialism ) , symbolic objects which serve as physical extensions of the body ( fetishism ) , or the anatomical physicality of the human body ; specifically regarding its inner parts and sexual organs ( one example being necrophilia ) . A disproportionate number exhibit one , two , or all three of the Macdonald triad of predictors of future violent behavior : Many are fascinated with fire setting . They are involved in sadistic activity ; especially in children who have not reached sexual maturity , this activity may take the form of torturing animals . More than 60 percent , or simply a large proportion , wet their beds beyond the age of 12 . They were frequently bullied or socially isolated as children or adolescents . For example , Henry Lee Lucas was ridiculed as a child and later cited the mass rejection by his peers as a cause for his hatred of everyone . Kenneth Bianchi was teased as a child because he urinated in his pants , suffered twitching , and as a teenager was ignored by his peers . Some were involved in petty crimes , such as fraud , theft , vandalism , or similar offenses . Often , they have trouble staying employed and tend to work in menial jobs . The FBI , however , states , `` Serial murderers often seem normal ; have families and / or a steady job . '' Other sources state they often come from unstable families . Studies have suggested that serial killers generally have an average or low - average IQ , although they are often described , and perceived , as possessing IQs in the above - average range . A sample of 202 IQs of serial killers had a median IQ of 89 . There are exceptions to these criteria , however . For example , Harold Shipman was a successful professional ( a General Practitioner working for the NHS ) . He was considered a pillar of the local community ; he even won a professional award for a children 's asthma clinic and was interviewed by Granada Television 's World in Action . Dennis Nilsen was an ex-soldier turned civil servant and trade unionist who had no previous criminal record when arrested . Neither was known to have exhibited many of the tell - tale signs . Vlado Taneski , a crime reporter , was a career journalist who was caught after a series of articles he wrote gave clues that he had murdered people . Russell Williams was a successful and respected career Royal Canadian Air Force Colonel who was convicted of murdering two women , along with fetish burglaries and rapes . Mug shot of serial killer , cannibal , and necrophile Ottis Toole . German serial killer Fritz Haarmann with police detectives , November 1924 Development ( edit ) Many serial killers have faced similar problems in their childhood development . Hickey 's Trauma Control Model explains how early childhood trauma can set the child up for deviant behavior in adulthood ; the child 's environment ( either their parents or society ) is the dominant factor determining whether or not the child 's behavior escalates into homicidal activity . Family , or lack thereof , is the most prominent part of a child 's development because it is what the child can identify with on a regular basis . `` The serial killer is no different from any other individual who is instigated to seek approval from parents , sexual partners , or others . '' This need for approval is what influences children to attempt to develop social relationships with their family and peers , but if they are rejected or neglected , they are unable to do so . This results in the lowering of their self - esteem and helps develop their fantasy world , in which they are in control . According to the Hickey 's Trauma Control Model , the development of a serial killer is based on an early trauma followed by facilitators ( e.g. , alcohol , drugs , pornography , or other factors that constitute a facilitator , depending on individual circumstances ) and disposition ( an inability to attach being one common factor ) . Family interaction also plays an important role in a child 's growth and development . `` The quality of their attachments to parents and other members of the family is critical to how these children relate to and value other members of society . '' Wilson and Seaman ( 1990 ) conducted a study on incarcerated serial killers , and what they felt was the most influential factor that contributed to their homicidal activity . Almost all of the serial killers in the study had experienced some sort of environmental problems during their childhood , such as a broken home caused by divorce , or a lack of discipline in the home . It was common for the serial killers to come from a family that had experienced divorce , separation , or the lack of a parent . Furthermore , nearly half of the serial killers had experienced some type of physical or sexual abuse , and even more had experienced emotional neglect . When a parent has a drug or alcohol problem , the attention in the household is on the parents rather than the child . This neglect of the child leads to the lowering of their self - esteem and helps develop a fantasy world in which they are in control . Hickey 's Trauma Control Model supports how the neglect from parents can facilitate deviant behavior , especially if the child sees substance abuse in action . This then leads to disposition ( the inability to attach ) , which can further lead to homicidal behavior , unless the child finds a way to develop substantial relationships and fight the label they receive . If a child receives no support from those around him or her , then he or she is unlikely to recover from the traumatic event in a positive way . As stated by E.E. Maccoby , `` the family has continued to be seen as a major -- perhaps the major -- arena for socialization '' . Chromosomal make up ( edit ) There have been recent studies looking into the possibility that an abnormality with one 's chromosomes could be the trigger for serial killers . Two serial killers , Bobby Joe Long and Richard Speck , came to attention for reported chromosomal abnormalities . Long had an extra X chromosome . Speck was erroneously reported to have an extra Y chromosome ; in fact , his karyotype was performed twice and was normal each time . Hellen Morrison , an American forensic psychiatrist , said in an interview that while researchers do not have an exact gene identity , the fact that the majority of serial killers are men leads researchers to believe there is `` a change associated with the male chromosome make up . '' Fantasy ( edit ) Children who do not have the power to control the mistreatment they suffer sometimes create a new reality to which they can escape . This new reality becomes their fantasy that they have total control of and becomes part of their daily existence . In this fantasy world , their emotional development is guided and maintained . According to Garrison ( 1996 ) , `` the child becomes sociopathic because the normal development of the concepts of right and wrong and empathy towards others is retarded because the child 's emotional and social development occurs within his self - centered fantasies . A person can do no wrong in his own world and the pain of others is of no consequence when the purpose of the fantasy world is to satisfy the needs of one person '' ( Garrison , 1996 ) . Boundaries between fantasy and reality are lost and fantasies turn to dominance , control , sexual conquest , and violence , eventually leading to murder . Fantasy can lead to the first step in the process of a dissociative state , which , in the words of Stephen Giannangelo , `` allows the serial killer to leave the stream of consciousness for what is , to him , a better place '' . Criminologist Jose Sanchez reports , `` the young criminal you see today is more detached from his victim , more ready to hurt or kill ... The lack of empathy for their victims among young criminals is just one symptom of a problem that afflicts the whole society . '' Lorenzo Carcaterra , author of Gangster ( 2001 ) , explains how potential criminals are labeled by society , which can then lead to their offspring also developing in the same way through the cycle of violence . The ability for serial killers to appreciate the mental life of others is severely compromised , presumably leading to their dehumanization of others . This process may be considered an expression of the intersubjectivity associated with a cognitive deficit regarding the capability to make sharp distinctions between other people and inanimate objects . For these individuals , objects can appear to possess animistic or humanistic power while people are perceived as objects . Before he was executed , serial killer Ted Bundy stated media violence and pornography had stimulated and increased his need to commit homicide , although this statement was made during last - ditch efforts to appeal his death sentence . However , correlation is not causation ( a disturbed physiological disposition , psychosis , lack of socialization , or aggressiveness may contribute to both fantasy creation and serial killing without fantasy creation generally contributing to serial killing for instance ) . There are exceptions to the typical fantasy patterns of serial killers , as in the case of Dennis Rader , who was a loving family man and the leader of his church . Organized , disorganized , and mixed ( edit ) Ted Bundy in custody , Florida , July 1978 ( State Archives of Florida ) The FBI 's Crime Classification Manual places serial killers into three categories : organized , disorganized , and mixed ( i.e. , offenders who exhibit organized and disorganized characteristics ) . Some killers descend from being organized into disorganized as their killings continue , as in the case of psychological decompensation or overconfidence due to having evaded capture , or vice versa , as when a previously disorganized killer identifies one or more specific aspects of the act of killing as his / her source of gratification and develops a modus operandi structured around those . Organized serial killers often plan their crimes methodically , usually abducting victims , killing them in one place and disposing of them in another . They often lure the victims with ploys appealing to their sense of sympathy . Others specifically target prostitutes , who are likely to go voluntarily with a stranger . These killers maintain a high degree of control over the crime scene and usually have a solid knowledge of forensic science that enables them to cover their tracks , such as burying the body or weighing it down and sinking it in a river . They follow their crimes in the news media carefully and often take pride in their actions , as if it were all a grand project . Often , organized killers have social and other interpersonal skills sufficient to enable them to develop both personal and romantic relationships , friends and lovers and sometimes even attract and maintain a spouse and sustain a family including children . Among serial killers , those of this type are in the event of their capture most likely to be described by acquaintances as kind and unlikely to hurt anyone . Bundy and John Wayne Gacy are examples of organized serial killers . In general , the IQs of organized serial killers tend to be near normal range , with a mean of 94.7 . Organized nonsocial offenders tend to be on the higher end of the average , with a mean IQ of 99.2 . Disorganized serial killers are usually far more impulsive , often committing their murders with a random weapon available at the time , and usually do not attempt to hide the body . They are likely to be unemployed , a loner , or both , with very few friends . They often turn out to have a history of mental illness , and their modus operandi ( M.O. ) or lack thereof is often marked by excessive violence and sometimes necrophilia or sexual violence . Disorganized serial killers have been found to have a slightly lower mean IQ than organized serial killers , at 92.8 . Medical professionals ( edit ) Main article : Angel of Mercy ( criminology ) Some people with a pathological interest in the power of life and death tend to be attracted to medical professions or acquiring such a job . These kinds of killers are sometimes referred to as `` angels of death '' or angels of mercy . Medical professionals will kill their patients for money , for a sense of sadistic pleasure , for a belief that they are `` easing '' the patient 's pain , or simply `` because they can '' . One such killer was nurse Jane Toppan , who admitted during her murder trial that she was sexually aroused by death . She would administer a drug mixture to patients she chose as her victims , lie in bed with them and hold them close to her body as they died . Another medical profession serial killer is Genene Jones . It is believed she killed 11 to 46 infants and children while working at Bexar County Medical Center Hospital in San Antonio , Texas . She is currently serving a 99 - year sentence for the murder of Chelsea McClellan and the attempted murder of Rolando Santos , and is eligible for parole in 2017 due to a law in Texas at the time of her sentencing to reduce prison overcrowding . Female ( edit ) Highway prostitute Aileen Wuornos killed seven men in Florida between 1989 and 1990 Female serial killers are rare compared to their male counterparts . Sources suggest that female serial killers represented fewer than one in every six known serial murderers in the U.S. between 1800 and 2004 ( 64 females from a total of 416 known offenders ) , or that around 15 % of U.S. serial killers have been women , with a collective number of victims between 427 and 612 . Lethal Ladies ' authors , Amanda L. Farrell , Robert D. Keppel , and Victoria B. Titterington state that `` the Justice Department indicated 36 female serial killers have been active over the course of the last century . '' According to The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology , there is evidence that 16 % of all serial killers are women . Kelleher and Kelleher ( 1998 ) created several categories to describe female serial killers . They used the classifications of black widow , angel of death , sexual predator , revenge , profit or crime , team killer , question of sanity , unexplained , and unsolved . In using these categories , they observed that most women fell into the categories of black widow or team killer . Although motivations for female serial killers can include attention seeking , addiction , or the result of psychopathological behavioral factors , female serial killers are commonly categorized as murdering men for material gain , usually being emotionally close to their victims , and generally needing to have a relationship with the victim , hence the traditional cultural image of the `` black widow . '' In describing murderer Stacey Castor , forensic psychiatrist James Knoll offered a psychological perspective on what defines a `` black widow '' type . In simple terms , he described it as a woman who kills two or more husbands or lovers for material gain . Though Castor was not officially defined as a serial killer , it is likely that she would have killed again . One `` analysis of 86 female serial killers from the U.S. found that the victims tended to be spouses , children or the elderly '' . Other studies indicate that since 1975 , increasingly strangers are marginally the most preferred victim of female serial killers , or that only 26 % of female serial killers kill for material gain only . Sources state that each killer will have her own proclivities , needs and triggers . '' A review of the published literature on female serial murder stated that `` sexual or sadistic motives are believed to be extremely rare in female serial murderers , and psychopathic traits and histories of childhood abuse have been consistently reported in these women . '' A study by Eric W. Hickey ( 2010 ) of 64 female serial killers in the U.S. indicated that sexual activity was one of several motives in 10 % of the cases , enjoyment in 11 % and control in 14 % , and that 51 % of all U.S. female serial killers murdered at least one woman and 31 % murdered at least one child . In other cases , women have been involved as an accomplice with a male serial killer as a part of a serial killing team . A 2015 study published in The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology found that the most common motive for female serial killers was for financial gain and almost 40 percent of them had experienced some sort of mental illness . Peter Vronsky in Female Serial Killers ( 2007 ) maintains that female serial killers today often kill for the same reason males do : as a means of expressing rage and control . He suggests that sometimes the theft of the victims ' property by the female `` black widow '' type serial killer appears to be for material gain , but really is akin to a male serial killer 's collecting of totems ( souvenirs ) from the victim as a way of exerting continued control over the victim and reliving it . By contrast , Hickey states that although popular perception sees `` black widow '' female serial killers as something of the Victorian past , in his statistical study of female serial killer cases reported in the U.S. since 1826 , approximately 75 % occurred since 1950 . The methods that female serial killers use for murder are frequently covert or low - profile , such as murder by poison ( the preferred choice for killing ) . Other methods used by female serial killers include shootings ( used by 20 % ) , suffocation ( 16 % ) , stabbing ( 11 % ) , and drowning ( 5 % ) . They commit killings in specific places , such as their home or a health - care facility , or at different locations within the same city or state . A notable exception to the typical characteristics of female serial killers is Aileen Wuornos , who killed outdoors instead of at home , used a gun instead of poison , killed strangers instead of friends or family , and killed for personal gratification . The most prolific female serial killer in all of history is allegedly Elizabeth Báthory . Countess Elizabeth Báthory de Ecsed ( Báthory Erzsébet in Hungarian , August 7 , 1560 -- August 21 , 1614 ) was a countess from the renowned Báthory family . After her husband 's death , she and four collaborators were accused of torturing and killing hundreds of girls and young women , with one witness attributing to them over 600 victims , though the number for which they were convicted was 80 . Elizabeth herself was neither tried nor convicted . In 1610 , however , she was imprisoned in the Csejte Castle , where she remained bricked in a set of rooms until her death four years later . A 2010 article by Perri and Lichtenwald addressed some of the misperceptions concerning female criminality . In the article , Perri and Lichtenwald analyze the current research regarding female psychopathy , including case studies of female psychopathic killers featuring Münchausen syndrome by proxy , cesarean section homicide , fraud detection homicide , female kill teams , and a female serial killer . Juvenile ( edit ) Juvenile serial killers are rare . There are three main categories that juvenile serial killers can fit into : primary , maturing , and secondary killers . There have been studies done to compare and contrast these three groups and to discover similarities and differences between them . Although these types of serial killers are less common , oftentimes adult serial killers may make their debut at an early age and it can be an opportunity for researchers to study what factors brought about the behavior . Ethnicity and demographics in the U.S. ( edit ) The racial demographics regarding serial killers are often subject to debate . In the United States , the majority of reported and investigated serial killers are white males , from a lower - to - middle - class background , usually in their late twenties to early thirties . However , there are African American , Asian , and Hispanic ( of any race ) serial killers as well , and , according to the FBI , based on percentages of the U.S. population , whites are not more likely than other races to be serial killers . Criminal profiler Pat Brown says serial killers are usually reported as white because serial killers usually target victims of their own race , and the media typically focuses on `` All - American '' white and pretty female victims who were the targets of white male offenders ; that crimes among minority offenders in urban communities , where crime rates are higher , are under - investigated ; and that minority serial killers likely exist at the same ratios as white serial killers for the population . She believes that the myth that serial killers are always white might have become `` truth '' in some research fields due to the over-reporting of white serial killers in the media . According to some sources , the percentage of serial killers who are African American is estimated to be between 13 and 22 percent . Another study has shown that 16 percent of serial killers are African American , what author Maurice Godwin describes as a `` sizeable portion '' . A 2014 Radford / FGCU Serial Killer Database annual statistics report showed that for the decades 1900 -- 2010 , the percentage of White serial killers was 52.1 % while the percentage of African American serial killers was 40.3 % . Popular racial stereotypes about the lower intelligence of African - Americans , and the stereotype that serial killers are white males , may explain the media focus on serial killers that are white and the failure to adequately report on those that are black . Similarly , in a 2005 article Anthony Walsh , professor of criminal justice at Boise State University , argued a review of post-WWII serial killings in America finds that the prevalence of African - American serial killers has typically been drastically underestimated in both professional research literature and the mass media . As a paradigmatic case of this media double - standard , Walsh cites news reporting on white killer Gary Heidnik and African - American killer Harrison Graham . Both men were residents of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ; both imprisoned , tortured and killed several women ; and both were arrested only months apart in 1987 . `` Heidnik received widespread national attention , became the subject of books and television shows , and served as a model for the fictitious Buffalo Bill in Silence of the Lambs '' , writes Walsh , while `` Graham received virtually no media attention outside of Philadelphia , despite having been convicted of four more murders than Heidnik '' . Motives ( edit ) The motives of serial killers are generally placed into four categories : visionary , mission - oriented , hedonistic and power or control ; however , the motives of any given killer may display considerable overlap among these categories . Visionary ( edit ) Visionary serial killers suffer from psychotic breaks with reality , sometimes believing they are another person or are compelled to murder by entities such as the Devil or God . The two most common subgroups are `` demon mandated '' and `` God mandated '' . Herbert Mullin believed the American casualties in the Vietnam War were preventing California from experiencing the Big One . As the war wound down , Mullin claimed his father instructed him via telepathy to raise the number of `` human sacrifices to nature '' in order to delay a catastrophic earthquake that would plunge California into the ocean . David Berkowitz ( `` Son of Sam '' ) is also an example of a visionary killer . He claimed a demon transmitted orders through his neighbor 's dog and instructed him to commit murder . Mission - oriented ( edit ) Mission - oriented killers typically justify their acts as `` ridding the world '' of a certain type of person perceived as undesirable , such as gay or lesbian people , prostitutes , or people of different ethnicity or religion ; however , they are generally not psychotic . Some see themselves as attempting to change society , often to cure a societal ill . Hedonistic ( edit ) This type of serial killer seeks thrills and derives pleasure from killing , seeing people as expendable means to this goal . Forensic psychologists have identified three subtypes of the hedonistic killer : `` lust '' , `` thrill '' and `` comfort '' . Lust ( edit ) Paul Durousseau raped and murdered at least seven young women . Sex is the primary motive of lust killers , whether or not the victims are dead , and fantasy plays a large role in their killings . Their sexual gratification depends on the amount of torture and mutilation they perform on their victims . The sexual serial murderer has a psychological need to have absolute control , dominance , and power over their victims , and the infliction of torture , pain , and ultimately death is used in an attempt to fulfill their need . They usually use weapons that require close contact with the victims , such as knives or hands . As lust killers continue with their murders , the time between killings decreases or the required level of stimulation increases , sometimes both . Kenneth Bianchi , one of the `` Hillside Stranglers '' , murdered women and girls of different ages , races and appearance because his sexual urges required different types of stimulation and increasing intensity . Jeffrey Dahmer , who was repeatedly diagnosed with borderline personality disorder , searched for his perfect fantasy lover -- beautiful , submissive and eternal . As his desire increased , he experimented with drugs , alcohol , and exotic sex . His increasing need for stimulation was demonstrated by the dismemberment of victims , whose heads and genitals he preserved , and by his attempts to create a `` living zombie '' under his control ( by pouring acid into a hole drilled into the victim 's skull ) . Dahmer once said , `` Lust played a big part of it . Control and lust . Once it happened the first time , it just seemed like it had control of my life from there on in . The killing was just a means to an end . That was the least satisfactory part . I did n't enjoy doing that . That 's why I tried to create living zombies with ... acid and the drill . '' He further elaborated on this , also saying , `` I wanted to see if it was possible to make -- again , it sounds really gross -- uh , zombies , people that would not have a will of their own , but would follow my instructions without resistance . So after that , I started using the drilling technique . '' He experimented with cannibalism to `` ensure his victims would always be a part of him '' . Thrill ( edit ) Main article : Thrill killing The primary motive of a thrill killer is to induce pain or terror in their victims , which provides stimulation and excitement for the killer . They seek the adrenaline rush provided by hunting and killing victims . Thrill killers murder only for the kill ; usually the attack is not prolonged , and there is no sexual aspect . Usually the victims are strangers , although the killer may have followed them for a period of time . Thrill killers can abstain from killing for long periods of time and become more successful at killing as they refine their murder methods . Many attempt to commit the perfect crime and believe they will not be caught . Robert Hansen took his victims to a secluded area , where he would let them loose and then hunt and kill them . In one of his letters to San Francisco Bay Area newspapers , the Zodiac Killer wrote `` ( killing ) gives me the most thrilling experience it is even better than getting your rocks off with a girl '' . Coral Watts was described by a surviving victim as `` excited and hyper and clappin ' and just making noises like he was excited , that this was gon na be fun '' during the 1982 attack . Slashing , stabbing , hanging , drowning , asphyxiating , and strangling were among the ways Watts killed . Comfort ( profit ) ( edit ) Material gain and a comfortable lifestyle are the primary motives of comfort killers . Usually , the victims are family members and close acquaintances . After a murder , a comfort killer will usually wait for a period of time before killing again to allow any suspicions by family or authorities to subside . They often use poison , most notably arsenic , to kill their victims . Female serial killers are often comfort killers , although not all comfort killers are female . Dorothea Puente killed her tenants for their Social Security checks and buried them in the backyard of her home . H.H. Holmes killed for insurance and business profits . Professional killers ( `` hitmen '' ) may also be considered comfort serial killers . Richard Kuklinski charged tens of thousands of dollars for a `` hit '' , earning enough money to support his family in a middle - class lifestyle ( Bruno , 1993 ) . Some , like Puente and Holmes , may be involved in or have previous convictions for theft , fraud , non payment of debts , embezzlement and other crimes of a similar nature . Dorothea Puente was finally arrested on a parole violation , having been on parole for a previous fraud conviction . In 2016 , the oldest prosecution and conviction of a suspected serial killer ( Felix Vail ) took place in Louisiana . He was convicted of murder fifty - four years after his wife 's death in 1962 , which had originally been ruled an accidental drowning , and which occurred only months after Vail took out two life insurance policies on her . He is a suspect in the disappearances of two other women -- his girlfriend in 1973 and his second wife in 1984 . The prosecutors were allowed to present evidence of the two disappearances under the Doctrine of chances . Power / control ( edit ) A policeman discovering the body of prostitute Catherine Eddowes , one of Jack the Ripper 's victims The main objective for this type of serial killer is to gain and exert power over their victim . Such killers are sometimes abused as children , leaving them with feelings of powerlessness and inadequacy as adults . Many power - or control - motivated killers sexually abuse their victims , but they differ from hedonistic killers in that rape is not motivated by lust ( as it would be with a lust murder ) but as simply another form of dominating the victim . ( See article Causes of sexual violence for the differences regarding anger rape , power rape , and sadistic rape . ) Ted Bundy is an example of a power / control - oriented serial killer . He traveled around the United States seeking women to control . Media ( edit ) Many serial killers claim that a violent culture influenced them to commit murders . During his final interview , Ted Bundy stated that hardcore pornography was responsible for his actions . Others idolise figures for their deeds or perceived vigilante justice , such as Peter Kürten , who idolised Jack the Ripper , or John Wayne Gacy and Ed Kemper , who both idolised the actor John Wayne . Many movies , books , and documentaries have been written about serial killers , detailing the lives and crimes that have been committed . The movie Bundy , which was released in 2002 , focuses on serial killer Ted Bundy 's personal life in college , leading up to his execution . Another movie , Dahmer , was released in the same year , and tells the story of Jeffrey Dahmer . Serial killers are also portrayed in fictional media , oftentimes as having substantial intelligence and looking for difficult targets , despite the contradiction with the psychological profile of serial killers . Killers who have a strong desire for fame or to be renowned for their actions desire media attention as a way of validating and spreading their crimes ; fear is also a component here , as some serial killers enjoy causing fear . An example is the BTK Killer , who sought attention from the press during his murder spree . Theories ( edit ) Biological and sociological ( edit ) The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( May 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Theories for why certain people commit serial murder have been advanced . Some theorists believe the reasons are biological , suggesting serial killers are born , not made , and that their violent behavior is a result of abnormal brain activity . Holmes and Holmes believe that `` until a reliable sample can be obtained and tested , there is no scientific statement that can be made concerning the exact role of biology as a determining factor of a serial killer personality . '' The `` Fractured Identity Syndrome '' ( FIS ) is a merging of Charles Cooley 's `` looking glass self '' and Erving Goffman 's `` virtual '' and `` actual social identity '' theories . The FIS suggests a social event , or series of events , during one 's childhood or adolescence results in a fracturing of the personality of the serial killer . The term `` fracture '' is defined as a small breakage of the personality which is often not visible to the outside world and is only felt by the killer . `` Social Process Theory '' has also been suggested as an explanation for serial murder . Social process theory states that offenders may turn to crime due to peer pressure , family , and friends . Criminal behavior is a process of interaction with social institutions , in which everyone has the potential for criminal behavior . A lack of family structure and identity could also be a cause leading to serial murder traits . A child used as a scapegoat will be deprived of their capacity to feel guilt . Displaced anger could result in animal torture , as identified in the Macdonald triad , and a further lack of basic identity . Military ( edit ) A dishonorably discharged Marine , Charles Ng participated in the kidnapping , sadistic torture , rape and murder of numerous victims The `` military theory '' has been proposed as an explanation for why serial murderers kill , as some serial murderers have served in the military or related fields . According to Castle and Hensley , 7 % of the serial killers studied had military experience . This figure may be a proportional under - representation when compared to the number of military veterans in a nation 's total population . For example , according to the United States census for the year 2000 , military veterans comprised 12.7 % of the U.S. population ; in England , it was estimated in 2007 that military veterans comprised 9.1 % of the population . Though by contrast , about 2.5 % of the population of Canada in 2006 consisted of military veterans . There are two theories that can be used to study the correlation between serial killing and military training : Applied learning theory states that serial killing can be learned . The military is training for higher kill rates from servicemen while training the soldiers to be desensitized to taking a human life . Social learning theory can be used when soldiers get praised and accommodated for killing . They learn , or believe that they learn , that it is acceptable to kill because they were praised for it in the military . Serial killers want accreditation for the work that they have done . In both military and serial killing , the offender or the soldier may become desensitized to killing as well as compartmentalized ; the soldiers do not see enemy personnel as `` human '' and neither do serial killers see their victims as humans . The theories do not imply that military institutions make a deliberate effort to produce serial killers ; to the contrary , all military personnel are trained to recognize when , where , and against whom it is appropriate to use deadly force , which starts with the basic Law of Land Warfare , taught during the initial training phase , and may include more stringent policies for military personnel in law enforcement or security . They are also taught ethics in basic training . Investigation ( edit ) FBI : Issues and practices ( edit ) In 2008 , the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) published a handbook entitled Serial Murder which was the product of a symposium held in 2005 to bring together the many issues surrounding serial murder , including its investigation . Identification ( edit ) Ángel Maturino Reséndiz , who was a FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitive According to the FBI , identifying one , or multiple , murders as being the work of a serial killer is the first challenge an investigation faces , especially if the victim ( s ) come from a marginalized or high risk population and is normally linked through forensic or behavioral evidence ( FBI 2008 ) . Should the cases cross multiple jurisdictions , the law enforcement system in the United States is fragmented and thus not configured to detect multiple similar murders across a large geographic area ( Egger 1998 ) . The FBI suggests utilizing databases and increasing interdepartmental communication . Keppel ( 1989 ) suggests holding multi-jurisdictional conferences regularly to compare cases giving departments a greater chance to detect linked cases and overcome linkage blindness . One such collaboration , the Radford / FGCU Serial Killer Database Project was proposed at the 2012 FDIAI Annual Conference . Utilizing Radford 's Serial Killer Database as a starting point , the new collaboration , hosted by FGCU Justice Studies , has invited and is working in conjunction with other Universities to maintain and expand the scope of the database to also include spree and mass murders . Utilizing over 170 data points , multiple - murderer methodology and victimology ; researchers and Law Enforcement Agencies can build case studies and statistical profiles to further research the Who , What , Why and How of these types of crimes . Leadership ( edit ) Leadership , or administration , should play a small or virtually non-existent role in the actual investigation past assigning knowledgeable or experienced homicide investigators to lead positions . The administration 's role is not to run the investigation but to establish and reaffirm the primary goal of catching the serial killer , as well as provide support for the investigators . The FBI ( 2008 ) suggests completing Memorandums of Understanding to facilitate support and commitment of resources from different jurisdictions to an investigation . Egger ( 1998 ) takes this one step further and suggests completing mutual aid pacts , which are written agreements to provide support to each other in a time of need , with surrounding jurisdictions . Doing this in advance would save time and resources that could be used on the investigation . Organization ( edit ) Organization of the structure of an investigation is key to its success , as demonstrated by the investigation of the Green River Killer . Once a serial murder case was established , a task force was created to track down and arrest the offender . Over the course of the investigation , for various reasons , the task force 's organization was radically changed and reorganized multiple times -- at one point including more than 50 full - time personnel , and at another , only a single investigator . Eventually , what led to the end of the investigation was a conference of 25 detectives organized to share ideas to solve the case . The FBI handbook provides a description of how a task force should be organized but offers no additional options on how to structure the investigation . While it appears advantageous to have a full - time staff assigned to a serial murder investigation , it can become prohibitively expensive . For example , the Green River Task Force cost upwards of two million dollars a year , and as was witnessed with the Green River Killer investigation , other strategies can prevail where a task force fails . Albert De Salvo , who claimed to be the `` Boston Strangler '' , after being caught in Lynn , Massachusetts in 1967 . A common strategy , already employed by many departments for other reasons , is the conference , in which departments get together and focus on a specific set of topics . With serial murders , the focus is typically on unsolved cases , with evidence thought to be related to the case at hand . Similar to a conference is an information clearing - house in which a jurisdiction with a suspected serial murder case collects all of its evidence and actively seeks data which may be related from other jurisdictions . By collecting all of the related information into one place , they provide a central point in which it can be organized and easily accessed by other jurisdictions working toward the goal of arresting an offender and ending the murders . Already mentioned was the task force , FBI 2008 , Keppel 1989 which provides for a flexible , organized , framework for jurisdictions depending on the needs of the investigation . Unfortunately due to the need to commit resources ( manpower , money , equipment , etc . ) for long periods of time it can be an unsustainable option . In the case of the investigation of Aileen Wournos , the Marion County Sheriff coordinated multiple agencies without any written or formal agreement . While not a specific strategy for a serial murder investigation , this is certainly a best practice in so far as the agencies were able to work easily together toward a common goal . Finally , once a serial murder investigation has been identified , utilization of an FBI Rapid Response Team can assist both experienced and inexperienced jurisdictions in setting up a task force . This is completed by organizing and delegating jobs , by compiling and analyzing clues , and by establishing communication between the parties involved . Resource Augmentation ( edit ) During the course of a serial murder investigation it may become necessary to call in additional resources ; the FBI defines this as Resource Augmentation . Within the structure of a task force the addition of a resource should be thought of as either long term , or short term . If the task force 's framework is expanded to include the new resource , then it should be permanent and not removed . For short term needs , such as setting up road blocks or canvassing a neighborhood , additional resources should be called in on a short term basis . The decision of whether resources are needed short or long term should be left to the lead investigator and facilitated by the administration ( FBI 2008 ) . The confusion and counter productiveness created by changing the structure of a task force mid investigation is illustrated by the way the Green River Task Force 's staffing and structure was changed multiple times throughout the investigation . This made an already complicated situation more difficult , resulting in the delay or loss of information , which allowed Ridgeway to continue killing ( Guillen 2007 ) . The FBI model does not take into account that permanently expanding a task force , or investigative structure , may not be possible due to cost or personnel availability . Egger ( 1998 ) offers several alternative strategies including ; using investigative consultants , or experienced staff to augment an investigative team . Not all departments have investigators experienced in serial murder and by temporarily bringing in consultants , they can educate a department to a level of competence then step out . This would reduce the initially established framework of the investigation team and save the department the cost of retaining the consultants until the conclusion of the investigation . Communication ( edit ) The FBI handbook ( 2008 ) and Keppel ( 1989 ) both stress communication as paramount . The difference is that the FBI handbook ( 2008 ) concentrates primarily on communication within a task force while Keppel ( 1989 ) makes getting information out to , and allowing information to be passed back from patrol officers a priority . The FBI handbook ( 2008 ) suggest having daily e-mail or in person briefings for all staff involved in the investigation and providing periodic summary briefings to patrol officer and managers . Looking back on a majority of serial murderer arrests , most are exercised by patrol officers in the course of their every day duties and unrelated to the ongoing serial murder investigation ( Egger 1998 , Keppel 1989 ) . Keppel ( 1989 ) provides examples of Larry Eyler , who was arrested during a traffic stop for a parking violation , and Ted Bundy , who was arrested during a traffic stop for operating a stolen vehicle . In each case it was uniformed officers , not directly involved in the investigation , who knew what to look for and took the direct action that stopped the killer . By providing up to date ( as opposed to periodic ) briefings and information to officers on the street the chances of catching a serial killer , or finding solid leads , are increased . Data management ( edit ) A serial murder investigation generates staggering amounts of data , all of which needs to be reviewed and analyzed . A standardized method of documenting and distributing information must be established and investigators must be allowed time to complete reports while investigating leads and at the end of a shift ( FBI 2008 ) . When the mechanism for data management is insufficient , leads are not only lost or buried but the investigation can be hindered and new information can become difficult to obtain or become corrupted . During the Green River Killer investigation , reporters would often find and interview possible victims or witnesses ahead of investigators . The understaffed investigation was unable to keep up the information flow , which prevented them from promptly responding to leads . To make matters worse , investigators believed that the journalists , untrained in interviewing victims or witnesses of crimes , would corrupt the information and result in unreliable leads ( Guillen 2007 ) . History ( edit ) Further information : List of serial killers before 1900 The `` Blood Countess '' , as Elizabeth Báthory ( 1560 -- 1614 ) Historical criminologists have suggested that there may have been serial murders throughout history , but specific cases were not adequately recorded . Some sources suggest that legends such as werewolves and vampires were inspired by medieval serial killers . In Africa , there have been periodic outbreaks of murder by Lion and Leopard men . Liu Pengli of China , cousin of the Han Emperor Jing , was made Prince of Jidong in the sixth year of the middle period of Jing 's reign ( 144 BC ) . According to the Chinese historian Sima Qian , he would `` go out on marauding expeditions with 20 or 30 slaves or with young men who were in hiding from the law , murdering people and seizing their belongings for sheer sport '' . Although many of his subjects knew about these murders , it was not until the 29th year of his reign that the son of one of his victims finally sent a report to the Emperor . Eventually , it was discovered that he had murdered at least 100 people . The officials of the court requested that Liu Pengli be executed ; however , the emperor could not bear to have his own cousin killed , so Liu Pengli was made a commoner and banished . In the 15th century , one of the wealthiest men in Europe and a former companion - in - arms of Joan of Arc , Gilles de Rais , sexually assaulted and killed peasant children , mainly boys , whom he had abducted from the surrounding villages and had taken to his castle . It is estimated that his victims numbered between 140 and 800 . The Hungarian aristocrat Elizabeth Báthory , born into one of the wealthiest families in Transylvania , allegedly tortured and killed as many as 650 girls and young women before her arrest in 1610 . Members of the Thuggee cult in India may have murdered a million people between 1740 and 1840 . Thug Behram , a member of the cult , may have murdered as many as 931 victims . In his 1886 book Psychopathia Sexualis , psychiatrist Richard von Krafft - Ebing noted a case of a serial murderer in the 1870s , a Frenchman named Eusebius Pieydagnelle who had a sexual obsession with blood and confessed to murdering six people . In modern Times ( edit ) The ' Nemesis of Neglect ' : Jack the Ripper depicted as a phantom stalking Whitechapel , and as an embodiment of social neglect , in a Punch cartoon of 1888 . The unidentified killer Jack the Ripper , who has been called the first modern serial killer , killed at least five prostitutes , and possibly more , in London in 1888 . He was the subject of a massive manhunt and investigation by the Metropolitan Police , during which many modern criminal investigation techniques were pioneered . A large team of policemen conducted house - to - house inquiries , forensic material was collected and suspects were identified and traced . Police surgeon Thomas Bond assembled one of the earliest character profiles of the offender . The Ripper murders also marked an important watershed in the treatment of crime by journalists . While not the first serial killer in history , Jack the Ripper 's case was the first to create a worldwide media frenzy . The dramatic murders of financially destitute women in the midst of the wealth of London , focused the media 's attention on the plight of the urban poor and gained coverage worldwide . Jack the Ripper has also been called the most famous serial killer of all time , and his legend has spawned hundreds of theories on his real identity and multiple works of fiction . H.H. Holmes was one of the first documented modern serial killers in America , responsible for the death of at least 27 victims at his hotel in Chicago in the early 1890s . Here as well , the case gained notoriety and wide publicity through William Randolph Hearst 's newspapers . At the same time in France , Joseph Vacher became known as `` The French Ripper '' after killing and mutilating 11 women and children . He was executed in 1898 after confessing to his crimes . Infamous serial killers of the 20th century include Willie Pickton , Harold Shipman , Luis Garavito , Javed Iqbal , Anatoly Onopriyenko , Dean Corll , Carl Panzram , John Wayne Gacy , Jeffrey Dahmer , Ted Bundy , Peter Sutcliffe , Fritz Haarmann and Peter Kürten , Peter Tobin , Albert Fish , Ed Gein , Fred West , Richard Ramirez , David Berkowitz , Aileen Wuornos , Rosemary West , Dennis Rader and Gary Ridgway . 76 % of all known serial killers in the 20th century were from the United States . The image shown is by the Mexican artist , José Guadalupe Posada . It shows a serial killer named Francisco Guerrero , or `` The Mexican Ripper '' . Memorabilia ( edit ) Notorious and infamous serial killers number in the hundreds , and a subculture revolves around their legacies . That subculture includes the collection , sale , and display of serial killer memorabilia , dubbed `` murderabilia '' by one of the best - known opponents of collectors of serial killer remnants , Andrew Kahan . He is the director of the Mayor 's Crime Victims Office in Houston and is backed by the families of murder victims and `` Son of Sam laws '' existing in some states that prevent murderers from profiting from the publicity generated by their crimes . Such memorabilia includes the paintings , writings , and poems of these killers . Recently , marketing has capitalized even more upon interest in serial killers with the rise of various merchandise such as trading cards , action figures , and books such as The Serial Killer Files : The Who , What , Where , How , and Why of the World 's Most Terrifying Murderers by Harold Schechter , and The A-Z Encyclopedia of Serial Killers by Schecter and David Everitt . Some serial killers literally attain celebrity status in the way they acquire fans , and may have previous personal possessions auctioned off on websites like eBay . A few examples of this are Ed Gein 's 150 - pound stolen gravestone and Bobbie Joe Long 's sunglasses . Etymology ( edit ) The English term and concept of serial killer are commonly attributed to former FBI Special agent Robert Ressler who used the term serial homicide in 1974 in a lecture at Bramshill Police Academy in Britain . However , author Ann Rule postulates in her book , Kiss Me , Kill Me ( 2004 ) , that the English - language credit for coining the term goes to LAPD detective Pierce Brooks , who created the Violent Criminal Apprehension Program ( ViCAP ) system in 1985 . However , there is ample evidence the term was used in Europe and the U.S. earlier . The German term and concept were coined by the influential Ernst Gennat , who described Peter Kürten as a Serienmörder ( ' serial - murderer ' ) in his article `` Die Düsseldorfer Sexualverbrechen '' ( 1930 ) . The earliest usage attested of the specific term serial killer listed in the Oxford English Dictionary was from a 1960s German film article written by Siegfried Kracauer , about the German expressionist film M ( 1931 ) , portraying a pedophilic Serienmörder . In his book Serial Killers : The Method and Madness of Monsters ( 2004 ) , criminal - justice historian Peter Vronsky notes that while Ressler might have coined the English term `` serial homicide '' within law in 1974 , the terms serial murder and serial murderer appear in John Brophy 's book The Meaning of Murder ( 1966 ) . The Washington DC newspaper Evening Star , in a 1967 review of the book : There is the mass murderer , or what he ( Brophy ) calls the `` serial '' killer , who may be actuated by greed , such as insurance , or retention or growth of power , like the Medicis of Renaissance Italy , or Landru , the `` bluebeard '' of the World War I period , who murdered numerous wives after taking their money . This use of `` serial '' killer to paraphrase Brophy 's serial murderer does not appear to have been influential at the time . In his more recent study , Vronsky states that the term serial killing first entered into broader American popular usage when published in The New York Times in the spring of 1981 , to describe Atlanta serial killer Wayne Williams . Subsequently , throughout the 1980s , the term was used again in the pages of The New York Times , one of the major national news publication of the United States , on 233 occasions . By the end of the 1990s , the use of the term had escalated to 2,514 instances in the paper . See also ( edit ) List of horror film antagonists List of serial killers before 1900 List of serial killers by country List of serial killers by number of victims List of songs about or referencing serial killers Offender profiling Serial crime Son of Sam law Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : A serial killer is most commonly defined as a person who kills three or more people for psychological gratification ; reliable sources over the years agree . See , for example : `` Serial killer '' . TheFreeDictionary.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . A person who murders 3 + people over a period of > 30 days , with an inactive period between each murder , and whose motivation for killing is largely based on psychological gratification . Ronald M. Holmes , Stephen T. Holmes ( 1998 ) . Contemporary Perspectives on Serial Murder . SAGE Publications . p. 1 . ISBN 0761914218 . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Serial murder is the killing of three or more people over a period of more than 30 days , with a significant cooling - off period between the murders ( ... ) The baseline number of three victims appears to be most common among those who are the academic authorities in the field . The time frame also appears to be an agreed - upon component of the definition . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Wayne Petherick ( 2005 ) . Serial Crime : Theoretical and Practical Issues in Behavioral Profiling . Academic Press . p. 190 . ISBN 0080468543 . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Three killings seem to be required in the most popular operational definition of serial killing since they are enough to provide a pattern within the killings without being overly restrictive . R. Barri Flowers ( 2012 ) . The Dynamics of Murder : Kill or Be Killed . CRC Press . p. 195 . ISBN 1439879745 . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . In general , most experts on serial murder require that a minimum of three murders be committed at different times and usually different places for a person to qualify as a serial killer . Harold Schechter ( 2012 ) . The A to Z Encyclopedia of Serial Killers . Simon and Schuster . p. 73 . ISBN 1439138850 . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Most experts seem to agree , however , that to qualify as a serial killer , an individual has to slay a minimum of three unrelated victims . ^ Jump up to : Burkhalter Chmelir 2003 , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Richard M. Hough , Kimberly D. McCorkle ( 2016 ) . American Homicide . SAGE Publications . p. 73 . ISBN 1439138850 . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Serial killing has been defined by different researchers or groups as either two or more , three or more , or even four or more people killed over at least one month with a cooing off period between each of the murders . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Morton 2005 , p. 4 , 9 . Jump up ^ Geberth 1995 , p. ? `` The base population was 387 serial murderers , who killed ( under various motivations ) , three or more persons over a period of time with cooling - off periods between the events . The author identified 232 male serial murderers who violated their victims sexually '' . ^ Jump up to : Scott , Shirley Lynn . `` What Makes Serial Killers Tick ? '' . truTV . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Vronsky , Peter ( 2004 ) . Serial Killers : The Method and Madness of Monsters . Penguin - Berkley . 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Jump up ^ Singer , S.D ; Hensley , C ( 2004 ) . `` Learning theory to childhood and adolescent fire - setting : Can it lead to serial murder . International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology '' . International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology. 48 ( 4 ) : 48 , 461 -- 476 . doi : 10.1177 / 0306624X04265087 . PMID 15245657 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Holloway , Lynette . Of Course There Are Black Serial Killers Archived 2013 - 10 - 13 at the Wayback Machine ... The Root . Jump up ^ Serial Killer Information Center : Serial Killer I.Q. Archived 2016 - 03 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` UK Harold Shipman : The killer doctor '' . BBC News . 2004 - 01 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` CrimeLibrary.com/Serial Killers / Sexual Predators / Dennis Nilsen -- Growing Up Alone -- Crime Library on '' . Trutv.com. 1945 - 11 - 23 . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Testorides , Konstantin ( 2008 - 06 - 24 ) . `` ' Serial murder ' journalist commits suicide '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Mellor , L. ( 2012 ) Cold North Killers : Canadian Serial Murder Toronto : Dundurn . Jump up ^ Holmes 2000 , p. 107 . ^ Jump up to : Tithecott 1997 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Hale 1993 , p. 41 . ^ Jump up to : Hickey 2010 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Hasselt 1999 , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Seaman , D. & Wilson , C. ( 1990 ) . The serial killers : A study in the psychology of violence . London , Great Britain : Virgin Books ^ Jump up to : Hasselt 1999 , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Maccoby , E. E ( 1992 ) . `` The role of parents in the socialization of children : An historical overview '' . Developmental Psychology . American Psychological Association Developmental Psychology . 28 ( 6 ) : 1006 -- 17 . doi : 10.1037 / 0012 - 1649.28. 6.1006 . Jump up ^ Rodgers , Abby . `` A Terrifying Glimpse Into The Mind Of A Serial Killer '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Giannangelo , Stephen J. ( January 1996 ) . The psychopathology of serial murder : a theory of violence . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 33 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 95434 - 5 . Jump up ^ Silva , J. Arturo ; Leong , Gregory B. ; Ferrari , Michelle M. `` A neuropsychiatric developmental model of serial homicidal behavior '' . Behavioral Sciences & the Law . 2004 : 790 . Jump up ^ Tithecott 1997 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Vronsky 2004 , pp. 99 -- 100 . Jump up ^ Ressler 1993 , p. 113 . ^ Jump up to : Aamodt , Dr. Mike . `` Serial Killer Statistics '' ( PDF ) . Radford University / FGCU Serial Killer Database . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Serial Killers '' . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2009 . Retrieved May 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sitpond 2000 , p. . Jump up ^ Whittle 2000 , p. . Jump up ^ Linedecker 1990 , p. . Jump up ^ Hickey 1997 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ `` Angels of Death '' . Crime Library . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2008 . Retrieved 30 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Holmes 1998 , p. 204 . ^ Jump up to : Ramsland , Katherine ( 2007 - 03 - 22 ) . `` When Women Kill Together '' . The Forensic Examiner . American College of Forensic Examiners Institute . Archived from the original on 2010 - 08 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` Genene Jones Biography '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Your Questions Answered About Black Widow Case . Forensic Psychiatrist Dr. James Knoll Answers Viewers ' Questions About Stacey Castor '' . ABC News . April 27 , 2009 . Retrieved April 27 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Kelleher 1998 , p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , W. ; Hilton , T. ( 1998 ) . `` Modus operandi of female serial killers '' . Psychological Reports . Ammons Scientific . 82 ( 2 ) : 495 -- 498 . doi : 10.2466 / PR0. 82.2. 495 - 498 . PMID 9621726 . ^ Jump up to : Frei , A. ; Völlm , B. ; Graf , M. ; Dittmann , V. ( 2006 ) . `` Female serial killing : Review and case report '' . Criminal Behavior and Mental Health . Wiley InterScience. 16 ( 33 ) : 167 -- 176 . doi : 10.1002 / cbm. 615 . PMID 16838388 . Jump up ^ Eric W. Hickey , Serial Murderers and Their Victims , ( Fifth Edition ) , Belmont , CA : Wadsworth , 2010 . p. 187 , 257,266 . Jump up ^ Peter Vronsky , Female Serial Killers : How and Why Women Become Monsters , New York : Berkley Penguin , 2007 . p. 9 ^ Jump up to : Amanda L. Farrell ; Robert D. Keppel ; Victoria B. Titterington ( August 2011 ) . `` Lethal Ladies : Revisiting What We Know About Female Serial Murderers '' . Homicide Studies . 15 ( 3 ) : 228 -- 252 . doi : 10.1177 / 1088767911415938 . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Michael , Newton , ( 2000 ) . The Encyclopedia of Serial Killers . New York : Checkmark Books ( 1st ed . ) . Facts on File . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 3978 - X . ^ Jump up to : Educated attempt to provide specific information about a certain type of suspect . Department of Psychology , Concordia University . 2008 . Archived from the original ( PPT ) on April 26 , 2012 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Vronsky , ( 2007 ) . p. 41 Jump up ^ Hickey , ( 2010 ) . p. 267 Jump up ^ Hickey , ( 2010 ) . p. 265 Jump up ^ Harrison , Marissa A. ; Murphy , Erin A. ; Ho , Lavina Y. ; Bowers , Thomas G. ; Flaherty , Claire V. `` Female serial killers in the United States : means , motives , and makings '' . The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology . 26 ( 3 ) : 383 -- 406 . doi : 10.1080 / 14789949.2015. 1007516 . Jump up ^ Peter Vronsky , ( 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Eric W. Hickey , ( 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Holmes 1998 , p. 171 . Jump up ^ Vronsky 2007 , pp. 1 , 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Schechter 2003 , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Schechter 2003 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Fox 2005 , p. 117 . Jump up ^ Schmid 2005 , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Arrigo , B. ; Griffin , A. ( 2004 ) . `` Serial Murder and the Case of Aileen Wuornos : Attachment Theory , Psychopathy , and Predatory Aggression '' . Behavioral Sciences & the Law . Wiley InterScience. 22 ( 3 ) : 375 -- 393 . doi : 10.1002 / bsl. 583 . PMID 15211558 . Jump up ^ Vronsky 2007 , p. 73 . ^ Jump up to : Perri , Frank S. ; Lichtenwald , Terrance G. ( 2010 ) . `` The Last Frontier : Myths & The Female Psychopathic Killer '' ( PDF ) . Forensic Examiner. 19 ( 2 ) : 50 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Kirby , Ashley ( 2009 - 11 - 24 ) . `` Juvenile Serial Killers : Descriptive Characteristics and Profiles '' . Jump up ^ Brown , Pat ( 2008 ) . Killing for Sport : Inside the Minds of Serial Killers . Phoenix Books . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59777 - 575 - 5 . Jump up ^ N.R. Kleinfield And Erica Goode ( 2002 - 10 - 28 ) . `` RETRACING A TRAIL : THE SNIPER SUSPECTS ; Serial Killing 's Squarest Pegs : Not Solo , White , Psychosexual or Picky '' . The New York Times . Montgomery County ( Md ) ; Washington ( Dc ) . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Schechter , Harold ( 2011 - 01 - 27 ) . The serial killer files . p. . ISBN 9780345472007 . Jump up ^ Godwin , Grover Maurice ( 2008 ) . Hunting Serial Predators . p. . ISBN 9780763735104 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Anthony ( 2005 ) . African Americans and Serial Killing in the Media : The Myth and the Reality . Homicide Studies Vol. 9 No. 4 , November 2005 271 -- 291 DOI : 10.1177 / 1088767905280080 Jump up ^ Holmes 1998 , pp. 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Bartol 2004 , p. 284 . Jump up ^ Holmes 1998 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Ressler 1993 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Schechter 2003 , p. 291 . Jump up ^ Holmes 1998 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Holmes 2002 , p. 112 . ^ Jump up to : Bartol 2004 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Myers , Wade C. ; Ross McElroy ; Karen Burton ; Lawrence Recoppa ( 1993 ) . `` Malignant Sex and Aggression : An Overview of Serial Sexual Homicide '' . 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A jury found Felix Vail guilty Friday in the 1962 homicide of his first wife , Mary Horton Vail . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Jerry ( 2016 - 07 - 08 ) . `` Oldest prosecution of serial killer suspect is Aug. 8 '' . Clarion Ledger . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 16 . The Louisiana Supreme Court is allowing the disappearances of these two women as evidence in the trial . Jump up ^ McConnaughey , Janet ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` Trial : Man , 76 , accused of killing 1st wife in October 1962 '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 27 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Egger , Steven A. ( 2000 ) . `` Why Serial Murderers Kill : An Overview '' . Contemporary Issues Companion : Serial Killers . Jump up ^ Peck 2000 , p. 255 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Carl ; Crespo , Virginia ( 2003 ) . `` A psychological examination of serial killer cinema : The case of copycat '' . Post Script . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Dennis Rader '' . Biography . A&E Television Networks . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . 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Serial killers with military experience : applying learning theory to serial murder . International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology , 48 ( 4 ) , Retrieved from http://ijo.sagepub.com/content/46/4/453.short doi : 10.1177 / 0306624X02464007 . Jump up ^ Exploring serial murder from a social learning perspective . ( 2011 , January 3 ) . Retrieved from http://www.deviantcrimes.com/serialmurder_sociallearning.htm . Jump up ^ Hamamoto , D ( 2002 ) . `` Empire of death : militarized society and the rise of serial killing and mass murder '' . New Political Science . 24 ( 1 ) : 105 -- 120 . doi : 10.1080 / 07393140220122662 . Jump up ^ Atwood , Donald J. ( 25 February 1992 ) . `` Department of Defense Directive AD - A272 176 : Use of Deadly Force and the Carrying of Firearms by DoD Personnel Engaged in Law Enforcement and Security Duties '' ( PDF ) . DoD . Retrieved 13 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Serial Murder '' . Federal Bureau of Investigation . 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Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 22 . Dobbert , Duane L. ( 2004 ) . Halting the Sexual Predators Among Us : Preventing Attack , Rape , and Lust Homicide . Greenwood . Fox , James Alan ; Jack Levin ( 2005 ) . Extreme Killing : Understanding Serial and Mass Murder . Sage . Hasselt , V.B. Van ( 1999 ) . Handbook of psychological approaches with violent offenders : Contemporary strategies and issues . Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers . Howard , Amanda ; Martin Smith ( 2004 ) . River of Blood : Serial Killers and Their Victims . Universal . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58112 - 518 - 4 . Hickey , Eric W. ( 2010 ) . Serial murderers and their victims . Wadsworth , Cengage Learning . Holmes , Ronald M ; Holmes , Stephen T ( 2000 ) . Mass murder in the United States . Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 934308 - 3 . Holmes , Ronald M. ; Stephen T. Holmes ( 2010 ) . Serial murder ( 3rd ed . ) . Thousand Oaks , Sage , California . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 7442 - 4 . Holmes , Ronald M. ; Stephen T. Holmes ( 1998b ) . Contemporary Perspectives on Serial Murder . SAGE Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7619 - 1421 - 1 . Holmes , Ronald M. ; Stephen T. Holmes ( 1998 ) . Serial Murder ( Second ed . ) . Sage . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7619 - 1367 - 2 . Holmes , Ronald M. ; Stephen T. Holmes ( 2000 ) . Murder in America ( Second ed . ) . Sage . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7619 - 2092 - 2 . Kelleher , Michael D. ; Kelleher , C.L. ( 1998 ) . Murder Most Rare : The Female Serial Killer . Westport , Connecticut : Praeger . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 96003 - 2 . Linedecker , Clifford L. ; William A. Burt ( 1990 ) . Nurses who Kill . Windsor . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55817 - 449 - 8 . Morton , RJ ( 2005 ) . `` Serial murder multi-disciplinary perspectives for investigators '' ( PDF ) . Federal Bureau of Investigation . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 16 . Peck , Dennis L. ; Norman Allan Dolche ( 2000 ) . Extraordinary Behavior : A Case Study Approach to Understanding Social Problems . Greenwood . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 97057 - 4 . Qian , Sima ( 1993 ) . `` Han Dynasty '' . Records of the Grand Historian . I ( Revised ed . ) . Columba University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 08164 - 2 . Reavill , Gil ( 2007 ) . Aftermath , Inc. : Cleaning Up After CSI Goes Home . Gotham . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59240 - 296 - 0 . Ressler , Robert K. ; Thomas Schachtman ( 1993 ) . Whoever Fights Monsters : My Twenty Years Tracking Serial Killers for the FBI . New York : Macmillan / St. Martin 's . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 95044 - 6 . Roy , Jody M. ( 2002 ) . Love to Hate : America 's Obsession with Hatred and Violence . Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 12569 - 7 . Schechter , Harold ( 2003 ) . The Serial Killer Files : The Who , What , Where , How , and Why of the World 's Most Terrifying Murderers . Ballantine Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 47200 - 7 . Schmid , David ( 2005 ) . Natural Born Celebrities : Serial Killers in American Culture . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 73867 - 3 . Schmid , David ( 2007 ) . Natural Born Celebrities : Serial Killers in American Culture . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 73869 - 7 . Sitpond , M. ( 2000 ) . Addicted to murder : The true story of Dr Harold Shipman . Virgin Books , . ISBN 0 - 7535 - 0445 - 6 . Tithecott , R ( 1997 ) . Of men and monsters : Jeffrey Dahmer and the construction of the serial killer . Madison , Wisconsin : The University of Wisconsin Press . ISBN 0 - 299 - 15680 - X . Seltzer , Mark ( 1998 ) . Serial Killers : Death and Life in America 's Wound Culture . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 91481 - 9 . Vronsky , Peter ( 2004 ) . Serial Killers : The Method and Madness of Monsters . Penguin Group / Berkley . ISBN 0 - 425 - 19640 - 2 . Vronsky , Peter ( 2007b ) . Female Serial Killers : How and Why Women Become Monsters . New York : Berkley Publishing Group . Vronsky , Peter ( 2013 ) . `` Serial Killer Zombie Apocalypse and the Dawn of the Less Dead : An Introduction to Sexual Serial Murder Today '' , in Serial Killers : True Crime Anthology 2014 . RJ Parker Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1494325893 . Yudofsky , Stuart C. ( 2005 ) . Fatal Flaws : Navigating Destructive Relationships with People with Disorders of Personality and Character . American Psychiatric Publishing . Whittle , Brian ; Jean Ritchie ( 2000 ) . `` Prescription for Murder : The True Story of Mass Murderer Dr Harold Frederick Shipman '' . Warner . Further reading ( edit ) Brady , Ian ; Colin Wilson ( Introduction ) ; Peter Sotos ( Afterword ) ( 2001 ) . The Gates of Janus : Serial Killing and Its Analysis . Feral House . ISBN 978 - 0922915736 . DeFronzo , James ; Ashley Ditta ; Lance Hannon ; Jane Prochnow ( 2007 ) . `` Male Serial Homicide : The Influence of Cultural And Structural Variables '' . Homicide Studies , 11 ( 1 ) , 3 -- 14 . Douglas , John ; Mark Olshaker ( 1997 ) . Journey into Darkness . Pocket Books . ISBN 0 - 671 - 00394 - 1 . Douglas , John ; Mark Olshaker ( 1997 ) . Mind Hunter : Inside the FBI 's Elite Serial Crime Unit . Pocket Books . ISBN 0 - 671 - 01375 - 0 . Douglas , John E. ; Allen G. Burgess ; Robert K. Ressler ; Ann W. Burgess ( 2006 ) . Crime Classification Manual : A Standard System for Investigating and Classifying Violent Crimes ( Second ed . ) . Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7879 - 8501 - 1 . Geberth , Vernon J. ( 1995 ) . `` Psychopathic sexual sadists : The psychology and psychodynamics of serial killers '' . Law and Order . 43 ( 4 ) : 82 -- 86 . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Godwin , Grover Maurice ( 2000 ) . Hunting Serial Predators : A Multivariate Classification Approach to Profiling Violent Behavior . CRC Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8493 - 1398 - 1 . Haggerty , Kevin D. ( 2009 ) . `` Crime , Media , Culture : Modern Serial Killer '' . 5 ( 2 ) . Sage : 1 -- 21 . Holmes , Ronald M. ; Holmes , Stephen T. ( 2001 ) . Sex Crimes : Patterns and Behavior ( Second ed . ) . Sage . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7619 - 2417 - 3 . Holmes , Ronald M. ; Stephen T. Holmes ( 2002 ) . Profiling Violent Crimes : An Investigative Tool . Sage . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7619 - 2594 - 1 . Jensen , Sybil ( 2014 ) . Top 10 American Serial Killers : Inside The Minds of Psychopaths . Haselton Media Group . ASIN B00KGDUJ2U . Kiam , O.M. ( 2013 ) . The Second One : A Serial Killer 's Account of His First Two Kills . Milford Press . Lane , Brian ( 2006 ) . The New Encyclopedia Of Serial Killers ( 2nd ed . ) . Facts On File . ISBN 0816061955 . Leyton , Elliott ( 1986 ) . Hunting Humans : The Rise of the Modern Multiple Murderer . McClelland & Stewart . ISBN 0 - 7710 - 5025 - 9 . Lukin , Grigory ( 2013 ) . Madmen 's Manifestos : Chris Dorner , Charles Manson , Timothy McVeigh and others . MacDonald , J. M ( 1963 ) . `` American Journal of Psychiatry '' . American Psychiatric Association . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 31 . Newitz , Annalee ( 2006 ) . Pretend We 're Dead : Capitalist Monsters in American Pop Culture . Duke University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8223 - 3745 - 4 . Norris , Joel ( 1990 ) . Serial Killers : The Growing Menace . Arrow Books . ISBN 0 - 09 - 971750 - 6 . Panzram , Carl ( 2002 ) ( 1970 ) . Gaddis , Thomas E. ; Long , James O. , eds . Killer : A Journal of Murder . Amok Books . Ramsland , Katherine ( 2007 ) . Inside the minds of healthcare serial killers : why they kill . Praeger . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 99422 - 8 . Ramsland , Katherine ; Karen Pepper . `` Serial Killer Culture '' . Tru.tv Crime Library . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2010 . Retrieved April 2 , 2010 . Ramsland , Katherine ; Karen Pepper . `` Serial Killer Culture '' . Tru.tv Crime Library . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2010 . Retrieved April 2 , 2010 . Robinson , Bryan . `` Serial Killer Action Figures For Sale '' . ABC News . Retrieved April 1 , 2010 . Rosner , Lisa ( 2010 ) . The Anatomy Murders . Being the True and Spectacular History of Edinburgh 's Notorious Burke and Hare and of the Man of Science Who Abetted Them in the Commission of Their Most Heinous Crimes . University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 0 - 8122 - 4191 - 6 . Rushby , Kevin ( 2003 ) . Children of Kali : Through India in Search of Bandits , the Thug Cult , and the British Raj . Walker & Company . ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1418 - 8 . Schlesinger , Louis B. ( 2000 ) . Serial Offenders : Current Thought , Recent Findings . CRC Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8493 - 2236 - 5 . Vronsky , Peter ( 2004 ) . Serial Killers : The Method and Madness of Monsters . Penguin Group / Berkley . ISBN 0 - 425 - 19640 - 2 . Wilson , Colin ( 1995 ) . A Plague Of Murder . Constable & Robinson . ISBN 1 - 85487 - 249 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Serial killers . Crime Library 's Serial Killer page Serial Murder : Multi-Disciplinary Perspectives for Investigators Official FBI publication Dr. James Fallon : The Brains of Serial Killers ( Talk ) Unknown Serial Killings GND : 7512462 - 2 BNF : cb125716599 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serial_killer&oldid=818197189 '' Categories : Crime Serial killers Psychopathy Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2011 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2014 Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Articles with limited geographic scope from May 2010 USA - centric Articles containing German - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2017 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia Iñupiak Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kinyarwanda Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 04 : 51 . 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what does black velvet mean in the song			Black Velvet ( song )	black velvet ( song )		`` Black Velvet '' Single by Alannah Myles from the album Alannah Myles B - side `` If You Want To '' Released July 26 , 1989 ( Canada ) December 17 , 1989 ( U.S. ) February 26 , 1990 ( UK ) June 15 , 1990 ( Australia ) Format CD maxi 7 '' single 12 '' maxi Recorded October 18 , 1988 Genre Blues rock Length 4 : 49 Label Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) David Tyson Christopher Ward Producer ( s ) David Tyson Alannah Myles singles chronology `` Love Is '' ( 1989 ) `` Black Velvet '' ( 1989 ) `` Still Got This Thing '' ( 1990 ) `` Love Is '' ( 1989 ) `` Black Velvet '' ( 1989 ) `` Still Got This Thing '' ( 1990 ) `` Black Velvet '' is a song written by Canadian songwriters Christopher Ward and David Tyson , recorded by Canadian singer songwriter Alannah Myles . It was released in December 1989 as one of four singles from Myles ' 1989 eponymous album from Atlantic Records . It became a number - one hit for two weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 charts in 1990 and reached number one on the Album Rock Tracks chart , as well as number ten in her native Canada and number two on the UK Singles Chart . It contains blues verses with a rock chorus . Myles won the 1991 Grammy for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance for the song and the 1990 Juno Award for Single of the Year . Since its release , the power ballad has received substantial airplay , receiving a `` Millionaire Award '' from ASCAP in 2005 for more than four million radio plays . Contents 1 Background and writing 2 Music video 3 Release and reception 4 Track listings 5 Charts and sales 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 5.3 Certifications 6 Other versions 6.1 Chart performance / Robin Lee version 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Background and writing ( edit ) The song is a paean to Elvis Presley . Co-writer Christopher Ward , who was Myles ' then - boyfriend , was inspired on a bus full of Elvis fans riding to Memphis attending the 10th anniversary vigil at Graceland , in 1987 . Upon his return to Canada , he brought his idea to Alannah and producer David Tyson , who wrote the chords for the bridge . The song was one of three in a demo Myles presented to Atlantic Records which eventually got her signed to the label . Atlantic Records , much to the disappointment of Myles , for whom the song had been written , gave the song for country artist Robin Lee to record . In the USA , Myles ' version was released in December 1989 , while Lee 's version was released two months later , in February 1990 . This led to Myles being promoted by Atlantic on the pop and rock radio stations , and Lee on the country radio stations . Lee even filmed a videoclip to the song very similar to Myles ' video . Myles released a new version of the song on a digitally released Elvis tribute EP to commemorate the 30 years since his death in August 2007 . It was later included on her 2008 Black Velvet CD . The song is performed in the key of D ♯ minor with a swinging tempo of 91 beats per minute in common time . Myles ' vocals span from C ♯ to D ♯ in the song . Music video ( edit ) The music video , directed by Doug Freel , was partially shot in Myles ' family ranch in Buckhorn , Ontario . Myles is seen singing at a cabin porch with her guitarist , intercut with scenes from Myles in concert with her band . Release and reception ( edit ) Released as the second single of Myles ' debut album , it was first released in her native Canada in July 1989 , peaking at # 10 in September of that year , becoming the first of four top 10 hits for Myles in her homeland . Worldwide , it was released as Myles ' debut single . It was released in the USA in December 1989 , and worldwide in early 1990 , becoming a top 10 hit in most countries where it was released , and peaking at # 1 in four countries : The USA , Norway , Sweden and Switzerland , and receiving Gold and Platinum discs in several countries . Track listings ( edit ) CD maxi `` Black Velvet '' -- 4 : 40 `` If You Want To '' -- 4 : 11 `` Who Loves You '' -- 3 : 36 7 '' single `` Black Velvet '' -- 4 : 02 `` If You Want To '' -- 4 : 11 12 '' maxi `` Black Velvet '' -- 4 : 40 `` If You Want To '' -- 4 : 11 `` Who Loves You '' -- 3 : 36 Charts and sales ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1989 - 1991 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canadian Top Singles ( RPM ) 10 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 29 France ( SNEP ) 24 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( Irish Singles Chart ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 95 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 7 US Album Rock Tracks ( Billboard ) US Top 40 / Rock ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 13 Austrian Singles Chart 6 Canadian Singles Chart 81 Dutch Top 40 13 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 10 Swiss Singles Chart 10 UK Singles Chart ( OCC ) 18 US Billboard Hot 100 18 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 25,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 250,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Other versions ( edit ) `` Black Velvet '' Single by Robin Lee from the album Black Velvet Released February 1990 Format CD single Genre Country Length 4 : 43 ( album version ) Label Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) David Tyson , Christopher Ward Producer ( s ) Nelson Larkin Robin Lee singles chronology `` Before You Cheat on Me Once '' ( 1989 ) `` Black Velvet '' ( 1990 ) `` How About Goodbye '' ( 1990 ) `` Before You Cheat on Me Once '' ( 1989 ) `` Black Velvet '' ( 1990 ) `` How About Goodbye '' ( 1990 ) Country music artist Robin Lee , also signed to Atlantic at the time , covered `` Black Velvet '' in 1990 on her third studio album , also titled Black Velvet. Lee 's version peaked at No. 12 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks ( now Hot Country Songs ) chart . Idols South Africa winner Anke Pietrangeli covered the song on her album Tribute to the Great Female Vocalists in 2009 . `` Black Velvet '' has also been recorded by Valentina Gautier ( as `` Hey tu '' ) , Gee Gee & Soluna featuring Soluna Samay , Bert Heerink ( as `` Rocksterren '' ) , Vicky Rosti ( as `` Yön helmaan '' ) , Jackie Thomas , and Sandi Thom . `` Black Velvet '' was also roughed up and recorded by Canadian Rock artist Kami and released on her single `` Death Toll Rising '' on January 2013 . And also by the group The Lost Fingers `` Lost in the 80s '' 2008 . In 2015 , Canadian heavy metal band Kobra and the Lotus recorded the song for their first EP entitled Words of the Prophets . Chart performance / Robin Lee version ( edit ) Chart ( 1989 -- 1990 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 21 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 12 See also ( edit ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1990 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bonnie Tyler 's Total Eclipse of the Heart and the 20 other best power ballads '' . The Telegraph . August 18 , 2017 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Alannah Myles -- About '' . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2012 . Retrieved July 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tyson , David . `` Alannah Myles `` Black Velvet '' Guitar Tab in E Minor - Download & Print `` . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Alannah Myles -- Black Velvet '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Alannah Myles -- Black Velvet '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Alannah Myles -- Black Velvet '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 50 , No. 22 , September 25 , 1989 '' . RPM . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Alannah Myles -- Black Velvet '' . Tracklisten . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Alannah Myles -- Black Velvet '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Myles , Alannah Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Irish Singles Chart -- Search for song '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2010 . Retrieved July 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 20 , 1990 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Alannah Myles -- Black Velvet '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Alannah Myles -- Black Velvet '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Alannah Myles -- Black Velvet '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved 23 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Alannah Myles -- Black Velvet '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Alannah Myles -- Black Velvet '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Alannah Myles Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Alannah Myles Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Mainstream Rock : Feb 17 , 1990 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / Rock : March 17 , 1990 '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1990 ARIA Singles Chart '' . ARIA . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 1990 Austrian Singles Chart Austriancharts.at Archived December 17 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . ( Retrieved July 29 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ 1989 Canadian Singles Chart ( 1 ) ( Retrieved February 6 , 2016 ) Jump up ^ `` Single top 100 over 1990 '' ( pdf ) ( in Dutch ) . Top40 . Retrieved April 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1990 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 1990 Swiss Singles Chart Hitparade.ch Archived February 1 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . ( Retrieved July 29 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 -- 1990 '' . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2010 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Alannah Myles -- Black Velvet '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Enter Alannah Myles in the field Interpret . Enter Black Velvet in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Alannah Myles ; ' Black Velvet ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 1987 − 1998 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Alannah Myles -- Black Velvet '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select singles in the Format field . Select Silver in the Certification field . Enter Black Velvet in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Alannah Myles -- Black Velvet '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Black Velvet ( CD liner notes ) . Robin Lee . Atlantic Records . 1990 . 82085 - 2 . Jump up ^ Anke - Tribute to the Great Female Vocalists Retrieved 10 January 2014 Jump up ^ OBRA AND THE LOTUS Premiere Sexy `` Black Velvet '' Video Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 1249 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . June 2 , 1990 . Retrieved August 23 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) `` Black Velvet '' music video on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Velvet_(song)&oldid=848897168 '' Categories : 1989 songs 1989 singles 1990 singles Alannah Myles songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Rock number - one singles Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Sweden Number - one singles in Switzerland Robin Lee Bruce songs Songs about Memphis , Tennessee Songs in memory of deceased persons Songs about Elvis Presley Songs written by David Tyson Songs written by Christopher Ward ( songwriter ) Atlantic Records singles Grammy Award for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance Rock ballads 1980s ballads Juno Award for Single of the Year singles Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from October 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 5 July 2018 , at 03 : 07 ( UTC ) . 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who plays will's mum in fresh prince of bel air	Viola `` Vy '' Smith - Wilkes , portrayed by Vernee Watson - Johnson , is Vivian 's oldest sister and Will 's loving mother . She is a stern , no - nonsense disciplinarian who is not afraid to challenge anyone who gets in her way . It was her idea that Will should go to Bel Air to get a good education and avoid a life of violence in their West Philadelphia neighborhood . Vy works as a supervisor at the post office . It was due to this she opposed the decision when Janice decides to marry Frank , a white man . Though by their next encounter she is more acceptable . Vy eventually decides to marry Lisa Wilkes ' father after Will and Lisa call off their second wedding attempt . However , it is unknown whether or not they married , since in Vy 's next appearance , Mr. Wilkes is not seen or mentioned . Her maiden name and married name were previously the same , as Will 's father was named Lou Smith .	Vernee Watson - Johnson	List of the Fresh Prince of Bel - Air characters	list of the fresh prince of bel - air characters	The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air is an American sitcom based on the life of Will `` The Fresh Prince '' Smith . it was produced by Quincy Jones and Will Smith . It started airing on NBC from September 10 , 1990 , to May 20 , 1996 . The Fresh Prince was from West Philadelphia and moved to Bel - Air to live with his aunt , uncle , and cousins . The show is about the struggles he has in Bel - Air and basically his life story . The theme song of the show was composed by Will Smith including other music played to connect to scenes . The following are the list of characters in the show .	Contents ( hide ) 1 The Banks family and friends 1.1 Will Smith 1.2 Philip Banks 1.3 Vivian Banks 1.4 Carlton Banks 1.5 Hilary Banks 1.6 Ashley Banks 1.7 Nicky Banks 1.8 Geoffrey Barbara Butler 1.9 Jazz 2 Recurring characters 2.1 Vy Smith - Wilkes 2.2 Hattie Banks 2.3 Joe Banks 2.4 Kellogg Lieberbaum 2.5 Tyriq Johnson 2.6 Trevor Collins - Newsworthy 2.7 Toni 2.8 Helen Smith 2.9 Janice Smith 2.10 Judge Carl Robertson 2.11 Lou Smith 3 Will 's love interests 3.1 Beullah ( Lisa ) Wilkes 3.2 Jackie Ames 4 Other guest stars 5 References The Banks family and friends ( edit ) Will Smith ( edit ) Main article : Will Smith ( character ) Nickname by Geoffrey : `` Master William '' Nickname by Jazz and others friends : `` Prince '' or `` Will - man '' Born on July 3 , 1973 . Philip Banks ( edit ) Nickname by Will : `` Uncle Phil '' Nickname by Parents : `` Zeeke '' Nickname by Carlton : `` Big Guy '' Nickname by Geoffrey : `` Mister Banks '' Nickname by Ashley and Hilary : `` Daddy '' Nickname by Vivian : `` Philip '' Nickname by Ernest : `` Moose '' Philip Banks ( played by James Avery ) was born on January 30 , 1945 in North Carolina . Philip was raised on a farm in Yamacraw , North Carolina , where he was referred to by his parents , Hattie and Joe Banks , as `` Zeke '' . At age 16 he moved to Baltimore . In the 1960s , he became an activist for the civil rights movement . He was present at the riots in Selma in 1965 and Watts Riots , and , in the pilot episode , he also mentions he heard Malcolm X speak , and that he had read every word that he wrote . In 1963 , he was awarded a scholarship to study at Princeton University , after which he went to Harvard Law School . In 1975 , Philip was put on the board of the NAACP and was later awarded the Urban Spirit Award for his work in promoting civil rights . He is a conservative but runs as a Democrat against his old mentor Carl Robertson in the elections . At first glance , Will had come to Bel Air with an attitude that because he came from West Philadelphia that he was hardened against anything and was dismissive of Phil and his family as too soft , until he is sternly rebuked by Phil , who reveals his past in seeing the turmoil that happened before Will was born and that it has been his hard work that has earned him a manor in Bel - Air . Philip was also shown to have admired Ronald Reagan , namely because during the series run Reagan had retired from the presidency and moved into the same neighborhood as Philip 's . Reagan was said to have declined party invitations until he appears at a traditional Christmas party of the Banks ; ironically shown to be a friend of Hilary 's . At the beginning of the series , Philip is a senior partner with the firm of Firth , Wynn and Meyer ( which Will humorously compares to Earth , Wind & Fire in the pilot episode ) . In the third season , he is appointed to the judiciary ; he becomes a judge after his ex-mentor , Judge Carl Robertson , who beat Philip by a landslide in the elections , dies suddenly , and the governor appoints Philip to the position . Philip later considers making a deeper foray into politics , but decides against it when his wife disapproves . In the episode `` To Thine Own Self Be Blue ... And Gold , '' it is revealed that Phil is a member of the fictional fraternity Pi Nu . After meeting and dating his future wife Vivian , he proposed to her while on live television during an episode of Soul Train . He claims to have been a lifelong fan of classical music in the episode `` Bang the Drum , Ashley '' , though Vivian rebuffs that `` When we met , you were into James Brown ! '' , which Philip rebuts by stating it is possible to like both classical music and James Brown . Philip is a somewhat strict and gruff , but he does have a softer side , as he is a loving and caring family man , as well as being an upstanding citizen . Nonetheless , his anger can get him into trouble at times , especially when he feels his image is being besmirched . Additionally , Philip can be financially greedy ; he pays his butler Geoffrey a salary so low that Geoffrey quits after Philip gives him a mediocre additional annual raise , and only returns when Philip apologizes for taking him for granted and agrees to increase his salary , benefits and to hire more help during formal functions . In the series finale , when Geoffrey retires , Phil rewards him with both a large cash bonus and an expensive first class plane ticket to London , England . Similarly , while he always spoils Hilary , Philip refuses to increase the allowances of his children , although in later seasons he begins to tire of spending his hard - earned money on spoiling Hilary and becomes more gruff with Hilary to pay her own way in the world . A recurring gag is about Philip 's children being afraid of his punishments because , while his anger is understandable , he can be incredibly sadistic and sociopathic in his punishments . For example , in season three 's `` The Best Laid Plans '' , in which Will tries to trick a girl he is dating ( who does not believe in premarital sex ) into marrying him in order to go all the way with her , Philip became severely disappointed and upset , and promises to impose the cruelest punishment that he could find ( which he manages to do three years after the incident , when he read about medieval tortures and with a malicious smile in his face ) . Despite being a miser , Philip is a very caring and loving husband and father . He makes sure that he does what is best for all his children , including Will . Despite being related to Will only by marriage ( and though he sometimes grumbles about Will being a goof - off ) , he very much cares for him as his own son . Throughout the series , Philip has been there for his children in their time of need , which rubs off on his nephew as Will comes to see Philip as a genuine father - figure ( as opposed to his true father , who left him and his mother when Will was a young child ) . When Will is eager to bond with his biological father Lou after he suddenly re-enters Will 's life , Philip warns Will to be wary of Lou and comforts him when Lou is unable to rekindle their relationship . Philip goes out of his way to make sure all of his children , including Will , make something of themselves . He also fights fiercely to protect his family : When Will and Carlton are arrested for `` stealing a car '' as they are driving it for his law firm partner , Philip threatens to tie the police station up in `` so much litigation that ( their ) grandchildren are going to need lawyers '' . He is overprotective of Ashley and has trouble with her growing up into a young woman . A common occasion for humor on the show is Philip 's portly shape and big appetite . Will commonly makes cracks about his girth , as do Geoffrey , Jazz and Vivian , and at times , even Carlton ( though he is usually skittish and quick to apologize ) . Unfortunately , Philip 's appetite has given him trouble and even caused him to suffer a heart attack in season four 's `` Home is Where the Heart Attack Is '' . Philip also reveals himself to be an amazingly adept pool player in the episode `` Banks Shot '' , showing his skill by out - hustling the pool shark who hustled Will at the pool hall . He has a personal cue stick , that he has named `` Lucille '' . In the episode `` Lucky Charm , '' it is said by Vivian that Philip 's birthday is in January . But this causes a continuity error because in part one of the two - part series finale , Philip 's birthday is celebrated , but the finale takes place in late May . Vivian Banks ( edit ) Nickname by Will : `` Aunt Viv '' Nickname by Her children : `` Mom '' or `` Mommy '' Nickname by Geoffrey : `` Mrs. Banks '' or `` Madam '' Maiden Name : Smith Prof. Vivian Banks ( née Smith ) , PhD , born on October 21 , 1951 , was portrayed by Janet Hubert - Whitten during the first three seasons and by Daphne Maxwell Reid for the last three . She is the mother of Nicky , Ashley , Carlton and Hillary Banks ; the aunt of Will Smith and the wife of Phillip Banks . She has been a retired Doctor then earned her PhD at UCLA since 1971 , and in one early episode takes a temporary job as a teacher for a unit in Black History at Bel - Air Academy , the upscale preparatory high school attended by Will and Carlton , and later by Ashley . She has one older sister , Vy ( Will 's mother ) , and two younger sisters , Helen and Janice . Vivian 's personality and role in the show changes over the run of the series . During the Janet Hubert - Whitten years , she is a no - nonsense , vocally talented , forthright , and career - minded woman who plays a part in the show equal to her husband Philip . It is revealed in the season one episode `` Love at First Fight '' , that Vivian dropped out of high school as a teenager and worked menial jobs , before attending night school in order to get her high school diploma and enter college to work toward her PhD . After Reid took the part in 1993 and baby Nicky was added to the cast , she was reimagined as a homemaker who showed reluctance toward ambitious career moves , such as Philip 's political aspirations . The Reid - played Vivian showed a less fiery demeanor than how Whitten portrayed the role . She also supported her children in whatever they wanted , even if it was wrong . An example of this permissive behavior was when she let Hilary make the decision for herself to pose naked in a Playboy pictorial in the season four episode `` Fresh Prince After Dark '' , as well as letting Hilary get abruptly married to her news anchor boyfriend Trevor in `` Where There 's a Will , There 's a Way , '' and having a seance for Trevor in the episode `` Hex and the Single Guy . '' It seems that Janet Hubert - Whitten 's Vivian would have disapproved such attitudes ; however , in the episode It 's a Wonderful Lie , she 's at Philip 's side when he severely reprimands Ashley for lying to them and having snuck off to go to a fraternity party , where she 'd been caught by Will in a locked bedroom making out with a college linebacker . There has been references in the series about Janet Hubert - Whitten 's replacement by Daphne Maxwell Reed as Vivian . In an occasional running gag within the series , whenever a member of the family goes through old family photos , Will would occasionally comment who the mannish - looking person is in the photo , to which it is then revealed that the person in question is the Whitten - played Vivian . In a later interview , costume designer Carlo Tang commented that Smith and other cast members would jokingly refer to Hubert - Whitten 's Vivian as Marcus , a fictional bodybuilder . The change between the two is the object of two humorous quotes from Jazz in which he breaks the fourth wall . One of them is in the fourth - season premiere , when he remarks : `` You know , Mrs. Banks , ever since you had that baby , there 's something different about you '' ; after this , Will stares uneasily into the camera . The other is in the fifth - season premiere when he sees the suddenly grown Nicky and asks : `` So , who 's playing the wife this year ? '' . Carlton Banks ( edit ) Nicknames by Will : `` C '' , or `` Boogaloo Shrimp '' ( also `` Stumpy , '' `` Squidget '' , `` Snigglet '' or basically any name pertaining to Carlton 's small stature ) Nickname by Geoffrey : `` Master Carlton '' Nickname by Jazz : `` C - Note '' ( in the episode `` 72 Hours '' ) Carlton Banks ( played by Alfonso Ribeiro ) , born August 4 , 1974 , is Vivian and Philip 's eldest son and Will 's pedantic maternal cousin . Carlton is a quintessential preppy . Like many of his social class , Carlton aspires to attend an Ivy League university ; in earlier seasons , he states he aims to get into Yale University , but later fixes a determined focus on Princeton University , his father Philip 's alma mater . Like his father Phillip , Carlton is a firmly conservative Republican and this often puts him at odds with Will . Although Carlton and Will often exchange insults , and Will normally refers to Carlton as a disgrace , Carlton obviously cares about Will , referring to him in the 2nd - season episode ' Vying for Attention ' as `` the brother I 've always wanted '' . At first it appears there is an antagonistic relationship between Will and Carlton , but in later seasons Will significantly warms to Carlton , ultimately accepting Carlton and the other cousins as the siblings he never had . On one occasion in the season three episode `` Just Say Yo '' , Carlton is considerate enough to cover for Will when he is admitted to the hospital after having taken speed tablets from inside Will 's locker , but allows his parents to think that Will saved him . He attributes this to `` still being high at the time '' when asked by Will why he covered for him . This spurs Will to tearfully confess the truth to the family ; although Carlton did ingest speed , Will bore responsibility as he had accepted the pills from a schoolfriend , storing them in his locker , then absentmindedly said to Carlton he had a bottle of Vitamin E in his locker . Carlton drives a silver Mercedes - Benz E-Class from the early 1990s , which is seen in a few episodes . Carlton also was a bit of a servant to sister Ashley when she hit it big on the singing charts . He held doors open for her and fanned Ashley while she tanned . His role model is talk show host Bryant Gumbel and his favorite singer is Tom Jones . His favorite actor is William Shatner , whom he annoys by making lame Star Trek references . Carlton also idolizes Macaulay Culkin , whom he once dressed up as for Halloween ( Although , he looked more like Simon Phoenix , Wesley Snipes ' Character from Demolition Man . ) He is also a big fan of The Jeffersons and Beverly Hills , 90210 , the latter of which he is confident enough to admit to others ; this is unlike Will , who scoffs at the show in front of friends but confesses to Carlton that he is a secret 90210 fan as well . Carlton is similar to Family Ties character Alex P. Keaton in many respects : he dresses in a preppy style , has conservative political leanings , is obsessed with college and his future career , is fairly short , and does not enjoy the popular music of most people his age ( Besides Tom Jones , Carlton also likes Michael Bolton , Barry Manilow , Rod Stewart , and Neil Diamond . ) Carlton is often called upon to do a comic , usually improvised dance routine to Tom Jones ' `` It 's Not Unusual '' ( which was inspired by a dance performed by Courteney Cox in the music video for Bruce Springsteen 's `` Dancing in the Dark '' ) . In earlier seasons , he makes frequent references to his virginity ( twice referencing that he plans on losing it at some point ) , and also plans to attend Princeton University . In later seasons , these arcs are both resolved : Carlton does indeed lose his virginity to a woman who is married to a ULA professor , but is not initially admitted to Princeton ; instead he first attends the University of Los Angeles , where he briefly manages ULA 's student store , the Peacock Stop . As seen in the episodes `` You Bet Your Life '' and `` Viva Lost Wages '' , Carlton also seems to have a gambling problem and loses all of his money in any situation where gambling is involved and constantly imagines the gambling tables and slot machines talking to him , but seems fully aware that he is subject to compulsive gambling , and this limits his exposure to gaming . He usually declares that gambling is `` evil '' right before he goes all in and loses his and others ' money . One exception to this was where he participated in a casino night in the season two episode `` Something for Nothing '' , but that was done for charitable reasons and not for real money . In season five 's `` Bullets Over Bel - Air '' , Will tries to protect Carlton when they get robbed after using an automated teller machine , Will gets shot , taking a bullet for Carlton and is sent to the hospital ( eventually recovering from his injuries ) ; Carlton acquires a firearm later in the episode , as the event heightens his awareness of the need for self - defense , but later disposes of the handgun upon Will 's insistence . One running joke in the show involves Carlton repeatedly being slapped in the back of the head by various characters , usually in response to comments that are ridiculously self - centered ( in later seasons , for example , he would often make humorous comments about gaining his father 's inheritance ) or due to portraying ignorance of lives other than his own . Often Will would ask to hold what Carlton is holding and once receiving it he would slap Carlton across the head with the object ( e.g. a folder containing Will 's testament written by Carlton , in `` Ill Will '' ) . Carlton 's height is frequently made fun of , especially by Will , who , in the episode `` Grumpy Young Men '' , jokes that Carlton is the average height for a woman . He is sometimes portrayed as being extremely naïve . An example is when , in the episode Mistaken Identity , he and Will are arrested after police officers falsely believe that they stole a Mercedes - Benz belonging to Philip 's law firm partner , who requested Will and Carlton drive the vehicle to Palm Springs as a favor . At the end , Carlton insists that the policemen were only doing their job , not really accepting the fact that he and Will were victims of racial profiling . However , he seems to wonder if they were wrong , as when he asks his father if he ( Phil ) were a policeman if he would pull over someone who was driving too slow , for which Phil answers : `` I asked myself the same thing the first time I was stopped '' ; after that , Carlton seems in deep thought over the situation . Although he was portrayed early on as a snobby rich kid , Carlton evolved after having his view challenged when arrested for `` stealing a car '' and when Will is shot , Carlton is angered that the shooter will probably not face justice for harming Will . He is also seen to get extremely jealous almost anytime something great happens to Will . Examples would be when , in the Season One episode `` Courting Disater '' Will joins the school basketball with Carlton already on it . Will becomes the star of the team and Carlton becomes jealous and the competition between the two starts . Carlton decides to steal the ball from Will and take the game winning shot . In the sixth and final season , Carlton finally gains transfer admission to Princeton University however , due to his fear of not living up to Philip 's achievements , Carlton decides not to attend Princeton and briefly becomes interested in pursuing a career in bowling . However , he gets over his fear and leaves for the east coast in the series finale . Hilary Banks ( edit ) Nickname by Will : `` Hil '' Nickname by Geoffrey : `` Miss Hilary '' Nickname by friends and workers : `` Hilary '' Hilary Violet Banks ( played by Karyn Parsons ) , born May 12 , 1969 ( although said to be August 18th in `` Love Hurts '' ) , is Will 's attractive , but dull - witted , eldest cousin , known for her notable lack of intelligence , pretentious attitude , spoiled brat behaviour , and constant dependence on Geoffrey . In earlier seasons , Hilary 's snobbishness is emphasized , as well as her shallow trendy environmental activism . During this time , she often claimed to hobnob with celebrities and loved being mistaken by people for Whitney Houston . Later on , Hilary is written as a self - centered airhead ; she looks down on Will 's upbringing and is obsessed with shopping and money ( this is shown early in the series ; her first line of the show is `` Dad , I need $300 ! , '' which she intended to spend on a hat ) . However , despite her apparent shallow personality , she has a strong sense of integrity and shows obvious affection to her family members ; Will gets along with her better than Carlton does , though Will is at times bewildered by Hilary 's lapses of intelligence . Hilary is portrayed as a stereotypical valley girl and speaks with some strong valspeak habits , in spite of her disdain for the San Fernando Valley ( as evidenced in two season three episodes : in `` Asses to Ashes '' , when talking about what heaven and hell might be like , she describes hell to be `` like , the Valley '' ; in `` Robbing the Banks '' , when Will lets it slip to Hilary , Carlton and Ashley that Luther , whom Philip was coaxed into hiring to help around the house while Vivian and Geoffrey were each on vacation , spent time `` in the pen '' , Hilary responds `` The pen , please tell me that 's slang for the Valley '' ) . Hilary is pursued by Jazz and reluctantly goes on a date with him in Season 1 episode `` Working it Out '' in order to keep her job . The night ends with Hilary giving Jazz a kiss on the cheek . During the series , Hilary attends and drops out of UCLA , after which she begins a long streak of varying luck that eventually lands her a nationally syndicated daytime talk show titled Hilary . It starts when she becomes a weather reporter at a local television station , where she meets and falls in love with the station 's lead news anchor Trevor Collins ( Brian Stokes Mitchell ) . However , Trevor dies in a bungee jumping accident while proposing marriage in the episode `` Where There 's a Will , There 's a Way '' , part of an ill - conceived live televised event that Hilary and the rest of the Banks family watch at home on the living room television . At the conclusion of the series , Hilary 's talk show moves to New York City , as does most of the rest of the Banks family . Hilary 's hair styles have changed as the series progressed ; early in the series it was brown and bushy , it then became longer and curly with blonde highlights , but later it was black , straight , and shoulder - length . Hilary appeared in 145 episodes of the series . Ashley Banks ( edit ) Nickname by Will : `` Ash '' Nickname by Geoffrey : `` Miss Ashley '' Ashley Banks ( played by Tatyana Ali ) is Will 's younger cousin , born on August 26 , 1979 . Ashley was Vivian 's baby girl , and always loved being with her mom . Phillip was always trying to control Ashley 's life so she did not become anything like regular teenage girls . Will 's devil - may - care approach to life proved to be an exciting alternative , which makes her generally more sympathetic and understanding towards him than other members of the Banks family ; with that being , Ashley looked up to Will as a big brother and spent much time following him in her younger days . In fact , Will states in the episode `` Will Gets A Job '' that if he had a choice to be any of Phillip 's kids it would be Ashley . Possibly because of Will 's influence towards Ashley , she often acts rebelliously as she gets older , for which her father becomes very angry at Will . One of these moments is in the episode Father Knows Best , which reveals that she dropped out of her private school and enrolled in secret at a public high school and was planning to hide this from her parents as long as possible ; though after a failed plot in which Will posed as Ashley 's father when she is asked to attend a parent - teacher conference , Will eventually convinces Ashley to come clean . She also spends less time with Will and sometimes gets upset with him when he becomes overprotective like Philip to the point of showing a great deal of annoyance and contempt . She believed that she was old enough to make her own decisions when it comes to boys which neither Will nor Uncle Phil enjoyed hearing or believed . Phillip never enjoyed having Ashley grow up . Ashley 's age is inconsistent in the first season . She is said to be nine in a few early episodes of the season . In the episode `` Deck the Halls , '' Will says that she is 10 . But in the episode `` Just Infatuation , '' Ashley celebrates her 12th birthday . Starting with the second season , she is 13 , she turns 14 in the middle of the third season , 15 at the end of the fourth season , she is 16 by the end of season five and 17 by the end of season six . Ashley matures very much in the series ; she becomes a one - hit wonder with a hit song called `` Make Up Your Mind '' in the season five premiere `` What 's Will Got to Do With It ? '' / `` The Client '' , however her career quickly fizzles out when her album does n't sell because as the agent Philip hired to replace Will mentioned `` kids got sick of her ( song ) '' , when it gets too much exposure . Beginning in the episode `` Breaking Up is Hard to Do '' , she also strives to become a fashion model after being discovered by the president of a modeling agency at her job at a mall food court corn dog stand . In the series finale , Ashley decides to attend a performing arts school in New York City . As Hilary is also moving to New York when it is announced that her talk show is relocating there , the two sisters decide to live together ; they become extremely excited about the whole idea , much to the annoyance of Phillip , who does not want to lose his daughters . In the episode `` The Baby Comes Out '' , where her brother Nicky is born , Ashley mentions she knew how to drive since she was 12 years old . She is very musically talented as shown that she plays violin and the drums , and she can sing . Ashley appeared in 144 episodes of the series . Nicky Banks ( edit ) Nickname by Will : `` Little man '' Nicholas Andrew Michael Shawn Nathan Wanyá Banks ( played first by Gregory Wheeler in Twas the Night Before Christening and then by Ross Bagley for the final two seasons ) is born to Philip and Vivian on February 22 , 1993 , toward the end of the third season . Except for one episode , when Carlton professionally calls him `` Nicholas '' , every member of the family calls him by his nickname , Nicky . The character was primarily used as a plot device , often adding motivation for other characters , comic relief , or an emotional punch to the show 's storyline . In the fifth season , Nicky grows from a newborn infant to a preschooler , which is common in television series and soap operas . In the fifth - season premiere `` What 's Will Got to Do With It '' , the first episode to feature this change , Jazz expresses amazement while Will just stares uneasily into the camera . Four of his middle names are taken from the names of the members of the R&B group Boyz II Men ; he was middle - named this way after they performed at his christening in the season four episode `` ' Twas the Night Before Christening '' ; however in the season three episode `` The Baby Comes Out '' , Philip addresses Nicky 's full name , with a middle name already given , as `` Nicholas Andrew Banks '' . Geoffrey Barbara butler ( edit ) Nickname by Will : `` G '' , `` Chicken George '' ( Season 3 , Episode 20 ) - `` The Baby Comes Out '' Geoffrey Barbara Butler ( played by Joseph Marcell ) , born in London on November 18 , 1947 , serves as the Banks family 's cynical butler . Geoffrey is the first character that appears on screen in the pilot episode The Fresh Prince Project . He is seen going to answer the door to Will , who mistakes him for Philip . In addition to four years at the University of Oxford and a long career working for British aristocrats , Geoffrey was an Olympic runner several years before being hired by the Banks family ( as revealed in the episode `` It 's Better to Have Loved and Lost It ... '' from the fourth season , when Geoffrey shows the Banks family a videotape of a documentary called Shame of a Nation ) , but fled his home country in shame after being exposed for cheating while participating in the men 's marathon at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal , winning a Gold Medal at the marathon only because he had taken a cab ride to the stadium parking lot ; Shortly after receiving his medal , Queen Elizabeth II , who apparently presented the medals , got word of Geoffrey 's cheating , pushing aside the bronze medalist to hit Geoffrey with her purse and rip the medal off his neck ; Geoffrey then ran from the stadium in shame . In the 1970s , he was a butler for the band Led Zeppelin . In the early 1980s , Geoffrey was sparring butler for Chuck Norris . In the episode Nice Lady , he reveals having practiced Greco - Roman wrestling in his youth . Geoffrey 's character changes over the series : in early episodes , he is very dutiful and gentlemanly , whereas he becomes very cynical in later episodes . Joseph Marcell explains that he began by playing Geoffrey as stereotypically English but then felt that the American audience was not accustomed to seeing Black Englishmen . Geoffrey 's favorite television program ( as revealed in the pilot episode ) is Masterpiece Theatre , which he routinely watches when he goes off duty at 9 pm Geoffrey always refers to Will as `` Master William '' ( except once in part two of the series finale `` I , Done '' , at Will 's request ) and the other Banks children as `` Master Carlton '' , `` Miss Hilary '' , `` Miss Ashley '' , and `` Master Nicky '' . Known for his sarcasm , he is the voice of caustic humor on the show , often commenting on Philip 's weight , his own low pay , his lack of a social or romantic life , the overall laziness of the family , or Will 's goofiness . However , Geoffrey did seem to impress women by having the confidence to be himself , such as when he was set up on a blind date with a Black English woman ( played by Naomi Campbell ) . In early episodes , he has an interest in classical music and is often hinted at as leading a vibrant private life . Ironically , although a stickler for tradition , he incorrectly tells Will it is proper to refer to a butler by his first name , although this is possibly because his surname and job title are the same . He considers himself to be part of the English working - class , despite speaking the Queen 's English and , in one episode , being wary of a relationship with a rich woman . He becomes the godfather of Nicky Banks in the fourth - season episode `` Twas the Night Before Christening '' , after Vivian tires of the bickering amongst her sisters Vy and Helen and noted that no one has been more devoted to her youngest son than Geoffrey has . Midway into the sixth season , Geoffrey discovers he has a son he never knew about , named Frederick , born to a former lover . During the same episode , it is also revealed that his middle name is `` Barbara '' , which he explains is a `` family name '' . In the series finale `` I , Done '' , Geoffrey leaves to be with his son in London ; however , in the fourth - season episode `` ' Twas the Night Before Christening '' , a sequence set in 1998 ( two years after the ending of the series ) portrays him as still being the Banks family 's butler . There are two running gags centered around Geoffrey . One is that he is often compared to or confused with Benson , from the series with the same name . The other , which is more common is that whenever the doorbell rings , everyone continues with what they were previously doing , or look to Geoffrey , prompting Geoffrey to say `` oh , please , will you let me get it this time ? '' or some variation , in a sarcastic tone . Niles , from The Nanny is very similar to him , as they are both British butlers , both went to Oxford , and both have the same sarcastic personality . Geoffrey appeared in 143 episodes of the series . Jazz ( edit ) Nickname by Will : `` Jazz , man '' ( also `` J '' , Jazzy Jazzerzon , The Jazzmeister , JazzZ , Jazzertron 3000 and Jazzeroonie ) Nickname by Geoffrey : `` Mr. Jazz '' Jazz was portrayed by Will Smith 's musical partner Jeffrey A. Townes , popularly known as DJ Jazzy Jeff . Jazz was born on May 20 , 1971 and is Will 's ill - mannered and dim - witted best friend who lives in the inner - city community of Compton , California . He has had a long - standing crush on Hilary Banks , and almost every time his advances are rejected . Jazz eventually marries a prison inmate named Jewel who had appeared on an episode of COPS , in which she bites the arm of a police officer ( this is not shown , although the officer is heard calling for police backup because of it ) . In the season four episode `` Mother 's Day '' , Jewel reveals that she and Jazz are expecting a baby though no other mention of their child is ever made after that point . Jazz divorces her shortly afterward , realizing he knows nothing about her , finding out that she cheated on him with several men and that her real name is not even Jewel ( it is Hortense ) . Jazz is almost completely tactless , and succeeds in insulting or irritating Philip almost every time they are together . He knows how to play the drums very well , and once gave Ashley a lesson in the episode his character is introduced `` Bang the Drum , Ashley '' . Jazz wears sunglasses in nearly every episode he is seen . While in an early episode of season one , Jazz wears regular glasses for the entire episode instead of his trademark sunglasses , the show 's writers had initially intended for the character to be blind . This is evidenced throughout early episodes , as Jazz is rarely looking directly at other characters . However , by the second season , in the episode `` Cased Up '' , Hilary asks her boyfriend ( Malcolm - Jamal Warner ) to take off his glasses ; thinking she was speaking to him , Jazz charmingly removes his glasses , revealing his eyes . In a running gag throughout the series , Jazz usually ends up being literally thrown , or , as it was referred to the first time , drop kicked out of the house . This is usually done by Philip , although sometimes Hilary , Geoffrey , Vivian , and even Will ( the only character other than Philip to do it more than once ) throw him out . Whenever Jazz is thrown out of the house , he is usually wearing the same clothes ; it was decided to use the same clip of Jazz being thrown out the front door as often as possible rather than returning to the exterior location each time ( the reuse of the clip is evidenced by the sudden noise of a sprinkler whenever Jazz is thrown out ) . Will was once on the receiving end of this punishment after making egregious changes to Philip 's political campaign tape in `` A Night at the Oprah '' , and in similar jokes was thrown out of a nightclub by a bouncer while trying to dance with Geoffrey 's blind date in `` Kiss My Butler '' , and out of Jay Leno 's studio in `` Will 's Up the Dirt Road , '' after trying to hog the show after apologizing to Leno . In one instance , in the third - season premiere `` How I Spent My Summer Vacation '' , Will was even thrown out of Jazz 's apartment by Jazz himself after he tried to guilt Jazz into letting him stay over after a fight with his relatives despite Jazz mentioning he already had company over . In this same episode , it is briefly mentioned by Geoffrey that Philip did also throw Will out of the house onto the front lawn when he was leaving the house , but was never shown . During the 1993 Halloween episode `` Hex and the Single Guy '' , Jazz got revenge by throwing Philip out instead , as the main plot to the story was that misfortune - plagued the Banks family following a so - called `` hex '' from a con psychic communicator . This was later shown to be in a dream Will was having , though when he woke up , the dream appeared to be a premonition , and it was implied that the whole ordeal may truly happen indeed . There was also an instance where Jazz was standing outside of the house , taunting Philip because he was already standing outside ; as a result , Philip throws him inside the house . In another episode , Jazz was thrown out in the backyard along with a cardboard cutout of Bill Cosby that he was lugging around . There was a time when Vivian threw Jazz out through the back door for saying that he would bring a stripper to Will 's birthday party . In another episode Jazz gets a pillow for the Banks ' newborn baby until Will finds a tag saying `` Wendy Beth '' on the back meaning that Jazz had stolen the pillow . Jazz then thinks `` it 's the thought that counts '' only ending up with Will throwing Jazz out through the backdoor with the pillow . At the beginning of the episode `` Cased Up , '' a nighttime version of the shot is used , with crickets as a sound effect ( though the actual video of Jazz getting thrown out is simply darkened for effect ) . It was show that Jazz enjoys being thrown out sometimes . In one episode , after Jazz and Will made up over a fight , Jazz asked Will to throw him out `` like the good ol ' times . '' In another episode , to taunt a guy for trying to walk to his car , Jazz purposely insulted Phil just so he can throw him out . Jazz 's last appearance was in the first part of the series finale `` I , Done '' , in which he gave Philip his grandmother 's teeth as a gift for Philip 's 50th birthday , because Jazz thought Philip was getting old . Thus , Philip was once again angry and threw Jazz out of the house ( it is actually mentioned that Philip broke his previous record in tossing him ) . After the house had been sold in the second part of the episode and Will had found an apartment , Philip was the only person to mention Jazz when asking when he was coming by to help Will pack , to which Will responded , `` As soon as you leave . '' Philip was not surprised , but he did want to wish Jazz luck in the future . Recurring characters ( edit ) Vy Smith - Wilkes ( edit ) Nickname by Will : `` Mom '' Nickname by Carlton , Ashley , Nicky & Hilary : `` Aunt Vy '' Nickname by Geoffrey : `` Mrs. Smith '' Viola `` Vy '' Smith - Wilkes , portrayed by Vernee Watson - Johnson , is Vivian 's oldest sister and Will 's loving mother . She is a stern , no - nonsense disciplinarian who is not afraid to challenge anyone who gets in her way . It was her idea that Will should go to Bel Air to get a good education and avoid a life of violence in their West Philadelphia neighborhood . Vy works as a supervisor at the post office . It was due to this she opposed the decision when Janice decides to marry Frank , a white man . Though by their next encounter she is more acceptable . Vy eventually decides to marry Lisa Wilkes ' father after Will and Lisa call off their second wedding attempt . However , it is unknown whether or not they married , since in Vy 's next appearance , Mr. Wilkes is not seen or mentioned . Her maiden name and married name were previously the same , as Will 's father was named Lou Smith . Hattie Banks ( edit ) Nicknames by Will : `` Granny '' or `` DJ Granny '' Hattie Banks , played by Virginia Capers , is Philip 's mother , having appeared in six episodes over the series ' run . She forms a close affinity with Will ( to the point where he sees her as his own grandmother ) and even falls for some of his pranks , much to Philip 's irritation . She embarrasses Philip by telling stories of his humble origins and refers to him by his childhood name `` Zeke . '' Joe Banks ( edit ) Nickname by Will : `` Grandpa '' Joseph `` Joe '' Banks , played by Gilbert Lewis , was Philip 's father , having appeared in only one episode , `` Not With My Pig , You Do n't '' . His death sometime later ( offscreen ) left Phillip and Hattie feeling lost . Kellogg Lieberbaum ( edit ) Nickname by Will : `` Cornflake '' Kellogg Lieberbaum ( played by Michael Weiner ) was a classmate and friend of Will and Carlton at Bel - Air Academy . Most of his appearances were in the first season , but he makes two appearances in the second season as well . As a pun on Kellogg 's Corn Flakes , he is nicknamed `` Cornflake '' by Will . Much of the humor of his character comes from the dissonance of an unassuming Jewish preppie using such phrases as `` She is one fly sister '' and `` Power to the people -- say it loud : I 'm black and I 'm proud ! '' Tyriq Johnson ( edit ) Nickname by Will : `` Ty '' Tyriq Johnson , portrayed by Perry Moore , is one of Will 's close friends in Bel - Air , who appears frequently in season 2 . He is described in the episode `` Eyes on the Prize '' ( wherein he and Jazz compete against Will and Carlton on a televised game show ) as `` Bel - Air 's oldest tenth grader , '' a lover of frozen pizza , and a fan of Laverne and Shirley reruns . Trevor Collins - Newsworthy ( edit ) Trevor ( portrayed by Brian Stokes Mitchell ) was Hilary 's news anchor fiancé back in 1992 and co-worker at the television station . Trevor often gave himself compliments . Also , he always left the air and the Banks ' mansion by saying , `` Goodnight and Godspeed . '' He was originally referred to as `` Trevor Collins '' , but later episodes established his surname as `` Newsworthy . '' He eventually proposes to Hilary , but she insists that he officially proposes on live television later that day . Trevor then proposes to her on television while bungee jumping , and dies during the stunt when something goes wrong with the jump and he hits the ground . Hilary mourns his death by bringing back what she presumes to be Trevor 's ashes in an urn , but later learns that Trevor was not cremated , and that she grabbed a stranger 's urn . His death continues to haunt Hilary for the next few episodes and his memory , unlike almost everything else ( including Trevor 's very name ) , never leaves her mind . Toni ( edit ) Toni ( portrayed by Lisa Fuller ) is Hilary 's friend who only appeared in Season 1 . She appears to be a dumb blonde . Her first appearance was in `` Clubba Hubba '' and her last was in `` It Had to Be You '' . Her other appearances were `` Def Poet 's Society '' and `` Knowledge is Power '' . Helen Smith ( edit ) Helen Smith , portrayed by Jenifer Lewis , is Vivian 's loud - mouthed younger sister . She has frequent marriage difficulties with her husband Lester ( Felton Perry ) , whom she finally divorces after he cheats on her with `` a cute little home wrecker '' , leaving him with custody over their delinquent son Bobby ( Ahmad Stoner ) . Janice Smith ( edit ) Nickname by Will : `` Aunt J '' Janice Smith , played by Charlayne Woodard , is the youngest of the Smith sisters , flighty according to Vivian , and married to a white man named Frank ( portrayed by Diedrich Bader in Season 2 , Robert Torti in one episode in Season 3 ) , a marriage older sister Vy initially objects to . She also appears in the series with a baby son . Judge Carl Robertson ( edit ) Judge Carl Robertson was played by Sherman Hemsley . This man was a cunning lawyer and a one - time mentor to Phil . Judge Robertson visits a few times during the show and is known for being odd and mischievous . He also appears to have become greatly absent - minded but makes up for this with his boundless charisma . Philip begins to question the competence of his mentor and runs against him in the race for Superior Court judge and loses , largely due to Robertson 's outrageous smear campaign against Phil . However , at the victory party where he is confronted by Will , Judge Robertson suffers a fatal heart attack , although it appeared that he suddenly died at the `` voice '' of Will who inadvertently told him to drop dead . The incident leaves Will guilt - ridden but at the funeral it 's shown that quite a few people who knew the judge are quite happy to see him gone . They revealed that he was quite promiscuous and corrupt , for he wrongly convicted innocent people that he prosecuted and most of them attended just to make sure he was dead , actually applauding Will for his act . The Governor then appoints Phillip to take Judge Robertson 's seat . Though Robertson dies in the third season , Hemsley played his other character George Jefferson from The Jeffersons in the series later . Hemsley as Jefferson appeared in the Season five episode `` Will is from Mars '' , where he is with his wife ( Isabel Sanford as Louise Jefferson ) at counseling with Will and Lisa . George Jefferson also appears in `` I Done , Part 2 '' , having bought the Banks ' mansion . Lou Smith ( edit ) Lou Smith ( played by Ben Vereen ) was a one - time character , appearing only in the episode `` Papa 's Got a Brand New Excuse . '' He is Will 's father , and a trucker . Lou abandoned his family ( Will and Viola `` Vy '' Smith ) when Will was 3 years - old , and explains his motives for leaving by saying he was n't ready for fatherhood , that he `` started feeling trapped '' and that he was scared . Lou drops in unannounced at the Peacock café where Will and Carlton work . Will invites Lou to the Banks ' residence but when he arrives , the family gives him the cold shoulder , especially Philip , who goes as far as to even skip dinner , shocking Geoffery ( with the exception of Carlton and Hilary , who are excited to see their long lost Uncle and Ashley who 's meeting him for the first time since her infancy ) . Will and his father go to a carnival where Lou explains to him his motives for leaving and asks for Will 's forgiveness , telling Will he 's a changed man and is ready to make up for his `` selfish and cowardly '' mistake to him . Will agrees , and calls him `` Dad '' for the first time after playing basketball . When they return to the house , Lou announces that Will is joining him for the summer on a nationwide trip in Lou 's truck . Philip objects to this . Lou tries to convince Philip , but Philip subtly disses Lou by telling him to stay out of their `` family discussion . '' After Lou leaves the mansion to go to the pool house , Will and Philip get into a heated argument ; Will calls out Philip for dissing Lou , causing Philip to finally blow up ; he can knows that Lou has not had a change of heart , noticing his behavior shows no sign of guilt or acknowledgment of his past actions . Will believes not everybody is perfect and asks why he wo n't give him a chance ; Philip responds that he 's not seeing Will for his sake , but for his own selfish intentions . Vivian tries to ease the conflict , but Will officially announces he 's going on the trip anyway . Philip once again objects , but Will hollers he does n't care , as he is n't his biological father . Shocked and hurt by Will 's words , Philip begins wondering if he 's a good father . The next day , Philip is still contemplating , believing that with Lou back in Will 's life , Will no longer appreciates what Philip has done for him over the years . Expressing his concerns to Vivian , he eventually goes on to accuse Will of being selfish for wanting to be with Lou again , despite playing a larger role in his life . Vivian turns it around on Philip as he was the selfish one by not letting Will reconnect with Lou . As Will packs up , the two of them make amends ; Will appreciates everything Philip had done for him over the years , but he still needs this trip . Although Philip meant what he said , he admits to stepping out of line , and wishes him the best . As Philip leaves , Will reminds him that he 's only going to be gone for the summer . After a while , Vivian and Philip are still waiting for Lou to return , being an hour late . Philip begins to suspect him running off again . Although Lou eventually shows up , he tells them he has found a `` big '' new job in Maine that ca n't afford enough space in his truck for Will . Philip then offers to buy a plane ticket to fly Will to Maine to meet up with him and continue their trip from there , but Lou refuses the offer , saying this Maine job might lead to more job opportunities for him . Vivian expresses concern for Will 's reaction , which Lou requests that they tell for him instead . Finally provoked , Philip requests Vivian to leave the room , but not before she tells Lou to stay out of Will 's life if he leaves again . An irate Philip bluntly reminds him of his responsibility to Will ; that Will is n't some come - and - go object that he can use whenever he feels and that Lou is supposed to be there for Will , not the other way around . Lou reacts defensively ; that he did n't want this job opportunity to happen and uses his same excuse on Philip as to why he left Will to begin with . However , Philip tells him to stop because fatherhood scared him too but he never let that cause him to leave his family and explains that being there for his family is what a man does . However , an annoyed Lou still refuses to listen , admitting Philip to being a better man than himself . Will then walks in before Lou can duck out again . Lou tells Will that he ca n't take him along because of his job . He promises that the trip is only going to be `` put on hold for just a couple weeks '' and promises to `` call him next week to iron out the details '' . Knowing he 's just trying to weasel out easy and is never going to do any of those things , Will realizes that Philip was right . When Lou says goodbye to Will , Will closes the bridge by addressing him as `` Lou '' instead of `` Dad . '' In a state of awkwardness , Lou leaves . Will is in denial about any feelings of hurt and betrayal , claiming he does n't need him . He starts by talking about he 's managed to go through life without him but then starts turning into angry rants about how he 's going to successfully finish life without him , before breaking down in tears , asking Philip why Lou does n't want to be there for him . Having seen his father abandon him a second time , Will finally realizes that Philip is the closest thing to a father that he has . Although Lou never reappeared after this , Will was so hurt by the incident that he developed a deep resentment towards his father whenever he was mentioned . It is unknown if Lou ever reappeared after this , but if he did , he was most likely angrily thrown out by the Banks for his previous actions . In a later episode , during a heated argument with Carlton , Carlton insulted Will by comparing him to his father . Shaking with anger , he calmly but clearly stated , `` I am nothing like my father . '' In an earlier episode before Lou 's appearance , when Phil suffers a heart attack and Carlton is in denial , Will confronts Carlton to go visit Phil in the hospital . Will wins the argument using reverse psychology by reminding Carlton he has a father who is always there for his children when Will asks Carlton `` Do you know where my father is '' ? When Carlton answers in the negative , Will rebuts `` Neither do I '' . In the finale episode , Will states that Uncle Phil is the only father he ever had and Philip says , `` You are my son , end of story . '' Will 's love interests ( edit ) Beullah ( Lisa ) Wilkes ( edit ) Beullah `` Lisa '' Wilkes , portrayed by Nia Long , was introduced in the fifth - season episode , `` Will 's Misery , '' as the girlfriend who tames Will into forsaking his womanizing ways . The two fall deeply in love and are engaged to be married , going so far as the ceremonies twice but never actually tie the knot . The first time , they elope to Las Vegas and try a Shaft - themed wedding but walk out on the ceremony after being interrupted so many times and realizing they were not ready . The second time they try to get married , Will starts feeling some doubts , especially when he notices that , like Jazz , he also knows very little about Lisa , culminating in him asking if Lisa is her real first name , upon which she reveals it 's actually Beulah . Will manages to overcome these doubts but Lisa reveals that she is also having doubts and the two decide not to marry . She is never seen again . The night before the wedding , a rivalry flared up between Will 's mother and Lisa 's father . In order to help them work out their differences before their wedding , Lisa and Will send them to a restaurant to get to know each other and work things out . However , the plan backfires when they get along too well and Will catches them in bed together . Ultimately the two end up getting married at the same ceremony , resulting in Will and Lisa becoming step - siblings . Jackie Ames ( edit ) Jacqueline `` Jackie '' Ames , portrayed by Tyra Banks , was introduced in `` Where There 's A Will , There 's a Way ( Part 1 ) '' in season four . At first , Carlton believed that Jackie was `` the girl of his dreams '' after she told off some people who were making fun of his peacock costume ( Carlton participated in football games as ULA 's mascot , the peacock ) . Later that night , at a party , Will discovers that this girl Carlton was talking about was Jackie , a girl he had known but did not keep in touch with back in Philly . She is initially upset that he did not attempt to contact her but eventually forgives him . As manager of The Peacock Stop , Jackie is the object of Will 's affection and frequent come - ons but continually spurns his advances , deeming him too immature . The two were old childhood friends from Philadelphia but she feels Will has not grown up since those days . There are certain innuendos indicating she still has feelings for Will . Jackie seems to warm more to Carlton , arguably because she sees him as more mature and stable than Will , although she is not as keen on dancing to Bobby Vinton as is Carlton . However , Jackie cuts all ties to Will for good when Will challenges a jock to a drinking game while at the jock 's birthday party . After being rebuffed by both Will and the football player when she tries to stop them , she has Carlton drive her home and is never seen again . Other guest stars ( edit ) Mark Burch Antonio Fargas Michael Clarke Duncan Marc Thompson John Amos Vivica A. Fox Cree Summer Phil LaMarr Bernie Kopell Pat Morita Kadeem Hardison Queen Latifah * Jasmine Guy Glenn Shadix Richard Roundtree * Bo Jackson Doctor Dré Quincy Jones Heavy D Whoopi Goldberg Tony Longo Chris Rock D.L. Hughley Sherrié Austin John Witherspoon Don Cheadle Vanessa Williams Malcolm - Jamal Warner * Milton Berle Evander Holyfield Tom Lister , Jr . Nancy Cartwright Miguel A. Núñez , Jr . Brandon Quintin Adams * Darryl Sivad * Robert Costanzo Jaleel White Garcelle Beauvais * Jim Meskimen * Nicole Bilderback Morgan Nagler Tom Devanney Conrad Bain Tisha Campbell - Martin Adrienne - Joi Johnson Daryl `` Chill '' Mitchell Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Bell Biv DeVoe Boyz II Men Ben Vereen Don Yesso Kim Fields Tyra Banks Raven - Symoné Zachery Ty Bryan Robin Givens Brad Garrett Isiah Thomas Olivia Brown Nia Long Jenifer Lewis Donald Trump Dick Clark Susan Powter Regis Philbin Robert Guillaume Sherman Hemsley Isabel Sanford Marla Gibbs Tevin Campbell Victoria Rowell Oprah Winfrey Branford Marsalis Bree Walker Reno Wilson Hill Harper Pam Grier Tempestt Bledsoe Phil Morris Monica Allison Craig Kirkwood Tatiana Thumbtzen Leeza Gibbons Lark Voorhies Riddick Bowe Isaac Hayes William Shatner Anna Maria Horsford Tom Jones Joan Van Ark B.B. King Zsa Zsa Gabor Genesis P - Orridge Ken Griffey , Jr . Hugh Hefner Naomi Campbell Wayne Newton Bob Eubanks Jay Leno Stacey Dash Al B. Sure ! Gary Coleman Tim Russ Allen Payne Kathy Griffin Robert Hooks Milo Ventimiglia Dante Basco Karen Malina White Elise Neal Don Cornelius Keith Hamilton Cobb Leann Hunley Arthel Neville Ajai Sanders Tamala Jones Kathie Lee Gifford Stephen Lang ( Uncredited ) Naya Rivera Michole Briana White References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Blumm , K.C. ( 22 July 2013 ) . `` Alfonso Ribeiro Reveals the Inspiration for the Carlton on Fresh Prince '' . www.people.com . Time Inc . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air - Season 5 , Episode 1 : What 's Will Got to Do With It ? ( 1 ) '' . TV.com. 1994 - 09 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air : 1990 - 1996 '' . People.com. 2000 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Butler - encyclopedia article - Citizendium '' . En.citizendium.org . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Jazzy Jeff Interview '' . Jazzyjefffreshprince.tripod.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 12 . ( hide ) The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Characters Will Smith Spinoffs Out All Night Theme song Yo Home to Bel - Air Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Fresh_Prince_of_Bel-Air_characters&oldid=807250063 '' Categories : Lists of American sitcom television characters Lists of American television series characters The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing style editing from March 2017 All articles needing style editing Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 20 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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how many states do you need to ratify an amendment	Article Five of the United States Constitution describes the process whereby the Constitution , the nation 's frame of government , may be altered . Altering the Constitution consists of proposing an amendment or amendments and subsequent ratification . Amendments may be proposed either by the Congress with a two - thirds vote in both the House of Representatives and the Senate or by a convention of states called for by two - thirds of the state legislatures . To become part of the Constitution , an amendment must be ratified by either -- as determined by Congress -- the legislatures of three - quarters of the states or state ratifying conventions in three - quarters of the states . The vote of each state ( to either ratify or reject a proposed amendment ) carries equal weight , regardless of a state 's population or length of time in the Union .	three - quarters of the states	Article Five of the United states Constitution	article five of the united states constitution	Article Five of the United States Constitution describes the process whereby the Constitution , the nation 's frame of government , may be altered . Altering the Constitution consists of proposing an amendment or amendments and subsequent ratification . Amendments may be proposed either by the Congress with a two - thirds vote in both the House of Representatives and the Senate or by a convention of states called for by two - thirds of the state legislatures . To become part of the Constitution , an amendment must be ratified by either -- as determined by Congress -- the legislatures of three - quarters of the states or state ratifying conventions in three - quarters of the states . The vote of each state ( to either ratify or reject a proposed amendment ) carries equal weight , regardless of a state 's population or length of time in the Union .	Additionally , Article V temporarily shielded certain clauses in Article I from being amended . The first clause in Section 9 , which prevented Congress from passing any law that would restrict the importation of slaves prior to 1808 , and the fourth clause in that same section , a declaration that direct taxes must be apportioned according to state populations , were explicitly shielded from Constitutional amendment prior to 1808 . It also shields the first clause of Article I , Section 3 , which provides for equal representation of the states in the Senate , from being amended , though not absolutely . Contents 1 Text 2 Procedures for amending the Constitution 2.1 Proposing amendments 2.2 Ratification of amendments 3 Ratification deadline and extension 3.1 Deadlines 3.2 Extensions 4 Exclusive means for amending the Constitution 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Text ( edit ) The Congress , whenever two thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary , shall propose amendments to this Constitution , or , on the application of the legislatures of two thirds of the several states , shall call a convention for proposing amendments , which , in either case , shall be valid to all intents and purposes , as part of this Constitution , when ratified by the legislatures of three fourths of the several states , or by conventions in three fourths thereof , as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress ; provided that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article ; and that no state , without its consent , shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate . Procedures for amending the Constitution ( edit ) The U.S. constitutional amendment process Thirty - three amendments to the United States Constitution have been approved by the Congress and sent to the states for ratification . Twenty - seven of these amendments have been ratified and are now part of the Constitution . The first ten amendments were adopted and ratified simultaneously and are known collectively as the Bill of Rights . Six amendments adopted by Congress and sent to the states have not been ratified by the required number of states and are not part of the Constitution . Four of these amendments are still technically open and pending , one is closed and has failed by its own terms , and one is closed and has failed by the terms of the resolution proposing it . All totaled , approximately 11,539 measures to amend the Constitution have been proposed in Congress since 1789 ( through December 16 , 2014 ) . Proposing amendments ( edit ) Article V provides two methods for amending the nation 's frame of government . The first method authorizes Congress , `` whenever two - thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary '' ( a two - thirds of those members present -- assuming that a quorum exists at the time that the vote is cast -- and not necessarily a two - thirds vote of the entire membership elected and serving in the two houses of Congress ) , to propose Constitutional amendments . The second method requires Congress , `` on the application of the legislatures of two - thirds of the several states '' ( presently 34 ) , to `` call a convention for proposing amendments '' . This duality in Article V is the result of compromises made during the 1787 Constitutional Convention between two groups , one maintaining that the national legislature should have no role in the constitutional amendment process , and another contending that proposals to amend the constitution should originate in the national legislature and their ratification should be decided by state legislatures or state conventions . Regarding the consensus amendment process crafted during the convention , James Madison ( writing in The Federalist No. 43 ) declared : It guards equally against that extreme facility which would render the Constitution too mutable ; and that extreme difficulty which might perpetuate its discovered faults . It moreover equally enables the General and the State Governments to originate the amendment of errors , as they may be pointed out by the experience on one side , or on the other . Each time the Article V process has been initiated since 1789 , the first method for crafting and proposing amendments has been used . All 33 amendments submitted to the states for ratification originated in the Congress . The second method , the convention option , a political tool which Alexander Hamilton ( writing in The Federalist No. 85 ) argued would enable state legislatures to `` erect barriers against the encroachments of the national authority '' , has yet to be invoked . Resolution proposing the Nineteenth Amendment When the 1st Congress considered a series of constitutional amendments , it was suggested that the two houses first adopt a resolution indicating that they deemed amendments necessary . This procedure was not used . Instead , both the House and the Senate proceeded directly to consideration of a joint resolution , thereby implying that both bodies deemed amendments to be necessary . Also , when initially proposed by James Madison , the amendments were designed to be interwoven into the relevant sections of the original document . Instead , they were approved by Congress and sent to the states for ratification as supplemental additions ( codicils ) appended to it . Both these precedents have been followed ever since . Once approved by Congress , the joint resolution proposing a constitutional amendment does not require Presidential approval before it goes out to the states . While Article I Section 7 provides that all federal legislation must , before becoming Law , be presented to the President for his or her signature or veto , Article V provides no such requirement for constitutional amendments approved by Congress , or by a federal convention . Thus the president has no official function in the process . In Hollingsworth v. Virginia ( 1798 ) , the Supreme Court affirmed that it is not necessary to place constitutional amendments before the President for approval or veto . Three times in the 20th century , concerted efforts were undertaken by proponents of particular amendments to secure the number of applications necessary to summon an Article V Convention . These included conventions to consider amendments to ( 1 ) provide for popular election of U.S. Senators ; ( 2 ) permit the states to include factors other than equality of population in drawing state legislative district boundaries ; and ( 3 ) to propose an amendment requiring the U.S. budget to be balanced under most circumstances . The campaign for a popularly elected Senate is frequently credited with `` prodding '' the Senate to join the House of Representatives in proposing what became the Seventeenth Amendment to the states in 1912 , while the latter two campaigns came very close to meeting the two - thirds threshold in the 1960s and 1980s , respectively . Further information : Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution and Second Constitutional Convention of the United States Ratification of amendments ( edit ) Tennessee certificate of ratification of the nineteenth Amendment ; with this ratification , the amendment became valid as a part of the Constitution After being officially proposed , either by Congress or a national convention of the states , a constitutional amendment must then be ratified by three - fourths of the states . Congress is authorized to choose whether a proposed amendment is sent to the state legislatures or to state ratifying conventions for ratification . Amendments ratified by the states under either procedure are indistinguishable and have equal validity as part of the Constitution . Of the 33 amendments submitted to the states for ratification , the state convention method has been used for only one , the Twenty - first Amendment . In United States v. Sprague ( 1931 ) , the Supreme Court affirmed the authority of Congress to decide which mode of ratification will be used for each individual constitutional amendment . The Court had earlier , in Hawke v. Smith ( 1920 ) , upheld the Ohio General Assembly 's ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment -- which Congress had sent to the state legislatures for ratification -- after Ohio voters successfully vetoed that approval through a popular referendum , ruling that a provision in the Ohio Constitution reserving to the state 's voters the right to challenge and overturn its legislature 's ratification of federal constitutional amendments was unconstitutional . An amendment becomes an operative part of the Constitution when it is ratified by the necessary number of states , rather than on the later date when its ratification is certified . No further action by Congress or anyone is required . On three occasions , Congress has , after being informed that an amendment has reached the ratification threshold , adopted a resolution declaring the process successfully completed . Such actions , while perhaps important for political reasons , are , constitutionally speaking , unnecessary . Presently , the Archivist of the United States is charged with responsibility for administering the ratification process under the provisions of 1 U.S. Code § 106b . The Archivist officially notifies the states , by a registered letter to each state 's Governor , that an amendment has been proposed . Each Governor then formally submits the amendment to their state 's legislature ( or ratifying convention ) . When a state ratifies a proposed amendment , it sends the Archivist an original or certified copy of the state 's action . Upon receiving the necessary number of state ratifications , it is the duty of the Archivist to issue a certificate proclaiming a particular amendment duly ratified and part of the Constitution . The amendment and its certificate of ratification are then published in the Federal Register and United States Statutes at Large . This serves as official notice to Congress and to the nation that the ratification process has been successfully completed . Ratification deadline and extension ( edit ) The Constitution is silent on the issue of whether or not Congress may limit the length of time that the states have to ratify constitutional amendments sent for their consideration . It is also silent on the issue of whether or not Congress , once it has sent an amendment that includes a ratification deadline to the states for their consideration , can extend that deadline . Deadlines ( edit ) The practice of limiting the time available to the states to ratify proposed amendments began in 1917 with the Eighteenth Amendment . All amendments proposed since then , with the exception of the Nineteenth Amendment and the ( still pending ) Child Labor Amendment , have included a deadline , either in the body of the proposed amendment , or in the joint resolution transmitting it to the states . The ratification deadline `` clock '' begins running on the day final action is completed in Congress . An amendment may be ratified at any time after final congressional action , even if the states have not yet been officially notified . In Dillon v. Gloss ( 1921 ) , the Supreme Court upheld Congress 's power to prescribe time limitations for state ratifications and intimated that clearly out of date proposals were no longer open for ratification . Granting that it found nothing express in Article V relating to time constraints , the Court yet allowed that it found intimated in the amending process a `` strongly suggest ( ive ) '' argument that proposed amendments are not open to ratification for all time or by States acting at widely separate times . The court subsequently , in Coleman v. Miller ( 1939 ) , modified its opinion considerably . In that case , related to the proposed Child Labor Amendment , it held that the question of timeliness of ratification is a political and non-justiciable one , leaving the issue to Congress 's discretion . It would appear that the length of time elapsing between proposal and ratification is irrelevant to the validity of the amendment . Based upon this precedent , the Archivist of the United States proclaimed the Twenty - seventh Amendment as having been ratified when it surpassed the `` three fourths of the several states '' plateau for becoming a part of the Constitution . Declared ratified on May 7 , 1992 , it had been submitted to the states for ratification -- without a ratification deadline -- on September 25 , 1789 , an unprecedented time period of 202 years , 7 months and 12 days . Extensions ( edit ) Whether once it has prescribed a ratification period Congress may extend the period without necessitating action by already - ratified States embroiled Congress , the states , and the courts in argument with respect to the proposed Equal Rights Amendment ( Sent to the states on March 22 , 1972 with a seven - year ratification time limit attached ) . In 1978 Congress , by simple majority vote in both houses , extended the original deadline by 3 years , 3 months and 8 days ( through June 30 , 1982 ) . The amendment 's proponents argued that the fixing of a time limit and the extending of it were powers committed exclusively to Congress under the political question doctrine and that in any event Congress had power to extend . It was argued that inasmuch as the fixing of a reasonable time was within Congress ' power and that Congress could fix the time either in advance or at some later point , based upon its evaluation of the social and other bases of the necessities of the amendment , Congress did not do violence to the Constitution when , once having fixed the time , it subsequently extended the time . Proponents recognized that if the time limit was fixed in the text of the amendment Congress could not alter it because the time limit as well as the substantive provisions of the proposal had been subject to ratification by a number of States , making it unalterable by Congress except through the amending process again . Opponents argued that Congress , having by a two - thirds vote sent the amendment and its authorizing resolution to the states , had put the matter beyond changing by passage of a simple resolution , that states had either acted upon the entire package or at least that they had or could have acted affirmatively upon the promise of Congress that if the amendment had not been ratified within the prescribed period it would expire and their assent would not be compelled for longer than they had intended . In 1981 , the United States District Court for the District of Idaho , however , found that Congress did not have the authority to extend the deadline , even when only contained within the proposing joint resolution 's resolving clause . The Supreme Court had decided to take up the case , bypassing the Court of Appeals , but before they could hear the case , the extended period granted by Congress had been exhausted without the necessary number of states , thus rendering the case moot . Exclusive means for amending the Constitution ( edit ) According to constitutional theorist and scholar Lawrence G. Sager , some commentators have seriously questioned whether Article V is the exclusive means of amending the Constitution , or whether there are routes to amendment , including some routes in which the Constitution could be unconsciously or unwittingly amended in a period of sustained political activity on the part of a mobilized national constituency . For example , Akhil Amar argues that the Constitution may be constitutionally amended outside of Article V. He rejects the notion that Article V excludes other modes of constitutional change , arguing instead that the procedure provided for in Article V is simply the exclusive method the government may use to amend the Constitution . He asserts that Article V nowhere prevents the People themselves , acting apart from ordinary Government , from exercising their legal right to alter or abolish Government via the proper legal procedures . Bruce Ackerman argues that the Constitution can be amended by something he calls a `` structural amendment '' whereby the people alter their Constitutional order via succeeding elections . Similarly , Sanford Levinson believes that Constitutional amendments have been made outside of Article V and as such it is not exclusive . Other scholars disagree with Amar , Ackerman , and Levinson . Some argue that the Constitution itself provides no mechanism for the American people to adopt constitutional amendments independently of Article V. Darren Patrick Guerra has argued that Article V is a vital part of the American Constitutional tradition and he defends Article V against modern critiques that Article V is either too difficult , too undemocratic , or too formal . Instead he argues that Article V provides a clear and stable way of amending the document that is explicit , authentic , and the exclusive means of amendment ; it promotes wisdom and justice through enhancing deliberation and prudence ; and its process complements federalism and separation of powers that are key features of the Constitution . He argues that Article V remains the most clear and powerful way to register the sovereign desires of the American public with regard to alterations of their fundamental law . In the end , Article V is an essential bulwark to maintaining a written Constitution that secures the rights of the people against both elites and themselves . In his farewell address , President George Washington said : If in the opinion of the People the distribution or modification of the Constitutional powers be in any particular wrong , let it be corrected by an amendment in the way which the Constitution designates . But let there be no change by usurpation ; for though this , in one instance , may be the instrument of good , it is the customary weapon by which free governments are destroyed . The precedent must always greatly overbalance in permanent evil any partial or transient benefit which the use can at any time yield . This statement by Washington has become controversial , and scholars disagree about whether it still describes the proper constitutional order in the United States . Scholars who dismiss Washington 's position often argue that the Constitution itself was adopted without following the procedures in the Articles of Confederation , while Constitutional attorney Michael Farris disagrees , saying the Convention was a product of the States ' residual power , and the amendment in adoption process was legal , having received the unanimous assent of the States ' legislatures . See also ( edit ) List of amendments to the United States Constitution List of proposed amendments to the United States Constitution List of state applications for an Article V Convention List of Rescissions of Article V Convention Applications Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ On March 2 , 1861 the 36th Congress gave final approval to proposed constitutional amendment designed to shield `` domestic institutions '' ( which at the time included slavery ) from the constitutional amendment process and from abolition or interference by Congress . The following day , on his last full day in office , President Buchanan , took the unprecedented step of signing it . Submitted to the state legislatures for ratification without a time limit for ratification attached , the proposal , commonly known as the Corwin Amendment , is still technically pending before the states . Jump up ^ On January 31 , 1865 , the 38th Congress gave final approval to what would become the Thirteenth Amendment , which abolished slavery and involuntary servitude , except as punishment for a crime . The following day , the amendment was presented to the President Lincoln pursuant to the constitution 's Presentment Clause , and signed . On February 7 , Congress passed a resolution affirming that the Presidential signature was unnecessary . Jump up ^ 1868 regarding the Fourteenth Amendment , 1870 regarding the Fifteenth Amendment , and 1992 regarding the Twenty - seventh Amendment Jump up ^ In recent history , the signing of the certificate of ratification has become a ceremonial function attended by various dignitaries . President Johnson signed the certifications for the Twenty - fourth Amendment and Twenty - fifth Amendment as a witness . When the Administrator of General Services , Robert Kunzig , certified the adoption of the Twenty - sixth Amendment on July 5 , 1971 , President Nixon along with Julianne Jones , Joseph W. Loyd Jr. , and Paul Larimer of the `` Young Americans in Concert '' signed as witnesses . On May 18 , 1992 , the Archivist of the United States , Don W. Wilson , certified that the Twenty - seventh Amendment had been ratified , and the Director of the Federal Register , Martha Girard , signed the certification as a witness . Jump up ^ Congress incorporated the ratification deadline for the Eighteenth , Twentieth , Twenty - first , and Twenty - second amendments into the body of the amendment , so these amendments ' deadlines are now part of the Constitution . The failed District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment also contained a ratification deadline clause . Congress inserted the ratification deadline for the Twenty - third , Twenty - fourth , Twenty - fifth and Twenty - sixth amendments into the joint resolutions transmitting them to the state legislatures in order to avoid including extraneous language in the Constitution . This practice was also followed for the failed Equal Rights Amendment . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Constitutional Amendment Process '' . The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wines , Michael ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Inside the Conservative Push for States to Amend the Constitution '' . NYT . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of the United States : Article V '' . The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Measures Proposed to Amend the Constitution '' . Statistics & Lists . United States Senate . ^ Jump up to : Neale , Thomas H. ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` The Article V Convention to Propose Constitutional Amendments : Contemporary Issues for Congress '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . pp. 1 -- 2 . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rogers , James Kenneth ( Summer 2007 ) . `` Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy '' ( PDF ) . 30 ( 3 ) : 1005 -- 1022 . Retrieved May 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : England , Trent & Spalding , Matthew . `` Essays on Article V : Amendments '' . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dranias , Nick ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` Fulfilling the promise of Article V with an Interstate Compact '' . Constitution Daily . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : National Constitution Center . Retrieved May 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation , Centennial Edition , Interim Edition : Analysis of Cases Decided by the Supreme Court of the United States to June 26 , 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office . 2013 . pp. 987 -- 1001 . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tsesis , Alexander ( 2004 ) . The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom : A Legal History . New York : New York University Press . p. 2 . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 8276 - 0 . Jump up ^ Thorpe , Francis Newton ( 1901 ) . `` The Constitutional History of the United States , vol. 3 : 1861 -- 1895 '' . Chicago : Callaghan & Company . p. 154 . Jump up ^ Rossum , Ralph A. ( 2001 ) . Federalism , the Supreme Court , and the Seventeenth Amendment : The Irony of Constitutional Democracy . Lanham , Maryland : Lexington Books . p. 207 . ISBN 0 - 7391 - 0285 - 0 . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Dellinger , Walter ( December 1983 ) . `` The Legitimacy of Constitutional Change : Rethinking the Amendment Process '' . Harvard Law Review . 97 : 386 . Retrieved May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hawke v. Smith '' . Columbus Ohio : Ohio History Connection ( formerly the Ohio Historical Society ) . Retrieved May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cornell University Law School . `` Dillon v. Gloss '' . law.cornell.edu . Jump up ^ Neale , Thomas H. ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` The Proposed Equal Rights Amendment : Contemporary Ratification Issues '' ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Research Service . Retrieved May 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Huckabee , David C. ( September 30 , 1997 ) . `` Ratification of Amendments to the U.S. Constitution '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service reports . Washington D.C. : Congressional Research Service , The Library of Congress . Jump up ^ Nixon , Richard ( July 5 , 1971 ) . `` Remarks at a Ceremony Marking the Certification of the 26th Amendment to the Constitution '' . Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley , The American Presidency Project . Retrieved May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Vile , John R. Encyclopedia of Constitutional Amendments , Proposed Amendments , and Amending Issues , 1789 -- 2002 ( Second ed . ) . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO , Inc. p. 373 . ISBN 1851094334 . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Authentication and Proclamation : Proposing a Constitutional Amendment '' . Justia.com . Jump up ^ Idaho v. Freeman , 529 F. Supp. 1107 ( D. Idaho 1981 ) . Jump up ^ Certiorari before judgment granted , NOW v. Idaho , 455 U.S. 918 ( 1982 ) . Jump up ^ Judgments of the District Court of Idaho vacated ; cases remanded with instructions to dismiss as moot . NOW v. Idaho , 459 U.S. 809 ( 1982 ) . Jump up ^ Sager , Lawrence ( 2006 ) . Justice in Plainclothes : A Theory of American Constitutional Practice . Yale University Press . p. 82 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Scott J. ( 2004 ) . `` Wild Political Dreaming : Constitutional Reformation of the United States Senate '' . Fordham Law Review . 72 ( 4 ) : 1026 -- 27 . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ackerman , Bruce A. ( 1993 ) . We the People , Volume 1 : Foundations . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . ISBN 9780674948419 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Levinson , Sanford ( 1995 ) . Responding to Imperfection : The Theory and Practice of Constitutional Amendment . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 1400821630 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Manheim , Karl and Howard , Edward . A Structural Theory of the Initiative Power in California , Loyola Los Angeles Law Review , p. 1167 ( 1998 ) . Jump up ^ Guerra , Darren Patrick ( 2013 ) . Perfecting the Constitution : The Case for the Article V Amendment Process . Lanham , Maryland : Lexington Books . ISBN 9780739183861 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Washington , George . `` Farewell Address '' ( 1796 ) . Jump up ^ Strauss , David . `` The Irrelevance of Constitutional Amendments , '' 114 Harvard Law Review 1457 ( 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Fritz , Christian . `` Fallacies of American Constitutionalism '' , Rutgers Law Journal , p. 1343 ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Farris , Michael . `` Can we Trust the Constitution ? Answering the `` Runaway Convention '' Myth `` . Convention of States Project . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) U.S. Government Printing Office ( 2013 ) The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation CRS Annotated Constitution : Article 5 United States Constitution Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 1795 -- 1804 11 12 Reconstruction 13 14 15 Twentieth century 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Congressional enforcement Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Pardon Petition Postal Presentment Presidential succession Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recess appointment Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) USS Constitution Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Article_Five_of_the_United_States_Constitution&oldid=852140619 '' Categories : Articles of the United States Constitution Article Five of the United States Constitution Federalism in the United States Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2017 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2016 Talk Article Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français 贛語 Nederlands Русский Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 July 2018 , at 22 : 28 ( UTC ) . 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who played fred rutherford on leave it to beaver	Frederick `` Fred '' Rutherford is a fictional character in the television sitcom Leave It to Beaver . The show aired October 4 , 1957 to June 20 , 1963 . Fred is portrayed by Richard Deacon . Alan Rachins played the character in the 1997 film adaptation of the series , Leave It to Beaver .	Richard Deacon	Fred Rutherford	fred rutherford	Frederick `` Fred '' Rutherford is a fictional character in the television sitcom Leave It to Beaver . The show aired October 4 , 1957 to June 20 , 1963 . Fred is portrayed by Richard Deacon . Alan Rachins played the character in the 1997 film adaptation of the series , Leave It to Beaver .	Overview ( edit ) Fred is the head of the `` Rancho Rutherford '' household and is married to Geraldine / Gwendolyn . He is the father of a son named Clarence , played by Frank Bank , and nicknamed `` Lumpy '' by everyone in town , and a daughter named Violet , played by Veronica Cartwright . Fred in public considers Clarence a model son and defends him whenever he is blamed for troublesome activities . He is shocked if `` his boy '' misbehaves . Privately , however , Fred calls his son a `` big boob . '' Clarence initially bullies both Wally and Beaver but eventually becomes one of Wally 's pals . In the show 's third episode , `` The Black Eye '' , Fred is the father of two older sons , both nominated for football scholarships . Fred is Ward 's suit - wearing office co-worker . He often gets on Ward 's nerves , but the patient Ward , played by Hugh Beaumont , usually tolerates Fred well . Fred often addresses Ward as `` Ward , old man '' ; Ward is thirteen years older than Fred . The two work for a `` big company '' with the home office in New York City . Fred drops by the Cleaver house occasionally on either work matters or social calls . If trouble brews between the Cleaver and Rutherford children , Fred either makes a phone call or appears at the Cleaver 's door to advise Ward ; and , usually implies the Cleaver kids are likely at fault . In one episode , the Cleavers have the Rutherfords in for cards . Fred plays golf at a local country club , sometimes accompanied by the reluctant Ward . Like Lumpy , Fred is self - aggrandizing . In the pilot episode `` It 's a Small World '' , Richard Deacon plays a character named `` Mr. Baxter '' , an employee for the `` Franklin Milk Co . '' Beginning in Leave It To Beaver 's fifth season which launched in September 1961 , Fred Rutherford began appearing less often in episodes because Richard Deacon began appearing as a regular on The Dick Van Dyke Show . He reprised the role in the 1983 reunion television movie , Still the Beaver , but Deacon died before the spinoff television series The New Leave It to Beaver was launched in 1985 . By that time , Clarence and Beaver have started their own business . References ( edit ) Applebaum , Irwyn . The World According to Beaver . TV Books , 1984 , 1998 . ( ISBN 1575000520 ) . Bank , Frank . Call Me Lumpy : my Leave It To Beaver days and other wild Hollywood life . Addax , 2002 . ( ISBN 1886110298 ) , ( ISBN 978 - 1886110298 ) . Colella , Jennifer . The Leave It to Beaver Guide to Life : wholesome wisdom from the Cleavers ! Running Press , 2006 . ( ISBN 0762427736 ) , ( ISBN 9780762427734 ) . Leave It to Beaver : the complete first season . Universal Studios , 2005 . Leave It to Beaver : the complete second season . Universal Studios , 2006 . ( ISBN 1417074876 ) Mathers , Jerry ... And Jerry Mather as `` The Beaver '' . Berkley Boulevard Books , 1998 . ( ISBN 0425163709 ) External links ( edit ) Character profile at TVLand.com Leave It to Beaver Characters June Cleaver Ward Cleaver Wally Cleaver Beaver Cleaver Martha Bronson Lumpy Rutherford Eddie Haskell Larry Mondello Judy Hensler Fred Rutherford Miss Canfield Episodes Season 1 `` It 's a Small World '' `` Beaver Gets ' Spelled '' Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 `` Family Scrapbook '' Other articles Cast members The New Leave It to Beaver Leave It to Beaver ( film ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fred_Rutherford&oldid=826283790 '' Categories : Fictional characters introduced in 1957 Leave It to Beaver characters Hidden categories : Articles with topics of unclear notability from March 2017 All articles with topics of unclear notability Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 07 : 30 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred%20Rutherford	3,151
100 proof rum contains what percentage of alcohol	The proof system in the United States was established around 1848 and was based on percent alcohol rather than specific gravity . 50 % alcohol was defined as 100 proof .	50 %	Alcohol proof	alcohol proof	Alcohol proof is a measure of the content of ethanol ( alcohol ) in an alcoholic beverage . The term was originally used in the United Kingdom and was equal to about 1.75 times the alcohol by volume ( ABV ) . The UK now uses the ABV standard instead of alcohol proof . In the United States , alcohol proof is defined as twice the percentage of ABV .	The measurement of alcohol content and the statement of content on bottles of alcoholic beverages is regulated by law in many countries . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Governmental regulation 2.1 European Union 2.2 United Kingdom 2.3 United States 2.4 Canada 3 See also 4 References History ( edit ) The term proof dates back to 16th century England , when spirits were taxed at different rates depending on their alcohol content . Spirits were tested by soaking a pellet of gunpowder in them . If the gunpowder could still burn , the spirits were rated above proof and taxed at a higher rate . As gunpowder would not burn if soaked in rum that contained less than 57.15 % ABV , rum that contained this percentage of alcohol was defined as having 100 degrees proof . The gunpowder test was officially replaced by a specific - gravity test in 1816 . From the 18th century until 1 January 1980 , the UK measured alcohol content by proof spirit , defined as spirit with a gravity of ⁄ that of water , or 923 kg / m , and equivalent to 57.15 % ABV . The value 57.15 % is very close to the fraction ⁄ = 0.5714 . This leads to the definition amounts to declaring that 100 ° proof spirit has an ABV of ⁄ . From this it follows that , to convert the ABV ( expressed as a percentage standard rather than as a fraction ) to degrees proof , it is only necessary to multiply the ABV by ⁄ . Thus pure , 100 % alcohol will have 100 × ( ⁄ ) = 175 ° proof , and a spirit containing 40 % ABV will have 40 × ( ⁄ ) = 70 ° proof . The proof system in the United States was established around 1848 and was based on percent alcohol rather than specific gravity . 50 % alcohol was defined as 100 proof . The use of proof as a measure of alcohol content is now mostly historical . Today , liquor is sold in most locations with labels that state its alcohol content as its percentage of alcohol by volume ( ABV ) . Governmental regulation ( edit ) European Union ( edit ) The European Union follows recommendations of the International Organization of Legal Metrology ( OIML ) . OIML 's International Recommendation No. 22 ( 1973 ) provides standards for measuring alcohol strength by volume and by mass . A preference for one method over the other is not stated in the document , but if alcohol strength by volume is used , it must be expressed as a percentage ( % ) of total volume , and the water / alcohol mixture must have a temperature of 20 ° C ( 68 ° F ) when measurement is done . The document does not address alcohol proof or the labeling of bottles . United Kingdom ( edit ) Since 1 January 1980 , the United Kingdom has used the ABV standard to measure alcohol content , as prescribed by the European Union . In common with other EC countries , on 1st January , 1980 , Britain adopted the system of measurement recommended by the International Organisation of Legal Metrology , a body with most major nations among its members . The OIML system measures alcohol strength as a percentage of alcohol by volume at a temperature of 20 ° C. It replaced the Sikes system of measuring the proof strength of spirits , which had been used in Britain for over 160 years . Britain , which used to use the Sikes scale to display proof , now uses the European scale set down by the International Organization of Legal Metrology ( OIML ) . This scale , for all intents and purposes the same as the Gay - Lussac scale previously used by much of mainland Europe , was adopted by all the countries in the European Community in 1980 . Using the OIML scale or the Gay - Lussac scale is essentially the same as measuring alcohol by volume except that the figures are expressed in degrees , not percentages . United States ( edit ) In the United States , alcohol content is measured in terms of the percentage of alcohol by volume . The Code of Federal Regulations ( 27 CFR ( 4 - 1 - 03 Edition ) § 5.37 Alcohol content ) requires that liquor labels must state the percentage of ABV . The regulation permits , but does not require , a statement of the proof provided that it is printed close to the ABV number . For bottled spirits over 100 mL containing no solids , actual alcohol content is allowed to vary within 0.15 % of ABV stated on the label . Alcohol proof in the United States is defined as twice the percentage of alcohol by volume . Consequently , 100 - proof whiskey contains 50 % alcohol by volume ; 86 - proof whiskey contains 43 % alcohol . In the United States the term `` degrees proof '' is normally not used . For example , 50 % ABV would be described as `` 100 proof '' rather than `` 100 degrees proof '' . Example : Everclear ( alcohol ) is 95 % Alc . by Vol. / 190 Proof . Canada ( edit ) Canada labels by percentage of alcohol by volume . The old UK proof standard was still in use as late as 1972 . See also ( edit ) Liquor portal Drink portal Alcohol by volume Cask strength Gravity ( alcoholic beverage ) Volume percent References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Jensen , William . `` The Origin of Alcohol `` Proof '' '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 July 2014 . Retrieved 17 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alcohol `` Proof '' and `` Alcohol by Volume '' : Definitions and Explanations `` . ^ Jump up to : Scotch Whisky : Questions and Answers , Section 6 . Scotch Whisky Association . http://www.dcs.ed.ac.uk/home/jhb/whisky/swa/chap6.html Jump up ^ Recommendation No. 22 , International Alcoholmetric Tables ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Regan , Gary ( 2003 ) . The Joy of Mixology . New York : Clarkson Potter . pp. 356 -- 357 . ISBN 0 - 609 - 60884 - 3 . Jump up ^ Title 27 Alcohol , Tobacco and Firearms , Chapter 1 , § 5.37 . Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco and Firearms ; Department of the Treasury . p. 62 . Jump up ^ Canadian Food Inspection Agency - Alcoholic Beverages Jump up ^ Drug Library : Canadian Government Commission - Alcohol , item 61 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_proof&oldid=802987028 '' Categories : Alcohol measurement Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Gaeilge Italiano Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Русский Simple English Svenska Українська Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 September 2017 , at 19 : 14 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol%20proof	3,152
when did the first horses come to america	The horse evolved in the Americas , but became extinct between 8,000 and 12,000 years ago . When the Spanish arrived on the American mainland in the 16th century , they brought horses with them and re-established the animals on the continent .		Horses in the United States	horses in the united states	Horses in the United States have significant popularity and status that is acknowledged by a number of observers and researchers . There are about 9.2 million horses in the country and 4.6 million citizens are involved in the horse business . In addition , there are about 33,000 feral horses that roam freely in a wild state in certain parts of the country .	The horse evolved in the Americas , but became extinct between 8,000 and 12,000 years ago . When the Spanish arrived on the American mainland in the 16th century , they brought horses with them and re-established the animals on the continent . Contents ( hide ) 1 Evolution 2 Extinction and return 2.1 Alternate theories 3 Historic period 4 Statistics 5 References 6 External links Evolution. ( edit ) Main article : Evolution of the horse Hagerman horse skeleton Fossils of the earliest direct ancestor to the modern horse , Eohippus have been found in the Eocene layers of North American strata , mainly in the Wind River basin in Wyoming . Fossils found at the Hagerman Fossil Beds in Idaho , called the Hagerman horse or Equus simplicidens are from the Pliocene , dating to about 3.5 million years ago ( mya ) . Paleontologists determined the fossils represented the oldest remains of the genus Equus . The genus Equus , which includes all extant equines , was plentiful in North America and spread into the Old World by about 2.5 mya . A 2005 genetic study of fossils found evidence for three genetically divergent equid lineages in Pleistocene North and South America . Recent studies suggest all North American fossils of caballine - type horses , including both the domesticated horse and Przewalski 's horse , belong to the same species : E. ferus . Remains attributed to a variety of species and lumped as New World stilt - legged horses probably all belong to a second closely related species that was endemic to North America . Digs in western Canada have unearthed clear evidence horses existed in North America as recently as 12,000 years ago . Other studies produced evidence that horses in the Americas existed until 8,000 -- 10,000 years ago . Extinction and return ( edit ) All Equidae in North America ultimately became extinct , along with several other megafauna . The causes of this extinction have been debated . Given the suddenness of the event and because these mammals had been flourishing for millions of years previously , something quite unusual must have happened . The first main hypothesis attributes extinction to climate change . For example , in Alaska , beginning approximately 12,500 years ago , the grasses characteristic of a steppe ecosystem gave way to shrub tundra , which was covered with unpalatable plants . However , it has been proposed that the steppe - tundra vegetation transition in Beringia may have been a consequence , rather than a cause , of the extinction of megafaunal grazers . The other hypothesis suggests extinction was linked to overexploitation of native prey by newly arrived humans . The extinctions were roughly simultaneous with the end of the most recent glacial advance and the appearance of the big game - hunting Clovis culture . Several studies have indicated humans probably arrived in Alaska at the same time or shortly before the local extinction of horses . Horses returned to the Americas thousands of years later , well after domestication of the horse , beginning with Christopher Columbus in 1493 . These were Iberian horses first brought to Hispaniola and later to Panama , Mexico , Brazil , Peru , Argentina , and , in 1538 , Florida . The first horses to return to the main continent were 16 specifically identified horses brought by Hernán Cortés in 1519 . Subsequent explorers , such as Coronado and De Soto brought ever - larger numbers , some from Spain and others from breeding establishments set up by the Spanish in the Caribbean . These domesticated horses were the ancestral stock of the group of breeds or strains known today as the Colonial Spanish Horse . They predominated through the southeast and western United States from 16th century until about 1850 , when crossbreeding with larger horse breeds changed the phenotype and diluted the Spanish bloodlines . Later , some horses became strayed , lost or stolen , and proliferated into large herds of feral horses that became known as mustangs . Modern domesticated horses that retain Colonial Spanish type include the Spanish Mustang , Choctaw horse , Florida Cracker horse , and the Marsh Tacky . Alternate theories ( edit ) Some researchers posit that horses survived the ice age in North America , but were slaughtered by the American government in the late 19th century to restrict the mobility of aboriginal Americans . This theory mostly comes from Dakota / Lakota oral histories , which refer to straight - backed ponies , around 13 hands tall , with very powerful lungs . Historic period ( edit ) `` Apsaroka Horse '' , depicting a horse of the Crow tribe , c. 1909 European settlers brought a variety of horses to the Americas . The first imports were smaller animals suited to the size restrictions imposed by ships . Starting in the mid-19th century , larger draft horses began to be imported , and by the 1880s , thousands had arrived . Formal horse racing in the United States dates back to 1665 , when a racecourse was opened on the Hempstead Plains near Salisbury in what is now Nassau County , New York There are multiple theories for how Native American people obtained horses from the Spanish , but early capture of stray horses during the 16th century was unlikely due to the need to simultaneously acquire the skills to ride and manage them . It is unlikely that Native people obtained horses in significant numbers to become a horse culture any earlier than 1630 -- 1650 . From a trade center in the Santa Fe , New Mexico area , the horse spread slowly north . The Comanche people were thought to be among the first tribes to obtain horses and use them successfully . By 1742 , there were reports that the Crow and Blackfoot people had horses . The horse became an integral part of the lives and culture of Native Americans , especially the Plains Indians , who viewed them as a source of wealth and used them for hunting , travel , and warfare . In the 19th century , horses were used for many jobs . In the west , they were ridden by cowboys for handling cattle on the large ranches of the region and on cattle drives . In cities , including transporting people via carriage and horse - drawn public transport . They were used for hauling freight and for farming . In some cases , their labor was deemed more efficient than using steam - powered equipment to power certain types of mechanized equipment . At the same time , the maltreatment of horses in cities such as New York , where over 130,000 horses were used , led to the creation of the first ASPCA in 1866 . In the 19th century , the Standardbred breed of harness racing horse developed in the United States , and many Thoroughbred horse races were established . Horse - drawn sightseeing bus , 1942 At the start of the 20th century , the United States Department of Agriculture began to establish breeding farms for research , to preserve American horse breeds , and to develop horses for military and agricultural purposes . However , after the end of World War I , the increased use of mechanized transportation resulted in a decline in the horse populations , with a 1926 report noting horse prices were the lowest they had been in 60 years . Horse numbers rebounded in the 1960s , as horses came to be used for recreational purposes . Statistics ( edit ) In 1912 , the United States and Russia held the most horses in the world , with the U.S. having the second - highest number . There were an estimated of 20 million horses in March 1915 in the United States . A USDA census in 1959 showed the horse population had dropped to 4.5 million . Numbers began to rebound somewhat , and by 1968 there were about 7 million horses , mostly used for riding . In 2005 , there were about 9 million horses . There are about 33,000 free - roaming horses in the western United States under the supervision of the Bureau of Land Management . Additional feral horse populations exist elsewhere in the United States , especially on several islands off the Atlantic coast , where the National Park Service oversees populations of the Banker horse in North Carolina , the Cumberland Island horse in Georgia , and the horses on the Maryland side of Assateague Island , home to the Chincoteague pony . In Canada , a similar Atlantic population is the Sable Island horse of Nova Scotia . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Vialkely , M.K. ( June 2008 ) . `` Do You Hear the Call ? '' ( PDF ) . United States Equestrian Federation . p. 51 . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` USEF Interscholastic Riding Programs Guide '' ( PDF ) . United States Equestrian Federation . p. 1 . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Industry & Media Influence '' . theequestrianchannel.com . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2015 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ MacFadden , B.J. ( 1976 ) . `` Cladistic analysis of primitive equids with notes on other perissodactyls '' . Syst . Zool. 25 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 14 . doi : 10.2307 / 2412774 . JSTOR 2412774 . Jump up ^ McDonald , G. ( March 1993 ) . `` Hagerman `` Horse '' -- Equus simplicidens `` . The Fossil Record . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Azzaroli , A. ( 1992 ) . `` Ascent and decline of monodactyl equids : a case for prehistoric overkill '' ( PDF ) . Ann . Zool . Finnici. 28 : 151 -- 163 . ^ Jump up to : Weinstock , J. ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` Evolution , systematics , and phylogeography of Pleistocene horses in the New World : a molecular perspective '' . PLoS Biology . 3 ( 8 ) : e241 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pbio. 0030241 . PMC 1159165 . PMID 15974804 . Retrieved December 19 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Orlando , L. ; et al. ( 2008 ) . `` Ancient DNA Clarifies the Evolutionary History of American Late Pleistocene Equids '' . Journal of Molecular Evolution. 66 ( 5 ) : 533 -- 538 . doi : 10.1007 / s00239 - 008 - 9100 - x . PMID 18398561 . Jump up ^ Singer , Ben ( May 2005 ) . A brief history of the horse in America . Canadian Geographic Magazine . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2014 . Retrieved October 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ LeQuire , Elise ( January 4 , 2004 ) . `` No Grass , No Horse '' . The Horse , online edition . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Guthrie , R.D. ( November 13 , 2003 ) . `` Rapid body size decline in Alaskan Pleistocene horses before extinction '' . Nature . 426 ( 6963 ) : 169 -- 171 . doi : 10.1038 / nature02098 . PMID 14614503 . Retrieved December 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Zimov , S.A. ; Chuprynin , V.I. ; Oreshko , A.P. ; Chapin , F.S. ; Reynolds , J.F. ; Chapin , M.C. ( Nov 1995 ) . `` Steppe - tundra transition : a herbivore - driven biome shift at the end of the Pleistocene '' . The American Naturalist. 146 ( 5 ) : 765 -- 794 . doi : 10.1086 / 285824 . JSTOR 2462990 . Jump up ^ `` Ice Age Horses May Have Been Killed Off by Humans '' . National Geographic News . May 1 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Buck , Caitlin E. ; Bard , Edouard ( 2007 ) . `` A calendar chronology for Pleistocene mammoth and horse extinction in North America based on Bayesian radiocarbon calibration '' . Quaternary Science Reviews . 26 ( 17 -- 18 ) : 2031 . doi : 10.1016 / j. quascirev. 2007.06. 013 . Jump up ^ Solow , Andrew ; Roberts , David ; Robbirt , Karen ( May 9 , 2006 ) . Haynes , C. Vance , ed . `` On the Pleistocene extinctions of Alaskan mammoths and horses '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America ( 19 ed . ) . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 103 ( 19 ) : 7351 -- 3 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0509480103 . PMC 1464344 . PMID 16651534 . Jump up ^ Guthrie , R.D. ( May 11 , 2006 ) . `` New carbon dates link climatic change with human colonization and Pleistocene extinctions '' . Nature . 441 ( 7090 ) : 207 -- 209 . doi : 10.1038 / nature04604 . PMID 16688174 . Retrieved December 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Luís , Cristina ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Iberian Origins of New World Horse Breeds '' . Journal of Heredity. 97 ( 2 ) : 107 -- 113 . doi : 10.1093 / jhered / esj020 . PMID 16489143 . ^ Jump up to : Rittman , Paul . `` Spanish Colonial Horse and the Plains Indian Culture '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Colonial Spanish Horse '' . Livestock Conservancy . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Conservation Priority List -- Horses '' . Livestock Conservancy . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Claire . `` The Aboriginal North American Horse ( retrieved 07 - 10 - 2016 ) '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Adams , Kristina ( December 19 , 2014 ) . `` Horses in History -- Introduction -- A Horse is a Horse '' . USDA National Agricultural Library . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2015 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Horse Racing History '' . Horseracing-hq.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Haines , Francis ( January 1938 ) . `` Where Did the Plains Indians Get Their Horses ? '' . American Anthropologist. 40 ( 1 ) : 112 -- 117 . doi : 10.1525 / aa. 1938.40. 1.02 a00110 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Quammen , David ( March 2014 ) . `` People of the Horse '' . National Geographic . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Power Of The Plains '' . American Museum of Natural History . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Out On The Range '' . American Museum of Natural History . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` In the City '' . American Museum of Natural History . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New to racing : A history of the Standardbred '' . Standardbred Canada . 2014 . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Horse Production Falling '' . Yearbook of Agriculture 1926 . USDA . pp. 437 -- 439 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Recreation : Return of the Horse '' . Time . May 17 , 1968 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Industry , United States . Bureau of Animal ( 1912 ) . Report of the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry , United States Department of Agriculture . U.S. Government Printing Office . p. 106 . Jump up ^ Derry , Margaret . Horses in Society : A Story of Animal Breeding and Marketing , 1800 -- 1920 . University of Toronto Press . p. 131 . Jump up ^ `` More horses sent abroad for slaughter after US ban '' . USATODAY.com. 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The West is on the brink of a wild horse apocalypse . ( No , really . ) -- The Washington Post '' . August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ocracoke Ponies : The Wild Bankers of Ocracoke Island '' . National Park Service : Cape Hatteras National Seashore . U.S. Department of the Interior , National Park Service . November 7 , 2003 . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2008 . Retrieved November 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Feral Animals on Cumberland Island '' . Wild Cumberland . Retrieved March 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Assateague 's Wild Horses '' . nps.gov . Retrieved June 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dutson , Judith ( 2005 ) . Storey 's Illustrated Guide to 96 Horse Breeds of North America . Storey Publishing . pp. 217 -- 219 . ISBN 1580176135 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Horses of the United States at Wikimedia Commons Media related to Horse riding in the United States at Wikimedia Commons Horses portal United States portal ( hide ) Equine Equine science and management Equine anatomy Equine nutrition Horse behavior Horse care Horse breeding Horse genome Equine conformation Equine coat color Horse gait Equestrianism and sport Glossary of equestrian terms Horse industry List of equestrian sports Horse tack Bit Bridle Saddle Harness English riding Western riding Driving Horse training Horse racing Equestrian at the Summer Olympics ( medalists , venues ) Horse show Equitation Evolution and history Domestication of the horse Horses in warfare Horses in the Middle Ages Horses in the United States Horses in East Asian warfare History of the horse in South Asia Horses in the Napoleonic Wars Horses in World War I Horses in World War II History of the horse in Britain Horse worship Horse burial Horse breeds , types and other Equidae Horses List of horse breeds Draft horse Feral horse Gaited horse Mountain and moorland pony breeds Sport horse Stock horse Warmblood Wild horse Other Equus List of donkey breeds Donkey Zebra Onager Hybrids Hinny Mule Zebroid Category Horses portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horses_in_the_United_States&oldid=809056559 '' Categories : Horses in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from June 2015 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 21 : 43 . 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who played in the original pete's dragon			Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 film )	pete's dragon ( 1977 film )		Pete 's Dragon Original theatrical release poster Directed by Don Chaffey Produced by Jerome Courtland Ron W. Miller Screenplay by Malcolm Marmorstein Based on `` Pete 's Dragon '' by Seton I. Miller S.S. Field Starring Helen Reddy Jim Dale Mickey Rooney Red Buttons Jeff Conaway Shelley Winters Jane Kean Jim Backus Sean Marshall Charlie Callas Music by Irwin Kostal Cinematography Frank Phillips Edited by Gordon D. Brenner Production company Walt Disney Productions Distributed by Buena Vista Distribution Release date November 3 , 1977 ( 1977 - 11 - 03 ) Running time 128 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $10 million Box office $36 -- 39.6 million Pete 's Dragon is a 1977 American live - action / animated musical fantasy comedy film directed by Don Chaffey , produced by Jerome Courtland and Ron Miller , and written by Malcolm Marmorstein . It is based on an unpublished short story of the same name , written by Seton I. Miller and S.S. Field . It stars Sean Marshall , Helen Reddy , Jim Dale , Mickey Rooney , Red Buttons , Jeff Conaway , Shelley Winters , and Charlie Callas . It revolves around an orphaned boy raised by an abusive hillbilly family who is friends with a dragon named Elliott . In 1957 , the project was initially conceived as a two - part episode for the Disneyland television series , but it was shelved . It was later revived as a musical film in 1975 . The film was released on November 3 , 1977 to mixed reviews from critics though some praised the animation . The film was a moderate success , grossing $18 million over a $10 million budget . The song `` Candle on the Water '' received an Academy Award nomination , but lost to `` You Light Up My Life '' from the film of the same name . Reddy 's recording ( with a different arrangement than the one her character sings in the film ) was released as a single by Capitol Records , reaching # 27 on the Adult Contemporary charts . The film also received a nomination for Original Song Score and Its Adaptation or Adaptation Score , losing to A Little Night Music . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Musical numbers 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Locations 4.3 Animation 5 Release 5.1 Home video 6 Reception 6.1 Critical reaction 6.2 Box office 7 Awards and honors 7.1 Academy Awards 7.2 Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy and Horror Films Awards 7.3 Golden Globes 8 Remake 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Plot ( edit ) In the early 1900s , Pete flees the Gogans , his abusive hillbilly foster family , with help from Elliott , a fire - breathing dragon who can make himself invisible . Pete and Elliott visit Passamaquoddy , where the unseen Elliott 's clumsiness causes Pete to be labeled a source of bad luck . Lampie , the lighthouse keeper , stumbles out of a tavern and encounters Pete . Elliott makes himself visible and a terrified Lampie runs into the saloon to warn the townsfolk . In a seaside cave , Pete scolds Elliott for causing trouble . Just as they make up , Lampie 's daughter , Nora , appears saying due to the ongoing tides from the sea , it is unsafe for Pete to stay in there , then offers him food and shelter at the lighthouse , which he accepts . Pete tells Nora of the abuse he suffered at the hands of the Gogans , and as she offers to let him spend the night at the lighthouse , they strike up a friendship . He learns the story of her fiance , Paul , whose ship was reported lost at sea the year before . He promises to ask Elliott about Paul , and she accepts , believing Elliott to be his imaginary friend . The next morning , Dr. Terminus and his assistant , Hoagy , arrive and win over the gullible townspeople who are initially angered by their return . The day after , the local fishermen complain about the scarcity of fish and believe Pete is the cause . Nora tells them that the fishing grounds shift from time to time and Pete should be welcomed into town . She takes him to start school , where he is punished unfairly by the teacher , Miss Taylor , as a result of Elliott 's antics . An enraged Elliott smashes into the schoolhouse , leaving his shape in the wall , as Pete runs off . Dr. Terminus makes Pete an offer for Elliott , which he turns down . Believing he needs to stop running from the Gogans , Nora and Lampie offer to let him live with them permanently , which he accepts . When the Gogans arrive in town and demand him back , Nora refuses to hand him over . As the Gogans attempt to chase them in a small boat , Elliott `` torpedoes '' it , saving Pete . Dr. Terminus teams up with the Gogans to capture both Pete and Elliott . He also convinces the superstitious locals that helping him capture Elliott will solve their problems . That evening , a storm begins to blow . At sea , a ship is approaching Passamaquoddy with Paul on board . Dr. Terminus lures Pete to the boathouse , while Hoagy does the same to Elliott . Once there , the invisible Elliott is caught in a net trap , but he frees himself , saves Pete , and confronts the Gogans . Lena yells at him , claiming Pete is their property and waves her bill of sale at him , which he torches . Now completely defenseless , they flee after he frightens them away . Just as he and Pete laugh , Dr. Terminus makes one more effort to harpoon him , but his leg is caught in the rope and he is sent catapulting through the ceiling and screams as he goes through it , ending up dangling upside down near a utility pole . In a last - ditch effort , he tries to offer buying Elliott 's `` spare parts '' , to which he declines and proceeds to destroy Dr. Terminus ' traveling wagon , ending his scamming business . Elliott then saves the Mayor , Miss Taylor , and the members of the Town Board from a falling utility pole , revealing himself to them . Back at the lighthouse , the lamp has been extinguished by a storm - driven rogue wave . Elliott returns and tries to light it with his own fire . As he does so , Nora sees that he is real . The light is ignited and the ship is saved . The next morning , the Mayor and the townsfolk praise Elliott for his help , and Nora is reunited with Paul , who was the sole survivor of a shipwreck at Cape Hatteras and suffered amnesia . Now that Pete has a loving family , Elliott tells him he must move on to help another kid in trouble , and is sad that they must part . Pete comforts Elliott by telling him if that anyone can help that kid , he can . He flies away as Pete and his new family wave good - bye to him . The film ends with Pete reminding him once again he is supposed to be invisible . Cast ( edit ) Sean Marshall as Pete , an orphan boy whom the Gogans have purchased and treat like a slave . Helen Reddy as Nora , Lampie 's headstrong but kind daughter who later adopts Pete . Jim Dale as Dr. Terminus , a scheming quack and showman . Mickey Rooney as Lampie , Passamaquoddy 's lighthouse keeper and Nora 's father . Red Buttons as Hoagy , Dr. Terminus ' assistant . Shelley Winters as Lena Gogan , the matriarch of the Gogan family . Jane Kean as Miss Taylor , Passamaquoddy 's schoolteacher who reluctantly takes Pete as a student at Nora 's suggestion . Jim Backus as the Mayor of Passamaquoddy . Charles Tyner as Merle Gogan , Lena 's husband and the patriarch of the Gogan family . Gary Morgan and Jeff Conaway as Grover and Willie Gogan , Lena and Merle 's sons . Cal Bartlett as Paul , a sailor who has disappeared at sea and Nora 's fiancé Charlie Callas as the voice of Elliott , a dragon that saves Pete from the Gogans . Walter Barnes as the Captain of the ship on which Paul returns home . Al Checco , Henry Slate , and Jack Collins appear in the film as local fishermen . Robert Easton plays a store proprietor , and Roger Price is seen as a man with a visor . Robert Foulk plays an old sea captain . Ben Wrigley is the egg vendor that Elliott accidentally knocks into the Mayor and Joe Ross plays the cement man whose cement was stepped in by Elliott . Dinah Anne Rogers has an uncredited role as one of the townsfolk , as does Dennis Stewart , who plays a fisherman , and Debbie Fresh is also uncredited as a `` Child / Dancer / Singer '' . Musical numbers ( edit ) `` The Happiest Home in These Hills '' -- Lena , Merle , Grover , Willie `` Boo Bop Bop Bop Bop ( I Love You , Too ) '' -- Pete , Elliott `` I Saw a Dragon '' -- Lampie , Nora , Townsmen `` It 's Not Easy '' -- Nora , Pete `` Passamaquoddy '' -- Dr. Terminus , Hoagy , Townsfolk `` Candle on the Water '' -- Nora `` There 's Room for Everyone '' -- Nora , Pete , Children `` Every Little Piece '' -- Hoagy , Dr. Terminus `` Brazzle Dazzle Day '' -- Nora , Lampie , Pete `` Bill of Sale '' -- Nora , Lena , Merle , Grover , Willie `` I Saw a Dragon ( Reprise ) '' -- Townsmen `` Brazzle Dazzle Day ( Reprise ) '' -- Pete , Nora , Lampie , Paul Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In December 1957 , Walt Disney Productions optioned the film rights to the short story titled Pete 's Dragon and the U.S.A. ( Forever After ) that was written by Seton I. Miller and S.S. Field , in which Miller was hired to write the script . Impressed with his performance in Old Yeller , Walt Disney had child actor Kevin Corcoran in mind to star in the project as a feature - length film . However , Disney considered the project to be more appropriate for his Disneyland anthology program , by which it was slated to be filmed as a two - part episode in the following year . In February 1958 , Variety reported that filming was scheduled to begin in October . By the following spring , veteran screenwriter Noel Langley had completed his draft of the script . However , Disney was still unsure of how to approach the project , and the project was placed in turnaround . In 1968 , writers Bill Raynor and Myles Wilder were hired to write the script , and completed their outline in October . They submitted their outline to the studio for review , but the project continued to languish in development . In 1975 , producer Jerome Courtland re-discovered the project and hired writer Malcolm Marmorstein to write the script . For his script , Marmorstein revised the story from being in contemporary time into a period setting , and had the dragon changed from being wholly imaginary into a real one . In earlier drafts , Elliott was mostly invisible aside from one animated sequence , in which Dr. Terminus would chop up the dragon for his get - rich scheme . However , veteran Disney artist Ken Anderson felt the audience would `` lose patience '' with the idea and lobbied for Elliott to be seen more in his visible form during the film . In retrospect , Marmorstein conceded that `` We tried a completely invisible dragon , but it was no fun . It was lacking . It 's a visual medium , and you 're making a film for kids . '' He also named the dragon `` Elliott '' after actor Elliott Gould ( who was a friend from his theater days ) , and named the town `` Passamaquoddy '' after the real Native American tribe in Maine . In October 1975 , the songwriting duo of Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn were assigned to compose the musical score . The production was directed by British filmmaker Don Chaffey , who had made two smaller films for Disney in the early 1960s between directing larger fantasy adventures ( Jason and the Argonauts , One Million Years B.C. ) for others . Locations ( edit ) The lighthouse for the film was built on Point Buchon Trail located south of Los Osos , California , substituting for Maine . It was equipped with such a large beacon that Disney had to get special permission from the Coast Guard to operate it , since doing so during filming would have confused passing ships . Pacific Gas and Electric opened the Point Buchon Trail and allows hikers access to where filming took place ( 35 ° 14 ′ 49.08 '' N 120 ° 53 ′ 50.63 '' W / 35.2469667 ° N 120.8973972 ° W / 35.2469667 ; - 120.8973972 ) . Animation ( edit ) The animators of the film opted to make Elliott look more like an oriental , rather than occidental , dragon because oriental dragons are usually associated with good . The film is the first involving animation in which none of the Nine Old Men -- Disney 's original team of animators -- were involved . One technique used in the movie involved compositing with a yellowscreen that was originally used in Mary Poppins and similar to today 's greenscreen compositing , whereby up to three scenes might be overlaid together -- for example , a live foreground , a live background , and an animated middle ground containing Elliott . Ken Anderson , who created Elliott , explained that he thought it would be appropriate to make him `` a little paunchy '' and not always particularly graceful when it comes to flying . Don Hahn , who was an assistant director to Don Bluth on Pete 's Dragon , gained some experience working with a combination of live - action and animation before later going on to work on Who Framed Roger Rabbit . Release ( edit ) Pete 's Dragon premiered on November 3 , 1977 at the Radio City Music Hall for its intended roadshow theatrical release , in which the film ran 134 minutes . For its general release , it was edited down to 121 minutes . It was later re-released on March 9 , 1984 where it was shortened from 121 minutes to 104 minutes . Home Video ( edit ) The film was released on VHS in early 1980 . It was re-released on VHS on October 28 , 1994 as a part of Masterpiece Collection . It was originally slated to be released in the Walt Disney Gold Classic Collection line - up on December 5 , 2000 , but it was pushed back to January 16 , 2001 . The DVD includes bonus features such as two animated shorts Lighthouse Keeping and Man , Monsters and Mysteries , two vintage excerpts from the Disney Family Album episode on Ken Anderson and `` The Plausible Impossible '' from Disneyland , and both theatrical trailers for the film . The film was re-released in a `` High - Flying Edition '' DVD on August 18 , 2009 . The DVD includes a half - hour documentary feature , a deleted storyboard sequence , original demo recordings of the songs , and several bonus features transferred from the Gold Classic Collection release . It was released on the 35th - anniversary edition Blu - ray on October 16 , 2012 . Reception ( edit ) Critical reaction ( edit ) Janet Maslin of The New York Times praised the film declaring it `` the most energetic and enjoyable Disney movie in a long while . '' She was also complimentary of Helen Reddy 's performance noting `` Sean Marshall does n't sing well , but Helen Reddy does , so she often accompanies his vocals . Miss Reddy is serviceable but undistinguished as an actress -- she has a tendency to behave as if she were a very bright light bulb in a very small lamp -- but she so often finds herself in the company of Messrs. Rooney , Dale or Buttons that her scenes work well . '' However , she was critical the film 's length and the excessive alcohol consumption . Variety wrote the film was `` an enchanting and humane fable which introduces a most lovable animal star ( albeit an animated one ) . '' They praised the combination of live - action and animation as `` never before more effectively realized '' and commented that the film suffered `` whenever Elliott is off screen . '' John Skow of Time wrote the film was `` likeable fantasy '' , but dismissed the musical numbers as `` a good opportunity to line up for more popcorn . '' Critic Leonard Maltin observed that Disney made several attempts to recreate the appeal and success of Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) , and that Pete 's Dragon did not come close on that score . However , he added that it might please children , and that `` the animated title character is so endearing that it almost compensates for the live actors ' tiresome mugging . '' Thomas J. Harris , in his book Children 's Live - Action Musical Films : A Critical Survey and Filmography , heavily criticized the story as well as the compositing of the animated Elliott ; he also found the `` Mary Poppinsish ending '' to be `` thoroughly unmotivated '' , because Pete 's life before meeting Elliott is never fleshed out . In 2006 , Elliott was ranked fifth on a top 10 list of movie dragons by Karl Heitmueller for MTV Movie News . On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 50 % based on 24 reviews , with an average rating of 4.8 / 10 . The site 's consensus states : `` Boring and slow , this is a lesser Disney work , though the animation is n't without its charms . '' Box Office ( edit ) During its initial release , the film grossed $18 million in domestic grosses , which was ranked at seventeen on Variety 's hit list . However , the returns were considered disappointing for Disney who were hoping for a Mary Poppins - sized blockbuster . The film has a lifetime domestic gross ranging from $36 to 39.6 million . Awards and honors ( edit ) Academy Awards ( edit ) The film was nominated for two Academy Awards : Academy Award for Best Original Song -- Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn for `` Candle on the Water '' Academy Award for Original Song Score -- Al Kasha , Joel Hirschhorn and Irwin Kostal Academy of science fiction , fantasy and horror films Awards ( edit ) The film was nominated for four Saturn Awards : Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Red Buttons Saturn Award for Best Costume Saturn Award for Best Special Effects Golden globes ( edit ) The Hollywood Foreign Press Association nominated the film for one Golden Globe Award : Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score -- Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn Remake ( edit ) Main article : Pete 's Dragon ( 2016 film ) In March 2013 , Disney announced a remake of the film , written by David Lowery and Toby Halbrooks , the director / writer and co-producer ( respectively ) of the Sundance hit Ai n't Them Bodies Saints ( 2013 ) . It re-imagines a venerable Disney family and is presented as a straightforward drama as opposed to a musical . It is a live - action remake instead of an animated remake by Disney . Principal photography commenced in January 2015 in New Zealand , with Lowery directing . It was released on 12 August 2016 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Pete 's Dragon , Box Office Information '' . The Numbers . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pete 's Dragon ( Re-issue ) ( 1984 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Full Cast and Crew for Pete 's Dragon '' . IMDb.com , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Lark , Max ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` For Pete 's Sake : The Long Road to Pete 's Dragon '' . D23 . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Pete 's Dragon . Bonus Features : Film Facts ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Disney Enterprises ( distributed by Buena Vista Home Entertainment ) . Jump up ^ `` New Disney Film for Moppet Star '' ( Subscription required ) . Oakland Tribune . December 28 , 1957 . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 -- via Newspapers.com . ^ Jump up to : Hill , Jim ( August 12 , 2016 ) . `` How `` Pete 's Dragon '' went from being a `` Mary Poppins '' wan na - be to an `` E.T. '' - inspired delight `` . The Huffington Post . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hammond , David ( October 1977 ) . `` Giving A Personality to An Animated Dragon '' . American Cinematographer. 58 ( 10 ) . pp. 1032 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Koenig 1997 , pp. 162 -- 3 . Jump up ^ `` Yablans to produce independent film '' ( Subscription required ) . The Mercury . October 18 , 1957 . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Ken Anderson . Pete 's Dragon . Bonus Features : `` Disney Family Album '' ( Excerpt ) ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) ( Media notes ) . Buena Vista Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Thomlison , Adam . `` Q : I saw `` Pete 's Dragon '' for the first time the other day , and I 'm wondering how they combined the animation and live - action sequences . How did they make Pete float while Elliott was invisible ? `` . TV Media . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Farago , Andrew ( 2008 - 11 - 30 ) . `` Roger Rabbit turns 20 '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Disney Home Video Debuts the `` Gold Classic Collection '' `` . The Laughing Place . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pete 's Dragon : High - Flying Edition DVD Review '' . DVDizzy . August 10 , 2009 . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( November 4 , 1977 ) . `` Film : ' Dragon ' at Music Hall : Sweet , Green Fire '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Pete 's Dragon ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Skow , John ( December 5 , 1977 ) . `` Cinema : Scaly Tale '' . Time . Vol. 110 no . 23 . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Maltin , Leonard ( 1999 ) . Leonard Maltin 's Family Film Guide . New York : Signet . p. 437 . ISBN 0 - 451 - 19714 - 3 . Jump up ^ Harris , Thomas J. ( 1989 ) . Children 's Live - Action Musical Films : A Critical Survey and Filmography . McFarland & Company , Inc . ISBN 0 - 89950 - 375 - 6 . Jump up ^ Heitmueller , Karl ( 2006 - 12 - 12 ) . `` Rewind : Dragons Have Breathed Fire In Many Films Besides ' Eragon ' : Top 10 dragons in filmdom include Haku of ' Spirited Away , ' Maleficent in ' Sleeping Beauty , ' Ghidorah of ' Godzilla ' fame '' . MTV Movie News . MTV Networks . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Mark ( October 31 , 2013 ) . Frozen in Ice : The Story of Walt Disney Productions , 1966 - 1985 . BearManor Media . ISBN 978 - 1593937515 . Jump up ^ Krämer , Peter . `` ' The Best Disney Film Disney Never Made ' : Children 's Films and the Family Audience in American Cinemas since the 1960s '' . In Neale , Steve . Genre And Contemporary Hollywood . London , UK : British Film Institute . p. 189 . ISBN 0 - 85170 - 887 - 0 . Jump up ^ Korkis , Jim ( February 27 , 2016 ) . `` The Story Behind `` Pete 's Dragon '' ( 1977 ) `` . Cartoon Research . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pete 's Dragon ( film ) '' . D23 . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Awards for Pete 's Dragon '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` After Gritty Sundance Debut On ' Ai n't Them Bodies Saints ' , David Lowery to Reinvent ' Pete 's Dragon ' For Disney '' . Deadline Hollywood ( March 19 , 2013 ) . Jump up ^ `` Casting call for Disney feature film Pete 's Dragon lead role '' Archived August 19 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( January 15 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Dates ' Ghost in the Shell ' , Moves Jungle Book Back 6 Months '' . Deadline Hollywood . Bibliography ( edit ) Koenig , David ( 1997 ) . Mouse Under Glass : Secrets of Disney Animation & Theme Parks . Bonaventure Press . ISBN 978 - 0964060517 . External links ( edit ) Official website Pete 's Dragon on IMDb Pete 's Dragon at the TCM Movie Database Pete 's Dragon at The Big Cartoon DataBase Pete 's Dragon at Box Office Mojo Pete 's Dragon at Rotten Tomatoes Pete 's Dragon at UltimateDisney.com Detailed info on Pete 's Dragon including Don Bluth 's involvement Disney theatrical animated features Walt Disney Animation Studios films Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Ralph Breaks the Internet ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Live - action films with animation The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) Disneytoon Studios films DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 ) A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Return to Never Land ( 2002 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Bambi II ( 2006 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Other Disney units films The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Doug 's 1st Movie ( 1999 ) Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 ) Teacher 's Pet ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Mars Needs Moms ( 2011 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Related lists Unproduced films Book Walt Disney Animation Studios List of feature films Released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Upcoming films Ralph Breaks the Internet ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Associated productions The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1949 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) People Executives Edwin Catmull Roy Conli Roy E. Disney Walt Disney Don Hahn Jeffrey Katzenberg John Lasseter Jennifer Lee Peter Schneider Thomas Schumacher David Stainton Disney 's Nine Old Men Les Clark Marc Davis Ollie Johnston Milt Kahl Ward Kimball Eric Larson John Lounsbery Wolfgang Reitherman Frank Thomas Related topics History Disney animators ' strike Disney Renaissance Methods and technologies 12 basic principles of animation Computer Animation Production System Disney Animation : The Illusion of Life Multiplane camera Documentaries Frank and Ollie ( 1995 ) The Sweatbox ( 2001 ) Dream On Silly Dreamer ( 2005 ) Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 ) Other Disney animation units Disney Television Animation Lucasfilm Animation Marvel Animation Pixar Animation Studios DisneyToon Studios ( defunct ) Circle 7 ( defunct ) Miscellaneous Alice Comedies Laugh - O - Gram Studio List of Disney animated shorts List of Disney theatrical animated features unproduced Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Mickey Mouse ( film series ) Silly Symphonies Once Upon a Time Films directed by Don Chaffey Strange Stories ( 1953 ) Skid Kids ( 1953 ) Time Is My Enemy ( 1954 ) The Secret Tent ( 1956 ) The Girl in the Picture ( 1957 ) The Flesh Is Weak ( 1957 ) A Question of Adultery ( 1958 ) The Man Upstairs ( 1958 ) Danger Within ( 1959 ) Dentist in the Chair ( 1960 ) Lies My Father Told Me ( 1960 ) Nearly a Nasty Accident ( 1961 ) A Matter of WHO ( 1961 ) Greyfriars Bobby ( 1961 ) The Webster Boy ( 1962 ) Jason and the Argonauts ( 1963 ) The Three Lives of Thomasina ( 1963 ) A Jolly Bad Fellow ( 1964 ) The Crooked Road ( 1965 ) One Million Years B.C. ( 1966 ) The Viking Queen ( 1967 ) A Twist of Sand ( 1968 ) Clinic Exclusive ( 1971 ) Creatures the World Forgot ( 1971 ) Charley One - Eye ( 1973 ) Persecution ( 1974 ) Ride a Wild Pony ( 1975 ) The Fourth Wish ( 1976 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) The Magic of Lassie ( 1978 ) C.H.O.M.P.S. ( 1979 ) Casino ( 1980 ) ( TV ) International Airport ( 1985 ) ( TV ) Don Bluth Sullivan Bluth Studios The Secret of NIMH ( 1982 ) An American Tail ( 1986 ) The Land Before Time ( 1988 ) All Dogs Go to Heaven ( 1989 ) Rock - a-Doodle ( 1991 ) Thumbelina ( 1994 ) A Troll in Central Park ( 1994 ) The Pebble and the Penguin ( 1995 ) Fox Animation Studios Anastasia ( 1997 ) Bartok the Magnificent ( 1999 ) Titan A.E. ( 2000 ) Video games Dragon 's Lair ( 1983 ) Space Ace ( 1984 ) Dragon 's Lair II : Time Warp ( 1991 ) Dragon 's Lair 3D : Return to the Lair ( 2002 ) I - Ninja ( 2003 ) Tapper World Tour ( 2011 ) Short films Banjo the Woodpile Cat ( 1979 ) Gift of the Hoopoe ( 2009 ) Other works Universal Studios Xanadu ( 1980 ) The Funtastic World of Hanna - Barbera ( 1990 ) Walt Disney Studios The Rescuers ( 1977 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) The Small One ( 1978 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) Related articles Studios Sullivan Bluth Studios Fox Animation Studios Square One Studios People Gary Goldman John Pomeroy Morris Sullivan See also Unrealized projects Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pete%27s_Dragon_(1977_film)&oldid=857005597 '' Categories : 1977 films English - language films 1970s adventure films 1970s fantasy films 1970s musical films American films American buddy films American children 's fantasy films American fantasy adventure films American musical fantasy films Films about child abuse Films about dragons Films about orphans Films directed by Don Chaffey Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films produced by Ron W. Miller Films set in the 1900s Films set in Maine Films shot in California Films with live action and animation Screenplays by Malcolm Marmorstein Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from April 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Íslenska Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 23 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete%2527s%20Dragon%20%281977%20film%29	3,154
who is the father of seir in the bible	The ancestry of Seir the Horite is not specified . Pre-Edomite Horite chiefs , descendants of Seir , are listed in the Book of Genesis ( Genesis 36 : 20 - 29 ) and 1 Chronicles ( 1 Chronicles 1 : 38 - 42 ) . One of these chiefs , Zibeon , is also described as a Hivite . Esau 's wife Oholibamah was his granddaughter ( Oholibamah bat Anah ben Zibeon ben Seir ; see Genesis 36 : 2 , 24 , 25 ) . Their three sons all became ' chiefs , ' although unlike other sons of Esau , they are not called chiefs `` in Edom '' ( compare Genesis 36 : 16 - 18 ) . This may indicate a transition time in which only certain Horite areas were becoming known as Edom .		Horites	horites	The Horites ( Hebrew : Horim , חרים ) , were a people mentioned in the Torah ( Genesis 14 : 6 , 36 : 20 , Deuteronomy 2 : 12 ) inhabiting areas around Mount Seir in Canaan ( Genesis 36 : 2 , 5 ) .	Name ( edit ) According to Archibald Sayce ( 1915 ) , the Horites have been identified with references in Egyptian inscriptions to Khar ( formerly translated as Harri ) , which concern a southern region of Canaan . More recent scholarship has associated them with the Hurrians , with the biblical name `` Hivite '' being a reference to this same group . Hebrew Bible ( edit ) The first mention of the Horites in the Torah was when they were defeated by a coalition of Eastern kings led by Kedorlaomer of Elam ( in modern Iran ) . These kings had come through the Horite territory to subdue a rebellion by a coalition of other ' kings ' of peoples whom they had ruled for twelve years , who were living near the Dead Sea and Sodom and Gomorrah ( Genesis 14 : 1 - 12 ) . Later , according to Genesis 36 , the Horites co-existed and inter-married with the family of Esau , grandson of Abraham through Isaac ( Genesis 25 : 21 - 25 ) . They were eventually brought under the rule of the descendants of Esau , also then known as Edom . Mt Hor , seen from cliffs near Petra. 1849 Mt Hor The ancestry of Seir the Horite is not specified . Pre-Edomite Horite chiefs , descendants of Seir , are listed in the Book of Genesis ( Genesis 36 : 20 - 29 ) and 1 Chronicles ( 1 Chronicles 1 : 38 - 42 ) . One of these chiefs , Zibeon , is also described as a Hivite . Esau 's wife Oholibamah was his granddaughter ( Oholibamah bat Anah ben Zibeon ben Seir ; see Genesis 36 : 2 , 24 , 25 ) . Their three sons all became ' chiefs , ' although unlike other sons of Esau , they are not called chiefs `` in Edom '' ( compare Genesis 36 : 16 - 18 ) . This may indicate a transition time in which only certain Horite areas were becoming known as Edom . The chiefs who descended from Esau are listed in Genesis 36 : 40 - 43 . Two of these chiefs would appear to have been female - Timna and Oholibamah . At some time , certain of these leaders rose to the level of ' kings ' over the other chiefs , and the Horite land became known as Edom rather than the land of Seir . One example of these kings is Jobab , son of Zerah , a son of Esau and his wife Basemath , who was Ishmael 's daughter ( Genesis 36 : 35 ) . Another is a ' Temanite ' , Husham ( Genesis 36 : 34 ) , a descendant of Esau 's son , Teman ( Genesis 36 : 10 , 11 ) . None of these kings ' sons became kings after their fathers died . Apparently , there was no familial royal line whereby sons of these post-Horite kings succeeded to the throne , but rather , some other system was in place by which kings were either chosen or won the right to rule ( Genesis 36 : 31 - 29 ) . By the time governance of these peoples had been consolidated under kings instead of chiefs , Horites are no longer mentioned as such . The land of Seir had become known as Edom . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Horites at International Standard Bible Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ James Orr , `` Horites '' , in The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia , ( 1915 ) page 1421 . Jump up ^ Lawrence A. Sinclair ( 2000 ) . `` Horites '' . In David Noel Freedman . Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible . W.B. Eerdmans . p. 607 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 2400 - 4 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horites&oldid=832141455 '' Categories : Edom Hebrew Bible nations Ancient peoples of the Near East Arab groups History of Saudi Arabia History of Palestine ( region ) History of Jordan Ancient Israel and Judah Talk About Wikipedia Català Bahasa Indonesia Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Edit links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 02 : 08 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horites	3,155
how many australian soldiers were killed in world war 2	Over 27,000 Australians were killed and 23,000 wounded in action during World War II . In addition , hundreds more servicemen and women were killed and injured in accidents during the war .	Over 27,000	Australian casualties of World War II	australian casualties of world war ii	Over 27,000 Australians were killed and 23,000 wounded in action during World War II . In addition , hundreds more servicemen and women were killed and injured in accidents during the war .	An Australian soldier , Private George `` Dick '' Whittington , is aided by Papuan orderly Raphael Oimbari , near Buna on 25 December 1942 . Whittington died in February 1943 from the effects of bush typhus . ( Picture by George Silk ) Contents 1 Casualties by service 1.1 Non-battle casualties 2 Notes 3 References Casualties by service ( edit ) Australian and Dutch POWs at Tarsau , Thailand in 1943 The following table is taken from The Final Campaigns by Gavin Long . It excludes deaths and illnesses from natural causes , including disease . RAN Army RAAF Total War against Germany , Italy and Vichy France Killed in action 900 2610 5036 8546 Died of wounds 700 58 761 Died of wounds while POW 56 9 65 Died of sickness or injury while POW 95 95 Presumed died while POW 91 14 105 Total killed 903 3552 5117 9572 POW escaped , recovered or repatriated 25 6874 1020 7919 Wounded and injured in action ( cases ) 26 8925 529 9480 War against Japan Killed in action 840 6294 1140 8274 Died of wounds 41 1090 65 1196 Died of wounds while POW 50 50 Died of sickness or injury while POW 5336 5336 Presumed died while POW 116 2391 138 2645 Total killed 997 15161 1343 17501 POW escaped , recovered or repatriated 238 13872 235 14345 Wounded and injured in action ( cases ) 553 13191 253 13997 All theatres of war Killed in action 1740 8904 6176 16820 Died of wounds 44 1790 123 1957 Died of wounds while POW 0 106 9 115 Died of sickness or injury while POW 0 5431 0 5431 Presumed died while POW 116 2482 152 2750 Total killed 1900 18713 6460 27073 POW escaped , recovered or repatriated 263 20746 1255 22264 Wounded and injured in action ( cases ) 579 22116 782 23477 Non-battle casualties ( edit ) The Australian Army suffered 1,165 killed and died of injuries in operational areas and a further 33,396 soldiers were wounded or injured . Casualties in non-operational areas were also significant , with 2,051 soldiers being killed or dying of injuries and 121,800 being wounded or injured . These figures also exclude deaths and illnesses from natural causes . The RAN suffered 177 non-battle casualties and the RAAF 6,271 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Long ( 1963 ) , pg 633 -- 634 . Jump up ^ Long ( 1963 ) , pg 635 . References ( edit ) Beaumont , Joan ( 2001 ) . Australian Defence : Sources and Statistics . The Australian Centenary History of Defence . Volume VI . Melbourne : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 554118 - 9 . Long , Gavin ( 1963 ) . The Final Campaigns . Australia in the War of 1939 -- 1945 . Series 1 -- Army . Canberra : Australian War Memorial . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australian_casualties_of_World_War_II&oldid=846080183 '' Categories : Military history of Australia during World War II 1940s in Australia World War II casualties by nationality Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 June 2018 , at 04 : 58 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20casualties%20of%20World%20War%20II	3,156
what is the element that is most abundant in the earth's crust	Abundance of chemical elements in Earth 's crust , from various sources Rank Z , element & symbol Abundance in crust ( ppm ) by source Annual production Darling Barbalace WebElements Israel Science and Technology Jefferson Lab ( 2016 , tonnes ) 8 oxygen 466,000 474,000 460,000 467,100 461,000 14 silicon Si 277,200 277,100 270,000 276,900 282,000 7,200,000 13 aluminium Al 81,300 82,000 82,000 80,700 82,300 57,600,000 26 iron Fe 50,000 41,000 63,000 50,500 56,300 1,150,000,000 5 20 calcium Ca 36,300 41,000 50,000 36,500 41,500 6 11 sodium Na 28,300 23,000 23,000 27,500 23,600 255,000,000 7 19 potassium 25,900 21,000 15,000 25,800 20,900 8 12 magnesium Mg 20,900 23,000 29,000 20,800 23,300 1,010,000 9 22 titanium Ti 4,400 5,600 6,600 6,200 5,600 6,600,000 10 hydrogen 1,400 1,500 1,400 1,400 11 15 phosphorus 1,200 1,000 1,000 1,300 1,050 12 25 manganese Mn 1,000 950 1,100 900 950 16,000,000 13 9 fluorine 800 950 540 290 585 14 56 barium Ba 500 340 340 500 425 15 6 carbon 300 480 1,800 940 200 16 38 strontium Sr 370 360 370 350,000 17 16 sulfur 500 260 420 520 350 69,300,000 18 40 zirconium Zr 190 130 250 165 1,460,000 19 74 tungsten 160.6 1.1 1.25 86,400 20 23 vanadium V 100 160 190 120 76,000 21 17 chlorine Cl 500 130 170 450 145 22 24 chromium Cr 100 100 140 350 102 26,000,000 23 37 rubidium Rb 300 90 60 90 24 28 nickel Ni 80 90 190 84 2,250,000 25 30 zinc Zn 75 79 70 11,900,000 26 29 copper Cu 100 50 68 60 19,400,000 27 58 cerium Ce 68 60 66.5 28 60 neodymium Nd 38 33 41.5 29 57 lanthanum La 32 34 39 30 39 yttrium Y 30 29 33 6,000 31 7 nitrogen 50 25 20 19 140,000,000 32 27 cobalt Co 20 30 25 123,000 33 lithium Li 20 17 20 35,000 34 41 niobium Nb 20 17 20 64,000 35 31 gallium Ga 18 19 19 36 21 scandium Sc 16 26 22 37 82 lead Pb 14 10 14 4,820,000 38 62 samarium Sm 7.9 6 7.05 39 90 thorium Th 12 6 9.6 40 59 praseodymium Pr 9.5 8.7 9.2 41 5 boron 950 8.7 10 9,400,000 42 64 gadolinium Gd 7.7 5.2 6.2 43 66 dysprosium Dy 6 6.2 5.2 44 72 hafnium Hf 5.3 3.3 3.0 45 68 erbium Er 3.8 3.0 3.5 46 70 ytterbium Yb 3.3 2.8 3.2 47 55 caesium Cs 1.9 48 beryllium Be 2.6 1.9 2.8 220 49 50 tin Sn 0 2.2 2.2 2.3 280,000 50 63 europium Eu 2.1 1.8 2.0 51 92 uranium U 0 1.8 2.7 74,119 52 73 tantalum Ta 1.7 2.0 1,100 53 32 germanium Ge 1.8 1.4 1.5 155 54 42 molybdenum Mo 1.5 1.1 1.2 227,000 55 33 arsenic As 1.5 2.1 1.8 36,500 56 67 holmium Ho 1.4 1.2 1.3 57 65 terbium Tb 1.1 0.94 1.2 58 69 thulium Tm 0.48 0.45 0.52 59 35 bromine Br 0.37 2.4 391,000 60 81 thallium Tl 0.6 0.530 0.850 10 61 71 lutetium Lu 0.5 62 51 antimony Sb 0.2 0.2 0.2 130,000 63 53 iodine 0.14 0.490 0.450 31,600 64 48 cadmium Cd 0.11 0.15 0.15 23,000 65 47 silver Ag 0.070 0.080 0.075 27,000 66 80 mercury Hg 0.05 0.067 0.085 4,500 67 34 selenium Se 0.05 0.05 0.05 2,200 68 49 indium In 0.049 0.160 0.250 655 69 83 bismuth Bi 0.048 0.025 0.0085 10,200 70 52 tellurium Te 0.005 0.001 0.001 2,200 71 78 platinum Pt 0.003 0.0037 0.005 172 72 79 gold Au 0.0011 0.0031 0.004 3,100 73 44 ruthenium Ru 0.001 0.001 0.001 74 46 palladium Pd 0.0006 0.0063 0.015 208 75 75 rhenium Re 0.0004 0.0026 0.0007 47.2 76 77 iridium Ir 0.0003 0.0004 0.001 77 45 rhodium Rh 0.0002 0.0007 0.001 78 76 osmium Os 0.0001 0.0018 0.0015	oxygen	Abundance of elements in Earth 's crust	abundance of elements in earth's crust	The abundance of elements in Earth 's crust is shown in tabulated form with the estimated crustal abundance for each chemical element shown as either percentage or parts per million ( ppm ) by mass ( 10,000 ppm = 1 % ) .	Abundance of chemical elements in Earth 's crust , from various sources Rank Z , element & symbol Abundance in crust ( ppm ) by source Annual production Darling Barbalace WebElements Israel Science and Technology Jefferson Lab ( 2016 , tonnes ) 8 oxygen 466,000 474,000 460,000 467,100 461,000 14 silicon Si 277,200 277,100 270,000 276,900 282,000 7,200,000 13 aluminium Al 81,300 82,000 82,000 80,700 82,300 57,600,000 26 iron Fe 50,000 41,000 63,000 50,500 56,300 1,150,000,000 5 20 calcium Ca 36,300 41,000 50,000 36,500 41,500 6 11 sodium Na 28,300 23,000 23,000 27,500 23,600 255,000,000 7 19 potassium 25,900 21,000 15,000 25,800 20,900 8 12 magnesium Mg 20,900 23,000 29,000 20,800 23,300 1,010,000 9 22 titanium Ti 4,400 5,600 6,600 6,200 5,600 6,600,000 10 hydrogen 1,400 1,500 1,400 1,400 11 15 phosphorus 1,200 1,000 1,000 1,300 1,050 12 25 manganese Mn 1,000 950 1,100 900 950 16,000,000 13 9 fluorine 800 950 540 290 585 14 56 barium Ba 500 340 340 500 425 15 6 carbon 300 480 1,800 940 200 16 38 strontium Sr 370 360 370 350,000 17 16 sulfur 500 260 420 520 350 69,300,000 18 40 zirconium Zr 190 130 250 165 1,460,000 19 74 tungsten 160.6 1.1 1.25 86,400 20 23 vanadium V 100 160 190 120 76,000 21 17 chlorine Cl 500 130 170 450 145 22 24 chromium Cr 100 100 140 350 102 26,000,000 23 37 rubidium Rb 300 90 60 90 24 28 nickel Ni 80 90 190 84 2,250,000 25 30 zinc Zn 75 79 70 11,900,000 26 29 copper Cu 100 50 68 60 19,400,000 27 58 cerium Ce 68 60 66.5 28 60 neodymium Nd 38 33 41.5 29 57 lanthanum La 32 34 39 30 39 yttrium Y 30 29 33 6,000 31 7 nitrogen 50 25 20 19 140,000,000 32 27 cobalt Co 20 30 25 123,000 33 lithium Li 20 17 20 35,000 34 41 niobium Nb 20 17 20 64,000 35 31 gallium Ga 18 19 19 36 21 scandium Sc 16 26 22 37 82 lead Pb 14 10 14 4,820,000 38 62 samarium Sm 7.9 6 7.05 39 90 thorium Th 12 6 9.6 40 59 praseodymium Pr 9.5 8.7 9.2 41 5 boron 950 8.7 10 9,400,000 42 64 gadolinium Gd 7.7 5.2 6.2 43 66 dysprosium Dy 6 6.2 5.2 44 72 hafnium Hf 5.3 3.3 3.0 45 68 erbium Er 3.8 3.0 3.5 46 70 ytterbium Yb 3.3 2.8 3.2 47 55 caesium Cs 1.9 48 beryllium Be 2.6 1.9 2.8 220 49 50 tin Sn 0 2.2 2.2 2.3 280,000 50 63 europium Eu 2.1 1.8 2.0 51 92 uranium U 0 1.8 2.7 74,119 52 73 tantalum Ta 1.7 2.0 1,100 53 32 germanium Ge 1.8 1.4 1.5 155 54 42 molybdenum Mo 1.5 1.1 1.2 227,000 55 33 arsenic As 1.5 2.1 1.8 36,500 56 67 holmium Ho 1.4 1.2 1.3 57 65 terbium Tb 1.1 0.94 1.2 58 69 thulium Tm 0.48 0.45 0.52 59 35 bromine Br 0.37 2.4 391,000 60 81 thallium Tl 0.6 0.530 0.850 10 61 71 lutetium Lu 0.5 62 51 antimony Sb 0.2 0.2 0.2 130,000 63 53 iodine 0.14 0.490 0.450 31,600 64 48 cadmium Cd 0.11 0.15 0.15 23,000 65 47 silver Ag 0.070 0.080 0.075 27,000 66 80 mercury Hg 0.05 0.067 0.085 4,500 67 34 selenium Se 0.05 0.05 0.05 2,200 68 49 indium In 0.049 0.160 0.250 655 69 83 bismuth Bi 0.048 0.025 0.0085 10,200 70 52 tellurium Te 0.005 0.001 0.001 2,200 71 78 platinum Pt 0.003 0.0037 0.005 172 72 79 gold Au 0.0011 0.0031 0.004 3,100 73 44 ruthenium Ru 0.001 0.001 0.001 74 46 palladium Pd 0.0006 0.0063 0.015 208 75 75 rhenium Re 0.0004 0.0026 0.0007 47.2 76 77 iridium Ir 0.0003 0.0004 0.001 77 45 rhodium Rh 0.0002 0.0007 0.001 78 76 osmium Os 0.0001 0.0018 0.0015 Jump up ^ 5,000 tonnes of annual production is electronic grade See also ( edit ) Abundances of the elements ( data page ) Primordial nuclide References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Elements , Terrestrial Abundance '' . www.daviddarling.info . Archived from the original on 10 April 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Barbalace , Kenneth . `` Periodic Table of Elements '' . Environmental Chemistry.com . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Abundance in Earth 's Crust '' . WebElements.com . Archived from the original on 9 March 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` List of Periodic Table Elements Sorted by Abundance in Earth 's crust '' . Israel Science and Technology Homepage . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Elemental -- The Periodic Table of Elements '' . Jefferson Lab . Archived from the original on 29 April 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Commodity Statistics and Information . USGS . All production numbers are for mines , except for Al , Cd , Fe , Ge , In , N , Se ( plants , refineries ) , S ( all forms ) and As , Br , Mg , Si ( unspecified ) . Data for B , K , Ti , Y are given not for the pure element but for the most common oxide , data for Na and Cl are for NaCl . For many elements like Si , Al , data are ambiguos ( many forms produced ) and are taken for the pure element . U data is pure element required for consumption by current reactor fleet ( 1 ) . WNA . Jump up ^ Emsley , John ( 2001 ) . Nature 's building blocks : an A-Z guide to the elements . Oxford University Press . pp. 240 -- 242 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 850341 - 5 . BookRags , Periodic Table . World Book Encyclopedia , Exploring Earth . HyperPhysics , Georgia State University , Abundance of Elements in Earth 's Crust . Data Series 140 , Historical Statistics for Mineral and Material Commodities in the United States , Version 2011 , USGS ( 2 ) . Eric Scerri , The Periodic Table , Its Story and Its Significance , Oxford University Press , 2007 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust&oldid=801283417 '' Categories : Structure of the Earth Properties of chemical elements Lists of chemical elements Talk About Wikipedia Esperanto Français Македонски 日本語 ଓଡ଼ିଆ Slovenščina 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 19 : 43 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance%20of%20elements%20in%20Earth%2527s%20crust	3,157
what is the valence number of the element se			Selenium	selenium	Selenium is a chemical element with symbol Se and atomic number 34 . It is a nonmetal with properties that are intermediate between the elements above and below in the periodic table , sulfur and tellurium , and also has similarities to arsenic . It rarely occurs in its elemental state or as pure ore compounds in the Earth 's crust . Selenium ( from Ancient Greek σελήνη ( selḗnē ) `` Moon '' ) was discovered in 1817 by Jöns Jacob Berzelius , who noted the similarity of the new element to the previously discovered tellurium ( named for the Earth ) .	Selenium is found in metal sulfide ores , where it partially replaces the sulfur . Commercially , selenium is produced as a byproduct in the refining of these ores , most often during production . Minerals that are pure selenide or selenate compounds are known but rare . The chief commercial uses for selenium today are glassmaking and pigments . Selenium is a semiconductor and is used in photocells . Applications in electronics , once important , have been mostly replaced with silicon semiconductor devices . Selenium is still used in a few types of DC power surge protectors and one type of fluorescent quantum dot . Selenium salts are toxic in large amounts , but trace amounts are necessary for cellular function in many organisms , including all animals . Selenium is an ingredient in many multivitamins and other dietary supplements , including infant formula . It is a component of the antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin reductase ( which indirectly reduce certain oxidized molecules in animals and some plants ) . It is also found in three deiodinase enzymes , which convert one thyroid hormone to another . Selenium requirements in plants differ by species , with some plants requiring relatively large amounts and others apparently requiring none . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characteristics 1.1 Physical properties 1.2 Optical properties 1.3 Isotopes 2 Chemical compounds 2.1 Chalcogen compounds 2.2 Halogen compounds 2.3 Selenides 2.4 Other compounds 2.5 Organoselenium compounds 3 History 4 Occurrence 5 Production 6 Applications 6.1 Manganese electrolysis 6.2 Glass production 6.3 Alloys 6.4 Lithium -- selenium batteries 6.5 Solar cells 6.6 Photoconductors 6.7 Other uses 7 Biological role 7.1 Evolution in biology 7.2 Nutritional sources of selenium 7.3 Indicator plant species 7.4 Detection in biological fluids 7.5 Toxicity 7.6 Deficiency 7.7 Controversial health effects 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Characteristics ( edit ) Physical properties ( edit ) Structure of hexagonal ( gray ) selenium Selenium forms several allotropes that interconvert with temperature changes , depending somewhat on the rate of temperature change . When prepared in chemical reactions , selenium is usually an amorphous , brick - red powder . When rapidly melted , it forms the black , vitreous form , usually sold commercially as beads . The structure of black selenium is irregular and complex and consists of polymeric rings with up to 1000 atoms per ring . Black Se is a brittle , lustrous solid that is slightly soluble in CS . Upon heating , it softens at 50 ° C and converts to gray selenium at 180 ° C ; the transformation temperature is reduced by presence of halogens and amines . The red α , β , and γ forms are produced from solutions of black selenium by varying the evaporation rate of the solvent ( usually CS ) . They all have relatively low , monoclinic crystal symmetries and contain nearly identical puckered Se rings with different arrangements , as in sulfur . The packing is most dense in the α form . In the Se rings , the Se - Se distance is 233.5 pm and Se - Se - Se angle is 105.7 ° . Other selenium allotropes may contain Se or Se rings . The most stable and dense form of selenium is gray and has a hexagonal crystal lattice consisting of helical polymeric chains , where the Se - Se distance is 237.3 pm and Se - Se - Se angle is 130.1 ° . The minimum distance between chains is 343.6 pm . Gray Se is formed by mild heating of other allotropes , by slow cooling of molten Se , or by condensing Se vapor just below the melting point . Whereas other Se forms are insulators , gray Se is a semiconductor showing appreciable photoconductivity . Unlike the other allotropes , it is insoluble in CS . It resists oxidation by air and is not attacked by nonoxidizing acids . With strong reducing agents , it forms polyselenides . Selenium does not exhibit the changes in viscosity that sulfur undergoes when gradually heated . Optical properties ( edit ) Owing to its use as a photoconductor in flat - panel x-ray detectors ( see below ) , the optical properties of amorphous selenium ( α - Se ) thin films have been the subject of intense research . Isotopes ( edit ) Main article : Isotopes of selenium Selenium has seven natural isotopes , including Se , which occurs in minute quantities in uranium ores , as well as 23 other synthetic isotopes . Selenium isotopes of greatest stability Isotope Nature Origin Half - life Se Natural Stable Se Natural Stable Se Natural Fission product Stable Se Natural Fission product Stable Se Trace Fission product 7005327000000000000 ♠ 327 000 yr Se Natural Fission product Stable Se Natural Fission product ~ 10 yr Chemical compounds ( edit ) See also : Category : Selenium compounds and organoselenium chemistry Selenium compounds commonly exist in the oxidation states − 2 , + 2 , + 4 , and + 6 . Chalcogen compounds ( edit ) Selenium forms two oxides : selenium dioxide ( SeO ) and selenium trioxide ( SeO ) . Selenium dioxide is formed by the reaction of elemental selenium with oxygen : Se + 8 O → 8 SeO Structure of the polymer SeO : The ( pyramidal ) Se atoms are yellow . It is a polymeric solid that forms monomeric SeO molecules in the gas phase . It dissolves in water to form selenous acid , H SeO . Selenous acid can also be made directly by oxidizing elemental selenium with nitric acid : 3 Se + 4 HNO + H O → 3 H SeO + 4 NO Unlike sulfur , which forms a stable trioxide , selenium trioxide is thermodynamically unstable and decomposes to the dioxide above 185 ° C : 2 SeO → 2 SeO + O ( ΔH = − 54 kJ / mol ) Selenium trioxide is produced in the laboratory by the reaction of anhydrous potassium selenate ( K SeO ) and sulfur trioxide ( SO ) . Salts of selenous acid are called selenites . These include silver selenite ( Ag SeO ) and sodium selenite ( Na SeO ) . Hydrogen sulfide reacts with aqueous selenous acid to produce selenium disulfide : H SeO + 2 H S → SeS + 3 H O Selenium disulfide consists of 8 - membered rings . It has an approximate composition of SeS , with individual rings varying in composition , such as Se S and Se S. Selenium disulfide has been used in shampoo as an anti dandruff agent , an inhibitor in polymer chemistry , a glass dye , and a reducing agent in fireworks . Selenium trioxide may be synthesized by dehydrating selenic acid , H SeO , which is itself produced by the oxidation of selenium dioxide with hydrogen peroxide : SeO + H O → H SeO Hot , concentrated selenic acid can react with gold to form gold ( III ) selenate . Halogen compounds ( edit ) Iodides of selenium are not well known . The only stable chloride is selenium monochloride ( Se Cl ) , which might be better known as selenium ( I ) chloride ; the corresponding bromide is also known . These species are structurally analogous to the corresponding disulfur dichloride . Selenium dichloride is an important reagent in the preparation of selenium compounds ( e.g. the preparation of Se ) . It is prepared by treating selenium with sulfuryl chloride ( SO Cl ) . Selenium reacts with fluorine to form selenium hexafluoride : Se + 24 F → 8 SeF In comparison with its sulfur counterpart ( sulfur hexafluoride ) , selenium hexafluoride ( SeF ) is more reactive and is a toxic pulmonary irritant . Some of the selenium oxyhalides , such as selenium oxyfluoride ( SeOF ) and selenium oxychloride ( SeOCl ) have been used as specialty solvents . Selenides ( edit ) Analogous to the behavior of other chalcogens , selenium forms hydrogen selenide , H Se . It is a strongly odiferous , toxic , and colorless gas . It is more acidic than H S. In solution it ionizes to HSe . The selenide dianion Se forms a variety of compounds , including the minerals from which selenium is obtained commercially . Illustrative selenides include mercury selenide ( HgSe ) , lead selenide ( PbSe ) , zinc selenide ( ZnSe ) , and copper indium gallium diselenide ( Cu ( Ga , In ) Se ) . These materials are semiconductors . With highly electropositive metals , such as aluminium , these selenides are prone to hydrolysis : Al Se + 3 H O → Al O + 3 H Se Alkali metal selenides react with selenium to form polyselenides , Se , which exist as chains . Other compounds ( edit ) Tetraselenium tetranitride , Se N , is an explosive orange compound analogous to tetrasulfur tetranitride ( S N ) . It can be synthesized by the reaction of selenium tetrachloride ( SeCl ) with ( ( ( CH ) Si ) N ) Se . Selenium reacts with cyanides to yield selenocyanates : 8 KCN + Se → 8 KSeCN Organoselenium compounds ( edit ) Main article : Organoselenium chemistry Selenium , especially in the II oxidation state , forms stable bonds to carbon , which are structurally analogous to the corresponding organosulfur compounds . Especially common are selenides ( R Se , analogues of thioethers ) , diselenides ( R Se , analogues of disulfides ) , and selenols ( RSeH , analogues of thiols ) . Representatives of selenides , diselenides , and selenols include respectively selenomethionine , diphenyldiselenide , and benzeneselenol . The sulfoxide in sulfur chemistry is represented in selenium chemistry by the selenoxides ( formula RSe ( O ) R ) , which are intermediates in organic synthesis , as illustrated by the selenoxide elimination reaction . Consistent with trends indicated by the double bond rule , selenoketones , R ( C = Se ) R , and selenaldehydes , R ( C = Se ) H , are rarely observed . History ( edit ) Selenium ( Greek σελήνη selene meaning `` Moon '' ) was discovered in 1817 by Jöns Jakob Berzelius and Johan Gottlieb Gahn . Both chemists owned a chemistry plant near Gripsholm , Sweden , producing sulfuric acid by the lead chamber process . The pyrite from the Falun mine created a red precipitate in the lead chambers which was presumed to be an arsenic compound , so the pyrite 's use to make acid was discontinued . Berzelius and Gahn wanted to use the pyrite and they also observed that the red precipitate gave off a smell like horseradish when burned . This smell was not typical of arsenic , but a similar odor was known from tellurium compounds . Hence , Berzelius 's first letter to Alexander Marcet stated that this was a tellurium compound . However , the lack of tellurium compounds in the Falun mine minerals eventually led Berzelius to reanalyze the red precipitate , and in 1818 he wrote a second letter to Marcet describing a newly found element similar to sulfur and tellurium . Because of its similarity to tellurium , named for the Earth , Berzelius named the new element after the Moon . In 1873 , Willoughby Smith found that the electrical resistance of grey selenium was dependent on the ambient light . This led to its use as a cell for sensing light . The first commercial products using selenium were developed by Werner Siemens in the mid-1870s . The selenium cell was used in the photophone developed by Alexander Graham Bell in 1879 . Selenium transmits an electric current proportional to the amount of light falling on its surface . This phenomenon was used in the design of light meters and similar devices . Selenium 's semiconductor properties found numerous other applications in electronics . The development of selenium rectifiers began during the early 1930s , and these replaced copper oxide rectifiers because they were more efficient . These lasted in commercial applications until the 1970s , following which they were replaced with less expensive and even more efficient silicon rectifiers . Selenium came to medical notice later because of its toxicity to human beings working in industries . Selenium was also recognized as an important veterinary toxin , which is seen in animals that have eaten high - selenium plants . In 1954 , the first hints of specific biological functions of selenium were discovered in microorganisms by biochemist , Jane Pinsent . It was discovered to be essential for mammalian life in 1957 . In the 1970s , it was shown to be present in two independent sets of enzymes . This was followed by the discovery of selenocysteine in proteins . During the 1980s , selenocysteine was shown to be encoded by the codon UGA . The recoding mechanism was worked out first in bacteria and then in mammals ( see SECIS element ) . Occurrence ( edit ) Native selenium in sandstone , from a uranium mine near Grants , New Mexico See also : Category : Selenide minerals . Native ( i.e. , elemental ) selenium is a rare mineral , which does not usually form good crystals , but , when it does , they are steep rhombohedra or tiny acicular ( hair - like ) crystals . Isolation of selenium is often complicated by the presence of other compounds and elements . Selenium occurs naturally in a number of inorganic forms , including selenide , selenate , and selenite , but these minerals are rare . The common mineral selenite is not a selenium mineral , and contains no selenite ion , but is rather a type of gypsum ( calcium sulfate hydrate ) named like selenium for the moon well before the discovery of selenium . Selenium is most commonly found as an impurity , replacing a small part of the sulfur in sulfide ores of many metals . In living systems , selenium is found in the amino acids selenomethionine , selenocysteine , and methylselenocysteine . In these compounds , selenium plays a role analogous to that of sulfur . Another naturally occurring organoselenium compound is dimethyl selenide . Certain solids are selenium - rich , and selenium can be bioconcentrated by some plants . In soils , selenium most often occurs in soluble forms such as selenate ( analogous to sulfate ) , which are leached into rivers very easily by runoff . Ocean water contains significant amounts of selenium . Anthropogenic sources of selenium include coal burning , and the mining and smelting of sulfide ores . Production ( edit ) Selenium is most commonly produced from selenide in many sulfide ores , such as those of copper , nickel , or lead . Electrolytic metal refining is particularly productive of selenium as a byproduct , obtained from the anode mud of copper refineries . Another source was the mud from the lead chambers of sulfuric acid plants , a process that is no longer used . Selenium can be refined from these muds by a number of methods . However , most elemental selenium comes as a byproduct of refining copper or producing sulfuric acid . Since its invention , solvent extraction and electrowinning ( SX / EW ) production of copper produces an increasing share of the worldwide copper supply . This changes the availability of selenium because only a comparably small part of the selenium in the ore is leached with the copper . Industrial production of selenium usually involves the extraction of selenium dioxide from residues obtained during the purification of copper . Common production from the residue then begins by oxidation with sodium carbonate to produce selenium dioxide , which is mixed with water and acidified to form selenous acid ( oxidation step ) . Selenous acid is bubbled with sulfur dioxide ( reduction step ) to give elemental selenium . About 2,000 tonnes of selenium were produced in 2011 worldwide , mostly in Germany ( 650 t ) , Japan ( 630 t ) , Belgium ( 200 t ) , and Russia ( 140 t ) , and the total reserves were estimated at 93,000 tonnes . These data exclude two major producers , the United States and China . A previous sharp increase was observed in 2004 from 4 -- 5 to $27 / lb . The price was relatively stable during 2004 -- 2010 at about US $30 per pound ( in 100 - pound lots ) but increased to $65 / lb in 2011 . The consumption in 2010 was divided as follows : metallurgy -- 30 % , glass manufacturing -- 30 % , agriculture -- 10 % , chemicals and pigments -- 10 % , and electronics -- 10 % . China is the dominant consumer of selenium at 1,500 -- 2,000 tonnes / year . Applications ( edit ) Manganese electrolysis ( edit ) During the electro winning of manganese , the addition of selenium dioxide decreases the power necessary to operate the electrolysis cells . China is the largest consumer of selenium dioxide for this purpose . For every tonne of manganese , an average 2 kg selenium oxide is used . Glass production ( edit ) The largest commercial use of Se , accounting for about 50 % of consumption , is for the production of glass . Se compounds confer a red color to glass . This color cancels out the green or yellow tints that arise from iron impurities typical for most glass . For this purpose , various selenite and selenate salts are added . For other applications , a red color may be desired , produced by mixtures of CdSe and CdS . Alloys ( edit ) Selenium is used with bismuth in brasses to replace more toxic lead . The regulation of lead in drinking water applications with the Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 made a reduction of lead in brass necessary . The new brass is marketed under the name EnviroBrass . Like lead and sulfur , selenium improves the machinability of steel at concentrations around 0.15 % . Selenium produces the same machinability improvement in copper alloys . Lithium -- selenium batteries ( edit ) Lithium -- selenium ( Li -- Se ) battery is one of the most promising system for energy storage in the family of lithium batteries . Li -- Se battery is an alternative to Lithium -- sulfur battery with an advantage of high electrical conductivity . Solar cells ( edit ) Copper indium gallium selenide is a material used in solar cells . Photoconductors ( edit ) Amorphous selenium ( α - Se ) thin films have found application as photoconductors in flat panel x-ray detectors . These detectors utilize the amorphous selenium to capture and convert incident x-ray photons directly into electric charge . Based on this application , significant research has been undertaken in recent years to quantify the optical properties of such thin films . Other uses ( edit ) Small amounts of organoselenium compounds are used to modify the vulcanization catalysts for the production of rubber . The demand for selenium by the electronics industry is declining , despite a number of continuing applications . Its photovoltaic and photoconductive properties are still useful in photocopying , photocells , light meters and solar cells . Its use as a photoconductor in plain - paper copiers once was a leading application , but in the 1980s , the photoconductor application declined ( although it was still a large end - use ) as more and more copiers switched to organic photoconductors . Though once widely used , selenium rectifiers have mostly been replaced ( or are being replaced ) by silicon - based devices . The most notable exception is in power DC surge protection , where the superior energy capabilities of selenium suppressors make them more desirable than metal oxide varistors . Zinc selenide was the first material for blue LEDs , but gallium nitride is dominating the market now . Cadmium selenide was an important component in quantum dots . Sheets of amorphous selenium convert X-ray images to patterns of charge in xeroradiography and in solid - state , flat - panel X-ray cameras . Ionized selenium ( Se + 24 ) is one of the active mediums used in X-ray lasers . Selenium is a catalyst in some chemical reactions , but it is not widely used because of issues with toxicity . In X-ray crystallography , incorporation of one or more selenium atoms in place of sulfur helps with multiple - wavelength anomalous dispersion and single wavelength anomalous dispersion phasing . Selenium is used in the toning of photographic prints , and it is sold as a toner by numerous photographic manufacturers . Selenium intensifies and extends the tonal range of black - and - white photographic images and improves the permanence of prints . Se is used as a gamma source in industrial radiography . Biological role ( edit ) Main article : Selenium in biology NFPA 704 fire diamond 0 0 Fire diamond for elemental selenium Although it is toxic in large doses , selenium is an essential micronutrient for animals . In plants , it occurs as a bystander mineral , sometimes in toxic proportions in forage ( some plants may accumulate selenium as a defense against being eaten by animals , but other plants , such as locoweed , require selenium , and their growth indicates the presence of selenium in soil ) . See more on plant nutrition below . Selenium is a component of the unusual amino acids selenocysteine and selenomethionine . In humans , selenium is a trace element nutrient that functions as cofactor for reduction of antioxidant enzymes , such as glutathione peroxidases and certain forms of thioredoxin reductase found in animals and some plants ( this enzyme occurs in all living organisms , but not all forms of it in plants require selenium ) . The glutathione peroxidase family of enzymes ( GSH - Px ) catalyze certain reactions that remove reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides : 2 GSH + H O -- -- GSH - Px → GSSG + 2 H O The thyroid gland and every cell that uses thyroid hormone use selenium , which is a cofactor for the three of the four known types of thyroid hormone deiodinases , which activate and then deactivate various thyroid hormones and their metabolites ; the iodothyronine deiodinases are the subfamily of deiodinase enzymes that use selenium as the otherwise rare amino acid selenocysteine . ( Only the deiodinase , iodotyrosine deiodinase , which works on the last breakdown products of thyroid hormone , does not use selenium . ) Selenium may inhibit Hashimoto 's disease , in which the body 's own thyroid cells are attacked as alien . A reduction of 21 % on TPO antibodies is reported with the dietary intake of 0.2 mg of selenium . Increased dietary selenium reduces the effects of mercury toxicity , although it is effective only at low to modest doses of mercury . Evidence suggests that the molecular mechanisms of mercury toxicity includes the irreversible inhibition of selenoenzymes that are required to prevent and reverse oxidative damage in brain and endocrine tissues . An antioxidant , selenoneine , which is derived from selenium and has been found to be present in the blood of bluefin tuna , is the subject of scientific research regarding its possible roles in inflammatory and chronic diseases , methylmercury detoxification , and oxidative damages . Evolution in Biology ( edit ) Main article : Evolution of dietary antioxidants From about three billion years ago , prokaryotic selenoprotein families drive the evolution of selenocysteine , an amino acid . Selenium is incorporated into several prokaryotic selenoprotein families in bacteria , archaea , and eukaryotes as selenocysteine , where selenoprotein peroxiredoxins protect bacterial and eukaryotic cells against oxidative damage . Selenoprotein families of GSH - Px and the deiodinases of eukaryotic cells seem to have a bacterial phylogenetic origin . The selenocysteine - containing form occurs in species as diverse as green algae , diatoms , sea urchin , fish , and chicken . Selenium enzymes are involved in the small reducing molecules glutathione and thioredoxin . One family of selenium - bearing molecules ( the glutathione peroxidases ) destroys peroxide and repairs damaged peroxidized cell membranes , using glutathione . Another selenium - bearing enzyme in some plants and in animals ( thioredoxin reductase ) generates reduced thioredoxin , a dithiol that serves as an electron source for peroxidases and also the important reducing enzyme ribonucleotide reductase that makes DNA precursors from RNA precursors . Trace elements involved in GSH - Px and superoxide dismutase enzymes activities , i.e. selenium , vanadium , magnesium , copper , and zinc , may have been lacking in some terrestrial mineral - deficient areas . Marine organisms retained and sometimes expanded their selenoproteomes , whereas the selenoproteomes of some terrestrial organisms were reduced or completely lost . These findings suggest that , with the exception of vertebrates , aquatic life supports selenium use , whereas terrestrial habitats lead to reduced use of this trace element . Marine fishes and vertebrate thyroid glands have the highest concentration of selenium and iodine . From about 500 million years ago , freshwater and terrestrial plants slowly optimized the production of `` new '' endogenous antioxidants such as ascorbic acid ( vitamin C ) , polyphenols ( including flavonoids ) , tocopherols , etc . A few of these appeared more recently , in the last 50 -- 200 million years , in fruits and flowers of angiosperm plants . In fact , the angiosperms ( the dominant type of plant today ) and most of their antioxidant pigments evolved during the late Jurassic period . The deiodinase isoenzymes constitute another family of eukaryotic selenoproteins with identified enzyme function . Deiodinases are able to extract electrons from iodides , and iodides from iodothyronines . They are , thus , involved in thyroid - hormone regulation , participating in the protection of thyrocytes from damage by H O produced for thyroid - hormone biosynthesis . About 200 million years ago , new selenoproteins were developed as mammalian GSH - Px enzymes . Nutritional sources of selenium ( edit ) Dietary selenium comes from nuts , cereals and mushrooms . Brazil nuts are the richest dietary source ( though this is soil - dependent , since the Brazil nut does not require high levels of the element for its own needs ) . The U.S. Recommended Dietary Allowance ( RDA ) for teenagers and adults is 55 μg / day . Selenium as a dietary supplement is available in many forms , including multi-vitamins / mineral supplements , which typically contain 55 or 70 μg / serving . Selenium - specific supplements typically contain either 100 or 200 μg / serving . In June 2015 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) published its final rule establishing the requirement of minimum and maximum levels of selenium in infant formula . The selenium content in the human body is believed to be in the 13 -- 20 milligram range . Indicator plant species ( edit ) Certain species of plants are considered indicators of high selenium content of the soil because they require high levels of selenium to thrive . The main selenium indicator plants are Astragalus species ( including some locoweeds ) , prince 's plume ( Stanleya sp . ) , woody asters ( Xylorhiza sp . ) , and false goldenweed ( Oonopsis sp . ) Detection in Biological fluids ( edit ) Selenium may be measured in blood , plasma , serum , or urine to monitor excessive environmental or occupational exposure , to confirm a diagnosis of poisoning in hospitalized victims , or investigate a suspected case of fatal overdose . Some analytical techniques are capable of distinguishing organic from inorganic forms of the element . Both organic and inorganic forms of selenium are largely converted to monosaccharide conjugates ( selenosugars ) in the body prior elimination in the urine . Cancer patients receiving daily oral doses of selenothionine may achieve very high plasma and urine selenium concentrations . Toxicity ( edit ) Although selenium is an essential trace element , it is toxic if taken in excess . Exceeding the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of 400 micrograms per day can lead to selenosis . This 400 μg Tolerable Upper Intake Level is based primarily on a 1986 study of five Chinese patients who exhibited overt signs of selenosis and a follow up study on the same five people in 1992 . The 1992 study actually found the maximum safe dietary Se intake to be approximately 800 micrograms per day ( 15 micrograms per kilogram body weight ) , but suggested 400 micrograms per day to avoid creating an imbalance of nutrients in the diet and to accord with data from other countries . In China , people who ingested corn grown in extremely selenium - rich stony coal ( carbonaceous shale ) have suffered from selenium toxicity . This coal was shown to have selenium content as high as 9.1 % , the highest concentration in coal ever recorded . Signs and symptoms of selenosis include a garlic odor on the breath , gastrointestinal disorders , hair loss , sloughing of nails , fatigue , irritability , and neurological damage . Extreme cases of selenosis can exhibit cirrhosis of the liver , pulmonary edema , or death . Elemental selenium and most metallic selenides have relatively low toxicities because of low bioavailability . By contrast , selenates and selenites have an oxidant mode of action similar to that of arsenic trioxide and are very toxic . The chronic toxic dose of selenite for humans is about 2400 to 3000 micrograms of selenium per day . Hydrogen selenide is an extremely toxic , corrosive gas . Selenium also occurs in organic compounds , such as dimethyl selenide , selenomethionine , selenocysteine and methylselenocysteine , all of which have high bioavailability and are toxic in large doses . On 19 April 2009 , 21 polo ponies died shortly before a match in the United States Polo Open . Three days later , a pharmacy released a statement explaining that the horses had received an incorrect dose of one of the ingredients used in a vitamin / mineral supplement compound that had been incorrectly prepared by a compounding pharmacy . Analysis of blood levels of inorganic compounds in the supplement indicated the selenium concentrations were ten to fifteen times higher than normal in the blood samples , and 15 to 20 times higher than normal in the liver samples . Selenium was later confirmed to be the toxic factor . Selenium poisoning of water systems may result whenever new agricultural runoff courses through normally dry , undeveloped lands . This process leaches natural soluble selenium compounds ( such as selenates ) into the water , which may then be concentrated in new `` wetlands '' as the water evaporates . Selenium pollution of waterways also occurs when selenium is leached from coal flue ash , mining and metal smelting , crude oil processing , and landfill . The resultant high selenium levels in waterways were found to cause congenital disorders in oviparous species , including wetland birds and fish . Elevated dietary methylmercury levels can amplify the harm of selenium toxicity in oviparous species . Relationship between survival of juvenile salmon and concentration of selenium in their tissues after 90 days ( Chinook salmon ) or 45 days ( Atlantic salmon ) exposure to dietary selenium . The 10 % lethality level ( LC10 = 1.84 μg / g ) was derived by applying the biphasic model of Brain and Cousens to only the Chinook salmon data . The Chinook salmon data comprise two series of dietary treatments , combined here because the effects on survival are indistinguishable . In fish and other wildlife , selenium is necessary for life , but toxic in high doses . For salmon , the optimal concentration of selenium is about 1 microgram selenium per gram of whole body weight . Much below that level , young salmon die from deficiency ; much above , they die from toxic excess . The Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA ) has set the legal limit ( Permissible exposure limit ) for selenium in the workplace at 0.2 mg / m over an 8 - hour workday . The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ( NIOSH ) has set a Recommended exposure limit ( REL ) of 0.2 mg / m over an 8 - hour workday . At levels of 1 mg / m , selenium is immediately dangerous to life and health . Deficiency ( edit ) Main article : Selenium deficiency Selenium deficiency can occur in patients with severely compromised intestinal function , those undergoing total parenteral nutrition , and in those of advanced age ( over 90 ) . Also , people dependent on food grown from selenium - deficient soil are at risk . Although New Zealand soil has low levels of selenium , adverse health effects have not been detected in the residents . Selenium deficiency , defined by low ( < 60 % of normal ) selenoenzyme activity levels in brain and endocrine tissues , occurs only when a low selenium level is linked with an additional stress , such as high exposures to mercury or increased oxidant stress from vitamin E deficiency . Selenium interacts with other nutrients , such as iodine and vitamin E. The effect of selenium deficiency on health remains uncertain , particularly in relation to Kashin - Beck disease . Also , selenium interacts with other minerals , such as zinc and copper . High doses of Se supplements in pregnant animals might disturb the Zn : Cu ratio and lead to Zn reduction ; in such treatment cases , Zn levels should be monitored . Further studies are needed to confirm these interactions . In the regions ( e.g. various regions within North America ) where low selenium soil levels lead to low concentrations in the plants , some animal species may be deficient unless selenium is supplemented with diet or injection . Ruminants are particularly susceptible . In general , absorption of dietary selenium is lower in ruminants than other animals , and is lower from forages than from grain . Ruminants grazing certain forages , e.g. , some white clover varieties containing cyanogenic glycosides , may have higher selenium requirements , presumably because cyanide is released from the aglycone by glucosidase activity in the rumen and glutathione peroxidases is deactivated by the cyanide acting on the glutathione moiety . Neonate ruminants at risk of white muscle disease may be administered both selenium and vitamin E by injection ; some of the WMD myopathies respond only to selenium , some only to vitamin E , and some to either . Controversial Health effects ( edit ) Main article : Selenium in biology A number of correlative epidemiological studies have implicated selenium deficiency ( measured by blood levels ) in a number of serious or chronic diseases , such as cancer , diabetes , HIV / AIDS , and tuberculosis . In addition , selenium supplementation has been found to be a chemopreventive for some types of cancer in some types of rodents . One study of 118 exocrine pancreatic cancer ( EPC ) patients and 399 hospital controls in eastern Spain found high selenium concentrations to be inversely associated with the risk of EPC . In randomized , blinded , controlled prospective trials in humans , selenium supplementation has not succeeded in reducing the incidence of any disease , nor has a meta - analysis of such selenium supplementation studies detected a decrease in overall mortality . However , selenium supplementation may be beneficial in cancer patients receiving radiotherapy . See also ( edit ) ACES ( nutritional supplement ) Abundance of elements in Earth 's crust Selenium yeast Selene References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Meija , J. ; et al. ( 2016 ) . `` Atomic weights of the elements 2013 ( IUPAC Technical Report ) '' . Pure and Applied Chemistry . 88 ( 3 ) : 265 -- 91 . doi : 10.1515 / pac - 2015 - 0305 . Jump up ^ Greenwood , Norman N. ; Earnshaw , Alan ( 1997 ) . Chemistry of the Elements ( 2nd ed . ) . Butterworth - Heinemann . ISBN 0 - 08 - 037941 - 9 . Jump up ^ Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds , in Lide , D.R. , ed. ( 2005 ) . CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics ( 86th ed . ) . Boca Raton ( FL ) : CRC Press . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 0486 - 5 . Jump up ^ Weast , Robert ( 1984 ) . CRC , Handbook of Chemistry and Physics . Boca Raton , Florida : Chemical Rubber Company Publishing . pp. E110 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 0464 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Ruyle , George . `` Poisonous Plants on Arizona Rangelands '' ( PDF ) . The University of Arizona . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : House , James E. ( 2008 ) . Inorganic chemistry . Academic Press . p. 524 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 356786 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Greenwood , Norman N. ; Earnshaw , Alan ( 1997 ) . Chemistry of the Elements ( 2nd ed . ) . Butterworth - Heinemann . pp. 751 -- 752 . ISBN 0 - 08 - 037941 - 9 . Jump up ^ Video of selenium heating on YouTube ^ Jump up to : Jafar , Mousa M. Abdul - Gader ; Saleh , Mahmoud H. ; Ahmad , Mais Jamil A. ; Bulos , Basim N. ; Al - Daraghmeh , Tariq M. ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Retrieval of optical constants of undoped amorphous selenium films from an analysis of their normal - incidence transmittance spectra using numeric PUMA method '' . Journal of Materials Science : Materials in Electronics . 27 ( 4 ) : 3281 -- 3291 . doi : 10.1007 / s10854 - 015 - 4156 - z . ISSN 0957 - 4522 . ^ Jump up to : Saleh , Mahmoud H. ; Ershaidat , Nidal M. ; Ahmad , Mais Jamil A. ; Bulos , Basim N. ; Jafar , Mousa M. Abdul - Gader ( 2017 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Evaluation of spectral dispersion of optical constants of a-Se films from their normal - incidence transmittance spectra using Swanepoel algebraic envelope approach '' . Optical Review . 24 ( 3 ) : 260 -- 277 . doi : 10.1007 / s10043 - 017 - 0311 - 5 . ISSN 1340 - 6000 . ^ Jump up to : Minkov , D.A. ; Gavrilov , G.M. ; Angelov , G.V. ; Moreno , J.M.D. ; Vazquez , C.G. ; Ruano , S.M.F. ; Marquez , E. ( 2018 ) . `` Optimisation of the envelope method for characterisation of optical thin film on substrate specimens from their normal incidence transmittance spectrum '' . Thin Solid Films. 645 : 370 -- 378 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tsf. 2017.11. 003 . Jump up ^ `` The half - life of Se '' . Physikalisch - Technische Bundesanstalt. 2010 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Jörg , Gerhard ; Bühnemann , Rolf ; Hollas , Simon ; et al. ( 2010 ) . `` Preparation of radiochemically pure Se and highly precise determination of its half - life '' . Applied Radiation and Isotopes. 68 ( 12 ) : 2339 -- 2351 . doi : 10.1016 / j. apradiso. 2010.05. 006 . PMID 20627600 . Jump up ^ Se is stable , for all practical purposes . Jump up ^ Audi , Georges ; Bersillon , O. ; Blachot , J. ; Wapstra , A.H. ( 2003 ) . `` The NUBASE Evaluation of Nuclear and Decay Properties '' . Nuclear Physics A. Atomic Mass Data Center . 729 : 3 -- 128 . Bibcode : 2003NuPhA. 729 ... 3A . doi : 10.1016 / j. nuclphysa. 2003.11. 001 . ^ Jump up to : Wiberg , Egon ; Wiberg , Nils ; Holleman , Arnold Frederick ( 2001 ) . Inorganic chemistry . San Diego : Academic Press . p. 583 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 352651 - 5 . Jump up ^ Greenwood , Norman N. ; Earnshaw , Alan ( 1997 ) . Chemistry of the Elements ( 2nd ed . ) . Butterworth - Heinemann . p. 780 . ISBN 0 - 08 - 037941 - 9 . Jump up ^ Seppelt , K. ; Desmarteau , Darryl D. ( 1980 ) . `` Selenoyl difluoride '' . Inorganic Syntheses . Inorganic Syntheses. 20 : 36 -- 38 . doi : 10.1002 / 9780470132517. ch9 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 07715 - 1 . The report describes the synthesis of selenic acid . Jump up ^ Lenher , V. ( April 1902 ) . `` Action of selenic acid on gold '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 24 ( 4 ) : 354 -- 355 . doi : 10.1021 / ja02018a005 . Jump up ^ Xu , Zhengtao ( 2007 ) . Devillanova , Francesco A. , ed . Handbook of chalcogen chemistry : new perspectives in sulfur , selenium and tellurium . Royal Society of Chemistry . p. 460 . ISBN 0 - 85404 - 366 - 7 . Jump up ^ Proctor , Nick H. ; Hathaway , Gloria J. ( 2004 ) . James P. Hughes , ed . Proctor and Hughes ' chemical hazards of the workplace ( 5th ed . ) . Wiley - IEEE . p. 625 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 26883 - 6 . Jump up ^ Woollins , Derek ; Kelly , Paul F. ( 1993 ) . `` The Reactivity of Se N in Liquid Ammonia '' . Polyhedron. 12 ( 10 ) : 1129 -- 1133 . doi : 10.1016 / S0277 - 5387 ( 00 ) 88201 - 7 . Jump up ^ Kelly , P.F. ; Slawin , A.M.Z. ; Soriano-Rama , A. ( 1997 ) . `` Use of Se N and Se ( NSO ) in the preparation of palladium adducts of diselenium dinitride , Se N ; crystal structure of ( PPh ( Pd Br ( Se ) `` . Dalton Transactions ( 4 ) : 559 -- 562 . doi : 10.1039 / a606311j . Jump up ^ Siivari , Jari ; Chivers , Tristram ; Laitinen , Risto S. ( 1993 ) . `` A simple , efficient synthesis of tetraselenium tetranitride '' . Inorganic Chemistry . 32 ( 8 ) : 1519 -- 1520 . doi : 10.1021 / ic00060a031 . Jump up ^ Erker , G. ; Hock , R. ; Krüger , C. ; Werner , S. ; Klärner , F.G. ; Artschwager - Perl , U. ( 1990 ) . `` Synthesis and Cycloadditions of Monomeric Selenobenzophenone '' . Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English . 29 ( 9 ) : 1067 -- 1068 . doi : 10.1002 / anie. 199010671 . Jump up ^ Berzelius , J.J. ( 1818 ) . `` Lettre de M. Berzelius à M. Berthollet sur deux métaux nouveaux '' ( Letter from Mr. Berzelius to Mr. Berthollet on two new metals ) . Annales de chimie et de physique . 2nd series ( in French ) . 7 : 199 -- 206 . From p. 203 : `` Cependant , pour rappeler les rapports de cette dernière avec le tellure , je l'ai nommée sélénium . '' ( However , in order to recall the relationships of this latter ( substance ( viz , selenium ) ) to tellurium , I have named it `` selenium '' . ) Jump up ^ Weeks , Mary Elvira ( 1932 ) . `` The discovery of the elements . VI . Tellurium and selenium '' . Journal of Chemical Education . 9 ( 3 ) : 474 . Bibcode : 1932JChEd ... 9 ... 474W . doi : 10.1021 / ed009p474 . Jump up ^ Trofast , Jan ( 2011 ) . `` Berzelius ' Discovery of Selenium '' . Chemistry International . 33 ( 5 ) : 16 -- 19 . PDF Jump up ^ See : Smith , Willoughby ( 1873 ) . `` The action of light on selenium '' . Journal of the Society of Telegraph Engineers . 2 ( 4 ) : 31 -- 33 . doi : 10.1049 / jste - 1.1873. 0023 . Smith , Willoughby ( 20 February 1873 ) . `` Effect of light on selenium during the passage of an electric current '' . Nature . 7 ( 173 ) : 303 . doi : 10.1038 / 007303e0 . Jump up ^ Bonnier Corporation ( 1876 ) . `` Action of light on selenium '' . Popular Science . 10 ( 1 ) : 116 . Jump up ^ Levinshtein , M.E. ; Simin , G.S. ( 1992 - 12 - 01 ) . Earliest semiconductor device . Getting to Know Semiconductors . pp. 77 -- 79 . ISBN 978 - 981 - 02 - 3516 - 1 . Jump up ^ Winston , Brian ( 1998 - 05 - 29 ) . Media Technology and Society : A History : From the Telegraph to the Internet . p. 89 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 14229 - 8 . Jump up ^ Morris , Peter Robin ( 1990 ) . A History of the World Semiconductor Industry . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86341 - 227 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bergmann , Ludwig ( 1931 ) . `` Über eine neue Selen - Sperrschicht - Photozelle '' . Physikalische Zeitschrift. 32 : 286 -- 288 . Jump up ^ Waitkins , G.R. ; Bearse , A.E. ; Shutt , R. ( 1942 ) . `` Industrial Utilization of Selenium and Tellurium '' . Industrial & Engineering Chemistry . 34 ( 8 ) : 899 -- 910 . doi : 10.1021 / ie50392a002 . Jump up ^ Pinsent , Jane ( 1954 ) . `` The need for selenite and molybdate in the formation of formic dehydrogenase by members of the Coli - aerogenes group of bacteria '' ( PDF ) . Biochem. J. 57 ( 1 ) : 10 -- 16 . doi : 10.1042 / bj0570010 . PMC 1269698 . PMID 13159942 . Jump up ^ Stadtman , Thressa C. ( 2002 ) . `` Some Functions of the Essential Trace Element , Selenium '' . Trace Elements in Man and Animals 10 . Trace Elements in Man and Animals 10 . pp. 831 -- 836 . doi : 10.1007 / 0 - 306 - 47466 - 2_267 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 46378 - 4 . Jump up ^ Schwarz , Klaus ; Foltz , Calvin M. ( 1957 ) . `` Selenium as an Integral Part of Factor 3 Against Dietary Necrotic Liver Degeneration '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 79 ( 12 ) : 3292 -- 3293 . doi : 10.1021 / ja01569a087 . Jump up ^ Oldfield , James E. ( 2006 ) . `` Selenium : A historical perspective '' . Selenium . Selenium . pp. 1 -- 6 . doi : 10.1007 / 0 - 387 - 33827 - 6_1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 33826 - 2 . Jump up ^ Hatfield , D.L. ; Gladyshev , V.N. ( 2002 ) . `` How Selenium Has Altered Our Understanding of the Genetic Code '' . Molecular and Cellular Biology . 22 ( 11 ) : 3565 -- 3576 . doi : 10.1128 / MCB. 22.11. 3565 - 3576.2002 . PMC 133838 . PMID 11997494 . Jump up ^ `` Native Selenium '' . Webminerals . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Kabata - Pendias , A. ( 1998 ) . `` Geochemistry of selenium '' . Journal of environmental pathology , toxicology and oncology : official organ of the International Society for Environmental Toxicology and Cancer . 17 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 173 -- 177 . PMID 9726787 . ^ Jump up to : Fordyce , Fiona ( 2007 ) . `` Selenium Geochemistry and Health '' . AMBIO : A Journal of the Human Environment. 36 : 94 -- 97 . doi : 10.1579 / 0044 - 7447 ( 2007 ) 36 ( 94 : SGAH ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . Jump up ^ Wessjohann , Ludger A. ; Schneider , Alex ; Abbas , Muhammad ; Brandt , Wolfgang ( 2007 ) . `` Selenium in chemistry and biochemistry in comparison to sulfur '' . Biological Chemistry . 388 ( 10 ) : 997 -- 1006 . doi : 10.1515 / BC. 2007.138 . PMID 17937613 . Jump up ^ Birringer , Marc ; Pilawa , Sandra ; Flohé , Leopold ( 2002 ) . `` Trends in selenium biochemistry '' . Natural Product Reports . 19 ( 6 ) : 693 -- 718 . doi : 10.1039 / B205802M . PMID 12521265 . Jump up ^ Amouroux , David ; Liss , Peter S. ; Tessier , Emmanuel ; et al. ( 2001 ) . `` Role of oceans as biogenic sources of selenium '' . Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 189 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 277 -- 283 . Bibcode : 2001E&PSL. 189 ... 277A . doi : 10.1016 / S0012 - 821X ( 01 ) 00370 - 3 . Jump up ^ Haug , Anna ; Graham , Robin D. ; Christophersen , Olav A. ; Lyons , Graham H. ( 2007 ) . `` How to use the world 's scarce selenium resources efficiently to increase the selenium concentration in food '' . Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease . 19 ( 4 ) : 209 -- 228 . doi : 10.1080 / 08910600701698986 . PMC 2556185 . PMID 18833333 . Jump up ^ `` Public Health Statement : Selenium '' ( PDF ) . Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Public Health Statement : Selenium -- Production , Import / Export , Use , and Disposal '' ( PDF ) . Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Chemistry : Periodic Table : selenium : key information '' . webelements . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Bartos , P.J. ( 2002 ) . `` SX - EW copper and the technology cycle '' . Resources Policy . 28 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 85 -- 94 . doi : 10.1016 / S0301 - 4207 ( 03 ) 00025 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Naumov , A.V. ( 2010 ) . `` Selenium and tellurium : State of the markets , the crisis , and its consequences '' . Metallurgist. 54 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 197 -- 200 . doi : 10.1007 / s11015 - 010 - 9280 - 7 . Jump up ^ Hoffmann , James E. ( 1989 ) . `` Recovering selenium and tellurium from copper refinery slimes '' . JOM. 41 ( 7 ) : 33 -- 38 . Bibcode : 1989JOM ... 41g ... 33H . doi : 10.1007 / BF03220269 . Jump up ^ Hyvärinen , Olli ; Lindroos , Leo ; Yllö , Erkki ( 1989 ) . `` Recovering selenium from copper refinery slimes '' . JOM. 41 ( 7 ) : 42 -- 43 . Bibcode : 1989JOM ... 41g ... 42H . doi : 10.1007 / BF03220271 . ^ Jump up to : `` Selenium and Tellurium : Statistics and Information '' . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Sun , Yan ; Tian , Xike ; He , Binbin ; et al. ( 2011 ) . `` Studies of the reduction mechanism of selenium dioxide and its impact on the microstructure of manganese electrodeposit '' . Electrochimica Acta. 56 ( 24 ) : 8305 -- 8310 . doi : 10.1016 / j. electacta. 2011.06. 111 . Jump up ^ Bernd E. Langner `` Selenium and Selenium Compounds '' in Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry , 2005 , Wiley - VCH , Weinheim . doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a23_525 . Jump up ^ Davis , Joseph R. ( 2001 ) . Copper and Copper Alloys . ASM Int . p. 91 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87170 - 726 - 0 . Jump up ^ Isakov , Edmund ( 2008 - 10 - 31 ) . Cutting Data for Turning of Steel . p. 67 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8311 - 3314 - 6 . Jump up ^ Gol'Dshtein , Ya . E. ; Mushtakova , T.L. ; Komissarova , T.A. ( 1979 ) . `` Effect of selenium on the structure and properties of structural steel '' . Metal Science and Heat Treatment . 21 ( 10 ) : 741 -- 746 . Bibcode : 1979MSHT ... 21 ... 741G . doi : 10.1007 / BF00708374 . Jump up ^ Davis , Joseph R. ( 2001 ) . Copper and Copper Alloys . ASM International . p. 278 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87170 - 726 - 0 . Jump up ^ Eftekhari , Ali ( 2017 ) . `` The rise of lithium -- selenium batteries '' . Sustainable Energy & Fuels. 1 : 14 -- 29 . doi : 10.1039 / C6SE00094K . Jump up ^ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Sonnenenergie ( 2008 ) . `` Copper indium diselenide ( CIS ) cell '' . Planning and Installing Photovoltaic Systems : A Guide for Installers , Architects and Engineers . Earthscan . pp. 43 -- 44 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84407 - 442 - 6 . Jump up ^ Wee Chong Tan ( July 2006 ) . Optical Properties of Amorphous Selenium Films ( PDF ) ( Master of Science thesis ) . University of Saskatchewan . Jump up ^ Direct vs. Indirect Conversion Archived January 2 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Comprehensive formulations forthe total normal - incidence optical reflectance and transmittance of thin films laid on thick substrates '' . ResearchGate . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Springett , B.E. ( 1988 ) . `` Application of Selenium - Tellurium Photoconductors to the Xerographic Copying and Printing Processes '' . Phosphorus and Sulfur and the Related Elements. 38 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 341 -- 350 . doi : 10.1080 / 03086648808079729 . Jump up ^ Williams , Rob ( 2006 ) . Computer Systems Architecture : A Networking Approach . Prentice Hall . pp. 547 -- 548 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 34079 - 5 . Jump up ^ Diels , Jean - Claude ; Arissian , Ladan ( 2011 ) . `` The Laser Printer '' . Lasers . Wiley - VCH . pp. 81 -- 83 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 527 - 64005 - 8 . Jump up ^ Meller , Gregor & Grasser , Tibor ( 2009 ) . Organic Electronics . Springer . pp. 3 -- 5 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 04537 - 0 . Jump up ^ Normile , Dennis ( 2000 ) . `` The birth of the Blues '' . Popular Science . p. 57 . Jump up ^ Kasap , Safa ; Frey , Joel B. ; Belev , George ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Amorphous selenium and its alloys from early xeroradiography to high resolution X-ray image detectors and ultrasensitive imaging tubes '' . Physica status solidi ( b ) . 246 ( 8 ) : 1794 -- 1805 . Bibcode : 2009PSSBR. 246.1794 K . doi : 10.1002 / pssb. 200982007 . Jump up ^ Svelto , Orazio ( 1998 ) . Principles of LASERs fourth ed . Plenum . p. 457 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 45748 - 2 . Jump up ^ Hai - Fu , F. ; Woolfson , M.M. ; Jia - Xing , Y. ( 1993 ) . `` New Techniques of Applying Multi-Wavelength Anomalous Scattering Data '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society A : Mathematical , Physical and Engineering Sciences . 442 ( 1914 ) : 13 -- 32 . Bibcode : 1993RSPSA. 442 ... 13H . doi : 10.1098 / rspa. 1993.0087 . Jump up ^ MacLean , Marion E. ( 1937 ) . `` A project for general chemistry students : Color toning of photographic prints '' . Journal of Chemical Education . 14 : 31 . Bibcode : 1937JChEd ... 14 ... 31M . doi : 10.1021 / ed014p31 . Jump up ^ Penichon , Sylvie ( 1999 ) . `` Differences in Image Tonality Produced by Different Toning Protocols for Matte Collodion Photographs '' . Journal of the American Institute for Conservation. 38 ( 2 ) : 124 -- 143 . doi : 10.2307 / 3180042 . JSTOR 3180042 . Jump up ^ McKenzie , Joy ( 2003 ) . Exploring Basic Black & White Photography . Delmar . p. 176 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4018 - 1556 - 1 . Jump up ^ Hayward , Peter ; Currie , Dean . `` Radiography of Welds Using Selenium 75 , Ir 192 and X-rays '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University lpi.oregonstate.edu Jump up ^ `` Selenium '' . Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Mazokopakis , E.E. ; Papadakis , J.A. ; Papadomanolaki , M.G. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Effects of 12 months treatment with L - selenomethionine on serum anti-TPO Levels in Patients with Hashimoto 's thyroiditis '' . Thyroid. 17 ( 7 ) : 609 -- 612 . doi : 10.1089 / thy. 2007.0040 . PMID 17696828 . Jump up ^ Ralston , N.V. ; Ralston , C.R. ; Blackwell , JL III ; Raymond , L.J. ( 2008 ) . `` Dietary and tissue selenium in relation to methylmercury toxicity '' ( PDF ) . Neurotoxicology. 29 ( 5 ) : 802 -- 811 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuro. 2008.07. 007 . PMID 18761370 . Jump up ^ Penglase , S. ; Hamre , K. ; Ellingsen , S. ( 2014 ) . `` Selenium prevents downregulation of antioxidant selenoprotein genes by methylmercury '' . Free Radical Biology and Medicine . 75 : 95 -- 104 . doi : 10.1016 / j. freeradbiomed. 2014.07. 019 . PMID 25064324 . Jump up ^ Usuki , F. ; Yamashita , A. ; Fujimura , M. ( 2011 ) . `` Post-transcriptional defects of antioxidant selenoenzymes cause oxidative stress under methylmercury exposure '' . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 286 ( 8 ) : 6641 -- 6649 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M110. 168872 . PMC 3057802 . PMID 21106535 . Jump up ^ Ohi , G. ; Seki , H. ; Maeda , H. ; Yagyu , H. ( 1975 ) . `` Protective effect of selenite against methylmercury toxicity : observations concerning time , dose and route factors in the development of selenium attenuation '' . Industrial Health . 13 ( 3 ) : 93 -- 99 . doi : 10.2486 / indhealth. 13.93 . Jump up ^ Ralston , NVC ; Raymond , L.J. ( 2010 ) . `` Dietary selenium 's protective effects against methylmercury toxicity '' . Toxicology. 278 ( 1 ) : 112 -- 123 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tox. 2010.06. 004 . PMID 20561558 . Jump up ^ Carvalho , CML ; Chew , Hashemy SI ; Hashemy , J. ; et al. ( 2008 ) . `` Inhibition of the human thioredoxin system : A molecular mechanism of mercury toxicity '' . Journal of Biological Chemistry . 283 ( 18 ) : 11913 -- 11923 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M710133200 . PMID 18321861 . Jump up ^ Michiaki Yamashita , Shintaro Imamura , Md . Anwar Hossain , Ken Touhata , Takeshi Yabu , and Yumiko Yamashita , Strong antioxidant activity of the novel selenium - containing imidazole compound '' selenoneine '' , The FASEB Journal , vol. 26 no . 1 , supplement 969.13 , April 2012 Jump up ^ Yamashita , Y ; Yabu , T ; Yamashita , M ( 2010 ) . `` Discovery of the strong antioxidant selenoneine in tuna and selenium redox metabolism '' . World J Biol Chem. 1 ( 5 ) : 144 -- 50 . doi : 10.4331 / wjbc. v1. i5. 144 . PMC 3083957 . PMID 21540999 . ^ Jump up to : Gladyshev , Vadim N. ; Hatfield , Dolph L. ( 1999 ) . `` Selenocysteine - containing proteins in mammals '' . Journal of Biomedical Science . 6 ( 3 ) : 151 -- 160 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02255899 . PMID 10343164 . Jump up ^ Stadtman , T.C. ( 1996 ) . `` Selenocysteine '' . Annual Review of Biochemistry . 65 : 83 -- 100 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. bi. 65.070196. 000503 . PMID 8811175 . Jump up ^ Lobanov , Alexey V. ; Fomenko , Dmitri E. ; Zhang , Yan ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Evolutionary dynamics of eukaryotic selenoproteomes : large selenoproteomes may associate with aquatic life and small with terrestrial life '' . Genome Biology . 8 ( 9 ) : R198 . doi : 10.1186 / gb - 2007 - 8 - 9 - r198 . PMC 2375036 . PMID 17880704 . Jump up ^ Venturi , Sebastiano ; Venturi , Mattia ( 2007 ) , `` Evolution of Dietary Antioxidant Defences '' ( PDF ) , European EpiMarker , 11 ( 3 ) , pp. 1 -- 11 Jump up ^ Castellano , Sergi ; Novoselov , Sergey V. ; Kryukov , Gregory V. ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` Reconsidering the evolution of eukaryotic selenoproteins : a novel nonmammalian family with scattered phylogenetic distribution '' . EMBO Reports . 5 ( 1 ) : 71 -- 7 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. embor. 7400036 . PMC 1298953 . PMID 14710190 . Jump up ^ Kryukov , Gregory V. ; Gladyshev , Vadim N. ( 2004 ) . `` The prokaryotic selenoproteome '' . EMBO Reports . 5 ( 5 ) : 538 -- 43 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. embor. 7400126 . PMC 1299047 . PMID 15105824 . Jump up ^ Wilting , R. ; Schorling , S. ; Persson , B.C. ; Böck , A. ( 1997 ) . `` Selenoprotein synthesis in archaea : identification of an mRNA element of Methanococcus jannaschii probably directing selenocysteine insertion '' . Journal of Molecular Biology . 266 ( 4 ) : 637 -- 41 . doi : 10.1006 / jmbi. 1996.0812 . PMID 9102456 . Jump up ^ Zhang , Yan ; Fomenko , Dmitri E. ; Gladyshev , Vadim N. ( 2005 ) . `` The microbial selenoproteome of the Sargasso Sea '' . Genome Biology . 6 ( 4 ) : R37 . doi : 10.1186 / gb - 2005 - 6 - 4 - r37 . PMC 1088965 . PMID 15833124 . Jump up ^ Barclay , Margaret N.I. ; MacPherson , Allan ; Dixon , James ( 1995 ) . `` Selenium content of a range of UK food '' . Journal of food composition and analysis . 8 ( 4 ) : 307 -- 318 . doi : 10.1006 / jfca. 1995.1025 . Jump up ^ A list of selenium - rich foods can be found on The Office of Dietary Supplements Selenium Fact Sheet . Jump up ^ `` FDA Issues Final Rule to Add Selenium to List of Required Nutrients for Infant Formula '' . www.fda.gov . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2017 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ A common reference for this is Schroeder , H.A. ; Frost , D.V. ; Balassa , J.J. ( 1970 ) . `` Essential trace metals in man : Selenium '' . Journal of chronic diseases . 23 ( 4 ) : 227 -- 43 . doi : 10.1016 / 0021 - 9681 ( 70 ) 90003 - 2 . PMID 4926392 . Jump up ^ Zane Davis , T. ( 2008 - 03 - 27 ) . `` Selenium in Plants '' ( PDF ) . p. 8 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Baselt , R. ( 2008 ) . Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man ( 8th ed . ) . Foster City , CA : Biomedical Publications . pp. 1416 -- 1420 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9626523 - 5 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet : Selenium '' . National Institutes of Health ; Office of Dietary Supplements . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Panel on Dietary Antioxidants and Related Compounds , Subcommittees on Upper Reference Levels of Nutrients and Interpretation and Uses of DRIs , Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes , Food and Nutrition Board , Institute of Medicine ( August 15 , 2000 ) . Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C , Vitamin E , Selenium , and Carotenoids . Institute of Medicine . pp. 314 -- 315 . ISBN 0 - 309 - 06949 - 1 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Yang , G. ; Zhou , R. ( 1994 ) . `` Further Observations on the Human Maximum Safe Dietary Selenium Intake in a Seleniferous Area of China '' . Journal of trace elements and electrolytes in health and disease . 8 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 159 -- 165 . PMID 7599506 . Jump up ^ Yang , Guang - Qi ; Xia , Yi - Ming ( 1995 ) . `` Studies on Human Dietary Requirements and Safe Range of Dietary Intakes of Selenium in China and Their Application in the Prevention of Related Endemic Diseases '' . Biomedical and Environmental Sciences . 8 ( 3 ) : 187 -- 201 . PMID 8561918 . Jump up ^ `` Public Health Statement : Health Effects '' ( PDF ) . Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Wilber , C.G. ( 1980 ) . `` Toxicology of selenium '' . Clinical Toxicology. 17 ( 2 ) : 171 -- 230 . doi : 10.3109 / 15563658008985076 . PMID 6998645 . Jump up ^ Olson , O.E. ( 1986 ) . `` Selenium Toxicity in Animals with Emphasis on Man '' . International Journal of Toxicology. 5 : 45 -- 70 . doi : 10.3109 / 10915818609140736 . Jump up ^ `` Polo pony selenium levels up to 20 times higher than normal '' . 2009 - 05 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Lemly , D. ( 2004 ) . `` Aquatic selenium pollution is a global environmental safety issue '' . Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety . 59 ( 1 ) : 44 -- 56 . doi : 10.1016 / S0147 - 6513 ( 03 ) 00095 - 2 . PMID 15261722 . Jump up ^ Ohlendorf , H.M. ( 2003 ) . Ecotoxicology of selenium . Handbook of ecotoxicology . Boca Raton : Lewis Publishers . pp. 466 -- 491 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56670 - 546 - 2 . Jump up ^ Lemly , A.D. ( 1997 ) . `` A teratogenic deformity index for evaluating impacts of selenium on fish populations '' . Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety . 37 ( 3 ) : 259 -- 266 . doi : 10.1006 / eesa. 1997.1554 . Jump up ^ Penglase , S. ; Hamre , K. ; Ellingsen , S. ( 2014 ) . `` Selenium and mercury have a synergistic negative effect on fish reproduction '' . Aquatic Toxicology. 149 : 16 -- 24 . doi : 10.1016 / j. aquatox. 2014.01. 020 . PMID 24555955 . Jump up ^ Heinz , G.H. ; Hoffman , D.J. ( 1998 ) . `` Methylmercury chloride and selenomethionine interactions on health and reproduction in mallards '' . Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry . 17 ( 2 ) : 139 -- 145 . doi : 10.1002 / etc. 5620170202 . ^ Jump up to : Hamilton , Steven J. ; Buhl , Kevin J. ; Faerber , Neil L. ; et al. ( 1990 ) . `` Toxicity of organic selenium in the diet to chinook salmon '' . Environ . Toxicol . Chem. 9 ( 3 ) : 347 -- 358 . doi : 10.1002 / etc. 5620090310 . ^ Jump up to : Poston , H.A. ; Combs Jr. , G.F. ; Leibovitz , L. ( 1976 ) . `` Vitamin E and selenium interrelations in the diet of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) : gross , histological and biochemical signs '' . Journal of Nutrition. 106 ( 7 ) : 892 -- 904 . PMID 932827 . Jump up ^ Brain , P. ; Cousens , R. ( 1989 ) . `` Weed Research '' . Weed Research . 29 ( 2 ) : 93 -- 96 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3180.1989. tb00845. x . Jump up ^ `` CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Selenium '' . www.cdc.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Ravaglia , G. ; Forti , P. ; Maioli , F. ; et al. ( 2000 ) . `` Effect of micronutrient status on natural killer cell immune function in healthy free - living subjects aged ≥ 90 y '' . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 71 ( 2 ) : 590 -- 598 . PMID 10648276 . Jump up ^ MedSafe Editorial Team . `` Selenium '' . Prescriber Update Articles . New Zealand Medicines and Medical Devices Safety Authority . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Ralston , N.V.C. ; Raymond , L.J. ( 2010 ) . `` Dietary selenium 's protective effects against methylmercury toxicity '' . Toxicology. 278 ( 1 ) : 112 -- 123 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tox. 2010.06. 004 . PMID 20561558 . Jump up ^ Mann , Jim ; Truswell , A. Stewart ( 2002 ) . Essentials of Human Nutrition ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 262756 - 8 . Jump up ^ Moreno - Reyes , R. ; Mathieu , F. ; Boelaert , M. ; et al. ( 2003 ) . `` Selenium and iodine supplementation of rural Tibetan children affected by Kashin - Beck osteoarthropathy '' . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 78 ( 1 ) : 137 -- 144 . PMID 12816783 . Jump up ^ Kachuee , R. ; Moeini , M. ; Suori , M. ( 2013 ) . `` The effect of dietary organic and inorganic selenium supplementation on serum Se , Cu , Fe and Zn status during the late pregnancy in Merghoz goats and their kids '' . Small Ruminant Research . 110 ( 1 ) : 20 -- 27 . doi : 10.1016 / j. smallrumres. 2012.08. 010 . Jump up ^ National Research Council , Subcommittee on Sheep Nutrition ( 1985 ) . Nutrient requirements of sheep . 6th ed. , National Academy Press , Washington , ISBN 0309035961 . ^ Jump up to : National Research Council , Committee on Nutrient Requirements of Small Ruminants ( 2007 ) . Nutrient requirements of small ruminants . National Academies Press , Washington , ISBN 0 - 309 - 10213 - 8 . Jump up ^ Coop , I.E. ; Blakely , R.L. ( 1949 ) . `` The metabolism and toxicity of cyanides and cyanogenic glycosides in sheep '' . N.Z.J. Sci. Technol. 30 : 277 -- 291 . Jump up ^ Kraus , R.J. ; Prohaska , J.R. ; Ganther , H.E. ( 1980 ) . `` Oxidized forms of ovine erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase . Cyanide inhibition of 4 - glutathione : 4 - selenoenzyme '' . Biochim . Biophys . Acta. 615 ( 1 ) : 19 -- 26 . doi : 10.1016 / 0005 - 2744 ( 80 ) 90004 - 2 . PMID 7426660 . Jump up ^ Kahn , C.M. ( ed . ) ( 2005 ) . Merck veterinary manual . 9th ed . Merck & Co. , Inc. , Whitehouse Station , ISBN 0911910506 . ^ Jump up to : Ip , C. ( 1998 ) . `` Lessons from basic research in selenium and cancer prevention '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of Nutrition. 128 ( 11 ) : 1845 -- 54 . doi : 10.1093 / jn / 128.11. 1845 . PMID 9808633 . Jump up ^ Amaral , A.F.S. ; Cantor , K.P. ; Silverman , D.T. ; Malats , N. ( 31 August 2010 ) . `` Selenium and Bladder Cancer Risk : a Meta - analysis '' . Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention . 19 ( 9 ) : 2407 -- 2415 . doi : 10.1158 / 1055 - 9965. EPI - 10 - 0544 . Jump up ^ Rayman , Margaret P. ( 2000 ) . `` The importance of selenium to human health '' . The Lancet . 356 ( 9225 ) : 233 -- 41 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 00 ) 02490 - 9 . PMID 10963212 . Jump up ^ Amaral , A.F.S. ; Porta , M. ; Silverman , D.T. ; et al. ( 2012 ) . `` Pancreatic cancer risk and levels of trace elements '' . Gut. 61 ( 11 ) : 1583 -- 1588 . doi : 10.1136 / gutjnl - 2011 - 301086 . PMC 3310963 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Bjelakovic , G. ; Nikolova , D. ; Gluud , L.L. ; et al. ( 2012 ) . Bjelakovic , Goran , ed . `` Antioxidant supplements for prevention of mortality in healthy participants and patients with various diseases '' . Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . 3 ( 3 ) : CD007176 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD007176. pub2 . PMID 22419320 . Jump up ^ Muecke , R ; Micke , O ; Schomburg , L ( April 2018 ) . `` Selenium in radiation oncology -- 15 years of experiences in Germany '' . Nutrients. 10 ( 4 ) : E483 . doi : 10.3390 / nu10040483 . PMID 29652817 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutSeleniumat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata Selenium at The Periodic Table of Videos ( University of Nottingham ) National Institutes of Health page on Selenium Assay ATSDR -- Toxicological Profile : Selenium CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards Peter van der Krogt elements site hide Periodic table ( Large cells ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 He Li Be O Ne Na Mg Al Si Cl Ar Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te Xe 6 Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 7 Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Lanthanide Actinide Transition metal Post - transition metal Metalloid Reactive nonmetal Noble gas Unknown chemical properties hide Selenium compounds Se ( 0 , I ) Se S Se ( I ) Se S Se Cl C H NO Se Se ( II ) SeS Ag Se Al Se CaSe Se Se ( IV ) SeCl SeF SeO SeS SeOBr SeOCl Se ( VI ) SeF SeO SeO F Prostanoid signaling modulators Receptor ( ligands ) DP ( D ) DP Agonists : Prostaglandin D Treprostinil Antagonists : Asapiprant Laropiprant Vidupiprant DP Agonists : Indometacin Prostaglandin D Antagonists : ADC - 3680 AZD - 1981 Bay U3405 Fevipiprant MK - 1029 MK - 7246 QAV - 680 Ramatroban Setipiprant Timapiprant TM30089 Vidupiprant EP ( E ) EP Agonists : Beraprost Enprostil Iloprost ( ciloprost ) Latanoprost Lubiprostone Misoprostol Prostaglandin E ( alprostadil ) Prostaglandin E ( dinoprostone ) Sulprostone Antagonists : AH - 6809 ONO - 8130 SC - 19220 SC - 51089 SC - 51322 EP Agonists : Butaprost Misoprostol Prostaglandin E ( alprostadil ) Prostaglandin E ( dinoprostone ) Treprostinil Antagonists : AH - 6809 PF - 04418948 TG 4 - 155 EP Agonists : Beraprost Carbacyclin Cicaprost Enprostil Iloprost ( ciloprost ) Isocarbacyclin Latanoprost Misoprostol Prostaglandin D Prostaglandin E ( alprostadil ) Prostaglandin E ( dinoprostone ) Remiprostol Sulprostone Antagonists : L - 798106 EP Agonists : Lubiprostone Misoprostol Prostaglandin E ( alprostadil ) Prostaglandin E ( dinoprostone ) TCS - 2510 Antagonists : Grapiprant GW - 627368 L - 161982 ONO - AE3 - 208 Unsorted Agonists : 16 , 16 - Dimethyl Prostaglandin E Aganepag Carboprost Evatanepag Gemeprost Nocloprost Omidenepag Prostaglandin F ( dinoprost ) Simenepag Taprenepag FP ( F ) Agonists : Alfaprostol Bimatoprost Carboprost Cloprostenol Enprostil Fluprostenol Latanoprost Prostaglandin D Prostaglandin F ( dinoprost ) Sulotroban Tafluprost Travoprost Unoprostone IP ( I ) Agonists : ACT - 333679 AFP - 07 Beraprost BMY - 45778 Carbacyclin Cicaprost Iloprost ( ciloprost ) Isocarbacyclin MRE - 269 NS - 304 Prostacyclin ( prostaglandin I , epoprostenol ) Prostaglandin E ( alprostadil ) Ralinepag Selexipag Taprostene TRA - 418 Treprostinil Antagonists : RO1138452 TP ( TX ) Agonists : Carbocyclic thromboxane A I - BOP Thromboxane A U-46619 Vapiprost Antagonists : 12 - HETE 13 - APA AA - 2414 Argatroban Bay U3405 BMS - 180,291 Daltroban Domitroban EP - 045 GR - 32191 ICI - 185282 ICI - 192605 Ifetroban Imitrodast L - 655240 L - 670596 Linotroban Mipitroban ONO - 3708 ONO - 11120 Picotamide Pinane thromboxane A Ramatroban Ridogrel S - 145 Samixogrel Seratrodast SQ - 28,668 SQ - 29,548 Sulotroban Terbogrel Terutroban TRA - 418 Unsorted Arbaprostil Ataprost Ciprostene Clinprost Cobiprostone Delprostenate Deprostil Dimoxaprost Doxaprost Ecraprost Eganoprost Enisoprost Eptaloprost Esuberaprost Etiproston Fenprostalene Flunoprost Froxiprost Lanproston Limaprost Luprostiol Meteneprost Mexiprostil Naxaprostene Nileprost Nocloprost Ornoprostil Oxoprostol Penprostene Pimilprost Piriprost Posaraprost Prostalene Rioprostil Rivenprost Rosaprostol Spiriprostil Tiaprost Tilsuprost Tiprostanide Trimoprostil Viprostol Enzyme ( inhibitors ) COX ( PTGS ) Salicylic acids : Aloxiprin Aspirin ( acetylsalicylic acid ) Benorilate ( benorylate ) Carbasalate calcium Diflusinal Dipyrocetyl Ethenzamide Guacetisal Magnesium salicylate Mesalazine ( 5 - aminosalicylic acid ) Methyl salicylate Salacetamide Salicin Salicylamide Salicylate ( salicylic acid ) Salsalate Sodium salicylate Triflusal ; Acetic acids : Aceclofenac Acemetacin Aclofenac Amfenac Alclofenac Bendazac Bromfenac Bufexamac Bumadizone Cinmetacin Clometacin Diclofenac Difenpiramide Etodolac Felbinac Fenclofenac Fentiazac Glucametacin Indometacin ( indomethacin ) Indometacin farnesil Ketorolac Lonazolac Mofezolac Nabumetone Oxametacin Oxindanac Proglumetacin Sulindac Sulindac sulfide Tolmetin Zidometacin Zomepirac ; Propionic acids : Alminoprofen Benoxaprofen Bucloxic acid ( blucloxate ) Butibufen Carprofen Dexibuprofen Dexindoprofen Dexketoprofen Fenbufen Fenoprofen Flunoxaprofen Flurbiprofen Ibuprofen Ibuproxam Indoprofen Ketoprofen Loxoprofen Miroprofen Naproxen Naproxcinod Oxaprozin Pirprofen Pranoprofen Suprofen Tarenflurbil Tepoxalin Tiaprofenic acid ( tiaprofenate ) Vedaprofen ; Anthranilic acids ( fenamic acids ) : Etofenamic acid ( etofenamate ) Floctafenic acid ( floctafenate ) Flufenamic acid ( flufenamate ) Meclofenamic acid ( meclofenamate ) Mefenamic acid ( mefenamate ) Morniflumic acid ( morniflumate ) Niflumic acid ( niflumate ) Talinflumic acid ( talinflumate ) Tolfenamic acid ( tolfenamate ) ; Pyrazolones : Azapropazone Dipyrone Isopyrin Oxyphenbutazone Phenylbutazone ; Enolic acids ( oxicams ) : Ampiroxicam Droxicam Enolicam Isoxicam Lornoxicam Meloxicam Piroxicam Tenoxicam ; 4 - Aminoquinolines : Antrafenine Floctafenine Glafenine ; Quinazolines : Fluproquazone Proquazone ; Aminonicotinic acids : Clonixeril Clonixin Flunixin ; Sulfonanilides : Flosulide Nimesulide ; Aminophenols ( anilines ) : Acetanilide AM - 404 ( N - arachidonoylaminophenol ) Bucetin Paracetamol ( acetaminophen ) Parapropamol Phenacetin Propacetamol ; Selective COX - 2 inhibitors ( coxibs ) : Apricoxib Celecoxib Cimicoxib Deracoxib Etoricoxib Firocoxib Lumiracoxib Mavacoxib Parecoxib Polmacoxib Robenacoxib Rofecoxib Tilmacoxib Valdecoxib ; Others / unsorted : Anitrazafen Clobuzarit Curcumin DuP - 697 FK - 3311 Flumizole FR - 122047 Glimepiride Hyperforin Itazigrel L - 655240 L - 670596 Licofelone Menatetrenone ( vitamin K ) NCX - 466 NCX - 4040 NS - 398 Pamicogrel Resveratrol Romazarit Rosmarinic acid Rutecarpine Satigrel SC - 236 SC - 560 SC - 58125 Tenidap Tiflamizole Timegadine Trifenagrel Tropesin PGD S Retinoids Selenium ( selenium tetrachloride , sodium selenite , selenium disulfide ) PGES HQL - 79 PGFS Bimatoprost PGI S Tranylcypromine TXAS Camonagrel Dazmegrel Dazoxiben Furegrelate Isbogrel Midazogrel Nafagrel Nicogrelate Ozagrel Picotamide Pirmagrel Ridogrel Rolafagrel Samixogrel Terbogrel U63557A Others Precursors : Linoleic acid γ - Linolenic acid ( gamolenic acid ) Dihomo - γ - linolenic acid Diacylglycerol Arachidonic acid Prostaglandin G Prostaglandin H See also Receptor / signaling modulators Leukotriene signaling modulators Nuclear receptor modulators Thyroid hormone receptor modulators Receptor ( ligands ) THR Agonists : Dextrothyroxine DIMIT DITPA Eprotirome ( KB - 2115 ) KB - 141 KB - 2611 KB - 130015 Levothyroxine Liothyronine Liotrix MB - 07344 MB - 07811 MGL - 3196 ( VIA - 3196 ) Sobetirome ( GC - 1 , GRX - 431 ) Thyroxine Tiratricol ( TRIAC ) Triiodothyronine Thyroid extract VK - 0214 VK - 2809 ZYT1 Antagonists : 1 - 850 NH3 Tetraiodothyroacetic acid ( Tetrac ) Transporter ( blockers ) NIS Inhibitors : Cyanogenic glycosides Perchlorates ( e.g. , potassium perchlorate ) Pertechnetates ( e.g. , sodium pertechnetate ) Thiocyanates Enzyme ( inhibitors ) TPO Inhibitors : Benzylthiouracil Carbimazole Genistein Methimazole Methylthiouracil Propylthiouracil Thiouracil Thiourea DIO Inhibitors : Dexpropranolol Iopanoic acid Ipodate sodium ( sodium iopodate ) Propranolol Propylthiouracil Others Iodine Iodine - 131 Selenium Thyroglobulin Tyrosine See also : Receptor / signaling modulators Nuclear receptor modulators BNE : XX534324 BNF : cb121383271 ( data ) GND : 4180872 - 1 LCCN : sh85119688 NDL : 00570819 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Selenium&oldid=845065526 '' Categories : Selenium Chemical elements Chalcogens Polyatomic nonmetals Antioxidants Biology and pharmacology of chemical elements Dietary minerals Native element minerals Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . 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when was the song my heart will go on written	`` My Heart Will Go On '' , also called the `` Love Theme from Titanic '' , is the main theme song to James Cameron 's blockbuster film Titanic . Its music was composed by James Horner , its lyrics were written by Will Jennings , and it was produced by Walter Afanasieff and Simon Franglen , recorded by Celine Dion , and released in 1997 .	1997	My Heart Will Go On	my heart will go on	`` My Heart Will Go On '' , also called the `` Love Theme from Titanic '' , is the main theme song to James Cameron 's blockbuster film Titanic . Its music was composed by James Horner , its lyrics were written by Will Jennings , and it was produced by Walter Afanasieff and Simon Franglen , recorded by Celine Dion , and released in 1997 .	Originally released in 1997 on Dion 's album Let 's Talk About Love and the Titanic soundtrack album , the romantic song went to number one all over the world , including the United States , Canada , Ireland , United Kingdom and Australia . `` My Heart Will Go On '' was released in Australia and Germany on 8 December 1997 , and in the rest of the world in January and February 1998 . The song became Dion 's biggest hit , and one of the best - selling singles of all time , and was the world 's best - selling single of 1998 . The music video was directed by Bille Woodruff and released at the end of 1997 . Due to the song 's widespread popularity when it was released , it is considered to be Dion 's signature song . It was also included in the list of Songs of the Century , by the Recording Industry Association of America and the National Endowment for the Arts . Dion performed the song to honor the 20th Anniversary of the film at the 2017 Billboard Music Awards on 21 May 2017 . With worldwide sales estimated at 18 million copies , it became the second best selling single by a female artist in history and the eighth overall . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Recording 2.1 Composition 2.2 Versions 3 Critical reception 3.1 Accolades 3.2 Influence and legacy 3.3 In popular culture 4 Chart performance 5 Album appearances 6 Track listing 7 Charts 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 7.3 Decade - end charts 7.4 All - time charts 8 Certifications and sales 9 Release history 10 Other recordings 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Origins ( edit ) James Horner had originally composed the music for the song as an instrumental motif which he used in several scenes during Titanic ; the main theme of the song being inspired by the song `` Flying Dutchman '' by Jethro Tull . He then wanted to prepare a full vocal version of it , for use in the end credits of the film . Lyricist Will Jennings was hired , who wrote the lyrics `` from the point of view of a person of a great age looking back so many years . '' Director James Cameron did not want such a song , but Will Jennings went ahead anyway and wrote the lyrics . When Dion originally heard the song , she did not want to record it as she felt she was pushing her luck by singing another film theme song after Beauty and the Beast . Horner showed the piano sketch to Simon Franglen , who was working with him on electronic textures and synthesizers for the film score . Franglen , who had , himself , worked with Dion for several years on many of her major hits to date , programmed and arranged an extensive demo to take to Dion . Recording ( edit ) In Hitmaker : The Man and His Music by Tommy Mottola , he claims that Dion recorded the song in one take , and that demo is what was released . Mottola states that since so much money was on the line for Cameron 's film that Cameron felt obligated to include a theme song to promote the movie . Dion 's manager and husband René Angélil convinced her to sing on this demo version , which she had not done for many years . Horner waited until Cameron was in an appropriate mood before presenting him with the song . After playing it several times , Cameron declared his approval , even though he worried that he might be criticized for `` going commercial at the end of the movie '' . Cameron also wanted to appease anxious studio executives and `` saw that a hit song from his movie could only be a positive factor in guaranteeing its completion . '' Composition ( edit ) The song is written in the key of E major , though the leitmotif ( as heard in the intro ) is in the relative key of C ♯ minor . The verses follow the chord progression of E -- Bsus4 -- Aadd9 -- E -- B . The chorus has the chord progression of C ♯ m -- B -- A -- B . The song modulates to F minor in the final chorus , and ends in the key of A ♭ major . It contains heavy emphasis on the instrumental arranging . Usage of flute is prominent , backed by melodic use of strings and rhythm guitars . The song features both acoustic and electronic instrumentation . Dion 's vocal performance is described as `` emotional '' and `` demanding '' by Pandora radio . Versions ( edit ) The original Horner / Franglen produced `` demo '' version of the ballad runs a little over five minutes and has an extended ending with longer , segmented vocalizations by Dion . Franglen mixed the final film and soundtrack version , expanding on the demo and adding orchestra to the final chorus . It is this version which appears on the Titanic soundtrack album and is also played over the ending credits of the film . When the single was to be released to radio , it was produced further by Walter Afanasieff who added string and electric guitar , as well as rearranged portions of the song . This version , which runs a little over four and a half minutes , appears on both the 4 - track maxi single and Dion 's album Let 's Talk About Love . At the height of the song 's popularity , some radio stations in the US and the UK played an edited version of the song , that had dramatic moments of dialog from the Jack and Rose lead characters in the film inserted in between Dion 's vocal lines . Critical reception ( edit ) AllMusic senior editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine wrote that this song `` shines the most brilliantly '' and marked it as a standout track . Another AllMusic reviewer , single editor Heather Phares , who rated the single 4 out 5 stars , wrote , `` Indeed , her performances of it on VH1 Divas , the 1998 Academy Awards ( wearing the film 's ' Heart of the Ocean ' pendant , no less ) , and on her 1997 album Let 's Talk About Love have cemented ' My Heart Will Go On ' as the quintessence of Dion 's sweeping , romantic style . '' Yahoo.com described the song as an `` emotional power ballad that perfectly captured ( Titanic 's ) romantic yearning '' . Vulture said that it is a powerful song and has `` one of the most glorious key changes in recorded music history '' , and that `` its legacy is eclipsed only by '' Whitney Houston 's `` admittedly far superior '' song `` I Will Always Love You '' . Washington Post appreciated how the song was not just tagged on the end of the three - hour film , but has a lyrical motif that was already placed throughout the key moments of the film 's love story in order to create a musical narrative . In latter years , `` My Heart Will Go On '' proved not to be popular with readers of Rolling Stone magazine ; nor did it become popular with Kate Winslet , who played Rose DeWitt Bukater -- the notional protagonist of the song -- in the film . In 2011 , Rolling Stone readers rated it the 7th worst song of the ' 90s , with the magazine writing , `` Celine Dion 's song and the movie have aged very poorly ... Now ( the song ) probably just makes you cringe '' . Winslet stated that the song made her feel `` like throwing up '' , due to people 's tendency to start playing it when she was around : `` I wish I could say , ' Oh listen , everybody ! It 's the Celine Dion song ! ' But I do n't . I just have to sit there , you know , kind of straight - faced with a massive internal eye roll . '' The Atlantic attributed the song 's decline in popularity to its overexposure and added that over the years there have been many jokes that parody the song 's lyrics by claiming `` My Heart Will Go On '' goes `` on and on and on '' . Vulture reasoned that it has become fashionable to dislike the song because it `` encapsulates most everything that once - enthusiastic moviegoers now dislike about Titanic : It 's outdated , cheesy , and overly dramatic '' . Maxim deemed it `` the second most tragic event ever to result from that fabled ocean liner '' . Accolades ( edit ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' won the 1997 Academy Award for Best Original Song . It dominated the 1999 Grammy Awards , winning Record of the Year -- marking the first time to be won by a Canadian -- Song of the Year , Best Female Pop Vocal Performance and Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television . `` My Heart Will Go On '' also won the Golden Globe Award for `` Best Original Song -- Motion Picture '' in 1998 . The song also won a Japanese Gold Disc Award , for Song of the Year , as well as a Billboard Music Award for Soundtrack Single of the Year . It has been named one of the Songs of the Century . It is one of the best - selling singles ever in the United Kingdom , selling over a million copies , the second single released by Dion to do so . This made Dion the only female artist to date to have released two million - selling singles in Britain . In December 2007 , the song peaked # 21 on VH1 's `` 100 Greatest Songs of the 90 's '' . In April 2010 , the UK radio station Magic 105.4 voted the single the `` top movie song of all time '' after listeners 's votes . It was ranked at number 14 on AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs , celebrating the 100 greatest songs in American film history . Influence and legacy ( edit ) The song became `` imprinted on the movie 's legacy '' , and every listen prompts a reminder of the blockbuster and the hype surrounding it . USA Today agreed that the song will be forever tied to the film Titanic . The Washington Post says it is the marriage of music and image that make both the song and film greater than the sum of their parts . After the song had become a huge worldwide hit , many movie studios and record labels tried to duplicate the process . Although many soundtrack singles had become hits before `` My Heart Will Go On '' , a string of similar songs followed afterward , such as Aerosmith 's `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' from Armageddon and Faith Hill 's `` There You 'll Be '' from Pearl Harbor ( both of which directed by Michael Bay ) . Each followed in the footsteps of the `` Titanic '' theme , a love ballad for a tragedy . Although those two songs became hits , they did not achieve the same success of `` My Heart Will Go On '' . Horner himself repeated the formula of making a song from his film themes with films such as A Beautiful Mind , Bicentennial Man , The Perfect Storm , and Avatar . The Atlantic noted that its popularity did n't stem from being played at events such as high school proms , weddings , and funerals , but by being indelibly placed into pop culture through numerous plays on the radio station , speakers , and passing cars . Reportedly , the song was playing when cruise liner Costa Concordia crashed into rocks and sank . Dion has said retrospectively `` My Heart Will Go On gave me the opportunity to be associated with a classic that will live forever '' . In popular culture ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) On 11 September 2010 , Matthew Wilkening of AOL Radio ranked the song No. 11 on his list of the `` 100 Worst Songs Ever '' , while stating a new rule : `` From now on , the Canadian warbler , and not the captain , has to go down with this ship . '' This was in reference to the Titanic itself . The song was also featured as an episode title for The CW series , Supernatural in 2011 . The episode featured the angel Balthazar going back in time to stop the Titanic from sinking and save its passengers . He ( facetiously ) claims that he did it purely because he hated the song and wanted to remove the reason for its existence . He mentioned that Dion had become a `` destitute lounge singer '' in Quebec as a result . The song appears in the Sacha Baron Cohen film Brüno , in a parodical sequence wherein the eponymous character and his gay lover strip and embrace in front of an irate crowd towards the end of the movie . Chart performance ( edit ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' became Dion 's biggest hit and one of the best - selling singles in history , having sold more than 15 million copies worldwide . In the United States , the song was given a limited number of copies -- 658,000 . Regardless , it debuted at number - one on the Billboard Hot 100 , with sales of 360,000 copies , where it stayed for two weeks . In addition , the song spent ten weeks at number - one on the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay , and was number one for two weeks on the Hot 100 Singles Sales . As a testament to the popularity of the song on the radio , the song broke the record for the then - largest radio audience ever , garnering 117 million listeners in February 1998 . The single was eventually certified gold in the United States . Billboard reported that the digital copy of the single has sold 1,133,000 units since being available bringing total sales to 1,791,000 copies sold in the US . In addition `` My Heart Will Go On '' reached number one in several other U.S. charts , including , Billboard 's Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks , Top 40 Mainstream , Hot Latin Pop Airplay , and Hot Latin Tracks . For the latter , the single became the first English - language song to top the Hot Latin Tracks chart , to which Dion was given a Billboard Latin Music Award for that achievement . Internationally , the song was phenomenally successful , spending many weeks at the top position in various countries , including 17 weeks on the Eurochart Hot 100 Singles , 15 weeks in Switzerland , 13 weeks in France and Germany , 11 weeks in the Netherlands and Sweden , ten weeks in Belgium Wallonia , Denmark , Italy , and Norway , seven weeks in Belgium Flanders , six weeks in Ireland , four weeks in Australia and Austria , two weeks in Spain and the United Kingdom , and one week in Finland . In Germany , `` My Heart Will Go On '' was certified 4 × platinum for selling over two million copies , and was ranked as one of the most popular singles ever released there . It sold over 1.2 million copies in France , being certified Diamond . Additionally , the song was certified 3 × Platinum in Belgium , 2 × Platinum in Australia , the Netherlands , Norway , Sweden , and Switzerland , Platinum in Greece , and Gold in Austria . `` My Heart Will Go On '' was released twice in Japan . The regular edition from January 1998 sold 205,300 and was certified 2 × Platinum , for 200,000 copies sold . The remixed edition released in June 1998 sold 111,920 copies and was certified Gold for 100,000 copies sold , due the fact that maxi - singles are treated as an album . In the United Kingdom , the song sold 1,681,023 copies ( as of September 2017 ) , becoming Dion 's second million - selling single in Britain following `` Think Twice '' in 1995 and Britain 's second best - selling single of 1998 behind Cher 's `` Believe '' . This made her the only solo female artist to have two million - selling singles in Britain , a record which stood until early 2012 when Rihanna 's singles `` Only Girl ( In the World ) '' ( 2010 ) and `` We Found Love '' ( 2011 ) both topped a million sales . Album appearances ( edit ) The song was included on the All the Way ... A Decade of Song & Video DVD and on the Titanic ( Three - Disc Special Collector 's Edition ) DVD release in 25 October 2005 . In addition to Dion 's Let 's Talk About Love and the Titanic soundtrack , `` My Heart Will Go On '' appears on several other albums , including VH1 Divas Live , Au cœur du stade , All the Way ... A Decade of Song , A New Day ... Live in Las Vegas , Complete Best , My Love : Essential Collection , Taking Chances World Tour : The Concert , and Céline ... une seule fois / Live 2013 . It was also included on the DVDs for Au cœur du stade , All the Way ... A Decade of Song & Video , Live in Las Vegas : A New Day ... , and Celine : Through the Eyes of the World . It was included later on the Back to Titanic second soundtrack album . In France , `` My Heart Will Go On '' was released as a double A-side single with `` The Reason '' . In the Let 's Talk about Love album booklet , the lyrics of the song contain an additional line between a second chorus and the final verse . The words `` There is some love that will not go away '' are not performed by Dion in any available version of the song , however , they are still included on Dion 's official site . Track listing ( edit ) European CD single `` My Heart Will Go On '' -- 4 : 40 `` Because You Loved Me '' -- 4 : 33 European CD single # 2 `` My Heart Will Go On '' -- 4 : 40 `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Tony Moran mix ) -- 4 : 20 French CD single `` The Reason '' -- 5 : 01 `` My Heart Will Go On '' -- 4 : 40 French CD single # 2 `` My Heart Will Go On '' -- 4 : 40 `` Southampton '' -- 4 : 02 French CD single # 3 `` My Heart Will Go On '' -- 4 : 40 `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Tony Moran mix ) -- 4 : 21 Japanese CD single `` My Heart Will Go On '' -- 4 : 40 `` Beauty and the Beast '' -- 4 : 04 UK cassette single `` My Heart Will Go On '' -- 4 : 40 `` I Love You '' -- 5 : 30 US CD single and Cassette `` My Heart Will Go On '' -- 4 : 40 `` Rose '' -- 2 : 52 Australian / Brazilian / European / UK / Korean CD maxi single `` My Heart Will Go On '' -- 4 : 40 `` Because You Loved Me '' -- 4 : 33 `` When I Fall in Love '' -- 4 : 19 `` Beauty and the Beast '' -- 4 : 04 Australian CD maxi single # 2 `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Tony Moran mix ) -- 4 : 21 `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Richie Jones mix ) -- 4 : 15 `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Soul Solution ) -- 4 : 18 `` Misled '' ( The Serious mix ) -- 4 : 59 `` Love Can Move Mountains '' ( Underground vocal mix ) -- 7 : 10 Brazilian CD maxi single # 2 `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Cuca 's radio edit ) -- 4 : 22 `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Tony Moran 's anthem edit ) -- 4 : 21 `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Richie Jones unsinkable edit ) -- 4 : 15 `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Tony Moran 's anthem vocal ) -- 9 : 41 European CD maxi single # 2 / UK 12 '' single `` My Heart Will Go On '' -- 4 : 40 `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Tony Moran mix ) -- 4 : 21 `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Richie Jones mix ) -- 4 : 15 `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Soul Solution ) -- 4 : 18 Japanese / Korean CD maxi single `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Tony Moran mix ) -- 4 : 21 `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Richie Jones mix ) -- 4 : 15 `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Soul Solution ) -- 4 : 18 `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Richie Jones unsinkable club mix ) -- 10 : 04 `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Matt & Vito 's unsinkable epic mix ) -- 9 : 53 UK CD maxi single # 2 `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( soundtrack version ) -- 5 : 11 `` Have a Heart '' -- 4 : 12 `` Nothing Broken but My Heart '' -- 5 : 55 `` Where Does My Heart Beat Now '' -- 4 : 32 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1997 -- 98 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Canada ( BDS Airplay Chart ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Italy ( Hit Parade ) Japan ( Oricon Singles Chart ) 2 - track single 34 Japan ( Oricon Singles Chart ) 5 - track Dance Mixes 49 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) charted solely on airplay 34 Norway ( VG - lista ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Hot Latin Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) US Tropical Airplay ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 14 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Italy ( Hit Parade ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) Norway Spring Period ( VG - lista ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 7 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 13 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 5 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 26 US Hot Latin Songs ( Billboard ) 12 US Hot Soundtrack Singles ( Billboard ) US Tropical Airplay ( Billboard ) 15 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 -- 99 ) Position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 18 Canada ( Canadian Artists Digital Songs ) France ( SNEP ) 10 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 11 All - time charts ( edit ) Chart Position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 95 France ( SNEP ) 49 Ireland ( IRMA ) 13 Italy ( Hit Parade ) 50 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 30 Certifications and sales ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 25,000 Belgium ( BEA ) 3 × Platinum 150,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 30,000 France ( SNEP ) Diamond 1,200,000 Germany ( BVMI ) 4 × Platinum 2,000,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) Single version 2 × Platinum 200,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) Dance mixes Gold 100,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) Ringtone version Gold 100,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Gold 30,000 Netherlands ( NVPI ) 2 × Platinum 150,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) 2 × Platinum 40,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) 2 × Platinum 100,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,681,023 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 2,358,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Japan 14 January 1998 Mini CD United Kingdom 9 February 1998 CD cassette United States 10 February 1998 Japan 20 June 1998 CD Other recordings ( edit ) External video Sissel performing `` My Heart Will Go On '' on world premiere of Titanic 3D at Royal Albert Hall , March 27 2012 , YouTube video Sissel performing `` My Heart Will Go On '' on world premiere of Titanic Live at Royal Albert Hall , April 27 2015 , YouTube video Sissel recording Sissel Kyrkjebø recorded the song for the movie in 1997 , but Celine Dion 's vocals was preferred due to James Horner decision to support Dion 's career . In an interview from December 2014 , Horner quotes : `` When I had completed the Titanic ( movie ) , I had to decide for Celine Dion or Sissel ( 's ) ( vocals ) . Sissel I am very close , while Celine I had known since she was 18 , and I had already written three film songs for ( her ) . But that was before Celine was known and filmmakers and marketing people had not done what they should have done for Celine and ( her ) songs . So I felt I owed her a Titanic chance , but I could ( still ) have used Sissel there . '' Other recordings Neil Diamond covered the song with orchestration by Elmer Bernstein for the 1998 album The Movie Album : As Time Goes By . Thorleifs recorded the song on their 1998 album Saxgodingar 4 . The Irish Tenors recorded the song on their 2004 album Heritage with main vocals by Finbar Wright . Jackie Evancho recorded the song on her 2012 album Songs From The Silver Screen . Onyria recorded the song in 2013 and released a video performance on YouTube . See also ( edit ) 1998 in British music Academy Award for Best Original Song Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1998 French Top 100 singles of the 1990s Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media Grammy Award for Record of the Year Grammy Award for Song of the Year List of artists who have achieved simultaneous UK and US number - one hits List of Australian chart achievements and milestones List of best - selling singles List of best - selling singles in France List of best - selling singles in Germany List of best - selling singles in the United Kingdom List of best - selling singles of the 1990s in the United Kingdom List of best - selling singles of the 20th century in the United Kingdom List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1998 List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of the 1990s List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 1998 List of Billboard Mainstream Top 40 number - one songs of the 1990s List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 1998 List of European number - one hits of 1998 List of million - selling singles in the United Kingdom List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1998 ( U.S. ) List of number - one Billboard Hot Latin Tracks of 1998 List of number - one hits ( Germany ) List of number - one hits of 1998 ( Austria ) List of number - one hits of 1998 ( Denmark ) List of number - one hits of 1998 ( Italy ) List of number - one singles and albums in Sweden List of number - one singles in Australia during the 1990s List of number - one singles of 1998 ( Canada ) List of number - one singles of 1998 ( Finland ) List of number - one singles of 1998 ( France ) List of number - one singles of 1998 ( Ireland ) List of number - one singles of 1998 ( Spain ) List of number - one singles of the 1990s ( Switzerland ) List of number - one songs in Norway List of Top 25 singles for 1998 in Australia List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 1990s List of UK top 10 singles in 1998 Ultratop 40 number - one hits of 1998 Ultratop 50 number - one hits of 1998 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 41st Annual GRAMMY Awards -- Record Of The Year '' . 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Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones -- Celine Dion '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Retrieved 12 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch single certifications -- Celine Dion -- My Heart Will Go On '' ( in Dutch ) . Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld - en geluidsdragers . Retrieved 20 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian single certifications -- Celine Dion -- My Heart Will Go On '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Archived from the original on 25 July 2012 . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 1987 − 1998 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved 20 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Celine Dion ; ' My Heart Will Go On ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved 20 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Celine Dion -- My Heart Will Go On '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 11 February 2017 . Enter My Heart Will Go On in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Celine Dion -- My Heart Will Go On '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 20 March 2015 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( 8 April 2012 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Does Lionel Richie Make Billboard Chart History ? '' . Billboard . Retrieved 8 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dion 's Iconic ' My Heart Will Go On ' Turns 20 '' . Billboard. 18 May 2017 . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion -- My Heart Will Go On '' ( in Japanese ) . Sony Music Entertainment Japan . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Celine Dion -- My Heart Will Go On '' . Discogs . Retrieved 23 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion -- My Heart Will Go On ( Dance Mixes ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Sony Music Entertainment Japan . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Titanic - oppklaring for Sissel Jump up ^ Her synger Sissel Kyrkjebø for verdensstjernene Jump up ^ -- Det var det verste øyeblikket i mitt liv Jump up ^ My Heart Will Go On -- Sissel Live @ Titanic Live Premiere Jump up ^ Kyrkjebø , Sissel on Ballade Jump up ^ Sissel Kyrkjebø kunne ha sunget `` My heart will go on '' Jump up ^ `` Saxgodingar 4 '' . Swedish Mediatatabase. 1998 . Retrieved 30 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Onyria -- My Heart Will Go On `` Titanic Theme '' ( Celine Dion Cover ) , 13 January 2013 , retrieved 21 November 2016 Further reading ( edit ) Rapkin , Mickey ( 2017 - 05 - 18 ) . `` The Oral History of Celine Dion 's ' My Heart Will Go On ' : Controversies , Doubts & ' Belly Pains ' in the Studio '' . Billboard . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 22 . External links ( edit ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Music Video ) on YouTube `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Live in Las Vegas ) on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Celine Dion English singles Singles discography Albums discography 1980s `` Listen to the Magic Man '' `` Michael 's Song '' `` Ca n't Live with You , Ca n't Live Without You '' 1990s `` ( If There Was ) Any Other Way '' `` Unison '' `` Where Does My Heart Beat Now '' `` The Last to Know '' `` Have a Heart '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` If You Asked Me To '' `` Nothing Broken but My Heart '' `` Love Can Move Mountains '' `` Water from the Moon '' `` Did You Give Enough Love '' `` When I Fall in Love '' `` The Power of Love '' `` Misled '' `` Love Lights the World '' `` Think Twice '' `` Only One Road '' `` Calling You '' `` Next Plane Out '' `` Just Walk Away '' `` To Love You More '' `` ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman '' `` Falling into You '' `` Because You Loved Me '' `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' `` The Power of the Dream '' `` All by Myself '' `` Send Me a Lover '' `` Call the Man '' `` Make You Happy '' `` Dreamin ' of You '' `` Tell Him '' `` Be the Man '' `` The Reason '' `` My Heart Will Go On '' `` Immortality '' `` When I Need You '' `` I Hate You Then I Love You '' `` Miles to Go ( Before I Sleep ) '' `` It 's Hard to Say Goodbye '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' `` I 'm Your Angel '' `` The Prayer '' `` Treat Her Like a Lady '' `` That 's the Way It Is '' `` Then You Look at Me '' 2000s `` Live ( for the One I Love ) '' `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' `` I Want You to Need Me '' `` If Walls Could Talk '' `` Do n't Save It All for Christmas Day '' `` God Bless America '' `` A New Day Has Come '' `` I 'm Alive '' `` Goodbye 's ( The Saddest Word ) '' `` At Last '' `` I Drove All Night '' `` Have You Ever Been in Love '' `` One Heart '' `` Stand by Your Side '' `` Faith '' `` You and I '' `` Beautiful Boy '' `` Miracle '' `` In Some Small Way '' `` Taking Chances '' `` Eyes on Me '' `` A World to Believe In '' `` Alone '' `` My Love '' 2010s `` Loved Me Back to Life '' `` Breakaway '' `` Incredible '' `` Water and a Flame '' `` Hymn '' `` The Show Must Go On '' `` Recovering '' `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' Other `` Voices That Care '' `` What More Can I Give '' `` Come Together Now '' `` Sing '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' Book Portal Academy Award for Best Original Song 1934 -- 1940 `` The Continental '' Music : Con Conrad Lyrics : Herb Magidson ( 1934 ) `` Lullaby of Broadway '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Al Dubin ( 1935 ) `` The Way You Look Tonight '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Dorothy Fields ( 1936 ) `` Sweet Leilani '' Music and lyrics : Harry Owens ( 1937 ) `` Thanks for the Memory '' Music : Ralph Rainger Lyrics : Leo Robin ( 1938 ) `` Over the Rainbow '' Music : Harold Arlen Lyrics : E.Y. Harburg ( 1939 ) `` When You Wish upon a Star '' Music : Leigh Harline Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1940 ) 1941 -- 1950 `` The Last Time I Saw Paris '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1941 ) `` White Christmas '' Music and Lyrics : Irving Berlin ( 1942 ) `` You 'll Never Know '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Mack Gordon ( 1943 ) `` Swinging on a Star '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Johnny Burke ( 1944 ) `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' Music : Richard Rodgers Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1945 ) `` On the Atchison , Topeka and the Santa Fe '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1946 ) `` Zip - a-Dee - Doo - Dah '' Music : Allie Wrubel Lyrics : Ray Gilbert ( 1947 ) `` Buttons and Bows '' Music : Jay Livingston Lyrics : Ray Evans ( 1948 ) `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Music and Lyrics : Frank Loesser ( 1949 ) `` Mona Lisa '' Music and Lyrics : Ray Evans and Jay Livingston ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1960 `` In the Cool , Cool , Cool of the Evening '' Music : Hoagy Carmichael Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1951 ) `` High Noon ( Do Not Forsake Me , Oh My Darlin ' ) '' Music : Dimitri Tiomkin Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1952 ) `` Secret Love '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1953 ) `` Three Coins in the Fountain '' Music : Jule Styne Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1954 ) `` Love Is a Many Splendored Thing '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1955 ) `` Que Sera , Sera ( Whatever Will Be , Will Be ) '' Music and lyrics : Jay Livingston and Ray Evans ( 1956 ) `` All the Way '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1957 ) `` Gigi '' Music : Frederick Loewe Lyrics : Alan Jay Lerner ( 1958 ) `` High Hopes '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1959 ) `` Never on Sunday '' Music and lyrics : Manos Hatzidakis ( 1960 ) 1961 -- 1970 `` Moon River '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1961 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1962 ) `` Call Me Irresponsible '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1963 ) `` Chim Chim Cher - ee '' Music and lyrics : Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman ( 1964 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' Music : Johnny Mandel Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1965 ) `` Born Free '' Music : John Barry Lyrics : Don Black ( 1966 ) `` Talk to the Animals '' Music and lyrics : Leslie Bricusse ( 1967 ) `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' Music : Michel Legrand Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1968 ) `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' Music : Burt Bacharach Lyrics : Hal David ( 1969 ) `` For All We Know '' Music : Fred Karlin Lyrics : Robb Royer and Jimmy Griffin ( 1970 ) 1971 -- 1980 `` Theme from Shaft '' Music and lyrics : Isaac Hayes ( 1971 ) `` The Morning After '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1972 ) `` The Way We Were '' Music : Marvin Hamlisch Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1973 ) `` We May Never Love Like This Again '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1974 ) `` I 'm Easy '' Music and lyrics : Keith Carradine ( 1975 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' Music : Barbra Streisand Lyrics : Paul Williams ( 1976 ) `` You Light Up My Life '' Music and lyrics : Joseph Brooks ( 1977 ) `` Last Dance '' Music and lyrics : Paul Jabara ( 1978 ) `` It Goes Like It Goes '' Music : David Shire Lyrics : Norman Gimbel ( 1979 ) `` Fame '' Music : Michael Gore Lyrics : Dean Pitchford ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 1990 `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' Music and lyrics : Burt Bacharach , Carole Bayer Sager , Christopher Cross and Peter Allen ( 1981 ) `` Up Where We Belong '' Music : Jack Nitzsche and Buffy Sainte - Marie Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1982 ) `` Flashdance ... What a Feeling '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Keith Forsey and Irene Cara ( 1983 ) `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' Music and lyrics : Stevie Wonder ( 1984 ) `` Say You , Say Me '' Music and lyrics : Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) `` Take My Breath Away '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Tom Whitlock ( 1986 ) `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Music : Franke Previte , John DeNicola and Donald Markowitz Lyrics : Franke Previte ( 1987 ) `` Let the River Run '' Music and lyrics : Carly Simon ( 1988 ) `` Under the Sea '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1989 ) `` Sooner or Later ( I Always Get My Man ) '' Music and Lyrics : Stephen Sondheim ( 1990 ) 1991 -- 2000 `` Beauty and the Beast '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1991 ) `` A Whole New World '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1992 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' Music and lyrics : Bruce Springsteen ( 1993 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Music : Elton John Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1994 ) `` Colors of the Wind '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1995 ) `` You Must Love Me '' Music : Andrew Lloyd Webber Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1996 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' Music : James Horner Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1997 ) `` When You Believe '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1998 ) `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' Music and lyrics : Phil Collins ( 1999 ) `` Things Have Changed '' Music and lyrics : Bob Dylan ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2010 `` If I Did n't Have You '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2001 ) `` Lose Yourself '' Music : Eminem , Jeff Bass and Luis Resto Lyrics : Eminem ( 2002 ) `` Into the West '' Music and lyrics : Fran Walsh , Howard Shore and Annie Lennox ( 2003 ) `` Al otro lado del río '' Music and lyrics : Jorge Drexler ( 2004 ) `` It 's Hard out Here for a Pimp '' Music and lyrics : Juicy J , Frayser Boy and DJ Paul ( 2005 ) `` I Need to Wake Up '' Music and lyrics : Melissa Etheridge ( 2006 ) `` Falling Slowly '' Music and lyrics : Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová ( 2007 ) `` Jai Ho '' Music : A.R. Rahman Lyrics : Gulzar ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music and lyrics : Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) `` We Belong Together '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present `` Man or Muppet '' Music and lyrics : Bret McKenzie ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' Music and lyrics : Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Let It Go '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' Music and lyrics : John Stephens and Lonnie Lynn ( 2014 ) `` Writing 's on the Wall '' Music and lyrics : James Napier and Sam Smith ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' Music : Justin Hurwitz Lyrics : Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song ( 1990s ) `` Blaze of Glory '' Music & Lyrics by Jon Bon Jovi ( 1990 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' Lyrics by Howard Ashman , Music by Alan Menken ( 1991 ) `` A Whole New World '' Lyrics by Tim Rice , Music by Alan Menken ( 1992 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' Music & Lyrics by Bruce Springsteen ( 1993 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Lyrics by Tim Rice , Music by Elton John ( 1994 ) `` Colors of the Wind '' Lyrics by Stephen Schwartz , Music by Alan Menken ( 1995 ) `` You Must Love Me '' Lyrics by Tim Rice , Music by Andrew Lloyd Webber ( 1996 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' Lyrics by Wilbur Jennings , Music by James Horner ( 1997 ) `` The Prayer '' Music & Lyrics by David Foster , Tony Renis , Carole Bayer Sager , Alberto Testa ( 1998 ) `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' Music & Lyrics by Phil Collins ( 1999 ) Complete List ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Grammy Award for Record of the Year ( 1990s ) `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' * by Bette Midler produced by Arif Mardin ( 1990 ) `` Another Day in Paradise '' by Phil Collins produced by Hugh Padgham & Phil Collins ( 1991 ) `` Unforgettable '' * by Natalie Cole with Nat King Cole produced by David Foster ( 1992 ) `` Tears in Heaven '' * by Eric Clapton produced by Russ Titelman ( 1993 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' by Whitney Houston produced by David Foster ( 1994 ) `` All I Wanna Do '' by Sheryl Crow produced by Bill Bottrell ( 1995 ) `` Kiss from a Rose '' * by Seal produced by Trevor Horn ( 1996 ) `` Change the World '' * by Eric Clapton produced by Babyface ( 1997 ) `` Sunny Came Home '' * by Shawn Colvin produced by John Leventhal ( 1998 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' * by Celine Dion engineered / mixed by David Gleeson , Humberto Gatica & Simon Franglen ; produced by James Horner , Simon Franglen & Walter Afanasieff ( 1999 ) Complete list ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Grammy Award for Song of the Year ( 1990s ) Larry Henley & Jeff Silbar - `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' 1991 Julie Gold - `` From a Distance '' Irving Gordon - `` Unforgettable '' Eric Clapton & Will Jennings - `` Tears in Heaven '' Alan Menken & Tim Rice - `` A Whole New World '' 1995 Bruce Springsteen - `` Streets of Philadelphia '' Seal - `` Kiss from a Rose '' 1997 Gordon Kennedy , Wayne Kirkpatrick & Tommy Sims - `` Change the World '' 1998 Shawn Colvin & John Leventhal - `` Sunny Came Home '' 1999 James Horner & Will Jennings - `` My Heart Will Go On '' Complete list ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) RMS Titanic First class facilities Second and Third class facilities Grand Staircase Animals aboard Musicians Sinking Alternative theories Changes in safety practices Legends and myths Lifeboats Lifeboat No. 1 British inquiry US inquiry Wreck of Titanic Maritime Memorial Act Deck officers Edward J. Smith ( Captain ) Henry Tingle Wilde ( Chief Officer ) William McMaster Murdoch ( First Officer ) Charles H. Lightoller ( Second Officer ) Herbert Pitman ( Third Officer ) Joseph G. Boxhall ( Fourth Officer ) Harold G. Lowe ( Fifth Officer ) James Paul Moody ( Sixth Officer ) Crew members Frederick Barrett Harold Bride William Denton Cox Sid Daniels Alfred Frank Evans Frederick Fleet Luigi Gatti Robert Hichens Violet Jessop Charles Joughin Reginald Lee Evelyn Marsden William Mintram Jack Phillips George Symons Passengers Fatalities Thomas Andrews John Jacob Astor IV David John Bowen Archibald Butt Thomas Byles Walter Donald Douglas Edith Corse Evans Annie Funk Jacques Futrelle Sidney Leslie Goodwin Benjamin Guggenheim John Harper Wallace Hartley Charles Melville Hays Edward Austin Kent Joseph Philippe Lemercier Laroche Francis Davis Millet Harry Markland Molson Michel Navratil Eino Viljami Panula W.T. Stead Ida Straus Isidor Straus John Borland Thayer Jr . Frank M. Warren , Sr . George Dennick Wick George Dunton Widener Harry Elkins Widener Duane Williams George Henry Wright Survivors Rhoda Abbott Madeleine Astor Lawrence Beesley Karl Behr Dickinson Bishop Mauritz Håkan Björnström - Steffansson Elsie Bowerman Francis Browne Margaret `` Molly '' Brown Daniel Buckley Helen Churchill Candee Charlotte Drake Cardeza Lucile Carter Gladys Cherry Margaret Devaney Sir Cosmo Duff - Gordon Lucy , Lady Duff - Gordon Ethel Flora Fortune Dorothy Gibson Archibald Gracie IV Frank John William Goldsmith Henry S. Harper Margaret Bechstein Hays Masabumi Hosono J. Bruce Ismay Margaret Mannion Alfred Nourney Arthur Godfrey Peuchen Edith Rosenbaum Noël Leslie , Countess of Rothes Emily Ryerson Frederic Kimber Seward Eloise Hughes Smith Jack Thayer Marian Thayer R. Norris Williams Last living survivors Lillian Asplund Ruth Becker Alden Caldwell Millvina Dean Edith Haisman Eva Hart Eleanor Ileen Johnson Louise Laroche Louise Kink Michel Marcel Navratil Winnifred Quick Marjorie Newell Robb Beatrice Sandström Barbara West Other Allison family Monuments and memorials General Memorials and monuments to the RMS Titanic Australia Bandstand ( Ballarat ) United Kingdom Engine Room Heroes ( Liverpool ) Engineers ( Southampton ) Musicians ( Southampton ) Titanic ( Belfast ) Orchestra ( Liverpool ) United States Straus Park ( New York City ) Titanic ( New York City ) Titanic ( Washington , D.C. ) Butt - Millet Memorial Fountain ( Washington , D.C. ) Popular culture Books Futility , or the Wreck of the Titan ( 1898 ) A Night to Remember ( book ) Polar the Titanic Bear Films Saved from the Titanic ( 1912 ) In Nacht und Eis ( 1912 ) Atlantic ( 1929 ) Titanic ( 1943 ) Titanic ( 1953 ) A Night to Remember ( 1958 ) The Unsinkable Molly Brown ( 1964 ) Raise the Titanic ( 1980 ) Secrets of the Titanic ( 1986 ) Titanica ( 1992 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) The Legend of the Titanic ( 1999 ) Titanic : The Legend Goes On ( 2000 ) Ghosts of the Abyss ( 2003 ) Titanic II ( 2010 ) Television S.O.S. Titanic ( 1979 ) Titanic : The Complete Story ( 1994 ) Titanic ( 1996 ) No Greater Love ( 1996 ) `` A Flight to Remember '' ( Futurama ) ( 1999 ) Titanic ( 2012 ) Titanic : Blood and Steel ( 2012 ) Saving the Titanic ( 2012 ) Music `` The Titanic ( It Was Sad When That Great Ship Went Down ) '' ( folk song ) The Sinking of the Titanic ( music composition ) Titanic ( musical ) The Unsinkable Molly Brown ( musical ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( song ) `` Nearer , My God , to Thee '' ( song ) Video games Titanic : Adventure Out of Time ( 1996 ) Titanic : Honor and Glory ( 2017 ) Museums and exhibitions SeaCity Museum ( Southampton ) Titanic Museum ( Branson , Missouri ) Titanic Museum ( Pigeon Forge , Tennessee ) Maritime Museum of the Atlantic ( Halifax ) Titanic Belfast Places Titanic ( Canada ) Titanic Canyon Titanic Quarter , Belfast Cape Race , Newfoundland Fairview Cemetery , Halifax , Nova Scotia Mount Olivet Cemetery ( Halifax ) Related Titanic Historical Society Encyclopedia Titanica Halomonas titanicae Women and children first SOS RMS Carpathia RMS Olympic HMHS Britannic Robert Ballard Replica Titanic Titanic II Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Heart_Will_Go_On&oldid=809371135 '' Categories : Celine Dion songs 1997 singles 1998 singles 1990s ballads Love themes Best Original Song Academy Award - 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one singles Titanic ( 1997 film ) Song recordings produced by Walter Afanasieff RPM Top Singles number - one singles Songs written for films Sony Music Entertainment singles Columbia Records singles Epic Records singles Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 maint : Unfit url CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use dmy dates from November 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Audio sample to be checked All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Articles needing additional references from March 2014 All articles needing additional references Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardlatinsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Singlechart usages for Billboardtropicalsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for Netherlands Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 November 2017 , at 18 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My%20Heart%20Will%20Go%20On	3,159
3. the drakensberg has the 2nd highest waterfall in africa. what’s it called	The high treeless peaks of the Drakensberg ( from 2,500 m ( 8,200 ft ) upwards ) have been described by the World Wildlife Fund as the Drakensberg alti - montane grasslands and woodlands ecoregion . These steep slopes are the most southerly high mountains in Africa , and being further from the equator provide cooler habitats at lower elevations than most mountain ranges on the continent . The high rainfall generates many mountain streams and rivers , including the sources of the Orange River , southern Africa 's longest , and the Tugela River . These mountains also have the world 's second - highest waterfall , the Tugela Falls ( Thukela Falls ) , which has a total drop of 947 m ( 3,107 ft ) . The rivers that run from the Drakensberg are an essential resource for South Africa 's economy , providing water for the industrial provinces of Mpumalanga and Gauteng , which contains the city of Johannesburg . The climate is wet and cool at the high elevations , which experience snowfall in winter .	the Tugela Falls ( Thukela Falls )	Drakensberg	drakensberg	The Drakensberg ( Afrikaans : Drakensberge , isiZulu : uKhahlamba , SeSotho : Maluti ) is the name given to the eastern portion of the Great Escarpment , which encloses the central Southern African plateau . The Great Escarpment reaches its greatest elevation in this region -- 2,000 to 3,482 metres ( 6,562 to 11,424 feet ) . It is located in South Africa . The name by which it is now known is Drakens Mountain , or Mountain of the Dragons .	A map of South Africa showing the central plateau edged by the Great Escarpment and its relationship to the Cape Fold Mountains to the south . The portion of the Great Escarpment shown in red is known as the Drakensberg . The Drakensberg escarpment stretches for over 1,000 kilometres ( 600 miles ) from the Eastern Cape Province in the South , then successively forms , in order from south to north , the border between Lesotho and the Eastern Cape and the border between Lesotho and KwaZulu - Natal Province . Thereafter it forms the border between KwaZulu - Natal and the Free State , and next as the border between KwaZulu - Natal and Mpumalanga Province . It winds north , through Mpumalanga , where it includes features such as the Blyde River Canyon , Three Rondavels and God 's Window . It moves north again above Tzaneen in Limpopo Province , where it includes the Wolkberg Mountains and Iron Crown Mountain , at 2,200 m ( 7,200 ft ) above sea level , the Wolkberg being the highest mountain range in Limpopo . It veers west again and at Mokopane it is known as the Strydpoort Mountains . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Geological origins 3 Geomorphology 3.1 Appearance 3.2 Composition 4 Highest peaks 5 Mountain passes 6 Ecology 6.1 Flora 6.2 Fauna 6.2. 1 Fauna of the high peaks 6.2. 2 Fauna of the lower slopes 6.3 Conservation 7 Urban areas 8 San cave paintings 9 In popular culture 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Etymology ( edit ) The Afrikaans name Drakensberge comes from the name the earliest Dutch settlers to the region gave it . They called them the Drakensbergen , or `` Mountains of Dragons '' . Several possible reasons for this name include the pointy tops giving an appearance similar to that of the back of the mythical European dragon , old local myths of dragons roaming the mountains , and possible findings of dinosaur fossils ( which would have been confused with the remains of dragons ) . When most South Africans and visitors speak of the Drakensberg , they refer to the Great Escarpment that forms the border between Lesotho and KwaZulu - Natal , believing it to be a range of mountains extending into Lesotho , more correctly known as the Lesotho Highlands . This highest portion of the Great Escarpment is known as uKhahlamba ( `` Barrier of up - pointed spears '' ) in Zulu and Maluti in Sotho . Geological origins ( edit ) About 180 million years ago , a mantle plume under southern Gondwana caused bulging of the continental crust in the area that would later become southern Africa . Within 10 -- 20 million years rift valleys formed on either side of the central bulge , which became flooded to become the proto - Atlantic and proto - Indian oceans . The stepped steep walls of these rift valleys formed escarpments that surrounded the newly formed Southern African subcontinent . With the widening of the Atlantic , Indian and Southern oceans , Southern Africa became tectonically quiescent . Earthquakes rarely occur , and there has been no volcanic or orogenic activity for about 50 million years . An almost uninterrupted period of erosion has continued to the present , resulting in layers several kilometers thick having been lost from the surface of the plateau . A thick layer of marine sediment was consequently deposited onto the continental shelf ( the lower steps of the original rift valley walls ) which surrounds the subcontinent . During the past 20 million years , further massive upliftment , especially in the East , has taken place in Southern Africa . As a result , most of the plateau lies above 1,000 m ( 3,300 ft ) despite the extensive erosion . The plateau is tilted such that its highest point is in the east , and it slopes gently downwards towards the west and south . The elevation of the edge of the eastern escarpments is typically in excess of 2,000 m ( 6,600 ft ) . It reaches its highest point ( over 3,000 m ( 9,800 ft ) ) where the escarpment forms part of the international border between Lesotho and the South African province of KwaZulu - Natal . The upliftment of the central plateau over the past 20 million years and erosion resulted in the original escarpment being moved inland , creating the present - day coastal plain . The position of the present escarpment is approximately 150 km inland from the original fault lines which formed the walls of the rift valley that developed along the coast during the break - up of Gondwana . The rate of the erosion of the escarpment in the Drakensberg region is said to average 1.5 m ( 5 ft ) per 1000 years , or 1.5 millimetres ( ⁄ in ) per year . Because of the extensive erosion of the plateau , which occurred over most of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras , none of its surface rocks ( except the Kalahari sands ) are younger than 180 million years . The youngest rocks that remain cap the plateau in Lesotho . These are the Clarens Formation laid down under desert conditions about 200 million years ago , topped by a 1,600 m ( 5,200 ft ) thick layer of lava which erupted , and covered most of Southern Africa , and large parts of Gondwana , about 180 million years ago . These rocks form the steep sides of the Great Escarpment in this region , where its upper edge reaches an elevation in excess of 3,000 m ( 9,800 ft ) . The erosional retreat of the escarpment from the coast to its present position , means that the rocks of the coastal plain are , with very few and small exceptions , older than those that cap the top of the escarpment . Thus the rocks of the Mpumalanga Lowveld below the Mpumalanga portion of the Great Escarpment are more than 3000 million years old . The rocks of the KwaZulu - Natal Midlands belong , in the main , to the Beaufort and Ecca Groups ( of the Karoo Supergroup ) , aged 220 -- 310 million years , and are therefore considerably older than the Drakensberg lavas ( aged 180 million years ) which cap the escarpment on the border between KwaZulu - Natal and Lesotho . The entire eastern portion of the Great Escarpment ( see the accompanying map ) constitutes the Drakensberg . The Drakensberg terminate in the north near Tzaneen at about the 22 ° S parallel . The absence of the Great Escarpment for about 450 km ( 280 mi ) to the north of Tzaneen ( to reappear on the border between Zimbabwe and Mozambique in the Chimanimani Highlands ) is due to a failed westerly branch of the main rift that caused Antarctica to start drifting away from Southern Africa during the breakup of Gondwana about 150 million years ago . The lower Limpopo River and Save River drain into the Indian Ocean through what remains of this relict incipient rift valley which now forms part of the South African Low veld . Geomorphology ( edit ) Appearance ( edit ) An approximate SW - NE cross section through South Africa with the Cape Peninsula ( with Table Mountain ) on the far left , and north - eastern KwaZulu - Natal on the right . Diagrammatic and only roughly to scale . It shows how the Drakensberg Escarpment is related to the major geographical features that dominate the southern and eastern parts of the country , particularly the Central Plateau , whose south - western edge ( in the diagram ) is called the Roggeberg escarpment ( not labelled ) . The major geological layers that shape this geography are indicated in different colors , whose significance and origin are explained under the headings `` Karoo Supergroup '' and `` Cape Supergroup '' . The 1600 m thick layer of hard , erosion - resistant basalt ( lava ) that accounts for the height and steepness of the Drakensberg Escarpment on the KwaZuluNatal - Lesotho border is indicated in blue . Immediately below it is the Stormberg Group shown in green . The Clarence Formation with its numerous caves and San rock paintings , forms part of this latter group . The escarpment seen from below looks like a range of mountains . The Limpopo , Mpumalanga and Lesotho Drakensberg have hard erosion - resistant upper surfaces and therefore have a very rugged appearance , combining steep - sided blocks and pinnacles ( giving rise to the Zulu name `` Barrier of up - pointed spears '' ) . Who first gave these mountains their Afrikaans or Dutch name Drakensberg , and why , is unknown . ) . The KwaZulu - Natal -- Free State Drakensberg are composed of softer rocks and therefore have a more rounded , softer appearance from below . The top of the escarpment is generally almost table - top flat and smooth , even in Lesotho . The `` Lesotho Mountains '' are formed away from the Drakensberg escarpment by erosion gulleys which turn into deep valleys which contain tributaries of the Orange River . The large number of tributaries give the Lesotho Highlands a very rugged mountainous appearance , both from the ground and from the air . Composition ( edit ) The geological composition of Drakensberg ( escarpment wall ) varies considerably along its more than 1000 km length . The Limpopo and Mpumalanga Drakensberg are capped by an erosion resistant quartzite layer which is part of the Transvaal Supergroup which also forms the Magaliesberg to the north and northwest of Pretoria . These rocks are more than 2000 million years old . South of the 26 ° S parallel the Drakensberg escarpment is composed of Ecca shales , which belong to the Karoo Supergroup , which are 300 million years old . The portion of the Drakensberg that forms the KwaZulu - Natal -- Free State border is formed by slightly younger Beaufort rocks ( 250 million years old ) which are also part of the Karoo Supergroup . The Ecca and Beaufort groups are composed of sedimentary rocks which are less erosion resistant than the other rocks which make up the Drakensberg escarpment . This portion of escarpment is therefore not as impressive as the Mpumalanga and Lesotho stretches of the Drakensberg . The Drakensberg which form the north - eastern and eastern borders of Lesotho , as well as the Eastern Cape Drakensberg are composed of a thick layer of basalt ( lava ) which erupted 180 million years ago . That rests on the youngest of the Karoo Supergroup sediments , the Clarens sandstone , which was laid down under desert conditions , about 200 million years ago . Highest peaks ( edit ) The highest peak is Thabana Ntlenyana , at 3,482 m ( 11,424 ft ) . Other notable peaks include Mafadi ( 3,450 m ( 11,319 ft ) ) , Makoaneng at 3,416 m , Njesuthi at 3,408 m , Champagne Castle at 3,377 m , Giant 's Castle at 3,315 m , Ben Macdhui at 3,001 m , and Popple Peak at 3331m , all of these are in the area bordering on Lesotho . Another popular area for hikers is Cathedral Peak . North of Lesotho the range becomes lower and less rugged until entering Mpumalanga where the quartzite mountains of the Transvaal Drakensberg are loftier and more broken and form the eastern rim of the Transvaal Basin , the Blyde River Canyon lying within this stretch . The geology of this section is the same as and continuous with that of the Magaliesberg . Mountain passes ( edit ) Main article : List of mountain passes of KwaZulu - Natal Ecology ( edit ) Tugela Falls vicinity -- Tugela River in valley Little Saddle The high treeless peaks of the Drakensberg ( from 2,500 m ( 8,200 ft ) upwards ) have been described by the World Wildlife Fund as the Drakensberg alti - montane grasslands and woodlands ecoregion . These steep slopes are the most southerly high mountains in Africa , and being further from the equator provide cooler habitats at lower elevations than most mountain ranges on the continent . The high rainfall generates many mountain streams and rivers , including the sources of the Orange River , southern Africa 's longest , and the Tugela River . These mountains also have the world 's second - highest waterfall , the Tugela Falls ( Thukela Falls ) , which has a total drop of 947 m ( 3,107 ft ) . The rivers that run from the Drakensberg are an essential resource for South Africa 's economy , providing water for the industrial provinces of Mpumalanga and Gauteng , which contains the city of Johannesburg . The climate is wet and cool at the high elevations , which experience snowfall in winter . Meanwhile , the grassy lower slopes ( from 1,800 to 2,500 m ( 5,900 to 8,200 ft ) ) of the Drakensberg in Swaziland , South Africa and Lesotho constitute the Drakensberg Montane Grassland , Woodland , and Forest . Flora ( edit ) Cathedral Valley The mountains are rich in plant life , including a large number of species listed in the Red Data Book of threatened plants , with 119 species listed as globally endangered and `` of the 2 153 plant species in the park , a remarkable 98 are endemic or near - endemic '' . The flora of the high alti - montane grasslands is mainly tussock grass , creeping plants , and small shrubs such as ericas . These include the rare Spiral Aloe ( Aloe polyphylla ) , which as its name suggests has leaves with a spiral shape . Meanwhile , the lower slopes are mainly grassland but are also home to conifers , which are rare in Africa , the species of conifer found in the Drakensberg is Podocarpus . The grassland itself is of interest as it contains a great number of endemic plants . Grasses found here include oat grass Monocymbium ceresiiforme , Diheteropogon filifolius , Sporobolus centrifugus , caterpillar grass ( Harpochloa falx ) , Cymbopogon dieterlenii , and Eulalia villosa . Fauna ( edit ) The Drakensberg area is `` home to 299 recorded bird species '' ' making up `` 37 % of all non-marine avian species in southern Africa . '' Fauna of the high peaks ( edit ) There is one bird that is endemic to the high peaks , the mountain pipit ( Anthus hoeschi ) , while another six are found mainly here : Bush blackcap ( Lioptilus nigricapillus ) , buff - streaked chat ( Oenanthe bifasciata ) , Rudd 's lark ( Heteromirafra ruddi ) , Drakensberg rockjumper ( Chaetops aurantius ) , yellow - breasted pipit ( Anthus chloris ) , and Drakensberg siskin ( Serinus symonsi ) . The endangered Cape vulture and lesser kestrel are two of the birds of prey that hunt in the mountains . Mammals include klipspringer ( Oreotragus oreotragus ) , eland ( Taurotragus oryx ) and mountain reedbuck ( Redunca fulvorufula ) . Other endemic species include three frogs found in the mountain streams , Drakensberg river frog , ( Amietia dracomontana ) , Phofung river frog ( Amietia vertebralis ) and Maluti river frog ( Amietia umbraculata ) . Fish are found in the many rivers and streams including the Maluti redfin ( Pseudobarbus quathlambae ) , which was thought to be extinct but has been found in the Senqunyane River in Lesotho . Fauna of the lower slopes ( edit ) Drakensberg Cliffs The lower slopes of the Drakensberg support much wildlife , perhaps most importantly the rare southern white rhinoceros ( which was nurtured here when facing extinction ) and the black wildebeest ( Connochaetes gnou , which as of 2011 only thrives in protected areas and game reserves ) . The area is home to large herds of grazing and antelopes such as eland ( Taurotragus oryx ) , reedbuck ( Redunca arundinum ) , mountain reedbuck ( Redunca fulvorufula ) , grey rhebok ( Pelea capreolus ) , and even some oribi ( Ourebia ourebi ) . Chacma baboons are also present . Endemic species include a large number of chameleons and other reptiles . There is one endemic frog , forest rain frog ( Breviceps sylvestris ) , and four more that are found mainly in these mountains ; long - toed tree frog ( Leptopelis xenodactylus ) , plaintive rain frog ( Breviceps maculatus ) , rough rain frog ( Breviceps verrucosus ) , and Poynton 's caco ( Cacosternum poyntoni ) . Conservation ( edit ) A view of the Mpumalanga Drakensberg portion of the Great Escarpment , from God 's Window , near Graskop looking south . The hard erosion resistant layer that forms the upper edge of the escarpment here consists of flat lying quartzite belonging to the Black Reef Formation , which also forms the Magaliesberg mountains near Pretoria . The high slopes are hard to reach so the environment is fairly undamaged . However , tourism in the Drakensberg is developing , with a variety of hiking trails , hotels and resorts appearing on the slopes . Most of the higher South African parts of the range have been designated as game reserves or wilderness areas . Of these the uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park was listed by UNESCO in 2000 as a World Heritage site . The park is also in the List of Wetlands of International Importance ( under the Ramsar Convention ) . The Royal Natal National Park , which contains some of the higher peaks , is part of this large park complex . Adjacent to the Ukhahlamba Drakensberg World Heritage Site is the 1900 ha Allendale Mountain Reserve which is the largest private reserve adjoining the World Heritage Site and is found in the accessible Kamberg area , the heart of the historic San ( Bushman ) painting region of the Ukhahlamba . The grassland of the lower slopes meanwhile has been greatly affected by agriculture , especially overgrazing . Original grassland and forest has nearly all disappeared and more protection is needed , though the Giant 's Castle reserve is a haven for the eland and also is a breeding ground for the bearded vulture . Panorama of the Giant 's Castle region The Maloti - Drakensberg Transfrontier Conservation Area was established to preserve some of the high mountain areas of the range . Urban areas ( edit ) Towns and cities in the Drakensberg area include , from South to North , Matatiele and Barkly East in the Eastern Cape Province ; Ladysmith , Newcastle , Ulundi -- the former Zulu capital , Dundee and Ixopo in KwaZulu - Natal ; all of Lesotho , whose capital is Maseru and Tzaneen in Limpopo Province . San cave paintings ( edit ) San rock painting of an eland in a Clarens Formation cave in the UKhahlamba Drakensberg Park of KwaZulu - Natal close to the Lesotho border . There are numerous caves in the easily eroded sandstone of Clarens Formation , the layer below the thick , hard basalt layer on the KwaZulu Natal - Lesotho border . Many of these caves have rock paintings by the San ( Bushmen ) . This portion of the Drakensberg has between 35,000 and 40,000 works of San rock art and is the largest collection of such work in the world . Some 20,000 individual rock paintings have been recorded at 500 different caves and overhanging sites between the Drakensberg Royal Natal National Park and Bushman 's Nek . Due to the materials used in their production , these paintings are difficult to date but there is anthropological evidence , including many hunting implements , that the San people existed in the Drakensberg at least 40,000 years ago , and possibly over 100,000 years ago . According to mountainsides.co.za , `` ( i ) n Nd edema Gorge in the Central Ginsberg 3,900 paintings have been recorded at 17 sites . One of them , Sebaayeni Cave , contains 1,146 individual paintings . '' The website south Africa.info indicates that though `` the oldest painting on a rock shelter wall in the Ginsberg dates back about 2400 years ... paint chips at least a thousand years older have also been found . '' The site also indicates that `` ( t ) he rock art of the Drakensberg is the largest and most concentrated group of rock paintings in Africa south of the Sahara , and is outstanding both in quality and diversity of subject . '' In popular culture ( edit ) The Drakensberg was featured in the 2009 American science fiction film 2012 . It was mentioned in the last scene of the movie , where after twenty - seven days of a great flood which people tried to survive by building arks , the waters began receding . The arks approach the Cape of Good Hope , where the Drakensberg ( now the tallest mountain range on Earth ) emerges . See also ( edit ) List of mountains in South Africa Maloti Mountains References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Atlas of Southern Africa ( 1984 ) . p. 13 , 190 -- 192 . Readers Digest Association , Cape Town Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica ( 1975 ) ; Micropaedia Vol . III , p. 655 . Helen Hemingway Benton Publishers , Chicago . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Pearse , R.O. ( 1973 ) Barrier of Spears . Drama of the Drakensberg . p.i. Howard Timmins , Epping , Cape ^ Jump up to : McCarthy , T. & Rubidge , B. ( 2005 ) . The Story of Earth and Life . pp. 16 -- 7,192 -- 195 , 245 -- 248 , 263 , 267 -- 269 . Struik Publishers , Cape Town . ^ Jump up to : Truswell , J.F. ( 1977 ) . The Geological Evolution of South Africa . pp. 151 -- 153,157 -- 159,184 -- 188 , 190 . Purnell , Cape Town . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica ( 1975 ) ; Macropaedia , Vol. 17 . p. 60 . Helen Hemingway Benton Publishers , Chicago . ^ Jump up to : Atlas of Southern Africa . ( 1984 ) . Readers Digest Association , Cape Town Jump up ^ McCarthy , T.S. ( 2013 ) `` The Okavango delta and its place in the geomorphological evolution of Southern Africa , '' South African Journal of Geology 116 : 1 -- 54 . ^ Jump up to : Norman , n . & Whitfield , G. ( 2006 ) . Geological Journeys . p. 290 - 300 . Struik Publishers , Cape Town . ^ Jump up to : Geological map of South Africa , Lesotho and Swaziland ( 1970 ) . Council for Geoscience , Geological Survey of South Africa . Jump up ^ Sycholt , August ( 2002 ) . Roxanne Reid , ed . A Guide to the Drakensberg . Cape Town : Struik Publishers . p. 9 . ISBN 1 - 86872 - 593 - 6 . Jump up ^ The Times comprehensive atlas of the World . ( 1999 ) p. 90 . Times Books Group , London . Jump up ^ `` Drakensberg alti - montane grasslands and woodlands '' . Terrestrial Ecoregions . World Wildlife Fund . ^ Jump up to : Alexander , Mary . `` Drakensberg : Barrier of Spears '' . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Maloti Minnow '' . Lhwp.org.ls . Archived from the original on 2 June 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ A Complete Guide to the southern African Frogs . Louis du Preez and Vincent Carruthers Jump up ^ Maloti - Drakensberg Transfrontier Conservation Area Archived 30 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Bushman and San Paintings in the Drakensberg '' . Drakensberg Tourism . Archived from the original on 18 September 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Drakensberg Rock Art '' . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 03 . Rosen , Deborah ; Lewis , Colin ; Illgner , Peter ( 1999 ) . `` Palaeoclimatic And Archaeological Implications of Organic - Rich Sediments at Tifftidell Ski Resort , Near Rhodes , Eastern Cape Province , South Africa '' . Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa . 54 ( 2 ) : 311 -- 321 . doi : 10.1080 / 00359199909520630 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Drakensberg . Wikisource has the text of the 1921 Collier 's Encyclopedia article Drakenberge . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Ukhahlamba Drakensberg . Mpumalanga Escarpment in a weekend travel guide from Wikivoyage KZN Drakensberg Homepage -- Official Website for the KwaZulu Natal Drakensberg . Nature -- Drakensberg : Barrier of Spears -- PBS Nature episode covering the eland ( largest member of antelope family ) of the Drakensberg . Drakensberg hiking trails Maloti - Drakensberg Major African geological formations Plates African Plate Somali Plate Madagascar Plate Seychelles Plate Cratons and shields Arabian - Nubian Shield Congo Craton Kaapvaal Craton Kalahari Craton Saharan Metacraton Tanzania Craton Tuareg Shield West African Craton Zimbabwe Craton Shear zones Aswa Dislocation Broodkop Shear Zone Central African Shear Zone Chuan Shear Zones Foumban Shear Zone Kandi Fault Zone Mwembeshi Shear Zone Todi Shear Zone Western Meseta Shear Zone Orogens Alpide Orogen Cape Fold Belt Damara Orogen East African Orogen Eburnean Orogen Gondwanide Orogen Kibaran Orogen Kuunga Orogen Mauritanide Belt Pan-African orogens Terra Australis Orogen Rifts Afar Triangle Anza trough Bahr el Arab rift Benue Trough Blue Nile rift East African Rift Gulf of Suez Rift Lamu Embayment Melut Basin Muglad Basin Red Sea Rift Sangha Aulacogen Atbara rift White Nile rift Sedimentary basins Angola Basin Aoukar Blue Nile Basin Chad Basin Congo Basin Douala Basin El Djouf Foreland Karoo Basin Gabon Basin Iullemmeden Basin Kufra Basin Murzuq Basin Niger Delta Basin Ogaden Basin Orange River basin Ouled Abdoun Basin Owambo Basin Reggane Basin Rio del Rey Basin Sirte Basin Somali Coastal Basin Taoudeni basin Tanzania Coastal Basin Tindouf Basin Turkana Basin Mountain ranges Aïr Mountains Atlas Mountains Aurès Mountains Bambouk Mountains Blue Mountains Cameroon line Central Pangean Mountains Chaillu Mountains Drakensberg Ethiopian Highlands East African mountains Great Escarpment Great Karas Mountains Guinée forestière Imatong Mountains Jebel Uweinat Loma Mountains Mandara Mountains Marrah Mountains Mitumba Mountains Nuba Mountains Rif Mountains Rwenzori Mountains Sankwala Mountains Serra da Leba Serra da Chela Teffedest Mountains Tibesti Mountains World Heritage Sites in South Africa For official site names , see each article or the List of World Heritage Sites in South Africa . Cape Floral Region Protected Areas Fossil Hominid Sites of South Africa Cradle of Humankind Makapan Valley Taung Child iSimangaliso Wetland Park Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape Richtersveld Cultural and Botanical Landscape Robben Island uKhahlamba / Drakensberg Park Vredefort Dome ǀXam and ǂKhomani heartland Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drakensberg&oldid=804072578 '' Categories : Drakensberg Mountain ranges of South Africa Mountain ranges of Lesotho Afromontane ecoregions Montane grasslands and shrublands Ecoregions of Africa Prehistoric Africa Zoomorphic geographic features Great Escarpment , Southern Africa Volcanism of Lesotho Volcanism of South Africa Precambrian volcanism Triassic volcanism Extinct volcanism Large igneous provinces Mountain ranges of Limpopo Landforms of Mpumalanga Landforms of KwaZulu - Natal Landforms of the Free State ( province ) Mountain ranges of the Eastern Cape Climbing areas of South Africa World Heritage Sites in South Africa Lesotho -- South Africa border Escarpments of Africa Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use British English from May 2013 Use dmy dates from May 2013 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 15 : 15 . 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who are the major trading partners of pakistan	Country Percentage of imports Percentage of exports Percentage of total trade China 31 11 16.9 EU 10.4 18.2 13.0 United Arab Emirates 12.1 8.5 10.9 Saudi Arabia 12.2 8.5 9.0 United States 3.7 13.6 6.7 Kuwait 6.3 0.07 4.4 India 3.7 3.2 Malaysia 9 0.9 2.9 Japan 3.6 1.6 2.9 Iran 3.4 1.8 2.9 Afghanistan 0.3 7.6 2.8 Singapore 4.1 0.3 2.8		Foreign trade of Pakistan	foreign trade of pakistan	This article covers topics relating to the foreign trade of Pakistan . For a more general overview , see economy of Pakistan .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Exports 3 List of trading partners 4 References 5 External links Background ( edit ) Pakistan has bilateral and multilateral trade agreements with many nations and international organizations . It is a member of the World Trade Organisation , part of the South Asian Free Trade Area agreement and the China - Pakistan Free Trade Agreement . Fluctuating world demand for its exports , domestic political uncertainty , and the impact of occasional droughts on its agricultural production have all contributed to variability in Pakistan 's trade deficit . The trade deficit for the fiscal year 2013 / 14 is $ 7.743 billion , exports are $10.367 billion in July -- November 2013 and imports are $18.110 billion . Pakistan 's exports continue to be dominated by cotton textiles and apparel . Imports include petroleum and petroleum products , edible oil , chemicals , fertilizer , capital goods , industrial raw materials , and consumer products . On 12 December 2013 , the European Union granted GSP Plus status to Pakistan until 2017 , which enabled it to export 20 % of its good with 0 tariff and 70 percent at preferential rates to the EU market . This status was given after the European Parliament passed the resolution by 406 - 186 votes . Exports ( edit ) Pakistan 's exports for the year 2015 - 2016 stood at US $ 21 Billion . And imports were at US $ 44.76 billion for the same period . In the past increased more than 100 % from $7.5 billion in 1999 to stand at $18 billion in the financial year 2007 - 2008 . Pakistan 's exports increased more than 100 % from $7.5 billion in 1999 to stand at $18 billion in the financial year 2007 - 2008 . Pakistan exports rice , kinnows , mangoes , furniture , cotton fiber , cement , tiles , marble , textiles , clothing , leather goods , sports goods ( renowned for footballs / soccer balls ) , cutlery , surgical instruments , electrical appliances , software , carpets , rugs , ice cream , livestock meat , chicken , powdered milk , wheat , seafood ( especially shrimp / prawns ) , vegetables , processed food items , Pakistani - assembled Suzukis ( to Afghanistan and other countries ) , defense equipment ( submarines , tanks , radars ) , salt , onyx , engineering goods , and many other items . Pakistan produces and exports cements to Asia and the Middle East . In August 2007 , Pakistan started exporting cement to India to fill in the shortage there caused by the building boom . Russia is a growing market for Pakistani exporters . In 2009 / 2010 the export target of Pakistan was US $20 billion . As of April 2015 , Pakistan 's exports stand at US $29 billion . List of trading partners ( edit ) The following is a list of Pakistan 's main trading partners as of JULY 2017 . Country Percentage of imports Percentage of exports Percentage of total trade China 31 11 16.9 EU 10.4 18.2 13.0 United Arab Emirates 12.1 8.5 10.9 Saudi Arabia 12.2 8.5 9.0 United States 3.7 13.6 6.7 Kuwait 6.3 0.07 4.4 India 3.7 3.2 Malaysia 9 0.9 2.9 Japan 3.6 1.6 2.9 Iran 3.4 1.8 2.9 Afghanistan 0.3 7.6 2.8 Singapore 4.1 0.3 2.8 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://in.reuters.com/article/2013/12/13/pakistan-trade-idINL4N0JA23Z20131213 Jump up ^ Lone , Mahlia S. ( 30 December 2013 ) . `` Pakistan to Benefit From EU Trade Status '' . WWD . Retrieved 2 January 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/pak-gets-gsp-plus-status-till-2017-for-free-access-to-eu-market-113121300203_1.html Jump up ^ Arshad Hussain ( July 16 , 2016 ) . `` Total exports slide by 12.11 % in 2015 - 16 , imports by 2.32 % '' . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Government of Pakistan . Statistics division federal bureau of statistics . Karachi . Summary June 2007 '' ( PDF ) . June 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 27 , 2008 . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Data : Board of Investment '' Economic Pakistan `` . Economicpakistan.wordpress.com. 2008 - 02 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Data : Board of Investment '' Economic Pakistan `` . Economicpakistan.wordpress.com. 2008 - 02 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan to start cement export by August end '' Archived August 21 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , Yahoo ! News , August 3 , 2007 Jump up ^ http://www.freshplaza.com/news_detail.asp?id=66884 External links ( edit ) Trade and Payments SMB Marble `` A statistical look into Pakistan 's foreign friendships '' . The Express Tribune . 3 May 2015 . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . International trade Terminology Absolute advantage Balance of payments Balance of trade Capital account Comparative advantage Current account Export - oriented industrialization Fair trade Foreign exchange reserves Globalization Import substitution industrialization Net capital outflow Outsourcing Tariff Trade justice Trade war Trading nation Organizations and policies International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) United Nations Conference on Trade and Development World Bank Group World Trade Organization ( WTO ) International Trade Centre Bilateral investment treaty Economic integration Free - trade zone Special economic zone Trade agreement Trade barrier Trade bloc Political economy Free trade ( Adam Smith , The Wealth of Nations , Repeal of the Corn Laws ) Mercantilism Protectionism ( Economic nationalism , Autarky ) Regional organizations ACU ASEAN CACM CAN CARICOM CEMAC CUBKR EAC EAU EU GCC Mercosur RCEP SAARC SACU WAEMU Exports by product Aircraft & Spacecraft Aircraft parts Aluminium Cars Car parts Coal Coffee Computers Copper Corn Cotton Diamonds Electricity Engines Gas turbines Gold Integrated circuits Iron ore Natural gas Oil Petrol Pharmaceuticals Ships Steel Telecommunications equipment Telephones Trucks Wheat Wine Category Commons Economy of Pakistan History Numbering system Five - Year Plans Nationalization Privatization Corporatization Fauji Foundation Islamic economization Economic liberalization Medium Term Development Framework Periods of stagflation Banking and finance Banking ( List of banks ) Pakistan Remittance Initiative Communications Currency Mailing Postal codes Postage stamps Telecommunications Dialing codes Internet Mobile network operators Telephone numbers Pakistan Remote Sensing Satellite Transportation Airlines Airports Bridges Motorways National highways Railways Railway stations Dry ports Seaports Vehicle plates Industry Aerospace Agriculture Fishery Livestock Rice production Tea Defence Automotive Books and publishing Cottage and small scale Forestry Information technology Insurance Mining Media Cinema Television Music Pharmaceuticals Real estate Textiles ( Carpets and rugs ) Silk Tourism Medical tourism Infrastructure Buildings Education Schools Universities Healthcare AIDS Hospitals Housing Poverty Science and technology Water supply and sanitation ( Dams ) Water resources management Energy Electricity Fuel extraction Nuclear power Policy Power companies Power stations Renewable energy Solar power Wind power Taxation Federal Board of Revenue Tax on cash withdrawal Institutions Companies Islamabad / Karachi / Lahore stock exchanges Ministry of Commerce ( Ministers ) Ministry of Finance ( Ministers ) National Bank of Pakistan Planning Commission Research institutes Securities and Exchange Commission State Bank of Pakistan ( Governors ) Society Billionaires Businesspeople Demographics Labour force ( Child labour ) Public holidays Urbanisation Pensions Domestic economies Azad Kashmir Balochistan FATA Gilgit - Baltistan Islamabad Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Punjab Faisalabad Lahore Rawalpindi Sindh ( Karachi ) See also Central business districts Foreign aid Foreign trade International ranking Investment in Pakistan Sister cities Provinces by GDP Pakistanis by net worth Politicians Standard of living Category Foreign relations of Pakistan Africa Algeria Egypt Kenya Libya Morocco Nigeria Somalia South Africa Sudan Tunisia Zimbabwe Americas North America Canada Cuba Mexico United States South America Argentina Brazil Chile Asia Central Asia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan East Asia China Hong Kong Japan North Korea South Korea South Asia Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Sri Lanka Southeast Asia Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam West Asia Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Europe Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Kosovo Malta Netherlands Norway Poland Russia Serbia Spain Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City Oceania Australia New Zealand Multilateral Arab League European Union United Nations Organisation of Islamic Cooperation North Atlantic Treaty Organisation European Organization for Nuclear Research Uniting for Consensus South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation Economic Cooperation Organization Commonwealth of Nations Disputes Kashmir dispute Sir Creek dispute Conflicts with India Terrorist attacks on embassies of Pakistan Diplomacy and initiatives Foreign deployments of the Pakistani military UN peacekeeping missions Foreign military assistance International Nathiagali Summer College on Physics Pakistan Technical Assistance Programme Related topics Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister of Foreign Affairs Diplomatic missions of Pakistan Diplomatic missions in Pakistan Foreign aid to Pakistan Foreign trade of Pakistan Pakistani diaspora Pakistani diplomats Former relations East Germany Soviet Union East Pakistan Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan Communist Afghanistan Central Treaty Organization Southeast Asia Treaty Organization Pakistan Ministry of Foreign Affairs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foreign_trade_of_Pakistan&oldid=838487067 '' Categories : Foreign trade of Pakistan Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 10 : 05 . 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the number of transistors on a particular integrated circuit			Transistor	transistor	A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power . It is composed of semiconductor material usually with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit . A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor 's terminals controls the current through another pair of terminals . Because the controlled ( output ) power can be higher than the controlling ( input ) power , a transistor can amplify a signal . Today , some transistors are packaged individually , but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits .	The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices , and is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems . Julius Edgar Lilienfeld patented a field - effect transistor in 1926 but it was not possible to actually construct a working device at that time . The first practically implemented device was a point - contact transistor invented in 1947 by American physicists John Bardeen , Walter Brattain , and William Shockley . The transistor revolutionized the field of electronics , and paved the way for smaller and cheaper radios , calculators , and computers , among other things . The transistor is on the list of IEEE milestones in electronics , and Bardeen , Brattain , and Shockley shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics for their achievement . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Importance 3 Simplified operation 3.1 Transistor as a switch 3.2 Transistor as an amplifier 4 Comparison with vacuum tubes 4.1 Advantages 4.2 Limitations 5 Types 5.1 Bipolar junction transistor ( BJT ) 5.2 Field - effect transistor ( FET ) 5.3 Usage of bipolar and field - effect transistors 5.4 Other transistor types 6 Part numbering standards / specifications 6.1 Japanese Industrial Standard ( JIS ) 6.2 European Electronic Component Manufacturers Association ( EECA ) 6.3 Joint Electron Device Engineering Council ( JEDEC ) 6.4 Proprietary 6.5 Naming problems 7 Construction 7.1 Semiconductor material 7.2 Packaging 7.2. 1 Flexible transistors 8 See also 9 Directory of external websites with datasheets 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the transistor A replica of the first working transistor . The thermionic triode , a vacuum tube invented in 1907 , enabled amplified radio technology and long - distance telephony . The triode , however , was a fragile device that consumed a substantial amount of power . In 1909 physicist William Eccles discovered the crystal diode oscillator . German physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld filed a patent for a field - effect transistor ( FET ) in Canada in 1925 , which was intended to be a solid - state replacement for the triode . Lilienfeld also filed identical patents in the United States in 1926 and 1928 . However , Lilienfeld did not publish any research articles about his devices nor did his patents cite any specific examples of a working prototype . Because the production of high - quality semiconductor materials was still decades away , Lilienfeld 's solid - state amplifier ideas would not have found practical use in the 1920s and 1930s , even if such a device had been built . In 1934 , German inventor Oskar Heil patented a similar device in Europe . John Bardeen , William Shockley and Walter Brattain at Bell Labs , 1948 . From November 17 , 1947 , to December 23 , 1947 , John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at AT&T 's Bell Labs in Murray Hill , New Jersey of the United States performed experiments and observed that when two gold point contacts were applied to a crystal of germanium , a signal was produced with the output power greater than the input . Solid State Physics Group leader William Shockley saw the potential in this , and over the next few months worked to greatly expand the knowledge of semiconductors . The term transistor was coined by John R. Pierce as a contraction of the term transresistance . According to Lillian Hoddeson and Vicki Daitch , authors of a biography of John Bardeen , Shockley had proposed that Bell Labs ' first patent for a transistor should be based on the field - effect and that he be named as the inventor . Having unearthed Lilienfeld 's patents that went into obscurity years earlier , lawyers at Bell Labs advised against Shockley 's proposal because the idea of a field - effect transistor that used an electric field as a `` grid '' was not new . Instead , what Bardeen , Brattain , and Shockley invented in 1947 was the first point - contact transistor . In acknowledgement of this accomplishment , Shockley , Bardeen , and Brattain were jointly awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics `` for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect '' . Herbert F. Mataré ( 1950 ) In 1948 , the point - contact transistor was independently invented by German physicists Herbert Mataré and Heinrich Welker while working at the Compagnie des Freins et Signaux , a Westinghouse subsidiary located in Paris . Mataré had previous experience in developing crystal rectifiers from silicon and germanium in the German radar effort during World War II . Using this knowledge , he began researching the phenomenon of `` interference '' in 1947 . By June 1948 , witnessing currents flowing through point - contacts , Mataré produced consistent results using samples of germanium produced by Welker , similar to what Bardeen and Brattain had accomplished earlier in December 1947 . Realizing that Bell Labs ' scientists had already invented the transistor before them , the company rushed to get its `` transistron '' into production for amplified use in France 's telephone network . The first bipolar junction transistors were invented by Bell Labs ' William Shockley , which applied for patent ( 2,569,347 ) on June 26 , 1948 . On April 12 , 1950 , Bell Labs chemists Gordon Teal and Morgan Sparks had successfully produced a working bipolar NPN junction amplifying germanium transistor . Bell Labs had made this new `` sandwich '' transistor discovery announcement , in a press release on July 4 , 1951 . Philco surface - barrier transistor developed and produced in 1953 The first high - frequency transistor was the surface - barrier germanium transistor developed by Philco in 1953 , capable of operating up to 60 MHz . These were made by etching depressions into an N - type germanium base from both sides with jets of Indium ( III ) sulfate until it was a few ten - thousandths of an inch thick . Indium electroplated into the depressions formed the collector and emitter . The first `` prototype '' pocket transistor radio was shown by INTERMETALL ( a company founded by Herbert Mataré in 1952 ) at the Internationale Funkausstellung Düsseldorf between August 29 , 1953 and September 9 , 1953 . The first `` production '' all - transistor radio was the Regency TR - 1 , released in October 1954 . Produced as a joint venture between the Regency Division of Industrial Development Engineering Associates , I.D.E.A. and Texas Instruments of Dallas Texas , the TR - 1 was manufactured in Indianapolis , Indiana . It was a near pocket - sized radio featuring 4 transistors and one germanium diode . The industrial design was outsourced to the Chicago firm of Painter , Teague and Petertil . It was initially released in one of four different colours : black , bone white , red , and gray . Other colours were to shortly follow . The first working silicon transistor was developed at Bell Labs on January 26 , 1954 by Morris Tanenbaum . The first commercial silicon transistor was produced by Texas Instruments in 1954 . This was the work of Gordon Teal , an expert in growing crystals of high purity , who had previously worked at Bell Labs . The first MOSFET actually built was by Kahng and Atalla at Bell Labs in 1960 . Importance ( edit ) A Darlington transistor opened up so the actual transistor chip ( the small square ) can be seen inside . A Darlington transistor is effectively two transistors on the same chip . One transistor is much larger than the other , but both are large in comparison to transistors in large - scale integration because this particular example is intended for power applications . The transistor is the key active component in practically all modern electronics . Many consider it to be one of the greatest inventions of the 20th century . Its importance in today 's society rests on its ability to be mass - produced using a highly automated process ( semiconductor device fabrication ) that achieves astonishingly low per - transistor costs . The invention of the first transistor at Bell Labs was named an IEEE Milestone in 2009 . Although several companies each produce over a billion individually packaged ( known as discrete ) transistors every year , the vast majority of transistors are now produced in integrated circuits ( often shortened to IC , microchips or simply chips ) , along with diodes , resistors , capacitors and other electronic components , to produce complete electronic circuits . A logic gate consists of up to about twenty transistors whereas an advanced microprocessor , as of 2009 , can use as many as 3 billion transistors ( MOSFETs ) . `` About 60 million transistors were built in 2002 ... for ( each ) man , woman , and child on Earth . '' The transistor 's low cost , flexibility , and reliability have made it a ubiquitous device . Transistorized mechatronic circuits have replaced electromechanical devices in controlling appliances and machinery . It is often easier and cheaper to use a standard microcontroller and write a computer program to carry out a control function than to design an equivalent mechanical system to control that same function . Simplified operation ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A simple circuit diagram to show the labels of an -- p -- n bipolar transistor . The essential usefulness of a transistor comes from its ability to use a small signal applied between one pair of its terminals to control a much larger signal at another pair of terminals . This property is called gain . It can produce a stronger output signal , a voltage or current , which is proportional to a weaker input signal ; that is , it can act as an amplifier . Alternatively , the transistor can be used to turn current on or off in a circuit as an electrically controlled switch , where the amount of current is determined by other circuit elements . There are two types of transistors , which have slight differences in how they are used in a circuit . A bipolar transistor has terminals labeled base , collector , and emitter . A small current at the base terminal ( that is , flowing between the base and the emitter ) can control or switch a much larger current between the collector and emitter terminals . For a field - effect transistor , the terminals are labeled gate , source , and drain , and a voltage at the gate can control a current between source and drain . The image represents a typical bipolar transistor in a circuit . Charge will flow between emitter and collector terminals depending on the current in the base . Because internally the base and emitter connections behave like a semiconductor diode , a voltage drop develops between base and emitter while the base current exists . The amount of this voltage depends on the material the transistor is made from , and is referred to as V . Transistor as a switch ( edit ) BJT used as an electronic switch , in grounded - emitter configuration . Transistors are commonly used in digital circuits as electronic switches which can be either in an `` on '' or `` off '' state , both for high - power applications such as switched - mode power supplies and for low - power applications such as logic gates . Important parameters for this application include the current switched , the voltage handled , and the switching speed , characterised by the rise and fall times . In a grounded - emitter transistor circuit , such as the light - switch circuit shown , as the base voltage rises , the emitter and collector currents rise exponentially . The collector voltage drops because of reduced resistance from collector to emitter . If the voltage difference between the collector and emitter were zero ( or near zero ) , the collector current would be limited only by the load resistance ( light bulb ) and the supply voltage . This is called saturation because current is flowing from collector to emitter freely . When saturated , the switch is said to be on . Providing sufficient base drive current is a key problem in the use of bipolar transistors as switches . The transistor provides current gain , allowing a relatively large current in the collector to be switched by a much smaller current into the base terminal . The ratio of these currents varies depending on the type of transistor , and even for a particular type , varies depending on the collector current . In the example light - switch circuit shown , the resistor is chosen to provide enough base current to ensure the transistor will be saturated . In a switching circuit , the idea is to simulate , as near as possible , the ideal switch having the properties of open circuit when off , short circuit when on , and an instantaneous transition between the two states . Parameters are chosen such that the `` off '' output is limited to leakage currents too small to affect connected circuitry ; the resistance of the transistor in the `` on '' state is too small to affect circuitry ; and the transition between the two states is fast enough not to have a detrimental effect . Transistor as an amplifier ( edit ) Amplifier circuit , common - emitter configuration with a voltage - divider bias circuit . The common - emitter amplifier is designed so that a small change in voltage ( V ) changes the small current through the base of the transistor ; the transistor 's current amplification combined with the properties of the circuit means that small swings in V produce large changes in V . Various configurations of single transistor amplifier are possible , with some providing current gain , some voltage gain , and some both . From mobile phones to televisions , vast numbers of products include amplifiers for sound reproduction , radio transmission , and signal processing . The first discrete - transistor audio amplifiers barely supplied a few hundred milliwatts , but power and audio fidelity gradually increased as better transistors became available and amplifier architecture evolved . Modern transistor audio amplifiers of up to a few hundred watts are common and relatively inexpensive . Comparison with vacuum tubes ( edit ) Before transistors were developed , vacuum ( electron ) tubes ( or in the UK `` thermionic valves '' or just `` valves '' ) were the main active components in electronic equipment . Advantages ( edit ) The key advantages that have allowed transistors to replace vacuum tubes in most applications are no cathode heater ( which produces the characteristic orange glow of tubes ) , reducing power consumption , eliminating delay as tube heaters warm up , and immune from cathode poisoning and depletion ; very small size and weight , reducing equipment size ; large numbers of extremely small transistors can be manufactured as a single integrated circuit ; low operating voltages compatible with batteries of only a few cells ; circuits with greater energy efficiency are usually possible . For low - power applications ( e.g. , voltage amplification ) in particular , energy consumption can be very much less than for tubes ; inherent reliability and very long life ; tubes always degrade and fail over time . Some transistorized devices have been in service for more than 60 years ; complementary devices available , providing design flexibility including complementary - symmetry circuits , not possible with vacuum tubes ; very low sensitivity to mechanical shock and vibration , providing physical ruggedness and virtually eliminating shock - induced spurious signals ( e.g. , microphonics in audio applications ) ; not susceptible to breakage of a glass envelope , leakage , outgassing , and other physical damage . Limitations ( edit ) Transistors have the following limitations : silicon transistors can age and fail ; high - power , high - frequency operation , such as that used in over-the - air television broadcasting , is better achieved in vacuum tubes due to improved electron mobility in a vacuum ; solid - state devices are susceptible to damage from very brief electrical and thermal events , including electrostatic discharge in handling ; vacuum tubes are electrically much more rugged ; sensitivity to radiation and cosmic rays ( special radiation - hardened chips are used for spacecraft devices ) ; vacuum tubes in audio applications create significant lower - harmonic distortion , the so - called tube sound , which some people prefer . Types ( edit ) PNP P - channel NPN N - channel BJT JFET BJT and JFET symbols P - channel N - channel JFET MOSFET enh MOSFET dep JFET and MOSFET symbols Transistors are categorized by semiconductor material : the metalloids germanium ( first used in 1947 ) and silicon ( first used in 1954 ) -- in amorphous , polycrystalline and monocrystalline form -- , the compounds gallium arsenide ( 1966 ) and silicon carbide ( 1997 ) , the alloy silicon - germanium ( 1989 ) , the allotrope of carbon graphene ( research ongoing since 2004 ) , etc. ( see Semiconductor material ) ; structure : BJT , JFET , IGFET ( MOSFET ) , insulated-gate bipolar transistor , `` other types '' ; electrical polarity ( positive and negative ) : n -- p -- n , p -- n -- p ( BJTs ) , n - channel , p - channel ( FETs ) ; maximum power rating : low , medium , high ; maximum operating frequency : low , medium , high , radio ( RF ) , microwave frequency ( the maximum effective frequency of a transistor in a common - emitter or common - source circuit is denoted by the term f , an abbreviation for transition frequency -- the frequency of transition is the frequency at which the transistor yields unity voltage gain ) application : switch , general purpose , audio , high voltage , super-beta , matched pair ; physical packaging : through - hole metal , through - hole plastic , surface mount , ball grid array , power modules ( see Packaging ) ; amplification factor h , β ( transistor beta ) or g ( transconductance ) . Hence , a particular transistor may be described as silicon , surface - mount , BJT , n -- p -- n , low - power , high - frequency switch . A popular way to remember which symbol represents which type of transistor is to look at the arrow and how it is arranged . Within an NPN transistor symbol , the arrow will Not Point iN . Conversely , within the PNP symbol you see that the arrow Points iN Proudly . Bipolar junction transistor ( BJT ) ( edit ) Main article : Bipolar junction transistor Bipolar transistors are so named because they conduct by using both majority and minority carriers . The bipolar junction transistor , the first type of transistor to be mass - produced , is a combination of two junction diodes , and is formed of either a thin layer of p - type semiconductor sandwiched between two n - type semiconductors ( an n -- p -- n transistor ) , or a thin layer of n - type semiconductor sandwiched between two p - type semiconductors ( ap -- n -- p transistor ) . This construction produces two p -- n junctions : a base -- emitter junction and a base -- collector junction , separated by a thin region of semiconductor known as the base region ( two junction diodes wired together without sharing an intervening semiconducting region will not make a transistor ) . BJTs have three terminals , corresponding to the three layers of semiconductor -- an emitter , a base , and a collector . They are useful in amplifiers because the currents at the emitter and collector are controllable by a relatively small base current . In an n -- p -- n transistor operating in the active region , the emitter -- base junction is forward biased ( electrons and holes recombine at the junction ) , and electrons are injected into the base region . Because the base is narrow , most of these electrons will diffuse into the reverse - biased ( electrons and holes are formed at , and move away from the junction ) base -- collector junction and be swept into the collector ; perhaps one - hundredth of the electrons will recombine in the base , which is the dominant mechanism in the base current . By controlling the number of electrons that can leave the base , the number of electrons entering the collector can be controlled . Collector current is approximately β ( common - emitter current gain ) times the base current . It is typically greater than 100 for small - signal transistors but can be smaller in transistors designed for high - power applications . Unlike the field - effect transistor ( see below ) , the BJT is a low - input - impedance device . Also , as the base -- emitter voltage ( V ) is increased the base -- emitter current and hence the collector -- emitter current ( I ) increase exponentially according to the Shockley diode model and the Ebers - Moll model . Because of this exponential relationship , the BJT has a higher transconductance than the FET . Bipolar transistors can be made to conduct by exposure to light , because absorption of photons in the base region generates a photocurrent that acts as a base current ; the collector current is approximately β times the photocurrent . Devices designed for this purpose have a transparent window in the package and are called phototransistors . Field - effect transistor ( FET ) ( edit ) Main articles : Field - effect transistor , MOSFET , and JFET Operation of a FET and its Id - Vg curve . At first , when no gate voltage is applied . There is no inversion electron in the channel , the device is OFF . As gate voltage increase , inversion electron density in the channel increase , current increase , the device turns on . The field - effect transistor , sometimes called a unipolar transistor , uses either electrons ( in n - channel FET ) or holes ( in p - channel FET ) for conduction . The four terminals of the FET are named source , gate , drain , and body ( substrate ) . On most FETs , the body is connected to the source inside the package , and this will be assumed for the following description . In a FET , the drain - to - source current flows via a conducting channel that connects the source region to the drain region . The conductivity is varied by the electric field that is produced when a voltage is applied between the gate and source terminals ; hence the current flowing between the drain and source is controlled by the voltage applied between the gate and source . As the gate -- source voltage ( V ) is increased , the drain -- source current ( I ) increases exponentially for V below threshold , and then at a roughly quadratic rate ( I ∝ ( V − V ) ) ( where V is the threshold voltage at which drain current begins ) in the `` space - charge - limited '' region above threshold . A quadratic behavior is not observed in modern devices , for example , at the 65 nm technology node . For low noise at narrow bandwidth the higher input resistance of the FET is advantageous . FETs are divided into two families : junction FET ( JFET ) and insulated gate FET ( IGFET ) . The IGFET is more commonly known as a metal -- oxide -- semiconductor FET ( MOSFET ) , reflecting its original construction from layers of metal ( the gate ) , oxide ( the insulation ) , and semiconductor . Unlike IGFETs , the JFET gate forms a p -- n diode with the channel which lies between the source and drain . Functionally , this makes the n - channel JFET the solid - state equivalent of the vacuum tube triode which , similarly , forms a diode between its grid and cathode . Also , both devices operate in the depletion mode , they both have a high input impedance , and they both conduct current under the control of an input voltage . Metal -- semiconductor FETs ( MESFETs ) are JFETs in which the reverse biased p -- n junction is replaced by a metal -- semiconductor junction . These , and the HEMTs ( high - electron - mobility transistors , or HFETs ) , in which a two - dimensional electron gas with very high carrier mobility is used for charge transport , are especially suitable for use at very high frequencies ( microwave frequencies ; several GHz ) . FETs are further divided into depletion - mode and enhancement - mode types , depending on whether the channel is turned on or off with zero gate - to - source voltage . For enhancement mode , the channel is off at zero bias , and a gate potential can `` enhance '' the conduction . For the depletion mode , the channel is on at zero bias , and a gate potential ( of the opposite polarity ) can `` deplete '' the channel , reducing conduction . For either mode , a more positive gate voltage corresponds to a higher current for n - channel devices and a lower current for p - channel devices . Nearly all JFETs are depletion - mode because the diode junctions would forward bias and conduct if they were enhancement - mode devices ; most IGFETs are enhancement - mode types . Usage of bipolar and field - effect transistors ( edit ) The bipolar junction transistor ( BJT ) was the most commonly used transistor in the 1960s and 70s . Even after MOSFETs became widely available , the BJT remained the transistor of choice for many analog circuits such as amplifiers because of their greater linearity and ease of manufacture . In integrated circuits , the desirable properties of MOSFETs allowed them to capture nearly all market share for digital circuits . Discrete MOSFETs can be applied in transistor applications , including analog circuits , voltage regulators , amplifiers , power transmitters and motor drivers . Other transistor types ( edit ) Transistor symbol created on Portuguese pavement in the University of Aveiro . For early bipolar transistors , see Bipolar junction transistor § Bipolar transistors . Bipolar junction transistor ( BJT ) : heterojunction bipolar transistor , up to several hundred GHz , common in modern ultrafast and RF circuits ; Schottky transistor ; avalanche transistor : Darlington transistors are two BJTs connected together to provide a high current gain equal to the product of the current gains of the two transistors ; insulated-gate bipolar transistors ( IGBTs ) use a medium - power IGFET , similarly connected to a power BJT , to give a high input impedance. Power diodes are often connected between certain terminals depending on specific use . IGBTs are particularly suitable for heavy - duty industrial applications . The ASEA Brown Boveri ( ABB ) 5SNA2400E170100 illustrates just how far power semiconductor technology has advanced . Intended for three - phase power supplies , this device houses three n -- p -- n IGBTs in a case measuring 38 by 140 by 190 mm and weighing 1.5 kg . Each IGBT is rated at 1,700 volts and can handle 2,400 amperes ; phototransistor ; multiple - emitter transistor , used in transistor -- transistor logic and integrated current mirrors ; multiple - base transistor , used to amplify very - low - level signals in noisy environments such as the pickup of a record player or radio front ends . Effectively , it is a very large number of transistors in parallel where , at the output , the signal is added constructively , but random noise is added only stochastically . Field - effect transistor ( FET ) : carbon nanotube field - effect transistor ( CNFET ) , where the channel material is replaced by a carbon nanotube ; junction gate field - effect transistor ( JFET ) , where the gate is insulated by a reverse - biased p -- n junction ; metal -- semiconductor field - effect transistor ( MESFET ) , similar to JFET with a Schottky junction instead of ap -- n junction ; high - electron - mobility transistor ( HEMT ) ; metal -- oxide -- semiconductor field - effect transistor ( MOSFET ) , where the gate is insulated by a shallow layer of insulator ; inverted - T field - effect transistor ( ITFET ) ; fin field - effect transistor ( FinFET ) , source / drain region shapes fins on the silicon surface ; fast - reverse epitaxial diode field - effect transistor ( FREDFET ) ; thin - film transistor , in LCDs ; organic field - effect transistor ( OFET ) , in which the semiconductor is an organic compound ; ballistic transistor ; floating-gate transistor , for non-volatile storage ; FETs used to sense environment ; ion - sensitive field - effect transistor ( IFSET ) , to measure ion concentrations in solution , electrolyte -- oxide -- semiconductor field - effect transistor ( EOSFET ) , neurochip , deoxyribonucleic acid field - effect transistor ( DNAFET ) . Tunnel field - effect transistor , where it switches by modulating quantum tunnelling through a barrier . Diffusion transistor , formed by diffusing dopants into semiconductor substrate ; can be both BJT and FET . Unijunction transistor , can be used as simple pulse generators . It comprise a main body of either P - type or N - type semiconductor with ohmic contacts at each end ( terminals Base1 and Base2 ) . A junction with the opposite semiconductor type is formed at a point along the length of the body for the third terminal ( Emitter ) . Single - electron transistors ( SET ) , consist of a gate island between two tunneling junctions . The tunneling current is controlled by a voltage applied to the gate through a capacitor . Nanofluidic transistor , controls the movement of ions through sub-microscopic , water - filled channels . Multigate devices : tetrode transistor ; pentode transistor ; trigate transistor ( prototype by Intel ) ; dual-gate field - effect transistors have a single channel with two gates in cascode ; a configuration optimized for high - frequency amplifiers , mixers , and oscillators . Junctionless nanowire transistor ( JNT ) , uses a simple nanowire of silicon surrounded by an electrically isolated `` wedding ring '' that acts to gate the flow of electrons through the wire . Vacuum - channel transistor , when in 2012 , NASA and the National Nanofab Center in South Korea were reported to have built a prototype vacuum - channel transistor in only 150 nanometers in size , can be manufactured cheaply using standard silicon semiconductor processing , can operate at high speeds even in hostile environments , and could consume just as much power as a standard transistor . Organic electrochemical transistor . Part numbering standards / specifications ( edit ) The types of some transistors can be parsed from the part number . There are three major semiconductor naming standards ; in each the alphanumeric prefix provides clues to type of the device . Japanese industrial standard ( JIS ) ( edit ) JIS Transistor Prefix Table Prefix Type of transistor 2SA high - frequency p -- n -- p BJTs 2SB audio - frequency p -- n -- p BJTs 2SC high - frequency n -- p -- n BJTs 2SD audio - frequency n -- p -- n BJTs 2SJ P - channel FETs ( both JFETs and MOSFETs ) 2SK N - channel FETs ( both JFETs and MOSFETs ) The JIS - C - 7012 specification for transistor part numbers starts with `` 2S '' , e.g. 2SD965 , but sometimes the `` 2S '' prefix is not marked on the package -- a 2SD965 might only be marked `` D965 '' ; a 2SC1815 might be listed by a supplier as simply `` C1815 '' . This series sometimes has suffixes ( such as `` R '' , `` O '' , `` BL '' , standing for `` red '' , `` orange '' , `` blue '' , etc . ) to denote variants , such as tighter h ( gain ) groupings . European Electronic Component Manufacturers Association ( EECA ) ( edit ) The Pro Electron standard , the European Electronic Component Manufacturers Association part numbering scheme , begins with two letters : the first gives the semiconductor type ( A for germanium , B for silicon , and C for materials like GaAs ) ; the second letter denotes the intended use ( A for diode , C for general - purpose transistor , etc . ) . A 3 - digit sequence number ( or one letter then 2 digits , for industrial types ) follows . With early devices this indicated the case type . Suffixes may be used , with a letter ( e.g. `` C '' often means high h , such as in : BC549C ) or other codes may follow to show gain ( e.g. BC327 - 25 ) or voltage rating ( e.g. BUK854 - 800A ) . The more common prefixes are : Pro Electron / EECA Transistor Prefix Table Prefix class Type and usage Example Equivalent Reference AC Germanium small - signal AF transistor AC126 NTE102A Datasheet AD Germanium AF power transistor AD133 NTE179 Datasheet AF Germanium small - signal RF transistor AF117 NTE160 Datasheet AL Germanium RF power transistor ALZ10 NTE100 Datasheet AS Germanium switching transistor ASY28 NTE101 Datasheet AU Germanium power switching transistor AU103 NTE127 Datasheet BC Silicon , small - signal transistor ( `` general purpose '' ) BC548 2N3904 Datasheet BD Silicon , power transistor BD139 NTE375 Datasheet BF Silicon , RF ( high frequency ) BJT or FET BF245 NTE133 Datasheet BS Silicon , switching transistor ( BJT or MOSFET ) BS170 2N7000 Datasheet BL Silicon , high frequency , high power ( for transmitters ) BLW60 NTE325 Datasheet BU Silicon , high voltage ( for CRT horizontal deflection circuits ) BU2520A NTE2354 Datasheet CF Gallium arsenide small - signal Microwave transistor ( MESFET ) CF739 -- Datasheet CL Gallium arsenide Microwave power transistor ( FET ) CLY10 -- Datasheet Joint electron device Engineering council ( JEDEC ) ( edit ) The JEDEC EIA370 transistor device numbers usually start with `` 2N '' , indicating a three - terminal device ( dual-gate field - effect transistors are four - terminal devices , so begin with 3N ) , then a 2 , 3 or 4 - digit sequential number with no significance as to device properties ( although early devices with low numbers tend to be germanium ) . For example , 2N3055 is a silicon n -- p -- n power transistor , 2N1301 is ap -- n -- p germanium switching transistor . A letter suffix ( such as `` A '' ) is sometimes used to indicate a newer variant , but rarely gain groupings . Proprietary ( edit ) Manufacturers of devices may have their own proprietary numbering system , for example CK722 . Since devices are second - sourced , a manufacturer 's prefix ( like `` MPF '' in MPF102 , which originally would denote a Motorola FET ) now is an unreliable indicator of who made the device . Some proprietary naming schemes adopt parts of other naming schemes , for example a PN2222A is a ( possibly Fairchild Semiconductor ) 2N2222A in a plastic case ( but a PN108 is a plastic version of a BC108 , not a 2N108 , while the PN100 is unrelated to other xx100 devices ) . Military part numbers sometimes are assigned their own codes , such as the British Military CV Naming System . Manufacturers buying large numbers of similar parts may have them supplied with `` house numbers '' , identifying a particular purchasing specification and not necessarily a device with a standardized registered number . For example , an HP part 1854 , 0053 is a ( JEDEC ) 2N2218 transistor which is also assigned the CV number : CV7763 Naming problems ( edit ) With so many independent naming schemes , and the abbreviation of part numbers when printed on the devices , ambiguity sometimes occurs . For example , two different devices may be marked `` J176 '' ( one the J176 low - power JFET , the other the higher - powered MOSFET 2SJ176 ) . As older `` through - hole '' transistors are given surface - mount packaged counterparts , they tend to be assigned many different part numbers because manufacturers have their own systems to cope with the variety in pinout arrangements and options for dual or matched n -- p -- n + p -- n -- p devices in one pack . So even when the original device ( such as a 2N3904 ) may have been assigned by a standards authority , and well known by engineers over the years , the new versions are far from standardized in their naming . Construction ( edit ) Semiconductor material ( edit ) Semiconductor material characteristics Semiconductor material Junction forward voltage V @ 25 ° C Electron mobility m / ( V s ) @ 25 ° C Hole mobility m / ( V s ) @ 25 ° C Max . junction temp . ° C Ge 0.27 0.39 0.19 70 to 100 Si 0.71 0.14 0.05 150 to 200 GaAs 1.03 0.85 0.05 150 to 200 Al - Si junction 0.3 -- -- 150 to 200 The first BJTs were made from germanium ( Ge ) . Silicon ( Si ) types currently predominate but certain advanced microwave and high - performance versions now employ the compound semiconductor material gallium arsenide ( GaAs ) and the semiconductor alloy silicon germanium ( SiGe ) . Single element semiconductor material ( Ge and Si ) is described as elemental . Rough parameters for the most common semiconductor materials used to make transistors are given in the adjacent table ; these parameters will vary with increase in temperature , electric field , impurity level , strain , and sundry other factors . The junction forward voltage is the voltage applied to the emitter -- base junction of a BJT in order to make the base conduct a specified current . The current increases exponentially as the junction forward voltage is increased . The values given in the table are typical for a current of 1 mA ( the same values apply to semiconductor diodes ) . The lower the junction forward voltage the better , as this means that less power is required to `` drive '' the transistor . The junction forward voltage for a given current decreases with increase in temperature . For a typical silicon junction the change is − 2.1 mV / ° C. In some circuits special compensating elements ( sensistors ) must be used to compensate for such changes . The density of mobile carriers in the channel of a MOSFET is a function of the electric field forming the channel and of various other phenomena such as the impurity level in the channel . Some impurities , called dopants , are introduced deliberately in making a MOSFET , to control the MOSFET electrical behavior . The electron mobility and hole mobility columns show the average speed that electrons and holes diffuse through the semiconductor material with an electric field of 1 volt per meter applied across the material . In general , the higher the electron mobility the faster the transistor can operate . The table indicates that Ge is a better material than Si in this respect . However , Ge has four major shortcomings compared to silicon and gallium arsenide : Its maximum temperature is limited ; it has relatively high leakage current ; it can not withstand high voltages ; it is less suitable for fabricating integrated circuits . Because the electron mobility is higher than the hole mobility for all semiconductor materials , a given bipolar n -- p -- n transistor tends to be swifter than an equivalent p -- n -- p transistor . GaAs has the highest electron mobility of the three semiconductors . It is for this reason that GaAs is used in high - frequency applications . A relatively recent FET development , the high - electron - mobility transistor ( HEMT ) , has a heterostructure ( junction between different semiconductor materials ) of aluminium gallium arsenide ( AlGaAs ) - gallium arsenide ( GaAs ) which has twice the electron mobility of a GaAs - metal barrier junction . Because of their high speed and low noise , HEMTs are used in satellite receivers working at frequencies around 12 GHz . HEMTs based on gallium nitride and aluminium gallium nitride ( AlGaN / GaN HEMTs ) provide a still higher electron mobility and are being developed for various applications . Max . junction temperature values represent a cross section taken from various manufacturers ' data sheets . This temperature should not be exceeded or the transistor may be damaged . Al -- Si junction refers to the high - speed ( aluminum -- silicon ) metal -- semiconductor barrier diode , commonly known as a Schottky diode . This is included in the table because some silicon power IGFETs have a parasitic reverse Schottky diode formed between the source and drain as part of the fabrication process . This diode can be a nuisance , but sometimes it is used in the circuit . Packaging ( edit ) See also : Semiconductor package and Chip carrier Assorted discrete transistors . Soviet KT315b transistors . Discrete transistors are individually packaged transistors . Transistors come in many different semiconductor packages ( see image ) . The two main categories are through - hole ( or leaded ) , and surface - mount , also known as surface - mount device ( SMD ) . The ball grid array ( BGA ) is the latest surface - mount package ( currently only for large integrated circuits ) . It has solder `` balls '' on the underside in place of leads . Because they are smaller and have shorter interconnections , SMDs have better high - frequency characteristics but lower power rating . Transistor packages are made of glass , metal , ceramic , or plastic . The package often dictates the power rating and frequency characteristics . Power transistors have larger packages that can be clamped to heat sinks for enhanced cooling . Additionally , most power transistors have the collector or drain physically connected to the metal enclosure . At the other extreme , some surface - mount microwave transistors are as small as grains of sand . Often a given transistor type is available in several packages . Transistor packages are mainly standardized , but the assignment of a transistor 's functions to the terminals is not : other transistor types can assign other functions to the package 's terminals . Even for the same transistor type the terminal assignment can vary ( normally indicated by a suffix letter to the part number , q.e. BC212L and BC212K ) . Nowadays most transistors come in a wide range of SMT packages , in comparison the list of available through - hole packages is relatively small , here is a short list of the most common through - hole transistors packages in alphabetical order : ATV , E-line , MRT , HRT , SC - 43 , SC - 72 , TO - 3 , TO - 18 , TO - 39 , TO - 92 , TO - 126 , TO220 , TO247 , TO251 , TO262 , ZTX851 Flexible transistors ( edit ) Researchers have made several kinds of flexible transistors , including organic field - effect transistors . Flexible transistors are useful in some kinds of flexible displays and other flexible electronics . See also ( edit ) Electronics portal Band gap Digital electronics Moore 's law Semiconductor device modeling Transistor count Transistor model Transresistance Very - large - scale integration Directory of external websites with datasheets ( edit ) 2N3904 / 2N3906 , BC182 / BC212 and BC546 / BC556 : Ubiquitous , BJT , general - purpose , low - power , complementary pairs . They have plastic cases and cost roughly ten cents U.S. in small quantities , making them popular with hobbyists . AF107 : Germanium , 0.5 watt , 250 MHz p -- n -- p BJT . BFP183 : Low - power , 8 GHz microwave n -- p -- n BJT . LM394 : `` supermatch pair '' , with two n -- p -- n BJTs on a single substrate . 2N2219A / 2N2905A : BJT , general purpose , medium power , complementary pair . With metal cases they are rated at about one watt . 2N3055 / MJ2955 : For years , the n -- p -- n 2N3055 has been the `` standard '' power transistor . Its complement , the p -- n -- p MJ2955 arrived later . These 1 MHz , 15 A , 60 V , 115 W BJTs are used in audio - power amplifiers , power supplies , and control . 2SC3281 / 2SA1302 : Made by Toshiba , these BJTs have low - distortion characteristics and are used in high - power audio amplifiers . They have been widely counterfeited ( 1 ) . BU508 : n -- p -- n , 1500 V power BJT . Designed for television horizontal deflection , its high voltage capability also makes it suitable for use in ignition systems . MJ11012 / MJ11015 : 30 A , 120 V , 200 W , high power Darlington complementary pair BJTs . Used in audio amplifiers , control , and power switching . 2N5457 / 2N5460 : JFET ( depletion mode ) , general purpose , low power , complementary pair . BSP296 / BSP171 : IGFET ( enhancement mode ) , medium power , near complementary pair . Used for logic level conversion and driving power transistors in amplifiers . IRF3710 / IRF5210 : IGFET ( enhancement mode ) , 40 A , 100 V , 200 W , near complementary pair . For high - power amplifiers and power switches , especially in automobiles . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 1926 -- Field Effect Semiconductor Device Concepts Patented '' . Computer History Museum . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Milestones : Invention of the First Transistor at Bell Telephone Laboratories , Inc. , 1947 '' . IEEE Global History Network . IEEE . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1956 '' . Nobelprize.org . Nobel Media AB . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=YiJaEAUj258C&pg=PA430&dq=Eccles+Oscillator+Galena&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiK-bK385bTAhUIAsAKHfYlB7YQ6AEIHjAB#v=onepage&q=Eccles%20Oscillator%20Galena&f=false Jump up ^ Vardalas , John ( May 2003 ) Twists and Turns in the Development of the Transistor Archived January 8 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . IEEE - USA Today 's Engineer . Jump up ^ Lilienfeld , Julius Edgar , `` Method and apparatus for controlling electric current '' U.S. Patent 1,745,175 January 28 , 1930 ( filed in Canada 1925 - 10 - 22 , in US October 8 , 1926 ) . Jump up ^ `` Method And Apparatus For Controlling Electric Currents '' . United States Patent and Trademark Office . Jump up ^ `` Amplifier For Electric Currents '' . United States Patent and Trademark Office . Jump up ^ `` Device For Controlling Electric Current '' . United States Patent and Trademark Office . ^ Jump up to : `` Twists and Turns in the Development of the Transistor '' . Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers , Inc . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Heil , Oskar , `` Improvements in or relating to electrical amplifiers and other control arrangements and devices '' , Patent No . GB439457 , European Patent Office , filed in Great Britain 1934 - 03 - 02 , published December 6 , 1935 ( originally filed in Germany March 2 , 1934 ) . Jump up ^ `` November 17 -- December 23 , 1947 : Invention of the First Transistor '' . American Physical Society . Jump up ^ Millman , S. , ed. ( 1983 ) . A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System , Physical Science ( 1925 -- 1980 ) . AT&T Bell Laboratories . p. 102 . Jump up ^ Bodanis , David ( 2005 ) . Electric Universe . Crown Publishers , New York . ISBN 0 - 7394 - 5670 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` transistor '' . American Heritage Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Boston : Houghton Mifflin. 1992 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1956 '' . nobelprize.org . Jump up ^ `` 1948 , The European Transistor Invention '' . Computer History Museum . Jump up ^ 1951 : First Grown - Junction Transistors Fabricated Jump up ^ https://www.pbs.org/transistor/science/info/junctw.html Jump up ^ Bradley , W.E. ( December 1953 ) . `` The Surface - Barrier Transistor : Part I - Principles of the Surface - Barrier Transistor '' . Proceedings of the IRE. 41 ( 12 ) : 1702 -- 1706 . doi : 10.1109 / JRPROC. 1953.274351 . Jump up ^ Wall Street Journal , December 4 , 1953 , page 4 , Article `` Philco Claims Its Transistor Outperforms Others Now In Use '' Jump up ^ Electronics magazine , January 1954 , Article `` Electroplated Transistors Announced '' Jump up ^ `` Der deutsche Erfinder des Transistors -- Nachrichten Welt Print -- DIE WELT '' . Welt.de . November 23 , 2011 . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.regencytr1.com/ Jump up ^ http://www.ericwrobbel.com/books/regency.htm Jump up ^ http://www.radiomuseum.org/dsp_hersteller_detail.cfm?company_id=3886 Jump up ^ Riordan , Michael ( May 2004 ) . `` The Lost History of the Transistor '' . IEEE Spectrum : 48 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Chelikowski , J. ( 2004 ) `` Introduction : Silicon in all its Forms '' , p. 1 in Silicon : evolution and future of a technology . P. Siffert and E.F. Krimmel ( eds . ) . Springer , ISBN 3 - 540 - 40546 - 1 . Jump up ^ McFarland , Grant ( 2006 ) Microprocessor design : a practical guide from design planning to manufacturing . McGraw - Hill Professional . p. 10 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 145951 - 0 . Jump up ^ Heywang , W. and Zaininger , K.H. ( 2004 ) `` Silicon : The Semiconductor Material '' , p. 36 in Silicon : evolution and future of a technology . P. Siffert and E.F. Krimmel ( eds . ) . Springer , 2004 ISBN 3 - 540 - 40546 - 1 . Jump up ^ Price , Robert W. ( 2004 ) . Roadmap to Entrepreneurial Success . AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn . p. 42 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8144 - 7190 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Milestones : Invention of the First Transistor at Bell Telephone Laboratories , Inc. , 1947 '' . IEEE Global History Network . IEEE . Retrieved August 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ FETs / MOSFETs : Smaller apps push up surface - mount supply . globalsources.com ( April 18 , 2007 ) Jump up ^ `` ATI and Nvidia face off . '' CNET ( October 7 , 2009 ) . Retrieved on February 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Turley , Jim ( December 18 , 2002 ) . `` The Two Percent Solution '' . embedded.com Jump up ^ Kaplan , Daniel ( 2003 ) . Hands - On Electronics . New York : Cambridge University Press . pp. 47 -- 54 , 60 -- 61 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 511 - 07668 - 8 . Jump up ^ John Keane and Chris H. Kim , `` Transistor Aging , '' IEEE Spectrum ( web feature ) , April 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ van der Veen , M. ( 2005 ) . `` Universal system and output transformer for valve amplifiers '' ( PDF ) . 118th AES Convention , Barcelona , Spain . Jump up ^ `` Transistor Example '' . 071003 bcae1.com ^ Jump up to : Streetman , Ben ( 1992 ) . Solid State Electronic Devices . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice - Hall . pp. 301 -- 305 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 822023 - 9 . Jump up ^ Horowitz , Paul ; Winfield Hill ( 1989 ) . The Art of Electronics ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 115 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 37095 - 7 . Jump up ^ Sansen , W.M.C. ( 2006 ) . Analog design essentials . New York , Berlin : Springer . p. § 0152 , p. 28 . ISBN 0 - 387 - 25746 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` IGBT Module 5SNA 2400E170100 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Zhong Yuan Chang , Willy M.C. Sansen , Low - Noise Wide - Band Amplifiers in Bipolar and CMOS Technologies , page 31 , Springer , 1991 ISBN 0792390962 . Jump up ^ `` Single Electron Transistors '' . Snow.stanford.edu . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sanders , Robert ( June 28 , 2005 ) . `` Nanofluidic transistor , the basis of future chemical processors '' . Berkeley.edu . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The return of the vacuum tube ? '' . Gizmag.com . May 28 , 2012 . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Transistor Data '' . Clivetec.0catch.com . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Datasheet for BC549 , with A , B and C gain groupings '' ( PDF ) . Fairchild Semiconductor . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Datasheet for BUK854 - 800A ( 800volt IGBT ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Freeman 's HP Part numbers Crossreference '' . Hpmuseum.org . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Transistor -- Diode Cross Reference -- H.P. Part Numbers to JEDEC ( pdf ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CV Device Cross-reference by Andy Lake '' . Qsl.net . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sedra , A.S. & Smith , K.C. ( 2004 ) . Microelectronic circuits ( Fifth ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 397 and Figure 5.17 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 514251 - 9 . Jump up ^ Rojas , Jhonathan P. ; Torres Sevilla , Galo A. ; Hussain , Muhammad M. ( 2013 ) . `` Can We Build a Truly High Performance Computer Which is Flexible and Transparent ? '' . Scientific Reports . 3 . Bibcode : 2013NatSR ... 3E2609R . PMC 3767948 . PMID 24018904 . doi : 10.1038 / srep02609 . Jump up ^ Zhang , Kan ; Seo , Jung - Hun ; Zhou , Weidong ; Ma , Zhenqiang ( 2012 ) . `` Fast flexible electronics using transferrable silicon nanomembranes '' . Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics. 45 ( 14 ) : 143001 . Bibcode : 2012JPhD ... 45n3001Z . doi : 10.1088 / 0022 - 3727 / 45 / 14 / 143001 . Jump up ^ Sun , Dong - Ming ; Timmermans , Marina Y. ; Tian , Ying ; Nasibulin , Albert G. ; Kauppinen , Esko I. ; Kishimoto , Shigeru ; Mizutani , Takashi ; Ohno , Yutaka ( 2011 ) . `` Flexible high - performance carbon nanotube integrated circuits '' . Nature Nanotechnology. 6 ( 3 ) : 156 . Bibcode : 2011NatNa ... 6 ... 156S . PMID 21297625 . doi : 10.1038 / NNANO. 2011.1 . Further reading ( edit ) Amos SW & James MR ( 1999 ) . Principles of Transistor Circuits . Butterworth - Heinemann . ISBN 0 - 7506 - 4427 - 3 . Bacon , W. Stevenson ( 1968 ) . `` The Transistor 's 20th Anniversary : How Germanium And A Bit of Wire Changed The World '' . Bonnier Corp. : Popular Science , retrieved from Google Books 2009 - 03 - 22 . Bonnier Corporation . 192 ( 6 ) : 80 -- 84 . ISSN 0161 - 7370 . Horowitz , Paul & Hill , Winfield ( 1989 ) . The Art of Electronics . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 37095 - 7 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Riordan , Michael & Hoddeson , Lillian ( 1998 ) . Crystal Fire . W.W Norton & Company Limited . ISBN 0 - 393 - 31851 - 6 . The invention of the transistor & the birth of the information age Warnes , Lionel ( 1998 ) . Analogue and Digital Electronics . Macmillan Press Ltd . ISBN 0 - 333 - 65820 - 5 . `` Herbert F. Mataré , An Inventor of the Transistor has his moment '' . The New York Times . February 24 , 2003 . Michael Riordan ( 2005 ) . `` How Europe Missed the Transistor '' . IEEE Spectrum. 42 ( 11 ) : 52 -- 57 . doi : 10.1109 / MSPEC. 2005.1526906 . C.D. Renmore ( 1980 ) . Silicon Chips and You . ISBN 0 - 8253 - 0022 - 3 . Wiley - IEEE Press . Complete Guide to Semiconductor Devices , 2nd Edition . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Transistors and Transistors ( SMD ) . Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Transistors The CK722 Museum . Website devoted to the `` classic '' hobbyist germanium transistor The Transistor Educational content from Nobelprize.org BBC : Building the digital age photo history of transistors The Bell Systems Memorial on Transistors IEEE Global History Network , The Transistor and Portable Electronics . All about the history of transistors and integrated circuits . Transistorized . Historical and technical information from the Public Broadcasting Service This Month in Physics History : November 17 to December 23 , 1947 : Invention of the First Transistor . From the American Physical Society 50 Years of the Transistor . From Science Friday , December 12 , 1997 Pinouts Common transistor pinouts Datasheets Charts showing many characteristics and links to most datasheets for 2N , 2SA , 2SB . 2SC , 2SD , 2SH - K , and other numbers . Discrete Databook ( Historical 1978 ) , National Semiconductor ( now Texas Instruments ) Discrete Databook ( Historical 1982 ) , SGS ( now STMicroelectronics ) Small - Signal Transistor Databook ( Historical 1984 ) , Motorola Discrete Databook ( Historical 1985 ) , Fairchild ( hide ) Electronic components Semiconductor devices Avalanche diode Transistor Tetrode transistor Pentode transistor Memistor Memristor Bipolar junction transistor ( BJT ) FinFET CMOS MOSFET JFET Field - effect transistor ( FET ) Quantum circuit Constant - current diode ( CLD , CRD ) Darlington transistor DIAC Diode Heterostructure barrier varactor Insulated-gate bipolar transistor ( IGBT ) Integrated circuit ( IC ) Light - emitting diode ( LED ) Photodetector Photodiode PIN diode Schottky diode Silicon controlled rectifier ( SCR ) Thyristor TRIAC Unijunction transistor ( UJT ) Varicap Zener diode Voltage regulators Linear regulator Low - dropout regulator Switching regulator Buck Boost Buck -- boost Split - pi Ćuk SEPIC Charge pump Switched capacitor Vacuum tubes Acorn tube Audion Beam tetrode Barretter Compactron Diode Fleming valve Nonode Nuvistor Pentagrid ( Hexode , Heptode , Octode ) Pentode Photomultiplier Phototube Tetrode Triode Vacuum tubes ( RF ) Backward - wave oscillator ( BWO ) Cavity magnetron Crossed - field amplifier ( CFA ) Gyrotron Inductive output tube ( IOT ) Klystron Maser Sutton tube Traveling - wave tube ( TWT ) Cathode ray tubes Beam deflection tube Charactron Iconoscope Magic eye tube Monoscope Selectron tube Storage tube Trochotron Video camera tube Williams tube Gas - filled tubes Cold cathode Crossatron Dekatron Ignitron Krytron Mercury - arc valve Neon lamp Nixie tube Thyratron Trigatron Voltage - regulator tube Adjustable Potentiometer digital Variable capacitor Varicap Passive Connector audio and video electrical power RF Electrolytic detector Ferrite Fuse resettable Resistor Switch Thermistor Transformer Varistor Wire Wollaston wire Reactive Capacitor types Ceramic resonator Crystal oscillator Inductor Parametron Relay reed relay mercury switch LCCN : sh85136935 GND : 4060646 - 6 BNF : cb11933621t ( data ) NDL : 00573299 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transistor&oldid=804561340 '' Categories : Transistors 1947 in computer science 1947 in technology American inventions Bell Labs Computer - related introductions in 1947 Electrical components Semiconductor devices Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia introduction cleanup from May 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from May 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Use mdy dates from May 2016 Articles needing additional references from November 2010 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiversity Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Galego 贛語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ ತುಳು Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 20 : 17 . 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was the byzantine empire a continuation of the roman empire	The Byzantine Empire , also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire , was the continuation of the Roman Empire in the East during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages , when its capital city was Constantinople ( modern - day Istanbul , which had been founded as Byzantium ) . It survived the fragmentation and fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD and continued to exist for an additional thousand years until it fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 . During most of its existence , the empire was the most powerful economic , cultural , and military force in Europe . Both `` Byzantine Empire '' and `` Eastern Roman Empire '' are historiographical terms created after the end of the realm ; its citizens continued to refer to their empire as the Roman Empire ( Greek : Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων , tr . Basileia tôn Rhōmaiōn ; Latin : Imperium Romanum ) , or Romania ( Ῥωμανία ) , and to themselves as `` Romans '' .		Byzantine Empire	byzantine empire	The Byzantine Empire , also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire , was the continuation of the Roman Empire in the East during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages , when its capital city was Constantinople ( modern - day Istanbul , which had been founded as Byzantium ) . It survived the fragmentation and fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD and continued to exist for an additional thousand years until it fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 . During most of its existence , the empire was the most powerful economic , cultural , and military force in Europe . Both `` Byzantine Empire '' and `` Eastern Roman Empire '' are historiographical terms created after the end of the realm ; its citizens continued to refer to their empire as the Roman Empire ( Greek : Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων , tr . Basileia tôn Rhōmaiōn ; Latin : Imperium Romanum ) , or Romania ( Ῥωμανία ) , and to themselves as `` Romans '' .	Several signal events from the 4th to 6th centuries mark the period of transition during which the Roman Empire 's Greek East and Latin West divided . Constantine I ( r . 324 -- 337 ) reorganised the empire , made Constantinople the new capital , and legalised Christianity . Under Theodosius I ( r . 379 -- 395 ) , Christianity became the Empire 's official state religion and other religious practices were proscribed . Finally , under the reign of Heraclius ( r . 610 -- 641 ) , the Empire 's military and administration were restructured and adopted Greek for official use instead of Latin . Thus , although the Roman state continued and Roman state traditions were maintained , modern historians distinguish Byzantium from ancient Rome insofar as it was centred on Constantinople , oriented towards Greek rather than Latin culture , and characterised by Orthodox Christianity . The borders of the Empire evolved significantly over its existence , as it went through several cycles of decline and recovery . During the reign of Justinian I ( r . 527 -- 565 ) , the Empire reached its greatest extent after reconquering much of the historically Roman western Mediterranean coast , including North Africa , Italy , and Rome itself , which it held for two more centuries . During the reign of Maurice ( r . 582 -- 602 ) , the Empire 's eastern frontier was expanded and the north stabilised . However , his assassination caused the Byzantine -- Sasanian War of 602 -- 628 , which exhausted the Empire 's resources and contributed to major territorial losses during the Muslim conquests of the seventh century . In a matter of years the Empire lost its richest provinces , Egypt and Syria , to the Arabs . During the Macedonian dynasty ( 10th -- 11th centuries ) , the Empire again expanded and experienced the two - century long Macedonian Renaissance , which came to an end with the loss of much of Asia Minor to the Seljuk Turks after the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 . This battle opened the way for the Turks to settle in Anatolia . The Empire recovered again during the Komnenian restoration , such that by the 12th century Constantinople was the largest and wealthiest European city . However , it was delivered a mortal blow during the Fourth Crusade , when Constantinople was sacked in 1204 and the territories that the Empire formerly governed were divided into competing Byzantine Greek and Latin realms . Despite the eventual recovery of Constantinople in 1261 , the Byzantine Empire remained only one of several small rival states in the area for the final two centuries of its existence . Its remaining territories were progressively annexed by the Ottomans over the 15th century . The Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 finally ended the Byzantine Empire . Contents ( hide ) 1 Nomenclature 2 History 2.1 Early history 2.2 Decentralization of power 2.3 Recentralisation 2.4 Loss of the Western Roman Empire 2.5 Justinian dynasty 2.6 Shrinking borders 2.6. 1 Early Heraclian dynasty 2.6. 2 Siege of Constantinople ( 674 -- 678 ) 2.6. 3 Late Heraclian dynasty 2.6. 4 Isaurian dynasty to the accession of Basil I 2.6. 5 Religious dispute over iconoclasm 2.7 Macedonian dynasty and resurgence ( 867 -- 1025 ) 2.7. 1 Wars against the Arabs 2.7. 2 Wars against the Bulgarian Empire 2.7. 3 Relations with the Kievan Rus ' 2.7. 4 Apex 2.7. 5 Split between Orthodox Christianity and Catholicism ( 1054 ) 2.8 Crisis and fragmentation 2.9 Komnenian dynasty and the crusaders 2.9. 1 Alexios I and the First Crusade 2.9. 2 John II , Manuel I and the Second Crusade 2.9. 3 12th - century Renaissance 2.10 Decline and disintegration 2.10. 1 Angelid dynasty 2.10. 2 Fourth Crusade 2.10. 3 Crusader sack of Constantinople ( 1204 ) 2.11 Fall 2.11. 1 Empire in exile 2.11. 2 Reconquest of Constantinople 2.11. 3 Rise of the Ottomans and fall of Constantinople 2.12 Political aftermath 3 Economy 4 Science , medicine and law 5 Religion 6 Art and literature 7 Music 8 Cuisine 9 Recreation 10 Government and bureaucracy 10.1 Diplomacy 10.2 Flags and insignia 11 Language 12 Legacy 13 See also 14 Annotations 15 Notes 16 References 16.1 Primary sources 16.2 Secondary sources 17 Further reading 18 External links 18.1 Byzantine studies , resources and bibliography Nomenclature See also : Names of the Greeks The first use of the term `` Byzantine '' to label the later years of the Roman Empire was in 1557 , when the German historian Hieronymus Wolf published his work Corpus Historiæ Byzantinæ , a collection of historical sources . The term comes from `` Byzantium '' , the name of the city of Constantinople before it became Constantine 's capital . This older name of the city would rarely be used from this point onward except in historical or poetic contexts . The publication in 1648 of the Byzantine du Louvre ( Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae ) , and in 1680 of Du Cange 's Historia Byzantina further popularised the use of `` Byzantine '' among French authors , such as Montesquieu . However , it was not until the mid-19th century that the term came into general use in the Western world . The Byzantine Empire was known to its inhabitants as the `` Roman Empire '' , the `` Empire of the Romans '' ( Latin : Imperium Romanum , Imperium Romanorum ; Greek : Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων Basileia tōn Rhōmaiōn , Ἀρχὴ τῶν Ῥωμαίων Archē tōn Rhōmaiōn ) , `` Romania '' ( Latin : Romania ; Greek : Ῥωμανία Rhōmania ) , the `` Roman Republic '' ( Latin : Res Publica Romana ; Greek : Πολιτεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων Politeia tōn Rhōmaiōn ) , and also as Rhōmais ( Greek : Ῥωμαΐς ) . The inhabitants called themselves Romaioi , and even as late as the 19th century Greeks typically referred to modern Greek as Romaika . Although the Byzantine Empire had a multi-ethnic character during most of its history and preserved Romano - Hellenistic traditions , it became identified by its western and northern contemporaries with its increasingly predominant Greek element . The occasional use of the term `` Empire of the Greeks '' ( Latin : Imperium Graecorum ) in the West to refer to the Eastern Roman Empire and of the Byzantine Emperor as Imperator Graecorum ( Emperor of the Greeks ) were also used to separate it from the prestige of the Roman Empire within the new kingdoms of the West . The authority of the Byzantine emperor as the legitimate Roman emperor was challenged by the coronation of Charlemagne as Imperator Augustus by Pope Leo III in the year 800 . Needing Charlemagne 's support in his struggle against his enemies in Rome , Leo used the lack of a male occupant of the throne of the Roman Empire at the time to claim that it was vacant and that he could therefore crown a new Emperor himself . No such distinction existed in the Islamic and Slavic worlds , where the Empire was more straightforwardly seen as the continuation of the Roman Empire . In the Islamic world , the Roman Empire was known primarily as Rûm . The name millet - i Rûm , or `` Roman nation , '' was used by the Ottomans through the 20th century to refer to the former subjects of the Byzantine Empire , that is , the Orthodox Christian community within Ottoman realms . History Main article : History of the Byzantine Empire Part of a series on the History of the Byzantine Empire Preceding Roman Empire Dominate Early period ( 330 -- 717 ) Constantinian and Valentinian dynasties Theodosian dynasty Leonid dynasty Justinian dynasty Heraclian dynasty Twenty Years ' Anarchy Middle period ( 717 -- 1204 ) Isaurian dynasty Amorian dynasty Macedonian dynasty Doukid dynasty Komnenian dynasty Angelid dynasty Late period ( 1204 -- 1453 ) Fourth Crusade and Latin states Byzantine successor states Nicaea Epirus / Thessalonica Trebizond Palaiologan dynasty Fall of Constantinople Timeline By topic Art Government Economy Army Navy Byzantine Empire portal Early History The Baptism of Constantine painted by Raphael 's pupils ( 1520 -- 1524 , fresco , Vatican City , Apostolic Palace ) ; Eusebius of Caesarea records that ( as was common among converts of early Christianity ) Constantine delayed receiving baptism until shortly before his death The Roman army succeeded in conquering many territories covering the entire Mediterranean region and coastal regions in southwestern Europe and north Africa . These territories were home to many different cultural groups , both urban populations and rural populations . Generally speaking , the eastern Mediterranean provinces were more urbanised than the western , having previously been united under the Macedonian Empire and Hellenised by the influence of Greek culture . The West also suffered more heavily from the instability of the 3rd century AD . This distinction between the established Hellenised East and the younger Latinised West persisted and became increasingly important in later centuries , leading to a gradual estrangement of the two worlds . Decentralization of power See also : Byzantium under the Constantinian and Valentinian dynasties To maintain control and improve administration , various schemes to divide the work of the Roman Emperor by sharing it between individuals were tried between 285 and 324 , from 337 to 350 , from 364 to 392 , and again between 395 and 480 . Although the administrative subdivisions varied , they generally involved a division of labour between East and West . Each division was a form of power - sharing ( or even job - sharing ) , for the ultimate imperium was not divisible and therefore the empire remained legally one state -- although the co-emperors often saw each other as rivals or enemies . In 293 , emperor Diocletian created a new administrative system ( the tetrarchy ) , to guarantee security in all endangered regions of his Empire . He associated himself with a co-emperor ( Augustus ) , and each co-emperor then adopted a young colleague given the title of Caesar , to share in their rule and eventually to succeed the senior partner . The tetrarchy collapsed , however , in 313 and a few years later Constantine I reunited the two administrative divisions of the Empire as sole Augustus . Recentralisation In 330 , Constantine moved the seat of the Empire to Constantinople , which he founded as a second Rome on the site of Byzantium , a city strategically located on the trade routes between Europe and Asia and between the Mediterranean and the Black Sea . Constantine introduced important changes into the Empire 's military , monetary , civil and religious institutions . As regards his economic policies in particular , he has been accused by certain scholars of `` reckless fiscality '' , but the gold solidus he introduced became a stable currency that transformed the economy and promoted development . Under Constantine , Christianity did not become the exclusive religion of the state , but enjoyed imperial preference , because the emperor supported it with generous privileges . Constantine established the principle that emperors could not settle questions of doctrine on their own , but should summon instead general ecclesiastical councils for that purpose . His convening of both the Synod of Arles and the First Council of Nicaea indicated his interest in the unity of the Church , and showcased his claim to be its head . The rise of Christianity was briefly interrupted on the accession of the emperor Julian in 361 , who made a determined effort to restore polytheism throughout the empire and was thus dubbed `` Julian the Apostate '' by the Church . However this was reversed when Julian was killed in battle in 363 . Restored section of the Theodosian Walls . Theodosius I ( 379 -- 395 ) was the last Emperor to rule both the Eastern and Western halves of the Empire . In 391 and 392 he issued a series of edicts essentially banning pagan religion . Pagan festivals and sacrifices were banned , as was access to all pagan temples and places of worship . The last Olympic Games are believed to have been held in 393 . In 395 , Theodosius I bequeathed the imperial office jointly to his sons : Arcadius in the East and Honorius in the West , once again dividing Imperial administration . In the 5th century the Eastern part of the empire was largely spared the difficulties faced by the West -- due in part to a more established urban culture and greater financial resources , which allowed it to placate invaders with tribute and pay foreign mercenaries . This success allowed Theodosius II to focus on the codification of Roman law and further fortification of the walls of Constantinople , which left the city impervious to most attacks until 1204 . Large portions of the Theodosian Walls are preserved to the present day . To fend off the Huns , Theodosius had to pay an enormous annual tribute to Attila . His successor , Marcian , refused to continue to pay the tribute , but Attila had already diverted his attention to the West . After Attila 's death in 453 , the Hunnic Empire collapsed , and many of the remaining Huns were often hired as mercenaries by Constantinople . Loss of the Western Roman Empire The Roman Empire during the reigns of Leo I ( east ) and Majorian ( west ) in 460 AD . Roman rule in the west would last less than two more decades , whereas the territory of the east would remain static until the reconquests of Justinian I . After the fall of Attila , the Eastern Empire enjoyed a period of peace , while the Western Empire deteriorated due to continuing migration and expansion by the Germanic nations ( its end is usually dated in 476 when the Germanic Roman general Odoacer deposed the usurper Western Emperor Romulus Augustulus ) . In 480 with the death of the Western Emperor Julius Nepos , Eastern Emperor Zeno became sole Emperor of the empire . Odoacer , now ruler of Italy , was nominally Zeno 's subordinate but acted with complete autonomy , eventually providing support to a rebellion against the Emperor . Zeno negotiated with the invading Ostrogoths , who had settled in Moesia , convincing the Gothic king Theodoric to depart for Italy as magister militum per Italiam ( `` commander in chief for Italy '' ) with the aim of deposing Odoacer . By urging Theodoric to conquer Italy , Zeno rid the Eastern Empire of an unruly subordinate ( Odoacer ) and moved another ( Theodoric ) further from the heart of the Empire . After Odoacer 's defeat in 493 , Theodoric ruled Italy de facto , although he was never recognised by the eastern emperors as `` king '' ( rex ) . In 491 , Anastasius I , an aged civil officer of Roman origin , became Emperor , but it was not until 497 that the forces of the new emperor effectively took the measure of Isaurian resistance . Anastasius revealed himself as an energetic reformer and an able administrator . He perfected Constantine I 's coinage system by definitively setting the weight of the copper follis , the coin used in most everyday transactions . He also reformed the tax system and permanently abolished the chrysargyron tax . The State Treasury contained the enormous sum of 320,000 lb ( 150,000 kg ) of gold when Anastasius died in 518 . Justinian dynasty See also : Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty Justinian I depicted on one of the famous mosaics of the Basilica of San Vitale , Ravenna . Theodora , Justinian 's wife , depicted on the mosaics of the Basilica of San Vitale , Ravenna . The Justinian dynasty was founded by Justin I , who though illiterate , rose through the ranks of the military to become Emperor in 518 . He was succeeded by his nephew Justinian I in 527 , who may already have exerted effective control during Justin 's reign . One of the most important figures of late antiquity and possibly the last Roman emperor to speak Latin as a first language , Justinian 's rule constitutes a distinct epoch , marked by the ambitious but only partly realized renovatio imperii , or `` restoration of the Empire '' . His wife Theodora was particularly influential . In 529 , Justinian appointed a ten - man commission chaired by John the Cappadocian to revise Roman law and create a new codification of laws and jurists ' extracts , known as the `` Corpus Juris Civilis '' or the Justinian Code . In 534 , the Corpus was updated and , along with the enactments promulgated by Justinian after 534 , formed the system of law used for most of the rest of the Byzantine era . The Corpus forms the basis of civil law of many modern states . In 532 , attempting to secure his eastern frontier , Justinian signed a peace treaty with Khosrau I of Persia agreeing to pay a large annual tribute to the Sassanids . In the same year , he survived a revolt in Constantinople ( the Nika riots ) , which solidified his power but ended with the deaths of a reported 30,000 to 35,000 rioters on his orders . The western conquests began in 533 , as Justinian sent his general Belisarius to reclaim the former province of Africa from the Vandals who had been in control since 429 with their capital at Carthage . Their success came with surprising ease , but it was not until 548 that the major local tribes were subdued . In Ostrogothic Italy , the deaths of Theodoric , his nephew and heir Athalaric , and his daughter Amalasuntha had left her murderer , Theodahad ( r . 534 -- 536 ) , on the throne despite his weakened authority . In 535 , a small Byzantine expedition to Sicily met with easy success , but the Goths soon stiffened their resistance , and victory did not come until 540 , when Belisarius captured Ravenna , after successful sieges of Naples and Rome . In 535 -- 536 , Theodahad sent Pope Agapetus I to Constantinople to request the removal of Byzantine forces from Sicily , Dalmatia , and Italy . Although Agapetus failed in his mission to sign a peace with Justinian , he succeeded in having the Monophysite Patriarch Anthimus I of Constantinople denounced , despite empress Theodora 's support and protection . The Ostrogoths were soon reunited under the command of King Totila and captured Rome in 546 . Belisarius , who had been sent back to Italy in 544 , was eventually recalled to Constantinople in 549 . The arrival of the Armenian eunuch Narses in Italy ( late 551 ) with an army of 35,000 men marked another shift in Gothic fortunes . Totila was defeated at the Battle of Taginae and his successor , Teia , was defeated at the Battle of Mons Lactarius ( October 552 ) . Despite continuing resistance from a few Gothic garrisons and two subsequent invasions by the Franks and Alemanni , the war for the Italian peninsula was at an end . In 551 , Athanagild , a noble from Visigothic Hispania , sought Justinian 's help in a rebellion against the king , and the emperor dispatched a force under Liberius , a successful military commander . The empire held on to a small slice of the Iberian Peninsula coast until the reign of Heraclius . In the east , the Roman -- Persian Wars continued until 561 when the envoys of Justinian and Khosrau agreed on a 50 - year peace . By the mid-550s , Justinian had won victories in most theatres of operation , with the notable exception of the Balkans , which were subjected to repeated incursions from the Slavs and the Gepids . Tribes of Serbs and Croats were later resettled in the northwestern Balkans , during the reign of Heraclius . Justinian called Belisarius out of retirement and defeated the new Hunnish threat . The strengthening of the Danube fleet caused the Kutrigur Huns to withdraw and they agreed to a treaty that allowed safe passage back across the Danube . Although polytheism had been suppressed by the state since at least the time of Constantine in the 4th century , traditional Greco - Roman culture was still influential in the Eastern empire in the 6th century . Philosophers such as John Philoponus drew on neoplatonic ideas in addition to Christian thought and empiricism . Nevertheless , Hellenistic philosophy began to be gradually supplanted by or amalgamated into newer Christian philosophy . The closure of the Platonic Academy in 529 was a notable turning point . Hymns written by Romanos the Melodist marked the development of the Divine Liturgy , while the architects Isidore of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles worked to complete the new Church of the Holy Wisdom , Hagia Sophia , which was designed to replace an older church destroyed during the Nika Revolt . Completed in 537 , the Hagia Sophia stands today as one of the major monuments of Byzantine architectural history . During the 6th and 7th centuries , the Empire was struck by a series of epidemics , which greatly devastated the population and contributed to a significant economic decline and a weakening of the Empire . The Eastern Roman Empire in 600 AD during the reign of Emperor Maurice . After Justinian died in 565 , his successor , Justin II refused to pay the large tribute to the Persians . Meanwhile , the Germanic Lombards invaded Italy ; by the end of the century only a third of Italy was in Byzantine hands . Justin 's successor , Tiberius II , choosing between his enemies , awarded subsidies to the Avars while taking military action against the Persians . Though Tiberius ' general , Maurice , led an effective campaign on the eastern frontier , subsidies failed to restrain the Avars . They captured the Balkan fortress of Sirmium in 582 , while the Slavs began to make inroads across the Danube . Maurice , who meanwhile succeeded Tiberius , intervened in a Persian civil war , placed the legitimate Khosrau II back on the throne and married his daughter to him . Maurice 's treaty with his new brother - in - law enlarged the territories of the Empire to the East and allowed the energetic Emperor to focus on the Balkans . By 602 , a series of successful Byzantine campaigns had pushed the Avars and Slavs back across the Danube . However , Maurice 's refusal to ransom several thousand captives taken by the Avars , and his order to the troops to winter in the Danube caused his popularity to plummet . A revolt broke out under an officer named Phocas , who marched the troops back to Constantinople ; Maurice and his family were murdered while trying to escape . Shrinking borders Early Heraclian dynasty For more details on this topic , see Byzantine Empire under the Heraclian dynasty . Siege of Constantinople in 626 by the combined Avar , Sassanid Persian , and Slavic forces depicted on the murals of the Moldovița Monastery , Romania The Byzantine Empire in 650 -- by this year it had lost all of its southern provinces except the Exarchate of Africa . After Maurice 's murder by Phocas , Khosrau used the pretext to reconquer the Roman province of Mesopotamia . Phocas , an unpopular ruler invariably described in Byzantine sources as a `` tyrant '' , was the target of a number of Senate - led plots . He was eventually deposed in 610 by Heraclius , who sailed to Constantinople from Carthage with an icon affixed to the prow of his ship . Following the accession of Heraclius , the Sassanid advance pushed deep into the Levant , occupying Damascus and Jerusalem and removing the True Cross to Ctesiphon . The counter-attack launched by Heraclius took on the character of a holy war , and an acheiropoietos image of Christ was carried as a military standard ( similarly , when Constantinople was saved from a combined Avar -- Sassanid -- Slavic siege in 626 , the victory was attributed to the icons of the Virgin that were led in procession by Patriarch Sergius about the walls of the city ) . In this very siege of Constantinople of the year 626 , amidst the climactic Byzantine -- Sasanian War of 602 -- 628 , the combined Avar , Sassanid , and Slavic forces unsuccessfully besieged the Byzantine capital between June and July . After this , the Sassanid army was forced to withdraw to Anatolia . The loss came just after news had reached them of yet another Byzantine victory , where Heraclius 's brother Theodore scored well against the Persian general Shahin . Following this , Heraclius led an invasion into Sassanid Mesopotamia once again . The main Sassanid force was destroyed at Nineveh in 627 , and in 629 Heraclius restored the True Cross to Jerusalem in a majestic ceremony , as he marched into the Sassanid capital of Ctesiphon , where anarchy and civil war reigned as a result of the enduring war . Eventually , the Persians were obliged to withdraw all armed forces and return Sassanid - ruled Egypt , the Levant and whatever imperial territories of Mesopotamia and Armenia were in Roman hands at the time of an earlier peace treaty in c. 595 . The war had exhausted both the Byzantines and Sassanids , however , and left them extremely vulnerable to the Muslim forces that emerged in the following years . The Byzantines suffered a crushing defeat by the Arabs at the Battle of Yarmouk in 636 , while Ctesiphon fell in 637 . Siege of Constantinople ( 674 -- 678 ) Greek fire was first used by the Byzantine Navy during the Byzantine -- Arab Wars ( from the Madrid Skylitzes , Biblioteca Nacional de España , Madrid ) . The Arabs , now firmly in control of Syria and the Levant , sent frequent raiding parties deep into Asia Minor , and in 674 -- 678 laid siege to Constantinople itself . The Arab fleet was finally repulsed through the use of Greek fire , and a thirty - years ' truce was signed between the Empire and the Umayyad Caliphate . However , the Anatolian raids continued unabated , and accelerated the demise of classical urban culture , with the inhabitants of many cities either refortifying much smaller areas within the old city walls , or relocating entirely to nearby fortresses . Constantinople itself dropped substantially in size , from 500,000 inhabitants to just 40,000 -- 70,000 , and , like other urban centres , it was partly ruralised . The city also lost the free grain shipments in 618 , after Egypt fell first to the Persians and then to the Arabs , and public wheat distribution ceased . The void left by the disappearance of the old semi-autonomous civic institutions was filled by the theme system , which entailed dividing Asia Minor into `` provinces '' occupied by distinct armies that assumed civil authority and answered directly to the imperial administration . This system may have had its roots in certain ad hoc measures taken by Heraclius , but over the course of the 7th century it developed into an entirely new system of imperial governance . The massive cultural and institutional restructuring of the Empire consequent on the loss of territory in the 7th century has been said to have caused a decisive break in east Mediterranean Romanness and that the Byzantine state is subsequently best understood as another successor state rather than a real continuation of the Roman Empire . Late Heraclian dynasty See also : Twenty Years ' Anarchy The withdrawal of large numbers of troops from the Balkans to combat the Persians and then the Arabs in the east opened the door for the gradual southward expansion of Slavic peoples into the peninsula , and , as in Asia Minor , many cities shrank to small fortified settlements . In the 670s , the Bulgars were pushed south of the Danube by the arrival of the Khazars . In 680 , Byzantine forces sent to disperse these new settlements were defeated . In 681 , Constantine IV signed a treaty with the Bulgar khan Asparukh , and the new Bulgarian state assumed sovereignty over a number of Slavic tribes that had previously , at least in name , recognised Byzantine rule . In 687 -- 688 , the final Heraclian emperor , Justinian II , led an expedition against the Slavs and Bulgarians , and made significant gains , although the fact that he had to fight his way from Thrace to Macedonia demonstrates the degree to which Byzantine power in the north Balkans had declined . Justinian II attempted to break the power of the urban aristocracy through severe taxation and the appointment of `` outsiders '' to administrative posts . He was driven from power in 695 , and took shelter first with the Khazars and then with the Bulgarians . In 705 , he returned to Constantinople with the armies of the Bulgarian khan Tervel , retook the throne , and instituted a reign of terror against his enemies . With his final overthrow in 711 , supported once more by the urban aristocracy , the Heraclian dynasty came to an end . Isaurian dynasty to the accession of Basil I For more details on this topic , see Byzantine Empire under the Isaurian dynasty . The Byzantine Empire at the accession of Leo III , c. 717 . Striped area indicates land raided by the Arabs . Leo III the Isaurian turned back the Muslim assault in 718 and addressed himself to the task of reorganising and consolidating the themes in Asia Minor . His successor , Constantine V , won noteworthy victories in northern Syria and thoroughly undermined Bulgarian strength . Taking advantage of the Empire 's weakness after the Revolt of Thomas the Slav in the early 820s , the Arabs re-emerged and captured Crete . They also successfully attacked Sicily , but in 863 general Petronas gained a decisive victory against Umar al - Aqta , the emir of Melitene ( Malatya ) . Under the leadership of emperor Krum , the Bulgarian threat also re-emerged , but in 815 -- 816 Krum 's son , Omurtag , signed a peace treaty with Leo V . Religious dispute over iconoclasm Main article : Byzantine iconoclasm The 8th and early 9th centuries were also dominated by controversy and religious division over Iconoclasm , which was the main political issue in the Empire for over a century . Icons ( here meaning all forms of religious imagery ) were banned by Leo and Constantine from around 730 , leading to revolts by iconodules ( supporters of icons ) throughout the empire . After the efforts of empress Irene , the Second Council of Nicaea met in 787 and affirmed that icons could be venerated but not worshiped . Irene is said to have endeavoured to negotiate a marriage between herself and Charlemagne , but , according to Theophanes the Confessor , the scheme was frustrated by Aetios , one of her favourites . In the early 9th century , Leo V reintroduced the policy of iconoclasm , but in 843 empress Theodora restored the veneration of icons with the help of Patriarch Methodios . Iconoclasm played a part in the further alienation of East from West , which worsened during the so - called Photian schism , when Pope Nicholas I challenged the elevation of Photios to the patriarchate . Macedonian dynasty and resurgence ( 867 -- 1025 ) See also : Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty The Byzantine Empire , c. 867 . The accession of Basil I to the throne in 867 marks the beginning of the Macedonian dynasty , which would rule for the next two and a half centuries . This dynasty included some of the most able emperors in Byzantium 's history , and the period is one of revival and resurgence . The Empire moved from defending against external enemies to reconquest of territories formerly lost . In addition to a reassertion of Byzantine military power and political authority , the period under the Macedonian dynasty is characterised by a cultural revival in spheres such as philosophy and the arts . There was a conscious effort to restore the brilliance of the period before the Slavic and subsequent Arab invasions , and the Macedonian era has been dubbed the `` Golden Age '' of Byzantium . Though the Empire was significantly smaller than during the reign of Justinian , it had regained significant strength , as the remaining territories were less geographically dispersed and more politically , economically , and culturally integrated . Wars against the Arabs Main article : Arab -- Byzantine wars The general Leo Phokas defeats the Hamdanid Emirate of Aleppo at Andrassos in 960 , from the Madrid Skylitzes . In the early years of Basil I 's reign , Arab raids on the coasts of Dalmatia were successfully repelled , and the region once again came under secure Byzantine control . This enabled Byzantine missionaries to penetrate to the interior and convert the Serbs and the principalities of modern - day Herzegovina and Montenegro to Orthodox Christianity . An attempt to retake Malta ended disastrously , however , when the local population sided with the Arabs and massacred the Byzantine garrison . By contrast , the Byzantine position in Southern Italy was gradually consolidated so that by 873 Bari was once again under Byzantine rule , and most of Southern Italy would remain in the Empire for the next 200 years . On the more important eastern front , the Empire rebuilt its defences and went on the offensive . The Paulicians were defeated and their capital of Tephrike ( Divrigi ) taken , while the offensive against the Abbasid Caliphate began with the recapture of Samosata . The military successes of the 10th century were coupled with a major cultural revival , the so - called Macedonian Renaissance . Miniature from the Paris Psalter , an example of Hellenistic - influenced art . Under Basil 's son and successor , Leo VI the Wise , the gains in the east against the now - weak Abbasid Caliphate continued . However , Sicily was lost to the Arabs in 902 , and in 904 Thessaloniki , the Empire 's second city , was sacked by an Arab fleet . The naval weakness of the Empire was rectified . Despite this revenge the Byzantines were still unable to strike a decisive blow against the Muslims , who inflicted a crushing defeat on the imperial forces when they attempted to regain Crete in 911 . The death of the Bulgarian tsar Simeon I in 927 severely weakened the Bulgarians , allowing the Byzantines to concentrate on the eastern front . Melitene was permanently recaptured in 934 , and in 943 the famous general John Kourkouas continued the offensive in Mesopotamia with some noteworthy victories , culminating in the reconquest of Edessa . Kourkouas was especially celebrated for returning to Constantinople the venerated Mandylion , a relic purportedly imprinted with a portrait of Christ . The soldier - emperors Nikephoros II Phokas ( reigned 963 -- 969 ) and John I Tzimiskes ( 969 -- 976 ) expanded the empire well into Syria , defeating the emirs of north - west Iraq . The great city of Aleppo was taken by Nikephoros in 962 and the Arabs were decisively expelled from Crete in 963 . The recapture of Crete put an end to Arab raids in the Aegean allowing mainland Greece to flourish once again . Cyprus was permanently retaken in 965 and the successes of Nikephoros culminated in 969 with the recapture of Antioch , which he incorporated as a province of the Empire . His successor John Tzimiskes recaptured Damascus , Beirut , Acre , Sidon , Caesarea , and Tiberias , putting Byzantine armies within striking distance of Jerusalem , although the Muslim power centres in Iraq and Egypt were left untouched . After much campaigning in the north , the last Arab threat to Byzantium , the rich province of Sicily , was targeted in 1025 by Basil II , who died before the expedition could be completed . Nevertheless , by that time the Empire stretched from the straits of Messina to the Euphrates and from the Danube to Syria . Wars against the Bulgarian Empire For more details on this topic , see Byzantine -- Bulgarian wars . Emperor Basil II ( r . 976 -- 1025 ) The traditional struggle with the See of Rome continued through the Macedonian period , spurred by the question of religious supremacy over the newly Christianised state of Bulgaria . Ending eighty years of peace between the two states , the powerful Bulgarian tsar Simeon I invaded in 894 but was pushed back by the Byzantines , who used their fleet to sail up the Black Sea to attack the Bulgarian rear , enlisting the support of the Hungarians . The Byzantines were defeated at the Battle of Boulgarophygon in 896 , however , and agreed to pay annual subsidies to the Bulgarians . Leo the Wise died in 912 , and hostilities soon resumed as Simeon marched to Constantinople at the head of a large army . Though the walls of the city were impregnable , the Byzantine administration was in disarray and Simeon was invited into the city , where he was granted the crown of basileus ( emperor ) of Bulgaria and had the young emperor Constantine VII marry one of his daughters . When a revolt in Constantinople halted his dynastic project , he again invaded Thrace and conquered Adrianople . The Empire now faced the problem of a powerful Christian state within a few days ' marching distance from Constantinople , as well as having to fight on two fronts . A great imperial expedition under Leo Phocas and Romanos I Lekapenos ended with another crushing Byzantine defeat at the Battle of Achelous in 917 , and the following year the Bulgarians were free to ravage northern Greece . Adrianople was plundered again in 923 , and a Bulgarian army laid siege to Constantinople in 924 . Simeon died suddenly in 927 , however , and Bulgarian power collapsed with him . Bulgaria and Byzantium entered a long period of peaceful relations , and the Empire was now free to concentrate on the eastern front against the Muslims . In 968 , Bulgaria was overrun by the Rus ' under Sviatoslav I of Kiev , but three years later , John I Tzimiskes defeated the Rus ' and re-incorporated Eastern Bulgaria into the Byzantine Empire . The extent of the Empire under Basil II Bulgarian resistance revived under the rule of the Cometopuli dynasty , but the new emperor Basil II ( r . 976 -- 1025 ) made the submission of the Bulgarians his primary goal . Basil 's first expedition against Bulgaria , however , resulted in a humiliating defeat at the Gates of Trajan . For the next few years , the emperor would be preoccupied with internal revolts in Anatolia , while the Bulgarians expanded their realm in the Balkans . The war dragged on for nearly twenty years . The Byzantine victories of Spercheios and Skopje decisively weakened the Bulgarian army , and in annual campaigns , Basil methodically reduced the Bulgarian strongholds . At the Battle of Kleidion in 1014 the Bulgarians were annihilated : their army was captured , and it is said that 99 out of every 100 men were blinded , with the hundredth man left with one eye so he could lead his compatriots home . When Tsar Samuil saw the broken remains of his once formidable army , he died of shock . By 1018 , the last Bulgarian strongholds had surrendered , and the country became part of the Empire . This victory restored the Danube frontier , which had not been held since the days of the emperor Heraclius . Relations with the Kievan Rus ' Rus ' under the walls of Constantinople ( 860 ) Between 850 and 1100 , the Empire developed a mixed relationship with the new state of the Kievan Rus ' , which had emerged to the north across the Black Sea . This relationship would have long - lasting repercussions in the history of the East Slavs , and the Empire quickly became the main trading and cultural partner for Kiev . The Rus ' launched their first attack against Constantinople in 860 , pillaging the suburbs of the city . In 941 , they appeared on the Asian shore of the Bosphorus , but this time they were crushed , an indication of the improvements in the Byzantine military position after 907 , when only diplomacy had been able to push back the invaders . Basil II could not ignore the emerging power of the Rus ' , and , following the example of his predecessors , he used religion as a means for the achievement of political purposes . Rus ' -- Byzantine relations became closer following the marriage of Anna Porphyrogeneta to Vladimir the Great in 988 , and the subsequent Christianisation of the Rus ' . Byzantine priests , architects , and artists were invited to work on numerous cathedrals and churches around Rus ' , expanding Byzantine cultural influence even further , while numerous Rus ' served in the Byzantine army as mercenaries , most notably as the famous Varangian Guard . Even after the Christianisation of the Rus ' , however , relations were not always friendly . The most serious conflict between the two powers was the war of 968 -- 971 in Bulgaria , but several Rus ' raiding expeditions against the Byzantine cities of the Black Sea coast and Constantinople itself are also recorded . Although most were repulsed , they were often followed by treaties that were generally favourable to the Rus ' , such as the one concluded at the end of the war of 1043 , during which the Rus ' gave an indication of their ambitions to compete with the Byzantines as an independent power . Apex Constantinople became the largest and wealthiest city in Europe between the 9th and 11th centuries Basil II is considered among the most capable Byzantine emperors and his reign as the apex of the empire in the Middle Ages . By 1025 , the date of Basil II 's death , the Byzantine Empire stretched from Armenia in the east to Calabria in Southern Italy in the west . Many successes had been achieved , ranging from the conquest of Bulgaria to the annexation of parts of Georgia and Armenia , and the reconquest of Crete , Cyprus , and the important city of Antioch . These were not temporary tactical gains but long - term reconquests . Leo VI achieved the complete codification of Byzantine law in Greek . This monumental work of 60 volumes became the foundation of all subsequent Byzantine law and is still studied today . Leo also reformed the administration of the Empire , redrawing the borders of the administrative subdivisions ( the Themata , or `` Themes '' ) and tidying up the system of ranks and privileges , as well as regulating the behaviour of the various trade guilds in Constantinople . Leo 's reform did much to reduce the previous fragmentation of the Empire , which henceforth had one center of power , Constantinople . However , the increasing military success of the Empire greatly enriched and empowered the provincial nobility with respect to the peasantry , who were essentially reduced to a state of serfdom . Under the Macedonian emperors , the city of Constantinople flourished , becoming the largest and wealthiest city in Europe , with a population of approximately 400,000 in the 9th and 10th centuries . During this period , the Byzantine Empire employed a strong civil service staffed by competent aristocrats that oversaw the collection of taxes , domestic administration , and foreign policy . The Macedonian emperors also increased the Empire 's wealth by fostering trade with Western Europe , particularly through the sale of silk and metalwork . Split between Orthodox Christianity and catholicism ( 1054 ) Further information : East -- West Schism Mural of Saints Cyril and Methodius , 19th century , Troyan Monastery , Bulgaria The Macedonian period also included events of momentous religious significance . The conversion of the Bulgarians , Serbs and Rus ' to Orthodox Christianity permanently changed the religious map of Europe and still resonates today . Cyril and Methodius , two Byzantine Greek brothers from Thessaloniki , contributed significantly to the Christianization of the Slavs and in the process devised the Glagolitic alphabet , ancestor to the Cyrillic script . In 1054 , relations between the Eastern and Western traditions within the Christian Church reached a terminal crisis , known as the East -- West Schism . Although there was a formal declaration of institutional separation , on July 16 , when three papal legates entered the Hagia Sophia during Divine Liturgy on a Saturday afternoon and placed a bull of excommunication on the altar , the so - called Great Schism was actually the culmination of centuries of gradual separation . Unfortunately the legates did not know that the Pope had died , an event that made the excommunication void and the excommunication only applied to the Patriarch who responded by excommunicating the legates . Crisis and fragmentation The Empire soon fell into a period of difficulties , caused to a large extent by the undermining of the theme system and the neglect of the military . Nikephoros II , John Tzimiskes , and Basil II changed the military divisions ( τάγματα , tagmata ) from a rapid response , primarily defensive , citizen army into a professional , campaigning army , increasingly manned by mercenaries . Mercenaries were expensive , however , and as the threat of invasion receded in the 10th century , so did the need for maintaining large garrisons and expensive fortifications . Basil II left a burgeoning treasury upon his death , but he neglected to plan for his succession . None of his immediate successors had any particular military or political talent and the administration of the Empire increasingly fell into the hands of the civil service . Efforts to revive the Byzantine economy only resulted in inflation and a debased gold coinage . The army was now seen as both an unnecessary expense and a political threat . Native troops were therefore cashiered and replaced by foreign mercenaries on specific contract . At the same time , the Empire was faced with new enemies . Provinces in southern Italy faced the Normans , who arrived in Italy at the beginning of the 11th century . During a period of strife between Constantinople and Rome culminating in the East - West Schism of 1054 , the Normans began to advance , slowly but steadily , into Byzantine Italy . Reggio , the capital of the tagma of Calabria , was captured in 1060 by Robert Guiscard , followed by Otranto in 1068 . Bari , the main Byzantine stronghold in Apulia , was besieged in August 1068 and fell in April 1071 . The Byzantines also lost their influence over the Dalmatian coastal cities to Peter Krešimir IV of Croatia ( r . 1058 -- 1074 / 1075 ) in 1069 . The seizure of Edessa ( 1031 ) by the Byzantines under George Maniakes and the counterattack by the Seljuk Turks The greatest disaster took place in Asia Minor , however , where the Seljuq Turks made their first explorations across the Byzantine frontier into Armenia in 1065 and 1067 . The emergency lent weight to the military aristocracy in Anatolia , who in 1068 secured the election of one of their own , Romanos Diogenes , as emperor . In the summer of 1071 , Romanos undertook a massive eastern campaign to draw the Seljuks into a general engagement with the Byzantine army . At the Battle of Manzikert , Romanos suffered a surprise defeat by Sultan Alp Arslan , and he was captured . Alp Arslan treated him with respect and imposed no harsh terms on the Byzantines . In Constantinople , however , a coup put in power Michael Doukas , who soon faced the opposition of Nikephoros Bryennios and Nikephoros Botaneiates . By 1081 , the Seljuks had expanded their rule over virtually the entire Anatolian plateau from Armenia in the east to Bithynia in the west , and they had founded their capital at Nicaea , just 90 kilometres ( 56 miles ) from Constantinople . Komnenian dynasty and the crusaders See also : Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty and Komnenian restoration Alexios I , founder of the Komnenos dynasty During the Komnenian , or Comnenian , period from about 1081 to about 1185 , the five emperors of the Komnenos dynasty ( Alexios I , John II , Manuel I , Alexios II , and Andronikos I ) presided over a sustained , though ultimately incomplete , restoration of the military , territorial , economic , and political position of the Byzantine Empire . Although the Seljuk Turks occupied the heartland of the Empire in Anatolia , most Byzantine military efforts during this period were directed against Western powers , particularly the Normans . The Empire under the Komnenoi played a key role in the history of the Crusades in the Holy Land , which Alexios I had helped bring about , while also exerting enormous cultural and political influence in Europe , the Near East , and the lands around the Mediterranean Sea under John and Manuel . Contact between Byzantium and the `` Latin '' West , including the Crusader states , increased significantly during the Komnenian period . Venetian and other Italian traders became resident in large numbers in Constantinople and the empire ( there were an estimated 60,000 Latins in Constantinople alone , out of a population of three to four hundred thousand ) , and their presence together with the numerous Latin mercenaries who were employed by Manuel helped to spread Byzantine technology , art , literature and culture throughout the Latin West , while also leading to a flow of Western ideas and customs into the Empire . In terms of prosperity and cultural life , the Komnenian period was one of the peaks in Byzantine history , and Constantinople remained the leading city of the Christian world in size , wealth , and culture . There was a renewed interest in classical Greek philosophy , as well as an increase in literary output in vernacular Greek . Byzantine art and literature held a pre-eminent place in Europe , and the cultural impact of Byzantine art on the west during this period was enormous and of long lasting significance . Alexios I and the first Crusade For more details on this topic , see Alexios I Komnenos . See also : First Crusade Province ( doukaton ) of the Byzantine Empire ca . 1045 . The Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm before the First Crusade After Manzikert , a partial recovery ( referred to as the Komnenian restoration ) was made possible by the Komnenian dynasty . The first Komnenian emperor was Isaac I ( 1057 -- 1059 ) , after which the Doukas dynasty held power ( 1059 -- 81 ) . The Komnenoi attained power again under Alexios I in 1081 . From the outset of his reign , Alexios faced a formidable attack by the Normans under Robert Guiscard and his son Bohemund of Taranto , who captured Dyrrhachium and Corfu , and laid siege to Larissa in Thessaly . Robert Guiscard 's death in 1085 temporarily eased the Norman problem . The following year , the Seljuq sultan died , and the sultanate was split by internal rivalries . By his own efforts , Alexios defeated the Pechenegs ; they were caught by surprise and annihilated at the Battle of Levounion on 28 April 1091 . Having achieved stability in the West , Alexios could turn his attention to the severe economic difficulties and the disintegration of the Empire 's traditional defences . However , he still did not have enough manpower to recover the lost territories in Asia Minor and to advance against the Seljuks . At the Council of Piacenza in 1095 , envoys from Alexios spoke to Pope Urban II about the suffering of the Christians of the East , and underscored that without help from the West they would continue to suffer under Muslim rule . Urban saw Alexios 's request as a dual opportunity to cement Western Europe and reunite the Eastern Orthodox Church with the Roman Catholic Church under his rule . On 27 November 1095 , Pope Urban II called together the Council of Clermont , and urged all those present to take up arms under the sign of the Cross and launch an armed pilgrimage to recover Jerusalem and the East from the Muslims . The response in Western Europe was overwhelming . The brief first coinage of the Thessaloniki mint , opened by Alexios in September 1081 , on his way to confront the invading Normans under Robert Guiscard Alexios had anticipated help in the form of mercenary forces from the West , but he was totally unprepared for the immense and undisciplined force that soon arrived in Byzantine territory . It was no comfort to Alexios to learn that four of the eight leaders of the main body of the Crusade were Normans , among them Bohemund . Since the crusade had to pass through Constantinople , however , the Emperor had some control over it . He required its leaders to swear to restore to the empire any towns or territories they might reconquer from the Turks on their way to the Holy Land . In return , he gave them guides and a military escort . Alexios was able to recover a number of important cities and islands , and in fact much of western Asia Minor . Nevertheless , the Catholic / Latin crusaders believed their oaths were invalidated when Alexios did not help them during the siege of Antioch ( he had in fact set out on the road to Antioch but had been persuaded to turn back by Stephen of Blois , who assured him that all was lost and that the expedition had already failed ) . Bohemund , who had set himself up as Prince of Antioch , briefly went to war with the Byzantines , but he agreed to become Alexios ' vassal under the Treaty of Devol in 1108 , which marked the end of the Norman threat during Alexios ' reign . John II , Manuel I and the second Crusade Main articles : John II Komnenos and Manuel I Komnenos Medieval manuscript depicting the Capture of Jerusalem during the First Crusade Alexios 's son John II Komnenos succeeded him in 1118 and ruled until 1143 . John was a pious and dedicated Emperor who was determined to undo the damage to the empire suffered at the Battle of Manzikert , half a century earlier . Famed for his piety and his remarkably mild and just reign , John was an exceptional example of a moral ruler at a time when cruelty was the norm . For this reason , he has been called the Byzantine Marcus Aurelius . During his twenty - five year reign , John made alliances with the Holy Roman Empire in the West and decisively defeated the Pechenegs at the Battle of Beroia . He thwarted Hungarian and Serbian threats during the 1120s , and in 1130 he allied himself with the German emperor Lothair III against the Norman king Roger II of Sicily . In the later part of his reign , John focused his activities on the East , personally leading numerous campaigns against the Turks in Asia Minor . His campaigns fundamentally altered the balance of power in the East , forcing the Turks onto the defensive , while restoring many towns , fortresses , and cities across the peninsula to the Byzantines . He defeated the Danishmend Emirate of Melitene and reconquered all of Cilicia , while forcing Raymond of Poitiers , Prince of Antioch , to recognise Byzantine suzerainty . In an effort to demonstrate the Emperor 's role as the leader of the Christian world , John marched into the Holy Land at the head of the combined forces of the Empire and the Crusader states ; yet despite his great vigour pressing the campaign , his hopes were disappointed by the treachery of his Crusader allies . In 1142 , John returned to press his claims to Antioch , but he died in the spring of 1143 following a hunting accident . Raymond was emboldened to invade Cilicia , but he was defeated and forced to go to Constantinople to beg mercy from the new Emperor . Byzantine Empire in orange , c. 1180 , at the end of the Komnenian period John 's chosen heir was his fourth son , Manuel I Komnenos , who campaigned aggressively against his neighbours both in the west and in the east . In Palestine , Manuel allied with the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem and sent a large fleet to participate in a combined invasion of Fatimid Egypt . Manuel reinforced his position as overlord of the Crusader states , with his hegemony over Antioch and Jerusalem secured by agreement with Raynald , Prince of Antioch , and Amalric , King of Jerusalem . In an effort to restore Byzantine control over the ports of southern Italy , he sent an expedition to Italy in 1155 , but disputes within the coalition led to the eventual failure of the campaign . Despite this military setback , Manuel 's armies successfully invaded the Southern parts of Kingdom of Hungary in 1167 , defeating the Hungarians at the Battle of Sirmium . By 1168 , nearly the whole of the eastern Adriatic coast lay in Manuel 's hands . Manuel made several alliances with the Pope and Western Christian kingdoms , and he successfully handled the passage of the Second Crusade through his empire . In the east , however , Manuel suffered a major defeat in 1176 at the Battle of Myriokephalon , against the Turks . Yet the losses were quickly recovered , and in the following year Manuel 's forces inflicted a defeat upon a force of `` picked Turks '' . The Byzantine commander John Vatatzes , who destroyed the Turkish invaders at the Battle of Hyelion and Leimocheir , not only brought troops from the capital but also was able to gather an army along the way , a sign that the Byzantine army remained strong and that the defensive program of western Asia Minor was still successful . 12th - century Renaissance For more details on this topic , see Byzantine civilisation in the 12th century . See also : Komnenian Byzantine army ' The Lamentation of Christ ' ( 1164 ) , a fresco from the church of Saint Panteleimon in Nerezi near Skopje ; it is considered a superb example of 12th - century Komnenian art John and Manuel pursued active military policies , and both deployed considerable resources on sieges and on city defences ; aggressive fortification policies were at the heart of their imperial military policies . Despite the defeat at Myriokephalon , the policies of Alexios , John and Manuel resulted in vast territorial gains , increased frontier stability in Asia Minor , and secured the stabilisation of the Empire 's European frontiers . From c. 1081 to c. 1180 , the Komnenian army assured the Empire 's security , enabling Byzantine civilisation to flourish . This allowed the Western provinces to achieve an economic revival that continued until the close of the century . It has been argued that Byzantium under the Komnenian rule was more prosperous than at any time since the Persian invasions of the 7th century . During the 12th century , population levels rose and extensive tracts of new agricultural land were brought into production . Archaeological evidence from both Europe and Asia Minor shows a considerable increase in the size of urban settlements , together with a notable upsurge in new towns . Trade was also flourishing ; the Venetians , the Genoese and others opened up the ports of the Aegean to commerce , shipping goods from the Crusader kingdoms of Outremer and Fatimid Egypt to the west and trading with the Empire via Constantinople . In artistic terms , there was a revival in mosaic , and regional schools of architecture began producing many distinctive styles that drew on a range of cultural influences . During the 12th century , the Byzantines provided their model of early humanism as a renaissance of interest in classical authors . In Eustathius of Thessalonica , Byzantine humanism found its most characteristic expression . In philosophy , there was resurgence of classical learning not seen since the 7th century , characterised by a significant increase in the publication of commentaries on classical works . In addition , the first transmission of classical Greek knowledge to the West occurred during the Komnenian period . Decline and disintegration Main article : Decline of the Byzantine Empire Angelid dynasty Main article : Byzantine Empire under the Angelos dynasty Byzantium in the late Angeloi period Manuel 's death on 24 September 1180 left his 11 - year - old son Alexios II Komnenos on the throne . Alexios was highly incompetent at the office , but it was his mother , Maria of Antioch , and her Frankish background that made his regency unpopular . Eventually , Andronikos I Komnenos , a grandson of Alexios I , launched a revolt against his younger relative and managed to overthrow him in a violent coup d'état . Utilizing his good looks and his immense popularity with the army , he marched on to Constantinople in August 1182 and incited a massacre of the Latins . After eliminating his potential rivals , he had himself crowned as co-emperor in September 1183 . He eliminated Alexios II , and took his 12 - year - old wife Agnes of France for himself . Andronikos began his reign well ; in particular , the measures he took to reform the government of the Empire have been praised by historians . According to George Ostrogorsky , Andronikos was determined to root out corruption : Under his rule , the sale of offices ceased ; selection was based on merit , rather than favouritism ; officials were paid an adequate salary so as to reduce the temptation of bribery . In the provinces , Andronikos 's reforms produced a speedy and marked improvement . The aristocrats were infuriated against him , and to make matters worse , Andronikos seems to have become increasingly unbalanced ; executions and violence became increasingly common , and his reign turned into a reign of terror . Andronikos seemed almost to seek the extermination of the aristocracy as a whole . The struggle against the aristocracy turned into wholesale slaughter , while the Emperor resorted to ever more ruthless measures to shore up his regime . Despite his military background , Andronikos failed to deal with Isaac Komnenos , Béla III of Hungary ( r . 1172 -- 1196 ) who reincorporated Croatian territories into Hungary , and Stephen Nemanja of Serbia ( r . 1166 -- 1196 ) who declared his independence from the Byzantine Empire . Yet , none of these troubles would compare to William II of Sicily 's ( r . 1166 -- 1189 ) invasion force of 300 ships and 80,000 men , arriving in 1185 . Andronikos mobilised a small fleet of 100 ships to defend the capital , but other than that he was indifferent to the populace . He was finally overthrown when Isaac Angelos , surviving an imperial assassination attempt , seized power with the aid of the people and had Andronikos killed . The reign of Isaac II , and more so that of his brother Alexios III , saw the collapse of what remained of the centralised machinery of Byzantine government and defence . Although the Normans were driven out of Greece , in 1186 the Vlachs and Bulgars began a rebellion that led to the formation of the Second Bulgarian Empire . The internal policy of the Angeloi was characterised by the squandering of the public treasure and fiscal maladministration . Imperial authority was severely weakened , and the growing power vacuum at the center of the Empire encouraged fragmentation . There is evidence that some Komnenian heirs had set up a semi-independent state in Trebizond before 1204 . According to Alexander Vasiliev , `` the dynasty of the Angeloi , Greek in its origin , ... accelerated the ruin of the Empire , already weakened without and disunited within . '' Fourth Crusade For more details on this topic , see Fourth Crusade . The Entry of the Crusaders into Constantinople , by Eugène Delacroix ( 1840 ) . In 1198 , Pope Innocent III broached the subject of a new crusade through legates and encyclical letters . The stated intent of the crusade was to conquer Egypt , now the centre of Muslim power in the Levant . The crusader army that arrived at Venice in the summer of 1202 was somewhat smaller than had been anticipated , and there were not sufficient funds to pay the Venetians , whose fleet was hired by the crusaders to take them to Egypt . Venetian policy under the ageing and blind but still ambitious Doge Enrico Dandolo was potentially at variance with that of the Pope and the crusaders , because Venice was closely related commercially with Egypt . The crusaders accepted the suggestion that in lieu of payment they assist the Venetians in the capture of the ( Christian ) port of Zara in Dalmatia ( vassal city of Venice , which had rebelled and placed itself under Hungary 's protection in 1186 ) . The city fell in November 1202 after a brief siege . Innocent tried to forbid this political attack on a Christian city , but was ignored . Reluctant to jeopardise his own agenda for the Crusade , he gave conditional absolution to the crusaders -- not , however , to the Venetians . After the death of Theobald III , Count of Champagne , the leadership of the Crusade passed to Boniface of Montferrat , a friend of the Hohenstaufen Philip of Swabia . Both Boniface and Philip had married into the Byzantine Imperial family . In fact , Philip 's brother - in - law , Alexios Angelos , son of the deposed and blinded Emperor Isaac II Angelos , had appeared in Europe seeking aid and had made contacts with the crusaders . Alexios offered to reunite the Byzantine church with Rome , pay the crusaders 200,000 silver marks , join the crusade and provide all the supplies they needed to get to Egypt . Innocent was aware of a plan to divert the Crusade to Constantinople and forbade any attack on the city , but the papal letter arrived after the fleets had left Zara . Crusader sack of Constantinople ( 1204 ) Further information : Siege of Constantinople ( 1203 ) and Siege of Constantinople ( 1204 ) The partition of the empire following the Fourth Crusade , c. 1204 . The crusaders arrived at Constantinople in the summer of 1203 and quickly attacked , started a major fire that damaged large parts of the city , and briefly seized control . Alexios III fled from the capital , and Alexios Angelos was elevated to the throne as Alexios IV along with his blind father Isaac . However , Alexios IV and Isaac II were unable to keep their promises and were deposed by Alexios V . The crusaders again took the city on 13 April 1204 , and Constantinople was subjected to pillage and massacre by the rank and file for three days . Many priceless icons , relics , and other objects later turned up in Western Europe , a large number in Venice . According to Choniates , a prostitute was even set up on the Patriarchal throne . When Innocent III heard of the conduct of his crusaders , he castigated them in no uncertain terms . But the situation was beyond his control , especially after his legate , on his own initiative , had absolved the crusaders from their vow to proceed to the Holy Land . When order had been restored , the crusaders and the Venetians proceeded to implement their agreement ; Baldwin of Flanders was elected Emperor of a new Latin Empire , and the Venetian Thomas Morosini was chosen as Patriarch . The lands divided up among the leaders included most of the former Byzantine possessions , though resistance would continue through the Byzantine remnants of the Nicaea , Trebizond , and Epirus . Although Venice was more interested in commerce than conquering territory , it took key areas of Constantinople , and the Doge took the title of `` Lord of a Quarter and Half a Quarter of the Roman Empire '' . Fall Empire in exile For more details on this topic , see Latinokratia . After the sack of Constantinople in 1204 by Latin crusaders , two Byzantine successor states were established : the Empire of Nicaea , and the Despotate of Epirus . A third , the Empire of Trebizond , was created by Alexios I of Trebizond a few weeks before the sack of Constantinople . Of the three successor states , Epirus and Nicaea stood the best chance of reclaiming Constantinople . The Nicaean Empire struggled to survive the next few decades , however , and by the mid-13th century it had lost much of southern Anatolia . The weakening of the Sultanate of Rûm following the Mongol invasion in 1242 -- 43 allowed many beyliks and ghazis to set up their own principalities in Anatolia , weakening the Byzantine hold on Asia Minor . In time , one of the Beys , Osman I , created an empire that would eventually conquer Constantinople . However , the Mongol invasion also gave Nicaea a temporary respite from Seljuk attacks , allowing it to concentrate on the Latin Empire to its north . Reconquest of Constantinople Main article : Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty The Byzantine Empire c. 1263 . The Empire of Nicaea , founded by the Laskarid dynasty , managed to reclaim Constantinople from the Latins in 1261 and defeat Epirus . This led to a short - lived revival of Byzantine fortunes under Michael VIII Palaiologos , but the war - ravaged Empire was ill - equipped to deal with the enemies that now surrounded it . To maintain his campaigns against the Latins , Michael pulled troops from Asia Minor and levied crippling taxes on the peasantry , causing much resentment . Massive construction projects were completed in Constantinople to repair the damage of the Fourth Crusade , but none of these initiatives was of any comfort to the farmers in Asia Minor suffering raids from Muslim ghazis . Rather than holding on to his possessions in Asia Minor , Michael chose to expand the Empire , gaining only short - term success . To avoid another sacking of the capital by the Latins , he forced the Church to submit to Rome , again a temporary solution for which the peasantry hated Michael and Constantinople . The efforts of Andronikos II and later his grandson Andronikos III marked Byzantium 's last genuine attempts in restoring the glory of the Empire . However , the use of mercenaries by Andronikos II would often backfire , with the Catalan Company ravaging the countryside and increasing resentment towards Constantinople . Rise of the Ottomans and fall of Constantinople Main articles : Byzantine -- Ottoman Wars and Fall of Constantinople The siege of Constantinople in 1453 , depicted in a 15th - century French miniature . The situation became worse for Byzantium during the civil wars after Andronikos III died . A six - year - long civil war devastated the empire , allowing the Serbian ruler Stefan Dušan ( r . 1331 -- 1346 ) to overrun most of the Empire 's remaining territory and establish a Serbian Empire . In 1354 , an earthquake at Gallipoli devastated the fort , allowing the Ottomans ( who were hired as mercenaries during the civil war by John VI Kantakouzenos ) to establish themselves in Europe . By the time the Byzantine civil wars had ended , the Ottomans had defeated the Serbians and subjugated them as vassals . Following the Battle of Kosovo , much of the Balkans became dominated by the Ottomans . The Byzantine emperors appealed to the West for help , but the Pope would only consider sending aid in return for a reunion of the Eastern Orthodox Church with the See of Rome . Church unity was considered , and occasionally accomplished by imperial decree , but the Orthodox citizenry and clergy intensely resented the authority of Rome and the Latin Rite . Some Western troops arrived to bolster the Christian defence of Constantinople , but most Western rulers , distracted by their own affairs , did nothing as the Ottomans picked apart the remaining Byzantine territories . Constantinople by this stage was underpopulated and dilapidated . The population of the city had collapsed so severely that it was now little more than a cluster of villages separated by fields . On 2 April 1453 , Sultan Mehmed 's army of 80,000 men and large numbers of irregulars laid siege to the city . Despite a desperate last - ditch defence of the city by the massively outnumbered Christian forces ( c. 7,000 men , 2,000 of whom were foreign ) , Constantinople finally fell to the Ottomans after a two - month siege on 29 May 1453 . The last Byzantine emperor , Constantine XI Palaiologos , was last seen casting off his imperial regalia and throwing himself into hand - to - hand combat after the walls of the city were taken . Political aftermath The Eastern Mediterranean just before the fall of Constantinople By the time of the fall of Constantinople , the only remaining territory of the Byzantine Empire was the Despotate of the Morea ( Peloponnese ) , which was ruled by brothers of the last Emperor , Thomas Palaiologos and Demetrios Palaiologos . The Despotate continued on as an independent state by paying an annual tribute to the Ottomans . Incompetent rule , failure to pay the annual tribute and a revolt against the Ottomans finally led to Mehmed II 's invasion of Morea in May 1460 . Demetrios asked the Ottomans to invade and drive Thomas out . Thomas fled . The Ottomans moved through the Morea and conquered virtually the entire Despotate by the summer . Demetrios thought the Morea would be restored to him to rule , but it was incorporated into the Ottoman fold . A few holdouts remained for a time . The island of Monemvasia refused to surrender and it was first ruled for a short time by an Aragonese corsair . When the population drove him out they obtained the consent of Thomas to place themselves under the Pope 's protection before the end of 1460 . The Mani Peninsula , on the Morea 's south end , resisted under a loose coalition of the local clans and then that area came under Venice 's rule . The very last holdout was Salmeniko , in the Morea 's northwest . Graitzas Palaiologos was the military commander there , stationed at Salmeniko Castle . While the town eventually surrendered , Graitzas and his garrison and some town residents held out in the castle until July 1461 , when they escaped and reached Venetian territory . Flag of the late Empire under the Palaiologoi , sporting the tetragrammic cross symbol of the Palaiologos dynasty . The Empire of Trebizond , which had split away from the Byzantine Empire just weeks before Constantinople was taken by the Crusaders in 1204 , became the last remnant and last de facto successor state to the Byzantine Empire . Efforts by the Emperor David to recruit European powers for an anti-Ottoman crusade provoked war between the Ottomans and Trebizond in the summer of 1461 . After a month - long siege , David surrendered the city of Trebizond on 14 August 1461 . The Empire of Trebizond 's Crimean principality , the Principality of Theodoro ( part of the Perateia ) , lasted another 14 years , falling to the Ottomans in December 1475 . A nephew of the last Emperor , Constantine XI , Andreas Palaiologos claimed to have inherited the title of Byzantine Emperor . He lived in the Morea until its fall in 1460 , then escaped to Rome where he lived under the protection of the Papal States for the remainder of his life . Since the office of emperor had never been technically hereditary , Andreas ' claim would have been without merit under Byzantine law . However , the Empire had vanished , and Western states generally followed the Roman - church - sanctioned principles of hereditary sovereignty . Seeking a life in the west , Andreas styled himself Imperator Constantinopolitanus ( `` Emperor of Constantinople '' ) , and sold his succession rights to both Charles VIII of France and the Catholic Monarchs . Constantine XI died without producing an heir , and had Constantinople not fallen he might have been succeeded by the sons of his deceased elder brother , who were taken into the palace service of Mehmed II after the fall of Constantinople . The oldest boy , re-christened as Has Murad , became a personal favorite of Mehmed and served as Beylerbey ( Governor - General ) of the Balkans . The younger son , renamed Mesih Pasha , became Admiral of the Ottoman fleet and Sancak Beg ( Governor ) of the Province of Gallipoli . He eventually served twice as Grand Vizier under Mehmed 's son , Bayezid II . Mehmed II and his successors continued to consider themselves heirs to the Roman Empire until the demise of the Ottoman Empire in the early 20th century following World War 1 . They considered that they had simply shifted its religious basis as Constantine had done before , and they continued to refer to their conquered Eastern Roman inhabitants ( Orthodox Christians ) as Rûm . Meanwhile , the Danubian Principalities ( whose rulers also considered themselves the heirs of the Eastern Roman Emperors ) harboured Orthodox refugees , including some Byzantine nobles . At his death , the role of the emperor as a patron of Eastern Orthodoxy was claimed by Ivan III , Grand duke of Muscovy . He had married Andreas ' sister , Sophia Paleologue , whose grandson , Ivan IV , would become the first Tsar of Russia ( tsar , or czar , meaning caesar , is a term traditionally applied by Slavs to the Byzantine Emperors ) . Their successors supported the idea that Moscow was the proper heir to Rome and Constantinople . The idea of the Russian Empire as the successive Third Rome was kept alive until its demise with the Russian Revolution . Economy For more details on this topic , see Byzantine economy and Byzantine silk . Further information : Sino - Roman relations A bronze coin of Constantius II ( 337 -- 361 ) , found in Karghalik , Xinjiang , China Byzantine culture Aristocracy and bureaucracy Army Art Architecture Calendar Coinage Cuisine Dance Diplomacy Dress Economy Gardens Law Literature Medicine Music Navy People Science The Byzantine economy was among the most advanced in Europe and the Mediterranean for many centuries . Europe , in particular , could not match Byzantine economic strength until late in the Middle Ages . Constantinople operated as a prime hub in a trading network that at various times extended across nearly all of Eurasia and North Africa , in particular as the primary western terminus of the famous Silk Road . Until the first half of the 6th century and in sharp contrast with the decaying West , the Byzantine economy was flourishing and resilient . The Plague of Justinian and the Arab conquests would represent a substantial reversal of fortunes contributing to a period of stagnation and decline . Isaurian reforms and , in particular , Constantine V 's repopulation , public works and tax measures , marked the beginning of a revival that continued until 1204 , despite territorial contraction . From the 10th century until the end of the 12th , the Byzantine Empire projected an image of luxury and travellers were impressed by the wealth accumulated in the capital . The Fourth Crusade resulted in the disruption of Byzantine manufacturing and the commercial dominance of the Western Europeans in the eastern Mediterranean , events that amounted to an economic catastrophe for the Empire . The Palaiologoi tried to revive the economy , but the late Byzantine state would not gain full control of either the foreign or domestic economic forces . Gradually , it also lost its influence on the modalities of trade and the price mechanisms , and its control over the outflow of precious metals and , according to some scholars , even over the minting of coins . One of the economic foundations of Byzantium was trade , fostered by the maritime character of the Empire . Textiles must have been by far the most important item of export ; silks were certainly imported into Egypt , and appeared also in Bulgaria , and the West . The state strictly controlled both the internal and the international trade , and retained the monopoly of issuing coinage , maintaining a durable and flexible monetary system adaptable to trade needs . The government attempted to exercise formal control over interest rates , and set the parameters for the activity of the guilds and corporations , in which it had a special interest . The emperor and his officials intervened at times of crisis to ensure the provisioning of the capital , and to keep down the price of cereals . Finally , the government often collected part of the surplus through taxation , and put it back into circulation , through redistribution in the form of salaries to state officials , or in the form of investment in public works . Science , medicine and law See also : Byzantine science , Byzantine medicine , and Byzantine law Interior panorama of the Hagia Sophia , the patriarchal basilica in Constantinople designed 537 CE by Isidore of Miletus , the first compiler of Archimedes ' various works . The influence of Archimedes ' principles of solid geometry is evident . The frontispiece of the Vienna Dioscurides , which shows a set of seven famous physicians The writings of Classical antiquity were cultivated and extended in Byzantium . Therefore , Byzantine science was in every period closely connected with ancient philosophy , and metaphysics . In the field of engineering Isidore of Miletus , the Greek mathematician and architect of the Hagia Sophia , produced the first compilation of Archimedes ' works c. 530 , and it is through this manuscript tradition , kept alive by the school of mathematics and engineering founded c. 850 during the `` Byzantine Renaissance '' by Leo the Geometer , that such works are known today ( see Archimedes Palimpsest ) . Indeed , geometry and its applications ( architecture and engineering instruments of war ) remained a specialty of the Byzantines . In medicine the works of Byzantine doctors , such as the Vienna Dioscorides ( 6th century ) , and works of Paul of Aegina ( 7th century ) and Nicholas Myrepsos ( late 13th century ) , continued to be used as the authoritative texts by Europeans through the Renaissance , and several technological advancements , including the pendentive dome and Greek Fire , are attributed to the Byzantines . Although at various times the Byzantines made magnificent achievements in the application of the sciences , and are responsible for preserving much of ancient knowledge , some authors have argued that Byzantine scholars made few novel contributions to science in terms of developing new theories or extending the ideas of classical authors . In the final century of the Empire , refugee Byzantine scholars were principally responsible for carrying , in person and in writing , ancient Greek grammatical , literary studies , mathematical , and astronomical knowledge to early Renaissance Italy . During this period , astronomy and other mathematical sciences were taught in Trebizond ; medicine attracted the interest of almost all scholars . In the field of law , Justinian I 's reforms had a clear effect on the evolution of jurisprudence , with his Corpus Juris Civilis becoming the basis for revived Roman law in the West , while Leo III 's Ecloga influenced the formation of legal institutions in the Slavic world . In the 10th century , Leo VI the Wise achieved the complete codification of the whole of Byzantine law in Greek with the Basilika , which became the foundation of all subsequent Byzantine law with an influence extending through to modern Balkan legal codes . Religion Main articles : State church of the Roman Empire and Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople As a symbol and expression of the universal prestige of the Patriarchate of Constantinople , Justinian built the Church of the Holy Wisdom of God , Hagia Sophia , which was completed in the short period of four and a half years ( 532 -- 537 ) A mosaic from the Hagia Sophia of Constantinople ( modern Istanbul ) , depicting Mary and Jesus , flanked by John II Komnenos ( left ) and his wife Irene of Hungary ( right ) , 12th century The Byzantine Empire was a theocracy , said to be ruled by God working through the Emperor . Jennifer Fretland VanVoorst argues , `` The Byzantine Empire became a theocracy in the sense that Christian values and ideals were the foundation of the empire 's political ideals and heavily entwined with its political goals . '' Steven Runciman says in his book on The Byzantine Theocracy ( 2004 ) : The constitution of the Byzantine Empire was based on the conviction that it was the earthly copy of the Kingdom of Heaven . Just as God ruled in Heaven , so the Emperor , made in his image , should rule on earth and carry out his commandments ... It saw itself as a universal empire . Ideally , it should embrace all the peoples of the Earth who , ideally , should all be members of the one true Christian Church , its own Orthodox Church . Just as man was made in God 's image , so man 's kingdom on Earth was made in the image of the Kingdom of Heaven . '' The survival of the Empire in the East assured an active role of the Emperor in the affairs of the Church . The Byzantine state inherited from pagan times the administrative , and financial routine of administering religious affairs , and this routine was applied to the Christian Church . Following the pattern set by Eusebius of Caesarea , the Byzantines viewed the Emperor as a representative or messenger of Christ , responsible particularly for the propagation of Christianity among pagans , and for the `` externals '' of the religion , such as administration and finances . As Cyril Mango points out , the Byzantine political thinking can be summarised in the motto `` One God , one empire , one religion '' . The imperial role in the affairs of the Church never developed into a fixed , legally defined system . With the decline of Rome , and internal dissension in the other Eastern Patriarchates , the Church of Constantinople became , between the 6th and 11th centuries , the richest and most influential center of Christendom . Even when the Empire was reduced to only a shadow of its former self , the Church continued to exercise significant influence both inside and outside of the imperial frontiers . As George Ostrogorsky points out : The Patriarchate of Constantinople remained the center of the Orthodox world , with subordinate metropolitan sees and archbishoprics in the territory of Asia Minor and the Balkans , now lost to Byzantium , as well as in Caucasus , Russia and Lithuania . The Church remained the most stable element in the Byzantine Empire . The official state Christian doctrine was determined by the first seven ecumenical councils , and it was then the emperor 's duty to impose it to his subjects . An imperial decree of 388 , which was later incorporated into the Codex Justinianus , orders the population of the Empire `` to assume the name of Catholic Christians '' , and regards all those who will not abide by the law as `` mad and foolish persons '' ; as followers of `` heretical dogmas '' . Despite imperial decrees and the stringent stance of the state church itself , which came to be known as the Eastern Orthodox Church or Eastern Christianity , the latter never represented all Christians in Byzantium . Mango believes that , in the early stages of the Empire , the `` mad and foolish persons '' , those labelled `` heretics '' by the state church , were the majority of the population . Besides the pagans , who existed until the end of the 6th century , and the Jews , there were many followers -- sometimes even emperors -- of various Christian doctrines , such as Nestorianism , Monophysitism , Arianism , and Paulicianism , whose teachings were in some opposition to the main theological doctrine , as determined by the Ecumenical Councils . Another division among Christians occurred , when Leo III ordered the destruction of icons throughout the Empire . This led to a significant religious crisis , which ended in mid-9th century with the restoration of icons . During the same period , a new wave of pagans emerged in the Balkans , originating mainly from Slavic people . These were gradually Christianised , and by Byzantium 's late stages , Eastern Orthodoxy represented most Christians and , in general , most people in what remained of the Empire . Jews were a significant minority in the Byzantine state throughout its history , and , according to Roman law , they constituted a legally recognised religious group . In the early Byzantine period they were generally tolerated , but then periods of tensions and persecutions ensued . In any case , after the Arab conquests , the majority of Jews found themselves outside the Empire ; those left inside the Byzantine borders apparently lived in relative peace from the 10th century onwards . Georgian monasteries first appear in Constantinople and on Mount Olympos in northwestern Asia Minor in the second half of the ninth century , and from then on Georgians played an increasingly important role in the Empire . Art and literature Main articles : Byzantine art and Byzantine literature See also : Byzantine dress Miniatures of the 6th - century Rabula Gospel display the more abstract and symbolic nature of Byzantine art . Surviving Byzantine art is mostly religious and with exceptions at certain periods is highly conventionalised , following traditional models that translate carefully controlled church theology into artistic terms . Painting in fresco , illuminated manuscripts and on wood panel and , especially in earlier periods , mosaic were the main media , and figurative sculpture very rare except for small carved ivories . Manuscript painting preserved to the end some of the classical realist tradition that was missing in larger works . Byzantine art was highly prestigious and sought - after in Western Europe , where it maintained a continuous influence on medieval art until near the end of the period . This was especially so in Italy , where Byzantine styles persisted in modified form through the 12th century , and became formative influences on Italian Renaissance art . But few incoming influences affected Byzantine style . By means of the expansion of the Eastern Orthodox church , Byzantine forms and styles spread to all the Orthodox world and beyond . Influences from Byzantine architecture , particularly in religious buildings , can be found in diverse regions from Egypt and Arabia to Russia and Romania . In Byzantine literature , four different cultural elements are recognised : the Greek , the Christian , the Roman , and the Oriental . Byzantine literature is often classified in five groups : historians and annalists , encyclopaedists ( Patriarch Photios , Michael Psellus , and Michael Choniates are regarded as the greatest encyclopaedists of Byzantium ) and essayists , and writers of secular poetry . The only genuine heroic epic of the Byzantines is the Digenis Acritas . The remaining two groups include the new literary species : ecclesiastical and theological literature , and popular poetry . Of the approximately two to three thousand volumes of Byzantine literature that survive , only 330 consist of secular poetry , history , science and pseudo-science . While the most flourishing period of the secular literature of Byzantium runs from the 9th to the 12th century , its religious literature ( sermons , liturgical books and poetry , theology , devotional treatises , etc . ) developed much earlier with Romanos the Melodist being its most prominent representative . Music Main article : Byzantine music Late 4th century AD `` Mosaic of the Musicians '' with organ , aulos , and lyre from a Byzantine villa in Maryamin , Syria . The ecclesiastical forms of Byzantine music , composed to Greek texts as ceremonial , festival , or church music , are , today , the most well - known forms . Ecclesiastical chants were a fundamental part of this genre . Greek and foreign historians agree that the ecclesiastical tones and in general the whole system of Byzantine music is closely related to the ancient Greek system . It remains the oldest genre of extant music , of which the manner of performance and ( with increasing accuracy from the 5th century onwards ) the names of the composers , and sometimes the particulars of each musical work 's circumstances , are known . Earliest known depiction of a bowed lyra , from a Byzantine ivory casket ( 900 -- 1100 AD ) . ( Museo Nazionale , Florence ) The 9th century Persian geographer Ibn Khurradadhbih ( d . 911 ) ; in his lexicographical discussion of instruments cited the lyra ( lūrā ) as the typical instrument of the Byzantines along with the urghun ( organ ) , shilyani ( probably a type of harp or lyre ) and the salandj ( probably a bagpipe ) . The first of these , the early bowed stringed instrument known as the Byzantine lyra , would come to be called the lira da braccio , in Venice , where it is considered by many to have been the predecessor of the contemporary violin , which later flourished there . The bowed `` lyra '' is still played in former Byzantine regions , where it is known as the Politiki lyra ( lit . `` lyra of the City '' i.e. Constantinople ) in Greece , the Calabrian lira in Southern Italy , and the Lijerica in Dalmatia . The second instrument , the organ , originated in the Hellenistic world ( see Hydraulis ) and was used in the Hippodrome during races . A pipe organ with `` great leaden pipes '' was sent by the emperor Constantine V to Pepin the Short , King of the Franks in 757 . Pepin 's son Charlemagne requested a similar organ for his chapel in Aachen in 812 , beginning its establishment in Western church music . The final Byzantine instrument , the aulos was a double reeded woodwind like the modern oboe or Armenian duduk . Other forms include the plagiaulos ( πλαγίαυλος , from πλάγιος `` sideways '' ) , which resembled the flute , and the askaulos ( ἀσκός askos -- wine - skin ) , a bagpipe . These bagpipes , also known as Dankiyo ( from ancient Greek : angion ( Τὸ ἀγγεῖον ) `` the container '' ) , had been played even in Roman times . Dio Chrysostom wrote in the 1st century of a contemporary sovereign ( possibly Nero ) who could play a pipe ( tibia , Roman reedpipes similar to Greek aulos ) with his mouth as well as by tucking a bladder beneath his armpit . The bagpipes continued to be played throughout the empire 's former realms through to the present . ( See Balkan Gaida , Greek Tsampouna , Pontic Tulum , Cretan Askomandoura , Armenian Parkapzuk , and Romanian Cimpoi . ) Cuisine See also : Byzantine cuisine The Byzantine culture was , initially , the same as Late Greco - Roman , but over the following millennium of the empire 's existence it slowly changed into something more similar to modern Balkan and Anatolian culture . The cuisine still relied heavily on the Greco - Roman fish - sauce condiment garos , but it also contained foods still familiar today , such as the cured meat pastirma ( known as `` paston '' in Byzantine Greek ) , baklava ( known as koptoplakous κοπτοπλακοῦς ) , tiropita ( known as plakountas tetyromenous or tyritas plakountas ) , and the famed medieval sweet wines ( Commandaria and the eponymous Rumney wine ) . Retsina , wine flavored with pine resin , was also drunk , as it still is in Greece today , producing similar reactions from unfamiliar visitors ; `` To add to our calamity the Greek wine , on account of being mixed with pitch , resin , and plaster was to us undrinkable , '' complained Liutprand of Cremona , who was the ambassador sent to Constantinople in 968 by the German Holy Roman Emperor Otto I . The garos fish sauce condiment was also not much appreciated by the unaccustomed ; Liutprand of Cremona described being served food covered in an `` exceedingly bad fish liquor . '' The Byzantines also used a soy sauce like condiment , murri , a fermented barley sauce , which , like soy sauce , provided umami flavoring to their dishes . Recreation A game of τάβλι ( tabula ) played by Byzantine emperor Zeno in 480 and recorded by Agathias in c. 530 because of a very unlucky dice throw for Zeno ( red ) , as he threw 2 , 5 and 6 and was forced to leave eight pieces alone . Byzantines were avid players of tavli ( Byzantine Greek : τάβλη ) , a game known in English as backgammon , which is still popular in former Byzantine realms , and still known by the name tavli in Greece . Byzantine nobles were devoted to horsemanship , particularly tzykanion , now known as polo . The game came from Sassanid Persia in the early period and a Tzykanisterion ( stadium for playing the game ) was built by Theodosius II ( r . 408 -- 450 ) inside the Great Palace of Constantinople . Emperor Basil I ( r . 867 -- 886 ) excelled at it ; Emperor Alexander ( r . 912 -- 913 ) died from exhaustion while playing , Emperor Alexios I Komnenos ( r . 1081 -- 1118 ) was injured while playing with Tatikios , and John I of Trebizond ( r . 1235 -- 1238 ) died from a fatal injury during a game . Aside from Constantinople and Trebizond , other Byzantine cities also featured tzykanisteria , most notably Sparta , Ephesus , and Athens , an indication of a thriving urban aristocracy . The game was introduced to the West by crusaders , who developed a taste for it particularly during the pro-Western reign of emperor Manuel I Komnenos . Government and bureaucracy See also : Byzantine bureaucracy In the Byzantine state , the emperor was the sole and absolute ruler , and his power was regarded as having divine origin . The Senate had ceased to have real political and legislative authority but remained as an honorary council with titular members . By the end of the 8th century , a civil administration focused on the court was formed as part of a large - scale consolidation of power in the capital ( the rise to pre-eminence of the position of sakellarios is related to this change ) . The most important administrative reform , which probably started in the mid-7th century , was the creation of themes , where civil and military administration was exercised by one person , the strategos . The themes , c. 750 The themes , c. 950 Despite the occasionally derogatory use of the terms `` Byzantine '' and `` Byzantinism '' , the Byzantine bureaucracy had a distinct ability for reconstituting itself in accordance with the Empire 's situation . The elaborate system of titulature and precedence gave the court prestige and influence . Officials were arranged in strict order around the emperor , and depended upon the imperial will for their ranks . There were also actual administrative jobs , but authority could be vested in individuals rather than offices . In the 8th and 9th centuries , civil service constituted the clearest path to aristocratic status , but , starting in the 9th century , the civil aristocracy was rivalled by an aristocracy of nobility . According to some studies of Byzantine government , 11th - century politics were dominated by competition between the civil and the military aristocracy . During this period , Alexios I undertook important administrative reforms , including the creation of new courtly dignities and offices . Diplomacy For more details on this topic , see Byzantine diplomacy . The embassy of John the Grammarian in 829 , between the emperor Theophilos and the Abbasid caliph Al - Ma'mun After the fall of Rome , the key challenge to the Empire was to maintain a set of relations between itself and its neighbours . When these nations set about forging formal political institutions , they often modelled themselves on Constantinople . Byzantine diplomacy soon managed to draw its neighbours into a network of international and inter-state relations . This network revolved around treaty making , and included the welcoming of the new ruler into the family of kings , and the assimilation of Byzantine social attitudes , values and institutions . Whereas classical writers are fond of making ethical and legal distinctions between peace and war , Byzantines regarded diplomacy as a form of war by other means . For example , a Bulgarian threat could be countered by providing money to the Kievan Rus ' . Diplomacy in the era was understood to have an intelligence - gathering function on top of its pure political function . The Bureau of Barbarians in Constantinople handled matters of protocol and record keeping for any issues related to the `` barbarians '' , and thus had , perhaps , a basic intelligence function itself . John B. Bury believed that the office exercised supervision over all foreigners visiting Constantinople , and that they were under the supervision of the Logothetes tou dromou . While on the surface a protocol office -- its main duty was to ensure foreign envoys were properly cared for and received sufficient state funds for their maintenance , and it kept all the official translators -- it probably had a security function as well . Byzantines availed themselves of a number of diplomatic practices . For example , embassies to the capital would often stay on for years . A member of other royal houses would routinely be requested to stay on in Constantinople , not only as a potential hostage , but also as a useful pawn in case political conditions where he came from changed . Another key practice was to overwhelm visitors by sumptuous displays . According to Dimitri Obolensky , the preservation of the ancient civilisation in Europe was due to the skill and resourcefulness of Byzantine diplomacy , which remains one of Byzantium 's lasting contributions to the history of Europe . Flags and insignia Main article : Byzantine flags and insignia For most of its history , the Byzantine Empire did not know or use heraldry in the West European sense . Various emblems ( Greek : σημεία , sēmeia ; sing . σημείον , sēmeion ) were used in official occasions and for military purposes , such as banners or shields displaying various motifs such as the cross or the labarum . The use of the cross , and of images of Christ , the Virgin Mary and various saints is also attested on seals of officials , but these were personal rather than family emblems . Double - headed eagle Tetragrammic cross Language For more details on this topic , see Medieval Greek . Left : The Mudil Psalter , the oldest complete psalter in the Coptic language ( Coptic Museum , Egypt , Coptic Cairo ) . Right : The Joshua Roll , a 10th - century illuminated Greek manuscript probably made in Constantinople ( Vatican Library , Rome ) . Distribution of Greek dialects in Anatolia in the late Byzantine Empire through to 1923 . Demotic in yellow . Pontic in orange . Cappadocian in green . ( Green dots indicate Cappadocian Greek speaking villages in 1910 . ) Apart from the Imperial court , administration and military , the primary language used in the eastern Roman provinces even before the decline of the Western Empire was Greek , having been spoken in the region for centuries before Latin . Following Rome 's conquest of the east its ' Pax Romana ' , inclusionist political practices and development of public infrastructure , facilitated the further spreading and entrenchment of Greek language in the east . Indeed , early on in the life of the Roman Empire , Greek had become the common language of the Church , the language of scholarship and the arts , and , to a large degree , the lingua franca for trade between provinces and with other nations . Greek for a time became diglossic with the spoken language , known as Koine ( eventually evolving into Demotic Greek ) , used alongside an older written form until Koine won out as the spoken and written standard . The use of Latin as the language of administration persisted until formally abolished by Heraclius in the 7th century . Scholarly Latin would rapidly fall into disuse among the educated classes although the language would continue to be at least a ceremonial part of the Empire 's culture for some time . Additionally , Vulgar Latin remained a minority language in the Empire , mainly along the Dalmatian coast ( Dalmatian ) and among the Romanian peoples . Many other languages existed in the multi-ethnic Empire , and some of these were given limited official status in their provinces at various times . Notably , by the beginning of the Middle Ages , Syriac had become more widely used by the educated classes in the far eastern provinces . Similarly Coptic , Armenian , and Georgian became significant among the educated in their provinces , and later foreign contacts made Old Church Slavic , Middle Persian , and Arabic important in the Empire and its sphere of influence . Aside from these , since Constantinople was a prime trading center in the Mediterranean region and beyond , virtually every known language of the Middle Ages was spoken in the Empire at some time , even Chinese . As the Empire entered its final decline , the Empire 's citizens became more culturally homogeneous and the Greek language became integral to their identity and religion . Legacy See also : Third Rome and Greek scholars in the Renaissance King David in robes of a Byzantine emperor ; miniature from the Paris Psalter Byzantium has been often identified with absolutism , orthodox spirituality , orientalism and exoticism , while the terms `` Byzantine '' and `` Byzantinism '' have been used as bywords for decadence , complex bureaucracy , and repression . In the countries of Central and Southeast Europe that exited the Eastern Bloc in the late 1980s and early 1990s , the assessment of Byzantine civilisation and its legacy was strongly negative due to their connection with an alleged `` Eastern authoritarianism and autocracy . '' Both Eastern and Western European authors have often perceived Byzantium as a body of religious , political , and philosophical ideas contrary to those of the West . Even in 19th - century Greece , the focus was mainly on the classical past , while Byzantine tradition had been associated with negative connotations . This traditional approach towards Byzantium has been partially or wholly disputed and revised by modern studies , which focus on the positive aspects of Byzantine culture and legacy . Averil Cameron regards as undeniable the Byzantine contribution to the formation of the medieval Europe , and both Cameron and Obolensky recognise the major role of Byzantium in shaping Orthodoxy , which in turn occupies a central position in the history and societies of Greece , Romania , Bulgaria , Russia , Georgia , Serbia and other countries . The Byzantines also preserved and copied classical manuscripts , and they are thus regarded as transmitters of the classical knowledge , as important contributors to the modern European civilization , and as precursors of both the Renaissance humanism and the Slav Orthodox culture . As the only stable long - term state in Europe during the Middle Ages , Byzantium isolated Western Europe from newly emerging forces to the East . Constantly under attack , it distanced Western Europe from Persians , Arabs , Seljuk Turks , and for a time , the Ottomans . From a different perspective , since the 7th century , the evolution and constant reshaping of the Byzantine state were directly related to the respective progress of Islam . Following the conquest of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks in 1453 , Sultan Mehmed II took the title `` Kaysar - i Rûm '' ( the Ottoman Turkish equivalent of Caesar of Rome ) , since he was determined to make the Ottoman Empire the heir of the Eastern Roman Empire . According to Cameron , regarding themselves as `` heirs '' of Byzantium , the Ottomans preserved important aspects of its tradition , which in turn facilitated an `` Orthodox revival '' during the post-communist period of the Eastern European states . See also Byzantine Empire portal Byzantine Army Byzantine philosophy Byzantine Rite Index of Byzantine Empire - related articles Legacy of the Roman Empire Family trees of the Byzantine imperial dynasties List of Byzantine emperors List of Byzantine inventions List of Byzantine revolts and civil wars List of Byzantine wars Annotations Jump up ^ `` Romania '' was a popular name of the empire used mainly unofficially , which meant `` land of the Romans '' . After 1081 , it occasionally appears in official Byzantine documents as well . In 1204 , the leaders of the Fourth Crusade gave the name Romania to the newly founded Latin Empire . The term does not refer to modern Romania . Notes Jump up ^ `` Byzantine Empire '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ Kazhdan & Epstein 1985 , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Millar 2006 , pp. 2 , 15 ; James 2010 , p. 5 ; Freeman 1999 , pp. 431 , 435 -- 437 , 459 -- 462 ; Baynes & Moss 1948 , p. xx ; Ostrogorsky 1969 , p. 27 ; Kaldellis 2007 , pp. 2 -- 3 ; Kazhdan & Constable 1982 , p. 12 ; Norwich 1998 , p. 383 . Jump up ^ Ostrogorsky 1969 , pp. 105 -- 107 , 109 ; Norwich 1998 , p. 97 ; Haywood 2001 , pp. 2.17 , 3.06 , 3.15 . Jump up ^ Warfare , State And Society In The Byzantine World 560 -- 1204 . p. 47 . Jump up ^ Pounds , Norman John Greville . An Historical Geography of Europe , 1500 -- 1840 , p. 124 . CUP Archive , 1979 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 22379 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` The End of the Byzantine Empire , 1081 -- 1453 '' . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Fox , What , If Anything , Is a Byzantine ? ; Rosser 2011 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Rosser 2011 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Fossier & Sondheimer 1997 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Wolff 1948 , pp. 5 -- 7 , 33 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Cinnamus 1976 , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Ahrweiler & Laiou 1998 , p. 3 ; Mango 2002 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Gabriel 2002 , p. 277 . Jump up ^ Ahrweiler & Laiou 1998 , p. vii ; Davies 1996 , p. 245 ; Gross 1999 , p. 45 ; Lapidge , Blair & Keynes 1998 , p. 79 ; Millar 2006 , pp. 2 , 15 ; Moravcsik 1970 , pp. 11 -- 12 ; Ostrogorsky 1969 , pp. 28 , 146 ; Browning 1983 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Klein 2004 , p. 290 ( Note # 39 ) ; Annales Fuldenses , 389 : `` Mense lanuario c. epiphaniam Basilii , Graecorum imperatoris , legati cum muneribus et epistolis ad Hludowicum regem Radasbonam venerunt ... '' . Jump up ^ Fouracre & Gerberding 1996 , p. 345 : `` The Frankish court no longer regarded the Byzantine Empire as holding valid claims of universality ; instead it was now termed the ' Empire of the Greeks ' . '' Jump up ^ Garland 1999 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Tarasov & Milner - Gulland 2004 , p. 121 ; El - Cheikh 2004 , p. 22 Jump up ^ Eusebius , IV , lxii . ^ Jump up to : Ostrogorsky 1959 , p. 21 ; Wells 1922 , Chapter 33 . Jump up ^ Bury 1923 , p. 1 ; Kuhoff 2002 , pp. 177 -- 178 . Jump up ^ Bury 1923 , p. 1 ; Esler 2004 , p. 1081 ; Gibbon 1906 , Volume III , Part IV , Chapter 18 , p. 168 ; Teall 1967 , pp. 13 , 19 -- 23 , 25 , 28 -- 30 , 35 -- 36 Jump up ^ Bury 1923 , p. 63 ; Drake 1995 , p. 5 ; Grant 1975 , pp. 4 , 12 . Jump up ^ Bowersock 1997 , p. 79 Jump up ^ Greatrex & Lieu 2002 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Friell & Williams 2005 , p. 105 Jump up ^ Perrottet 2004 , p. 190 Jump up ^ Cameron 2009 , pp. 54 , 111 , 153 . Jump up ^ Alemany 2000 , p. 207 ; Bayless 1976 , pp. 176 -- 177 ; Treadgold 1997 , pp. 184 , 193 . Jump up ^ Cameron 2009 , p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : Burns 1991 , pp. 65 , 76 -- 77 , 86 -- 87 Jump up ^ Lenski 1999 , pp. 428 -- 429 . Jump up ^ Grierson 1999 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Postan , Miller & Postan 1987 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Chapman 1971 , p. 210 Jump up ^ Meier 2003 , p. 290 . Jump up ^ Wickham 2009 , p. 90 Jump up ^ Haldon 1990 , p. 17 Jump up ^ Evans 2005 , p. 104 Jump up ^ Gregory 2010 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Merryman & Perez - Perdomo 2007 , p. 7 Jump up ^ Gregory 2010 , p. 137 ; Meier 2003 , pp. 297 -- 300 . Jump up ^ Gregory 2010 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Evans 2005 , p. xxv . ^ Jump up to : Bury 1923 , pp. 180 -- 216 ; Evans 2005 , pp. xxvi , 76 . Jump up ^ Sotinel 2005 , p. 278 ; Treadgold 1997 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Bury 1923 , pp. 236 -- 258 ; Evans 2005 , p. xxvi . Jump up ^ Bury 1923 , pp. 259 -- 281 ; Evans 2005 , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Bury 1923 , pp. 286 -- 288 ; Evans 2005 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Greatrex 2005 , p. 489 ; Greatrex & Lieu 2002 , p. 113 Jump up ^ Bury 1920 , `` Preface '' , pp. v -- vi Jump up ^ Evans 2005 , pp. 11 , 56 -- 62 ; Sarantis 2009 , passim . Jump up ^ Evans 2005 , p. 65 Jump up ^ Evans 2005 , p. 68 Jump up ^ Cameron 2009 , pp. 113 , 128 . Jump up ^ Bray 2004 , pp. 19 -- 47 ; Haldon 1990 , pp. 110 -- 111 ; Treadgold 1997 , pp. 196 -- 197 . ^ Jump up to : Louth 2005 , pp. 113 -- 115 ; Nystazopoulou - Pelekidou 1970 , passim ; Treadgold 1997 , pp. 231 -- 232 . Jump up ^ Fine 1983 , p. 33 Jump up ^ Foss 1975 , p. 722 . Jump up ^ Haldon 1990 , p. 41 ; Speck 1984 , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Haldon 1990 , pp. 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Grabar 1984 , p. 37 ; Cameron 1979 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Cameron 1979 , pp. 5 -- 6 , 20 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Norwich 1998 , p. 93 Jump up ^ Haldon 1990 , p. 46 ; Baynes 1912 , passim ; Speck 1984 , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Foss 1975 , pp. 746 -- 747 . Jump up ^ Haldon 1990 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Haldon 1990 , pp. 61 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Haldon 1990 , pp. 102 -- 114 ; Laiou & Morisson 2007 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Laiou & Morisson 2007 , pp. 38 -- 42 , 47 ; Wickham 2009 , p. 260 . Jump up ^ Haldon 1990 , pp. 208 -- 215 ; Kaegi 2003 , pp. 236 , 283 . Jump up ^ Heather 2005 , p. 431 . Jump up ^ Haldon 1990 , pp. 43 -- 45 , 66 , 114 -- 115 ^ Jump up to : Haldon 1990 , pp. 66 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Haldon 1990 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Haldon 1990 , pp. 70 -- 78 , 169 -- 171 ; Haldon 2004 , pp. 216 -- 217 ; Kountoura - Galake 1996 , pp. 62 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Cameron 2009 , pp. 67 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Treadgold 1997 , pp. 432 -- 433 . Jump up ^ Cameron 2009 , pp. 167 -- 170 ; Garland 1999 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Parry 1996 , pp. 11 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Cameron 2009 , p. 267 . ^ Jump up to : Browning 1992 , p. 95 . ^ Jump up to : Browning 1992 , p. 96 . ^ Jump up to : Karlin - Heyer 1967 , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Browning 1992 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Browning 1992 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Browning 1992 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Browning 1992 , pp. 112 . Jump up ^ Browning 1992 , pp. 113 . ^ Jump up to : Browning 1992 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Browning 1992 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Browning 1992 , pp. 102 -- 103 . Jump up ^ Browning 1992 , pp. 103 -- 105 . Jump up ^ Browning 1992 , pp. 106 -- 107 . Jump up ^ Browning 1992 , pp. 112 -- 113 . ^ Jump up to : Browning 1992 , p. 115 . ^ Jump up to : Browning 1992 , pp. 114 -- 115 . ^ Jump up to : Cameron 2009 , p. 77 . ^ Jump up to : Browning 1992 , pp. 97 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Browning 1992 , pp. 98 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Browning 1992 , pp. 98 -- 109 . Jump up ^ Laiou & Morisson 2007 , pp. 130 -- 131 ; Pounds 1979 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Duiker & Spielvogel 2010 , p. 317 . Jump up ^ Timberlake 2004 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Patterson 1995 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Cameron 2009 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Treadgold 1997 , pp. 548 -- 549 . ^ Jump up to : Markham , `` The Battle of Manzikert '' . Jump up ^ Vasiliev 1928 -- 1935 , `` Relations with Italy and Western Europe '' . Jump up ^ Hooper & Bennett 1996 , p. 82 ; Stephenson 2000 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Šišić 1990 . Jump up ^ `` Byzantine Empire '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2002 . ; Markham , `` The Battle of Manzikert '' . ^ Jump up to : Browning 1992 , p. 190 . Jump up ^ Cameron 2006 , pp. 46 . Jump up ^ Cameron 2006 , pp. 42 . Jump up ^ Cameron 2006 , pp. 47 . ^ Jump up to : Browning 1992 , pp. 198 -- 208 . ^ Jump up to : Browning 1992 , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Magdalino 2002 , p. 124 . ^ Jump up to : `` Byzantine Empire '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ Birkenmeier 2002 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 2014 ; Read 2000 , p. 124 ; Watson 1993 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Komnene 1928 , Alexiad , 10.261 Jump up ^ Komnene 1928 , Alexiad , 11.291 Jump up ^ Komnene 1928 , Alexiad , 13.348 -- 13.358 ; Birkenmeier 2002 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Norwich 1998 , p. 267 . Jump up ^ Ostrogorsky 1969 , p. 377 . Jump up ^ Birkenmeier 2002 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Cinnamus 1976 , pp. 74 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Harris 2014 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Brooke 1962 , p. 326 . Jump up ^ Magdalino 2002 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Sedlar 1994 , p. 372 . Jump up ^ Magdalino 2002 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Birkenmeier 2002 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Birkenmeier 2002 , p. 196 . Jump up ^ Birkenmeier 2002 , pp. 185 -- 186 . Jump up ^ Birkenmeier 2002 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Day 1977 , pp. 289 -- 290 ; Harvey 2003 . Jump up ^ Diehl 1948 . Jump up ^ Tatakes & Moutafakis 2003 , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Norwich 1998 , p. 291 . ^ Jump up to : Norwich 1998 , p. 292 . ^ Jump up to : Ostrogorsky 1969 , p. 397 . Jump up ^ Harris 2014 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Norwich 1998 , p. 293 . Jump up ^ Norwich 1998 , pp. 294 -- 295 . Jump up ^ Angold 1997 ; Paparrigopoulos & Karolidis 1925 , p. 216 Jump up ^ Vasiliev 1928 -- 1935 , `` Foreign Policy of the Angeloi '' . Jump up ^ Norwich 1998 , p. 299 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Fourth Crusade and the Latin Empire of Constantinople '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ Britannica Concise , Siege of Zara . Jump up ^ Geoffrey of Villehardouin 1963 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Norwich 1998 , p. 301 . Jump up ^ Choniates 1912 , The Sack of Constantinople . Jump up ^ Norwich 1982 , pp. 127 -- 143 . Jump up ^ Kean 2006 ; Madden 2005 , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Köprülü 1992 , pp. 33 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Madden 2005 , p. 179 ; Reinert 2002 , p. 260 . 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Jump up ^ Alexander Jones , `` Book Review , Archimedes Manuscript '' American Mathematical Society , May 2005 . Jump up ^ Cohen 1994 , p. 395 ; Dickson , Mathematics Through the Middle Ages Archived 13 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Robins 1993 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Tatakes & Moutafakis 2003 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Troianos & Velissaropoulou - Karakosta 1997 , p. 340 Jump up ^ Jennifer Fretland VanVoorst ( 2012 ) . The Byzantine Empire . Capstone . p. 14 . Jump up ^ Runciman 2004 , pp. 1 -- 2 , 162 -- 163 . Jump up ^ Mango 2007 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Meyendorff 1982 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Meyendorff 1982 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Meyendorff 1982 , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Justinian Code : Book 1 , Title 1 ; Blume 2008 , Headnote C. 1.1 ; Mango 2007 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Mango 2007 , pp. 108 -- 109 . Jump up ^ Blume 2008 , Headnote C. 1.1 ; Mango 2007 , pp. 108 -- 109 , 115 -- 125 . Jump up ^ Mango 2007 , pp. 115 -- 125 . Jump up ^ Mango 2007 , pp. 111 -- 114 . Jump up ^ Whittow 1996 , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Rice 1968 ; Weitzmann 1982 . Jump up ^ Rice 1968 , Chapters 15 -- 17 ; Weitzmann 1982 , Chapters 2 -- 7 ; Evans 2004 , pp. 389 -- 555 . ^ Jump up to : Mango 2007 , pp. 275 -- 276 . Jump up ^ `` Byzantine Literature '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ Ring , Trudy ( 1994 ) , International Dictionary of Historic Places : Middle East and Africa , 4 , Taylor & Francis , ISBN 1884964036 Jump up ^ The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia , 6th ed. 2007 -- `` Byzantine music '' Jump up ^ `` Ecumenical Patriarchate -- Byzantine Music '' . ec-patr.net . Jump up ^ Kartomi 1990 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica ( 2009 ) , `` lira '' , Encyclopædia Britannica Jump up ^ Arkenberg , Rebecca ( October 2002 ) , Renaissance Violins , Metropolitan Museum of Art , retrieved 2006 - 09 - 22 Jump up ^ Journal of Sport History , Vol. 8 , No. 3 ( Winter , 1981 ) p. 44 . ^ Jump up to : Douglas Earl Bush , Richard Kassel editors , The Organ : An Encyclopedia Routledge. 2006 . p. 327 Jump up ^ Howard , Albert A. ( 1893 ) . `` The Αὐλός or Tibia '' . Harvard Studies in Classical Philology . Department of the Classics , Harvard University . 4 : 1 -- 60 . doi : 10.2307 / 310399 . Jump up ^ William Flood . `` The Story of the Bagpipe '' p. 15 Jump up ^ `` Discourses by Dio Chrysostom ( Or . 71.9 ) '' . The Seventy - first Discourse : On the Philosopher ( Volume V ) . Loeb Classical Library . p. 173 . Retrieved 25 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Ash 1995 , p. 224 : `` Having inherited pastirma from the Byzantines , the Turks took it with them when they conquered Hungary and Romania . '' Jump up ^ Davidson 2014 , `` Byzantine cookery '' , pp. 123 -- 124 : `` This is certainly true of Byzantine cuisine . Dried meat , a forerunner of the pastirma of modern Turkey , became a delicacy . '' Jump up ^ Dalby et al. 2013 , p. 81 : `` paston or tarichon ... Cured meats were either eaten raw or cooked in pasto - mageireia with bulgur and greens , mainly cabbage . '' Jump up ^ Ash 1995 , p. 223 ; Faas 2005 , p. 184 ; Vryonis 1971 , p. 482 . Jump up ^ Faas 2005 , pp. 184 -- 185 ; Vryonis 1971 , p. 482 ; Salaman 1986 , pp. 184 . ^ Jump up to : Halsall , Paul ( January 1996 ) . `` Medieval Sourcebook : Liutprand of Cremona : Report of his Mission to Constantinople '' . Internet History Sourcebooks Project . Fordham University . Retrieved 25 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Jayyusi & Marín 1994 , p. 729 . Jump up ^ Perry , Charles ( October 31 , 2001 ) . `` The Soy Sauce That Was n't '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 25 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Austin 1934 , pp. 202 -- 205 . Jump up ^ Kazhdan 1991 . Jump up ^ Anna Komnene , The Alexiad , Book XIV , Chapter IV , translator Elizabeth Dawes Jump up ^ Laiou 2002 , p. 643 . Jump up ^ Mango 2007 , pp. 259 -- 260 . Jump up ^ Louth 2005 , p. 291 ; Neville 2004 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Cameron 2009 , pp. 138 -- 142 ; Mango 2007 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Cameron 2009 , pp. 157 -- 158 ; Neville 2004 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Neville 2004 , p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : Neumann 2006 , pp. 869 -- 871 . Jump up ^ Chrysos 1992 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Antonucci 1993 , pp. 11 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Antonucci 1993 , pp. 11 -- 13 ; Seeck 1876 , pp. 31 -- 33 Jump up ^ Bury & Philotheus 1911 , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Dennis 1985 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Obolensky 1994 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Kazhdan 1991 , pp. 472 , 999 . Jump up ^ Dawkins , R.M. 1916 . Modern Greek in Asia Minor . A study of dialect of Silly , Cappadocia and Pharasa . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Millar 2006 , p. 279 . Jump up ^ Bryce 1901 , p. 59 ; McDonnell 2006 , p. 77 ; Millar 2006 , pp. 97 -- 98 ; Oikonomides 1999 , pp. 12 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Oikonomides 1999 , pp. 12 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Apostolides 1992 , pp. 25 -- 26 ; Wroth 1908 , Introduction , Section 6 Jump up ^ Sedlar 1994 , pp. 403 -- 440 . Jump up ^ Beaton 1996 , p. 10 ; Jones 1986 , p. 991 ; Versteegh 1977 , Chapter 1 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2000 , p. 40 ; Hacikyan et al. 2002 , Part 1 Jump up ^ Baynes 1907 , p. 289 ; Gutas 1998 , Chapter 7 , Section 4 ; Comrie 1987 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Beckwith 1993 , p. 171 ; Halsall 1998 ; Oikonomides 1999 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Kaldellis 2007 , Chapter 6 ; Nicol 1993 , Chapter 5 . Jump up ^ Cameron 2009 , pp. 277 -- 281 . Jump up ^ Cameron 2009 , pp. 186 -- 277 . ^ Jump up to : Cameron 2009 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ Béhar 1999 , p. 38 ; Bideleux & Jeffries 1998 , p. 71 . References Primary sources Choniates , Nicetas ( 1912 ) . `` The Sack of Constantinople ( 1204 ) '' . 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Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 58 : 283 -- 314 . JSTOR 3591389 . doi : 10.2307 / 3591389 . Köprülü , Mehmet Fuad ( 1992 ) . The Origins of the Ottoman Empire . Translated and edited by Gary Leiser . Albany : State University of New York Press . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 0819 - 1 . Kountoura - Galake , Eleonora ( 1996 ) . Ο βυζαντινός κλήρος και η κοινωνία των `` Σκοτεινών Αἰώνων ( '' The Byzantine Clergy and the Society of the ' Dark Ages ' `` ) ( in Greek ) . Athens : Ethniko Idryma Erevnon . ISBN 978 - 960 - 7094 - 46 - 9 . Kuhoff , Wolfgang ( 2002 ) . `` Die diokletianische Tetrarchie als Epoche einer historischen Wende in antiker und moderner Sicht '' . International Journal of the Classical Tradition. 9 ( 2 ) : 177 -- 194 . JSTOR 30224306 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02898434 . Laiou , Angeliki E. ( 2002 ) . `` Exchange and Trade , Seventh - Twelfth Centuries '' . In Angeliki E. Laiou . The Economic History of Byzantium ( Volume 2 ) . Washington , DC : Dumbarton Oaks . pp. 697 -- 708 . Archived from the original on 30 September 2013 . Laiou , Angeliki E. ; Morisson , Cécile ( 2007 ) . The Byzantine Economy . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 84978 - 0 . Laiou , Angeliki E. ( 2002 ) . `` Writing the Economic History of Byzantium '' . In Angeliki E. Laiou . The Economic History of Byzantium ( Volume 1 ) ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : Dumbarton Oaks . pp. 3 -- 8 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 September 2013 . Lapidge , Michael ; Blair , John ; Keynes , Simon ( 1998 ) . The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo - Saxon England . Malden : Blackwell . ISBN 0 - 631 - 22492 - 0 . Lenski , Noel ( 1999 ) . `` Assimilation and Revolt in the Territory of Isauria , From the 1st Century BC to the 6th Century AD '' . Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 42 : 413 -- 465 . ISSN 0022 - 4995 . JSTOR 3632602 . doi : 10.1163 / 1568520991201687 . Louth , Andrew ( 2005 ) . `` The Byzantine Empire in the Seventh Century '' . 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Translated by Dimitris Tsoungarakis . Athens : Educational Institution of the National Bank of Greece . Mango , Cyril A. ( 2002 ) . The Oxford History of Byzantium . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 814098 - 3 . Matschke , Klaus - Peter ( 2002 ) . `` Commerce , Trade , Markets , and Money : Thirteenth - Fifteenth Centuries '' . In Angeliki E. Laiou . The Economic History of Byzantium ( Volume 2 ) . Washington , DC : Dumbarton Oaks . pp. 771 -- 806 . Archived from the original on 30 September 2013 . McDonnell , Myles Anthony ( 2006 ) . Roman Manliness : Virtus and the Roman Republic . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 82788 - 1 . Meier , William N. ( 2003 ) . `` Die Inszenierung einer Katastrophe : Justinian und der Nika - Aufstand '' . Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik ( 142 ) : 273 -- 300 . JSTOR 20191600 . Merryman , John Henry ; Perez - Perdomo , Rogelio ( 2007 ) . The Civil Law Tradition : An Introduction to the Legal Systems of Europe and Latin America . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 5569 - 6 . Meyendorff , John ( 1982 ) . The Byzantine Legacy in the Orthodox Church . Yonkers : St Vladimir 's Seminary Press . ISBN 0 - 913836 - 90 - 7 . Millar , Fergus ( 2006 ) . A Greek Roman Empire : Power and Belief under Theodosius II ( 408 -- 450 ) . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 24703 - 5 . Miller , William ( 1907 ) . `` Monemvasia '' . The Journal of Hellenic Studies . 27 . Moravcsik , Gyula ( 1970 ) . Byzantium and the Magyars . Amsterdam : Hakkert . Neumann , Iver B. ( 2006 ) . `` Sublime Diplomacy : Byzantine , Early Modern , Contemporary '' . Millennium : Journal of International Studies . 34 ( 3 ) : 865 -- 888 . ISSN 1569 - 2981 . doi : 10.1177 / 03058298060340030201 . Neville , Leonora Alice ( 2004 ) . Authority in Byzantine Provincial Society , 950 -- 1100 . 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Byzantina Symmeikta ( in Greek ) . 2 : 145 -- 206 . ISSN 1105 - 1639 . Retrieved 10 March 2012 . Obolensky , Dimitri ( 1994 ) . Byzantium and the Slavs . Yonkers : St Vladimir 's Seminary Press . ISBN 0 - 88141 - 008 - X . Oikonomides , Nikos ( 1999 ) . `` L _̓ '' Unilinguisme '' Officiel de Constantinople Byzantine `` . Byzantina Symmeikta. 13 : 9 -- 22 . ISSN 1105 - 1639 . Retrieved 11 March 2012 . Ostrogorsky , George ( 1969 ) . History of the Byzantine State . New Brunswick : Rutgers University Press . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 1198 - 4 . Ostrogorsky , George ( 1959 ) . `` The Byzantine Empire in the World of the Seventh Century '' . Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 13 : 1 -- 21 . JSTOR 1291126 . doi : 10.2307 / 1291127 . Paparrigopoulos , Constantine ; Karolidis , Pavlos ( 1925 ) . Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους ( `` History of the Greek Nation '' ) , vol. 4 ( in Greek ) . Eleftheroudakis . Parry , Kenneth ( 1996 ) . Depicting the Word : Byzantine Iconophile Thought of the Eighth and Ninth Centuries . Leiden and New York : Brill . ISBN 90 - 04 - 10502 - 6 . Patterson , Gordon M. ( 1995 ) ( 1990 ) . The Essentials of Medieval History : 500 to 1450 AD , the Middle Ages . Piscataway : Research and Education Association . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87891 - 705 - 1 . Perrottet , Tony ( 2004 ) . The Naked Olympics : The True Story of the Ancient Games . Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58836 - 382 - 4 . Postan , Michael Moïssey ; Miller , Edward ; Postan , Cynthia ( 1987 ) . The Cambridge Economic History of Europe ( Volume 2 ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 08709 - 0 . Pounds , Norman John Greville ( 1979 ) . An Historical Geography of Europe , 1500 -- 1840 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 22379 - 2 . Read , Piers Paul ( 2000 ) ( 1999 ) . The Templars : The Dramatic History of the Knights Templar , The Most Powerful Military Order of the Crusades . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 26658 - 8 . Reinert , Stephen W. ( 2002 ) . `` Fragmentation ( 1204 -- 1453 ) '' . In Cyril Mango . The Oxford History of Byzantium . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 248 -- 283 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 814098 - 3 . Rice , David Talbot ( 1968 ) . Byzantine Art ( 3rd Edition ) . Harmondsworth : Penguin Books Limited . Robins , Robert Henry ( 1993 ) . The Byzantine Grammarians : Their Place in History . Berlin and New York : Mouton de Gruyter . ISBN 3 - 11 - 013574 - 4 . Rosser , John H. ( 2011 ) . `` Introduction '' . Historical Dictionary of Byzantium . Lanham , MA : Scarecrow . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 7567 - 5 . Runciman , Steven ( 1990 ) . The Fall of Constantinople , 1453 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 39832 - 0 . Runciman , Steven ( 2004 ) . The Byzantine Theocracy . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521545914 . Salaman , Rena ( 1986 ) . `` The Case of the Missing Fish , or Dolmathon Prolegomena '' . In Jaine , Tom . Oxford Symposium on Food & Cookery 1984 & 1985 : Cookery : Science , Lore & Books : Proceedings ( Introduction by Alan Davidson ) . London : Prospect Books Limited . pp. 184 -- 187 . ISBN 9780907325161 . Sarantis , Alexander ( 2009 ) . `` War and Diplomacy in Pannonia and the Northwest Balkans during the Reign of Justinian : The Gepid Threat and Imperial Responses '' . Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 63 : 15 -- 40 . JSTOR 41219761 . Sedlar , Jean W. ( 1994 ) . East Central Europe in the Middle Ages , 1000 -- 1500 . III . Seattle : University of Washington Press . ISBN 0 - 295 - 97290 - 4 . Seton - Watson , Hugh ( 1967 ) . The Russian Empire , 1801 -- 1917 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 822152 - 5 . Šišić , Ferdo ( 1990 ) . Povijest Hrvata u vrijeme narodnih vladara : sa 280 slika i 3 karte u bojama . Zagreb : Nakladni zavod Matice hrvatske . ISBN 86 - 401 - 0080 - 2 . Sotinel , Claire ( 2005 ) . `` Emperors and Popes in the Sixth Century : The Western View '' . In Maas , Michael . The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 267 -- 290 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 81746 - 3 . Speck , Paul ( 1984 ) . `` Ikonoklasmus und die Anfänge der Makedonischen Renaissance '' . Poikila Byzantina. 4 : 175 -- 210 . Stephenson , Paul ( 2000 ) . Byzantium 's Balkan Frontier : A Political Study of the Northern Balkans , 900 -- 1204 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 77017 - 3 . Tarasov , Oleg ; Milner - Gulland , R.R. ( 2004 ) . Icon and Devotion : Sacred Spaces in Imperial Russia . London : Reaktion . ISBN 1 - 86189 - 118 - 0 . Tatakes , Vasileios N. ; Moutafakis , Nicholas J. ( 2003 ) . Byzantine Philosophy . Indianapolis : Hackett . ISBN 0 - 87220 - 563 - 0 . Teall , John L. ( 1967 ) . `` The Age of Constantine Change and Continuity in Administration and Economy '' . Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 21 : 11 -- 36 . JSTOR 1291256 . Timberlake , Alan ( 2004 ) . A Reference Grammar of Russian . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 77292 - 1 . Treadgold , Warren ( 1995 ) . Byzantium and Its Army , 284 -- 1081 . Stanford : Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 2420 - 2 . Treadgold , Warren ( 1997 ) . A History of the Byzantine State and Society . Stanford : Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 2630 - 2 . Troianos , Spyros ; Velissaropoulou - Karakosta , Julia ( 1997 ) . Ιστορία δικαίου από την αρχαία στην νεώτερη Ελλάδα ( `` History of law from ancient to modern Greece '' ) . Athens : Sakkoulas . ISBN 960 - 232 - 594 - 1 . Vasiliev , Alexander Alexandrovich ( 1928 -- 1935 ) . History of the Byzantine Empire . Madison : The University of Wisconsin Press . ISBN 0 - 299 - 80925 - 0 . Versteegh , Cornelis H.M. ( 1977 ) . Greek Elements in Arabic Linguistic Thinking . Leiden : Brill . ISBN 90 - 04 - 04855 - 3 . Vryonis , Speros ( 1971 ) . The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process of Islamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century . Berkeley , CA : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 52 - 001597 - 5 . Watson , Bruce ( 1993 ) . Sieges : A Comparative Study . Westport : Praeger . ISBN 0 - 275 - 94034 - 9 . Weitzmann , Kurt ( 1982 ) . The Icon . London : Evans Brothers . ISBN 0 - 237 - 45645 - 1 . Wells , Herbert George ( 1922 ) . A Short History of the World . New York : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 06 - 492674 - 5 . Whittow , Mark ( 1996 ) . The Making of Byzantium , 600 -- 1025 . Berkeley and Los Angeles , CA : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 20496 - 4 . Wickham , Chris ( 2009 ) . The Inheritance of Rome : A History of Europe from 400 to 1000 . New York : Viking . ISBN 0 - 670 - 02098 - 2 . Wolff , Robert Lee ( 1948 ) . `` Romania : The Latin Empire of Constantinople '' . Speculum. 23 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 34 . JSTOR 2853672 . doi : 10.2307 / 2853672 . Wroth , Warwick ( 1908 ) . Catalogue of the Imperial Byzantine Coins in the British Museum . British Museum Dept. of Coins and Medals . ISBN 1 - 4021 - 8954 - 0 . Further reading Library resources about Byzantine Empire Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Ahrweiler , Hélène ; Aymard , Maurice ( 2000 ) . Les Européens . Paris : Hermann . ISBN 2 - 7056 - 6409 - 2 . Angelov , Dimiter ( 2007 ) . Imperial Ideology and Political Thought in Byzantium ( 1204 -- 1330 ) . Cambridge , United Kingdom : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 85703 - 1 . Baboula , Evanthia , Byzantium , in Muhammad in History , Thought , and Culture : An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God ( 2 vols . ) , Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker , Santa Barbara , ABC - CLIO , 2014 . ISBN 1 - 61069 - 177 - 6 Evans , Helen C. & Wixom , William D ( 1997 ) . The glory of Byzantium : art and culture of the Middle Byzantine era , A.D. 843 -- 1261 . New York : The Metropolitan Museum of Art . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8109 - 6507 - 2 . Cameron , Averil ( 2014 ) . Byzantine Matters . Princeton NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4008 - 5009 - 9 . Haldon , John ( 2001 ) . The Byzantine Wars : Battles and Campaigns of the Byzantine Era . Stroud , Gloucestershire : Tempus Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7524 - 1795 - 9 . Haldon , John ( 2002 ) . Byzantium : A History . Stroud , Gloucestershire : Tempus Publishing . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 3240 - X . Harris , Jonathan ( 2015 ) . The Lost World of Byzantium . New Haven CT and London : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 17857 - 9 . Hussey , J.M. ( 1966 ) . The Cambridge Medieval History . Vol. IV : The Byzantine Empire . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Runciman , Steven ( 1966 ) . Byzantine Civilisation . London : Edward Arnold Limited . ISBN 1 - 56619 - 574 - 8 . Runciman , Steven ( 1990 ) ( 1929 ) . The Emperor Romanus Lecapenus and his Reign . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 06164 - 4 . Stathakopoulos , Dionysios ( 2014 ) . A Short History of the Byzantine Empire . London : I.B. Tauris . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78076 - 194 - 7 . Toynbee , Arnold Joseph ( 1972 ) . Constantine Porphyrogenitus and His World . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 215253 - X . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Byzantine Empire . Wikisource has original works on the topic : Byzantine Empire Look up Byzantine in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Byzantine Empire on In Our Time at the BBC . De Imperatoribus Romanis . Scholarly biographies of many Byzantine emperors . 12 Byzantine Rulers by Lars Brownworth of The Stony Brook School ; audio lectures . NYTimes review . 18 centuries of Roman Empire by Howard Wiseman ( Maps of the Roman / Byzantine Empire throughout its lifetime ) . Byzantine & Christian Museum Byzantine Studies , resources and bibliography Fox , Clinton R. What , If Anything , Is a Byzantine ? ( Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors ) Byzantine studies homepage at Dumbarton Oaks . Includes links to numerous electronic texts . Byzantium : Byzantine studies on the Internet . Links to various online resources . Translations from Byzantine Sources : The Imperial Centuries , c. 700 -- 1204 . Online sourcebook . De Re Militari . Resources for medieval history , including numerous translated sources on the Byzantine wars . Medieval Sourcebook : Byzantium . Numerous primary sources on Byzantine history . Bibliography on Byzantine Material Culture and Daily Life . Hosted by the University of Vienna ; in English . Constantinople Home Page . Links to texts , images and videos on Byzantium . Byzantium in Crimea : Political History , Art and Culture . Institute for Byzantine Studies of the Austrian Academy of Sciences ( with further resources and a repository with papers on various aspects of the Byzantine Empire ) Byzantine Empire topics History Preceding Roman Empire Dominate ( 330 -- 717 ) Early Constantinian dynasty Valentinian dynasty Theodosian dynasty Leonid dynasty Justinian dynasty Heraclian dynasty Twenty Years ' Anarchy ( 717 -- 1204 ) Middle Isaurian dynasty Nikephorian dynasty Amorian dynasty Macedonian dynasty Doukas dynasty Komnenos dynasty Angelos dynasty ( 1204 -- 1453 ) Late Fourth Crusade Latin Empire / Nicaea / Epirus -- Thessalonica / Morea / Trebizond / others Palaiologos dynasty Fall of Constantinople Governance Central Emperors Basileus Autokrator Senate Imperial bureaucracy Eparch Early Praetorian prefects Magister officiorum Comes sacrarum largitionum Comes rerum privatarum Quaestor sacri palatii Middle Logothetes tou dromou Sakellarios Logothetes tou genikou Logothetes tou stratiotikou Chartoularios tou 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Commune of Rome Marquisate of Ceva Republic of Cospaia Duchy of Ferrara Marquisate of Finale City of Fiume and its District Republic of Florence Duchy of Florence March of Friuli Republic of Genoa Republic of Noli County of Gorizia Gorizia and Gradisca County of Guastalla Duchy of Guastalla Kingdom of Illyria March of Istria Duchy of Ivrea Republic of Lucca Margravate of Mantua Duchy of Mantua Duchy of Massa and Carrara Duchy of Merania Duchy of Milan Duchy of Mirandola Duchy of Modena and Reggio March of Montferrat Duchy of Montferrat County of Nizza Duchy of Parma Principality of Piedmont Principality of Piombino Republic of Pisa Duchy of Reggio Marquisate of Saluzzo County of Savoy Duchy of Savoy Republic of Siena Duchy of Spoleto Terra Sancti Benedicti Bishopric of Trento March of Turin March of Tuscany Grand Duchy of Tuscany County of Tirolo Duchy of Urbino March of Verona Imperial Free City of Trieste Byzantine Empire ( 395 -- 1453 ) Exarchate of Ravenna ( 584 -- 751 ) Duchy of 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) Papal States ( 1814 -- 1870 ) Kingdom of Italy ( 1861 -- 1946 ) Italian Empire ( 1869 -- 1946 ) Free State of Fiume ( 1920 -- 1924 ) Italian Social Republic ( 1943 -- 1945 ) Ancient Syria and Mesopotamia Syria Northern Mesopotamia Southern Mesopotamia c. 3500 -- 2350 BCE Martu Subartu Sumerian city - states c. 2350 -- 2200 BCE Akkadian Empire c. 2200 -- 2100 BCE Gutians c. 2100 -- 2000 BCE Third Dynasty of Ur ( Sumerian Renaissance ) c. 2000 -- 1800 BCE Mari and other Amorite city - states Old Assyrian Empire ( Northern Akkadians ) Isin / Larsa and other Amorite city - states c. 1800 -- 1600 BCE Old Hittite Kingdom Old Babylonian Empire ( Southern Akkadians ) c. 1600 -- 1400 BCE Mitanni ( Hurrians ) Karduniaš ( Kassites ) c. 1400 -- 1200 BCE New Hittite Kingdom Middle Assyrian Empire c. 1200 -- 1150 BCE Bronze Age collapse ( `` Sea Peoples '' ) Arameans c. 1150 -- 911 BCE Phoenicia Syro - Hittite states Aram - Damascus Arameans Middle Babylonia ( Isin II ) Chal de - ans 911 -- 729 BCE Neo-Assyrian Empire 729 -- 609 BCE 626 -- 539 BCE Neo-Babylonian Empire ( Chaldeans ) 539 -- 331 BCE Achaemenid Empire ( Persians ) 336 -- 301 BCE Macedonian Empire ( Ancient Greeks ) 311 -- 129 BCE Seleucid Empire 129 -- 63 BCE Seleucid Empire Parthian Empire ( Iranians ) 63 BCE -- 243 CE Roman Empire / Byzantine Empire ( Syria ) 243 -- 636 CE Sasanian Empire ( Persians ) VIAF : 246502786 LCCN : n80085269 GND : 4009256 - 2 NDL : 00560706 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Empire&oldid=804622010 '' Categories : Former countries in Europe Former countries in Asia Former countries in Africa Former empires States and territories established in 330 States and territories disestablished in 1461 Byzantine Empire 1453 disestablishments in Europe 1453 disestablishments in Asia 330s establishments States and territories disestablished in 1453 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates 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when is the last time unc won at duke	Coming into the game ranked # 1 in both polls , Duke hosted senior night , honoring the National Player of the Year and all - time ACC leading scorer J.J. Redick and two - time National Defensive Player of the Year Shelden Williams . North Carolina , the defending national champions , had lost the whole core of the team that won it all the year before , but came into the game on a 7 - game winning streak . Freshmen Tyler Hansbrough and Danny Green led Carolina as well as veterans Reyshawn Terry and David Noel . ESPN broadcast the game on all three of its channels as part of its first ESPN Full Circle coverage , showing a marathon of past games hours before tipoff . Duke led early 13 -- 2 as Redick caught fire and hit his first five shots . The Tar Heels fought back , cutting the deficit to one by halftime . The Tar Heels stormed out to a 72 -- 62 lead as Hansbrough and Terry starting hitting their shots in the second half . After a timeout , Duke 's Williams hook shot pulled Duke back within eight , but Hansbrough recovered a loose ball 25 feet from the hoop answered with a three - pointer to beat the shot clock . DeMarcus Nelson then hit 3 - pointers on 3 successive possessions to put the Devils back to within 3 with 1 : 31 left . However , that was as close as it would get . The Heels hit their free throws down the stretch , Redick missed 15 of his last 16 shots , and DeMarcus Nelson shot an air ball that resulted in a shot clock violation that prevented a late Duke rally , leading to a final score of 83 -- 76 . The game was watched by 3.78 million households on ESPN and ESPN2 .		Carolina -- Duke rivalry	carolina - - duke rivalry	The North Carolina -- Duke rivalry refers to the rivalry between the University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill Tar Heels ( Carolina ) and Duke University Blue Devils ( Duke ) . It most often refers to the athletic rivalries between the Duke Blue Devils and North Carolina Tar Heels athletic teams . The North Carolina -- Duke rivalry is fierce , particularly in men 's college basketball . It is considered one of the most intense rivalries in all of US - sports : a poll conducted by ESPN in 2000 ranked the basketball rivalry as the third greatest North American sports rivalry , and Sports Illustrated on Campus named it the # 1 `` Hottest Rivalry '' in college basketball and the # 2 rivalry overall in its November 18 , 2003 issue . The intensity of the rivalry is augmented by the proximity of the two universities -- they are located only ten miles apart along U.S. Highway 15 -- 501 ( also known as Tobacco Road ) or eight miles apart in straight - line distance . In addition , both Duke and North Carolina are considered highly prestigious universities , which , coupled with their vastly different funding structures and cultures -- North Carolina is a public school while Duke is private -- contributes to the ferocity of the rivalry . A recent funny anecdote reported on ESPN quoted one Duke fan as having won a large tournament pool in 2016 because he correctly picked UNC as the National Champion ; but the fan then went on to say `` It was n't worth it '' .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Men 's basketball 1.1 History 1.1. 1 NCAA Tournament / Postseason NIT 1.2 Memorable games and incidents 1.2. 1 March 2 , 1968 : # 10 Duke 87 , # 3 North Carolina 86 ( 3OT ) 1.2. 2 March 2 , 1974 : # 4 North Carolina 96 , Duke 92 ( OT ) 1.2. 3 January 3 , 1975 : Duke 99 , # 8 North Carolina 96 ( OT ) 1.2. 4 February 24 , 1979 : # 6 Duke 47 , # 4 North Carolina 40 1.2. 5 December 5 , 1980 : # 10 North Carolina 78 , Duke 76 1.2. 6 February 28 , 1981 : Duke 66 , # 11 North Carolina 65 ( OT ) 1.2. 7 March 3 , 1984 : # 1 North Carolina 96 , Duke 83 ( 2OT ) 1.2. 8 March 10 , 1984 : # 16 Duke 77 , # 1 North Carolina 75 1.2. 9 January 18 , 1986 : # 1 North Carolina 95 , # 3 Duke 92 1.2. 10 January 21 , 1988 : # 9 Duke 70 , # 2 North Carolina 69 1.2. 11 March 12 , 1989 : # 9 North Carolina 77 , # 7 Duke 74 1.2. 12 February 5 , 1992 : # 9 North Carolina 75 , # 1 Duke 73 1.2. 13 February 2 , 1995 : # 2 North Carolina 102 , Duke 100 ( 2OT ) 1.2. 14 January 31 , 1996 : # 8 North Carolina 73 , Duke 72 1.2. 15 February 28 , 1998 : # 1 Duke 77 , # 3 North Carolina 75 1.2. 16 February 3 , 2000 : # 3 Duke 90 , North Carolina 86 ( OT ) 1.2. 17 February 4 , 2004 : # 1 Duke 83 , # 17 North Carolina 81 ( OT ) 1.2. 18 March 6 , 2005 : # 2 North Carolina 75 , # 6 Duke 73 1.2. 19 March 4 , 2006 : # 13 North Carolina 83 , # 1 Duke 76 1.2. 20 March 4 , 2007 : # 8 North Carolina 86 , # 14 Duke 72 1.2. 21 February 8 , 2012 : # 9 Duke 85 , # 5 North Carolina 84 1.2. 22 February 18 , 2015 : # 4 Duke 92 , # 15 North Carolina 90 ( OT ) 1.2. 23 March 4 , 2017 : # 5 North Carolina 90 , # 17 Duke 83 1.2. 24 March 10 , 2017 : # 14 Duke 93 , # 6 North Carolina 83 1.3 Student Engagement and Tenting 1.4 Results 1.4. 1 Scores of games ( 1920 -- 2018 ) 1.4. 2 Achievements by season ( 1975 -- 2018 ) 2 Football 3 Other sports 4 School newspapers 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Men 's basketball ( edit ) Main articles : Duke Blue Devils men 's basketball and North Carolina Tar Heels men 's basketball Duke and North Carolina battled it out for the first time on January 24 , 1920 . The two teams have met at least twice a year since then . The games frequently determine the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) champion ; since the ACC 's founding in 1953 , Duke and North Carolina have combined to win or share 49 ACC regular season titles ( 77.7 % of the total ) and 38 tournament titles ( 59.4 % of the total ) , including 14 of 15 from 1996 to 2011 . The final game of the regular season for both schools alternates between Chapel Hill and Durham and has been played in Cameron Indoor Stadium since 1940 and the Dean E. Smith Center since 1986 . Much like the Alabama - Auburn football rivalry , the North Carolina -- Duke rivalry is all the more intense because the two schools have consistently been among the nation 's elite men 's basketball teams for most of the last 30 years . Both schools are also two of the most victorious programs in NCAA men 's basketball history ; North Carolina is # 3 on the list of all - time winningest programs in Division I Men 's Basketball and Duke is # 4 . Duke has won five NCAA championships and has appeared in sixteen Final Fours , while North Carolina has won six NCAA championships and appeared in a record twenty Final Fours . Additionally , North Carolina was also retroactively awarded a national championship by the Helms Athletic Foundation in 1942 for their undefeated 1924 season . Combining for ten national championships over the last 36 years , Duke and North Carolina have captured 28 % of the national championships , or greater than one every four years . Over the past 18 years , one of the two teams has been the AP pre-season # 1 ranked team in the country 8 times ( 44 % of the time ) . Since 1977 -- 78 , Duke or North Carolina has been in the pre-season top three 28 times ( 70 % ) . Over the entirety of the AP poll ( the past 69 years ) , the teams have been in the pre-season top four 69 % of the time . Over this same period , one has been # 1 18 times , making it an almost 3 in 10 chance that Duke or North Carolina starts the year at # 1 in the last 50 + years . History ( edit ) Though the two schools had always had the great emotion born of familiarity and proximity , some of the earliest roots of the modern basketball rivalry occurred in the early 1960s when Duke star and eventual national player of the year Art Heyman got into a brawl on the court with North Carolina 's Larry Brown which resulted in suspensions for both players . The rivalry reached unprecedented heights in the mid-1980s under head coaches Dean Smith of North Carolina and Mike Krzyzewski of Duke , thanks to the emergence of cable channels such as ESPN and the increasing coverage of the ACC in national broadcasts by the three major networks , giving a vast national audience more opportunities to witness the two teams and their coaches . Indeed , the two teams have been fixtures on national television since the early 1980s , and their final regular season clash has been nationally televised for most of the last 30 years . When Smith retired after the 1997 season , he held the record for most wins by an NCAA Division I men 's head coach , with 879 wins against only 254 losses . In 1982 , with players Michael Jordan , Sam Perkins and James Worthy , he won his first national championship and second overall for UNC that year . In 1991 Duke won its first ever national championship and then with most of their team returning won another national championship in 1992 . North Carolina then won the championship the next year in 1993 . Since then , Duke won the national championship in 2001 , 2010 and 2015 while North Carolina won national championships in 2005 , 2009 , and 2017 . In 2011 , Krzyzewski became the new holder of the record for most career wins by a D-I men 's coach , surpassing his mentor Bob Knight ( who had surpassed Smith in 2007 ) . On January 25 , 2015 , Krzyzewski also became the first NCAA Men 's Division 1 Basketball head coach to reach 1,000 career wins after Duke defeated St Johns in Madison Square Garden 77 -- 68 . After Smith 's retirement in 1997 , North Carolina suffered through three coaching changes ( from Dean Smith to Bill Guthridge to Matt Doherty to Roy Williams ) between 1997 and 2003 . The six seasons between Bill Guthridge and Matt Doherty from 1997 to 2003 Duke won 13 of 17 games against North Carolina and some said that the rivalry was on the decline . However , with the arrival of North Carolina 's alumnus Roy Williams as head coach in 2003 , North Carolina won six regular season titles in seven years ( 2005 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 ) , won the ACC tournament in back to back years in 2007 and 2008 and won its fourth , fifth , and sixth NCAA championships in 2005 , 2009 , and 2017 respectively . North Carolina also won 6 of 8 games against Duke from 2005 to 2009 . Erik Spanberg of The Christian Science Monitor even argued in 2008 that the rivalry has tilted towards North Carolina in recent years . However , since 2009 and as of March 11 , 2017 Duke has won 13 of the past 18 games against North Carolina including 3 season sweeps over North Carolina in 2010 , 2013 and 2015 and Duke has won 2 national championships since then in 2010 and 2015 . During the 2009 -- 2010 season , Duke won the regular season finale by 32 points , which was the second largest Duke win in series history . Following that game , Duke went on to win a fourth National title in 2010 . Former Esquire editor and author ( and North Carolina graduate ) Will Blythe argues that the rivalry 's passion can be attributed greatly to class and culture in the South . `` To legions of otherwise reasonable adults , it is a conflict that surpasses sports ; it is locals against outsiders , elitists against populists , even good against evil ... The rivalry may be a way of aligning oneself with larger philosophic ideals -- of choosing teams in life -- a tradition of partisanship that reveals the pleasures and even the necessity of hatred . '' The March 4 , 2006 game was the most watched college basketball game in ESPN history . The rivalry has been the subject of various books and articles , including To Hate Like This Is to Be Happy Forever by Blythe and Blue Blood by Art Chansky . Further illustrating the intensity of the rivalry , U.S. Representative Brad Miller , a die - hard Carolina fan , told an Associated Press writer in 2012 , `` I have said very publicly that if Duke was playing against the Taliban , then I 'd have to pull for the Taliban . '' NCAA Tournament / postseason nit ( edit ) The two teams have never met in the NCAA Tournament , though they have met once in the 1971 National Invitation Tournament , with North Carolina winning 73 -- 67 in the semifinals at Madison Square Garden . In 1991 , the teams came within one game of playing each other for the national championship , as both advanced to that year 's Final Four at the Hoosier Dome in Indianapolis . Chansky writes in Blue Blood that Carolina fans chanted `` 0 - for - 4 ! '' at the Duke fans , while Duke responded with `` Long time , no see ! '' In the first semifinal , North Carolina was upset 79 -- 73 by a Kansas team coached by Roy Williams , who would later return to Chapel Hill to take the head coaching job . Some Duke fans had already arrived for their team 's game by the time Dean Smith was ejected for arguing with the officials , and Chansky writes that they were ecstatic at the ejection , waving their hands and yelling , `` See ya ! '' as they normally did at Cameron for a player or coach who was ejected or in foul trouble . Below , in the Duke locker room , the Blue Devils were preparing for a rematch of the 1990 title game with UNLV in their semifinal . UNLV had won that game by 30 points and had come in undefeated in 1991 , with many wondering if they were the best college basketball team ever . When the Carolina - Kansas result news got through , Mike Krzyzewski asked the team if they felt it was okay to lose since that meant they would do no worse than the Tar Heels , and some nodded . Krzyzewski understood but then added , `` Flush it . Let 's go kick their ass . '' Duke then stunned the sports world by defeating UNLV 79 -- 77 and then went one better by beating Kansas 72 -- 65 in the championship game to win its first national title . Chansky writes that one UNC athletic department staffer in Indianapolis was so distraught that he did not leave his hotel room the day after the national championship game , while when Duke arrived back in Durham , Krzyzewski is said to have asked the team at a turnoff to Chapel Hill if the team wanted to cruise down Franklin Street . In the wake of the Final Four , when talking about how close the two rivals came to meeting for the national championship , Krzyzewski said that he never wanted to see it happen because regardless of who won , the pain of losing that game would be unbearable for the defeated school and its fans . Memorable games and incidents ( edit ) March 2 , 1968 : # 10 Duke 87 , # 3 North Carolina 86 ( 3ot ) ( edit ) Duke defeated North Carolina 87 -- 86 in triple overtime at Duke Indoor Stadium ( later renamed Cameron Indoor Stadium ) when seldom used Duke junior Fred Lind erupted for 16 points , 9 rebounds , and 3 blocks after having only scored 21 points total in his entire career . When Duke All - American center Mike Lewis picked up his third foul in the first half ( and Warren Chapman , his backup , had a knee injury ) , Duke coach Vic Bubas called on Lind to fill the void against UNC greats Rusty Clark and Bill Bunting . Lewis returned in the second half , but fouled out ( four Blue Devils and one Tar Heel fouled out of the game ) with about five minutes left in regulation when Duke was down by five , and Lind returned to the court . Lind went on to carry the Blue Devils in the three overtimes , blocking North Carolina 's shot attempt at the end of regulation , making two free throws at the end of the first overtime , and knocking down a 15 - foot jumper at the buzzer to send it into a third overtime . At the conclusion of the game , the students carried Lind to Duke 's main quad . March 2 , 1974 : # 4 North Carolina 96 , Duke 92 ( ot ) ( edit ) 8 Points in 17 Seconds . Duke led UNC 86 -- 78 with 17 seconds left . Despite the deficit and despite the fact that the game took place prior to the implementation of the three - point shot , Carolina rallied with a pair of free throws by Bobby Jones , then baskets by John Kuester and Jones after a steal by Walter Davis and a turnover on inbounds attempts . After Duke 's Pete Kramer missed the front end of a one - and - one , UNC tied the score on Davis ' 30 - foot bank shot as time expired . The game went into overtime , where UNC prevailed , 96 -- 92 . To this day , many regard this comeback as the greatest in college basketball history . January 3 , 1975 : Duke 99 , # 8 North Carolina 96 ( ot ) ( edit ) In a Big Four Tournament matchup between North Carolina and Duke , the two teams played a see - saw game until a 10 -- 0 Duke run in the second half made the score 64 -- 56 . North Carolina eventually tied the score at 70 -- 70 with four minutes to go . Duke went back up by four with 1 : 41 to go , but a driving layup by Phil Ford with eight seconds to go in regulation tied the score at 82 and extended the game to overtime . The Blue Devils got quick baskets from Kevin Billerman and Bob Fleischer to open the overtime but the Tar Heels answered and eventually took the lead , 89 -- 88 , on two Ford free throws with two minutes to go . Duke answered with four straight points and North Carolina came back to tie the score at 92 , and then Tate Armstrong converted a three - point play to put the Blue Devils ahead for good . The teams combined for eight points in the final 20 seconds of the game , but Duke 's free throw shooting gave them the 99 -- 96 win . Fleischer led Duke with 26 points and Phil Ford scored 22 for North Carolina . February 24 , 1979 : # 6 Duke 47 , # 4 North Carolina 40 ( edit ) Jim Spanarkel 's Senior Day game turned into one of the strangest afternoons in ACC basketball history as Duke held Carolina scoreless for a half before knocking off the No. 4 - ranked Tar Heels 47 -- 40 . Dean Smith resorted to the four corners offense and the Tar Heels held the ball throughout the first half , but Duke led 7 -- 0 as Spanarkel forced two turnovers , assisted on a basket to Mike Gminski and scored the last bucket of the half on a short jumper. ( Smith later said , `` It should have been 2 -- 0 , or something like that , at the half . '' ) Carolina 's only two shots of the first half were air balls , that resulted in the first - ever chants of `` Air ball ... Air ball ! '' from the Cameron Crazies . Spanarkel added 15 points in the second half and finished with a game - high 17 , hitting 8 - of - 9 field goal attempts . The win allowed Duke to tie North Carolina for the ACC regular season title . Duke coach Bill Foster was n't amused by Smith 's tactics in the first half and the next day said , `` I 've been doing this a long time , but during the first half last night I began to think maybe I 've been doing it for too long . '' He then added this infamous dig : `` I thought Naismith invented basketball , not Deansmith . '' December 5 , 1980 : # 10 North Carolina 78 , Duke 76 ( edit ) Carolina led by as many as 11 in the first half of the Big Four Tournament contest before Duke trimmed the lead to five at halftime . Carolina played much of the second half shorthanded as Al Wood and Sam Perkins got into foul trouble ; Perkins would foul out with 7 : 55 to go . James Worthy did his best to pick up the slack , leading the Tar Heels with 26 points and hitting eight straight shots at one point in the second half . Nevertheless , Gene Banks was able to give Duke only its second lead of the game , 73 -- 71 , with 2 : 36 left . Carolina came back to tie it at 76 . Future Tar Heel head coach Matt Doherty , a freshman at the time , was then fouled , and hit a free throw with 12 seconds remaining to provide the winning margin . A Jimmy Braddock free throw in the final second gave Carolina the 78 -- 76 victory . February 28 , 1981 : Duke 66 , # 11 North Carolina 65 ( ot ) ( edit ) Duke struggled in its first season under Coach Mike Krzyzewski , going 17 -- 13 overall and 6 -- 8 in the ACC . However , the Blue Devils ' regular - season finale was one to remember . On Senior Night , Duke 's Gene Banks put on a tuxedo and threw roses to the crowd at Cameron Indoor Stadium before the game . Carolina controlled the game early , then went scoreless over a four - minute stretch of the second half to allow Duke to take a 46 -- 45 lead late in regulation . The Tar Heels fought back to go up 50 -- 49 , and the teams traded baskets until two Sam Perkins free throws gave Carolina a 58 -- 56 lead with two seconds to play . Duke inbounded to midcourt and called time out with one second left . Banks took the inbounds pass and nailed a jumper at the buzzer to force overtime . The Blue Devils took a 62 -- 59 lead early in the extra session , but Carolina rallied to take a 65 -- 64 lead on the strength of an Al Wood jumper and two free throws by Mike Pepper . Duke 's Vince Taylor misfired on a short jumper , but Banks rebounded and banked home the game - winner with 19 seconds left . Banks led Duke with 25 points , while Perkins scored 24 for Carolina . Perkins also had 10 assists . March 3 , 1984 : # 1 North Carolina 96 , Duke 83 ( 2ot ) ( edit ) The final home game for Matt Doherty , Michael Jordan , and Sam Perkins was a memorable one for Tar Heels fans . Carolina looked to be finished when Duke 's Mark Alarie converted a three - point play with 20 seconds to go in regulation and the Tar Heels missed a jumper that would have tied the game . However , after the Blue Devils missed the front end of a one - and - one , Matt Doherty took the inbounds pass the length of the court and hit a 15 - footer with one second left to force overtime . The teams traded baskets during the first overtime and headed for the second extra session tied at 79 . Michael Jordan opened the second overtime with an ally oop and a free throw , but Johnny Dawkins cut the North Carolina lead to 82 -- 81 with a short jumper . Duke would get only one more basket as Jordan and Sam Perkins carried the Tar Heels to the 96 -- 83 final , and Carolina became the first ACC team in 10 years to go undefeated in conference play ( 14 -- 0 ) . Alarie led all scorers with 28 points , while Jordan topped Carolina with 25 . March 10 , 1984 : # 16 Duke 77 , # 1 North Carolina 75 ( edit ) After losing two close games to Carolina in the regular season , Duke finally upset the Tar Heels in the semifinals of the ACC Tournament . Johnny Dawkins and Tommy Amaker led the Blue Devils to a 40 -- 32 halftime advantage . Nevertheless , Carolina went on a 12 -- 2 run to open the second half , tying the score at 44 in a game that was close the rest of the way . David Henderson hit four late free throws to keep Duke in the lead , but Michael Jordan closed the gap to 77 -- 75 . Carolina regained possession with three seconds left in the game , but the Tar Heels comeback bid ended with Matt Doherty 's errant inbounds pass . Jordan led all scorers with 22 points , while Doherty scored 20 and grabbed 10 rebounds . January 18 , 1986 : # 1 North Carolina 95 , # 3 Duke 92 ( edit ) The number 1 ranked Tar Heels opened the brand new Dean Smith Center against the number 3 ranked Blue Devils with the winner possibly becoming the number 1 ranked team in the nation . In one of the closet games in the rivalry , North Carolina survived a late Blue Devil rally to win 95 - 92 . January 21 , 1988 : # 9 Duke 70 , # 2 North Carolina 69 ( edit ) Duke opened the game with an 11 -- 2 run and eventually led 29 -- 15 , but Carolina cut the lead to three before the Blue Devils took a 44 -- 39 halftime lead . Carolina still trailed 55 -- 44 with 12 : 53 left when J.R. Reid took over the game . Reid scored 14 of Carolina 's final 16 points to help the Tar Heels tie the score at 69 with 1 : 24 to go . A Danny Ferry free throw with 52 seconds remaining provided the winning margin for Duke , but not before Carolina forced a turnover and failed to convert on four field goal attempts in the final 30 seconds . Kevin Strickland scored 22 points and Ferry added 19 for Duke , while Reid dropped in 27 for the Tar Heels . This would become the first of three Duke victories in a season sweep over Carolina in 1988 , including the ACC Tournament . March 12 , 1989 : # 9 North Carolina 77 , # 7 Duke 74 ( edit ) In one of the most intense games in the rivalry 's history , Carolina defeated Duke 77 -- 74 in the ACC Tournament final at the Omni in Atlanta to secure the Heels ' first ACC Tournament title in seven seasons . The teams had split the two regular season meetings ; Carolina defeating top ranked and then undefeated Duke 91 -- 71 in Cameron in January ( a game notable for the infamous `` J.R. Ca n't Reid '' placard displayed by some Duke fans ) then Duke returned the favor in Chapel Hill in the season finale , knocking off Carolina 88 -- 86 . Tensions between coaches Dean Smith and Mike Krzyzewski boiled over during Tournament week , stemming from the Reid sign in Durham in January , and by the time the two teams met in the conference championship , the game had developed the atmosphere of a heavyweight title fight . Carolina led for much of the game , including a 39 -- 35 halftime lead , but never could pull away . Carolina 's J.R. Reid , however , outplayed Duke 's Naismith Award - finalist and ACC Tournament MVP Danny Ferry . The game saw an incredible 49 fouls called between the two squads , and Carolina prevailed , but only when Ferry 's 3 / 4 court shot rimmed out as time expired . February 5 , 1992 : # 9 North Carolina 75 , # 1 Duke 73 ( edit ) In a rough game between the Blue Devils and Tar Heels that featured blood and broken bones , Duke used an early 9 -- 0 run to take a 16 -- 11 lead with 12 : 55 to go in the first half . Hubert Davis ' three - point play capped off a Carolina run to give the Tar Heels a 20 -- 19 lead . The teams exchanged the lead 10 times before a Thomas Hill baseline jumper gave the Blue Devils a 39 -- 38 halftime lead . The Tar Heels opened the second half with a 10 -- 0 spurt , but then saw its offense disappear . Duke went five minutes before scoring a second - half basket but fought back with tough defense , holding Carolina without a field goal over the last 91⁄2 minutes of the game . Carolina hit 12 of 14 free throws during that stretch ; including two by Derrick Phelps with 44.5 seconds remaining to give the Tar Heels a 75 -- 73 lead . Christian Laettner had two shots to tie the game in the final 24 seconds , but missed both . However , the lasting image from this game had to be Carolina 's Eric Montross who took a couple of rough elbows to the face and looked more like a boxer than a center as he sank two late free throws with blood streaming down his face . Bobby Hurley broke his foot during the game , but continued playing . Brian Davis led Duke with 16 points , while Davis scored 16 for Carolina . February 2 , 1995 : # 2 North Carolina 102 , Duke 100 ( 2ot ) ( edit ) With Mike Krzyzewski on leave of absence for the year , the Blue Devils suffered through their worst season in well over a decade . They seemed out - manned on their home court from the opening tip , falling behind 26 -- 9 in the first half , highlighted by alley - oops by Carolina 's Rasheed Wallace and a reverse jam by Jerry Stackhouse over two Blue Devils . However , Duke rallied in the second half and led by as much as 12 , before North Carolina staged a rally of its own . The two squads exchanged leads four times at the end of regulation before heading into overtime . With three seconds left in the first overtime , Carolina led 95 -- 92 and sent Serge Zwikker to the foul line with the chance to ice the game for the heavily favored Tar Heels . However Zwikker missed both free throws , setting up Duke 's Jeff Capel for a running , 37 - foot heave that tied the game as the buzzer sounded , sending Cameron into a state of euphoria . With the game still tied late in the second overtime , Donald Williams scored for the Heels and Jeff McInnis stole the inbounds pass for an easy layup , putting Carolina up 102 -- 98 . Duke answered with a basket of their own and after stopping the Tar Heels , had a chance to force a third overtime or win the game outright . Nevertheless , Steve Wojciechowski 's jumper missed and Greg Newton 's putback drew nothing but air , preserving Carolina 's 102 -- 100 victory . January 31 , 1996 : # 8 North Carolina 73 , Duke 72 ( edit ) Duke took a 42 -- 30 advantage into the locker room at halftime , and led 37 -- 20 over Carolina with less than five minutes to go in the first half . Carolina managed to close the gap to 44 -- 42 with 14 : 14 left in the game , but the Blue Devils stretched the lead back to 11 with 8 : 44 left . The Tar Heels fought back and pulled within one behind scoring from six different players over the next few minutes . Steve Wojciechowski hit a three - pointer to give Duke a 72 -- 68 lead with 1 : 13 to go . Shammond Williams answered with a three to cut the Duke lead to one with 58 seconds left , and Carolina forced a turnover on the ensuing inbounds pass . Jeff McInnis drove the lane and fed Serge Zwikker , whose shot was blocked by Greg Newton , but Dante Calabria was there for the tip - in and a 73 -- 72 Carolina lead . Duke 's Ricky Price could not connect on a jumper at the buzzer , and the Tar Heels escaped . February 28 , 1998 : # 1 Duke 77 , # 3 North Carolina 75 ( edit ) Just two months removed from a broken foot that most assumed would sideline him for the season , Duke freshman Elton Brand rallied the Blue Devils from a 64 -- 47 second - half deficit with 12 minutes remaining to a 77 -- 75 victory over Carolina . The victory earned Duke the ACC regular - season championship and Coach Mike Krzyzewski his 500th victory in the most memorable game of the college season . Duke tied the game at 75 on a slashing floater by sophomore Chris Carrawell with 2 : 00 remaining and took the lead for the first time on a driving basket by Roshown McLeod one minute later as the Carolina offense lapsed into a series of turnovers and errant shots . Both point guard Ed Cota and freshman center Brendan Haywood had a chance to tie the game from the free - throw line in the waning seconds , but both missed the first of two free throws , and the Tar Heels were unable to turn intentional misses on the second attempts into points . February 3 , 2000 : # 3 Duke 90 , North Carolina 86 ( ot ) ( edit ) The Tar Heels were unranked coming into the game for the first time since 1990 . Shane Battier scored 14 first - half points for Duke and Carolina turned the ball over 14 times to give the Blue Devils a 17 - point halftime lead . Duke eventually took a 19 - point lead early in the second half . Carolina then turned the tide down the stretch , scoring on 19 of its final 22 possessions , including a three - pointer by Joseph Forte with 5.2 seconds left to send the game to the extra period at 73 . The Blue Devils scored on their first six possessions in overtime and got seven points from Carlos Boozer in the extra frame to hold on for the 90 -- 86 victory . February 4 , 2004 : # 1 Duke 83 , # 17 North Carolina 81 ( ot ) ( edit ) In the first game in the Carolina -- Duke rivalry pitting Mike Krzyzewski against new UNC head coach Roy Williams , Chris Duhon 's reverse layup with 6.5 seconds left in overtime gave Duke its 16th straight victory overall and fifth victory in the last six years on Carolina 's home court . Duke turned up the defense late in regulation and went on a 10 -- 0 run , taking a 72 -- 69 lead on two free throws by Luol Deng with 1 : 06 left . Sean May scored on a rebound with 53 seconds to go , but J.J. Redick restored the three - point lead on a drive with 38 seconds left . After a Carolina timeout , Jawad Williams hit a game - tying three - pointer with 18 seconds to go and Daniel Ewing missed a potential game - winner for Duke with 3 seconds left . In overtime , Shelden Williams had two blocks and his defense forced Carolina into a 35 - second shot clock violation with 22 seconds left . Redick then made two free throws to make it 81 -- 78 and Rashad McCants drilled the game - tying three that set the stage for Duhon 's heroics . March 6 , 2005 : # 2 North Carolina 75 , # 6 Duke 73 ( edit ) On Senior Day in Chapel Hill , before the largest crowd to see a college game on - campus in the state of North Carolina ( 22,125 ) , the Tar Heels had a chance to win their first outright ACC regular - season title since 1993 . However , they trailed Duke 73 -- 64 with 3 : 07 left after Duke 's Lee Melchionni made a 3 . Offensive rebounds and subsequent put - backs by Carolina 's Jawad Williams and Marvin Williams , the latter set up by a Duke turnover , cut the lead to five with two minutes to go . Duke 's DeMarcus Nelson then missed the front end of a one - and - one . Sean May then rebounded a miss of his own , and was fouled on the put back ; he hit the free throw to make it 73 -- 71 with 1 : 44 left . Misses by Melchionni and J.J. Redick gave the ball back to the Tar Heels , but Duke 's Shelden Williams came up with a huge block to regain possession for the Blue Devils with less than a minute to go . Duke inbounded the ball and looked to move it quickly up court , but Carolina 's David Noel chased down Daniel Ewing from behind and knocked the ball away before he could get a pass off . Raymond Felton came up with the loose ball in a scrum and called for time , setting up a game - tying possession for the Tar Heels -- an eerily similar scenario to the game a month earlier at Cameron Indoor Stadium . This time , he took the ball to the hoop and got fouled with 19.4 seconds left . Felton hit the first , but missed the second . However , he redeemed himself for his failure at Cameron , and managed to tip the board to Marvin Williams , who took it straight back up , was fouled with 17 seconds left and banked it in , giving the Tar Heels the lead and blowing the roof off the Smith Center in the process . The free throw made it 75 -- 73 ; Duke called time to set up one final play . Duke 's sharpshooter , Redick , got the ball , but his 3 - pointer rimmed out with 6.7 seconds left . Ewing 's desperation jumper with 4 seconds left was an airball ; May grabbed the rebound to run out the clock and seal the 75 -- 73 comeback win . March 4 , 2006 : # 13 North Carolina 83 , # 1 Duke 76 ( edit ) Coming into the game ranked # 1 in both polls , Duke hosted senior night , honoring the National Player of the Year and all - time ACC leading scorer J.J. Redick and two - time National Defensive Player of the Year Shelden Williams . North Carolina , the defending national champions , had lost the whole core of the team that won it all the year before , but came into the game on a 7 - game winning streak . Freshmen Tyler Hansbrough and Danny Green led Carolina as well as veterans Reyshawn Terry and David Noel . ESPN broadcast the game on all three of its channels as part of its first ESPN Full Circle coverage , showing a marathon of past games hours before tipoff . Duke led early 13 -- 2 as Redick caught fire and hit his first five shots . The Tar Heels fought back , cutting the deficit to one by halftime . The Tar Heels stormed out to a 72 -- 62 lead as Hansbrough and Terry starting hitting their shots in the second half . After a timeout , Duke 's Williams hook shot pulled Duke back within eight , but Hansbrough recovered a loose ball 25 feet from the hoop answered with a three - pointer to beat the shot clock . DeMarcus Nelson then hit 3 - pointers on 3 successive possessions to put the Devils back to within 3 with 1 : 31 left . However , that was as close as it would get . The Heels hit their free throws down the stretch , Redick missed 15 of his last 16 shots , and DeMarcus Nelson shot an air ball that resulted in a shot clock violation that prevented a late Duke rally , leading to a final score of 83 -- 76 . The game was watched by 3.78 million households on ESPN and ESPN2 . March 4 , 2007 : # 8 North Carolina 86 , # 14 Duke 72 ( edit ) Carolina beat Duke at the Dean Smith Center 86 -- 72 , completing the season sweep of the Blue Devils . The most memorable part of this game was a combative foul by Gerald Henderson when his elbow contacted Tyler Hansbrough 's nose on a hard foul attempt with 14.5 seconds on the clock and the result of the game clearly determined . The contact broke Hansbrough 's nose , drawing blood . The officials charged Henderson with a combative foul and ejected him from the game . After the foul , Hansbrough jumped up with blood streaming from his nose , but was calmed by his teammate Dewey Burke , before heading to the locker room for medical attention . Since then , both Hansbrough and Henderson have stated the foul was unintentional . To protect his broken nose , Hansbrough wore a face mask throughout the ACC tournament , and into the second round of the NCAA tournament . February 8 , 2012 : # 9 Duke 85 , # 5 North Carolina 84 ( edit ) UNC held a lead of 10 points or more for most of the second half and were leading by 10 points until 2 : 09 when Duke 's Tyler Thornton hit a 3 - point shot quickly followed by another 3 by Seth Curry to close the margin to 4 . With just 14 seconds left in the game , Tyler Zeller accidentally tipped the ball into the Duke basket on a Duke 3 - point shot by Ryan Kelly . Duke was awarded 2 points on the tip in by Zeller leaving Carolina with a 1 - point lead . Duke 's Tyler Thornton fouled Zeller who made his first shot but missed his second leaving Carolina with a 2 - point lead . Duke brought the ball up court following the defensive rebound off Zeller 's missed free throw and Duke guard Austin Rivers hit the game - winning 3 as time expired . Rivers finished the game with a career high 29 points , including six three - pointers . Rameses , UNC 's famed live mascot , died the next day . Ann Leonard , Rameses ' owner , said the 8 - year - old ram died peacefully , most likely of old age . February 18 , 2015 : # 4 Duke 92 , # 15 North Carolina 90 ( ot ) ( edit ) Entering the game at Duke 's Cameron Indoor Stadium with the passing of North Carolina 's legendary coach Dean Smith a couple of days before , both Duke and UNC coaches , players and staff all gathered at center court and held a moment of silence for Smith . Once the game started Duke jumped right out of the gate with an 18 - 6 lead early in the game thanks to hot shooting . UNC would respond by outscoring Duke 30 - 22 over the next several minutes of the 1st half to cut Duke 's lead down to 40 - 36 with around 4 minutes left in the 1st half . Duke then went on a 9 - 0 run over the next 2 minutes to get their largest lead of the game at 49 - 36 with 2 minutes left in the half . UNC would score the last 6 points of the half to cut Duke 's lead down to 49 - 42 at halftime . In the 2nd half almost everything went UNC 's way as UNC started dominating the post and eventually built their largest lead of the game 77 - 67 over Duke with 4 minutes left in regulation to complete a 41 - 18 run over Duke in an 18 - minute span . With Duke still trailing UNC 79 - 72 with around 2 1 / 2 minutes left in regulation Duke 's Tyus Jones would help Duke finish regulation on a 9 - 2 run over UNC to tie the game at 81 points apiece to send it to overtime . In overtime , the game was filled with missed free throws , missed shots , fouls , turnovers , lead changes and ties with Duke eventually winning the game 92 - 90 . March 4 , 2017 : # 5 North Carolina 90 , # 17 Duke 83 ( edit ) On senior night in Chapel Hill , UNC had already locked up the number one seed in the ACC with Louisville 's loss to Notre Dame , but Duke still had to win to clinch a double - bye in the ACC Tournament . Joel Berry II , who came off the bench so seniors could start , and Luke Kennard led the way for their respective teams and would score 28 points each . Berry made each of his five attempted three - pointers in the first half to supplement Isaiah Hicks 's success in the post for UNC , while Duke 's Kennard , Grayson Allen , and Jayson Tatum enjoyed success from outside the arc , including a bank shot for Kennard and a four - point play for Allen . Neither team led by more than four points in the first half , which ended with a 48 - 46 lead for UNC . In the second half , UNC stayed in front or tied until Frank Jackson would give Duke the lead on a free throw with fifteen minutes left in the regulation . In a game that ultimately featured 24 lead changes and 14 ties , Justin Jackson put UNC up 74 - 71 on a straightaway three - pointer after missing his first six attempts from outside the arc . After Jackson 's shot , Duke would get as close as down by one but Berry scored seven straight points to keep UNC ahead . Allen uncharacteristically missed three consecutive free throws for Duke in the final minutes and UNC emerged victorious 90 - 83 . March 10 , 2017 : # 14 Duke 93 , # 6 North Carolina 83 ( edit ) Six days after North Carolina avenged their earlier loss at Duke in February with a 90 - 83 victory at the Dean Dome , the two teams would face off in the semifinals of the ACC Tournament , this time in Brooklyn , New York in the Barclays Center . This game was only the fifth time that Duke and North Carolina had played each other outside of the state of North Carolina . North Carolina controlled the first half by outscoring Duke in the paint 32 - 10 , with North Carolina 's Kennedy Meeks leading the charge . North Carolina led by as many as 13 points and threatened to turn the game into a blowout , but Duke 's Grayson Allen made four 3 - pointers to get Duke within 7 points at the half , with North Carolina leading 49 - 42 . In the second half , with North Carolina leading Duke 56 - 48 with 15 : 04 left , North Carolina 's Joel Berry II picked up his fourth foul , which forced North Carolina to take him out of the game . Though North Carolina led by 13 points at 61 - 48 with 13 : 53 remaining , Duke used a 20 - 4 run over the next five minutes , thanks to steals and three - pointers from Duke 's Jayson Tatum and Luke Kennard , to put Duke up 68 - 65 over North Carolina with 8 : 24 left . Duke then pulled away and won 93 - 83 to complete a 45 - 22 run over North Carolina in the final 14 minutes of the game . Student engagement and tenting ( edit ) In order to get standing room in the annual Duke - UNC game in Cameron Indoor Stadium , Duke students set up tents and sleep outside in a grassy area outside of the stadium known as Krzyzewskiville and named after head coach Mike Krzyzewski . The process of lining up for tickets can last up to two months depending on the level of tenting the students choose to do and whether the game in Cameron Indoor is the first or second meeting of the teams during the season . Tenting , as it is called , is regulated by an elaborate set of rules that many Duke students could recite by heart . The rules are enforced by a set of students known as Line Monitors who regulate the tents and serve as leaders for the student section during the games . Duke students who regularly camp in Krzyweskiville are known for their methodical preparedness , bringing headlamps , portable chargers , shoe bins , and many layers of clothing to endure the North Carolina winters ( games are typically played in February or March , when the average low in Durham is 29.5 and 37 degrees Fahrenheit , respectively ) . In the hours leading up to the game , students play music and put on dark blue and white paint ( Duke 's colors ) . After the game , dependent on a win by the Duke Blue Devils , students rush out to their main residential quads ( only a short distance from Cameron Indoor Stadium ) , and burn benches . Many residential communities at Duke traditionally build and paint benches for day - to - day use in the hopes of burning them in celebration of a win over Carolina . The students then rebuild benches shortly after in hopes of being able to burn them again the next year . At Carolina , a win over Duke typically results in students `` rushing '' Franklin Street , the main thoroughfare just north of UNC 's campus and the commercial heart of Chapel Hill . Police block off the street before the game in anticipation of thousands of students celebrating the win . Bonfires are a feature of these celebrations , often using Duke gear as fuel . Results ( edit ) Scores of games ( 1920 -- 2018 ) ( edit ) Complete List of Scores Ranking of the team at the time of the game by the AP poll is shown in parenthesis next to the team name ( failure to list AP ranking does not necessarily mean the team was not ranked at the time of the game ) . Duke victories North Carolina victories Tie games No . Date Location Duke North Carolina Notes January 24 , 1920 Chapel Hill , North Carolina Duke 25 North Carolina 36 March 1 , 1920 Angier Duke Gym Duke 19 North Carolina 18 January 26 , 1921 Angier Duke Gym Duke 25 North Carolina 22 February 23 , 1921 Angier Duke Gym Duke 12 North Carolina 44 5 March 5 , 1921 Raleigh , North Carolina Duke 18 North Carolina 55 6 February 4 , 1922 Chapel Hill , North Carolina Duke 22 North Carolina 38 7 March 7 , 1922 Angier Duke Gym Duke 23 North Carolina 29 8 February 3 , 1923 Angier Duke Gym Duke 19 North Carolina 20 9 February 17 , 1923 Chapel Hill , North Carolina Duke 32 North Carolina 35 10 January 31 , 1924 Chapel Hill , North Carolina Duke 20 North Carolina 31 11 February 19 , 1924 Angier Duke Gym Duke 20 North Carolina 23 12 January 24 , 1925 Alumni Memorial Gym Duke 21 North Carolina 25 13 February 14 , 1925 Chapel Hill , North Carolina Duke 18 North Carolina 34 14 January 26 , 1926 Chapel Hill , North Carolina Duke 22 North Carolina 38 15 February 20 , 1926 Alumni Memorial Gym Duke 21 North Carolina 44 16 January 31 , 1927 Alumni Memorial Gym Duke 33 North Carolina 40 17 February 22 , 1927 Chapel Hill , North Carolina Duke 21 North Carolina 35 18 February 4 , 1928 Chapel Hill , North Carolina Duke 14 North Carolina 27 19 February 11 , 1928 Alumni Memorial Gym Duke 23 North Carolina 32 20 February 2 , 1929 Alumni Memorial Gym Duke 36 North Carolina 20 21 February 16 , 1929 Chapel Hill , North Carolina Duke 24 North Carolina 27 22 March 2 , 1929 Southern Conference Tournament Duke 34 North Carolina 17 23 February 1 , 1930 Chapel Hill , North Carolina Duke 35 North Carolina 14 24 February 15 , 1930 Alumni Memorial Gym Duke 37 North Carolina 36 25 January 31 , 1931 Alumni Memorial Gym Duke 30 North Carolina 18 26 February 14 , 1931 Chapel Hill , North Carolina Duke 34 North Carolina 23 27 January 30 , 1932 Chapel Hill , North Carolina Duke 20 North Carolina 37 28 February 13 , 1932 Alumni Memorial Gym Duke 24 North Carolina 18 29 January 31 , 1933 Alumni Memorial Gym Duke 36 North Carolina 32 30 February 11 , 1933 Chapel Hill , North Carolina Duke 31 North Carolina 24 31 February 3 , 1934 Chapel Hill , North Carolina Duke 21 North Carolina 25 32 February 16 , 1934 Alumni Memorial Gym Duke 25 North Carolina 30 33 March 2 , 1934 Southern Conference Tournament Duke 21 North Carolina 18 34 February 5 , 1935 Alumni Memorial Gym Duke 33 North Carolina 27 Overtime 35 February 16 , 1935 Chapel Hill , North Carolina Duke 20 North Carolina 24 36 February 5 , 1936 Chapel Hill , North Carolina Duke 36 North Carolina 34 Overtime 37 February 21 , 1936 Alumni Memorial Gym Duke 28 North Carolina 30 38 February 12 , 1937 Woollen Gym Duke 35 North Carolina 41 39 February 25 , 1937 Alumni Memorial Gym Duke 32 North Carolina 37 40 March 4 , 1937 Southern Conference Tournament Duke 30 North Carolina 34 41 February 12 , 1938 Woollen Gym Duke 24 North Carolina 34 42 February 25 , 1938 Alumni Memorial Gym Duke 39 North Carolina 33 43 February 10 , 1939 Woollen Gym Duke 32 North Carolina 37 44 February 24 , 1939 Alumni Memorial Gym Duke 41 North Carolina 38 45 February 10 , 1940 Woollen Gym Duke 50 North Carolina 44 46 February 22 , 1940 Duke Indoor Stadium Duke 27 North Carolina 31 47 March 2 , 1940 Southern Conference Tournament Duke 23 North Carolina 39 48 February 7 , 1941 Woollen Gym Duke 33 North Carolina 51 49 February 20 , 1941 Duke Indoor Stadium Duke 35 North Carolina 33 50 February 27 , 1941 Southern Conference Tournament Duke 38 North Carolina 37 51 February 7 , 1942 Woollen Gym Duke 52 North Carolina 40 52 February 27 , 1942 Duke Indoor Stadium Duke 41 North Carolina 40 Overtime 53 February 6 , 1943 Woollen Gym Duke 51 North Carolina 39 54 February 26 , 1943 Duke Indoor Stadium Duke 43 North Carolina 24 55 January 18 , 1944 Duke Indoor Stadium Duke 33 North Carolina 37 56 February 5 , 1944 Woollen Gym Duke 41 North Carolina 40 57 February 10 , 1944 Duke Indoor Stadium Duke 30 North Carolina 39 58 February 26 , 1944 Southern Conference Tournament Duke 44 North Carolina 27 59 January 20 , 1945 Woollen Gym Duke 50 North Carolina 41 60 February 14 , 1945 Duke Indoor Stadium Duke 38 North Carolina 50 61 February 24 , 1945 Southern Conference Tournament Duke 38 North Carolina 49 62 January 9 , 1946 Woollen Gym Duke 51 North Carolina 46 Overtime 63 February 16 , 1946 Duke Indoor Stadium Duke 44 North Carolina 54 64 February 11 , 1947 Woollen Gym Duke 28 North Carolina 49 65 February 28 , 1947 Duke Indoor Stadium Duke 47 North Carolina 57 66 February 7 , 1948 Woollen Gym Duke 42 North Carolina 48 67 February 27 , 1948 Duke Indoor Stadium Duke 56 North Carolina 45 68 February 5 , 1949 Woollen Gym Duke 34 North Carolina 64 69 February 25 , 1949 Duke Indoor Stadium Duke 40 North Carolina 64 70 December 29 , 1949 Dixie Classic Duke 52 North Carolina 59 71 February 17 , 1950 Woollen Gym Duke 55 North Carolina 58 72 February 24 , 1950 Duke Indoor Stadium Duke 46 North Carolina 64 73 December 29 , 1950 Dixie Classic Duke 71 North Carolina 63 74 February 2 , 1951 Woollen Gym Duke 68 North Carolina 71 75 February 25 , 1951 Duke Indoor Stadium Duke 84 North Carolina 72 76 December 5 , 1951 Duke Indoor Stadium Duke 77 North Carolina 59 77 February 1 , 1952 Woollen Gym Duke 73 North Carolina 66 78 February 29 , 1952 Duke Indoor Stadium Duke ( 15 ) 94 North Carolina ( NR ) 64 79 February 6 , 1953 Woollen Gym Duke ( NR ) 95 North Carolina ( 12 ) 89 80 February 27 , 1953 Duke Indoor Stadium Duke 83 North Carolina 58 81 February 4 , 1954 Duke Indoor Stadium Duke ( 8 ) 63 North Carolina ( NR ) 47 82 February 20 , 1954 Woollen Gym Duke ( 14 ) 67 North Carolina ( NR ) 63 83 December 29 , 1954 Dixie Classic Duke ( 18 ) 52 North Carolina ( NR ) 65 84 February 4 , 1955 Woollen Gym Duke 91 North Carolina 68 85 February 25 , 1955 Duke Indoor Stadium Duke 96 North Carolina 74 86 December 30 , 1955 Dixie Classic Duke ( 8 ) 64 North Carolina ( 4 ) 74 87 February 4 , 1956 Duke Indoor Stadium Duke ( 10 ) 64 North Carolina ( 9 ) 59 88 February 24 , 1956 Woollen Gym Duke ( 11 ) 65 North Carolina ( 9 ) 73 89 December 28 , 1956 Dixie Classic Duke ( 9 ) 71 North Carolina ( 2 ) 87 90 February 9 , 1957 Woollen Gym Duke ( NR ) 73 North Carolina ( 1 ) 75 91 March 1 , 1957 Duke Indoor Stadium Duke ( NR ) 72 North Carolina ( 1 ) 86 92 December 27 , 1957 Dixie Classic Duke ( NR ) 62 North Carolina ( 4 ) 76 93 February 8 , 1958 Woollen Gym Duke ( 13 ) 91 North Carolina ( 7 ) 75 94 February 28 , 1958 Duke Indoor Stadium Duke ( 6 ) 59 North Carolina ( 9 ) 46 95 February 28 , 1959 Woollen Gym Duke ( NR ) 62 North Carolina ( 3 ) 72 96 March 6 , 1959 ACC Tournament Duke ( NR ) 71 North Carolina ( 5 ) 74 97 December 29 , 1959 Dixie Classic Duke ( 18 ) 53 North Carolina ( 16 ) 75 98 February 13 , 1960 Woollen Gym Duke ( NR ) 58 North Carolina ( 13 ) 84 99 February 27 , 1960 Duke Indoor Stadium Duke ( NR ) 50 North Carolina ( NR ) 75 100 March 4 , 1960 ACC Tournament Duke ( NR ) 71 North Carolina ( 16 ) 68 101 December 31 , 1960 Dixie Classic Duke ( 6 ) 71 North Carolina ( 11 ) 76 102 February 4 , 1961 Duke Indoor Stadium Duke ( 4 ) 81 North Carolina ( 5 ) 77 103 February 25 , 1961 Woollen Gym Duke ( 6 ) 66 North Carolina ( 7 ) 69 Overtime 104 February 3 , 1962 Duke Indoor Stadium Duke ( 6 ) 79 North Carolina ( NR ) 57 105 February 24 , 1962 Woollen Gym Duke ( 8 ) 82 North Carolina ( NR ) 74 106 February 2 , 1963 Woollen Gym Duke ( 3 ) 77 North Carolina ( NR ) 69 107 February 23 , 1963 Duke Indoor Stadium Duke ( 2 ) 106 North Carolina ( NR ) 93 108 January 11 , 1964 Duke Indoor Stadium Duke ( 9 ) 84 North Carolina ( NR ) 64 109 February 29 , 1964 Woollen Gym Duke ( 4 ) 104 North Carolina ( NR ) 69 110 March 6 , 1964 ACC Tournament Duke ( 4 ) 65 North Carolina ( NR ) 49 111 January 9 , 1965 Duke Indoor Stadium Duke ( 6 ) 62 North Carolina ( NR ) 65 112 February 27 , 1965 Woollen Gym Duke ( 5 ) 66 North Carolina ( NR ) 71 113 January 8 , 1966 Carmichael Auditorium Duke ( 1 ) 88 North Carolina ( NR ) 77 114 February 26 , 1966 Duke Indoor Stadium Duke ( 2 ) 77 North Carolina ( NR ) 63 115 March 4 , 1966 ACC Tournament Duke ( 3 ) 21 North Carolina ( NR ) 20 116 January 7 , 1967 Duke Indoor Stadium Duke ( NR ) 56 North Carolina ( 3 ) 59 117 March 4 , 1967 Carmichael Auditorium Duke ( NR ) 79 North Carolina ( 3 ) 92 118 March 11 , 1967 ACC Tournament Duke ( NR ) 73 North Carolina ( 4 ) 83 119 January 6 , 1968 Carmichael Auditorium Duke ( NR ) 72 North Carolina ( 3 ) 95 120 March 2 , 1968 Duke Indoor Stadium Duke ( 10 ) 87 North Carolina ( 3 ) 86 Triple overtime 121 January 4 , 1969 Carmichael Auditorium Duke ( NR ) 70 North Carolina ( 4 ) 94 122 March 1 , 1969 Duke Indoor Stadium Duke ( NR ) 87 North Carolina ( 2 ) 81 123 March 8 , 1969 ACC Tournament Duke ( NR ) 74 North Carolina ( 4 ) 85 124 January 10 , 1970 Carmichael Auditorium Duke ( 19 ) 78 North Carolina ( 4 ) 86 125 February 28 , 1970 Duke Indoor Stadium Duke ( NR ) 91 North Carolina ( 19 ) 83 126 December 19 , 1970 Big Four Tournament Duke ( NR ) 81 North Carolina ( 20 ) 83 127 January 9 , 1971 Carmichael Auditorium Duke ( NR ) 74 North Carolina ( 20 ) 79 128 March 6 , 1971 Duke Indoor Stadium Duke ( NR ) 92 North Carolina ( 12 ) 83 129 March 25 , 1971 Madison Square Garden Duke ( NR ) 67 North Carolina ( 13 ) 73 NIT 130 January 22 , 1972 Cameron Indoor Stadium Duke ( NR ) 76 North Carolina ( 3 ) 74 131 March 4 , 1972 Carmichael Auditorium Duke ( NR ) 69 North Carolina ( 3 ) 93 132 March 10 , 1972 ACC Tournament Duke ( NR ) 48 North Carolina ( 3 ) 63 133 December 15 , 1972 Big Four Tournament Duke ( NR ) 86 North Carolina ( 11 ) 91 134 January 20 , 1973 Carmichael Auditorium Duke ( NR ) 71 North Carolina ( 4 ) 82 135 March 3 , 1973 Cameron Indoor Stadium Duke ( NR ) 70 North Carolina ( 7 ) 72 136 January 5 , 1974 Big Four Tournament Duke ( NR ) 75 North Carolina ( 4 ) 84 137 January 19 , 1974 Cameron Indoor Stadium Duke ( NR ) 71 North Carolina ( 5 ) 73 138 March 2 , 1974 Carmichael Auditorium Duke ( NR ) 92 North Carolina ( 4 ) 96 Overtime 139 January 3 , 1975 Big Four Tournament Duke ( NR ) 99 North Carolina ( 8 ) 96 Overtime 140 February 12 , 1975 Cameron Indoor Stadium Duke ( NR ) 70 North Carolina ( 11 ) 78 141 March 1 , 1975 Carmichael Auditorium Duke ( NR ) 70 North Carolina ( 14 ) 74 142 January 3 , 1976 Big Four Tournament Duke ( NR ) 74 North Carolina ( 3 ) 77 143 January 17 , 1976 Cameron Indoor Stadium Duke ( NR ) 87 North Carolina ( 7 ) 89 144 February 28 , 1976 Carmichael Auditorium Duke ( NR ) 71 North Carolina ( 4 ) 91 145 January 15 , 1977 Carmichael Auditorium Duke ( NR ) 68 North Carolina ( 5 ) 77 146 February 26 , 1977 Cameron Indoor Stadium Duke ( NR ) 71 North Carolina ( 9 ) 84 147 December 2 , 1977 Big Four Tournament Duke ( NR ) 66 North Carolina ( 2 ) 79 148 January 14 , 1978 Cameron Indoor Stadium Duke ( NR ) 92 North Carolina ( 2 ) 84 149 February 25 , 1978 Carmichael Auditorium Duke ( 13 ) 83 North Carolina ( 8 ) 87 150 December 2 , 1978 Big Four Tournament Duke ( 1 ) 78 North Carolina ( 14 ) 68 151 January 13 , 1979 Carmichael Auditorium Duke ( 7 ) 68 North Carolina ( 3 ) 74 152 February 24 , 1979 Cameron Indoor Stadium Duke ( 6 ) 47 North Carolina ( 4 ) 40 153 March 3 , 1979 ACC Tournament Duke ( 5 ) 63 North Carolina ( 7 ) 71 154 December 1 , 1979 Big Four Tournament Duke ( 3 ) 86 North Carolina ( 6 ) 74 155 January 12 , 1980 Cameron Indoor Stadium Duke ( 1 ) 67 North Carolina ( 15 ) 82 156 February 23 , 1980 Carmichael Auditorium Duke ( 17 ) 71 North Carolina ( 8 ) 96 157 February 29 , 1980 ACC Tournament Duke ( NR ) 75 North Carolina ( 10 ) 61 158 December 5 , 1980 Big Four Tournament Duke ( NR ) 76 North Carolina ( 10 ) 78 159 January 17 , 1981 Carmichael Auditorium Duke ( NR ) 65 North Carolina ( 17 ) 80 160 February 28 , 1981 Cameron Indoor Stadium Duke ( NR ) 66 North Carolina ( 11 ) 65 Overtime 161 January 16 , 1982 Cameron Indoor Stadium Duke ( NR ) 63 North Carolina ( 1 ) 73 162 February 27 , 1982 Carmichael Auditorium Duke ( NR ) 66 North Carolina ( 2 ) 84 163 January 22 , 1983 Carmichael Auditorium Duke ( NR ) 82 North Carolina ( 3 ) 103 164 March 5 , 1983 Cameron Indoor Stadium Duke ( NR ) 81 North Carolina ( 8 ) 105 165 January 21 , 1984 Cameron Indoor Stadium Duke ( NR ) 73 North Carolina ( 1 ) 78 166 March 3 , 1984 Carmichael Auditorium Duke ( 15 ) 83 North Carolina ( 1 ) 96 Double overtime 167 March 10 , 1984 ACC Tournament Duke ( 16 ) 77 North Carolina ( 1 ) 75 168 January 19 , 1985 Carmichael Auditorium Duke ( 2 ) 93 North Carolina ( 6 ) 77 169 March 2 , 1985 Cameron Indoor Stadium Duke ( 5 ) 68 North Carolina ( 8 ) 78 170 January 18 , 1986 Dean Smith Center Duke ( 3 ) 92 North Carolina ( 1 ) 95 171 March 2 , 1986 Cameron Indoor Stadium Duke ( 1 ) 82 North Carolina ( 3 ) 74 172 January 10 , 1987 Cameron Indoor Stadium Duke ( 17 ) 77 North Carolina ( 3 ) 85 173 February 26 , 1987 Dean Smith Center Duke ( 17 ) 71 North Carolina ( 2 ) 77 174 January 21 , 1988 Dean Smith Center Duke ( 9 ) 70 North Carolina ( 2 ) 69 175 March 6 , 1988 Cameron Indoor Stadium Duke ( 9 ) 96 North Carolina ( 6 ) 81 176 March 13 , 1988 ACC Tournament Duke ( 8 ) 65 North Carolina ( 9 ) 61 177 January 18 , 1989 Cameron Indoor Stadium Duke ( 1 ) 71 North Carolina ( 13 ) 91 178 March 5 , 1989 Dean Smith Center Duke ( 9 ) 88 North Carolina ( 5 ) 86 179 March 12 , 1989 ACC Tournament Duke ( 7 ) 74 North Carolina ( 9 ) 77 180 January 17 , 1990 Dean Smith Center Duke ( 8 ) 60 North Carolina ( NR ) 79 181 March 4 , 1990 Cameron Indoor Stadium Duke ( 5 ) 75 North Carolina ( NR ) 87 182 January 19 , 1991 Cameron Indoor Stadium Duke ( 12 ) 74 North Carolina ( 5 ) 60 183 March 3 , 1991 Dean Smith Center Duke ( 8 ) 83 North Carolina ( 4 ) 77 184 March 10 , 1991 ACC Tournament Duke ( 6 ) 74 North Carolina ( 7 ) 96 185 February 5 , 1992 Dean Smith Center Duke ( 1 ) 73 North Carolina ( 9 ) 75 186 March 8 , 1992 Cameron Indoor Stadium Duke ( 1 ) 89 North Carolina ( 16 ) 77 187 March 15 , 1992 ACC Tournament Duke ( 1 ) 94 North Carolina ( 20 ) 74 188 February 3 , 1993 Cameron Indoor Stadium Duke ( 5 ) 81 North Carolina ( 6 ) 67 189 March 7 , 1993 Dean Smith Center Duke ( 6 ) 69 North Carolina ( 1 ) 83 190 February 3 , 1994 Dean Smith Center Duke ( 1 ) 78 North Carolina ( 2 ) 89 191 March 5 , 1994 Cameron Indoor Stadium Duke ( 2 ) 77 North Carolina ( 5 ) 87 192 February 2 , 1995 Cameron Indoor Stadium Duke ( NR ) 100 North Carolina ( 2 ) 102 Double overtime 193 March 4 , 1995 Dean Smith Center Duke ( NR ) 86 North Carolina ( 2 ) 99 194 January 31 , 1996 Dean Smith Center Duke ( NR ) 72 North Carolina ( 8 ) 73 195 March 3 , 1996 Cameron Indoor Stadium Duke ( NR ) 78 North Carolina ( 19 ) 84 196 January 29 , 1997 Cameron Indoor Stadium Duke ( 12 ) 80 North Carolina ( 19 ) 73 197 March 2 , 1997 Dean Smith Center Duke ( 7 ) 85 North Carolina ( 8 ) 91 198 February 5 , 1998 Dean Smith Center Duke ( 1 ) 73 North Carolina ( 2 ) 97 199 February 28 , 1998 Cameron Indoor Stadium Duke ( 1 ) 77 North Carolina ( 4 ) 75 200 March 8 , 1998 ACC Tournament Duke ( 1 ) 68 North Carolina ( 4 ) 83 201 January 27 , 1999 Cameron Indoor Stadium Duke ( 1 ) 89 North Carolina ( 10 ) 77 Recap 202 February 27 , 1999 Dean Smith Center Duke ( 1 ) 81 North Carolina ( 14 ) 61 Recap 203 March 7 , 1999 ACC Tournament Duke ( 1 ) 96 North Carolina ( 15 ) 73 Recap 204 February 3 , 2000 Dean Smith Center Duke ( 3 ) 90 North Carolina ( NR ) 86 Overtime ; Article 205 March 4 , 2000 Cameron Indoor Stadium Duke ( 4 ) 90 North Carolina ( NR ) 76 Recap 206 February 1 , 2001 Cameron Indoor Stadium Duke ( 4 ) 83 North Carolina ( 2 ) 85 Recap 207 March 4 , 2001 Dean Smith Center Duke ( 2 ) 95 North Carolina ( 4 ) 81 Recap 208 March 11 , 2001 ACC Tournament Duke ( 3 ) 79 North Carolina ( 6 ) 53 Recap 209 January 31 , 2002 Dean Smith Center Duke ( 1 ) 87 North Carolina ( NR ) 58 Recap 210 March 3 , 2002 Cameron Indoor Stadium Duke ( 3 ) 93 North Carolina ( NR ) 68 Recap 211 March 8 , 2002 ACC Tournament Duke ( 3 ) 60 North Carolina ( NR ) 48 Recap 212 February 5 , 2003 Cameron Indoor Stadium Duke ( 9 ) 83 North Carolina ( NR ) 74 Recap 213 March 9 , 2003 Dean Smith Center Duke ( 10 ) 79 North Carolina ( NR ) 82 Recap 214 March 15 , 2003 ACC Tournament Duke ( 12 ) 75 North Carolina ( NR ) 63 Recap 215 February 5 , 2004 Dean Smith Center Duke ( 1 ) 83 North Carolina ( 17 ) 81 Overtime ; Article 216 March 6 , 2004 Cameron Indoor Stadium Duke ( 3 ) 70 North Carolina ( 14 ) 65 Recap 217 February 9 , 2005 Cameron Indoor Stadium Duke ( 7 ) 71 North Carolina ( 2 ) 70 Recap 218 March 6 , 2005 Dean Smith Center Duke ( 6 ) 73 North Carolina ( 2 ) 75 Recap 219 February 7 , 2006 Dean Smith Center Duke ( 2 ) 87 North Carolina ( 23 ) 83 Recap 220 March 4 , 2006 Cameron Indoor Stadium Duke ( 1 ) 76 North Carolina ( 13 ) 83 Recap 221 February 7 , 2007 Cameron Indoor Stadium Duke ( 16 ) 73 North Carolina ( 5 ) 79 Recap 222 March 4 , 2007 Dean Smith Center Duke ( 14 ) 72 North Carolina ( 8 ) 86 Recap 223 February 6 , 2008 Dean Smith Center Duke ( 2 ) 89 North Carolina ( 3 ) 78 Recap 224 March 8 , 2008 Cameron Indoor Stadium Duke ( 5 ) 68 North Carolina ( 1 ) 76 Recap 225 February 11 , 2009 Cameron Indoor Stadium Duke ( 5 ) 87 North Carolina ( 3 ) 101 Recap 226 March 8 , 2009 Dean Smith Center Duke ( 7 ) 71 North Carolina ( 2 ) 79 Recap 227 February 10 , 2010 Dean Smith Center Duke ( 8 ) 64 North Carolina ( NR ) 54 Recap 228 March 6 , 2010 Cameron Indoor Stadium Duke ( 4 ) 82 North Carolina ( NR ) 50 Recap 229 February 9 , 2011 Cameron Indoor Stadium Duke ( 5 ) 79 North Carolina ( 20 ) 73 Recap 230 March 5 , 2011 Dean Smith Center Duke ( 4 ) 67 North Carolina ( 13 ) 81 Recap 231 March 13 , 2011 ACC Tournament Duke ( 5 ) 75 North Carolina ( 6 ) 58 Recap 232 February 8 , 2012 Dean Smith Center Duke ( 9 ) 85 North Carolina ( 5 ) 84 Recap 233 March 3 , 2012 Cameron Indoor Stadium Duke ( 3 ) 70 North Carolina ( 6 ) 88 Recap 234 February 13 , 2013 Cameron Indoor Stadium Duke ( 2 ) 73 North Carolina ( NR ) 68 Recap 235 March 9 , 2013 Dean Smith Center Duke ( 3 ) 69 North Carolina ( NR ) 53 Recap 236 February 20 , 2014 Dean Smith Center Duke ( 5 ) 66 North Carolina ( NR ) 74 Recap 237 March 8 , 2014 Cameron Indoor Stadium Duke ( 4 ) 93 North Carolina ( 14 ) 81 Recap 238 February 18 , 2015 Cameron Indoor Stadium Duke ( 4 ) 92 North Carolina ( 15 ) 90 Overtime ; Recap 239 March 7 , 2015 Dean Smith Center Duke ( 3 ) 84 North Carolina ( 19 ) 77 Recap 240 February 17 , 2016 Dean Smith Center Duke ( 20 ) 74 North Carolina ( 5 ) 73 Recap 241 March 5 , 2016 Cameron Indoor Stadium Duke ( 17 ) 72 North Carolina ( 8 ) 76 Recap 242 February 9 , 2017 Cameron Indoor Stadium Duke ( 18 ) 86 North Carolina ( 8 ) 78 Recap 243 March 4 , 2017 Dean Smith Center Duke ( 17 ) 83 North Carolina ( 5 ) 90 Recap 244 March 10 , 2017 ACC Tournament Duke ( 14 ) 93 North Carolina ( 6 ) 83 Recap 245 February 8 , 2018 Dean Smith Center Duke ( 9 ) 78 North Carolina ( 21 ) 82 Recap 246 March 3 , 2018 Cameron Indoor Stadium Duke ( 5 ) 74 North Carolina ( 9 ) 64 Recap 247 March 9 , 2018 ACC Tournament Duke ( 5 ) 69 North Carolina ( 12 ) 74 Series : North Carolina leads 136 -- 111 Achievements by season ( 1975 -- 2018 ) ( edit ) See also : List of Atlantic Coast Conference men 's basketball tournament champions and List of Atlantic Coast Conference men 's basketball regular season champions Achievements by Season Season ACC Regular Season Champions ACC Tournament Champions Duke 's performance in in the NCAA Tournament North Carolina 's performance in the NCAA Tournament 1974 -- 1975 Maryland North Carolina Did Not Qualify Sweet Sixteen 1975 -- 1976 North Carolina Virginia Did Not Qualify Round of 32 1976 -- 1977 North Carolina North Carolina Did Not Qualify Finals 1977 -- 1978 North Carolina Duke Finals Round of 32 1978 -- 1979 Duke / North Carolina ( co-champs ) North Carolina Round of 32 Round of 32 1979 -- 1980 Maryland Duke Elite Eight Round of 32 1980 -- 1981 Virginia North Carolina Did Not Qualify Finals 1981 -- 1982 North Carolina North Carolina Did Not Qualify National Champions 1982 -- 1983 North Carolina NC State Did Not Qualify Elite Eight 1983 -- 1984 North Carolina Maryland Round of 32 Sweet Sixteen 1984 -- 1985 North Carolina ( co-champs ) Georgia Tech Round of 32 Elite Eight 1985 -- 1986 Duke Duke Finals Sweet Sixteen 1986 -- 1987 North Carolina N.C. State Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight 1987 -- 1988 North Carolina Duke Final Four Elite Eight 1988 -- 1989 N.C. State North Carolina Final Four Sweet Sixteen 1989 -- 1990 Clemson Georgia Tech Finals Sweet Sixteen 1990 -- 1991 Duke North Carolina National Champions Final Four 1991 -- 1992 Duke Duke National Champions Sweet Sixteen 1992 -- 1993 North Carolina Georgia Tech Round of 32 National Champions 1993 -- 1994 Duke North Carolina Finals Round of 32 1994 -- 1995 North Carolina ( co-champs ) Wake Forest Did Not Qualify Final Four 1995 -- 1996 Georgia Tech Wake Forest Round of 64 Round of 32 1996 -- 1997 Duke North Carolina Round of 32 Final Four 1997 -- 1998 Duke North Carolina Elite Eight Final Four 1998 -- 1999 Duke Duke Finals Round of 64 1999 -- 2000 Duke Duke Sweet Sixteen Final Four 2000 -- 2001 Duke / North Carolina ( co-champs ) Duke National Champions Round of 32 2001 -- 2002 Maryland Duke Sweet Sixteen Did Not Qualify 2002 -- 2003 Wake Forest Duke Sweet Sixteen Did Not Qualify 2003 -- 2004 * Duke Maryland Final Four Round of 32 2004 -- 2005 North Carolina Duke Sweet Sixteen National Champions 2005 -- 2006 Duke Duke Sweet Sixteen Round of 32 2006 -- 2007 North Carolina ( co-champs ) North Carolina Round of 64 Elite Eight 2007 -- 2008 North Carolina North Carolina Round of 32 Final Four 2008 -- 2009 North Carolina Duke Sweet Sixteen National Champions 2009 -- 2010 Duke ( co-champs ) Duke National Champions Did Not Qualify 2010 -- 2011 North Carolina Duke Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight 2011 -- 2012 North Carolina Florida State Round of 64 Elite Eight 2012 -- 2013 Miami Miami Elite Eight Round of 32 2013 -- 2014 Virginia Virginia Round of 64 Round of 32 2014 -- 2015 Virginia Notre Dame National Champions Sweet Sixteen 2015 -- 2016 North Carolina North Carolina Sweet Sixteen Finals 2016 -- 2017 North Carolina Duke Round of 32 National Champions 2017 -- 2018 Virginia Virginia Elite Eight Round of 32 * This was the last year of a balanced regular season schedule ( each team played a home - and - away series with every other conference foe ) . In subsequent years , this was not possible due to conference expansion . Football ( edit ) Main article : Victory Bell The football rivalry is also intense , although not as intense as the basketball rivalry . While both schools agree that Carolina holds a large lead in the series , the two schools disagree on an 1889 game in which both teams thought they were supposed to be the home team . Carolina claims a 58 -- 36 -- 4 lead ; Duke claims UNC leads 57 -- 37 -- 4 . ( Two of UNC 's wins , in 2008 and 2009 , have been vacated and is awaiting final NCAA adjudication stemming from 20 years of academic fraud . ) On 10 / 20 / 12 , Duke beat UNC in football for the first time since 2003 . On 11 / 30 / 13 , Duke beat UNC in football for the second straight year , 27 -- 25 , winning back to back games in the series for the first time since 1989 . That year , Duke won its seventh ACC Championship , while UNC has won five times . The 2013 win also gave Duke the outright Coastal Division championship and sent Duke to the Dr. Pepper ACC Championship Game for the first time since its 2005 inception and became the first Coastal Division representative other than Virginia Tech or Georgia Tech . Duke is the last university in the North Carolina Triangle region to win an ACC football championship . The two game win streak by Duke was snapped in 2014 on a nationally televised Thursday game when the Tar Heels beat Duke 45 -- 20 at Wallace Wade Stadium . The upset loss took the Blue Devils out of a second ACC Championship game and allowed Georgia Tech to win the Coastal Division . Nonetheless , there is some tradition behind the football rivalry . The two teams first met in 1888 , and the rivalry has been renewed every year since 1922 . In the 1920s Duke began appearing as the last game of the Carolina football season with some regularity , Virginia being the other team with that spot . The Tar Heels - Blue Devils matchup would be the last regular season game for both teams for all but a few years from the 1930s until the ACC split into two divisions in 2005 . Now the schedules are less predictable . The matchups at Wallace Wade Stadium in 2014 and 2016 took place on Thursday night and were televised on ESPN , adding national exposure to the rivalry . Other sports ( edit ) The rivalry between Duke and Carolina has spilled over into other arenas . From 2001 until 2011 , the rivalry was strengthened by the awarding of the Carlyle Cup . This cup was given each year to the school that had the most combined head - to - head wins against the other school in all of the shared varsity sports . UNC claimed the cup 7 times , winning in 2002 , 2005 , 2006 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , and 2011 . Duke won the cup 3 times , in 2001 , 2003 , and 2004 . UNC and Duke tied for the cup in 2007 . Duke and Carolina have also developed a strong women 's college basketball rivalry since the 1990s as Duke and Carolina field two of the strongest women 's basketball teams in the nation . Duke made four Women 's Final Four appearances in 1999 , 2002 , 2003 , and 2006 . Carolina made three Women 's Final Four appearances in 1994 ( winning its only NCAA Women 's Division I Basketball Championship ) , 2006 , and 2007 . In 1992 North Carolina defeated Duke by a 9 -- 1 score in the NCAA championship game in women 's soccer in a game played in Chapel Hill 's Fetzer Field , a decided home advantage for the Tar Heels . UNC was led by future Team USA legends Kristine Lilly and Mia Hamm . This is the only time the two schools have ever met for a national championship in any sport . In 2007 , 2008 , and 2010 , Duke and North Carolina played each other in the NCAA Lacrosse Quarterfinals , with Duke winning each time . Duke has won national championships in men 's lacrosse in 2010 , 2013 , and 2014 . Twenty four students from the two schools got together from January 14 -- 16 , 2006 in order to attempt to break the world record for the longest continuous game of basketball ever recorded . The game set a new world record at 57 hours , 17 minutes and 41 seconds with Duke winning the game 3699 -- 3444 . All $60,000 raised from the marathon benefited the Hoop Dreams Basketball Academy , an organization which helps children with life - threatening illnesses develop successful life skills through basketball . School newspapers ( edit ) Main articles : The Daily Tar Heel and The Chronicle ( Duke University ) As a tradition , one day prior to a Duke - Carolina basketball game , The Chronicle , Duke 's student newspaper , publishes a spoof cover page for the day 's edition with the title The Daily Tar Hole . Contained within are fake news stories poking fun at The Daily Tar Heel and the North Carolina Tar Heels . The Daily Tar Heel typically publishes former columnist Ian Williams ' `` Insider 's guide to hating Duke '' for the two basketball match - ups each year . There is a longstanding agreement that if Duke wins the first matchup , The Daily Tar Heel 's masthead is printed in Duke blue , and if Carolina wins the first matchup , The Chronicle 's masthead is painted Carolina blue . The losing school 's paper also has to put the other school 's logo in a conspicuous location and claim that the winning school is `` still the best . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities Jump up ^ https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities/top-public Jump up ^ ESPN Staff 69 ( 2000 - 01 - 03 ) . `` The 10 greatest rivalries '' . The end of the century . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 25 . Dean Smith . Coach K. Jordan . Hill . Tobacco Road . Cameron Crazies . The fans are passionate , the teams successful , the games almost always down to the buzzer . Two of the four winningest teams in history , going at it twice a year ( and once more in the ACC tournament if we 're lucky ) . This is what college hoops is all about . Jump up ^ `` All - Time Winningest Teams '' ( PDF ) . NCAA.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` University of North Carolina 2010 -- 11 Men 's Basketball Facts '' ( PDF ) . Tarheelblue.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` North Carolina Tar Heels '' . Espn.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Duke Blue Devils '' . Espn.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` UNC Outlasts Oklahoma , 72 -- 60 '' . Tarheelblue.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ Doyel , Gregg ( 2003 - 02 - 05 ) . `` No denying decline of Duke - UNC '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 09 . In the good old days -- and some of us college basketball fans on Tobacco Road did n't know just how good they were -- Duke - North Carolina was the rivalry that launched a thousand copycats . Jump up ^ Spanberg , Erik ( 2008 - 03 - 28 ) . `` Storied college basketball rivalry tilts to Tar Heels -- for now '' . The Christian Science Monitor . The campuses of North Carolina and Duke University are eight miles apart . But the competition between the two is much closer . Jump up ^ `` No. 4 Duke Mauls North Carolina , 82 -- 50 '' . goduke.com . Associated Press . 2010 - 03 - 06 . Not after an 82 -- 50 rout of North Carolina on Saturday that marked their most one - sided home win in college basketball 's fiercest rivalry and gave them a share of their 12th Atlantic Coast Conference regular - season title . Jump up ^ Blythe , Will ( 2006 - 02 - 28 ) . To Hate Like This Is to Be Happy Forever : A Thoroughly Obsessive , Intermittently Uplifting , and Occasionally Unbiased Account of the Duke - North Carolina Basketball Rivalry . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 074023 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Chansky , Art ( 2005 - 11 - 01 ) . Blue Blood Duke - Carolina : Inside the Most Storied Rivalry in College Hoops . New York : Thomas Dunne Books . ISBN 0 - 312 - 32787 - 0 . Jump up ^ Litke , Jim ( March 23 , 2012 ) . `` ' If Duke played the Taliban , I 'd pull for Taliban ' '' . Yahoo ! News . Associated Press . Retrieved March 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sumner , Jim ( 2008 - 02 - 21 ) . `` Looking back ... A triple overtime classic in the Duke - Carolina rivalry '' . TheACC.com . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 25 . The best game ever in the rivalry ? Ask 10 people and you 're liable to get 10 different answers . But 40 years ago -- Saturday March 2 , 1968 -- Dean Smith 's Tar Heels and Vic Bubas ' Blue Devils put on a classic that deserves to make any short list . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Jared ( 1999 - 02 - 26 ) . `` Duke vs. North Carolina '' . The Sporting News . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 25 . North Carolina and Duke will meet for the 203rd time on Saturday and college basketball 's best rivalry has had many classic games through the years . Jump up ^ AP Staff ( 2004 - 02 - 05 ) . `` Williams has 22 points , 12 rebounds '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 25 . Mike Krzyzewski thought this was more than just one of the best games in the storied rivalry between Duke and North Carolina . Jump up ^ AP Staff ( 2007 - 03 - 04 ) . `` UNC clinches top ACC seed ; Williams gets 100th win at school '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 25 . Blood poured from his nose and onto his lip , chin and the court . The latest bruised face of college basketball 's nastiest rivalry belongs to North Carolina 's Tyler Hansbrough . Jump up ^ AP Staff ( 2007 - 03 - 06 ) . `` Hansbrough : No bad blood with Duke player '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 25 . Tyler Hansbrough insists there 's no bad blood between him and Duke 's Gerald Henderson , who broke the North Carolina star 's nose in the closing seconds of the latest Tobacco Road showdown . Jump up ^ Durham , North Carolina Jump up ^ Sun , Rachel , Bock , Katalina ( 2016 - 04 - 11 ) . `` K - Ville Residents '' . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 -- 08 ACC Men 's Basketball Media Guide '' . Atlantic Coast Conference . 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ UNC Athletic Dept . Staff ( 2007 - 08 - 31 ) . `` 2007 North Carolina Football Media Guide '' . UNC Athletic Communications . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Carlyle Cup '' . Carlyle & Co . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 21 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Dees , Matt ( 2006 - 01 - 13 ) . `` For 3 days , it 's no letups in the layups '' . City & State . The News & Observer . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 08 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 25 . Two 12 - person teams will try to break the Guinness world record for longest basketball game . If all goes as planned , the teams will play for 58 hours , including scheduled breaks and a halftime . Jump up ^ Williams , Ian ( 1990 - 01 - 07 ) . `` Insider 's guide to hating Duke '' . Editorial . The Daily Tar Heel . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 25 . So this is my request , boys of basketball : Tonight , I not only want you to win , I want Krzyzewski calling home to his mother with tears in his eyes . I want Alaa Abdelnaby to throw up brick after brick . I want Rick Fox to take Christian Laettner to the hoop so many times that poor Christian will be dazed on the bench with an Etch - a-Sketch and a box of Crayola Crayons . I want Bobby Hurley to trip on his shoelaces and fly into a fat alumnus from Wilmington ! Send Thad and Lorna home with their blue tails between their legs ! God bless them Tar Heel boys ! Further reading ( edit ) To Hate Like This Is to Be Happy Forever : A Thoroughly Obsessive , Intermittently Uplifting , and Occasionally Unbiased Account of the Duke - North Carolina Basketball Rivalry by Will Blythe ( 1 ) Blue Blood : Duke - Carolina : Inside the Most Storied Rivalry in College Hoops by Art Chansky External links ( edit ) Duke - UNC Rivalry Metrics Dashboard HBO Documentary Battle for Tobacco Road UNC vs. Duke : Gerald Henderson Talks About College Basketball 's Biggest Rivalry North Carolina Tar Heels men 's basketball Venues Bynum Gymnasium ( 1920 -- 1924 ) Tin Can ( 1924 -- 1938 ) Woollen Gymnasium ( 1938 -- 1965 ) Carmichael Auditorium ( 1965 -- 1986 ) Dean Smith Center ( 1986 -- present ) Rivalries Duke ( Carlyle Cup ) Kentucky NC State Culture & lore Rameses The Marching Tar Heels Junior varsity team Inside Carolina Four corners offense Dixie Classic / Big Four Tobacco Road Scandal People Head coaches Honorees Honored players NBA draftees Seasons 1910 -- 11 1911 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 15 1915 -- 16 1916 -- 17 1917 -- 18 1918 -- 19 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1939 -- 40 1940 -- 41 1941 -- 42 1942 -- 43 1943 -- 44 1944 -- 45 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Helms and Premo - Porretta national championships in bold ; NCAA Final Four appearances in italics ; NCAA championships in bolded italics University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Located in : Chapel Hill , North Carolina Academics Scholarships Center for Global Initiatives Center for the Study of the American South Kenan -- Flagler Business School School of Information and Library Science School of Media and Journalism School of Law School of Medicine School of Pharmacy School of Public Health School of Social Work Southern Observatory for Astrophysical Research L.L. Thurstone Psychometric Laboratory Athletics Teams Australian Rules Football Baseball Men 's Basketball Women 's Basketball Field Hockey Football Handball Men 's Lacrosse Women 's Lacrosse Men 's Soccer Women 's Soccer Softball Men 's Tennis Women 's Tennis Facilities Bryson Field at Boshamer Stadium Bynum Gymnasium Carmichael Arena Dean Smith Center Eddie Smith Field House Fetzer Field Fetzer Hall Finley Golf Course Henry Stadium Kenan Memorial Stadium Tin Can Woollen Gymnasium Other Atlantic Coast Conference Carlyle Cup Carolina Basketball Museum Carolina blue Carolina -- Duke rivalry Carolina -- State Game The Marching Tar Heels `` Hark The Sound '' `` Here Comes Carolina '' `` I 'm a Tar Heel Born '' North Carolina -- Wake Forest rivalry Olympians Rameses The Rams Club South 's Oldest Rivalry Tar Heel Tar Heel Sports Network Tobacco Road Victory Bell Campus Ackland Art Museum Airport Botanical Garden Carolina Inn Coker Arboretum Davie Poplar Franklin Street Hospitals Hunt Arboretum Images Morehead Planetarium Old Chapel Hill Cemetery Old East Old Well Playmakers Theatre Silent Sam Wilson Library Town of Chapel Hill Student life Black Student Movement Carolina Week The Daily Tar Heel Dialectic and Philanthropic Societies Dramatic and Performing Arts Order of Gimghoul Student Television WXYC History Alumni Presidents and Chancellors William Richardson Davie UNC system Speaker ban Academics - athletics scandal Founded : 1789 Duke Blue Devils men 's basketball Venues The Ark ( 1906 -- 1923 ) Alumni Memorial Gymnasium ( 1924 -- 1930 ) Card Gymnasium ( 1930 -- 1939 ) Cameron Indoor Stadium ( 1940 -- present ) Rivalries North Carolina ( Carlyle Cup ) Maryland Michigan Culture & lore `` Blue and White '' Cameron Crazies Champions Classic Dixie Classic / Big Four `` Fight ! Blue Devils , Fight ! '' I Hate Christian Laettner Krzyzewskiville `` The Shot '' Tobacco Road People Head coaches Seasons 1905 -- 06 1906 -- 07 1907 -- 08 1908 -- 09 1909 -- 10 1910 -- 11 1911 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 15 1915 -- 16 1916 -- 17 1917 -- 18 1918 -- 19 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1939 -- 40 1940 -- 41 1941 -- 42 1942 -- 43 1943 -- 44 1944 -- 45 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 NCAA national championships in bold ; NCAA Final Four appearances in italics Duke University Academics Schools and Institutes Divinity School Duke Kunshan University Fuqua School of Business Graduate School Kenan Institute for Ethics Nicholas School of the Environment Pratt School of Engineering Sanford School of Public Policy School of Law School of Medicine School of Nursing Trinity College of Arts and Sciences Programs FOCUS Robertson Scholars TIP Athletics ACC Athletic Director Baseball Basketball Men 's Women 's Blue and White Cameron Crazies Cameron Indoor Stadium Carlyle Cup Carolina -- Duke rivalry Dear Old Duke Duke blue Fight ! Blue Devils , Fight ! Football History of the Blue Devil Jack Coombs Field Koskinen Stadium Krzyzewskiville Lacrosse Men 's Soccer Tobacco Road Victory Bell Wallace Wade Stadium Campus Duke Chapel Durham Fitzpatrick Center Franklin Center Images Lee Monument Lemur Center Levine Science Research Center Medical Center Nasher Museum of Art Sarah P. Duke Gardens Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory Student life American Dance Festival Cable 13 Cameron Crazies The Chronicle Krzyzewskiville WXDU The Chanticleer People Alumni James B. Duke Julian S. Carr Presidents Washington Duke History History of Duke University Duke lacrosse case Group of 88 2010 faux sex thesis controversy Rivalries of the Atlantic Coast Conference Conference O'Rourke -- McFadden Trophy ( Boston College -- Clemson ) Boston College -- Syracuse Boston College -- Virginia Tech Clemson -- Florida State Clemson -- Georgia Tech Textile Bowl ( Clemson -- NC State ) Duke -- North Carolina basketball / overall Victory Bell ( Duke -- North Carolina football ) Duke -- NC State Duke -- Wake Forest Florida State -- Miami Florida State -- Virginia Georgia Tech -- Virginia Tech Miami -- Virginia Tech North Carolina -- NC State overall North Carolina -- NC State North Carolina -- Wake Forest NC State -- Wake Forest South 's Oldest Rivalry ( North Carolina -- Virginia ) Pittsburgh -- Syracuse Virginia -- Virginia Tech Commonwealth Cup ( Virginia -- Virginia Tech football ) Non-conference Auburn -- Clemson Auburn -- Georgia Tech Boston College -- Holy Cross Boston College -- Harvard ( basketball ) Commonwealth Classic ( Boston College -- UMass basketball ) Boston College -- UMass Clemson -- Georgia Clemson -- South Carolina Colgate -- Syracuse Connecticut -- Notre Dame ( women 's basketball ) Duke -- Maryland ( basketball ) Duke -- Michigan ( basketball ) Florida -- Florida State Green Line Rivalry ( Boston College -- Boston U ) The Keg of Nails ( Cincinnati -- Louisville ) Kentucky -- Louisville overall Governor 's Cup ( Kentucky -- Louisville football ) Louisville -- Memphis Clean , Old - Fashioned Hate ( Georgia -- Georgia Tech ) Georgia Tech -- Tennessee Georgia Tech -- Tulane Maryland -- Virginia Florida -- Miami Miami -- Nebraska NC State -- South Carolina North Carolina -- South Carolina NC State -- East Carolina Notre Dame -- UCLA basketball River City Rivalry ( Cincinnati -- Pittsburgh ) City Game ( Pittsburgh -- Duquesne ) Penn State -- Pittsburgh Backyard Brawl ( Pittsburgh -- West Virginia ) Georgetown -- Syracuse Penn State -- Syracuse Syracuse -- West Virginia New River Valley rivalry ( Radford -- Virginia Tech ) Virginia Tech -- West Virginia VMI -- Virginia Tech Notre Dame football rivalries Boston College -- Notre Dame Georgia Tech -- Notre Dame Miami -- Notre Dame Notre Dame -- Pittsburgh Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carolina -- Duke_rivalry&oldid = 832687105 '' Categories : College basketball rivalries in the United States Duke Blue Devils University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill rivalries Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2017 Talk Article Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 12 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina%25E2%2580%2593Duke%20rivalry	3,164
when do you place a bet in blackjack	At a casino blackjack table , the dealer faces five to seven playing positions from behind a semicircular table . Between one and eight standard 52 - card decks are shuffled together . At the beginning of each round , up to three players can place their bets in the `` betting box '' at each position in play . That is , there could be up to three players at each position at a table in jurisdictions that allow back betting . The player whose bet is at the front of the betting box is deemed to have control over the position , and the dealer will consult the controlling player for playing decisions regarding the hand ; the other players of that box are said to `` play behind '' . Any player is usually allowed to control or bet in as many boxes as desired at a single table , but it is prohibited for an individual to play on more than one table at a time or to place multiple bets within a single box . In many U.S. casinos , however , players are limited to playing two or three positions at a table and often only one person is allowed to bet on each position .		Blackjack	blackjack	Blackjack , also known as twenty - one , is a comparing card game between usually several players and a dealer , where each player in turn competes against the dealer , but players do not play against each other . It is played with one or more decks of 52 cards , and is the most widely played casino banking game in the world . The objective of the game is to beat the dealer in one of the following ways :	Get 21 points on the player 's first two cards ( called a `` blackjack '' or `` natural '' ) , without a dealer blackjack ; Reach a final score higher than the dealer without exceeding 21 ; or Let the dealer draw additional cards until their hand exceeds 21 . Players are each dealt two cards , face up or down depending on the casino and the table at which you sit . In the U.S. , the dealer is also dealt two cards , normally one up ( exposed ) and one down ( hidden ) . In most other countries , the dealer receives one card face up . The value of cards two through ten is their pip value ( 2 through 10 ) . Face cards ( Jack , Queen , and King ) are all worth ten . Aces can be worth one or eleven . A hand 's value is the sum of the card values . Players are allowed to draw additional cards to improve their hands . A hand with an ace valued as 11 is called `` soft '' , meaning that the hand will not bust by taking an additional card ; the value of the ace will become one to prevent the hand from exceeding 21 . Otherwise , the hand is `` hard '' . Once all the players have completed their hands , it is the dealer 's turn . The dealer hand will not be completed if all players have either busted or received Blackjacks . The dealer then reveals the hidden card and must hit until the cards total 17 or more points . ( At most tables the dealer also hits on a `` soft '' 17 , i.e. a hand containing an ace and one or more other cards totaling six . ) Players win by not busting and having a total higher than the dealer , or not busting and having the dealer bust , or getting a blackjack without the dealer getting a blackjack . If the player and dealer have the same total ( not counting blackjacks ) , this is called a `` push '' , and the player typically does not win or lose money on that hand . Otherwise , the dealer wins . Blackjack has many rule variations . Since the 1960s , blackjack has been a high - profile target of advantage players , particularly card counters , who track the profile of cards that have been dealt and adapt their wagers and playing strategies accordingly . Blackjack has inspired other casino games , including Spanish 21 and pontoon . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Rules of play at casinos 2.1 Player decisions 2.2 Insurance 3 Rule variations and effects on house edge 4 Blackjack strategy 4.1 Basic strategy 4.2 Composition - dependent strategy 4.3 Advantage play 4.3. 1 Card counting 4.3. 2 Shuffle tracking 4.3. 3 Identifying concealed cards 5 Side bets 6 Blackjack tournaments 7 Video blackjack 8 Variants of the game 8.1 TV show variations 9 Blackjack Hall of Fame 10 Blackjack in the arts 11 See also 12 Blackjack literature 13 References 14 External links History ( edit ) Blackjack 's precursor was twenty - one , a game of unknown origin . The first written reference is found in a book by the Spanish author Miguel de Cervantes , most famous for writing Don Quixote . Cervantes was a gambler , and the main characters of his tale `` Rinconete y Cortadillo '' , from Novelas Ejemplares , are a couple of cheats working in Seville . They are proficient at cheating at veintiuna ( Spanish for twenty - one ) , and state that the object of the game is to reach 21 points without going over and that the ace values 1 or 11 . The game is played with the Spanish baraja deck , which lacks eights and nines . This short story was written between 1601 and 1602 , implying that ventiuna was played in Castile since the beginning of the 17th century or earlier . Later references to this game are found in France and Spain . When twenty - one was introduced in the United States , gambling houses offered bonus payouts to stimulate players ' interest . One such bonus was a ten - to - one payout if the player 's hand consisted of the ace of spades and a black jack ( either the jack of clubs or the jack of spades ) . This hand was called a `` blackjack '' , and the name stuck to the game even though the ten - to - one bonus was soon withdrawn . In the modern game , a blackjack refers to any hand of an ace plus a ten or face card regardless of suits or colours . The first scientific and mathematically sound attempt to devise an optimal blackjack playing strategy was revealed in September 1956 . Roger Baldwin , Wilbert Cantey , Herbert Maisel and James McDermott published a paper titled The Optimum Strategy in Blackjack in the Journal of the American Statistical Association . This paper would become the foundation of all future sound efforts to beat the game of blackjack . Ed Thorp would use Baldwin 's hand calculations to verify the basic strategy and later publish ( in 1963 ) his famous book Beat the Dealer . Rules of play at casinos ( edit ) Blackjack example game Initial deal Player action Dealer 's hand revealed Bets settled At a casino blackjack table , the dealer faces five to seven playing positions from behind a semicircular table . Between one and eight standard 52 - card decks are shuffled together . At the beginning of each round , up to three players can place their bets in the `` betting box '' at each position in play . That is , there could be up to three players at each position at a table in jurisdictions that allow back betting . The player whose bet is at the front of the betting box is deemed to have control over the position , and the dealer will consult the controlling player for playing decisions regarding the hand ; the other players of that box are said to `` play behind '' . Any player is usually allowed to control or bet in as many boxes as desired at a single table , but it is prohibited for an individual to play on more than one table at a time or to place multiple bets within a single box . In many U.S. casinos , however , players are limited to playing two or three positions at a table and often only one person is allowed to bet on each position . The dealer deals cards from his / her left ( the position on the dealer 's far left is often referred to as `` first base '' ) to his / her far right ( `` third base '' ) . Each box is dealt an initial hand of two cards visible to the people playing on it , and often to any other players . The dealer 's hand receives its first card face up , and in `` hole card '' games immediately receives its second card face down ( the hole card ) , which the dealer peeks at but does not reveal unless it makes the dealer 's hand a blackjack . Hole card games are sometimes played on tables with a small mirror or electronic sensor that is used to peek securely at the hole card . In European casinos , `` no hole card '' games are prevalent ; the dealer 's second card is neither drawn nor consulted until the players have all played their hands . Cards are dealt either from one or two handheld decks , from a dealer 's shoe , or from a shuffling machine . Single cards are dealt to each wagered - on position clockwise from the dealer 's left , followed by a single card to the dealer , followed by an additional card to each of the positions in play . The players ' initial cards may be dealt face up or face down ( more common in single - deck games ) . The players ' object is to win money by creating card totals that turn out to be higher than the dealer 's hand but do not exceed 21 ( `` busting '' / `` breaking '' ) , or alternatively by allowing the dealer to take additional cards until he / she busts . On their turn , players must choose whether to `` hit '' ( take a card ) , `` stand '' ( end their turn ) , `` double '' ( double wager , take a single card and finish ) , `` split '' ( if the two cards have the same value , separate them to make two hands ) or `` surrender '' ( give up a half - bet and retire from the game ) . Number cards count as their natural value ; the jack , queen , and king ( also known as `` face cards '' or `` pictures '' ) count as 10 ; aces are valued as either 1 or 11 according to the player 's choice . If the hand value exceeds 21 points , it busts , and all bets on it are immediately forfeit . After all boxes have finished playing , the dealer 's hand is resolved by drawing cards until the hand busts or achieves a value of 17 or higher ( a dealer total of 17 including an ace , or `` soft 17 '' , must be drawn to in some games and must stand in others ) . The dealer never doubles , splits , or surrenders . If the dealer busts , all remaining player hands win . If the dealer does not bust , each remaining bet wins if its hand is higher than the dealer 's , and loses if it is lower . If a player receives 21 on the 1st and 2nd card it is considered a `` natural '' or `` blackjack '' and the player is paid out immediately unless dealer also has a natural , in which case the hand ties . In the case of a tied score , known as `` push '' or `` standoff '' , bets are normally returned without adjustment ; however , a blackjack beats any hand that is not a blackjack , even one with a value of 21 . Wins are paid out at 1 : 1 , or equal to the wager , except for winning , player blackjacks , which are traditionally paid at 3 : 2 ( meaning the player receives three dollars for every two bet ) , or one - and - a-half times the wager . Many casinos today pay blackjacks at less than 3 : 2 at some tables ; for instance , single - deck blackjack tables often pay 6 : 5 for a blackjack instead of 3 : 2 . Blackjack games almost always provide a side bet called insurance , which may be played when dealer 's upcard is an ace . Additional side bets , such as `` Dealer Match '' which pays when the player 's cards match the dealer 's up card , are sometimes available . Player decisions ( edit ) `` Doubling Down '' redirects here . For the South Park episode , see Doubling Down ( South Park ) . After receiving an initial two cards , the player has up to four standard options : `` hit '' , `` stand '' , `` double down '' , or `` split '' . Each option has a corresponding hand signal . Some games give the player a fifth option , `` surrender '' . Hit : Take another card from the dealer . Signal : Scrape cards against table ( in handheld games ) ; tap the table with finger or wave hand toward body ( in games dealt face up ) . Stand : Take no more cards , also known as `` stand pat '' , `` stick '' , or `` stay '' . Signal : Slide cards under chips ( in handheld games ) ; wave hand horizontally ( in games dealt face up ) . Double down : The player is allowed to increase the initial bet by up to 100 % in exchange for committing to stand after receiving exactly one more card . The additional bet is placed in the betting box next to the original bet . Some games do not permit the player to increase the bet by amounts other than 100 % . Non-controlling players may double their wager or decline to do so , but they are bound by the controlling player 's decision to take only one card . Signal : Place additional chips beside the original bet outside the betting box , and point with one finger . Split : If the first two cards of a hand have the same value , the player can split them into two hands , by moving a second bet equal to the first into an area outside the betting box . The dealer separates the two cards and draws an additional card on each , placing one bet with each hand . The player then plays out the two separate hands in turn ; except for a few restrictions , the hands are treated as independent new hands , with the player winning or losing their wager separately for each hand . Occasionally , in the case of ten - valued cards , some casinos allow splitting only when the cards have the identical ranks ; for instance , a hand of 10 - 10 may be split , but not one of 10 - king . However , usually all 10 - value cards are treated the same . Doubling and further splitting of post-split hands may be restricted , and an ace and ten value card after a split are counted as a non-blackjack 21 . Hitting split aces is usually not allowed . Non-controlling players may follow the controlling player by putting down an additional bet or decline to do so , instead associating their existing wager with one of the two post-split hands . In that case they must choose which hand to play behind before the second cards are drawn . Some casinos do not give non-controlling players this option , and require that the wager of a player not electing to split remains with the first of the two post-split hands . Signal : Place additional chips next to the original bet outside the betting box ; point with two fingers spread into a V formation . Surrender ( only available as first decision of a hand ) : Some games offer the option to `` surrender '' directly after the dealer has checked for blackjack ( see below for variations ) . When the player surrenders , the house takes half the player 's bet and returns the other half to the player ; this terminates the player 's interest in the hand . Signal : The request to surrender is made verbally , there being no standard hand signal . Hand signals are used to assist the `` eye in the sky '' , a person or video camera located above the table and sometimes concealed behind one - way glass . The eye in the sky usually makes a video recording of the table , which helps in resolving disputes and identifying dealer mistakes , and is also used to protect the casino against dealers who steal chips or players who cheat . The recording can further be used to identify advantage players whose activities , while legal , make them undesirable customers . In the event of a disagreement between a player 's hand signals and their words , the hand signal takes precedence . Each hand may normally `` hit '' as many times as desired so long as the total is not above hard 20 . On reaching 21 ( including soft 21 ) , the hand is normally required to stand ; busting is an irrevocable loss and the players ' wagers are immediately forfeited to the house . After a bust or a stand , play proceeds to the next hand clockwise around the table . When the last hand has finished being played , the dealer reveals the hole card , and stands or draws further cards according to the rules of the game for dealer drawing . When the outcome of the dealer 's hand is established , any hands with bets remaining on the table are resolved ( usually in counterclockwise order ) : bets on losing hands are forfeited , the bet on a push is left on the table , and winners are paid out . Insurance ( edit ) If the dealer 's upcard is an ace , the player is offered the option of taking `` insurance '' before the dealer checks the hole card . Insurance is a side bet that the dealer has blackjack and is treated independently of the main wager . It pays 2 : 1 ( meaning that the player receives two dollars for every dollar bet ) and is available when the dealer 's exposed card is an ace . The idea is that the dealer 's second card has a fairly high probability ( nearly one - third ) to be ten - valued , giving the dealer blackjack and disappointment for the player . It is attractive ( although not necessarily wise ) for the player to insure against the possibility of a dealer blackjack by making a maximum `` insurance '' bet , in which case the `` insurance proceeds '' will make up for the concomitant loss on the original bet . The player may add up to half the value of their original bet to the insurance and these extra chips are placed on a portion of the table usually marked `` Insurance pays 2 to 1 '' . Players with a blackjack may also take insurance , and in taking maximum insurance they commit themselves to winning an amount exactly equal to their main wager , regardless of the dealer 's outcome . Fully insuring a blackjack against blackjack is thus referred to as `` taking even money '' , and paid out immediately , before the dealer 's hand is resolved ; the players do not need to place more chips for the insurance wager . Insurance bets are expected to lose money in the long run , because the dealer is likely to have blackjack less than one - third of the time . However the insurance outcome is strongly anti-correlated with that of the main wager , and if the player 's priority is to reduce variation , they might choose to pay for this . Furthermore , the insurance bet is susceptible to advantage play . It is advantageous to make an insurance bet whenever the hole card has more than a chance of one in three of being a ten . Advantage play techniques can sometimes identify such situations . In a multi-hand , face - up , single deck game , it is possible to establish whether insurance is a good bet simply by observing the other cards on the table after the deal ; even if there are just 2 player hands exposed , and neither of their two initial cards is a ten , then 16 in 47 of the remaining cards are tens , which is larger than 1 in 3 , so insurance is a good bet . This is an elementary example of the family of advantage play techniques known as card counting . Bets to insure against blackjack are slightly less likely to be advantageous than insurance bets in general , since the ten in the player 's blackjack makes it less likely that the dealer has blackjack too . Rule variations and effects on house edge ( edit ) Note : where changes in the house edge due to changes in the rules are stated in percentage terms , the difference is usually stated here in percentage points , not percentage ; strictly speaking if , say , an edge of 10 % is reduced to 9 % , the amount is reduced by ten percent , or by one percentage point . Doubling down . The third card is placed at right angles to signify that the player can not receive any more cards . The rules of casino blackjack are generally determined by law or regulation , which establishes certain rule variations allowed at the discretion of the casino . The rules of any particular game are generally posted on or near the table , failing which there is an expectation that casino staff will provide them on request . Over 100 variations of blackjack have been documented . As with all casino games , blackjack incorporates a `` house edge '' , a statistical advantage for the casino that is built into the game . The advantage of the dealer 's position in blackjack relative to the player comes from the fact that if the player busts , the player loses , regardless of whether the dealer subsequently busts . Nonetheless , blackjack players using basic strategy will lose less than 1 % of their total wagered amount with strictly average luck ; this is very favorable to the player compared to other casino games . The loss rate of players who deviate from basic strategy through ignorance is generally expected to be greater . Dealer hits soft 17 A `` soft 17 '' in blackjack . An ace and any combination of 6 . Each game has a rule about whether the dealer must hit or stand on soft 17 , which is generally printed on the table surface . The variation where the dealer must hit soft 17 is abbreviated `` H17 '' in blackjack literature , with `` S17 '' used for the stand - on - soft - 17 variation . Substituting an `` H17 '' rule with an `` S17 '' rule in a game benefits the player , decreasing the house edge by about 0.2 % . Number of decks All things being equal , using fewer decks decreases the house edge . This mainly reflects an increased likelihood of player blackjack , since if the players draws a ten on their first card , the subsequent probability of drawing an ace is higher with fewer decks . It also reflects a decreased likelihood of blackjack - blackjack push in a game with fewer decks . Casinos generally compensate by tightening other rules in games with fewer decks , in order to preserve the house edge or discourage play altogether . When offering single deck blackjack games , casinos are more likely to disallow doubling on soft hands or after splitting , to restrict resplitting , require higher minimum bets , and to pay the player less than 3 : 2 for a winning blackjack . The following table illustrates the mathematical effect on the house edge of the number of decks , by considering games with various deck counts under the following ruleset : double after split allowed , resplit to four hands allowed , no hitting split aces , no surrender , double on any two cards , original bets only lost on dealer blackjack , dealer hits soft 17 , and cut - card used . The increase in house edge per unit increase in the number of decks is most dramatic when comparing the single deck game to the two - deck game , and becomes progressively smaller as more decks are added . Number of decks House advantage Single deck 0.17 % Double deck 0.46 % Four decks 0.60 % Six decks 0.64 % Eight decks 0.65 % Late / early surrender Surrender , for those games that allow it , is usually not permitted against a dealer blackjack ; if the dealer 's first card is an ace or ten , the hole card is checked to make sure there is no blackjack before surrender is offered . This rule protocol is consequently known as `` late '' surrender . The alternative , `` early '' surrender , gives player the option to surrender before the dealer checks for blackjack , or in a no - hole - card game . Early surrender is much more favorable to the player than late surrender . Most medium - strength hands should be surrendered against a dealer Ace if the hole card has not been checked . For late surrender , however , while it is tempting to opt for surrender on any hand which will probably lose , the correct strategy is to only surrender on the very worst hands , because having even a one in four chance of winning the full bet is better than losing half the bet and pushing the other half , as entailed by surrendering . Resplitting If the cards of a post-split hand have the same value , most games allow the player to split again , or `` resplit '' . The player places a further wager and the dealer separates the new pair dealing a further card to each as before . Some games allow unlimited resplitting , while others may limit it to a certain number of hands , such as four hands ( for example , `` resplit to 4 '' ) . Hit / resplit split aces After splitting aces , the common rule is that only one card will be dealt to each ace ; the player can not split , double , or take another hit on either hand . Rule variants include allowing resplitting aces or allowing the player to hit split aces . Games allowing aces to be resplit are not uncommon , but those allowing the player to hit split aces are extremely rare . Allowing the player to hit hands resulting from split aces reduces the house edge by about 0.13 % ; allowing resplitting of aces reduces house edge by about 0.03 % . Note that a ten - value card dealt on a split ace ( or vice versa ) is a `` soft 21 '' and not a `` natural '' . No double after split After a split , most games allow doubling down on the new two - card hands . Disallowing doubling after a split increases the house edge by about 0.12 % . Double on 9 / 10 / 11 or 10 / 11 only Under the `` Reno rule '' , double down is only permitted on hard totals of 9 , 10 , or 11 ( under a similar European rule , only 10 or 11 ) . Basic strategy would otherwise call for some doubling down with hard 9 and soft 13 -- 18 , and advanced players can identify situations where doubling on soft 19 -- 20 and hard 8 , 7 and even 6 is advantageous . The Reno rule prevents the player from taking advantage of double down in these situations and thereby increases the player 's expected loss . The Reno rule increases the house edge by around one in 1000 , and its European version by around two in 1000 . No hole card and OBO In most non-U.S. casinos , a ' no hole card ' game is played , meaning that the dealer does not draw nor consult his or her second card until after all players have finished making decisions . With no hole card , it is almost never correct basic strategy to double or split against a dealer ten or ace , since a dealer blackjack will result in the loss of the split and double bets ; the only exception is with a pair of A 's against a dealer 10 , where it is still correct to split . In all other cases , a stand , hit or surrender is called for . For instance , holding 11 against a dealer 10 , the correct strategy is to double in a hole card game ( where the player knows the dealer 's second card is not an ace ) , but to hit in a no hole card game . The no hole card rule adds approximately 0.11 % to the house edge . The `` original bets only '' rule variation appearing in certain no hole card games states that if the player 's hand loses to a dealer blackjack , only the mandatory initial bet ( `` original '' ) is forfeited , and all optional bets , meaning doubles and splits , are pushed . `` Original bets only '' is also known by the acronym OBO ; it has the same effect on basic strategy and house edge as reverting to a hole card game . Altered payout for a winning blackjack In many casinos , a blackjack pays only 6 : 5 or even 1 : 1 instead of the usual 3 : 2 . This is most common at tables with lower table minimums . Although this payoff was originally limited to single - deck games , it has spread to double - deck and shoe games . Among common rule variations in the U.S. , these altered payouts for blackjack are the most damaging to the player , causing the greatest increase in house edge . Since blackjack occurs in approximately 4.8 % of hands , the 1 : 1 game increases the house edge by 2.3 % , while the 6 : 5 game adds 1.4 % to the house edge . Video blackjack machines generally pay 1 : 1 payout for a blackjack . Dealer wins ties The rule that bets on tied hands are lost rather than pushed is catastrophic to the player . Though rarely used in standard blackjack , it is sometimes seen in `` blackjack - like '' games such as in some charity casinos . Blackjack strategy ( edit ) Basic strategy ( edit ) Each blackjack game has a basic strategy , which is playing a hand of any total value against any dealer 's up - card , which loses the least money to the house in the long term . An example of basic strategy is shown in the table below , and includes the following parameters : Four to eight decks The dealer hits on a soft 17 A double is allowed after a split Only original bets are lost on dealer blackjack Player hand Dealer 's face - up card 5 6 7 8 9 10 Hard totals ( excluding pairs ) 17 -- 20 16 SU SU SU 15 SU 13 -- 14 12 11 Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh 10 Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh 9 Dh Dh Dh Dh 5 -- 8 Soft totals 5 6 7 8 9 10 A , 9 A , 8 Ds A , 7 Ds Ds Ds Ds Ds A , 6 Dh Dh Dh Dh A , 4 -- A , 5 Dh Dh Dh A , 2 -- A , 3 Dh Dh Pairs 5 6 7 8 9 10 A , A SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP 10 , 10 9 , 9 SP SP SP SP SP SP SP 8 , 8 SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP 7 , 7 SP SP SP SP SP SP 6 , 6 SP SP SP SP SP 5 , 5 Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh 4 , 4 SP SP 2 , 2 -- 3 , 3 SP SP SP SP SP SP Key : S = Stand H = Hit Dh = Double ( if not allowed , then hit ) Ds = Double ( if not allowed , then stand ) SP = Split SU = Surrender ( if not allowed , then hit ) The bulk of basic strategy is common to all blackjack games , with most rule variations calling for changes in only a few situations . For example , if the above game used the hit on soft 17 rule , common in Las Vegas Strip casinos , only 6 cells of the table would need to be changed : double on 11 vs. A , surrender 15 or 17 vs. A , double on A , 7 vs. 2 , double on A , 8 vs. 6 , surrender ( if not allowed , then hit ) on 8 , 8 vs. A. Also when playing basic strategy never take insurance or `` even money . '' Estimates of the house edge for blackjack games quoted by casinos and gaming regulators are generally based on the assumption that the players follow basic strategy and do not systematically change their bet size . Most blackjack games have a house edge of between 0.5 % and 1 % , placing blackjack among the cheapest casino table games . Casino promotions such as complimentary matchplay vouchers or 2 : 1 blackjack payouts allow the player to acquire an advantage without deviating from basic strategy . Composition - dependent strategy ( edit ) Basic strategy is based upon a player 's point total and the dealer 's visible card . Players may be able to improve on this decision by considering the precise composition of their hand , not just the point total . For example , players should ordinarily stand when holding 12 against a dealer 4 . However , in a single deck game , players should hit if their 12 consists of a 10 and a 2 . The presence of a 10 in the player 's hand has two consequences : It makes the player 's 12 a worse hand to stand on ( since the only way to avoid losing is for the dealer to go bust , which is less likely if there are fewer 10s left in the shoe ) . It makes hitting safer , since the only way of going bust is to draw a 10 , and this is less likely with a 10 already in the hand . However , even when basic and composition - dependent strategy lead to different actions , the difference in expected reward is small , and it becomes even smaller with more decks . Using a composition - dependent strategy rather than basic strategy in a single deck game reduces the house edge by 4 in 10,000 , which falls to 3 in 100,000 for a six - deck game . Advantage play ( edit ) Main article : Advantage player Blackjack has been a high - profile target for advantage players since the 1960s . Advantage play is the attempt to win more using skills such as memory , computation , and observation . These techniques , while generally legal , can be powerful enough to give the player a long - term edge in the game , making them an undesirable customer for the casino and potentially leading to ejection or blacklisting if they are detected . The main techniques of advantage play in blackjack are as follows : Card counting ( edit ) Main article : Card counting During the course of a blackjack shoe , the dealer exposes the dealt cards . Careful accounting of the exposed cards allows a player to make inferences about the cards which remain to be dealt . These inferences can be used in the following ways : Players can make larger bets when they have an advantage . For example , the players can increase the starting bet if there are many aces and tens left in the deck , in the hope of hitting a blackjack . Players can deviate from basic strategy according to the composition of their undealt cards . For example , with many tens left in the deck , players might double down in more situations since there is a better chance of getting a good hand . A card counting system assigns a point score to each rank of card ( e.g. , 1 point for 2 -- 6 , 0 points for 7 -- 9 and − 1 point for 10 -- A ) . When a card is exposed , a counter adds the score of that card to a running total , the ' count ' . A card counter uses this count to make betting and playing decisions according to a table which they have learned . The count starts at 0 for a freshly shuffled deck for `` balanced '' counting systems . Unbalanced counts are often started at a value which depends on the number of decks used in the game . Blackjack 's house edge is usually between 0.5 % -- 1 % when players use basic strategy . Card counting can give the player an edge of up to 2 % over the house . Card counting is most rewarding near the end of a complete shoe when as few as possible cards remain . Single - deck games are therefore particularly susceptible to card counting . As a result , casinos are more likely to insist that players do not reveal their cards to one another in single - deck games . In games with more decks of cards , casinos limit penetration by ending the shoe and reshuffling when one or more decks remain undealt . Casinos also sometimes use a shuffling machine to reintroduce the exhausted cards every time a deck has been played . Card counting is legal and is not considered cheating as long as the counter is n't using an external device , but if a casino realizes a player is counting , the casino might inform them that they are no longer welcome to play blackjack . Sometimes a casino might ban a card counter from the property . The use of external devices to help counting cards is illegal in all US states that license blackjack card games . Shuffle tracking ( edit ) Main article : Shuffle tracking Techniques other than card counting can swing the advantage of casino blackjack toward the player . All such techniques are based on the value of the cards to the player and the casino as originally conceived by Edward O. Thorp . One technique , mainly applicable in multi-deck games , involves tracking groups of cards ( also known as slugs , clumps , or packs ) during the play of the shoe , following them through the shuffle , and then playing and betting accordingly when those cards come into play from the new shoe . Shuffle tracking requires excellent eyesight and powers of visual estimation but is more difficult to detect since the player 's actions are largely unrelated to the composition of the cards in the shoe . Arnold Snyder 's articles in Blackjack Forum magazine brought shuffle tracking to the general public . His book , The Shuffle Tracker 's Cookbook , mathematically analyzed the player edge available from shuffle tracking based on the actual size of the tracked slug . Jerry L. Patterson also developed and published a shuffle - tracking method for tracking favorable clumps of cards and cutting them into play and tracking unfavorable clumps of cards and cutting them out of play . Identifying concealed cards ( edit ) The player can also gain an advantage by identifying cards from distinctive wear markings on their backs , or by hole carding ( observing during the dealing process the front of a card dealt face down ) . These methods are generally legal although their status in particular jurisdictions may vary . Side bets ( edit ) Many blackjack tables offer a side bet on various outcomes including : Player hand and dealer 's up card sum to 19 , 20 , or 21 ( `` Lucky Lucky '' ) Player initial hand is a pair ( `` Perfect pairs '' ) Player initial hand is suited , suited and connected , or a suited K-Q ( `` Royal match '' ) Player initial hand plus dealer 's card makes a flush , straight , or three - of - a-kind poker hand ( `` 21 + 3 '' ) Player initial hand totals 20 ( `` Lucky Ladies '' ) Dealer upcard is in between the value of the players two cards ( `` In Bet '' ) First card drawn to the dealer will result in a dealer bust ( `` Bust It ! '' ) One or both of the players cards is the same as the dealers card ( `` Match the Dealer '' ) Player allowed to make optional second hand , and effectively receive the hand of 10 , 8 , or 18 without drawings cards ( `` Instant 18 '' ) The side wager is typically placed in a designated area next to the box for the main wager . A player wishing to wager on a side bet is usually required to place a wager on blackjack . Some games require that the blackjack wager should equal or exceed any side bet wager . A non-controlling player of a blackjack hand is usually permitted to place a side bet regardless of whether the controlling player does so . The house edge for side bets is generally far higher than for the blackjack game itself . Nonetheless side bets can be susceptible to card counting . A side count , designed specifically for a particular side bet , can improve the player edge . Most side games do not offer a sufficient win rate to justify the effort of advantage play ; exceptions include `` Lucky ladies '' and `` Over / Under '' . In team play it is common for team members to be dedicated toward counting only a sidebet using a specialized count . Blackjack tournaments ( edit ) Blackjack can be played in tournament form . Players start with an equal numbers of chips ; the goal is to finish among the top chip - holders . Depending on the number of competitors , tournaments may be held over several rounds , with one or two players qualifying from each table after a set number of deals to meet the qualifiers from the other tables in the next round . Another tournament format , Elimination Blackjack , drops the lowest - stacked player from the table at pre-determined points in the tournament . Good strategy for blackjack tournaments can differ from non-tournament strategy because of the added dimension of choosing the amount to be wagered . As in poker tournaments , players pay the casino an initial entry fee to participate in a tournament , and re-buys are sometimes permitted . Video blackjack ( edit ) Some casinos , as well as general betting outlets , provide blackjack among a selection of casino - style games at electronic consoles . Video blackjack game rules are generally more favorable to the house ; e.g. , paying out only even money for winning blackjacks . Video and online blackjack games deal each coup from a fresh shoe , rendering card counting much less effective . Variants of the game ( edit ) Blackjack is a member of a large family of traditional card games played recreationally all around the world . Most of these games have not been adapted for casino play . Furthermore , the casino game development industry is very active in producing blackjack variants , most of which are ultimately not adopted for widespread use in casinos . The following are the prominent twenty - one themed comparing card games which have been adapted or invented for use in casinos and have become established in the gambling industry . Spanish 21 provides players with many liberal blackjack rules , such as doubling down any number of cards ( with the option to rescue , or surrender only one wager to the house ) , payout bonuses for five or more card 21s , 6 -- 7 -- 8 21s , 7 -- 7 -- 7 21s , late surrender , and player blackjacks always winning and player 21s always winning , at the cost of having no 10 cards in the deck ( though there are jacks , queens , and kings ) . An unlicensed version of Spanish 21 played without a hole card is found in Australian casinos under the name `` Pontoon '' ( presumably borrowed from the British recreational blackjack - like game `` Pontoon '' which has substantially different rules ) . 21st - Century Blackjack ( also known as `` Vegas Style '' Blackjack ) is found in California card rooms . In this form of the game , a player bust does not always result in an automatic loss ; depending on the casino , the player can still push if the dealer busts as well , although the dealer typically has to bust with a higher total . Double Exposure Blackjack deals the first two cards of the dealer 's hand face up . Blackjacks pay even money , and players lose on ties ; also , they can neither buy insurance nor can they surrender their hand ( as both dealer 's cards are exposed at the outset ) . Double Attack Blackjack has very liberal blackjack rules and the option of increasing one 's wager after seeing the dealer 's up card . This game is dealt from a Spanish shoe , and blackjacks only pay even money . Blackjack Switch is played over two hands whose second cards the player is allowed to interchange . For example , if the player is dealt 10 -- 6 and 5 -- 10 , then the player can switch two cards to make hands of 10 -- 10 and 6 -- 5 . Natural blackjacks are paid 1 : 1 instead of the standard 3 : 2 , and a dealer 22 is a push . Super Fun 21 allows a player to split a hand up to four times . If the player has six cards totaling 20 , he automatically wins . Wins are paid 1 : 1 . Examples of the many local traditional and recreational blackjack - like games include French / German Blackjack , called Vingt - et - un ( French : Twenty - one ) or `` Siebzehn und Vier '' ( German : Seventeen and Four ) . The French / German game does not allow splitting . An ace can only count as eleven , but two aces count as a blackjack . It is mostly played in private circles and barracks . A British variation is called `` Pontoon '' , the name being probably a corruption of `` Vingt - et - un '' . TV show variations ( edit ) Blackjack is also featured in various television shows . Here are a few shows inspired by the game . Gambit was a game show with Wink Martindale where couples answer questions to collect cards that could add up to 21 . Catch 21 is a game show with Alfonso Ribeiro from The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air . On this show , three players answer questions to earn cards in order to win cash and ties are not allowed . From 1980 to 2006 , there was a blackjack - based pricing game on The Price is Right , called Hit Me . In this game , six grocery products were used , and five of those products ' prices were multiplied by various numbers from 2 to 10 , but with the one remaining product having the exact price . In order to win a large prize , the contestant had to achieve a score of 21 ( which was usually done by picking a product whose price was multiplied by ten and the one that was correctly priced ) , or beat the house with any score that did not exceed 21 . Blackjack Hall of Fame ( edit ) Main article : Blackjack Hall of Fame In 2002 , professional gamblers around the world were invited to nominate great blackjack players for admission into the Blackjack Hall of Fame . Seven members were inducted in 2002 , with new people inducted every year after . The Hall of Fame is at the Barona Casino in San Diego . Members include Edward O. Thorp , author of the 1960s book Beat the Dealer which proved that the game could be beaten with a combination of basic strategy and card counting ; Ken Uston , who popularized the concept of team play ; Arnold Snyder , author and editor of the Blackjack Forum trade journal ; Stanford Wong , author and popularizer of the `` Wonging '' technique of only playing at a positive count , and several others . Blackjack in the arts ( edit ) Novels have been written around blackjack and the possibility of winning games via some kind of method . Among these were The Blackjack Hijack ( Charles Einstein , 1976 ) , later produced as the TV movie Nowhere to Run , and Bringing Down the House ( Ben Mezrich ) , also filmed as 21 . An almost identical theme was shown in the 2004 Canadian film The Last Casino . In The Hangover , an American comedy , four friends try to count cards to win back enough money to secure the release of their friend from the clutches of a notorious criminal they stole from the previous night while blacked out . A central part of the plot of Rain Man is that Raymond ( Dustin Hoffman ) , an autistic savant , is able to win at blackjack by counting cards . In the 2014 film The Gambler we see Jim Bennett ( Mark Wahlberg ) playing high stakes Blackjack in order to win large sums of money . This movie displays different blackjack lingo and risky moves that have high rewards . See also ( edit ) Glossary of blackjack terms MIT Blackjack Team The Gambler ( film series ) Blackjack literature ( edit ) Beat the Dealer : A Winning Strategy for the Game of Twenty - One , Edward O. Thorp , 1966 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 70310 - 7 Blackbelt in Blackjack , Arnold Snyder , 1998 ( 1980 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 910575 - 05 - 8 Blackjack and the Law , I. Nelson Rose and Robert A. Loeb , 1998 , ISBN 0 - 910575 - 08 - 8 Blackjack : A Winner 's Handbook , Jerry L. Patterson , 2001 , ( 1978 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 399 - 52683 - 1 Encyclopedia of Casino Twenty - One , Michael Dalton , 2016 , ( 1993 ) , ISBN 1 - 879712 - 02 - 4 Ken Uston on Blackjack , Ken Uston , 1986 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8184 - 0411 - 5 Knock - Out Blackjack , Olaf Vancura and Ken Fuchs , 1998 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 929712 - 31 - 4 Luck , Logic , and White Lies : The Mathematics of Games , Jörg Bewersdorff , 2004 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 56881 - 210 - 6 , 121 -- 134 , supplement : Blackjack calculator ( JavaScript ) Million Dollar Blackjack , Ken Uston , 1994 ( 1981 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 89746 - 068 - 2 Playing Blackjack as a Business , Lawrence Revere , 1998 ( 1971 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8184 - 0064 - 3 Professional Blackjack , Stanford Wong , 1994 ( 1975 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 935926 - 21 - 7 The Theory of Blackjack , Peter Griffin , 1996 ( 1979 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 929712 - 12 - 3 The Theory of Gambling and Statistical Logic , Richard A. Epstein , 1977 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 240761 - 1 , 215 -- 251 The World 's Greatest Blackjack Book , Lance Humble and Carl Cooper , 1980 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 15382 - 9 The Blackjack Life , Nathaniel Tilton , 2012 , ISBN 978 - 1935396338 BlackjackinColor Regulation in the United Kingdom The Gaming Clubs ( Bankers ' Games ) No. 2899 Regulation 7 1994 The Gaming Clubs ( Bankers ' Games ) ( Amendment ) No. 597 Regulation 3 2000 The Gaming Clubs ( Bankers ' Games ) ( Amendment ) No. 1130 Regulation 2 2002 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Scarne 's New Complete Guide to Gambling , p. 342 Jump up ^ Fontbona , Marc ( 2008 ) . Historia del Juego en España . De la Hispania romana a nuestros días . Barcelona : Flor del Viento Ediciones . p. 89 . ISBN 978 - 84 - 96495 - 30 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Blackjack '' . Casino.org . Retrieved 30 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Blackjack History and Events '' . blackjackreview.com . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Taking a hit : New blackjack odds further tilt advantage toward the house by Jeff Haney , Las Vegas Sun , November 13 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Blackjack Insurance Exceptions Jump up ^ QFIT.com 100 + Blackjack variations Jump up ^ Modern Blackjack page 39 ^ Jump up to : `` 4 - Deck to 8 - Deck Blackjack Strategy - Wizard of Odds '' . Wizard of Odds Consulting , Inc . Retrieved 30 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Odds '' . Fine points of basic strategy in single - deck blackjack . Retrieved December 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Odds '' . Total Dependent and Composition Dependent Basic Strategy in Blackjack . Retrieved December 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Rules & House Edge Table Jump up ^ Theory of Blackjack , p. 5 Jump up ^ Theory of Blackjack , pp 6 -- 7 Jump up ^ Thorp , Edward O. ( 1966 ) Beat The Dealer , Vintage Books , a Division of Random House , ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 70310 - 7 , pp 132 -- 136 Jump up ^ US State Gambling Laws Jump up ^ Edward Thorp : A Favorable Strategy for Twenty - One , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , Vol. 47 , No. 1 , 1961 , pp. 110 -- 112 , JSTOR , archive of PNAS . Jump up ^ `` Blackjack in Color '' . Shuffle Tracking Counts . Jump up ^ The Gambling Times Guide to Blackjack ; Gambling Times Incorporated , Hollywood , CA ; 1984 ; Page 110 ; ISBN 0 - 89746 - 015 - 4 Shuffle - Tracking An Easy Way to Start Jump up ^ Break the Dealer ; by Jerry L. Patterson and Eddie Olsen ; Perigee Books ; A Division of Penguin Putnam ; 1986 ; ISBN 0 - 399 - 51233 - 0 Shuffle - Tracking ; Chapter 6 , Page 83 Jump up ^ Blackjack : A Winner 's Handbook ; by Jerry L. Patterson ; Perigee Books ; A Division of Penguin Putnam ; © 1990 ; ISBN 0 - 399 - 51598 - 4 Shuffle - Tracking ; Chapter 4 , Page 51 Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Odds '' . Blackjack Side Bets . External links ( edit ) Search for Blackjack at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Blackjack Advantage play Glossary of blackjack terms Card counting Shuffle track Hole carding Edge sorting MindPlay Miscellaneous Chinese Blackjack Spanish 21 Super Fun 21 Double Attack Blackjack Double Exposure Blackjack Elimination Blackjack Pontoon ( card game ) Power blackjack Community Blackjack Forum Blackjack Hall of Fame Peter A. Griffin Thomas Hyland Zeljko Ranogajec Arnold Snyder Edward O. 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who proposed the rebuilding of the temples on the acropolis			Acropolis of Athens	acropolis of athens	The Acropolis of Athens is an ancient citadel located on a rocky outcrop above the city of Athens and contains the remains of several ancient buildings of great architectural and historic significance , the most famous being the Parthenon . The word acropolis is from the Greek words ἄκρον ( akron , `` highest point , extremity '' ) and πόλις ( polis , `` city '' ) . Although the term acropolis is generic and there are many other acropoleis in Greece , the significance of the Acropolis of Athens is such that it is commonly known as `` The Acropolis '' without qualification . During ancient times it was known also more properly as Cecropia , after the legendary serpent - man , Cecrops , the first Athenian king .	While there is evidence that the hill was inhabited as far back as the fourth millennium BC , it was Pericles ( c. 495 -- 429 BC ) in the fifth century BC who coordinated the construction of the site 's most important present remains including the Parthenon , the Propylaia , the Erechtheion and the Temple of Athena Nike . The Parthenon and the other buildings were damaged seriously during the 1687 siege by the Venetians during the Morean War when gunpowder being stored in the Parthenon was hit by a cannonball and exploded . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early settlement 1.2 Archaic Acropolis 1.3 The Periclean building program 1.4 Hellenistic and Roman period 1.5 Byzantine , Latin and Ottoman period 2 Archaeological remains 2.1 Site plan 3 The Acropolis Restoration Project 4 Cultural significance 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External links History ( edit ) The Acropolis of Athens as seen from Mount Lycabettus The wooded Hill of the Nymphs is half - visible on its right , and Philopappos Hill on the left , immediately behind . The Philopappos Monument stands where , in the distant background , the coast of Peloponnese meet the waters of the Saronic Gulf . View of the Acropolis from the Agora , 2010 . Early settlement ( edit ) The Acropolis is located on a flattish - topped rock that rises 150 m ( 490 ft ) above sea level in the city of Athens , with a surface area of about 3 hectares ( 7.4 acres ) . While the earliest artifacts date to the Middle Neolithic era , there have been documented habitations in Attica from the Early Neolithic period ( 6th millennium BC ) . There is little doubt that a Mycenaean megaron palace stood upon the hill during the late Bronze Age . Nothing of this megaron survives except , probably , a single limestone column - base and pieces of several sandstone steps . Soon after the palace was constructed , a Cyclopean massive circuit wall was built , 760 meters long , up to 10 meters high , and ranging from 3.5 to 6 meters thick . This wall would serve as the main defense for the acropolis until the 5th century . The wall consisted of two parapets built with large stone blocks and cemented with an earth mortar called emplekton ( Greek : ἔμπλεκτον ) . The wall uses typical Mycenaean conventions in that it followed the natural contour of the terrain and its gate , which was towards the south , was arranged obliquely , with a parapet and tower overhanging the incomers ' right - hand side , thus facilitating defense . There were two lesser approaches up the hill on its north side , consisting of steep , narrow flights of steps cut in the rock . Homer is assumed to refer to this fortification when he mentions the `` strong - built House of Erechtheus '' ( Odyssey 7.81 ) . At some time before the 13th century BC , an earthquake caused a fissure near the northeastern edge of the Acropolis . This fissure extended some 35 meters to a bed of soft marl in which a well was dug . An elaborate set of stairs was built and the well served as an invaluable , protected source of drinking water during times of siege for some portion of the Mycenaean period . There is no conclusive evidence for the existence of a Mycenean palace on top of the Athenian Acropolis . However , if there was such a palace , it seems to have been supplanted by later building activity . Archaic Acropolis ( edit ) Proposed elevation of the Hekatompedon temple . Built between 570 -- 550 BC , it stood where the Parthenon now stands . Fragments of the sculptures in its pediments are in the Acropolis Museum . Proposed elevation of the Old Temple of Athena . Built around 525 BC , it stood between the Parthenon and the Erechtheum . Fragments of the sculptures in its pediments are in the Acropolis Museum . Not much is known about the architectural appearance of the Acropolis until the Archaic era . During the 7th and the 6th centuries BC , the site was controlled by Kylon during the failed Kylonian revolt , and twice by Peisistratos ; all attempts directed at seizing political power by coups d'état . Apart from the Hekatompedon mentioned later , Peisistratos also built an entry gate or Propylaea . Nevertheless , it seems that a nine-gate wall , the Enneapylon , had been built around the biggest water spring , the Clepsydra , at the northwestern foot . A temple to Athena Polias , the tutelary deity of the city , was erected between 570 -- 550 BC . This Doric limestone building , from which many relics survive , is referred to as the Hekatompedon ( Greek for `` hundred -- footed '' ) , Ur - Parthenon ( German for `` original Parthenon '' or `` primitive Parthenon '' ) , H -- Architecture or Bluebeard temple , after the pedimental three - bodied man - serpent sculpture , whose beards were painted dark blue . Whether this temple replaced an older one , or just a sacred precinct or altar , is not known . Probably , the Hekatompedon was built where the Parthenon now stands . Between 529 -- 520 BC yet another temple was built by the Peisistratids , the Old Temple of Athena , usually referred to as the Arkhaios Neōs ( ἀρχαῖος νεώς , `` ancient temple '' ) . This temple of Athena Polias was built upon the Dörpfeld foundations , between the Erechtheion and the still - standing Parthenon . Arkhaios Neōs was destroyed by the Persian invasion during 480 BC ; however , the temple was probably reconstructed during 454 BC , since the treasury of the Delian League was transferred in its opisthodomos . The temple may have been burnt down during 406 / 405 BC as Xenophon mentions that the old temple of Athena was set afire . Pausanias does not mention it in his 2nd century AD Description of Greece . Around 500 BC the Hekatompedon was dismantled to make place for a new grander building , the `` Older Parthenon '' ( often referred to as the Pre-Parthenon , `` early Parthenon '' ) . For this reason , Athenians decided to stop the construction of the Olympieion temple which was connoted with the tyrant Peisistratos and his sons and , instead , used the Piraeus limestone destined for the Olympieion to build the Older Parthenon . In order to accommodate the new temple , the south part of the summit was cleared , made level by adding some 8,000 two - ton blocks of limestone , a foundation 11 m ( 36 ft ) deep at some points , and the rest was filled with soil kept in place by the retaining wall . However , after the victorious Battle of Marathon in 490 BC , the plan was revised and marble was used instead . The limestone phase of the building is referred to as Pre-Parthenon I and the marble phase as Pre-Parthenon II . In 485 BC , construction stalled to save resources as Xerxes became king of Persia and war seemed imminent . The Older Parthenon was still under construction when the Persians indeed invaded and sacked the city in 480 BC . The building was burned and looted , along with the Ancient Temple and practically everything else on the rock . After the Persian crisis had subsided , the Athenians incorporated many architectural parts of the unfinished temple ( unfluted column drums , triglyphs , metopes , etc . ) into the newly built northern curtain wall of the Acropolis , where they served as a prominent `` war memorial '' and can still be seen today . The devastated site was cleared of debris . Statuary , cult objects , religious offerings and unsalvageable architectural members were buried ceremoniously in several deeply dug pits on the hill , serving conveniently as a fill for the artificial plateau created around the classic Parthenon . This `` Persian debris '' is the richest archaeological deposit excavated on the Acropolis . The periclean building program ( edit ) The Parthenon . After winning at Eurymedon during 468 BC , Cimon and Themistocles ordered the reconstruction of the southern and northern walls of the Acropolis . Most of the major temples , including the Parthenon , were rebuilt by order of Pericles during the so - called Golden Age of Athens ( 460 -- 430 BC ) . Phidias , an Athenian sculptor , and Ictinus and Callicrates , two famous architects , were responsible for the reconstruction . During 437 BC , Mnesicles started building the Propylaea , a monumental gate at the western end of the Acropolis with Doric columns of Pentelic marble , built partly upon the old propylaea of Peisistratos . These colonnades were almost finished during 432 BC and had two wings , the northern one decorated with paintings by Polygnotus . About the same time , south of the Propylaea , building started on the small Ionic Temple of Athena Nike in Pentelic marble with tetrastyle porches , preserving the essentials of Greek temple design . After an interruption caused by the Peloponnesian War , the temple was finished during the time of Nicias ' peace , between 421 BC and 409 BC . The Erechtheum Construction of the elegant temple of Erechtheion in Pentelic marble ( 421 -- 406 BC ) was in accordance with a complex plan which took account of the extremely uneven ground and the need to circumvent several shrines in the area . The entrance , facing east , is lined with six Ionic columns . Unusually , the temple has two porches , one on the northwest corner borne by Ionic columns , the other , to the southwest , supported by huge female figures or Caryatids . The eastern part of the temple was dedicated to Athena Polias , while the western part , serving the cult of the archaic king Poseidon - Erechtheus , housed the altars of Hephaestus and Voutos , brother of Erechtheus . Little is known about the original plan of the interior which was destroyed by fire during the first century BC and has been rebuilt several times . During the same period , a combination of sacred precincts including the temples of Athena Polias , Poseidon , Erechtheus , Cecrops , Herse , Pandrosos and Aglauros , with its Kore Porch ( Porch of the Maidens ) or Caryatids ' balcony was begun . Between the temple of Athena Nike and the Parthenon , there was the Sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia ( or the Brauroneion ) , the goddess represented as a bear and worshipped in the deme of Brauron . According to Pausanias , a wooden statue or xoanon of the goddess and a statue of Artemis made by Praxiteles during the 4th century BC were both in the sanctuary . The Propylaea Behind the Propylaea , Phidias ' gigantic bronze statue of Athena Promachos ( `` Athena who fights in the front line '' ) , built between 450 BC and 448 BC , dominated . The base was 1.50 m ( 4 ft 11 in ) high , while the total height of the statue was 9 m ( 30 ft ) . The goddess held a lance the gilt tip of which could be seen as a reflection by crews on ships rounding Cape Sounion , and a giant shield on the left side , decorated by Mys with images of the fight between the Centaurs and the Lapiths . Other monuments that have left almost nothing visible to the present day are the Chalkotheke , the Pandroseion , Pandion 's sanctuary , Athena 's altar , Zeus Polieus 's sanctuary and , from Roman times , the circular temple of Augustus and Rome . Hellenistic and Roman period ( edit ) 3D 3 - D model of the Acropolis in 165 AD ( click to rotate ) During the Hellenistic and Roman periods , many of the existing buildings in the area of the Acropolis were repaired , due to damage from age , and occasionally , war . Monuments to foreign kings were erected , notably those of the Attalid kings of Pergamon Attalos II ( in front of the NW corner of the Parthenon ) , and Eumenes II , in front of the Propylaia . These were rededicated during the early Roman Empire to Augustus or Claudius ( uncertain ) , and Agrippa , respectively . Eumenes was also responsible for constructing a stoa on the South slope , not unlike that of Attalos in the Agora below . During the Julio - Claudian period , the Temple of Rome and Augustus , a small , round edifice , about 23 meters from the Parthenon , was to be the last significant ancient construction on the summit of the rock . Around the same time , on the North slope , in a cave next to the one dedicated to Pan since the classical period , a sanctuary was founded where the archons dedicated to Apollo on assuming office . During 161 AD , on the South slope , the Roman Herodes Atticus built his grand amphitheatre or Odeon . It was destroyed by the invading Herulians a century later but was reconstructed during the 1950s . During the 3rd century , under threat from a Herulian invasion , repairs were made to the Acropolis walls , and the `` Beulé Gate '' was constructed to restrict entrance in front of the Propylaia , thus returning the Acropolis to use as a fortress . Byzantine , Latin and Ottoman period ( edit ) Depiction of the Venetian siege of the Acropolis of Athens during 1687 . During the Byzantine period , the Parthenon was used as a church , dedicated to the Virgin Mary . During the Latin Duchy of Athens , the Acropolis functioned as the city 's administrative center , with the Parthenon as its cathedral , and the Propylaia as part of the Ducal Palace . A large tower was added , the `` Frankopyrgos '' , demolished during the 19th century . After the Ottoman conquest of Greece , the Parthenon was used as the garrison headquarters of the Turkish army , and the Erechtheum was turned into the Governor 's private Harem . The buildings of the Acropolis suffered significant damage during the 1687 siege by the Venetians in the Morean War . The Parthenon , which was being used as a gunpowder magazine , was hit by artillery shot and damaged severely . Idealized reconstruction of the Acropolis and Areios Pagos in Athens , Leo von Klenze , 1846 . During subsequent years , the Acropolis was a site of bustling human activity with many Byzantine , Frankish , and Ottoman structures . The dominant feature during the Ottoman period was a mosque inside the Parthenon , complete with a minaret . After the Greek War of Independence , most features that dated from the Byzantine , Frankish and Ottoman periods were cleared from the site in an attempt to restore the monument to its original form , `` cleansed '' of all later additions . Archaeological remains ( edit ) Remains of the Theatre of Dionysus as of 2007 The entrance to the Acropolis was a monumental gateway termed the Propylaea . To the south of the entrance is the tiny Temple of Athena Nike . At the centre of the Acropolis is the Parthenon or Temple of Athena Parthenos ( Athena the Virgin ) . East of the entrance and north of the Parthenon is the temple known as the Erechtheum . South of the platform that forms the top of the Acropolis there are also the remains of the ancient , though often remodelled , Theatre of Dionysus . A few hundred metres away , there is the now partially reconstructed Odeon of Herodes Atticus . All the valuable ancient artifacts are situated in the Acropolis Museum , which resides on the southern slope of the same rock , 280 metres from the Parthenon . Site plan ( edit ) Site plan of the Acropolis at Athens showing the major archaeological remains Parthenon Old Temple of Athena Erechtheum Statue of Athena Promachos Propylaea Temple of Athena Nike Eleusinion Sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia or Brauroneion Chalkotheke Pandroseion Arrephorion Altar of Athena Sanctuary of Zeus Polieus Sanctuary of Pandion Odeon of Herodes Atticus Stoa of Eumenes Sanctuary of Asclepius or Asclepieion Theatre of Dionysus Eleuthereus Odeon of Pericles Temenos of Dionysus Eleuthereus Aglaureion The Acropolis Restoration Project ( edit ) View east toward the Acropolis under construction during summer 2014 . The Project began during 1975 but as of 2017 has almost ground to a halt . The goal of the restoration was to reverse the decay of centuries of attrition , pollution , destruction stemming from military use , and misguided past restorations . The project included collection and identification of all stone fragments , even small ones , from the Acropolis and its slopes and the attempt was made to restore as much as possible using reassembled original material ( anastylosis ) , with new marble from Mount Penteli used sparingly . All restoration was made using titanium dowels and is designed to be completely reversible , in case future experts decide to change things . A combination of cutting - edge modern technology and extensive research and reinvention of ancient techniques were used . The Parthenon colonnades , largely destroyed by Venetian bombardment during the 17th century , were restored , with many wrongly assembled columns now properly placed . The roof and floor of the Propylaea were partly restored , with sections of the roof made of new marble and decorated with blue and gold inserts , as in the original . Restoration of the Temple of Athena Nike was completed in 2010 . A total of 2,675 tons of architectural members were restored , with 686 stones reassembled from fragments of the originals , 905 patched with new marble , and 186 parts made entirely of new marble . A total of 530 cubic meters of new Pentelic marble were used . Cultural significance ( edit ) Every four years , the Athenians had a festival called the Panathenaea that rivaled the Olympic Games in popularity . During the festival , a procession ( believed to be depicted on the Parthenon frieze ) traveled through the city via the Panathenaic Way and culminated on the Acropolis . There , a new robe of woven wool ( peplos ) was placed on either the statue of Athena Polias in the Erechtheum ( during a regular Panathenaea ) or on the statue of Athena Parthenos in the Parthenon ( during the Great Panathenaea , held every four years ) . Within the later tradition of Western Civilization and classical revival the Acropolis , from at least the mid-18th century on , has often been invoked as a key symbol of the Greek legacy and of the glories of Classical Greece . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ acro -. ( n.d. ) . In Greek , Acropolis means `` Highest City '' . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language , Fourth Edition . Retrieved September 29 , 2008 , from Dictionary.com website : Quote : `` ( From Greek akros , extreme ; see ak - in Indo - European roots . ) '' Jump up ^ Hurwit 2000 , p. 87 Jump up ^ `` History '' , Odysseus . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Nicholas Reeves and Dyfri Williams , `` The Parthenon in Ruins '' Archived 2009 - 08 - 06 at the Wayback Machine. , British Museum Magazine 57 ( spring / summer 2007 ) , pp. 36 - 38 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Castleden , Rodney ( 2005 ) . Mycenaeans . Routledge . pp. 64 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 22782 - 2 . Jump up ^ Hurwit 2000 , p. 74 - 75 . Jump up ^ ἔμπλεκτος , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon , on Perseus Digital Library Jump up ^ Hurwit 2000 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ `` The springs and fountains of the Acropolis hill '' Archived 2013 - 07 - 28 at the Wayback Machine. , Hydria Project . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Pomeroy , Sarah B. ( 1999 ) . Ancient Greece : A Political , Social , and Cultural History . Oxford University Press . pp. 163 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 509742 - 9 . Jump up ^ Starr , Chester G. `` Peisistratos '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Acropolis fortification wall '' , Odysseus . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Hurwit 2000 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Hurwit 2000 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ ( in Greek ) ( 1 ) , Retrieved 5 June 2012 Jump up ^ Manolis Korres , Topographic Issues of the Acropolis , Archaeology of the City of Athens ; Retrieved 7 June 2012 Jump up ^ `` Athens , Pre-Parthenon ( Building ) '' , Perseus Digital Library . Retrieved 3 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Dörpfeld , W : Der aeltere Parthenon , Ath . Mitt , XVII , 1892 , pp. 158 -- 89 . ( in German ) Jump up ^ Kavvadias , Panagiotis , Kawerau , Georg : Die Ausgrabung der Akropolis vom Jahre 1885 bis zum Jahre 1890 , Athens , 1906 ( in German ) Jump up ^ `` Ictinus and Callicrates with Phidias '' , Architecture Week . Retrieved 3 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mnesicles '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 6 December 2012 . Jump up ^ McCulloch , John Ramsay ( 1841 ) . A Dictionary , Geographical , Statistical , and Historical : Of the Various Countries , Places and Principal Natural Objects in the World . Longman , Orme , Brown , Green and Longmans . pp. 205 -- . Jump up ^ Mark , Ira S. ( 1993 ) . The Sanctuary of Athena Nike in Athens : Architectural Stages and Chronology . ASCSA . pp. 72 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87661 - 526 - 3 . Jump up ^ Thomas Sakoulas , `` Erechtheion '' , Ancient-Greece.org . Retrieved 7 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Venieri , `` Erechtheion '' , Odysseus . Retrieved 7 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Acropolis of Athens '' . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia '' , Acropolis Museum . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Mikalson , Jon D. ( 2011 ) . Ancient Greek Religion . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 73 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 5819 - 3 . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Brouskarē , Maria S. ( 1997 ) . The monuments of the Acropolis . pp 56 - 57 : Ministry of Culture , Archeological Receipts Fund . ISBN 978 - 960 - 214 - 158 - 8 . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Travlos , John , Pictorial Dictionary of Ancient Athens , London : Thames and Hudson , 1971 . p. 54 . Jump up ^ Hurwit 2000 p. 278 Jump up ^ `` The Stoa of Eumenes '' , The Acropolis of Athens . Greek Thesaurus . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Hurwit 2000 , p. 279 . Jump up ^ Nulton , Peter , The Sanctuary of Apollo Hypoakraios and Imperial Athens , Archaeologia Transatlantica XXI , 2003 . Jump up ^ Steves , Rick ( 2011 ) . Rick Steves ' Greece : Athens & the Peloponnese . Avalon Travel . pp. 115 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61238 - 060 - 5 . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Partenon '' , Ancient Greece . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Melton , J. Gordon ; Baumann , Martin ( 21 September 2010 ) . Religions of the World , Second Edition : A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices . ABC - CLIO . pp. 233 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 204 - 3 . Jump up ^ Neils , Jenifer ( 5 September 2005 ) . The Parthenon : From Antiquity to the Present . Cambridge University Press . pp. 346 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 82093 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hellenistic ministry of culture History of the Acropolis of Athens Jump up ^ `` Acropolis , Athens : Long description '' , UNESCO . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Nicholas Reeves and Dyfri Williams , `` The Parthenon in Ruins '' Archived 2009 - 08 - 06 at the Wayback Machine. , British Museum Magazine , No 57 , 2007 , pages 36 -- 38 . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Hadingham , Evan ( February 2008 ) . `` Unlocking Mysteries of the Parthenon '' . Smithsonian . Jump up ^ `` The Acropolis Museum '' . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fani Mallouchou - Tufano , `` The Restoration of the Athenian Acropolis '' Archived 2012 - 12 - 02 at the Wayback Machine. , University of Michigan . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 2011 , The progress of restoration on the Acropolis '' , The Acropolis Restoration News , July 2011 . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Acropolis Restoration Project - Lecture by Maria Ioannidou , Director , Acropolis Restoration Service '' , Columbia University . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Panathenaic Festical '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 27 . Library resources about Acropolis of Athens Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Bibliography ( edit ) Andronicos , Manolis ( 2005 ) . The Acropolis . Ekdotike Athenon S.A. ISBN 9789602130063 . Bouras , Charalampos ; Ioannidou , Maria ; Jenkins , Ian ( 2012 ) . Acropolis Restored . British Museum Press . ISBN 978 - 0861591879 . Brouskarē , Maria S. ( 1997 ) . The monuments of the Acropolis . Ministry of Culture , Archeological Receipts Fund . ISBN 978 - 960 - 214 - 158 - 8 . Cohen , Beth . ( 2010 ) . `` Deconstructing the Acropolis : The Acropolis Museum , Athens , opened 20 June 2009 by Bernard Tschumi Architects . '' American Journal of Archaeology 114 : 745 -- 753 . Economakis , Richard ; Bettella , Mario ( 2010 ) . Acropolis : Ancient Cities . Artmedia Press . ISBN 9781902889061 . Goette , Hans Rupprecht. ( 2001 ) . Athens , Attica and the Megarid : An Archaeological Guide . London and New York : Routledge . Harris , Diane . ( 1995 ) . The Treasures of the Parthenon and Erechtheion . New York : Oxford Univ . Press . Hurwit , Jeffrey M. ( 2000 ) . The Athenian Acropolis : History , Mythology , and Archaeology from the Neolithic Era to the Present . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0521428347 . Hurwit , Jeffrey M. ( 2004 ) . The Acropolis in the Age of Pericles . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0521527408 . Keesling , Catherine M. ( 2008 ) . The Votive Statues of the Athenian Acropolis . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521071260 . Miller , Walter ( 2009 ) . A History of the Akropolis of Athens . Gorgias Press . ISBN 978 - 1607244981 . Neils , Jenifer ( 2005 ) . The Parthenon : From Antiquity to the Present . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 82093 - 6 . Neils , Jenifer , ed. ( 1996 ) . Worshipping Athena : Panathenaia and Parthenon . Madison : Univ. of Wisconsin Press . Pollitt , Jerome J. ( 1990 ) . The Art of Ancient Greece : Sources and Documents . New York : Cambridge Univ . Press . Rhodes , Robin Francis ( 1995 ) . Architecture and Meaning on the Athenian Acropolis . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0521469814 . Shuter , Jane ( 1999 ) . The Acropolis . Heinemann Library . ISBN 978 - 1575728551 . Servi , Katerina ( 2011 ) . The Acropolis : The Acropolis Museum . Ekdotike Athenon . ISBN 978 - 9602134528 . Tanaka , Michitaro ( 1978 ) . The Acropolis . Kodansha America , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0870110856 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Acropolis of Athens . The Acropolis of Athens ( Greek Government website ) The Acropolis Restoration Project ( Greek Government website ) The Acropolis of Athens Virtual Tour The Acropolis Museum and the Goddess Athena The Glafka Project UNESCO World Heritage Centre -- Acropolis , Athens Ancient Athens 3D Excerpt on the geology of Athens from : A Geological Companion to Greece and the Aegean by Michael and Reynold Higgins , Cornell University Press , 1996 The Acropolis of Athens - Athensguide Tour of Acropolis of Athens , Site of the Parthenon-About.com Athenian Acropolis Videos Acropolis of Athens , Full Reconstruction , animation by the Technological Research Institute , University of Santiago de Compostela , on YouTube Timelapse video of Acropolis during Earth Hour 2010 Timelapse showing how the Acropolis of Athens switched off & on the lights during Earth Hour 2010 The Acropolis in 1955 The Acropolis in 1969 Greek Glory A tour of ancient Greek buildings and monuments in Athens in the 1940s Acropolis of Athens from the old Greek TV show `` Ελλάδος Περιήγησις ... '' ( Greece Tours ) , 1998 ( in Greek ) Athens , Greece : Ancient Acropolis and Agora by Rick Steves Three dimensional reconstruction of ancient Acropolis Βασιλόπουλος ( Vasilopoulos ) , Χρίστος ( Christos ) ( 2011 ) . `` Η ιστορία της Ακρόπολης '' ( The history of Acropolis ) . Μηχανή Του Χρόνου ( The Time Machine ) ( in Greek ) . Greece . NET . Articles and topics related to Acropolis of Athens Acropolis of Athens Extant structures Parthenon Erechtheion Propylaea Temple of Athena Nike Odeon of Herodes Atticus Stoa of Eumenes Sanctuary of Asclepius Theatre of Dionysus Eleuthereus Aglaureion Former structures Pelasgic wall Hekatompedon temple Older Parthenon Old Temple of Athena Perserschutt Statue of Athena Promachos Statue of Athena Parthenos Sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia Chalkotheke Pandroseion Arrephorion Altar of Athena Eleusinion Nike of Callimachus Sanctuary of Pandion Sanctuary of Zeus Polieus Odeon of Pericles Frankish Tower People Creation Pericles Phidias Ictinus Callicrates Mnesikles Destruction Francesco Morosini Lord Elgin Giovanni Battista Lusieri Reverend Philip Hunt Museums Acropolis Museum Old Acropolis Museum Museum of the Center for the Acropolis Studies Elgin Marbles at the British Museum World Heritage Sites in Greece North Aigai Mount Athos Paleochristian and Byzantine monuments of Thessaloniki City Walls Rotunda Church of the Acheiropoietos Church of Saint Demetrios Latomou Monastery Church of Hagia Sophia Church of Panagia Chalkeon Church of Saint Panteleimon Church of the Holy Apostles Church of Saint Nicholas Orphanos Church of Saint Catherine Church of the Saviour Vlatades Monastery Church of Prophet Elijah Byzantine Bath Philippi Central Delphi Hosios Loukas Meteora Old Town of Corfu Attica Acropolis of Athens Daphni Monastery South Epidaurus Mycenae and Tiryns Lion Gate Treasury of Atreus Mystras Olympia Temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae Aegean Islands Delos Medieval city of Rhodes Grand Master 's Palace Fortifications Monastery of Saint John the Theologian and the Cave of the Apocalypse Nea Moni of Chios Pythagoreion and Heraion of Samos Major landmarks of Athens Ancient Acropolis Ancient Agora Arch of Hadrian Areopagus Aristotle 's Lyceum Hadrian 's Library Kerameikos Monument of Lysicrates Odeon of Herodes Atticus Panathenaic Stadium Philopappos Hill / Monument Platonic Academy Pnyx Remains of the Acharnian Road , Acharnian Gate and Cemetery Site Remains of the Long Walls Roman Agora Stoa of Attalos Temple of Hephaestus Temple of Olympian Zeus Theatre of Dionysus Tower of the Winds Byzantine Little Metropolis Daphni Monastery Holy Apostles Church Kapnikarea Church Pantanassa Church Soteira Lykodimou / Russian Church Ottoman Fethiye Mosque House of Saint Philothei / Manor house of Benizelos - Palaiologos family Tzistarakis Mosque Modern Hansen 's `` Trilogy '' Academy Kapodistrian University of Athens National Library of Greece Museums Acropolis Museum Benaki Museum Byzantine and Christian Museum Museum of Cycladic Art Kerameikos Museum National Archaeological Museum National Gallery National Historical Museum Numismatic Museum Churches Metropolitan Cathedral of Athens Cathedral Basilica of St. Dionysius the Areopagite Gardens / Parks National Gardens Pedion tou Areos Squares and Neighbourhoods Anafiotika Kolonaki Square Kotzia Square Monastiraki Omonoia Square Plaka Syntagma Thiseio Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Athens Concert Hall Gennadius Library National Observatory of Athens National Theatre Old Parliament House Old Royal Palace Olympic Sports Complex Presidential Mansion Stavros Niarchos Foundation Cultural Center Zappeion Marinas Agios Kosmas Marina Alimos Marina Athens Marina ( formerly Faliro Marina ) Marinas of Glyfada Olympic Marine Floisvos Marina Marina of Vouliagmeni Marina of Zea Marina Tzitzifies Others Dionysiou Areopagitou Street Lycabettus Hill `` The template below ( Ancient Greece topics ) is being considered for merging . 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who played kelly on the drew carey show	Kellie Newmark ( Cynthia Watros ) -- Drew 's childhood friend . She has had a crush on Drew since high school but never told him . She was married but her husband cheated on her with her sister . Her mother is an alcoholic and leaves her father , eventually hooking up with Lewis . After Kate leaves , Drew realizes that he loves Kellie . Drew is afraid to tell Kellie because it may ruin their friendship like it did with Kate . After Lily leaves Drew , they confess their feelings for each other . When Kellie comes out while Drew is talking to his dad and asks Drew what they are going to do about their feelings for each other , Drew 's dad falls off the roof and dies . Eventually during the beginning stage of their relationship Kellie finds out she is pregnant with Drew Jr. but wo n't marry Drew because she does n't think he is ready for marriage . During the finale she decides Drew is ready . But her water breaks and she and Drew get married right when the baby is born .	Cynthia Watros	List of the Drew Carey show characters	list of the drew carey show characters	This is a list of characters who have appeared on The Drew Carey Show .	Contents 1 Main characters 2 Drew 's marriages 3 Other characters 4 Notable guest stars / actor cameos 5 Musical artist cameos 5.1 Sports personality cameos 6 See also 7 References Main characters ( edit ) Drew Allison Carey ( Drew Carey ) -- Drew Carey is the main protagonist of the series . A perpetual `` nice guy '' , for most of the series , he works in the human resources department of Winfred - Louder , a multinational department store chain . Drew is the founder and co-owner of Buzz Beer , a coffee - flavored caffeinated beer ( at the time , such drinks were legal but uncommon in the United States ) . He has a long - standing feud with co-worker Mimi Bobeck ; both play endless , occasionally complicated , seriously mean - spirited pranks on each other until she becomes his sister - in - law , after which they still dislike each other . Mimi Bobeck ( Kathy Kinney ) -- Mimi Bobeck is Mr. Wick 's assistant / secretary and the main antagonist of the series . Much like Fonzie from Happy Days and Steve Urkel from Family Matters , the Mimi character was originally a one - time character , only appearing in the pilot episode . She is an overweight woman who wears a lot of makeup , yet has a very high but unstable self - esteem . ( As an in - joke , Mimi 's mother was played by known makeup addict and connoisseur Tammy Faye Bakker . ) Mimi is Drew 's nemesis ; she vowed to make Drew 's life a living hell after Drew denied her a job based on her makeup . Mimi 's pranks included gluing Drew 's hand to a pornographic magazine , covering Drew 's desk with garbage , and eventually sending Drew to China while he is unconscious . She is also known for calling him `` Pig '' and `` Doughboy . '' Mimi 's past has a lot of connections to the world of music ; she often talks about being a roadie for Foghat and was married to Eddie Money for two weeks after appearing at his first concert . Additionally , she claims to have slept with both Joe Walsh and Peter Frampton . Later on , Mimi becomes more of a friend to Drew ( they agree to put their feud on hold while Mimi dates and later marries his brother , Steve ) and a loving , if unconventional , mother to Gus . Early in the series , it was revealed that Mimi was Catholic and of Polish ancestry , and inherited the title of Duchess of Kraków after her aunt died . ( Starting in 2009 , Mimi / Kinney resurfaced as a guest on The Price is Right , hosted by Drew Carey since October 15 , 2007 , during the show 's April Fool 's episode , first in 2009 as a model and then ransacking Mike Richards ' position as executive producer on the show , in 2010 . Carey usually promotes Kinney 's next project during the closing of that episode . ) Lewis Kiniski ( Ryan Stiles ) -- Forms a double - act with Oswald . Lewis , who is tall , gangly , and perpetually bemused . Ryan Stiles once described Lewis as `` Not even a character at first , just a creep really . '' He possesses an IQ of 162 , but works as a janitor for a company called DrugCo , which conducts bizarre experiments . Due to accidentally releasing a strain of bacteria into the population , he was busted down to janitor from a position that required him to wear a lab coat . At one point , he posed as Drew to take his physical exam for him , unexpectedly taking a psychiatric exam as well . He tried to give answers which he thought suited Drew 's life and situation , and the results showed him to be mentally unstable and possibly criminally insane . He mentioned in one episode he was adopted . Oswald Lee Harvey ( Diedrich Bader ) -- Lewis 's slightly shorter , dark - haired friend is the dumb one of the double - act , which tends to be his most distinguishing characteristic . Lewis described him once as a `` man - child stuck in a sort of prolonged adolescence . '' Oswald was a deejay at the beginning of the first season but later on became a delivery driver for Global Parcel ( a fictional package - delivery service whose uniforms are modeled after those of UPS ) . He later attempted to become a nurse , but he failed the required tests . Drew later got him a job as a delivery man for Never Ending Store , but Oswald was injured on store property . After receiving damages , he bought the Warsaw . In the episode Bus - ted , it is revealed that Oswald joined the group of friends to replace Adam , a childhood friend who fell through the ice on a lake . Aside from Carey , Bader is the only cast member to appear in every episode of the series . Kate O'Brien ( Christa Miller ) -- Friends with Drew , Lewis , and Oswald since they were kids . Kate is a bit of a tomboy and a hothead and good with her fists . She and Oswald almost got married at one point , but she called it off just after Oswald threw her a surprise wedding ( essentially leaving Oswald at the altar ) . She later found out about Drew 's long - standing crush on her at their high school reunion , and she realized that she had feelings for him too . They dated for a season ( even becoming engaged ) but broke up when they disagreed about having kids . Drew and Kate were married for a short time in a later season , although this was illegal , as Drew had just become married to his old girlfriend , Nicki . Eventually , Drew 's sham was discovered and Kate felt betrayed . Drew eventually regained Kate 's trust and they became friends again . Kate left at the beginning of the eighth season , marrying a Naval aviator and moving from Cleveland to Guam . Nigel Algernon Wick ( Craig Ferguson ) -- Drew 's boss after the first season , replacing Mr. Bell ( Kevin Pollak ) . English , crude , boisterous and offensive , he was also a cocaine addict before he was forced to go into rehab . For some time , he and Drew were in a same - sex marriage ( technically a civil union ) in order for Mr. Wick to get his green card and Drew to get his job back . When he first appeared on stage in guest episodes in the last two seasons he was greeted with thunderous applause . Wick always had unusual methods of firing employees ( usually men surnamed Johnson ) , which he does in most episodes . He is almost always referred to as `` Mr. Wick '' , and his first name , Nigel , is rarely used . In the show 's first April Fool 's Day episode , Wick was shot in the crotch with a crossbow by an employee ( named Johnson ) whom he had just fired . Wick had to have one of his testicles removed . Wick also lost a toe and a nipple in a fox hunt that went terribly wrong . Craig Ferguson initially auditioned at Warner Bros. for a role as a Hispanic photographer on Suddenly Susan , and after he failed his audition , the casting director referred him to The Drew Carey Show which was auditioning across the studio . Ferguson , who is Scottish , played the role with an over-the - top posh English accent `` to make up for generations of English actors doing crap Scottish accents . '' At the end of one episode , Ferguson broke the fourth wall and begin talking to the audience at home in his regular Scottish accent . Steve Carey ( John Carroll Lynch ) -- Drew 's straight but cross-dressing brother . He came to Cleveland and got a job in the cosmetics department at Winfred - Louder . He fell in love with Mimi and after one season of dating they married in a ceremony in Drew 's backyard , with Drew officiating along with an online minister from an Internet website . In later seasons the concept of Steve being a cross-dresser is abandoned entirely with little explanation ( though it is hinted that he gave it up to make Mimi happy ) . He left , along with Kate and Wick , early in the eighth season . Kellie Newmark ( Cynthia Watros ) -- Drew 's childhood friend . She has had a crush on Drew since high school but never told him . She was married but her husband cheated on her with her sister . Her mother is an alcoholic and leaves her father , eventually hooking up with Lewis . After Kate leaves , Drew realizes that he loves Kellie . Drew is afraid to tell Kellie because it may ruin their friendship like it did with Kate . After Lily leaves Drew , they confess their feelings for each other . When Kellie comes out while Drew is talking to his dad and asks Drew what they are going to do about their feelings for each other , Drew 's dad falls off the roof and dies . Eventually during the beginning stage of their relationship Kellie finds out she is pregnant with Drew Jr. but wo n't marry Drew because she does n't think he is ready for marriage . During the finale she decides Drew is ready . But her water breaks and she and Drew get married right when the baby is born . Drew 's marriages ( edit ) Much of the show 's humor revolved around Drew 's single life ( in real life , Drew was engaged for the first time in 2007 , shortly after becoming a game show host ) . However , Drew was married a number of times during the show 's run . His spouses during the series were : Diane ( Nicole Sullivan ) -- A cocktail waitress Drew met on a business trip to Las Vegas . She tricked Drew into marrying her because she believed having a husband would give her an edge in winning custody of her children . Drew agreed to help her with the social workers , and they divorced a week later . Mr. Wick ( Craig Ferguson ) - Drew 's boss for the majority of the series , desperately wanted a spouse when his visa expired and he was threatened with deportation . He bribed Drew with a promotion and several benefits to get Drew to marry him in Vermont They stayed married for just over a year to throw off any suspicion from the INS . Drew kicked Mr. Wick out of his house once Wick became too `` clingy '' with Drew 's friends and life . Nicki Fifer ( Kate Walsh ) - A real estate agent whom Drew dated and became engaged to ; she dumped him after gaining a large amount of weight while they were dating ( and , in her own words , `` could n't be with a man who loved to eat '' ) . She lost the weight , got married and came back to Drew after her divorce ( when Drew had just left a mental institution ) . Drew asked her to marry him on an impulse , and she agreed . Unfortunately , Drew married Kate soon after ( thus becoming a bigamist ) and she left him . Nicki returned later , having regained all her previous weight , and attempted to kill Drew because she blamed him for all the recent problems in her life . Drew let Nicki stay at his house until she could get back on her feet , after which she was rarely seen again . Kate -- The love of Drew 's life and his best friend since childhood , Drew and Kate first broke off their engagement after a disagreement about having kids . After Drew 's stint in the mental hospital , Kate realized that she still loved Drew and asked him to marry her . Drew agreed ( despite having recently married Nicki and still being married to Mr. Wick ) and kept both his marriages a secret for a time . Both wives discovered the situation , and Kate , furious , dumped Drew and told the newspapers about the situation ; Drew became known as `` The Impotent Bisexual Bigamist . '' Lily ( Tammy Lauren ) -- A Southern belle who met Drew after Oswald and Lewis started a campaign to find him a wife . Drew brought Lily to Cleveland and attempted to establish a relationship with her , but found it difficult to deal with Lily 's night terrors . Drew ended up proposing to Lily on three different occasions : once in his house , another in a movie theater , and finally , back at his home again . After Drew tore up all of his pre-determined wedding plan receipts , Lily agreed to marry him . Lily left Drew after the wedding , driving off without him after giving Drew his ring back . At the reception , Drew and Kellie expressed their hidden love for each other and began their relationship , which would also lead to Drew 's final marriage . Kellie Newmark ( Cynthia Watros ) -- Drew 's childhood friend who was introduced in the eighth season . Drew went to a strip club and discovered that Kellie was working as a stripper to support herself after her divorce from her husband . Drew takes her into his home and their friendship blossoms . They were both reluctant to confess their feelings for each other , but they became a couple after Drew and Lily 's wedding . Kellie soon becomes pregnant , but refuses to marry Drew for another eight months . On their wedding day and the series finale , Kellie gave birth to Drew Jr . Other characters ( edit ) Larry Almada ( Ian Gomez ) -- One of Drew 's co-workers , Larry is a bumbling and somewhat unprofessional employee who is often willing to resort to less than savory methods to gain the upper hand . During a competition to determine the new employee representative on the Winfred - Louder board of directors , he managed to obtain the position by having sex with Mrs. Louder , a practice he repeats several times after being dumped by his wife . He loses his job on the board shortly after receiving the promotion , but continues his secret relationship with Mrs. Louder . He also ends up in jail for selling drugs , but is released and continues his job at the department store . After leaving Winfred - Louder , he set up a reasonably successful dating service which later expanded into a television chat show . Gerald Hawthorne Bell ( Kevin Pollak ) -- Drew 's boss for the show 's first season . Mr. Bell only appeared in person for his last appearance . He gets caught having relations with a woman in his office , and he and Mrs. Louder have to talk it out . When he appears , he is wearing a Santa costume . We only heard his voice on Drew 's speakerphone , despite the fact that Drew had his desk very close to Bell 's office . Little was known about him , but he behaved in a sexist and unprofessional manner , including liaisons with at least one female staffer . In the last episode of the first season , Mr. Bell finally appeared on camera as he was seen leaving his office after getting fired from the store . The running joke of his never being officially seen until this moment is referenced in dialogue when he says ; `` What 's the matter , Carey ? You act like you 've never seen me before ! '' Fran Louder ( Nan Martin ) -- Mrs. Louder is one of the executives ' `` cougars '' and partial namesake of the Winfred - Louder corporation who originally inherited the store from her dead husband . She is the CEO of the company that owns the department store , and retains her position even after the corporation is bought out by a larger company located in Amsterdam . As the head of the store , she thinks very little of Drew , and openly expresses surprise at the assertion that he still has dreams of becoming more successful , Mrs. Louder occasionally gives him minor promotions throughout the series , but his personality clashes with her ruthless and businesslike nature . She is somewhat sex - obsessed and conducts a long affair with the boorish , lazy , and obnoxious Larry Almada , played by Ian Gomez . ( In another episode we learn Almada is superendowed sexually . ) Mrs. Louder is last seen accompanying Mimi and Steve on their honeymoon ( she advises them that she is a voyeur but they are forced to take her with them , anyway ) . She is removed from power shortly after when a member of the board improvises a speech slurring ethnic groups and gays . The insulted employees begin to riot , gaining the attention of the bosses in Amsterdam , who replace the entire board of directors except , for some reason , for Mr. Wick . Robert Soulard ( Mark Curry ) -- One of Drew 's bosses at Winfred - Louder , Mr. Soulard was appointed by the Dutch as Mrs. Louder 's replacement after the latter was fired along with the original board of directors . Slightly more open - minded than his predecessor , Mr. Soulard agrees to listen to the employees after he is made the new boss , and quickly appoints Drew to be the new Store Manager when Mr. Wick 's incompetence gets him sent to Toledo for retraining . Beulah Carey ( Marion Ross ) -- Drew 's and Steve 's mother , married to George Carey ( Stanley Anderson ) . George Anderson dies towards the end of the series ' run , although not due to the death of the actor . Kim Harvey ( Adrienne Barbeau ) -- Oswald 's mother , who wears tight clothes and sweaters with plunging necklines . Her sexiness caused the young Drew in his childhood to commit some embarrassing fauxes pas . King Augustus Antonio Carey ( Dakota and Ryan Williams ) -- Gus is Steve and Mimi 's son as well as Drew 's nephew , who saved Mimi from being fired by Drew in the episode `` Drew Pops Something On Kate '' . Just as Drew is about to fire Mimi , he kicks while in the womb for the first time , causing him to feel compassion for Mimi and preventing him from firing her . Gus was born while Drew was in a coma , and his spirit ( voiced by Jon Polito ) met Drew up in Heaven before being born . After hearing Drew make jokes about how horrible Mimi was , Gus was afraid to be born . Drew convinced him that Mimi would be a good mother by going back down to Earth and spending time in the baby 's body . Drew told this story to the others after coming out of his coma , but nobody believed him . Gus was an infant for most of his time on the show , but received an age boost ( putting him somewhere between 5 and 6 years old ) for the final season . He burns down his house , initially thought to be with a wood - burning kit that Drew gives him as a gift . Since Mimi and Gus had nowhere to live , Drew offers his home to them , and they stay there almost until the end of the show . It was later discovered that Gus was a pyromaniac and intentionally started a fire in the house . Lisa Robbins ( Katy Selverstone ) -- Drew 's girlfriend from season one , she is prevented from dating him as the rules at Winfred - Louder do not allow management to participate in romantic relationships with their employees . Although this initially forces them to hide their relationship in public , they eventually find a way to overcome this obstacle . She vies for a job as the head of the personal shopper department to become a member of the store 's management , prompting a competition with fellow applicants Kate and Mimi . Lisa begins dating Drew after she gets the job , but after a failed attempt to live together they agree to break up . She leaves her dog , Speedy , behind to stay with him and departs for good after her marriage in the second season . Lord Mercer ( Jim Piddock ) -- An extremely wealthy Englishman , who bought Winfred - Louder and became the new owner after the Dutch divested themselves of the company / store ( s ) . He also brings back Mr. Wick , saying only Englishmen know how to run a business : despite this , he once put his teenybopper daughter Milan ( Jessica Cauffiel ) in charge of Winfred - Lauder . Christine Watson ( Wanda Sykes ) -- Hired to replace Nigel Wick as manager , falls in love with Drew . Jay Clemens ( Robert Torti ) -- Kate 's handsome boyfriend from season one . Evan ( Kyle Howard ) -- Co-owner of Never Ending Store with his brother , Scott ( of the two bosses , he is regarded as the ' nice ' one ) . He is a Zen - seeking Buddhist who promotes peace and support , although he himself has a life coach , sees a family therapist with his brother , and takes anti-anxiety pills . He has a tenuous relationship with Scott because they spend so much time together . Scott ( Jonathan Mangum ) -- Co-owner of Never Ending Store with his brother , Evan . He is more business - minded than Evan , and can get very irritated by Evan 's peace - seeking way of life . He teaches computer classes during the summer . Mrs. Wick ( Richard Chamberlain ) -- Nigel Wick 's `` Mum '' Maggie , played by Chamberlain in drag . The character is clearly promiscuous , young Nigel having grown up with a series of `` uncles '' in and out of his life . Chuck ( Kelly Perine ) -- Security Guard / Head of Security at Winfred - Louder . Chuck is a fellow employee at Winfred - Louder who seems to have a friendly relationship with Drew , as he , in his first appearance in the episode `` No Two Things Are Exactly Alike '' in Season 1 , he tips Drew to the person who complained about a fellow employee who became offended at a sexually offensive cartoon which he put on a memo in the hopes of boosting company morale . In Chuck 's final appearance in the Season 5 episode `` Drew and the Racial Tension Play '' , Chuck is among the many minority employees who become offended at the socially insensitive comments of senior company board member Arthur Crawford ( Hansford Rowe ) who try to solicit Drew to get Crawford to apologize for his comments or resign . Notable guest stars / actor cameos ( edit ) Tim Allen -- Himself David Lander -- Himself Jamie Lee Curtis -- Sioux David Cross -- Earl Tom Bosley -- Mimi 's Father Tammy Faye -- Mimi 's Mother Brian Haley -- Drew Look - Alike Martin Mull -- Himself Michael R. White -- Himself Dan Castellaneta -- Stan Rachel Hunter -- Herself Donald Trump -- Himself Carol Channing -- Herself Rush Limbaugh -- Himself Eugene Levy -- Dr. Rider Joe Alaskey -- Daffy Duck Dick Clark -- Himself Paul `` Triple H '' Levesque -- The Disciplinarian Bo Derek -- Herself Wayne Brady -- Himself Greg Proops -- Himself Brad Sherwood -- Himself Laura Hall -- Herself Arturo Brachetti -- Himself J.P. Manoux -- Malcolm Cameron Mathison -- Kirk Norm Macdonald -- Simon Tate Heather Locklear -- Herself Dave Mustaine -- Himself Chip Esten -- Himself Kathy Greenwood -- Herself Carmen Electra -- Lewis 's Boss Jay Leno -- Lewis 's Boss Charles Nelson Reilly -- Lewis 's Boss Ben Stein -- Heavenly Guide Gary Coleman -- Drew 's Double Jimmie Walker -- Lewis 's African - American Double Meshach Taylor -- Oswald 's African - American Double Kim Fields -- Kate 's African - American Double Thea Vidale -- Mimi 's African - American Double Jenny McCarthy -- Sketch Player / Marlo Kelly Amanda Bynes -- Sketch Player Henry Winkler -- Mr. Newsome John Ratzenberger -- Himself Leslie Sykes -- Herself Lacey Chabert -- Grace Roselyn Sanchez -- Maria Kathryn Joosten -- Natalie French Stewart -- Buddy Lorenzo Music -- Store Announcer Jeff Davis -- Himself / D'Artagnan Jessica Cauffiel -- Milan Illeana Douglas -- Rachel Murray Tom Poston -- Oswald 's conniving former jailbird father Colin Mochrie -- Eugene Anderson Wayne Knight -- Insurance examiner Musical artist cameos ( edit ) Little Richard Joe Walsh ( initially as himself , then as Ed , lead guitarist of Drew 's band The Horn Dogs ) Dionne Warwick Roy Clark Dusty Hill Jonny Lang Lisa Loeb Dave Mustaine Rick Nielsen Joey Ramone Slash Michael Stanley Henry Rollins Matthew Sweet `` Weird Al '' Yankovic Eddie Money Charlotte Caffey Belinda Carlisle Gina Schock Kathy Valentine Jane Wiedlin SHeDAISY Smash Mouth John Regan Peter Frampton Bob Mayo Uncle Kracker Sugar Ray Motörhead Blue Man Group Dee Snider Goo Goo Dolls The Reverend Horton Heat The Go - Go 's Sports personality cameos ( edit ) Rosey Brown Dave Winfield Bernie Kosar Bob Costas Kenny Mayne Lynn Swann Chris Palmer Bobby Bonds Jeff Gordon Triple H See also ( edit ) The Drew Carey Show List of Drew Carey Show episodes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bauder , David ( May 3 , 2004 ) . `` ' Drew Carey Show ' bowing out quietly '' . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2005 . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ http://tvseriesfinale.com/tv-show/the-drew-carey-show-reunion/ This television - related list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . The Drew Carey Show Created by : Drew Carey & Bruce Helford Episodes `` Pilot '' `` New York and Queens '' `` The Dog and Pony Show '' `` In Ramada Da Vida '' `` The High Road to China '' `` Drew Live '' `` Drew Cam '' `` Drew Live II '' `` Drew 's in a Coma '' `` Drew Carey 's Back - to - School Rock ' n ' Roll Comedy Hour '' Related articles Characters Cleveland Rocks ! Music from The Drew Carey Show Mohawk Productions Warner Bros. Television Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Drew_Carey_Show_characters&oldid=849710313 '' Categories : Lists of American sitcom television characters Hidden categories : Incomplete television lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 July 2018 , at 20 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20The%20Drew%20Carey%20Show%20characters	3,167
when does sailor moon find out she is the princess	No . DiC Entertainment dub title Original Japanese and Viz Media titles Episode director ( s ) Writer ( s ) Art director ( s ) Animation director ( s ) Original airdate English airdate Orig. / Viz DiC `` A Moon Star Is Born '' `` Crybaby Usagi 's Beautiful Transformation '' `` Nakimushi Usagi no karei naru henshin '' ( 泣き虫うさぎの華麗なる変身 ) Junichi Sato Sukehiro Tomita Yoshiyuki Shikano Hiromi Matsushita March 7 , 1992 September 11 , 1995 As the series begins as a slapstick comedy , a 14 - year - old underachieving sailor - suited schoolgirl Usagi Tsukino saves a cat from being attacked by a group of little boys while on her way to school . After school , she and her friend Naru Osaka visit a local jewelry store owned by her mother . On her way home , Usagi encounters Mamoru Chiba and meets up with Motoki Furuhata . Upon returning to her home , Naru 's mother reveals herself to be the youma Morga and captures her . The cat Usagi encountered earlier reveals herself as Luna and tells Usagi to search for the princess and destroy evil . Usagi transforms into Sailor Moon and , after hearing Naru in distress , confronts Morga , who intends to steal human energy by using the cursed jewelry on the girls . The youma tricks the brainwashed girls into attacking Usagi but a stranger wearing a tuxedo intervenes . Usagi weakens Morga with her screams , allowing her to use the Moon Tiara Action technique on Morga , killing her and restoring the girls to normal . Before departing , the stranger reveals himself to be Tuxedo Mask . -- `` Punishment Awaits : the House of Fortune Is the Monster Mansion '' `` Oshioki yo ! Uranai house wa yōma no yakata '' ( おしおきよ ! 占いハウスは妖魔の館 ) Takao Yoshizawa Shigeru Yanagikawa Yoshiyuki Shikano Katsuji Matsumoto March 14 , 1992 -- Having failed his previous mission , Jadeite informs Queen Beryl , the leader of the Dark Kingdom , that he is using another plan , this time involving fortune telling . Meanwhile , Usagi 's classmate Umino Gurio is smitten with her . After confessing that he wants to go on a date , Naru has him consult a fortune teller but he decides to go to the House of Fortune . Luna tells Usagi to go to a fortune teller , in an attempt to check that Motoki is an admirer of her but decides to go to the House of Fortune . However , Umino and some of the other students are hypnotized by the tarot cards and cause trouble at school the next day . Realizing that the students were being hypnotized from the House of Fortune , Luna and Usagi infiltrate the house and encounter Balm , a youma disguised as the fortune teller . Balm orders her hypnotized subjects to attack Usagi , but Tuxedo Mask distracts her and , with his encouragement , Usagi kills Balm , returning the customers to normal . `` Talk Radio '' `` The Mysterious Sleeping Sickness : Protect the Girls in Love '' `` Nazo no nemuribyō , mamore otome no koisuru kokoro '' ( 謎のねむり病 , 守れ乙女の恋する心 ) Kazuhisa Takenouchi Katsuyuki Sumisawa Minoru Ōkōchi Kunihiko Natsume March 21 , 1992 September 12 , 1995 Homeroom teacher Haruna Sakurada and Naru submit love - letters to a late - night radio show . When they fall into a coma - like sleep , Usagi must investigate the radio station undercover . `` Slim City '' `` Learn How to Be Skinny from Usagi '' `` Usagi ga oshiemasu ! Surimu ni naruhō '' ( うさぎが教えます ! スリムになる法 ) Harume Kosaka Sukehiro Tomita Yoshiyuki Shikano Kiyoshi Matsumoto March 28 , 1992 September 13 , 1995 Usagi gains a couple of pounds and starts to obsess about her weight . Jadeite starts a health club to drain energy out of people . Usagi and her friends sign up after seeing how much weight Ms. Haruna has lost . Usagi discovers tanks in the basement which are sucking the life energy out of her friends . 5 -- `` Scent of a Monster : Chanela Will Steal Your Love '' `` Yōma no kaori ! Shanēra wa ai wo nusume '' ( 妖魔の香り ! シャネーラは愛を盗む ) Yūji Endō Shigeru Yanagikawa Kenichi Tajiri Ikuko Itō April 11 , 1992 -- Usagi wants her family to accept Luna as a `` pet '' , but Shingo is afraid of cats . At a pet shop , he discovers a hypnotic creature called a Chanela and loses all interest in anything else . 6 -- `` Protect the Melody of Love : Usagi Plays Cupid '' `` Mamore koi no merodi ! Usagi wa Kyūpiddo '' ( 守れ恋の曲 ! うさぎはキューピッド ) Kunihiko Ikuhara Katsuyuki Sumisawa Yoshiyuki Shikano Kazuko Tadano April 18 , 1992 -- Jadeite creates a cassette tape that can drain life energy , but the youma he gives it to promptly loses it . It ends up in the possession of a jazz pianist , and Usagi must disguise herself as an adult to protect him . 7 `` So You Want to Be a Superstar '' `` Usagi Learns Her Lesson : Becoming a Star Is Hard Work '' `` Usagi hansei ! Sutā no michi wa kibishii '' ( うさぎ反省 ! スターの道はきびしい ) Junichi Sato Shigeru Yanagikawa Minoru Ōkōchi Katsuji Matsumoto April 25 , 1992 September 14 , 1995 By making a youma possess a human celebrity , Jadeite draws a huge crowd of would - be superstars . Usagi tries to juggle her duties as Sailor Moon with her desire to be popular and famous . 8 5 `` Computer School Blues '' `` The Girl Genius Is a Monster : The Brainwashing Cram School of Horror '' `` Tensai shōjo wa yōma na no ? Kyōfu no sennōjuku '' ( 天才少女は妖魔なの ? 恐怖の洗脳塾 ) Junichi Sato Sukehiro Tomita Kenichi Tajiri Kunihiko Natsume May 2 , 1992 September 15 , 1995 Luna senses a strange aura around Usagi 's genius classmate , Ami Mizuno , and thinks she might be a Dark Kingdom spy . Usagi befriends the girl and is not so sure . But she understands later that Ami Mizuno is a Guardian as Sailor Moon and their duties are the same . 9 6 `` Time Bomb '' `` Usagi 's Disaster : Beware of the Clock of Confusion '' `` Usagi no sainan ! Awate tokei ni goyōjin '' ( うさぎの災難 ! あわて時計にご用心 ) Harume Kosaka Katsuyuki Sumisawa Kazuyuki Hashimoto Akira Nakamura May 9 , 1992 September 18 , 1995 Jadeite 's new plan is to make humans work harder to increase their energy output . Usagi 's mom buys a new clock for her that drains her energy ; Ami , now awakened as Sailor Mercury , helps Luna investigate . 10 7 `` An Uncharmed Life '' `` The Cursed Bus : Enter Mars , the Guardian of Fire '' `` Norowareta basu ! Honō no senshi Māzu tōjō '' ( 呪われたバス ! 炎の戦士マーズ登場 ) Kazuhisa Takenouchi Sukehiro Tomita Yoshiyuki Shikano Kiyoshi Matsumoto May 16 , 1992 September 19 , 1995 Loaded buses are disappearing near Hikawa Shrine , and most of Usagi 's peers suspect that Rei Hino , a mysterious shrine miko with strange psychic abilities , has something to do with it . Luna wonders if she might be the moon princess . 11 8 `` Nightmare in Dreamland '' `` Usagi vs. Rei : Nightmare in Dream Land '' `` Usagi to Rei taiketsu ? Yume rando no akumu '' ( うさぎとレイ対決 ? 夢ランドの悪夢 ) Kunihiko Ikuhara Shigeru Yanagikawa Minoru Ōkōchi Masahiro Ando May 23 , 1992 September 20 , 1995 Queen Beryl is increasingly furious with Jadeite for his repeated failures ; he starts up a theme park , but the general public notices the large number of disappearances . Usagi and Rei , who is now Sailor Mars , begin their combative friendship . 12 9 `` Cruise Blues '' `` I Want a Boyfriend : The Luxury Cruise Ship Is a Trap '' `` Watashi datte kare ga hoshii ! Gōkasen no wana '' ( 私だって彼が欲しい ! 豪華船のワナ ) Yūji Endō Katsuyuki Sumisawa Kenichi Tajiri Kazuko Tadano May 30 , 1992 September 21 , 1995 One of Queen Beryl 's youma offers to help Jadeite with his wicked plans . Rei wins tickets on a luxury cruise ship and , since she has no boyfriend , asks Ami to accompany her . A jealous Usagi sneaks aboard after them . 13 10 `` Fight to the Finish '' `` Girls Unite : The End of Jadeite '' `` Onna no ko wa danketsu yo ! Jedaito no saigo '' ( 女の子は団結よ ! ジェダイトの最期 ) Harume Kosaka Sukehiro Tomita Kazuyuki Hashimoto Akira Nakamura June 6 , 1992 September 22 , 1995 Usagi continues to be romantically infatuated with both Motoki Furuhata and Tuxedo Mask . Threatened with death should he fail again , Jadeite confronts the Sailor Guardians at an airport . 14 11 `` Match Point for Sailor Moon '' `` A New Enemy Appears : Nephrite 's Evil Crest '' `` Arata naru kyōteki , Nefuraito ma no monshō '' ( 新たなる強敵 , ネフライト魔の紋章 ) Junichi Sato Shigeru Yanagikawa Yoshiyuki Shikano Hisashi Kagawa June 13 , 1992 September 25 , 1995 Nephrite takes over as Beryl 's main energy gatherer . He plans to gather more strength and power from individual humans at their strongest , rather than from groups , and starts by targeting Naru 's childhood friend , a tennis player . 15 12 `` An Unnatural Phenomena '' `` Usagi 's Panic : Rei 's First Date '' `` Usagi aseru ! Rei - chan hatsu dēto '' ( うさぎアセる ! レイちゃん初デート ) Kunihiko Ikuhara Katsuyuki Sumisawa Minoru Ōkōchi Kiyoshi Matsumoto June 20 , 1992 September 26 , 1995 Usagi finally learns Mamoru 's name , and , to her aggravation ( and supposed jealousy ) , Rei decides to date him . Meanwhile , Nephrite targets the caretaker of a park , and Rei suggests a similarity between Mamoru and Tuxedo Mask . 16 13 `` Wedding Day Blues '' `` A Girl 's Dream : Usagi Becomes a Bride '' `` Junpaku doresu no yume ! Usagi hanayome ni naru '' ( 純白ドレスの夢 ! うさぎ花嫁になる ) Kazuhisa Takenouchi Megumi Sugihara Kenichi Tajiri Masahiro Ando June 27 , 1992 September 27 , 1995 Usagi 's home economics teacher is getting married , and she and Rei become obsessed with a contest for handmade wedding dresses . Nephrite implants a youma in some fabric purchased by the bride - to - be . 17 14 `` Shutter Bugged '' `` Usagi 's a Model : The Flash of the Monster Camera '' `` Moderu wa Usagi ? Yōma kamera no nessha '' ( モデルはうさぎ ? 妖魔カメラの熱写 ) Yūji Endō Sukehiro Tomita Kazuyuki Hashimoto Kazuko Tadano July 4 , 1992 September 28 , 1995 A student from Rei 's school is an expert photographer . She and others try to become models to attract fame and fortune , but the boy and his camera are under the influence of the Dark Kingdom . 18 15 `` Dangerous Dollies '' `` Shingo 's Love : The Grieving Doll '' `` Shingo no junjō ! Kanashimi no Furansu ningyō '' ( 進悟の純情 ! 哀しみのフランス人形 ) Harume Kosaka Shigeru Yanagikawa Yoshiyuki Shikano Ikuko Itō July 11 , 1992 September 29 , 1995 Zoisite suggests that Nephrite needs his help , but the later refuses , angering Queen Beryl . Shingo 's friend is targeted for her ability to make beautiful dolls . Sailor Moon becomes an increasingly popular super-heroine . 19 16 `` Who Is That Masked Man ? '' `` Usagi 's Joy : A Love Letter from Tuxedo Mask '' `` Usagi kangeki ! Takishīdo Kamen no rabu retā '' ( うさぎ感激 ! タキシード仮面の恋文 ) Takao Yoshizawa Sukehiro Tomita Minoru Ōkōchi Akira Nakamura July 25 , 1992 October 2 , 1995 Nephrite takes advantage of Sailor Moon 's romantic attraction to Tuxedo Mask by sending love letters to Usagi and her classmates . Naru falls in love with him in his civilian disguise , allowing him to drain a large amount of her life - force energy . 20 -- `` The Summer , the Beach , Youth and Ghosts '' `` Natsu yo Umi yo Seishun yo ! Omake ni yūrei mo yo ! '' ( 夏よ海よ青春よ ! おまけに幽霊もよ ! ) Kazuhisa Takenouchi Megumi Sugihara Kenichi Tajiri Hisashi Kagawa August 1 , 1992 -- Usagi and her friends go to the beach , where they stay in a hotel run by people who look like film monsters . There , they encounter a ghostly presence and a little girl with psychic powers . 21 17 `` An Animated Mess '' `` Protect the Children 's Dreams : Friendship Through Anime '' `` Kodomotachi no yume mamore ! Anime ni musubu yūjō '' ( 子供達の夢守れ ! アニメに結ぶ友情 ) Kunihiko Ikuhara Katsuyuki Sumisawa Kazuyuki Hashimoto Hiromi Matsushita Kazuko Tadano August 8 , 1992 October 3 , 1995 Nephrite targets one of the animators of an upcoming Sailor V film , who is driven by jealousy of her best friend . The Guardians investigate , but Usagi and Rei are distracted by the excitement of the anime studio . 22 18 `` Worth a Princess 's Ransom '' `` Romance Under the Moon : Usagi 's First Kiss '' `` Gekka no romansu ! Usagi no hatsu kissu '' ( 月下のロマンス ! うさぎの初キッス ) Yūji Endō Sukehiro Tomita Yoshiyuki Shikano Kiyoshi Matsumoto August 15 , 1992 October 4 , 1995 Luna and Beryl wonder if a visiting princess could be the one the Guardians have been looking for . Mamoru dreams he is Tuxedo Mask and a girl is asking him for the Silver Crystal . At the ball , Usagi accidentally drinks wine and experiences her first kiss by Tuxedo Mask . 23 19 `` Molly 's Folly '' `` Wish Upon a Star : Naru 's First Love '' `` Nagareboshi ni negai wo ! Naru - chan no jun'ai '' ( 流れ星に願いを ! なるちゃんの純愛 ) Harume Kosaka Shigeru Yanagikawa Yoshiyuki Shikano Masahiro Ando August 22 , 1992 October 5 , 1995 Nephrite creates a crystal that will guide him to the Silver Crystal . Usagi tries to tell Naru the man she loves is Nephrite in disguise , but does n't believe her , saying Usagi 's jealous . He convinces her to steal a crystal from her mother and bring it to him . 24 20 `` A Friend in Wolf 's Clothing '' `` Naru 's Tears : Nephrite Dies for Love '' `` Naru - chan gōkyū ! Nefuraito ai no shi '' ( なるちゃん号泣 ! ネフライト愛の死 ) Junichi Sato Takuya Igarashi Sukehiro Tomita Minoru Ōkōchi Ikuko Itō August 29 , 1992 October 6 , 1995 Nephrite continues to investigate Naru , not understanding that his crystal is sensing her love for him . Zoisite , thinking he must be in love with the girl , kidnaps her in order to trap him . 25 21 `` Jupiter Comes Thundering In '' `` Jupiter , the Powerful Girl in Love '' `` Koisuru kairiki shōjo , Jupitā - chan '' ( 恋する怪力少女 , ジュピターちゃん ) Kazuhisa Takenouchi Shigeru Yanagikawa Kenichi Tajiri Hisashi Kagawa September 5 , 1992 October 9 , 1995 Queen Beryl partially awakens the evil entity Queen Metalia and sends Zoisite and Kunzite to find the Seven Great Youma and their Rainbow Crystals . Meanwhile , the tomboyish Makoto Kino transfers into Usagi 's school and quickly falls for a crane - game whiz at the arcade . 26 22 `` The Power of Friendship '' `` Restore Naru 's Smile : Usagi 's Friendship '' `` Naru - chan ni egao wo ! Usagi no yūjō '' ( なるちゃんに笑顔を ! うさぎの友情 ) Kunihiko Ikuhara Sukehiro Tomita Kazuyuki Hashimoto Akira Nakamura September 12 , 1992 October 10 , 1995 Naru is still very depressed about Nephrite , so Usagi and Umino take her to Yokohama to have fun . There , a kindly priest is attacked by Zoisite . Mamoru realizes that he is Tuxedo Mask , and drops a locket on the ground , where Usagi finds it . 27 23 `` Mercury 's Mental Match '' `` Crushing on Ami : The Boy Who Can See The Future '' `` Ami - chan e no koi ! ? Mirai yochi no shōnen '' ( 亜美ちゃんへの恋 ! ? 未来予知の少年 ) Takao Yoshizawa Katsuyuki Sumisawa Yoshiyuki Shikano Masahiro Ando October 10 , 1992 October 11 , 1995 Ami is bested in a school test by Urawa , who can foresee the future and who has a crush on her . He also already knows that he is one of the Rainbow Crystal holders . 28 24 `` An Artful Attack '' `` The Painting of Love : Usagi and Mamoru Get Closer '' `` Koi no irasuto , Usagi to Mamoru ga sekkin ? '' ( 恋のイラスト , うさぎと衛が接近 ? ) Yūji Endō Megumi Sugihara Minoru Ōkōchi Kazuko Tadano October 17 , 1992 October 12 , 1995 An artist asks a reluctant Usagi and Mamoru to model for one of her romantic love paintings . They encourage her to be less of a recluse . In battle , Sailor Moon learns that the locket she found belonged to Tuxedo Mask . 29 25 `` Too Many Girlfriends '' `` Total Chaos : The Messy Love Rectangle '' `` Daikonsen ! Guchagucha koi no shikaku kankei '' ( 大混線 ! グチャグチャ恋の四角関係 ) Harume Kosaka Shigeru Yanagikawa Kenichi Tajiri Kiyoshi Matsumoto October 24 , 1992 October 13 , 1995 Makoto , like Usagi , develops a huge romantic crush on Motoki . The two decide to pursue him simultaneously , even after finding out that he has a girlfriend , who , meanwhile , is targeted by Zoisite and Kunzite . 30 26 `` Grandpa 's Follies '' `` Grandpa Loses Control : Rei in Danger '' `` Ojī - chan ranshin , Rei - chan no kiki '' ( お爺ちゃん乱心 , レイちゃんの危機 ) Kazuhisa Takenouchi Sukehiro Tomita Kazuyuki Hashimoto Akira Nakamura October 31 , 1992 October 16 , 1995 Zoisite aggravates the Rainbow Crystal inside Rei 's grandfather , who becomes hyperactive and unstable . A young man , Yūichirō Kumada , wanders into the shrine , falls in love with Rei , and asks to work there . 31 27 `` Kitty Chaos '' `` Love and Chased : Luna 's Worst Day Ever '' `` Koisarete owarete ! Runa no saiaku no hi '' ( 恋されて追われて ! ルナの最悪の日 ) Kunihiko Ikuhara Katsuyuki Sumisawa Yoshiyuki Shikano Ikuko Itō November 7 , 1992 October 17 , 1995 Luna becomes the object of a very fat ordinary cat 's attentions . Both Zoisite and the Sailor Guardians detect traces of the last Rainbow Crystal around the home of this cat 's owner and go to investigate . 32 28 `` Tuxedo Melvin '' `` Umino 's Resolve : I 'll Protect Naru '' `` Umino no kesshin ! Naru - chan wa boku ga mamoru '' ( 海野の決心 ! なるちゃんは僕が守る ) Takao Yoshizawa Shigeru Yanagikawa Minoru Ōkōchi Hisashi Kagawa November 14 , 1992 October 18 , 1995 Luna reveals that she is from the moon , and so is the princess the guardians are looking for . Umino , having been told that Tuxedo Mask is attractive , adopts a similar persona in order to protect , and thereby woo , Naru . 33 29 `` Sailor V Makes the Scene '' `` Enter Venus , the Last Sailor Guardian '' `` Saigo no Sērā Senshi , Vīnasu tōjō '' ( 最後のセーラー戦士 , ヴィーナス登場 ) Yūji Endō Megumi Sugihara Kenichi Tajiri Masahiro Ando November 21 , 1992 October 19 , 1995 Zoisite disguises himself as Sailor Moon in order to lure Tuxedo Mask and the guardians out into the open , where they are attacked by Kunzite . The Dark Kingdom injures Tuxedo Mask 's identity , but they are foiled by the appearance of Sailor Venus . 34 30 `` A Crystal Clear Destiny '' `` The Shining Silver Crystal : The Moon Princess Appears '' `` Hikari kagayaku ginzuishō ! Tsuki no purinsesu tōjō '' ( 光輝く銀水晶 ! 月のプリンセス登場 ) Harume Kosaka Katsuyuki Sumisawa Kazuyuki Hashimoto Kazuko Tadano November 28 , 1992 October 20 , 1995 The new guardian , Sailor Venus , is also schoolgirl Minako Aino . Forbidden by Queen Beryl to kill Tuxedo Mask , Zoisite challenges him to duel for the Rainbow Crystals . Usagi follows him , and they are forced to reveal their identities to each other . 35 31 `` A Reluctant Princess '' `` Returning Memories : Usagi and Mamoru 's Past '' `` Yomigaeru kioku ! Usagi to Mamoru no kako '' ( よみがえる記憶 ! うさぎと衛の過去 ) Takuya Igarashi Katsuyuki Sumisawa Yoshiyuki Shikano Akira Nakamura December 5 , 1992 October 23 , 1995 Usagi and Mamoru remember their former lives as Princess Serenity and Prince Endymion . The Dark Kingdom kidnaps the injured Mamoru , but Beryl executes Zoisite for his attempt to kill him . Luna and Artemis tell the Guardians about their tragic past . 36 32 `` Bad Hair Day '' `` Usagi 's Confusion : Is Tuxedo Mask Evil ? '' `` Usagi konran ! Takishīdo Kamen wa aku ? '' ( うさぎ混乱 ! タキシード仮面は悪 ? ) Kunihiko Ikuhara Sukehiro Tomita Minoru Ōkōchi Kiyoshi Matsumoto December 12 , 1992 October 24 , 1995 Minako takes a depressed Usagi to the hairdresser to cheer her up . There they are attacked by a youma who is convinced that Minako is Sailor Moon . Tuxedo Mask appears , alive and whole , but addresses himself as Endymion , seems to be fighting for the other side . 37 33 `` Little Miss Manners '' `` Let 's Become a Princess : Usagi 's Bizarre Training '' `` Mezase purinsesu ? Usagi no chintokkun '' ( めざせプリンセス ? うさぎの珍特訓 ) Hiromichi Matano Shigeru Yanagikawa Kenichi Tajiri Ikuko Itō December 19 , 1992 October 25 , 1995 Usagi daydreams of her past and enrolls in a special seminar to become more like a princess . Kunzite and the evil Endymion argue about which is more important : obtaining the Silver Crystal or killing Sailor Moon . 38 34 `` Ski Bunny Blues '' `` The Snow , the Mountains , Friendship and Monsters '' `` Yuki yo Yama yo Yūjō yo ! Yappari yōma mo yo ! '' ( 雪よ山よ友情よ ! やっぱり妖魔もよ ) Takao Yoshizawa Katsuyuki Sumisawa Kazuyuki Hashimoto Hisashi Kagawa December 26 , 1992 October 26 , 1995 Yūichirō takes the girls to a ski resort , where they enter a `` Moon Princess '' contest . Rei and Usagi , targeted by a youma , take the opportunity to reaffirm their friendship . Tuxedo Mask continues to fight against them . 39 35 `` Ice Princess '' `` Paired with a Monster : Mako , the Ice Skating Queen '' `` Yōma to pea ! ? Hyōjō no joō Mako - chan '' ( 妖魔とペア ! ? 氷上の女王まこちゃん ) Kazuhisa Takenouchi Megumi Sugihara Yoshiyuki Shikano Kazuko Tadano January 9 , 1993 October 27 , 1995 Discovering that the Moon Princess was once known for her graceful ice skating , Kunzite tries to use this information to trap Sailor Moon . The best skater among the girls , however , turns out to be Makoto . Tuxedo Mask appears to help them , but only works against Kunzite because he does n't want to involve bystanders . 40 36 `` Last Resort '' `` The Legendary Lake Yokai : The Bond of Usagi 's Family '' `` Mizuumi no densetsu yōkai ! Usagi kazoku no kizuna '' ( 湖の伝説妖怪 ! うさぎ家族のきずな ) Harume Kosaka Megumi Sugihara Minoru Ōkōchi Masahiro Ando January 16 , 1993 October 30 , 1995 Usagi and her family go on vacation at a hot springs , where legend holds that a terrible monster was once defeated . Endymion revives the monster , but regrets his action upon discovering that it is not a youma . 41 37 `` Tuxedo Unmasked '' `` I Wo n't Run Away from Love Anymore : Ami vs. Mamoru '' `` Mō koi kara nigenai ! Ami to Mamoru taiketsu '' ( もう恋から逃げない ! 亜美と衛対決 ) Yūji Endō Katsuyuki Sumisawa Kenichi Tajiri Akira Nakamura January 23 , 1993 October 31 , 1995 Queen Beryl orders the seven people gathered who had carried Rainbow Crystals , intending to combine them into one huge youma . Ami is determined to protect Urawa . Sailor Moon tries to heal Endymion . 42 -- `` Sailor Venus ' Past : Minako 's Tragic Love '' `` Sērā Vīnasu no kako , Minako no higeki '' ( S ヴィーナスの過去 , 美奈子の悲劇 ) Takuya Igarashi Sukehiro Tomita Kazuyuki Hashimoto Kiyoshi Matsumoto January 30 , 1993 -- The Guardians look for an entrance to the Dark Kingdom , where Metalia will soon be awakened . Kunzite decides to try to get at Sailor V and attacks a woman Minako had been good friends with in England . 43 38 `` Fractious Friends '' `` Usagi Abandoned : The Falling - Out of the Sailor Guardians '' `` Usagi ga koritsu ? Sērā Senshi - tachi no ōgenka '' ( うさぎが孤立 ? S 戦士達の大ゲンカ ) Kazuhisa Takenouchi Shigeru Yanagikawa Yoshiyuki Shikano Katsumi Tamegai February 6 , 1993 November 1 , 1995 The Sailor Guardians stage a breakup , trying to make it look as though Sailor Moon has defected so that she can infiltrate the Dark Kingdom and save Endymion . She and Sailor Mars find it a little too easy to fight . 44 39 `` The Past Returns '' `` Usagi 's Awakening : A Message from the Distant Past '' `` Usagi no kakusei ! Chōkako no messēji '' ( うさぎの覚醒 ! 超過去のメッセージ ) Takao Yoshizawa Sukehiro Tomita Minoru Ōkōchi Hisashi Kagawa February 13 , 1993 November 2 , 1995 A blast of energy sends the Guardians to the ruined Moon Kingdom , where they meet a hologram of Queen Serenity and learn about their past . Luna and Artemis find the entrance to the Dark Kingdom . Kunzite attacks , but is finally defeated by Sailor Moon . 45 -- `` Death of the Sailor Guardians : The Tragic Final Battle '' `` Sērā Senshi shisu ! Hisō naru saishūsen '' ( セーラー戦士死す ! 悲壮なる最終戦 ) Kōnosuke Uda Shigeru Yanagikawa Kenichi Tajiri Ikuko Itō February 20 , 1993 -- The Sailor Guardians travel to D Point to fight Queen Beryl , where they face her toughest youma yet , the DD Girls and the Inner Guardians are killed protecting Sailor Moon . 46 -- `` Usagi 's Eternal Wish : A Brand New Life '' `` Usagi no omoi wa towa ni ! Atarashiki tensei '' ( うさぎの想いは永遠に ! 新しき転生 ) Kunihiko Ikuhara Sukehiro Tomita Kazuyuki Hashimoto Kazuko Tadano February 27 , 1993 -- With her friends dead , Sailor Moon is transported inside the Dark Kingdom to face Queen Beryl and the brainwashed Prince Endymion . -- 40 `` Day of Destiny '' -- -- -- -- -- November 4 , 1995 Sailor Moon and the Sailor Scouts head to the North Pole to end the Negaverse . They are confronted by Queen Beryl 's Doom and Gloom Girls who capture all the Sailor Scouts leaving Sailor Moon all alone . Afterwords , Beryl summons Sailor Moon to her where Sailor Moon battles with Darien , who is under a strong brainwashing spell by Beryl . Unwilling to hurt Darien , Sailor Moon uses their locket and convinces him to touch it , which breaks the spell . Upset at losing Darien , Beryl attacks them only to be thwarted by Darien 's rose . Wounded by the rose , Beryl retreats and gets powered up by the Negaverse and turned into Super Beryl . Sailor Moon confronts Beryl and the two battle . Now as Princess Serena , she calls on the other Sailor Scouts to help her , who teleport to her side and together they defeat Beryl and the Negaverse . However , the power of Sailor Moon 's attack causes her and the other Sailor Scouts to no longer remember they are Sailor Scouts , their battle with Beryl , each other or their past lives and they are living their lives as normal girls . Note : This episode is a combination of scenes from episodes 45 and 46 . The deaths of the Sailor Guardians , Sailor Moon , Prince Endymion , the conversation with the spirits of the Sailor Guardians and Usagi 's wish to be a normal girl and the revival of all the Guardians and Endymion , are edited out shorting the two episodes enough to combine them into one .		List of Sailor Moon Episodes ( season 1 )	list of sailor moon episodes ( season 1 )	Sailor Moon , known in Japan as Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon ( Japanese : 美少女戦士セーラームーン , Hepburn : Bishōjo Senshi Sērā Mūn ) , is the first season of a 1992 anime television series produced by Toei Animation and directed by Junichi Sato based on the manga of the same title by Naoko Takeuchi . It was broadcast from March 7 , 1992 to February 27 , 1993 on TV Asahi . This season adapts the first arc of the series , the `` Dark Kingdom '' arc . A second season , Sailor Moon R , began airing on March 6 , 1993 .	It follows the adventures of Usagi Tsukino and her friends . After the magical cat Luna reveals Usagi 's true identity as the titular character , Usagi fights to protect the Earth from the Dark Kingdom , who previously destroyed the ancient Moon Kingdom . In the 1993 favorite episode listings for Animage , `` Loved and Chased ! Luna 's Worst Day Ever '' came in first place , with `` Naru 's Cry ! Nephrite Dies for Love '' coming in third place , `` The Sparkling Silver Crystal ! The Moon Princess Appears '' coming in sixth place , `` Memories Return ! Usagi and Mamoru 's Past '' coming in ninth place and `` Love for Ami ? ! A Boy Who Can Predict the Future '' coming in eleventh place . The following year , the two - part series finale `` The Sailor Warriors Die ! The Tragic Final Battle '' and `` Usagi 's Everlasting Wish ! A New Reincarnation '' took first and second place respectively . Eight DVD compilations were released in Japan between May 21 and July 21 , 2002 , and the series was later released in a remastered edition in two box - sets from December 11 , 2009 to January 21 , 2010 . In the English language adaptation of the series by former licensee DIC Entertainment ( now DHX Media ) , the season was cut down to 40 episodes and also added an ending segment , `` Sailor Says , '' to teach a moral based on the story that had just been shown . The episodes were first broadcast on YTV in Canada from August 28 to October 24 , 1995 , and later had its first - run syndication in the United States from September 11 to November 3 , 1995 . The first season was later released by ADV Films in a subtitle - only DVD box set in 2003 . Eventually , on May 16 , 2014 , the season was re-licensed for an updated English - language release by Viz Media and they released the season in two uncut DVD and Blu - ray compilations on November 11 , 2014 and February 10 , 2015 for parts one and two respectively . Hulu began streaming the series in the United States on May 19 , 2014 , with Tubi TV following suit in Canada on July 15 , 2016 . The score was composed by Takanori Arisawa . Three pieces of theme music are used for the episodes ; one opening theme and two closing themes . The opening theme for the whole season is `` Moonlight Densetsu '' ( ムーンライト伝説 , Mūnraito Densetsu , lit . `` Moonlight Legend '' ) performed by the idol group DALI . `` Heart Moving '' , performed by Misae Takamatsu of Sakura Sakura , is used as the ending theme for the first 26 episodes , and `` Princess Moon '' , performed by Ushio Hashimoto , is used for the remainder of the season . DIC Entertainment ( DHX Media ) made an English - language version of the Japanese opening theme for its adaptation . Contents 1 Episode list ( 1992 -- 1993 ) 2 Releases 2.1 Japanese 2.1. 1 VHS 2.1. 2 DVD 2.2 Blu - ray 2.3 English 2.3. 1 VHS 2.3. 1.1 United States 2.3. 1.2 United Kingdom 2.3. 2 DVD 2.3. 2.1 United States 2.3. 2.2 United Kingdom 2.3. 3 Blu - ray + DVD combo 2.3. 3.1 North America 3 References Episode list ( 1992 -- 1993 ) ( edit ) No . DiC Entertainment dub title Original Japanese and Viz Media titles Episode director ( s ) Writer ( s ) Art director ( s ) Animation director ( s ) Original airdate English airdate Orig. / Viz DiC `` A Moon Star Is Born '' `` Crybaby Usagi 's Beautiful Transformation '' `` Nakimushi Usagi no karei naru henshin '' ( 泣き虫うさぎの華麗なる変身 ) Junichi Sato Sukehiro Tomita Yoshiyuki Shikano Hiromi Matsushita March 7 , 1992 September 11 , 1995 As the series begins as a slapstick comedy , a 14 - year - old underachieving sailor - suited schoolgirl Usagi Tsukino saves a cat from being attacked by a group of little boys while on her way to school . After school , she and her friend Naru Osaka visit a local jewelry store owned by her mother . On her way home , Usagi encounters Mamoru Chiba and meets up with Motoki Furuhata . Upon returning to her home , Naru 's mother reveals herself to be the youma Morga and captures her . The cat Usagi encountered earlier reveals herself as Luna and tells Usagi to search for the princess and destroy evil . Usagi transforms into Sailor Moon and , after hearing Naru in distress , confronts Morga , who intends to steal human energy by using the cursed jewelry on the girls . The youma tricks the brainwashed girls into attacking Usagi but a stranger wearing a tuxedo intervenes . Usagi weakens Morga with her screams , allowing her to use the Moon Tiara Action technique on Morga , killing her and restoring the girls to normal . Before departing , the stranger reveals himself to be Tuxedo Mask . -- `` Punishment Awaits : the House of Fortune Is the Monster Mansion '' `` Oshioki yo ! Uranai house wa yōma no yakata '' ( おしおきよ ! 占いハウスは妖魔の館 ) Takao Yoshizawa Shigeru Yanagikawa Yoshiyuki Shikano Katsuji Matsumoto March 14 , 1992 -- Having failed his previous mission , Jadeite informs Queen Beryl , the leader of the Dark Kingdom , that he is using another plan , this time involving fortune telling . Meanwhile , Usagi 's classmate Umino Gurio is smitten with her . After confessing that he wants to go on a date , Naru has him consult a fortune teller but he decides to go to the House of Fortune . Luna tells Usagi to go to a fortune teller , in an attempt to check that Motoki is an admirer of her but decides to go to the House of Fortune . However , Umino and some of the other students are hypnotized by the tarot cards and cause trouble at school the next day . Realizing that the students were being hypnotized from the House of Fortune , Luna and Usagi infiltrate the house and encounter Balm , a youma disguised as the fortune teller . Balm orders her hypnotized subjects to attack Usagi , but Tuxedo Mask distracts her and , with his encouragement , Usagi kills Balm , returning the customers to normal . `` Talk Radio '' `` The Mysterious Sleeping Sickness : Protect the Girls in Love '' `` Nazo no nemuribyō , mamore otome no koisuru kokoro '' ( 謎のねむり病 , 守れ乙女の恋する心 ) Kazuhisa Takenouchi Katsuyuki Sumisawa Minoru Ōkōchi Kunihiko Natsume March 21 , 1992 September 12 , 1995 Homeroom teacher Haruna Sakurada and Naru submit love - letters to a late - night radio show . When they fall into a coma - like sleep , Usagi must investigate the radio station undercover . `` Slim City '' `` Learn How to Be Skinny from Usagi '' `` Usagi ga oshiemasu ! Surimu ni naruhō '' ( うさぎが教えます ! スリムになる法 ) Harume Kosaka Sukehiro Tomita Yoshiyuki Shikano Kiyoshi Matsumoto March 28 , 1992 September 13 , 1995 Usagi gains a couple of pounds and starts to obsess about her weight . Jadeite starts a health club to drain energy out of people . Usagi and her friends sign up after seeing how much weight Ms. Haruna has lost . Usagi discovers tanks in the basement which are sucking the life energy out of her friends . 5 -- `` Scent of a Monster : Chanela Will Steal Your Love '' `` Yōma no kaori ! Shanēra wa ai wo nusume '' ( 妖魔の香り ! シャネーラは愛を盗む ) Yūji Endō Shigeru Yanagikawa Kenichi Tajiri Ikuko Itō April 11 , 1992 -- Usagi wants her family to accept Luna as a `` pet '' , but Shingo is afraid of cats . At a pet shop , he discovers a hypnotic creature called a Chanela and loses all interest in anything else . 6 -- `` Protect the Melody of Love : Usagi Plays Cupid '' `` Mamore koi no merodi ! Usagi wa Kyūpiddo '' ( 守れ恋の曲 ! うさぎはキューピッド ) Kunihiko Ikuhara Katsuyuki Sumisawa Yoshiyuki Shikano Kazuko Tadano April 18 , 1992 -- Jadeite creates a cassette tape that can drain life energy , but the youma he gives it to promptly loses it . It ends up in the possession of a jazz pianist , and Usagi must disguise herself as an adult to protect him . 7 `` So You Want to Be a Superstar '' `` Usagi Learns Her Lesson : Becoming a Star Is Hard Work '' `` Usagi hansei ! Sutā no michi wa kibishii '' ( うさぎ反省 ! スターの道はきびしい ) Junichi Sato Shigeru Yanagikawa Minoru Ōkōchi Katsuji Matsumoto April 25 , 1992 September 14 , 1995 By making a youma possess a human celebrity , Jadeite draws a huge crowd of would - be superstars . Usagi tries to juggle her duties as Sailor Moon with her desire to be popular and famous . 8 5 `` Computer School Blues '' `` The Girl Genius Is a Monster : The Brainwashing Cram School of Horror '' `` Tensai shōjo wa yōma na no ? Kyōfu no sennōjuku '' ( 天才少女は妖魔なの ? 恐怖の洗脳塾 ) Junichi Sato Sukehiro Tomita Kenichi Tajiri Kunihiko Natsume May 2 , 1992 September 15 , 1995 Luna senses a strange aura around Usagi 's genius classmate , Ami Mizuno , and thinks she might be a Dark Kingdom spy . Usagi befriends the girl and is not so sure . But she understands later that Ami Mizuno is a Guardian as Sailor Moon and their duties are the same . 9 6 `` Time Bomb '' `` Usagi 's Disaster : Beware of the Clock of Confusion '' `` Usagi no sainan ! Awate tokei ni goyōjin '' ( うさぎの災難 ! あわて時計にご用心 ) Harume Kosaka Katsuyuki Sumisawa Kazuyuki Hashimoto Akira Nakamura May 9 , 1992 September 18 , 1995 Jadeite 's new plan is to make humans work harder to increase their energy output . Usagi 's mom buys a new clock for her that drains her energy ; Ami , now awakened as Sailor Mercury , helps Luna investigate . 10 7 `` An Uncharmed Life '' `` The Cursed Bus : Enter Mars , the Guardian of Fire '' `` Norowareta basu ! Honō no senshi Māzu tōjō '' ( 呪われたバス ! 炎の戦士マーズ登場 ) Kazuhisa Takenouchi Sukehiro Tomita Yoshiyuki Shikano Kiyoshi Matsumoto May 16 , 1992 September 19 , 1995 Loaded buses are disappearing near Hikawa Shrine , and most of Usagi 's peers suspect that Rei Hino , a mysterious shrine miko with strange psychic abilities , has something to do with it . Luna wonders if she might be the moon princess . 11 8 `` Nightmare in Dreamland '' `` Usagi vs. Rei : Nightmare in Dream Land '' `` Usagi to Rei taiketsu ? Yume rando no akumu '' ( うさぎとレイ対決 ? 夢ランドの悪夢 ) Kunihiko Ikuhara Shigeru Yanagikawa Minoru Ōkōchi Masahiro Ando May 23 , 1992 September 20 , 1995 Queen Beryl is increasingly furious with Jadeite for his repeated failures ; he starts up a theme park , but the general public notices the large number of disappearances . Usagi and Rei , who is now Sailor Mars , begin their combative friendship . 12 9 `` Cruise Blues '' `` I Want a Boyfriend : The Luxury Cruise Ship Is a Trap '' `` Watashi datte kare ga hoshii ! Gōkasen no wana '' ( 私だって彼が欲しい ! 豪華船のワナ ) Yūji Endō Katsuyuki Sumisawa Kenichi Tajiri Kazuko Tadano May 30 , 1992 September 21 , 1995 One of Queen Beryl 's youma offers to help Jadeite with his wicked plans . Rei wins tickets on a luxury cruise ship and , since she has no boyfriend , asks Ami to accompany her . A jealous Usagi sneaks aboard after them . 13 10 `` Fight to the Finish '' `` Girls Unite : The End of Jadeite '' `` Onna no ko wa danketsu yo ! Jedaito no saigo '' ( 女の子は団結よ ! ジェダイトの最期 ) Harume Kosaka Sukehiro Tomita Kazuyuki Hashimoto Akira Nakamura June 6 , 1992 September 22 , 1995 Usagi continues to be romantically infatuated with both Motoki Furuhata and Tuxedo Mask . Threatened with death should he fail again , Jadeite confronts the Sailor Guardians at an airport . 14 11 `` Match Point for Sailor Moon '' `` A New Enemy Appears : Nephrite 's Evil Crest '' `` Arata naru kyōteki , Nefuraito ma no monshō '' ( 新たなる強敵 , ネフライト魔の紋章 ) Junichi Sato Shigeru Yanagikawa Yoshiyuki Shikano Hisashi Kagawa June 13 , 1992 September 25 , 1995 Nephrite takes over as Beryl 's main energy gatherer . He plans to gather more strength and power from individual humans at their strongest , rather than from groups , and starts by targeting Naru 's childhood friend , a tennis player . 15 12 `` An Unnatural Phenomena '' `` Usagi 's Panic : Rei 's First Date '' `` Usagi aseru ! Rei - chan hatsu dēto '' ( うさぎアセる ! レイちゃん初デート ) Kunihiko Ikuhara Katsuyuki Sumisawa Minoru Ōkōchi Kiyoshi Matsumoto June 20 , 1992 September 26 , 1995 Usagi finally learns Mamoru 's name , and , to her aggravation ( and supposed jealousy ) , Rei decides to date him . Meanwhile , Nephrite targets the caretaker of a park , and Rei suggests a similarity between Mamoru and Tuxedo Mask . 16 13 `` Wedding Day Blues '' `` A Girl 's Dream : Usagi Becomes a Bride '' `` Junpaku doresu no yume ! Usagi hanayome ni naru '' ( 純白ドレスの夢 ! うさぎ花嫁になる ) Kazuhisa Takenouchi Megumi Sugihara Kenichi Tajiri Masahiro Ando June 27 , 1992 September 27 , 1995 Usagi 's home economics teacher is getting married , and she and Rei become obsessed with a contest for handmade wedding dresses . Nephrite implants a youma in some fabric purchased by the bride - to - be . 17 14 `` Shutter Bugged '' `` Usagi 's a Model : The Flash of the Monster Camera '' `` Moderu wa Usagi ? Yōma kamera no nessha '' ( モデルはうさぎ ? 妖魔カメラの熱写 ) Yūji Endō Sukehiro Tomita Kazuyuki Hashimoto Kazuko Tadano July 4 , 1992 September 28 , 1995 A student from Rei 's school is an expert photographer . She and others try to become models to attract fame and fortune , but the boy and his camera are under the influence of the Dark Kingdom . 18 15 `` Dangerous Dollies '' `` Shingo 's Love : The Grieving Doll '' `` Shingo no junjō ! Kanashimi no Furansu ningyō '' ( 進悟の純情 ! 哀しみのフランス人形 ) Harume Kosaka Shigeru Yanagikawa Yoshiyuki Shikano Ikuko Itō July 11 , 1992 September 29 , 1995 Zoisite suggests that Nephrite needs his help , but the later refuses , angering Queen Beryl . Shingo 's friend is targeted for her ability to make beautiful dolls . Sailor Moon becomes an increasingly popular super-heroine . 19 16 `` Who Is That Masked Man ? '' `` Usagi 's Joy : A Love Letter from Tuxedo Mask '' `` Usagi kangeki ! Takishīdo Kamen no rabu retā '' ( うさぎ感激 ! タキシード仮面の恋文 ) Takao Yoshizawa Sukehiro Tomita Minoru Ōkōchi Akira Nakamura July 25 , 1992 October 2 , 1995 Nephrite takes advantage of Sailor Moon 's romantic attraction to Tuxedo Mask by sending love letters to Usagi and her classmates . Naru falls in love with him in his civilian disguise , allowing him to drain a large amount of her life - force energy . 20 -- `` The Summer , the Beach , Youth and Ghosts '' `` Natsu yo Umi yo Seishun yo ! Omake ni yūrei mo yo ! '' ( 夏よ海よ青春よ ! おまけに幽霊もよ ! ) Kazuhisa Takenouchi Megumi Sugihara Kenichi Tajiri Hisashi Kagawa August 1 , 1992 -- Usagi and her friends go to the beach , where they stay in a hotel run by people who look like film monsters . There , they encounter a ghostly presence and a little girl with psychic powers . 21 17 `` An Animated Mess '' `` Protect the Children 's Dreams : Friendship Through Anime '' `` Kodomotachi no yume mamore ! Anime ni musubu yūjō '' ( 子供達の夢守れ ! アニメに結ぶ友情 ) Kunihiko Ikuhara Katsuyuki Sumisawa Kazuyuki Hashimoto Hiromi Matsushita Kazuko Tadano August 8 , 1992 October 3 , 1995 Nephrite targets one of the animators of an upcoming Sailor V film , who is driven by jealousy of her best friend . The Guardians investigate , but Usagi and Rei are distracted by the excitement of the anime studio . 22 18 `` Worth a Princess 's Ransom '' `` Romance Under the Moon : Usagi 's First Kiss '' `` Gekka no romansu ! Usagi no hatsu kissu '' ( 月下のロマンス ! うさぎの初キッス ) Yūji Endō Sukehiro Tomita Yoshiyuki Shikano Kiyoshi Matsumoto August 15 , 1992 October 4 , 1995 Luna and Beryl wonder if a visiting princess could be the one the Guardians have been looking for . Mamoru dreams he is Tuxedo Mask and a girl is asking him for the Silver Crystal . At the ball , Usagi accidentally drinks wine and experiences her first kiss by Tuxedo Mask . 23 19 `` Molly 's Folly '' `` Wish Upon a Star : Naru 's First Love '' `` Nagareboshi ni negai wo ! Naru - chan no jun'ai '' ( 流れ星に願いを ! なるちゃんの純愛 ) Harume Kosaka Shigeru Yanagikawa Yoshiyuki Shikano Masahiro Ando August 22 , 1992 October 5 , 1995 Nephrite creates a crystal that will guide him to the Silver Crystal . Usagi tries to tell Naru the man she loves is Nephrite in disguise , but does n't believe her , saying Usagi 's jealous . He convinces her to steal a crystal from her mother and bring it to him . 24 20 `` A Friend in Wolf 's Clothing '' `` Naru 's Tears : Nephrite Dies for Love '' `` Naru - chan gōkyū ! Nefuraito ai no shi '' ( なるちゃん号泣 ! ネフライト愛の死 ) Junichi Sato Takuya Igarashi Sukehiro Tomita Minoru Ōkōchi Ikuko Itō August 29 , 1992 October 6 , 1995 Nephrite continues to investigate Naru , not understanding that his crystal is sensing her love for him . Zoisite , thinking he must be in love with the girl , kidnaps her in order to trap him . 25 21 `` Jupiter Comes Thundering In '' `` Jupiter , the Powerful Girl in Love '' `` Koisuru kairiki shōjo , Jupitā - chan '' ( 恋する怪力少女 , ジュピターちゃん ) Kazuhisa Takenouchi Shigeru Yanagikawa Kenichi Tajiri Hisashi Kagawa September 5 , 1992 October 9 , 1995 Queen Beryl partially awakens the evil entity Queen Metalia and sends Zoisite and Kunzite to find the Seven Great Youma and their Rainbow Crystals . Meanwhile , the tomboyish Makoto Kino transfers into Usagi 's school and quickly falls for a crane - game whiz at the arcade . 26 22 `` The Power of Friendship '' `` Restore Naru 's Smile : Usagi 's Friendship '' `` Naru - chan ni egao wo ! Usagi no yūjō '' ( なるちゃんに笑顔を ! うさぎの友情 ) Kunihiko Ikuhara Sukehiro Tomita Kazuyuki Hashimoto Akira Nakamura September 12 , 1992 October 10 , 1995 Naru is still very depressed about Nephrite , so Usagi and Umino take her to Yokohama to have fun . There , a kindly priest is attacked by Zoisite . Mamoru realizes that he is Tuxedo Mask , and drops a locket on the ground , where Usagi finds it . 27 23 `` Mercury 's Mental Match '' `` Crushing on Ami : The Boy Who Can See The Future '' `` Ami - chan e no koi ! ? Mirai yochi no shōnen '' ( 亜美ちゃんへの恋 ! ? 未来予知の少年 ) Takao Yoshizawa Katsuyuki Sumisawa Yoshiyuki Shikano Masahiro Ando October 10 , 1992 October 11 , 1995 Ami is bested in a school test by Urawa , who can foresee the future and who has a crush on her . He also already knows that he is one of the Rainbow Crystal holders . 28 24 `` An Artful Attack '' `` The Painting of Love : Usagi and Mamoru Get Closer '' `` Koi no irasuto , Usagi to Mamoru ga sekkin ? '' ( 恋のイラスト , うさぎと衛が接近 ? ) Yūji Endō Megumi Sugihara Minoru Ōkōchi Kazuko Tadano October 17 , 1992 October 12 , 1995 An artist asks a reluctant Usagi and Mamoru to model for one of her romantic love paintings . They encourage her to be less of a recluse . In battle , Sailor Moon learns that the locket she found belonged to Tuxedo Mask . 29 25 `` Too Many Girlfriends '' `` Total Chaos : The Messy Love Rectangle '' `` Daikonsen ! Guchagucha koi no shikaku kankei '' ( 大混線 ! グチャグチャ恋の四角関係 ) Harume Kosaka Shigeru Yanagikawa Kenichi Tajiri Kiyoshi Matsumoto October 24 , 1992 October 13 , 1995 Makoto , like Usagi , develops a huge romantic crush on Motoki . The two decide to pursue him simultaneously , even after finding out that he has a girlfriend , who , meanwhile , is targeted by Zoisite and Kunzite . 30 26 `` Grandpa 's Follies '' `` Grandpa Loses Control : Rei in Danger '' `` Ojī - chan ranshin , Rei - chan no kiki '' ( お爺ちゃん乱心 , レイちゃんの危機 ) Kazuhisa Takenouchi Sukehiro Tomita Kazuyuki Hashimoto Akira Nakamura October 31 , 1992 October 16 , 1995 Zoisite aggravates the Rainbow Crystal inside Rei 's grandfather , who becomes hyperactive and unstable . A young man , Yūichirō Kumada , wanders into the shrine , falls in love with Rei , and asks to work there . 31 27 `` Kitty Chaos '' `` Love and Chased : Luna 's Worst Day Ever '' `` Koisarete owarete ! Runa no saiaku no hi '' ( 恋されて追われて ! ルナの最悪の日 ) Kunihiko Ikuhara Katsuyuki Sumisawa Yoshiyuki Shikano Ikuko Itō November 7 , 1992 October 17 , 1995 Luna becomes the object of a very fat ordinary cat 's attentions . Both Zoisite and the Sailor Guardians detect traces of the last Rainbow Crystal around the home of this cat 's owner and go to investigate . 32 28 `` Tuxedo Melvin '' `` Umino 's Resolve : I 'll Protect Naru '' `` Umino no kesshin ! Naru - chan wa boku ga mamoru '' ( 海野の決心 ! なるちゃんは僕が守る ) Takao Yoshizawa Shigeru Yanagikawa Minoru Ōkōchi Hisashi Kagawa November 14 , 1992 October 18 , 1995 Luna reveals that she is from the moon , and so is the princess the guardians are looking for . Umino , having been told that Tuxedo Mask is attractive , adopts a similar persona in order to protect , and thereby woo , Naru . 33 29 `` Sailor V Makes the Scene '' `` Enter Venus , the Last Sailor Guardian '' `` Saigo no Sērā Senshi , Vīnasu tōjō '' ( 最後のセーラー戦士 , ヴィーナス登場 ) Yūji Endō Megumi Sugihara Kenichi Tajiri Masahiro Ando November 21 , 1992 October 19 , 1995 Zoisite disguises himself as Sailor Moon in order to lure Tuxedo Mask and the guardians out into the open , where they are attacked by Kunzite . The Dark Kingdom injures Tuxedo Mask 's identity , but they are foiled by the appearance of Sailor Venus . 34 30 `` A Crystal Clear Destiny '' `` The Shining Silver Crystal : The Moon Princess Appears '' `` Hikari kagayaku ginzuishō ! Tsuki no purinsesu tōjō '' ( 光輝く銀水晶 ! 月のプリンセス登場 ) Harume Kosaka Katsuyuki Sumisawa Kazuyuki Hashimoto Kazuko Tadano November 28 , 1992 October 20 , 1995 The new guardian , Sailor Venus , is also schoolgirl Minako Aino . Forbidden by Queen Beryl to kill Tuxedo Mask , Zoisite challenges him to duel for the Rainbow Crystals . Usagi follows him , and they are forced to reveal their identities to each other . 35 31 `` A Reluctant Princess '' `` Returning Memories : Usagi and Mamoru 's Past '' `` Yomigaeru kioku ! Usagi to Mamoru no kako '' ( よみがえる記憶 ! うさぎと衛の過去 ) Takuya Igarashi Katsuyuki Sumisawa Yoshiyuki Shikano Akira Nakamura December 5 , 1992 October 23 , 1995 Usagi and Mamoru remember their former lives as Princess Serenity and Prince Endymion . The Dark Kingdom kidnaps the injured Mamoru , but Beryl executes Zoisite for his attempt to kill him . Luna and Artemis tell the Guardians about their tragic past . 36 32 `` Bad Hair Day '' `` Usagi 's Confusion : Is Tuxedo Mask Evil ? '' `` Usagi konran ! Takishīdo Kamen wa aku ? '' ( うさぎ混乱 ! タキシード仮面は悪 ? ) Kunihiko Ikuhara Sukehiro Tomita Minoru Ōkōchi Kiyoshi Matsumoto December 12 , 1992 October 24 , 1995 Minako takes a depressed Usagi to the hairdresser to cheer her up . There they are attacked by a youma who is convinced that Minako is Sailor Moon . Tuxedo Mask appears , alive and whole , but addresses himself as Endymion , seems to be fighting for the other side . 37 33 `` Little Miss Manners '' `` Let 's Become a Princess : Usagi 's Bizarre Training '' `` Mezase purinsesu ? Usagi no chintokkun '' ( めざせプリンセス ? うさぎの珍特訓 ) Hiromichi Matano Shigeru Yanagikawa Kenichi Tajiri Ikuko Itō December 19 , 1992 October 25 , 1995 Usagi daydreams of her past and enrolls in a special seminar to become more like a princess . Kunzite and the evil Endymion argue about which is more important : obtaining the Silver Crystal or killing Sailor Moon . 38 34 `` Ski Bunny Blues '' `` The Snow , the Mountains , Friendship and Monsters '' `` Yuki yo Yama yo Yūjō yo ! Yappari yōma mo yo ! '' ( 雪よ山よ友情よ ! やっぱり妖魔もよ ) Takao Yoshizawa Katsuyuki Sumisawa Kazuyuki Hashimoto Hisashi Kagawa December 26 , 1992 October 26 , 1995 Yūichirō takes the girls to a ski resort , where they enter a `` Moon Princess '' contest . Rei and Usagi , targeted by a youma , take the opportunity to reaffirm their friendship . Tuxedo Mask continues to fight against them . 39 35 `` Ice Princess '' `` Paired with a Monster : Mako , the Ice Skating Queen '' `` Yōma to pea ! ? Hyōjō no joō Mako - chan '' ( 妖魔とペア ! ? 氷上の女王まこちゃん ) Kazuhisa Takenouchi Megumi Sugihara Yoshiyuki Shikano Kazuko Tadano January 9 , 1993 October 27 , 1995 Discovering that the Moon Princess was once known for her graceful ice skating , Kunzite tries to use this information to trap Sailor Moon . The best skater among the girls , however , turns out to be Makoto . Tuxedo Mask appears to help them , but only works against Kunzite because he does n't want to involve bystanders . 40 36 `` Last Resort '' `` The Legendary Lake Yokai : The Bond of Usagi 's Family '' `` Mizuumi no densetsu yōkai ! Usagi kazoku no kizuna '' ( 湖の伝説妖怪 ! うさぎ家族のきずな ) Harume Kosaka Megumi Sugihara Minoru Ōkōchi Masahiro Ando January 16 , 1993 October 30 , 1995 Usagi and her family go on vacation at a hot springs , where legend holds that a terrible monster was once defeated . Endymion revives the monster , but regrets his action upon discovering that it is not a youma . 41 37 `` Tuxedo Unmasked '' `` I Wo n't Run Away from Love Anymore : Ami vs. Mamoru '' `` Mō koi kara nigenai ! Ami to Mamoru taiketsu '' ( もう恋から逃げない ! 亜美と衛対決 ) Yūji Endō Katsuyuki Sumisawa Kenichi Tajiri Akira Nakamura January 23 , 1993 October 31 , 1995 Queen Beryl orders the seven people gathered who had carried Rainbow Crystals , intending to combine them into one huge youma . Ami is determined to protect Urawa . Sailor Moon tries to heal Endymion . 42 -- `` Sailor Venus ' Past : Minako 's Tragic Love '' `` Sērā Vīnasu no kako , Minako no higeki '' ( S ヴィーナスの過去 , 美奈子の悲劇 ) Takuya Igarashi Sukehiro Tomita Kazuyuki Hashimoto Kiyoshi Matsumoto January 30 , 1993 -- The Guardians look for an entrance to the Dark Kingdom , where Metalia will soon be awakened . Kunzite decides to try to get at Sailor V and attacks a woman Minako had been good friends with in England . 43 38 `` Fractious Friends '' `` Usagi Abandoned : The Falling - Out of the Sailor Guardians '' `` Usagi ga koritsu ? Sērā Senshi - tachi no ōgenka '' ( うさぎが孤立 ? S 戦士達の大ゲンカ ) Kazuhisa Takenouchi Shigeru Yanagikawa Yoshiyuki Shikano Katsumi Tamegai February 6 , 1993 November 1 , 1995 The Sailor Guardians stage a breakup , trying to make it look as though Sailor Moon has defected so that she can infiltrate the Dark Kingdom and save Endymion . She and Sailor Mars find it a little too easy to fight . 44 39 `` The Past Returns '' `` Usagi 's Awakening : A Message from the Distant Past '' `` Usagi no kakusei ! Chōkako no messēji '' ( うさぎの覚醒 ! 超過去のメッセージ ) Takao Yoshizawa Sukehiro Tomita Minoru Ōkōchi Hisashi Kagawa February 13 , 1993 November 2 , 1995 A blast of energy sends the Guardians to the ruined Moon Kingdom , where they meet a hologram of Queen Serenity and learn about their past . Luna and Artemis find the entrance to the Dark Kingdom . Kunzite attacks , but is finally defeated by Sailor Moon . 45 -- `` Death of the Sailor Guardians : The Tragic Final Battle '' `` Sērā Senshi shisu ! Hisō naru saishūsen '' ( セーラー戦士死す ! 悲壮なる最終戦 ) Kōnosuke Uda Shigeru Yanagikawa Kenichi Tajiri Ikuko Itō February 20 , 1993 -- The Sailor Guardians travel to D Point to fight Queen Beryl , where they face her toughest youma yet , the DD Girls and the Inner Guardians are killed protecting Sailor Moon . 46 -- `` Usagi 's Eternal Wish : A Brand New Life '' `` Usagi no omoi wa towa ni ! Atarashiki tensei '' ( うさぎの想いは永遠に ! 新しき転生 ) Kunihiko Ikuhara Sukehiro Tomita Kazuyuki Hashimoto Kazuko Tadano February 27 , 1993 -- With her friends dead , Sailor Moon is transported inside the Dark Kingdom to face Queen Beryl and the brainwashed Prince Endymion . -- 40 `` Day of Destiny '' -- -- -- -- -- November 4 , 1995 Sailor Moon and the Sailor Scouts head to the North Pole to end the Negaverse . They are confronted by Queen Beryl 's Doom and Gloom Girls who capture all the Sailor Scouts leaving Sailor Moon all alone . Afterwords , Beryl summons Sailor Moon to her where Sailor Moon battles with Darien , who is under a strong brainwashing spell by Beryl . Unwilling to hurt Darien , Sailor Moon uses their locket and convinces him to touch it , which breaks the spell . Upset at losing Darien , Beryl attacks them only to be thwarted by Darien 's rose . Wounded by the rose , Beryl retreats and gets powered up by the Negaverse and turned into Super Beryl . Sailor Moon confronts Beryl and the two battle . Now as Princess Serena , she calls on the other Sailor Scouts to help her , who teleport to her side and together they defeat Beryl and the Negaverse . However , the power of Sailor Moon 's attack causes her and the other Sailor Scouts to no longer remember they are Sailor Scouts , their battle with Beryl , each other or their past lives and they are living their lives as normal girls . Note : This episode is a combination of scenes from episodes 45 and 46 . The deaths of the Sailor Guardians , Sailor Moon , Prince Endymion , the conversation with the spirits of the Sailor Guardians and Usagi 's wish to be a normal girl and the revival of all the Guardians and Endymion , are edited out shorting the two episodes enough to combine them into one . Releases ( edit ) Japanese ( edit ) VHS ( edit ) Toei Video ( Japan , VHS ) Volume Episodes Release date Ref . 美少女戦士セーラームーン 1 -- 4 December 18 , 1992 5 -- 8 March 25 , 1993 9 -- 12 July 25 , 1993 13 -- 16 August 25 , 1993 5 17 -- 20 November 25 , 1993 6 21 -- 24 December 17 , 1993 7 25 -- 28 January 25 , 1994 8 29 -- 32 February 25 , 1994 9 33 -- 36 March 21 , 1994 10 37 -- 40 April 21 , 1994 11 41 -- 44 May 21 , 1994 12 45 -- 46 June 21 , 1994 DVD ( edit ) Toei Video ( Japan , Region 2 DVD ) Volume Episodes Release date Ref . 美少女戦士セーラームーン 1 -- 6 May 21 , 2002 7 -- 12 May 21 , 2002 13 -- 18 May 21 , 2002 19 -- 24 June 21 , 2002 5 25 -- 30 June 21 , 2002 6 31 -- 36 June 21 , 2002 7 37 -- 41 July 21 , 2002 8 42 -- 46 July 21 , 2002 美少女戦士セーラームーン DVD COLLECTION 1 -- 24 December 11 , 2009 25 -- 46 January 21 , 2010 Blu - ray ( edit ) Toei Video ( Japan , Region A ) Volume Episodes Release date Ref . 美少女戦士セーラームーン Blu - ray COLLECTION VOL. 1 1 -- 23 June 4 , 2017 美少女戦士セーラームーン Blu - ray COLLECTION VOL. 2 24 -- 46 August 9 , 2017 English ( edit ) VHS ( edit ) United States ( edit ) Buena Vista Home Video Volume Episodes Release date Stock Number Ref . Sailor Moon : A Moon Star Is Born 1 , 3 ( 1 -- 2 edited ) March 11 , 1997 6145 Sailor Moon : Scouts Unite ! 8 , 10 ( 5 , 7 edited ) March 11 , 1997 6146 Sailor Moon : Evil Eyes 12 , 17 ( 9 , 14 edited ) March 18 , 1997 6148 Sailor Moon : Jupiter and Venus Arrive ! 25 , 33 ( 21 , 29 edited ) April 30 , 1997 10422 Sailor Moon : Secret Identities 34 -- 36 ( 30 -- 31 edited ) April 30 , 1997 10423 Sailor Moon : Good Queen , Bad Queen 44 - 46 ( 39 -- 40 edited ) April 30 , 1997 10424 ADV Films Volume Episodes Release date Stock Number Ref . Volume 1 : The Legend Begins 1 , 3 -- 4 , 7 ( 1 -- 4 edited ) November 21 , 2000 707303 Volume 2 : The Power of Friendship 8 -- 11 ( 5 -- 8 edited ) November 21 , 2000 707743 Volume 3 : Sailor Mars Joins the Battle 12 -- 15 ( 9 -- 12 edited ) January 9 , 2001 707313 Volume 4 : Mysterious Tuxedo Mask 16 -- 19 ( 13 -- 16 edited ) January 9 , 2001 707753 Volume 5 : Red Hearts & Silver Crystals 21 -- 24 ( 17 -- 20 edited ) February 13 , 2001 707343 Volume 6 : Introducing Sailor Jupiter 25 -- 28 ( 21 -- 24 edited ) February 13 , 2001 707783 Volume 7 : Green Eyed Monsters 29 -- 32 ( 25 -- 28 edited ) May 1 , 2001 707353 Volume 8 : And in This Corner ... Sailor Venus ! 33 -- 36 ( 29 -- 32 edited ) May 1 , 2001 707793 Volume 9 : Field Trips 37 -- 40 ( 33 -- 36 edited ) July 3 , 2001 707363 Volume 10 : Trials And Troubles ! 41 , 43 -- 46 ( 37 -- 40 edited ) July 3 , 2001 707803 United Kingdom ( edit ) MVM Films Volume Episodes Release date Ref . Episodes 1 & 2 1 , 3 ( 1 -- 2 edited ) November 12 , 2001 Episodes 3 & 4 4 , 7 ( 3 -- 4 edited ) November 12 , 2001 Episodes 5 & 6 8 -- 9 ( 5 -- 6 edited ) December 27 , 2001 Episodes 7 & 8 10 -- 11 ( 7 -- 8 edited ) April 22 , 2002 Episodes 9 & 10 12 -- 13 ( 9 -- 10 edited ) April 22 , 2002 Episodes 11 & 12 14 -- 15 ( 11 -- 12 edited ) March 10 , 2003 Episodes 13 -- 18 16 -- 19 , 21 -- 22 ( 13 -- 18 edited ) April 21 , 2003 Episodes 19 -- 24 23 -- 28 ( 19 -- 24 edited ) June 2 , 2003 DVD ( edit ) United States ( edit ) ADV Films ( Region 1 ) Volume Episodes Release date Ref . A Heroine Is Chosen 1 , 3 -- 4 , 7 -- 9 ( 1 -- 6 edited ) April 16 , 2002 Sailor Scouts to the Rescue ! 10 -- 15 ( 7 -- 12 edited ) April 16 , 2002 The Man in the Tuxedo Mask 16 -- 19 , 21 -- 22 ( 13 -- 18 edited ) June 11 , 2002 The Secret of the Sailor Scouts 23 -- 28 ( 19 -- 24 edited ) June 11 , 2002 Introducing Sailor Venus ! 29 -- 34 ( 25 -- 30 edited ) July 23 , 2002 Adventure Girls ! 35 -- 40 ( 31 -- 36 edited ) July 23 , 2002 Fight to the Finish ! 41 , 43 -- 46 ( 37 -- 42 edited ) September 3 , 2002 Season One , Complete and Uncut 1 -- 46 July 15 , 2003 Viz Media ( Region 1 ) Volume Episodes Release date Ref . Season 1 Part 1 1 -- 23 November 11 , 2014 Season 1 Part 2 24 -- 46 February 10 , 2015 United Kingdom ( edit ) MVM Films ( Region 2 ) Volume Episodes Release date Ref . Episodes 1 -- 6 1 , 3 -- 4 , 7 -- 9 ( 1 -- 6 edited ) February 24 , 2003 Episodes 7 -- 12 10 -- 15 ( 7 -- 12 edited ) October 4 , 2004 Episodes 13 -- 18 16 -- 19 , 21 -- 22 ( 13 -- 18 edited ) November 8 , 2004 Episodes 19 -- 24 23 -- 28 ( 19 -- 24 edited ) October 4 , 2004 Episodes 25 -- 30 29 -- 34 ( 25 -- 30 edited ) October 4 , 2004 Episodes 31 -- 36 35 -- 40 ( 31 -- 36 edited ) October 4 , 2004 Episodes 37 -- 42 41 , 43 -- 46 ( 37 -- 42 edited ) October 4 , 2004 Series 1 1 , 3 -- 4 , 7 -- 19 , 21 -- 41 , 43 -- 48 ( 1 -- 42 edited ) October 11 , 2004 Blu - ray + DVD combo ( edit ) North America ( edit ) Viz Media ( Region A ) Volume Episodes Release date Ref . Season 1 Part 1 1 -- 23 November 11 , 2014 Season 1 Part 2 24 -- 46 February 10 , 2015 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 美少女戦士セーラームーン DVD ‐ COLLECTION Vol. 1 '' . toei-video.co.jp . Toei Video . Retrieved 25 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 美少女戦士セーラームーン DVD ‐ COLLECTION Vol. 2 ( 完 ) '' . toei-video.co.jp . Toei Video . Retrieved 25 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Sailormoon Channel ( in Japanese ) Name of story arc given on the official website . Jump up ^ 第 15 回アニメグランプリ ( 1993 年 5 月号 ) ( in Japanese ) . Animage.jp . Archived from the original on 2010 - 10 - 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ 第 16 回アニメグランプリ ( 1994 年 5 月号 ) ( in Japanese ) . Animage.jp . Archived from the original on 2010 - 10 - 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` 美少女戦士セーラームーン Vol. 1 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Video Online Shop . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 美少女戦士セーラームーン Vol. 8 ( 完 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Video Online Shop . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 美少女戦士セーラームーン DVD ‐ COLLECTION Vol. 1 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Video Online Shop . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 美少女戦士セーラームーン DVD ‐ COLLECTION Vol. 2 ( 完 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Video Online Shop . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cox , Gemma . `` Shôjo Classic - Sailor Moon '' . Neo . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Harris , Jeff ( August 9 , 1999 ) . `` The First Three '' . The X Bridge . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2009 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon ( TV Spotlight ) '' . ChristianAnswers.net . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` 泣き虫うさぎの華麗なる変身 '' . Sailor Moon . Episode 1 ( in Japanese ) . March 7 , 1992 . TV Asahi . Jump up ^ `` 亜美ちゃんへの恋 ! ? 未来予知の少年 '' . Sailor Moon . Episode 27 ( in Japanese ) . October 10 , 1992 . TV Asahi . Jump up ^ `` A Moon Star is Born '' . Sailor Moon . Episode 1 . August 28 , 1995 . YTV . Jump up ^ YTV at https://web.archive.org . `` YTV - Shows - Sailor Moon '' . Archived from the original on 2002 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official list of Sailor Moon episodes '' . Sailor Moon Memorial Song Box ( CD booklet ) . Nippon Columbia CO. , LTD. 1997 . pp. 100 -- 108 . COCC - 14459 - 64 . Jump up ^ Sailor Moon page at Hulu . `` Watch Sailor Moon online - at Hulu '' . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ 美少女戦士セーラームーン 1 ( in Japanese ) . Tower Records . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 美少女戦士セーラームーン 2 ( in Japanese ) . Tower Records . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 美少女戦士セーラームーン 3 ( in Japanese ) . Tower Records . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 美少女戦士セーラームーン 4 ( in Japanese ) . Tower Records . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 美少女戦士セーラームーン 5 ( in Japanese ) . Tower Records . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 美少女戦士セーラームーン 6 ( in Japanese ) . Tower Records . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 美少女戦士セーラームーン 7 ( in Japanese ) . Tower Records . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 美少女戦士セーラームーン 8 ( in Japanese ) . Tower Records . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 美少女戦士セーラームーン 9 ( in Japanese ) . Tower Records . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 美少女戦士セーラームーン 10 ( in Japanese ) . Tower Records . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 美少女戦士セーラームーン 11 ( in Japanese ) . Tower Records . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 美少女戦士セーラームーン 12 ( in Japanese ) . Tower Records . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 美少女戦士セーラームーン Vol. 2 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Video Online Shop . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 美少女戦士セーラームーン Vol. 3 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Video Online Shop . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 美少女戦士セーラームーン Vol. 4 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Video Online Shop . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 美少女戦士セーラームーン Vol. 5 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Video Online Shop . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 美少女戦士セーラームーン Vol. 6 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Video Online Shop . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 美少女戦士セーラームーン Vol. 7 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Video Online Shop . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 美少女戦士セーラームーン Blu - ray COLLECTION VOL. 1 '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.co.jp . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 美少女戦士セーラームーン Blu - ray COLLECTION VOL. 2 '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.co.jp . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sailor Moon Dub : Merchandise > VHS > Buena Vista Home Video '' . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon - The Legend Begins ( Vol. 1 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon - The Power of Friendship ( Vol. 2 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon - Sailor Mars Joins the Battle ( Vol. 3 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon - Mysterious Tuxedo Mask ( Vol. 4 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon - Red Hearts & Silver Crystals ( Vol. 5 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon - Introducing Sailor Jupiter ( Vol. 6 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon - Green Eyed Monsters ( Vol. 7 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon - In This Corner Sailor Venus ( Vol. 8 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon - Field Trips ( Vol. 9 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon - Trials and Troubles ( Vol. 10 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon : Episodes 1 And 2 ( VHS ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon : Episodes 3 And 4 ( VHS ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon : Episodes 5 And 6 ( VHS ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon : Episodes 7 And 8 ( VHS ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon : Episodes 9 And 10 ( VHS ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon : Episodes 11 And 12 ( VHS ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon : Episodes 13 - 18 ( VHS ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon : Episodes 19 - 24 ( VHS ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon : Heroine Is Chosen ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon - Sailor Scouts to the Rescue ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon - The Man in the Tuxedo Mask ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon - The Secret of the Sailor Scouts ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon - Introducing Sailor Venus ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon - Fight to the Finish ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon , Season One , Complete and Uncut ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon Season 1 Part 1 ( DVD ONLY ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon Season 1 Part 2 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon : Episodes 1 - 6 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon : Episodes 7 - 12 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon : Episodes 13 - 18 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon : Episodes 19 - 24 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon : Episodes 25 - 30 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon : Episodes 31 - 36 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon : Episodes 37 - 42 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon : Series 1 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon Season 1 Part 1 ( LE Blu - ray / DVD COMBO ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon Season 1 Part 2 ( BD Combo ) ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Sailor Moon by Naoko Takeuchi Media Chapters Codename : Sailor V Sailor Moon episodes Season 1 SuperS Sailor Stars films SuperS Sailor Moon Crystal episodes Live - action series Musicals Video games Collectible card game Music Soundtracks `` Moonlight Densetsu '' `` Kaze mo Sora mo Kitto ... '' `` Moon Pride '' Characters Protagonists Sailor Moon Tuxedo Mask Sailor Mercury Sailor Mars Sailor Jupiter Sailor Venus Chibiusa Sailor Pluto Sailor Uranus Sailor Neptune Sailor Saturn Antagonists Dark Kingdom Black Moon Clan Death Busters Dead Moon Circus Shadow Galactica Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Sailor_Moon_episodes_(season_1)&oldid=856762252 '' Categories : 1992 Japanese television seasons 1993 Japanese television seasons Sailor Moon episode lists Hidden categories : Articles with Japanese - language external links CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles needing additional references from June 2008 All articles needing additional references Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Italiano Magyar Русский Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 11 : 08 ( UTC ) . 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name three minority groups who aided in the war effort during ww2			Ethnic minorities in the U.S. armed forces during World War II	ethnic minorities in the u. s. armed forces during world war ii	Ethnic minorities served in the US armed forces during World War II . All citizens were equally subject to the draft . All minorities were given the same rate of pay . The 16 million men and women in the services included over 1 million blacks , along with 33,000 + Japanese - Americans , 20,000 + Chinese Americans , 25,000 American Indians , and 16,000 Filipino - Americans . About 65,034 Puerto Ricans served as well as about 500,000 Mexican - Americans ( both white and mestizo ) and smaller numbers of other Hispanics . Group totals for European ethnic groups were not tabulated . They were released from service in 1945 - 46 on equal terms , and were eligible for the G.I. Bill and other veterans benefits on a basis of equality . Many veterans , having learned organizational skills , and become more alert to the nationwide situation of their group , became active in civil rights activities after the war .	Contents ( hide ) 1 `` White '' minority participation 1.1 Hispanic - Americans 1.2 Jewish - Americans 1.3 Polish - Americans 1.4 Italian - Americans 1.5 Arab - Americans 2 Possible reasons for ethnic minority participation 3 Detailed instances of racial discrimination 4 Statistical information 4.1 Minority groups 4.1. 1 One million African - American inductions 4.1. 2 Inductions of other minority groups 4.1. 3 African American enlistments 4.2 Army inductions by race , July 1 , 1944 - December 31 , 1945 United States and Territories 5 Notes 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading `` White '' minority participation ( edit ) The vast majority of the US population at the time was of northwest European descent , most prominently descending from the British Isles and Germany . A considerable number of groups legally defined as white could still be considered ethnic minorities at the time , and even separate races per the Nordicism thought popular in the United States and northwest Europe at the time , and exemplified by the Nazi German state that was the United States ' main enemy in the war . Detailed tabulations were not kept for these groups by the US military , which simply listed them all as `` white '' . Separate statistics were kept for African Americans and Asian Americans . Hispanic - Americans ( edit ) Main article : Hispanic Americans in World War II Hispanic Americans , also referred to as Latinos , served in all elements of the American armed forces in the war . They fought in every major American battle in the war . Between 250,000 and 500,000 Hispanic Americans served in the U.S. Armed Forces during World War II , out of a total of 16,000,000 . Most were of Mexican or Puerto Rican descent . By another estimate , over 500,000 Mexican - Americans served plus over 65,000 Puerto Ricans and smaller numbers of others . Hispanic - Americans constituted 2.3 % to 4.7 % of the total who served . A number of Hispanics served in senior leadership positions , the highest ranking being Marine Corps Lieutenant - General Pedro Del Valle . The exact number of Hispanics serving in the US military is unknown as , at the time , Hispanics were not tabulated separately , but were generally included in the general white population census count . President Roosevelt had personally demanded all Mexican - Americans be classified as white as part of his `` Good Neighbor '' policy with US - friendly Latin American nations while most Puerto Ricans had always been considered legally white since the island was annexed on part of its population being of majority - European descent ( the average Puerto Rican being 66 % European , 18 % Native American , and 16 % West African ) . While the military did not document the numbers of Hispanic servicemen and servicewomen , the US Census did note that less than 2 % of the general population was of Hispanic origin ; if true this would mean Hispanic - Americans were overrepresented in the armed forces . Jewish - Americans ( edit ) Main article : Military history of Jewish Americans § World War II Over 550,000 Jewish - Americans served in the armed forces during World War II , account for 3.5 % of the roughly 16 million American soldiers in total , the highest number of Jewish soldiers of any participating country . There were 4,770,000 American Jews at the time , accounting for 3.6 % of the US population , meaning they were proportionally represented . 22 Jewish - Americans obtained the ranks of general or admiral during the war , including Major General Maurice Rose , and 49,315 earned citations for valor in combat . The total number of Jewish - American war casualties was 38,338 , with 11,000 killed . Polish - Americans ( edit ) Americans of Polish descent were common in all the military ranks and divisions , and were among the first to volunteer for the war effort . They were heavily motivated by the Nazi policy of extermination towards the people of occupied Poland , the first country attacked during the war . Polish Americans were enthusiastic enlistees . They composed 4 % of the American population at the time , but ultimately composed 8 % of the U.S. military during World War II , with over 1,000,000 joining the U.S. armed forces . Polish general Władysław Sikorski toured the United States in a failed attempt to raise large numbers of Polish - Americans for segregated battalions , saying that they were `` turning their backs '' on Poland by not joining the cause . Italian - Americans ( edit ) Over 1.5 million Italian - American soldiers served in World War II , accounting for 10 % of the armed forces , of whom 14 won Medal of Honor . While Italian - Americans were in general enthusiastic participants in the Allied cause , several Italian - language newspapers were forced to close because of past support of the fascist government of Benito Mussolini . Arab - Americans ( edit ) Over 30,000 Arab - Americans are estimated to have served during the war , accounting for 0.2 % of soldiers . Most were of Lebanese descent . Possible reasons for ethnic minority participation ( edit ) The participation of ethnic minorities in the US armed forces during World War II highlighted an inconsistency in American ideology at the time . The United States invaded Europe to fight against Hitler 's Nazi regime and its idea that there is an Aryan master or superior race , while perpetuating racism at home , some minorities believed . These soldiers and sailors were aware of this perceived double standard , and thus began the Double V campaign for a `` Double Victory '' : a victory against National Socialism and Fascism abroad , and a victory against racism at home . The black soldiers fought for equal citizenship and better job opportunities . W.E.B. Du Bois declared that in order to win World War II , we must also win the `` War for Racial Equality '' at home . As the enlistment statistics below demonstrate , some men were drafted , others enlisted voluntarily . Ethnic minorities gave many patriotic reasons for wanting to participate in the War effort . For many , it was an exciting role and essential to identify with one 's pride and courage . For some , fighting in the war was a way to prove their patriotism and honor their love for their country . Those who fight for this reason considered themselves Americans , independently of race , and thus felt obligated or proud to fight for their country . Others took a strategic approach , serving in the U.S. armed forces with the belief that once they returned as veterans the U.S. would have to do away with racial discrimination and segregation . Others still recognized the opportunity to achieve financial security for their families ; jobs in the armed forces could provide them with steady incomes when they were often excluded from jobs in the defense industries and trade unions at home . Women were not drafted , but they enlisted with the same motivations as the men . Japanese Americans who are US citizens volunteered in large numbers , especially in Hawaii . The Cuban - American community , based in Florida , saw military services and opportunity for adventure , patriotism and financial aid to their family . Detailed instances of racial discrimination ( edit ) Whatever their reasons for joining , they all faced further discrimination in the U.S. armed forces . At the start of the War , all branches of the U.S. military were segregated . President Harry S. Truman ordered the end of military segregation with his Executive Order 9981 in 1948 , but racial discrimination and segregation continued in the U.S. armed forces through the Korean War . African American soldiers and sailors were banned from fighting on the front lines , and were assigned menial tasks in place of positions in combat . However , some African Americans escaped this fate . In some cases of emergency or shortage , African Americans were brought to the front lines like during the Invasion of Normandy and the Battle of the Bulge . One mess - attendant Dorie Miller during the Attack on Pearl Harbor left his assigned station to fire at the attacking planes . Some special African American units , such as the Tuskegee Airmen , also fought in combat . Many African - Americans wrote or otherwise described the great disparities in treatment between themselves and white soldiers . Some of these disparities included receiving fewer provisions and poorer quality gear , and struggling with gross disorganization in command and instruction . In letters to his girlfriend back home , one African American soldier named Jim Dansby described , `` the colored here in camp seem to be neglected to a certain extent . We are poorly organized , '' and `` I am pretty much disgusted . I do n't think they 're treating us right . '' Additionally , there were often racial tensions between different ethnic minority groups within the armed forces . Beyond these , African Americans and other ethnic minority servicemen had to undergo their training in communities run by Jim Crow laws , enforced by local police . Dansby also described events of racial violence in the town where he trained at Camp Shelby , Mississippi , and the effect such events had upon his psyche : `` Honey I am telling you I 'll be glad when I get away from this place . A soldier got killed in town last nite , also the nite before . The one that was killed the nite before was found by the railroad tracks with his head cut and arm almost cut off . These soldiers down here are really bad ... so anything liable to happen . '' After the conclusion of the War , African Americans were also prohibited from receiving many military awards and honors , though some were eventually recognized up to fifty years after serving . Statistical information ( edit ) The following passage from pages 187 - 190 of Selective Service and Victory : The 4th Report of the Director of Selective Service ( Washington : Government Printing Office , 1948 ) represents the best statistical information available to the United States Army Center of Military History to answer questions about the participation of various minority groups . Note which of these statistics only cover those minorities drafted into the armed forces and which include personnel who voluntarily enlisted . Statistics are difficult to compile since contemporary classifications and the Army 's interest in data rarely match modern interests . Minority groups ( edit ) Another special problem of great importance in Selective Service operations was the mobilization of black ( `` Negro '' ) registrants and other minority groups of this nature . The main difficulty here was securing the induction of men who were found ( 1 ) to be available by the System and ( 2 ) to be qualified by the armed forces physical examination . There were , of course , other problems as evidenced by the following treatment of the matter for the period extending from July 1 , 1944 through December 31 , 1945 . One million African - American inductions ( edit ) Blacks were an important source of manpower for the armed forces in World War II as is shown by the fact that a total of 1,056,841 African American registrants were inducted into the armed forces through Selective Service as of December 31 , 1945 . Of these , 885,945 went into the Army , 153,224 into the Navy , 16,005 into the Marine Corps , and 1,667 into the Coast Guard . The African American inductees made up : 10.9 percent of all registrants inducted into the Army ( 8,108,531 ) , 10.0 percent of all inductions into the Navy ( 1,526,250 ) , 8.5 percent of all Marine Corps inductions ( 188,709 ) and 10.9 percent of all Coast Guard inductions ( 15,235 ) . Thus African Americans , who constituted approximately 11.0 percent of all registrants liable for service , furnished approximately this proportion of the inductees in all branches of the service except During the period July 1 , 1944 - December 31 , 1945 , 141,294 African Americans were inducted , comprising 9.6 percent of all inductions ( 1,469,808 ) therein . Of this number : 103,360 went into the Army , which was 9.1 percent of all Army inductions ( 1,132,962 ) . The Navy received 36,616 Negroes , or 11.6 percent of its inductees ( 316,215 ) . The 1,309 Negroes going into the Marine Corps were 6.4 percent of Marine Corps inductions ( 20,563 ) . Only 9 African Americans were inducted into the Coast Guard , but this was 13.2 percent of the inductees for this branch of service ( 68 ) . The somewhat lower proportion of African American inductions during this period was principally due to the proportionately lower calls made upon Selective Service for African American registrants . The African American call for 18 months was only 135,600 , or 8.3 percent of the total call ( 1,639,100 ) . Inductions of other minority groups ( edit ) Inductions into the Army of Selective Service registrants from other racial and nationality groups up to December 31 , 1945 , included : 13,311 Chinese , 20,080 Japanese , 1,320 Hawaiians , 44,000 American Indians , 11,506 Filipinos , and 51,438 Puerto Ricans . The 13,311 Chinese Americans Who were drafted comprised about 22 % of all adult Chinese men . An additional several thousand volunteered for service . One in four served in the Air Force . Counting enlistments and those in the Enlisted Reserve Corps , a total of 24,085 Japanese Americans had either enlisted or been inducted into the Army by December 31 , 1945 . Similar statistics are not available for the naval services . Also by June 30 , 1945 , a total of 125,880 aliens of various nationalities had enlisted or been inducted into the Army and Navy . The increased proportion of inductions of Japanese - Americans during the two 6 - months periods from July 1 , 1944 , to June 30 , 1945 is indicated in the first table . Beginning January 14 , 1944 , registrants who were natural - born United States citizens of Japanese extraction or parentage were subject to induction in the Army after the War Department had determined in each case that the registrant was acceptable . African American enlistments ( edit ) From December 1942 until VJ - day there were relatively few enlistments into the armed forces as restrictions against the direct recruiting of men in the age group acceptable for service ( 18 - 37 ) were in effect . There were , however , 483,605 other enlistments into the Army and Navy during the period July 1 , 1944 , to June 30 , 1945 , but only 1.3 percent were African Americans . Although African Americans constitute approximately 11 percent of the population , aged 18 through 37 , only 0.8 percent of Army enlistees and 1.4 percent of Navy enlistees during the period July 1 , 1944 , to June 30 , 1945 , were of that race . The reasons why relatively few African Americans enlisted during World War II were numerous . The principal one , however , was the severe restrictions placed against African American enlistments by the armed forces , which , in some periods , amounted to complete prohibition . Army inductions by race , July 1 , 1944 - December 31 , 1945 United States and Territories ( edit ) Accumulative to June 30 , 1944 July -- December 1944 January -- June 1945 July -- December 1945 Accumulative to December 31 , 1945 All Races Number 7,041,087 393,392 518,127 272,747 8,225,353 Percent 100 100 100 100 100 White Number 6,139,589 348,060 457,460 236,675 7,181,784 Percent 87.2 88.5 88.3 86.7 87.3 Negro Number 797,444 30,882 46,123 27,447 901,896 Percent 11.3 7.8 8.9 10.1 11.0 Japanese Number 11,260 3,483 2,933 2,404 20,080 Percent 0.2 0.9 0.6 0.9 0.1 Puerto Rican Number 32,344 8,109 8,005 2,980 51,438 Percent 0.5 2.1 1.5 1.1 0.6 Others Number 60,450 2,858 3,606 3,241 70,155 Percent 0.8 0.7 0.7 1.2 0.9 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Japanese - Americans at War : World War II Memorial '' . National Park Service . United States Department of the Interior . Accessed May 11 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Asian - Americans in the United States Military : Fact Sheet '' . State of New Jersey . Accessed May 11 2017 . Jump up ^ Burnstein , Alison R. Walking In Two Worlds : American Indians In World War Two , Diss . Columbia University , 1986 . University Microfilms International . Web . 26 April 2015 . 65 . Details : 21,767 in the Army , 1,910 in the Navy , 874 in the Marines , 121 in the Coast Guard , and several hundred Native American women as nurses . Jump up ^ Dept. of Defense ; `` Number of Puerto Ricans in the U.S. Armed Forces during National Emergencies '' . Jump up ^ Lorena Oropeza . `` Latinos in World War II '' . National Park Service of the United States . U.S. Department of the Interior . Accessed May 11 2017 . Jump up ^ David Levinson and Karen Christensen ( 2003 ) . Encyclopedia of Community : From the Village to the Virtual World . Sage . p. 1485 . ^ Jump up to : World War II By The Numbers , The National World War II Museum , New Orleans . Retrieved on August 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Student Almanac of Hispanic American History : From the California Gold Rush to today , 1849 - present . Greenwood. 2004 . p. 72 . Jump up ^ Lorena Oropeza . `` Latinos in World War II '' . National Park Service of the United States . U.S. Department of the Interior . Accessed May 11 2017 . Jump up ^ Dept. of Defense ; `` Number of Puerto Ricans in the U.S. Armed Forces during National Emergencies '' . Jump up ^ Patrick D. Lukens , A Quiet Victory for Latino Rights : FDR and the Controversy over Whiteness ( University of Arizona Press , 2012 ) Jump up ^ Tang , H ; Choudhry , S ; Mei , R ; Morgan , M ; Rodriguez - Cintron , W ; Burchard , EG ; Risch , NJ ( 2007 ) . `` Recent genetic selection in the ancestral admixture of Puerto Ricans '' . Am. J. Hum . Genet. 81 ( 3 ) : 626 -- 33 . doi : 10.1086 / 520769 . PMC 1950843 Freely accessible . PMID 17701908 . Jump up ^ US Census , 1940 . Jump up ^ Grayzel , Solomon : A History of the Jews : From the Babylonian Exile to the Present ( Philadelphia : The Jewish Publication Society , 1968 ) , p. 786 . Jump up ^ Ibid , p. 785 Jump up ^ Jewish Virtual Library . Jump up ^ Haiman , Miecislaus ( January -- June 1946 ) . `` The Polish American contribution to World War II '' . Polish American Studies . Polish American Historical Association . 3 ( 1 / 2 ) : 35 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Kochanski , Halik ( 2012 ) . The Eagle unbowed : Poland and the Poles in the Second World War . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . ISBN 9780674068148 . Page 271 . Jump up ^ Marton , Eric . `` Italian Americans : The History and Culture of a People . '' Page 148 . Quote Vice President Nelson Rockefeller : `` I think of the 1.5 million Americans of Italian descent who made up ten per cent of the armed might of the United States in World War II , and many of these men you have met in years still well remembered . '' Jump up ^ Di Stasi , Lawrence ( 2004 ) . Una Storia Segreta : The Secret History of Italian American Evacuation and Internment during World War II . Jump up ^ Haiek , Joseph . `` Arab - American Almanac . '' 6th Edition . December 1991 . Page 33 . Jump up ^ Natalie Kimbrough ( 2007 ) . Equality Or Discrimination ? : African Americans in the U.S. Military During the Vietnam War . University Press of America . p. 69 . Jump up ^ Robert F. Jefferson ( 2008 ) . Fighting for Hope : African American Troops of the 93rd Infantry Division in World War II and Postwar America . Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. 5 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Takaki , Ronald T . `` Introduction : A Different Memory . '' Introduction . Double Victory : A Multicultural History of America in World War II . N.p. : First Back Bay , 2001 . p 7 . Jump up ^ Maggie Rivas - Rodríguez ; Emilio Zamora ( 2010 ) . Beyond the Latino World War II Hero : The Social and Political Legacy of a Generation . Uy of Texas Press . p. 84 . Jump up ^ Abbie Lynn Salyers ( 2009 ) . The Internment of Memory : Forgetting and Remembering the Japanese American World War II Experience . ProQuest . p. 86 . Jump up ^ Maggie Rivas - Rodriguez ; B.V. Olguín ( 2014 ) . Latina / os and World War II : Mobility , Agency , and Ideology . U of Texas Press . p. 55 . Jump up ^ Letter from soldier Jim Dansby to his girlfriend Gertha Sykes . November 6 , 1942 . Gertha Sykes Collins Papers , Special Collections Research Center , Swem Library , College of William and Mary . Jump up ^ Letter from soldier Jim Dansby to his girlfriend Gertha Sykes . January 22 , 1943 . Gertha Sykes Collins Papers , Special Collections Research Center , Swem Library , College of William and Mary . Jump up ^ Letter from soldier Jim Dansby to his girlfriend Gertha Sykes . November 6 , 1942 . Gertha Sykes Collins Papers , Special Collections Research Center , Swem Library , College of William and Mary . Jump up ^ http://www.ncai.org/tribalnations/introduction/Tribal_Nations_and_the_United_States_An_Introduction-web-.pdf Jump up ^ Jingyi Song ( 2010 ) . Shaping and Reshaping Chinese American Identity : New York 's Chinese during the Depression and World War II . Lexington Books . p. 148 . Jump up ^ `` Minority Groups in World War II '' . www.history.army.mil . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 07 . See also ( edit ) Hispanic Americans in World War II References ( edit ) This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Army Center of Military History document `` Selective Service and Victory : The 4th Report of the Director of Selective Service '' . Further reading ( edit ) Armor , David J. , and Curtis L. Gilroy . `` Changing minority representation in the US military . '' Armed Forces & Society ( 2009 ) . Online Bernstein , Alison R. American Indians and World War II : Toward a New Era in Indian Affairs ( 1991 ) Brooks , Jennifer E. Defining the Peace : World War II Veterans , Race , and the Remaking of Southern Political Tradition ( Univ of North Carolina Press , 2004 ) Bruscino Jr , Thomas A. `` Minorities in the Military . '' in by James C. Bradford , ed . A Companion to American Military History ( 2010 ) vol 2 pp : 880 - 898 . Burk , James . `` Citizenship status and military service : The quest for inclusion by minorities and conscientious objectors . '' Armed forces & society ( 1995 ) 21 # 4 pp : 503 - 529 . Evans , Rhonda . `` A history of the service of ethnic minorities in the US Armed Forces . '' Center for the Study of Sexual Minorities in the Military ( 2003 ) . online Dalfiume , Richard M. Desegregation of the US armed forces : Fighting on two fronts , 1939 - 1953 ( University of Missouri Press , 1969 ) James , C.L.R. Fighting Racism in World War II : From the Pages of The Militant . Ed . Fred Stanton . New York : Pathfinder , 2011 . Krebs , Ronald R. `` One nation under arms ? Military participation policy and the politics of identity . '' Security studies 14.3 ( 2005 ) : 529 - 564 . Online Lee , Ulysses ( 1965 ) . The Employment of Negro Troops . United States Army Center of Military History . CMH Pub 11 - 4 . MacGregor , Jr. , Morris J. Integration of the Armed Forces , 1940 - 1965 Defense Studies Series ( Washington , 1981 ) . McGuire , Phillip . `` Desegregation of the Armed Forces : Black Leadership , Protest and World War II . '' Journal of Negro History ( 1983 ) : 147 - 158 . in JSTOR Moye , J. Todd . Freedom Flyers : The Tuskegee Airmen of World War II ( Oxford University Press , 2010 ) Nalty , Bernard C. Strength for the fight : A history of Black Americans in the military ( Simon and Schuster , 1989 ) Salyer , Lucy E. `` Baptism by Fire : Race , Military Service , and US Citizenship Policy , 1918 -- 1935 . '' Journal of American History 91.3 ( 2004 ) : 847 - 876 . Stauffer , Samuel . The American Soldier Vol. 4 . '' ( 1949 ) on blacks in WW2 Takaki , Ronald T. Double Victory : A Multicultural History of America in World War II . N.p. : First Back Bay , 2001 . Treadwell , Mattie E. The Women 's Army Corps ( Office of the Chief of Military History , Department of the Army , 1954 . ) Wong , Kevin Scott . Americans First : Chinese Americans and the Second World War ( Harvard University Press , 2009 ) ( hide ) United States in World War II Home front American music during World War II United States aircraft production during World War II Arizona during World War II Nevada during World War II New Mexico during World War II Greatest Generation American women Women Airforce Service Pilots Women 's Army Corps Woman 's Land Army of America Rosie the Riveter Minorities Hispanic Americans in World War II Native Americans and World War II Puerto Ricans in World War II Military participation Army ( Uniforms ) Army Air Force Marine Corps Navy Service medals ( Medal of Honor recipients ) Events List of battles Attack on Pearl Harbor Normandy landings Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Minorities African Americans ( Tuskegee Airmen ) Asian Americans ( Japanese Americans ) Jewish Americans Diplomatic participation Lend - Lease Destroyers for Bases Agreement Project Hula United States portal World War II portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethnic_minorities_in_the_US_armed_forces_during_World_War_II&oldid=826134804 '' Categories : American military personnel Military history of the United States during World War II Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States Army Center of Military History Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 February 2018 , at 11 : 33 . 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what did pryzm nottingham used to be called	The site became vacant when Nottingham Prison was demolished . The building was constructed by the Midland Palais de Danse Company and opened as a dance hall and billiard saloon under the name Palais de Danse . The architects were Alfred John Thraves and Henry Hardwick Dawson and the contractors were W. and J. Simons . The building featured a globe and frieze of dancers over the entrance . It opened to invited guests on 22 April 1925 and to the general public 2 days later .	Palais de Danse	PRYZM	pryzm		Pryzm As Oceana Former names Palais de Danse , Ritzy , Oceana Address Upper Parliament Street Location Nottingham , England Coordinates 52 ° 57 ′ 20 '' N 1 ° 08 ′ 40 '' W / 52.9556 ° N 1.14431 ° W / 52.9556 ; - 1.14431 Coordinates : 52 ° 57 ′ 20 '' N 1 ° 08 ′ 40 '' W / 52.9556 ° N 1.14431 ° W / 52.9556 ; - 1.14431 Owner The Deltic Group Type Nightclub Construction Opened 22 April 1925 ( 1925 - 04 - 22 ) Renovated 2005 Website pryzm.co.uk/nottingham Pryzm is a nightclub located on Upper Parliament Street in Nottingham , England . History ( edit ) The site became vacant when Nottingham Prison was demolished . The building was constructed by the Midland Palais de Danse Company and opened as a dance hall and billiard saloon under the name Palais de Danse . The architects were Alfred John Thraves and Henry Hardwick Dawson and the contractors were W. and J. Simons . The building featured a globe and frieze of dancers over the entrance . It opened to invited guests on 22 April 1925 and to the general public 2 days later . It changed its name to Ritzy , then reverted to Palais , then was Oceana and is now PRYZM owned by the Deltic Group . It was refurbished in 2005 by Bignell Shacklady Ewing . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Harwood , Elain ( 1979 ) . Pevsner Architectural Guides . Nottingham . Yale University Press . p. 146 . ISBN 0140710027 . Jump up ^ `` The Palais de Danse '' . Nottingham Journal . England . 24 April 1925 . Retrieved 3 March 2018 -- via British Newspaper Archive . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Whitfield , David ( 10 Jun 2017 ) . `` These are the Nottingham nightclubs you went to in the 80s and 90s '' . Nottingham Post . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Places of interest in Nottingham Historic buildings All Saints ' Church Bromley House Library Canning Terrace County War Memorial City War Memorial County House Flying Horse Inn Green 's Windmill Newdigate House Nottingham Castle Nottingham Council House Nottingham Roman Catholic Cathedral Nottingham Guildhall Plumptre Hospital Severn 's Building St Mary 's Church St Nicholas ' Church St Peter 's Church Watson Fothergill 's offices Wollaton Hall Public Houses The Bell Inn Cock and Hoop Old Angel Inn Royal Children Thurland Hall public house Ye Olde Salutation Inn Ye Olde Trip To Jerusalem Museums , centres and galleries City of Caves National Justice Museum Great Central Railway ( Nottingham ) Green 's Windmill Nottingham Castle Nottingham Contemporary Art Gallery Nottingham Industrial Museum Trade Nottingham Natural History Museum Wollaton Hall Parks and public spaces Forest Recreation Ground Highfields Park Old Market Square The Arboretum Wollaton Park Woodthorpe Grange Park Theatre and entertainment Albert Hall Broadway Cinema Capital FM Arena Lace Market Theatre National Ice Centre Nottingham Arts Theatre Nottingham Playhouse Royal Concert Hall Ocean PRYZM Rock City Savoy Cinema The Cornerhouse Theatre Royal Shopping Broadmarsh Shopping Centre The Exchange Arcade Victoria Shopping Centre Transport Broadmarsh Bus Station Nottingham Express Transit Nottingham Railway Station Trent Bridge Victoria Bus Station East Midlands Airport Education Nottingham Trent University University of Nottingham Central College New College Sport National Ice Centre National Watersports Centre Nottingham Forest F.C. Notts County F.C. Trent Bridge Cricket Ground Nottingham Racecourse Nottingham Greyhound Stadium Lost landmarks Black Boy Hotel Nottingham Exchange Nottingham Guild Hall Nottingham Victoria railway station Pierrepont House Plumptre House Walter Fountain External links ( edit ) Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pryzm&oldid=864348026 '' Categories : Culture in Nottingham Music venues in Nottinghamshire Buildings and structures in Nottingham Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty EngvarB from March 2018 Use dmy dates from March 2018 Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 October 2018 , at 16 : 46 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pryzm	3,169
why xnor and xor are called exclusive gates	The XOR gate ( sometimes EOR , or EXOR and pronounced as Exclusive OR ) is a digital logic gate that gives a true ( 1 or HIGH ) output when the number of true inputs is odd . An XOR gate implements an exclusive or ; that is , a true output results if one , and only one , of the inputs to the gate is true . If both inputs are false ( 0 / LOW ) or both are true , a false output results . XOR represents the inequality function , i.e. , the output is true if the inputs are not alike otherwise the output is false . A way to remember XOR is `` one or the other but not both '' .		XOR gate	xor gate	The XOR gate ( sometimes EOR , or EXOR and pronounced as Exclusive OR ) is a digital logic gate that gives a true ( 1 or HIGH ) output when the number of true inputs is odd . An XOR gate implements an exclusive or ; that is , a true output results if one , and only one , of the inputs to the gate is true . If both inputs are false ( 0 / LOW ) or both are true , a false output results . XOR represents the inequality function , i.e. , the output is true if the inputs are not alike otherwise the output is false . A way to remember XOR is `` one or the other but not both '' .	XOR can also be viewed as addition modulo 2 . As a result , XOR gates are used to implement binary addition in computers . A half adder consists of an XOR gate and an AND gate . Other uses include subtractors , comparators , and controlled inverters . The algebraic expressions A ⋅ B _̄ + A _̄ ⋅ B ( \ displaystyle A \ cdot ( \ overline ( B ) ) + ( \ overline ( A ) ) \ cdot B ) and ( A + B ) ⋅ ( \ displaystyle ( A + B ) \ cdot ) ( A _̄ + B _̄ ( \ displaystyle ( \ overline ( A ) ) + ( \ overline ( B ) ) ) ) both represent the XOR gate with inputs A and B . The behavior of XOR is summarized in the truth table shown on the right . CMOS XOR gate Contents 1 Symbols 2 Pass-gate - logic wiring 3 Alternatives 4 More than two inputs 5 Applications 5.1 Uses in addition 5.2 Pseudo-random number generation 5.3 Correlation and sequence detection 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Symbols ( edit ) There are two symbols for XOR gates : the traditional symbol and the IEEE symbol . For more information see Logic Gate Symbols . Traditional XOR Symbol IEEE XOR Symbol The logic symbols ⊕ , Jpq , and ⊻ can be used to denote XOR in algebraic expressions . C - like languages use the caret symbol ^ to denote bitwise XOR . ( Note that the caret does not denote logical conjunction ( AND ) in these languages , despite the similarity of symbol . ) Pass-gate - logic wiring ( edit ) An XOR gate can be constructed using MOSFETs . Here is a diagram of a pass transistor logic implementation of an XOR gate . Transmission Gate Logic wiring of an XOR gate Note : The `` Rss '' resistor prevents shunting current directly from `` A '' and `` B '' to the output . Without it , if the circuit that provides inputs A and B does not have the proper driving capability , the output might not swing rail to rail or be severely slew - rate limited . The `` Rss '' resistor also limits the current from Vdd to ground which protects the transistors and saves energy when the transistors are transitioning between states . Alternatives ( edit ) If a specific type of gate is not available , a circuit that implements the same function can be constructed from other available gates . A circuit implementing an XOR function can be trivially constructed from an XNOR gate followed by a NOT gate . If we consider the expression A ⋅ B _̄ + A _̄ ⋅ B ( \ displaystyle A \ cdot ( \ overline ( B ) ) + ( \ overline ( A ) ) \ cdot B ) , we can construct an XOR gate circuit directly using AND , OR and NOT gates . However , this approach requires five gates of three different kinds . XOR gate circuit using three mixed gates As an alternative , if different gates are available we can apply Boolean algebra to transform A ⋅ B _̄ + A _̄ ⋅ B ≡ ( A + B ) ⋅ ( \ displaystyle A \ cdot ( \ overline ( B ) ) + ( \ overline ( A ) ) \ cdot B \ equiv ( A + B ) \ cdot ) ( A _̄ + B _̄ ) ( \ displaystyle ( ( \ overline ( A ) ) + ( \ overline ( B ) ) ) ) as stated above , and apply de Morgan 's Law to the last term to get ( A + B ) ⋅ ( \ displaystyle ( A + B ) \ cdot ) ( A ⋅ B ) _̄ ( \ displaystyle ( \ overline ( ( A \ cdot B ) ) ) ) which can be implemented using only three gates as shown on the right . An XOR gate circuit can be made from four NAND gates . In fact , both NAND and NOR gates are so - called `` universal gates '' and any logical function can be constructed from either NAND logic or NOR logic alone . If the four NAND gates are replaced by NOR gates , this results in an XNOR gate , which can be converted to an XOR gate by inverting the output or one of the inputs ( e.g. with a fifth NOR gate ) . An alternative arrangement is of five NOR gates in a topology that emphasizes the construction of the function from ( A + B ) ⋅ ( \ displaystyle ( A + B ) \ cdot ) ( A _̄ + B _̄ ) ( \ displaystyle ( ( \ overline ( A ) ) + ( \ overline ( B ) ) ) ) ( noting from de Morgan 's Law that a NOR gate is , in effect , an inverted - input AND gate ) . Two possible configurations constructed from NAND gates and two possible configurations constructed from NOR gates are shown below . Desired gate NAND construction NOR construction For the NAND constructions , the upper arrangement requires fewer gates . For the NOR constructions , the lower arrangement offers the advantage of a shorter propagation delay ( the time delay between an input changing and the output changing ) . More than two inputs ( edit ) Strict reading of the definition of exclusive or , or observation of the IEC rectangular symbol , raises the question of correct behaviour with additional inputs . If a logic gate were to accept three or more inputs and produce a true output if exactly one of those inputs were true , then it would in effect be a one - hot detector ( and indeed this is the case for only two inputs ) . However , it is rarely implemented this way in practice . It is most common to regard subsequent inputs as being applied through a cascade of binary exclusive - or operations : the first two signals are fed into an XOR gate , then the output of that gate is fed into a second XOR gate together with the third signal , and so on for any remaining signals . The result is a circuit that outputs a 1 when the number of 1s at its inputs is odd , and a 0 when the number of incoming 1s is even . This makes it practically useful as a parity generator or a modulo - 2 adder . For example , the 74LVC1G386 microchip is advertised as a three - input logic gate , and implements a parity generator . Applications ( edit ) Example half adder circuit diagram Example full adder circuit diagram Uses in addition ( edit ) The XOR logic gate can be used as a one - bit adder that adds any two bits together to output one bit . For example , if we add 1 plus 1 in binary , we expect a two - bit answer , 10 ( i.e. 2 in decimal ) . Since the trailing sum bit in this output is achieved with XOR , the preceding carry bit is calculated with an AND gate . This is the main principle in Half Adders . A slightly larger Full Adder circuit may be chained together in order to add longer binary numbers . Pseudo-random number generation ( edit ) Pseudo-random number ( PRN ) generators , specifically Linear feedback shift registers , are defined in terms of the exclusive - or operation . Hence , a suitable setup of XOR gates can model a linear feedback shift register , in order to generate random numbers . Correlation and sequence detection ( edit ) XOR gates produce a 0 when both inputs match . When searching for a specific bit pattern or PRN sequence in a very long data sequence , a series of XOR gates can be used to compare a string of bits from the data sequence against the target sequence in parallel . The number of 0 outputs can then be counted to determine how well the data sequence matches the target sequence . Correlators are used in many communications devices such as CDMA receivers and decoders for error correction and channel codes . In a CDMA receiver , correlators are used to extract the polarity of a specific PRN sequence out of a combined collection of PRN sequences . A correlator looking for 11010 in the data sequence 1110100101 would compare the incoming data bits against the target sequence at every possible offset while counting the number of matches ( zeros ) : 1110100101 ( data ) 11010 ( target ) 00111 ( XOR ) 2 zero bits 1110100101 11010 00000 5 zero bits 1110100101 11010 01110 2 zero bits 1110100101 11010 10011 2 zero bits 1110100101 11010 01000 4 zero bits 1110100101 11010 11111 0 zero bits Matches by offset : . : : : : : : : -- -- -- -- -- - 0 1 2 3 4 5 In this example , the best match occurs when the target sequence is offset by 1 bit and all five bits match . When offset by 5 bits , the sequence exactly matches its inverse . By looking at the difference between the number of ones and zeros that come out of the bank of XOR gates , it is easy to see where the sequence occurs and whether or not it is inverted . Longer sequences are easier to detect than short sequences . See also ( edit ) Exclusive or AND gate OR gate Inverter ( NOT gate ) NAND gate NOR gate XNOR gate IMPLY gate Boolean algebra Logic gate Wikimedia Commons has media related to XOR gates . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fletcher , William ( 1980 ) . An engineering approach to digital design . Prentice - Hall . p. 98 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 277699 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` A comparative performance analysis of various CMOS design techniques for XOR and XNOR circuits : Fig. 7 . High performance transmission gate XOR , XNOR circuits '' Archived March 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` Designing combinational logic gates in CMOS '' . p. 233 Jump up ^ `` Transmission Gate XOR '' . Jump up ^ `` transmission-gate XOR ( tiny XOR ) '' ( via ( 1 ) ) Jump up ^ `` Figure 3 , Exclusive OR and XNOR gate '' . Jump up ^ `` Pass - Transistor Logic : Transmission Gate XOR '' ( p. 11 ) Jump up ^ 74LVC1G386 data sheet External links ( edit ) Interactive XOR Gate , Demonstrate the logic flow of the XOR Gate circuit created with Teahlab 's simulator . Logical connectives Tautology / True ⊤ ( \ displaystyle \ top ) Alternative denial ( NAND gate ) ↑ ( \ displaystyle \ uparrow ) Converse implication ← ( \ displaystyle \ leftarrow ) Implication ( IMPLY gate ) → ( \ displaystyle \ rightarrow ) Disjunction ( OR gate ) ∨ ( \ displaystyle \ lor ) Negation ( NOT gate ) ¬ ( \ displaystyle \ neg ) Exclusive or ( XOR gate ) ⊕ ( \ displaystyle \ oplus ) Biconditional ( XNOR gate ) ↔ ( \ displaystyle \ leftrightarrow ) Statement Joint denial ( NOR gate ) ↓ ( \ displaystyle \ downarrow ) Nonimplication ↛ ( \ displaystyle \ nrightarrow ) Converse nonimplication ↚ ( \ displaystyle \ nleftarrow ) Conjunction ( AND gate ) ∧ ( \ displaystyle \ land ) Contradiction / False ⊥ ( \ displaystyle \ bot ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=XOR_gate&oldid=865512598 '' Categories : Logic gates Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia አማርኛ Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی 한국어 Հայերեն Latina Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Română Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 粵語中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2018 , at 11 : 24 ( UTC ) . 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what is not an example of a course management system			List of content management systems	list of content management systems	This is a list of notable content management systems that are used to organize and facilitate collaborative content creation . Many of them are built on top of separate content management frameworks .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Open source software 1.1 Java 1.1. 1 Java packages / bundle 1.2 Microsoft ASP.NET 1.3 Perl 1.4 PHP 1.5 Python 1.6 Ruby on Rails 1.7 ColdFusion Markup Language ( CFML ) 1.8 JavaScript 1.9 Others 2 Software as a service ( SaaS ) 3 Proprietary software 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Open Source software ( edit ) This section lists free and open - source software that can be installed and managed on a web server . Systems listed on a light purple background are no longer in active development . Java ( edit ) Name Platform Supported databases Latest stable release Licenses Latest release date Apache Roller Java HSQL , MySQL , Oracle , SQL Server , DB2 , PostgreSQL , Apache Derby 5.1. 2 Apache 2.0 License 2015 - 03 - 01 Ametys CMS Java MySQL , Oracle , SQL Server , JCR , Apache Derby 3.7. 1 Apache 2.0 License 2015 - 04 - 27 Crafter CMS Java Git , Solr , CMIS 3.0. 0 GNU GPL v3 2017 - 08 - 01 dotCMS Java MySQL , Oracle , MSSQL , PostgreSQL 4.1. 0 GNU GPL v3 2017 - 06 - 05 Liferay Java HSQLDB , MySQL , Oracle , SQL Server , DB2 , Apache Derby , Informix , InterBase , JDataStore , PostgreSQL , SAP , Sybase 7.0. 1 LGPL 2016 - 06 - 10 eXo Platform Community Edition Java HSQLDB , MySQL , Oracle , SQL Server , DB2 , Apache Derby , PostgreSQL , Sybase 4.3 LGPL 2016 - 01 - 21 DSpace Java Oracle , PostgreSQL 5.0 BSD License 2015 - 01 - 16 Fedora Commons Java MySQL , Oracle , PostgreSQL , Mulgara ( MPTSTore RDF Semantic Triplestore ) 4.1. 0 Apache License 2015 - 02 - 04 LogicalDOC Community Edition Java MySQL , Oracle , SQL Server , PostgreSQL 7.4. 2 LGPL 2016 - 03 - 24 Nuxeo EP Java MySQL , Oracle , SQL Server , Ingres , PostgreSQL , MongoDB 7.3 LGPL 2014 - 11 - 12 OpenCms Java HSQL , MySQL , Oracle , SQL Server , DB2 , PostgreSQL 10.5. 1 LGPL 2017 - 02 - 15 Alfresco Community Edition Java MySQL , Oracle , SQL Server , PostgreSQL , DB2 , 201707 LGPL 2016 - 05 - 17 Hippo CMS Java MySQL , Oracle , SQL Server , Ingres , PostgreSQL , JCR 11.1. 0 Apache 2.0 License 2016 - 10 - 31 OpenWGA Java MySQL , PostgreSQL , IBM DB2 , HSQLDB , Oracle , SQL Server , IBM Lotus Domino , CMIS 7.1 GPL & proprietary 2015 - 02 - 25 Jahia Community Distribution Java Apache Derby , JCR , MySQL , PostgreSQL 7.0. 0 GPL 2014 - 04 - 01 Magnolia Java Derby , MySQL , PostgreSQL , Oracle 5.0 GPL 2016 - 11 - 15 OpenKM Java MySQL , PostgreSQL , Oracle , SQL Server , HSQLDB 6.3. 2 GPL 2016 - 10 - 24 Thingamablog Java 1.5. 1 GPL 2009 - 11 - 23 XWiki Java MySQL , PostgreSQL , Oracle , SQL Server , HSQLDB 8.4. 1 LGPL 2016 - 11 - 22 Java packages / bundle ( edit ) Name Platform Supported databases Latest stable release Licenses Latest release date Apache Lenya Java , XML , Apache Cocoon 2.0. 4 Apache License 2011 - 03 - 14 Daisy Java , XML , Apache Cocoon MySQL 2.4. 2 Apache License 2011 - 02 - 21 Microsoft ASP.NET ( edit ) Name Platform Supported databases Latest stable release Licenses Latest release date C1 CMS ASP.NET ( Web Forms , MVC ) XML , SQL Server 6.1 Mozilla Public License 2017 - 04 - 27 DNN ASP.NET ( Web Forms , MVC ) SQL Server , SQL Server Express , SQL Azure 9.1. 1 MIT License 2017 - 09 - 05 Kentico CMS ASP.NET SQL Server 10.0 Proprietary , Free 2016 - 11 - 30 mojoPortal ASP.NET SQL Server , MySQL , PostgreSQL , SQLite , Firebird , SQL CE 2.4. 1.0 CPL 2016 - 04 - 10 Orchard Project ASP.NET ( Web Forms , MVC ) SQL Server , MySQL , PostgreSQL , SQLite 1.10. 1 New BSD License 2016 - 05 - 11 Umbraco ASP.NET ( Web Forms , MVC ) SQL Server , SQL CE , SQL Azure , MySQL 7.6. 5 MIT License 2017 - 08 - 08 BetterCMS ASP.NET ( Web Forms , MVC ) SQL Server , SQL Azure 2.0. 6 LGPL 2016 - 06 - 14 Perl ( edit ) Name Platform Supported databases Latest stable release Licenses Latest release date blosxom Perl Flat - file database 2.1. 2 MIT 2008 - 10 - 02 Bricolage Perl on mod perl MySQL , PostgreSQL , Oracle 2.0. 1 BSD 2011 - 02 - 09 EPrints Perl on mod perl MySQL , PostgreSQL 3.3. 15 GPL 2015 - 12 - 22 Foswiki Perl Flat - file database 2.1. 4 GPL 2017 - 06 - 01 Ikiwiki Perl Git ( software ) , Apache Subversion , Mercurial 3.20170111 GPL 2017 - 01 - 11 Movable Type Open Source Perl , mod perl , FastCGI , w / PHP MySQL 5.2. 13 GPL 2015 - 04 - 14 TWiki Perl Plain files ( under version control ) 6.0. 2 GPL 2015 - 11 - 29 SPINE Perl , mod perl MySQL , PostgreSQL 1.2. 2 GPL 2006 - 12 - 27 WebGUI Perl on mod perl MySQL 7.10. 30 GPL 2016 - 01 - 06 PHP ( edit ) Name Platform Supported databases Latest stable release Licenses Latest release date ATutor PHP MySQL 2.2. 2 GPL 2016 - 07 - 01 Backdrop CMS PHP MySQL 1.8. 0 GPLv2+ 2017 - 09 - 16 b2evolution PHP MySQL , MariaDB 6.8. 10 GPLv2 2017 - 06 - 23 CMSimple PHP Flat - file database 4.6. 3 GPLv3 2016 - 05 - 31 CMS Made Simple PHP MySQL 2.2. 2 GPL 2017 - 07 - 08 Coderity PHP MySQL 3.3. 13 MIT 2015 - 02 - 27 Composr CMS PHP MySQL 9.0. 30 CPAL 2016 - 09 - 18 concrete5 PHP MySQL 8.1. 0 MIT 2017 - 01 - 24 Contao PHP MySQL 4.4. 0 LGPL 2017 - 06 - 16 DokuWiki PHP Flat - file database 2017 - 02 - 19a GPL 2017 - 02 - 19 Dotclear PHP MySQL , PostgreSQL , SQLite 2.12 GPL 2017 - 07 - 27 Drupal PHP MariaDB , Microsoft SQL Server , MySQL , Oracle , Percona Server , PostgreSQL , SQLite 8.3. 7 GPLv2+ 2017 - 08 - 16 Exponent CMS PHP MySQL 2.3. 5 GPL 2015 - 09 - 18 eZ Publish PHP MySQL , PostgreSQL , Oracle , Microsoft SQL Server 5.4 GPL 2014 - 12 - 02 eZ Platform PHP MySQL , MariaDB , PostgreSQL 1.7. 0 GPL 2016 - 12 - 15 Geeklog PHP MySQL , PostgreSQL , Microsoft SQL Server 2.1. 3 GPL 2017 - 06 - 22 GetSimple CMS PHP Flat - file database 3.3. 13 GPL 2016 - 10 - 11 Habari PHP MySQL , PostgreSQL , SQLite 0.9. 2 Apache License 2014 - 09 - 16 ImpressCMS PHP MySQL 1.3. 10 GPL 2016 - 12 - 28 ImpressPages PHP MySQL 4.8. 0 GPL MIT 2016 - 10 - 30 Jamroom PHP MySQL , MariaDB , Percona 6.1. 0 MPL 2017 - 08 - 30 Joomla ! PHP MySQL , PostgreSQL , MSSQL , SQLite 3.7. 4 GPL 2017 - 07 - 25 Kajona PHP MySQL , PostgreSQL , SQLite , MariaDB , Oracle 6.2 LGPL 2017 - 06 - 08 Known PHP MySQL , MongoDB 0.9. 2 Apache License 2016 - 04 - 24 Magento PHP MySQL 2.1. 8 OSL Ver. 3 / AFL Ver. 3 2017 - 08 - 09 Mambo PHP MySQL 4.6. 5 GPL 2008 - 06 - 01 MediaWiki PHP MySQL , MariaDB , PostgreSQL , SQLite , MSSQL 1.29. 1 GPL 2017 - 08 - 23 MiaCMS PHP MySQL 4.9 GPL 2009 - 07 - 29 Midgard CMS PHP ( Midgard framework ) MySQL 12.0. 9.2 LGPL 2012 - 09 - 26 MODX PHP MySQL 2.5. 7 GPL 2017 - 04 - 21 Moodle PHP MySQL , PostgreSQL , MSSQL , or Oracle 3.3 GPLv3+ 2017 - 05 - 14 Novius OS PHP MySQL 5.0. 1 ( Elche ) AGPLv3 2014 - 07 - 08 Nucleus CMS PHP MySQL 3.64 GPL 2011 - 03 - 14 OctoberCMS PHP MySQL , PostgreSQL , SQLite 382 MIT 2016 - 11 - 17 Omeka PHP MySQL 2.5 GPL 2017 - 01 - 31 PageCarton PHP MySQL , Flat - file database , SQLite 1.6. 1 GPL v2 2017 - 11 - 09 PHP MySQL , PostgreSQL , SQLite 5.5. 2 GPL v2 2013 - 02 - 12 pH7CMS PHP MySQL , MariaDB 8.0. 6 GPL 3.0 2017 - 08 - 27 Phire CMS PHP MySQL 2.1. 0 New BSD License 2016 - 07 - 07 PHP - Nuke PHP MySQL 8.3. 2 GPL 2014 - 01 - 30 phpWebLog PHP MySQL 0.5. 3 GPL 2001 - 10 - 31 phpWiki PHP MySQL 1.5. 5 GPL 2015 - 12 - 11 pimcore PHP MySQL 4.4. 0 GPL 2016 - 11 - 16 PivotX PHP MySQL , Flat - file database 2.3. 11 GPL 2015 - 06 - 21 Pixie ( CMS ) PHP MySQL 1.0. 4 GPL 2010 - 03 - 21 Pluck PHP Flat - file database 4.7. 3 GPL3 2014 - 12 - 08 PmWiki PHP Flat - file database SQLite 2.2. 102 GPL 2017 - 08 - 05 Prestashop PHP MySQL 1.6. 1.8 Open Software License 3.0 2016 - 10 - 26 ProcessWire PHP MySQL 3.0. 62 Mozilla Public License 2.0 2017 - 05 - 12 SMW+ PHP - MediaWiki MySQL 1.7. 0 GPL 2012 - 04 - 24 Serendipity PHP + Smarty MySQL , PostgreSQL , MySQLi , SQLite 2.0. 4 BSD 2016 - 09 - 26 SilverStripe PHP MySQL , Microsoft SQL Server , PostgreSQL , SQLite , Oracle 3.5. 3 BSD 2017 - 02 - 21 SPIP PHP MySQL , PostgreSQL , SQLite 3.1. 6 LGPL 2017 - 06 - 12 Textpattern PHP MySQL 4.6. 2 GPL 2016 - 10 - 21 Tiki Wiki CMS Groupware PHP MySQL 15.2 LGPL 2016 - 07 - 06 TYPO3 PHP MySQL , Oracle , PostgreSQL 7.6. 16 GPL 2017 - 02 - 28 Wolf CMS PHP MySQL , PostgreSQL , SQLite 0.8. 3.1 GPL v3 2015 - 08 - 10 WordPress PHP MySQL , MariaDB 4.8. 1 GPL 2017 - 08 - 02 Xaraya PHP MySQL , PostgreSQL 2.4. 0 GPL 2013 - 02 - 23 XOOPS PHP MySQL 2.5. 8 GPL 2016 - 05 - 27 Python ( edit ) Name Platform Supported databases Latest stable release Licenses Latest release date django CMS Python / Django PostgreSQL , MySQL , SQLite 3 and Oracle 3.3. 0 BSD 2016 - 05 - 27 Mezzanine Python / Django PostgreSQL , MySQL , SQLite 3 and Oracle 4.2. 2 BSD 2016 - 11 - 25 MoinMoin Python Flat - file database 1.9. 9 GPL 2016 - 10 - 31 Plone Python / Zope MySQL , PostgreSQL , SQLite , Oracle , ZODB , via Zope 5.0. 4 GPL 2016 - 04 - 07 Wagtail Python / Django PostgreSQL , MySQL , SQLite 3 and Oracle 1.8. 1 BSD 2017 - 01 - 27 Ruby on Rails ( edit ) Name Platform Supported databases Latest stable release Licenses Latest release date Alchemy CMS Ruby on Rails PostgreSQL , MySQL , SQLite 3.5 BSD 2016 - 12 - 22 BrowserCMS Ruby on Rails MySQL , SQLite 3.5. 7 LGPL 2013 - 07 - 05 Radiant Ruby on Rails MySQL , PostgreSQL , SQLite , DB2 1.1. 4 MIT 2013 - 09 - 24 Refinery CMS Ruby on Rails MySQL , PostgreSQL , SQLite 3.0. 5 MIT 2016 - 11 - 23 Typo Ruby on Rails MySQL , PostgreSQL , SQLite 8.3. 3 MIT 2016 - 11 - 03 Comfortable Mexican Sofa Ruby on Rails PostgreSQL , MySQL , SQLite 1.12. 10 MIT 2016 - 12 - 23 ColdFusion Markup Language ( CFML ) ( edit ) Name Platform Supported databases Latest stable release Licenses Latest release date ContentBox Modular CMS Lucee / Railo / Adobe ColdFusion MySQL / Microsoft SQL Server / PostgreSQL / HSQLDB / Apache Derby 2.1. 0 Apache License or proprietary 2015 - 05 - 05 Mura CMS Lucee / Railo / OpenBD / Adobe ColdFusion MySQL / Microsoft SQL Server / Oracle 7.06858 GPL or proprietary 2017 - 01 - 03 FarCry CMS Lucee / Railo / OpenBD / Adobe ColdFusion MySQL / Microsoft SQL Server / Oracle / Postgres 7.0. 7 GPL or proprietary 2015 - 01 - 14 JavaScript ( edit ) Name Platform Supported databases Latest stable release Licenses Latest release date Ghost NodeJS ( JavaScript ) SQLite , MySQL 0.11. 9 MIT 2017 - 05 - 16 TiddlyWiki JavaScript Flat - file database 5.1. 14 BSD license 2017 - 04 - 27 Others ( edit ) Name Platform Supported databases Latest stable release Licenses Latest release date OpenACS Tcl AOLserver PostgreSQL / Oracle 5.9. 0 GPL 2015 - 12 - 01 Software as a service ( saas ) ( edit ) This section lists proprietary software that includes software , hosting , and support with a single vendor . This section includes free services . Name Licensed version available Last stable version Web content management Group content management Enterprise content management Accrisoft Freedom Yes 10.2 Yes Yes Yes Adobe Business Catalyst V4 Yes Yes Yes Alfresco Cloud Yes ( Alfresco Community & Enterprise ) 2012.05 No Yes Yes Crafter CMS Cloud Yes ( Crafter CMS Enterprise ) 2017.08 Yes Yes No censhare Yes 2017.02 Yes Yes Yes Clickability ( Limelight Networks ) No Yes No No Content SORT Yes 2013.11 Yes Yes Yes dotCMS Cloud Yes 4.1. 0 Yes Yes Yes Evoq based on DNN / DotNetNuke Yes 9.1 Yes Yes Yes eXo Cloud Yes 2014.01 Yes Yes Yes Frontis Archive Publishing System Yes V3. 12.01. 11 Yes Yes Yes Huddle Yes 2012 Yes Yes Yes Microsoft Office 365 Yes ( MS SharePoint , MS Lync , MS Exchange , MS Office ) 2013 Yes Yes Yes nuBuilder Yes 2014 Yes Yes Yes O3Spaces Yes 3.2. 1 Yes Yes No OU Campus Yes 10.2. 4 Yes Yes Polopoly Web CMS 10.2 Yes Yes No Quintype Yes Yes Yes Yes uCoz Yes Yes No Windows Live No 2011 No Yes No Xait Porter Yes 4.9. 6 No No Yes Zesty.io Yes ( Multi-Tenant SaaS ) Versionless Yes Yes Yes Proprietary software ( edit ) This section lists proprietary software to be installed and managed on a user 's own server . This section includes freeware proprietary software . Systems listed on a light purple background are no longer in active development . Name Platform Supported databases Latest stable release Licenses Latest release date Web content management Group web content management Enterprise content management Alfresco ( Enterprise & Community Edition ) Java Oracle , SQL Server , MySQL , PostgreSQL , DB2 4.0. 2 Enterprise , 4.2. c Community Open Source 2015 - 03 No Yes Yes Altitude3.Net ASP.NET SQL Server 2015.07. 14 Proprietary software 2015 - 7 - 14 Yes Yes Yes censhare Java Oracle 2017.2 Proprietary software 2017 - 05 - 12 Yes Yes Yes Contentverse Java Oracle , SQL Server 8.1 Proprietary software 2014 Yes Yes Yes Contegro ASP.NET SQL Server 4.0. 0 Proprietary software 2010 - 17 - 11 Yes Yes No CoreMedia WCM Java JDBC - compliant databases 8 2015 - 03 - 19 Yes No No DocLogix ASP.NET SQL Server 10.0. 0 Proprietary software 2015 - 12 - 15 No No Yes dotCMS Java Oracle , SQL Server , MySQL , PostgreSQL 4.1. 0 Proprietary software 2017 - 6 - 05 Yes Yes Yes Evoq based on DotNetNuke platform ASP.NET SQL Server 9.1 Proprietary software based on open source project 2017 - 09 - 05 Yes Yes Yes Ektron CMS ASP.NET SQL Server 9.20 Proprietary software 2016 - 12 - 09 Yes Yes Yes Elcom CMS ASP.NET SQL Server 9.0 Proprietary software 2011 - 02 - 15 Yes Yes Yes EMC Documentum Java Oracle , SQL Server , DB2 7.2 Proprietary software 2015 - 02 - 10 No No Yes Episerver CMS ASP.NET SQL Server 10 Proprietary software 2017 - 01 - 16 Yes Yes Yes ExpressionEngine PHP MySQL 3.4. 5 Proprietary software 2016 - 12 - 06 Yes No Yes Hyland OnBase ECM . NET SQL Server , Oracle Yes Yes Yes IBM Enterprise Content Management Java Oracle , DB2 8.5 Proprietary software 2013 Yes Yes Yes OpenText Teamsite Java , . Net , XML , XSLT Oracle , SQL Server , DB2 , MySQL 16.2 Proprietary software 2017 - 04 Yes Yes Yes Jadu PHP MySQL , SQL Server Continuously Released Proprietary software Yes Yes No Jahia Enterprise Distribution Java MySQL , Oracle , PostgreSQL , Microsoft SQL Server 6.6. 2.3 Proprietary software 2013 - 12 - 20 Yes Yes Yes Kentico CMS ASP.NET SQL Server 8.1 Proprietary software 2016 - 10 - 30 Yes Yes Yes Movable Type Perl MySQL , Oracle , SQL Server 6.3. 2 Proprietary 2016 - 09 - 27 Yes Yes Yes nuBuilder PHP , JavaScript , SQL , AJAX , jQuery and JSON MySQL pro ( 3 , previously the version system was numeric ) Open source 2014 - 2 Yes Yes Yes Xait Porter ( local license ) PHP Oracle 4.9. 6 Proprietary software 2013 - 04 No No Yes Oracle WebCenter Content ( formerly Universal Content Management ) Java Oracle 11g Yes Yes Yes OU Campus Java MySQL , Microsoft SQL Server , SAP Sybase ASE 10.2. 4 Proprietary software 2015 - 06 - 24 Yes Yes Yes Pulse CMS PHP Flat - file database 4.6. 2 2016 - 12 - 20 Yes No No SharePoint ASP.NET SQL Server ( 2005 , 2008 or 2012 ) , SQL Express 5.0 ( 15.0. 4551.1508 ) Proprietary , Open API 2014 - 04 - 22 Yes Yes Yes Sitecore ASP.NET ( Webforms or MVC ) SQL Server ( 2005 , 2008 , 2012 ) , Oracle 8.2. 5 Proprietary software 2017 - 08 - 01 Yes Yes Yes Sitekit CMS ASP.NET SQL Server 9.5 Proprietary software 2012 - 02 - 01 Yes Yes No Telligent Community ASP.NET SQL Server 5.0 2009 - 06 - 26 Yes Yes No TerminalFour ( SiteManager ) Java MySQL , Oracle , SQL Server 8.1. 9.9 Proprietary 2017 - 06 - 24 Yes Yes Yes Webnodes CMS ASP.NET SQL Server 2005 + , SQLCE , MySQL 3.6 Proprietary 2011 - 06 - 30 Yes Yes Yes See also ( edit ) Software portal Comparison of web frameworks Comparison of wiki software List of content management frameworks References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Apache Download Mirrors '' . apache.org . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Index of / roller / roller - 5.1 / v5. 1.2 '' . is.co.za . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` OpenSource Document Management 7.4. 2 LogicalDOC DMS '' . sourceforge.net . Jump up ^ `` Hippo CMS Release Notes Overview - Enterprise Java Content management system - Hippo CMS '' . onehippo.org . Jump up ^ ( Announce ) Apache Lenya 2.0. 4 released . Mail-archives.apache.org ( 2011 - 03 - 14 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Composite C1 - Release History . Docs.composite.net . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Releases dnnsoftware_Dnn. Platform '' . GitHub . GitHub . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.kentico.com/product/version-history Kentico Version History ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) . mojoPortal . Retrieved on 2016 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ http://docs.orchardproject.net/Documentation/Orchard-1-10-1.Release-Notes Jump up ^ Umbraco releases Jump up ^ `` Better CMS for Developers '' . devbridge.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` BetterCMS Release Notes '' . github.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` EPrints 3.3. 15 available to download '' . eprints.org . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ https://blog.foswiki.org/Blog/Foswiki214IsReleased Jump up ^ http://ikiwiki.info/news/version_3.20170111// Jump up ^ `` Movable Type 6.0. 8 and 5.2. 13 released to close security vulnerability '' . moveabletype.org . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.twiki.org/cgi-bin/view/Blog/BlogEntry201511x1 Jump up ^ http://blog.webgui.org/post/136751315064/webgui-71030-stable-release Jump up ^ `` ATutor 2.2. 2 Released '' . atutor.ca . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Roadmap '' . Backdrop CMS . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` System requirements '' . b2evolution.net . Jump up ^ http://b2evolution.net/downloads/ Jump up ^ Gert Ebersbach . `` CMSimple '' . cmsimple.org . Jump up ^ http://www.cmsmadesimple.org/downloads/ Jump up ^ https://github.com/coderity/app Jump up ^ `` Composr 10 RC18 released ! '' . Composr CMS . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Version History . concrete5 . Retrieved on 2017 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ Contao 4.4. 0 is available . Contao.org . Jump up ^ DokuWiki Changelog . dokuwiki.org . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 24 Jump up ^ https://dotclear.org/ Jump up ^ `` System requirements '' . Drupal.org . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Releases for Drupal core '' . drupal.org . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` v2. 3.5 Arrives for Fall '' . exponentcms . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Introducing eZ Publish Platform 5.4 '' . eZ Systems . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Release notes '' . eZ Systems . Jump up ^ `` 2.1. 3 '' . Geeklog . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Version Change Log GetSimple CMS '' . get-simple.info . Jump up ^ `` FAQ '' . habariproject.org . Jump up ^ `` Habari Project '' . habariproject.org . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ https://sourceforge.net/projects/impresscms/files/ Jump up ^ `` ImpressPages 4.8. 0 '' . impresspages.org . Jump up ^ `` Jamroom 6.1 Has Been Released '' . Jamroom . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Joomla ! 3.7. 4 Released '' . Joomla.org. 25 July 2017 . Retrieved 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Releases '' . github.com . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ https://github.com/idno/Known/releases Jump up ^ `` Open Source Ecommerce Software & Solutions - Magento '' . magentocommerce.com . Jump up ^ https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Installation_requirements#Database_server Jump up ^ `` Welcome to MediaWiki.org '' . News section . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Home - MiaCMS Official Website '' . Miacms.org . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Midgard2 12.09. 1 `` Gjallarhorn '' released '' ( Press release ) . The Midgard Project . Jump up ^ MODX Systems , LLC . `` Downloads '' . MODX . Jump up ^ https://github.com/moodle/moodle/releases Jump up ^ novius - os . `` novius - os / CHANGELOG.md at elche novius - os / novius - os GitHub '' . Github.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Nucleus CMS : Pure Publishing '' . nucleuscms.org . Jump up ^ `` OctoberCMS Changelog '' . Jump up ^ `` Meet Omeka Classic 2.5 -- Omeka '' . omeka.org . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` PageCarton Download '' . pagecarton.org . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` papaya CMS / Open Source Content Management System ( GPL ) - Download '' . Papaya-cms.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ https://ph7cms.com/ph7cms-8-0-6-released/ Jump up ^ https://github.com/phirecms/phirecms/releases Jump up ^ `` PHP - Nuke 8.3. 2 '' . installatron.com . Jump up ^ carstenklapp . `` PhpWiki '' . SourceForge . Jump up ^ `` Get on board and download Pimcore ! pimcore / pimcore '' . pimcore.org . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` PivotX 2.3. 11 released - PivotX Blog '' . pivotx.net . Jump up ^ `` home news Security Release 4.7. 3 '' . pluck-cms.org . Jump up ^ `` PmWiki - PmWiki / FlatFileAdvantages '' . pmwiki.org . Jump up ^ `` PmWiki - Cookbook / SQLite PageStore class '' . pmwiki.org . Jump up ^ `` Release Notes '' . pmwiki.org . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Download Older and Latest PrestaShop Versions . PrestaShop Developers '' . prestashop.com . Jump up ^ `` ProcessWire 3.0. 62 '' . processwire.com . Jump up ^ `` smwplus.com '' . smwplus.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Serendipity 2.0. 4 and 2.1 - beta2 released '' . s9y.org. 2016 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Download '' . silverstripe.org . Jump up ^ http://www.spip.net/en_download Jump up ^ `` Textpattern CMS 4.6. 2 released : version string theory '' . Textpattern.com. 2016 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Tiki 15.2 , Tiki 14.4 and Tiki 12.9 released '' . Info.tiki.org. 2015 - 05 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Download - TYPO3 - The Enterprise Open Source CMS '' . TYPO3 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Releasing Wolf CMS 0.8. 3.1 '' . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` WordPress Versions '' . WordPress. 2017 - 08 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ http://www.xaraya.com/index.php/news/946 Jump up ^ http://xoops.org/modules/core/ Jump up ^ `` Mezzanine '' . Jump up ^ `` MoinMoinDownload - MoinMoin '' . moinmo.in . Jump up ^ https://plone.org/products/plone/releases/5.0.4 Jump up ^ `` wagtail 1.8. 1 : Python Package Index '' . pypi.python.org . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Download '' . radiantcms.org . Jump up ^ `` radiant - RubyGems.org - your community gem host '' . rubygems.org . Jump up ^ `` Refinery CMS 3.0. 5 Released '' . Jump up ^ https://github.com/publify/publify/releases Jump up ^ `` ContentBox '' . ortussolutions.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ http://www.getmura.com/blog/critical-security-update-for-mura-cms-all-versions-prior-to-7-0-6852/ Jump up ^ `` FarCry 7 ( codename : Shiny ) released '' . FarCry Core Blog . Jump up ^ Ghost https://github.com/TryGhost/Ghost/releases/tag/0.11.9 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` TiddlyWiki -- a non-linear personal web notebook '' . tiddlywiki.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` OpenACS 5.9. 0 final released '' . openacs.org . Jump up ^ dotCMS Cloud Content Management System Jump up ^ `` alfrescowiki '' . wiki.alfresco.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Movable Type 6.3. 2 released . MovableType.org ( 2016 - 09 - 27 ) . Retrieved on 2017 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Pulse 4.6. 2 is here with deeper blog migration and more fixes '' . pulsecms.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 20 . 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cause of the six day war in israel			Origins of the Six - Day war	origins of the six - day war	The origins of the Six - Day War , which was fought between June 5 and June 10 , 1967 by Israel and the neighboring states of Egypt ( known then as the United Arab Republic , UAR ) , Jordan , and Syria , include both longstanding and immediate issues . At the time of the Six - Day War , the earlier foundation of Israel , the resulting Palestinian refugee issue , and Israel 's participation in the invasion of Egypt during the Suez crisis of 1956 continued to be significant grievances for the Arab world . Arab nationalists , led by Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser , continued to be hostile to Israel 's existence and made grave threats against its Jewish population . By the mid-1960s , relations between Israel and its Arab neighbors had deteriorated to the extent that a number of border clashes had taken place .	In April 1967 , Syria shot at an Israeli tractor ploughing in the demilitarized zone , which escalated to a prewar aerial clash . In May 1967 , following misinformation about Israeli intentions provided by the Soviet Union , Egypt expelled UN peacekeepers who had been stationed in the Sinai Peninsula since the Suez conflict , and announced a blockade of Israel 's access to the Red Sea ( international waters ) via the Straits of Tiran , which Israel considered an act of war . Tension escalated , with both sides ' armies mobilising . Less than a month later , Israel launched a surprise strike which began the Six - Day War . The conventional view and memoirs of key Israelis indicate that Israel 's actions leading into the war were prudent and the blame for the war rested on Egypt . According to political scientist Zeev Maoz , most scholarly studies attribute the crisis to a complicated process of unwanted escalation , which all sides wanted to prevent , but for which all were ultimately responsible . Nasser knew that his blockade of the Straits of Tiran from Israeli vessel passage , on 23 May 1967 , might very likely provide Israel with reason to launch war . His decisions to ask for the removal of the UN peacekeepers from Sinai and especially to block the Gulf of Aqaba to Israeli shipping via the Straits of Tiran , are commonly accepted as the point where war became inevitable . Some commentators consider the war as the classic case of anticipatory attack in self - defense , while in the 21st century the view that Israel acted in self - defense has become increasingly contested . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary of events leading to war 2 Territorial , water ways and water resources disputes 2.1 Territorial disputes 2.2 Straits of Tiran 2.3 Water dispute 3 Events during the years before the war 3.1 Israel and the Arab states 3.2 Israel and Egypt : Suez Crisis aftermath 3.3 Israel and Egypt : Rotem Crisis 4 Events during the months before the war 4.1 Israel and Jordan : Samu incident 4.1. 1 Samu incident consequences 4.2 Israel and Syria 4.2. 1 April 7 , 1967 cross-border battle 4.2. 2 Later developments 4.3 Israel and Egypt 5 Events during the weeks before the war 5.1 Misinformation from the Soviet Union 5.2 Egyptian Troop Build - up in Sinai 5.3 Removal of U.N. peacekeepers from Egypt 5.3. 1 The Egyptian right to remove the U.N. peacekeepers 5.3. 2 International reactions 5.4 The Straits of Tiran closure 5.4. 1 For the Egyptian right to close the Straits 5.4. 2 Against the Egyptian right to close the Straits 5.5 Egypt 's plan to attack Israel on 27 May 5.6 The crisis and diplomacy 5.7 Jordan joins Egypt 5.8 Arab states preparations 5.9 Developments in Israel 6 Who would win the war 7 Retrospective 7.1 Israel : was the war imminent ? 7.2 Did Israel plan a war ? 7.2. 1 For 7.2. 2 Against 7.3 Did Egypt plan a war ? 7.3. 1 For 7.3. 2 Against 8 The war consequences 9 See also 10 Notes 11 Footnotes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Summary of events leading to war After the 1956 Suez Crisis , Egypt agreed to the stationing of a United Nations Emergency Force ( UNEF ) in the Sinai to ensure all parties would comply with the 1949 Armistice Agreements . Despite the overwhelming support for Resolution 1000 in the UN General Assembly , Israel refused to allow UNEF forces onto its territory . In the following years , there were numerous minor border clashes between Israel and its Arab neighbors , particularly Syria . In early November , 1966 , Syria signed a mutual defense agreement with Egypt . On November 13 , 1966 , in response to PLO ( Palestine Liberation Organization ) guerrilla activity , including a mine attack that left three dead , the Israeli Defence Force ( IDF ) attacked the village of as - Samu in the Jordanian - occupied West Bank . Jordanian units that engaged the Israelis were quickly beaten back . King Hussein of Jordan criticized Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser for failing to come to Jordan 's aid , and `` hiding behind UNEF skirts '' . Israel was censured for this invasion in United Nations Security Council Resolution 228 , being reproached by the US , the UK , France and the USSR . On April 7 , 1967 Israel invaded Syria . The USSR urged that the collective defense agreement with Egypt had been triggered . In May 1967 , Nasser received false reports from the Soviet Union that Israel was massing on the Syrian border . Nasser began massing his troops in the Sinai Peninsula on Israel 's border ( May 16 ) , expelled the UNEF force from Gaza and Sinai ( May 19 ) and took up UNEF positions at Sharm el - Sheikh , overlooking the Straits of Tiran . Israel reiterated declarations made in 1957 that any closure of the Straits would be considered an act of war , or justification for war . Nasser declared the Straits closed to Israeli shipping on May 22 -- 23 . On May 30 , Jordan and Egypt signed a defense pact . The following day , at Jordan 's invitation , the Iraqi army began deploying troops and armored units in Jordan . They were later reinforced by an Egyptian contingent . On June 1 , Israel formed a National Unity Government by widening its cabinet , and on June 4 the decision was made to go to war . The next morning , Israel launched Operation Focus , a large - scale surprise air strike that launched the Six - Day War . Territorial , Water ways and Water resources disputes Territorial disputes The peace accord at the end of the 1948 war had established demilitarized zones ( DMZs ) between Israel and Syria However , as recalled by UN military forces officers such as Odd Bull and Carl von Horn , Israelis gradually took over portions of the zone , evicting Arab villagers and demolishing their homes ; these actions incurring protests from the UN Security Council . Moshe Dayan , the Israeli defense minister at the time of the Six Day War , recounted in a 1976 interview that Israeli policy in the Demilitarized Zone between 1949 and 1967 was `` to seize some territory and hold it until the enemy despairs and gives it to us '' , thus changing `` the lines of the ceasefire accord with military actions that were less than a war '' . Dayan related further that in the process Israel had provoked more than 80 % of the border clashes with Syria in the lead - up to its April 7 , 1967 invasion of Syria . In defense of the Israeli actions historian Michael Oren said that `` ( t ) here is an element of truth to Dayan 's claim '' , but that Israeli actions were justified , as `` Israel regarded the de-militarized zones in the north as part of their sovereign territory '' . Gluska qualified this view by pointing out that such Israeli sovereignty over all of the DMZ `` was not sanctioned by the UN '' . In fact the Israeli view had been rejected in 1951 by both Britain and the UN Security council ( in Resolution 93 ) . In January 1967 Israel reverted to claiming sovereignty over the DMZ . Publicly , Syria claimed that the escalating conflict was the result of Israel attempting to increase tension in order to justify a large - scale military operation against Syria , and to expand its occupation of the Demilitarized Zone by dispossessing the remaining Arab farmers . According to Moshe Shemesh , a historian and former senior intelligence officer in the IDF , Jordan 's military and civilian leaders estimated that Israel 's main objective was conquest of the West Bank . They felt that Israel was striving to drag all of the Arab countries into a war . After the Samu raid , these apprehensions became the deciding factor in Jordan 's decision to participate in the war . King Hussein was convinced Israel would try to occupy the West Bank whether Jordan went to war , or not . Straits of Tiran After the 1956 war , Egypt agreed to reopen the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping , whose closure had been a significant catalyst in precipitating the Suez Crisis . Water dispute Main article : War over Water The Johnston Plan was a plan for the unified water resource development of the Jordan Valley , sponsored by UNRWA and accepted by the main Arab leader , Nasser , and by Jordan and Israel . In 1964 , Israel began drawing water from the Jordan River for its National Water Carrier , in accordance with the Johnston Plan , reducing the flow that reached Hashemite territory to the Johnston Plan allocation . In January 1964 an Arab League summit meeting convened in Cairo , claimed that the diversion of the Jordan waters by Israel multiplies the dangers to Arab existence and decided to deprive Israel of 35 % of the National Water Carrier capacity , by a diversion of the Jordan River headwaters ( both the Hasbani and the Banias tributaries ) to the Yarmouk River , although the scheme was only marginally feasible , it was technically difficult and expensive . The following year , the Arab states began construction of the Headwater Diversion Plan , which , once completed , would divert the waters of the Banias Stream before the water entered Israel and the Sea of Galilee , to flow instead into a dam at Mukhaiba for use by Jordan and Syria , and divert the waters of the Hasbani into the Litani River in Lebanon . The diversion works would have reduced the installed capacity of Israel 's carrier by about 35 % , and Israel 's overall water supply by about 11 % . The Israel Defense Forces ( IDF ) attacked the diversion works in Syria in March , May , and August 1965 , perpetuating a prolonged chain of border violence that linked directly to the events leading to war . Events during the years before the war Israel and the Arab States At the time , no Arab state had recognized Israel . Syria , aligned with the Soviet bloc , began sponsoring guerrilla raids on Israel in the early 1960s as part of its `` people 's war of liberation '' , designed to deflect domestic opposition to the Ba'ath Party . Speaking to the UN General Assembly in September 1960 , Nasser had stated that `` The only solution to Palestine is that matters should return to the condition prevailing before the error was committed -- i.e. , the annulment of Israel 's existence . '' In 1964 he said , `` We swear to God that we shall not rest until we restore the Arab nation to Palestine and Palestine to the Arab nation . There is no room for imperialism and there is no room for Britain in our country , just as there is no room for Israel within the Arab nation . '' In 1965 he asserted , `` We shall not enter Palestine with its soil covered in sand , we shall enter it with its soil saturated in blood . '' Even after nearly two decades of its existence , no neighboring Arab country of Israel was willing to negotiate a peace agreement with Israel or accept its existence . Tunisian President Habib Bourgiba suggested in a speech in Jericho in 1965 that the Arab world should face reality and negotiate with Israel , but this was rejected by the other Arab countries . Israel and Egypt : Suez crisis aftermath The Suez Crisis of 1956 represented a military defeat but a political victory for Egypt , and set the stage leading to the Six - Day War . In a speech delivered to the Knesset , David Ben - Gurion said that the 1949 armistice agreement with Egypt was dead and buried , and that the armistice lines were no longer valid and could not be restored . Under no circumstances would Israel agree to the stationing of UN forces on its territory or in any area it occupied . Heavy diplomatic pressure from both the United States and the Soviet Union forced Israel into a conditional withdrawal of its military from the Sinai Peninsula , only after satisfactory arrangements had been made with the international force that was about to enter the canal zone . After the 1956 war , Egypt agreed to the stationing of a UN peacekeeping force in the Sinai , the United Nations Emergency Force , to keep that border region demilitarized , and prevent Palestinian fedayeen guerrillas from crossing the border into Israel . As a result , the border between Egypt and Israel remained quiet for the vast majority of the period up to 1967 . After the 1956 war , the region returned to an uneasy balance without resolution of any of the underlying issues . Israel and Egypt : Rotem crisis Main article : Rotem Crisis In February 1960 , tensions along the Israeli -- Syrian border prompted Nasser to deploy Egyptian armed forces in northern Sinai . Only six days after troop movements had begun , did Israel learn of the presence of an Egyptian force , numbering around 500 tanks , on its undefended southern border . Caught off - guard , Israel scrambled to deploy its own forces , while Ben - Gurion adopted a policy of pacification to ease tensions and prevent the outbreak of hostilities . Both sides eventually stood down , yet each drew different conclusions from the affair . Israeli national defence policy came to see any mass deployment of Egyptian forces on its border as unacceptable , and believed new rules had been set in place . Egypt , however , viewed the crisis as a great success . Egypt believed the deployment had prevented an Israeli attack on Syria , and it was thus possible to deter Israel with the mere deployment of forces , without the danger of going to war . The crisis was to have a direct effect on both sides during the events of May 1967 , which eventually led to the Six - Day War . Both Israel and Egypt applied the lessons they had learned in the earlier affair . Indeed , these were at first perceived to be a repeat of the Rotem affair , and were expected to follow the same course . Major differences however gave the new crisis its own momentum and eventually led to war . Events during the months before the war Israel and Jordan : Samu incident Main article : Samu Incident The long armistice line between Jordan and Israel was tense since the beginning of Fatah 's guerrilla operations in January 1965 . While Syria supported such operations , Egypt and Jordan refused to let PLO guerrillas operate from their territory . After 1965 the majority of raids on Israel originated from the Syrian border . Israel viewed the state from which the raids were perpetrated as responsible . King Hussein , the Hashemite ruler , was in a bind : he did not want to appear as cooperating with Israel in light of the delicate relationship of his government with the majority Palestinian population in his kingdom , and his success in preventing such raids was only partial . In the summer and autumn of 1966 the PLO carried out several guerrilla attacks that caused death and injury to Israeli civilians and military personnel . This culminated on November 11 , 1966 , when an Israeli border patrol hit a land mine , killing three soldiers and injuring six others . Israel believed the mine had been planted by militants from Es Samu , a village in the southern West Bank , close to where the incident took place , which was a Fatah stronghold . This led the Israeli cabinet to approve a large scale operation called ' Shredder ' . On Friday , November 12 , King Hussein of Jordan penned a letter of personal condolence to Israel which he cabled to U.S. ambassador to Israel , Walworth Barbour , through the U.S. embassy in Amman which passed it to Barbour in Tel Aviv . Barbour , believing there was no urgency to delivering the letter , left it on his desk over the weekend , thus failing to deliver it in a timely fashion . The next day , on the morning of November 13 , the Israel Defense Forces invaded Jordan , crossing the border into the West Bank and attacked Es Samu . The attacking force consisted of 3,000 - 4,000 soldiers backed by tanks and aircraft . They were divided into a reserve force , which remained on the Israeli side of the border , and two raiding parties , which crossed into the West Bank . The larger force of eight Centurion Tanks , followed by 400 paratroopers mounted in 40 open - topped half - tracks and 60 engineers in 10 more half - tracks , headed for Samu ; while a smaller force of three tanks and 100 paratroopers and engineers in 10 half - tracks headed towards two smaller villages : Kirbet El - Markas and Kirbet Jimba . According to Terrence Prittie 's Eshkol : The Man and the Nation , 50 houses were destroyed , but the inhabitants had been evacuated hours before . To Israel 's surprise , the Jordanian military intervened . The 48th Infantry Battalion of the Jordanian Army ran into the Israeli forces northwest of Samu ; and two companies approaching from the northeast were intercepted by the Israelis , while a platoon of Jordanians armed with two 106 mm recoilless guns entered Samu . The Jordanian Air Force intervened as well and a Jordanian Hunter fighter was shot down in the action . In the ensuing battles , three Jordanian civilians and 16 soldiers were killed ; 54 other soldiers and 96 civilians were wounded . The commander of the Israeli paratroop battalion , Colonel Yoav Shaham , was killed and 10 other Israeli soldiers were wounded . According to the Israeli government , 50 Jordanians were killed , but the true number was never disclosed by the Jordanians , in order to keep up morale and confidence in King Hussein 's regime . The whole battle was short : the Israeli forces crossed the ceasefire line at 6 : 00 A.M. and returned by 10 : 00 A.M. Samu incident Consequences Hussein felt betrayed by the operation which shattered the fragile trust between Israel and Jordan . He had been having secret meetings with Israeli foreign ministers Abba Eban and Golda Meir for three years . According to him he was doing everything he could to stop guerrilla attacks from the West Bank and Jordan . `` I told them I could not absorb a serious retaliatory raid , and they accepted the logic of this and promised there would never be one '' . Two days later , in a memo to U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson , his Special Assistant Walt Rostow wrote : `` retaliation is not the point in this case . This 3000 - man raid with tanks and planes was out of all proportion to the provocation and was aimed at the wrong target , '' and went on to describe the damage done to US and Israeli interests : They 've wrecked a good system of tacit cooperation between Hussein and the Israelis ... They 've undercut Hussein . We 've spent $500 million to shore him up as a stabilizing factor on Israel 's longest border and vis - à - vis Syria and Iraq . Israel 's attack increases the pressure on him to counterattack not only from the more radical Arab governments and from the Palestinians in Jordan but also from the Army , which is his main source of support and may now press for a chance to recoup its Sunday losses ... They 've set back progress toward a long term accommodation with the Arabs ... They may have persuaded the Syrians that Israel did n't dare attack Soviet - protected Syria but could attack US - backed Jordan with impunity . The United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 228 unanimously deploring `` the loss of life and heavy damage to property resulting from the action of the Government of Israel on 13 November 1966 '' , censuring `` Israel for conducting `` a large - scale and carefully planned military action against Jordanian territory '' in violation of the United Nations Charter and of the General Armistice Agreement between Israel and Jordan '' and emphasizing `` to Israel that actions of military reprisal can not be tolerated and that , if they are repeated , the Security Council will have to consider further and more effective steps as envisaged in the Charter to ensure against the repetition of such acts . '' Facing a storm of criticism from Jordanians , Palestinians , and his Arab neighbors for failing to protect Samu , Hussein ordered a nationwide mobilization on November 20 . Hussein complained that Egypt and Syria had failed to protect the West Bank , while `` hiding behind UNEF skirts '' ; this accusation may have been a factor in Nasser 's decision to rid his country of the UNEF force on the eve of the Six - Day War . This was the largest scale operation that Israel had been involved with since the Suez Crisis . While the diplomatic and political developments were not as Israel expected , following the operation Hussein worked hard to avoid any further clashes by preventing guerrilla operations from being launched from within Jordan . Some view the Samu attack as the beginning of the escalation in tensions that led to the war , with others going further to describe it as the first step in the prelude to war . Israel and Syria Overall , Oren 's account of the period portrays Israel as the innocent victim of Syrian provocation and aggression . From the Golan Heights , Syrians had shelled Israeli settlements and other targets , such as fishermen in the Sea of Galilee , drawing punitive responsive strikes from Israel . In addition , following the 1966 Syrian coup d'état , attacks and acts of sabotage by Syrian - based Palestinian guerrillas ( Fatah ) had increased , although Jordan was still the main source . For two and a half years from the start of the attacks up until the Israeli invasion of Syria on April 7 , 1967 , the Fatah incursions launched from Syrian territory had resulted in three Israeli deaths , all of them soldiers . In September 1966 the Israeli Chief of Staff Yitzhak Rabin gave an interview in which he stated that Israeli actions `` should be aimed at those who carry out the attacks and at the regime that supports them '' . These ' unfortunate ' words were interpreted as a ' plot ' to bring down the Syrian government . Syria also claimed that Syrian shelling had always occurred in response to Israeli firing on peaceful Arab farmers or Syrian posts . This point , also raised by Dayan in his interview , is further supported by the eye - witness accounts of Dutch UN Observer force Colonel Jan Mühren who attested to the Israeli practice of using armoured tractors to farm in the DMZ in areas prohibited by the 1949 Armistice agreement . These activities would draw Syrian fire , to which Israel would respond with its own forces . However , the vague 1949 Armistice agreement had not prohibited civil activity in the DMZ . In November 1966 , Egypt and Syria signed a defense pact whereby each country would support the other if it were attacked . According to Indar Jit Rikhye , Egyptian Foreign Minister Mahmoud Riad told him that the Soviet Union had persuaded Egypt to enter the pact with two ideas in mind : to reduce the chances of a punitive attack on Syria by Israel , and to bring the Syrians under Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser 's moderating influence . In January 1967 the Israeli Minister of Health , Yisrael Barzilai , warned that Egypt 's commitment to Syria under their mutual defense pact `` could escalate the situation and nobody foresee how it will end '' . During a visit to London in February 1967 , Israeli Foreign Minister Abba Eban briefed journalists on Israel 's `` hopes and anxieties '' explaining to those present that , although the governments of Lebanon , Jordan and the United Arab Republic ( Egypt 's official name until 1971 ) seemed to have decided against active confrontation with Israel , it remained to be seen whether Syria could maintain a minimal level of restraint at which hostility was confined to rhetoric . At the same time Israel was planning , approving and executing the provocations of Syria along the DMZ referred to by Dayan . The provocations were sending a tractor to plow in the demilitarized areas . The Syrians would fire on these tractors and would frequently shell Israeli settlements . This reached a critical point when armored tractor work on land in the southern demilitarized zone close to Kibbutz Ha - On was scheduled . It was anticipated that the Syrians would react . The Israeli Air Force was placed on alert . Prime Minister Eshkol approved the plan . April 7 , 1967 cross-border battle Earlier in the week , Syria had twice attacked an Israeli tractor working in the DMZ area . When the tractor returned on the morning of April 7 , 1967 , as predicted in the plan , the Syrians opened fire again initially with light weapons . The Israelis responded by sending in armor - plated tractors to continue ploughing , resulting in further exchanges of fire . The resulting tit - for - tat escalated , leading to tanks , heavy mortars , machine guns , and artillery being used in various sections along the 47 mile ( 76 km ) border in what was described as `` a dispute over cultivation rights in the demilitarized zone south - east of Lake Tiberias . '' At this point the critical departure from previous incidents occurred . Without advance planning nor having been submitted for prior approval to the Ministerial Committee on Security , Israeli aircraft dive - bombed Syrian positions with 250 and 500 kg bombs . For the first time the IAF was employed before an Israeli settlement had actually been shelled ( with the exception of stray shells which fell in Tel Katzir ) and Israeli planes penetrated as far as Damascus . The Syrians then responded by shelling Israeli border settlements heavily , and Israeli jets retaliated by bombing the village of Sqoufiye , destroying around 40 houses in the process . At 15 : 19 Syrian shells started falling on Kibbutz Gadot ; over 300 landed within the kibbutz compound in 40 minutes . The `` incident '' had escalated into a full - scale aerial battle over the Golan Heights after Israel scrambled jets , resulting in the loss of six Syrian Air Force MiG - 21s to Israeli Air Force Dassault Mirage IIIs , and the latter 's flight over Damascus . The United Nations Truce Supervision Organization ( UNTSO ) attempted to arrange a ceasefire , but Syria declined to co-operate unless Israeli agricultural work was halted . The Israeli newspaper Maariv wrote `` This was not an ' incident ' but a real war . '' Under these circumstances , the Soviet Union intervened to halt the downward course of events and to deter Israel by activating the Egyptian -- Syrian defense pact signed in November 1966 under Soviet pressure for this precise purpose . Although the April 7 cross-border battle is often called an ' incident ' , various reactions to the event belie this description . The Israeli press called it a war . Moshe Dayan was reported by Ezer Weismann to have responded `` Have you lost your minds ? You are leading the country to war ! '' . Brigadier - General Israel Lior agreed : `` From my point of view , the Six - Day War had begun . '' On April 21 , 1967 as in May 1966 . the Soviet deputy foreign minister , Yaakov Malik , relayed an oral message to the Israeli ambassador in Moscow : `` The government of the Soviet Union sees the need to warn again the government of Israel that the hazardous policy it has been waging for several years is fraught with danger , and ( Israel ) will be held solely responsible . Later developments Speaking to a Mapai party meeting in Jerusalem on May 11 Prime Minister of Israel Levi Eshkol warned that Israel would not hesitate to use air power on the scale of 7 April in response to continued border terrorism , and on the same day Israeli envoy Gideon Rafael presented a letter to the president of the Security Council warning that Israel would `` act in self - defense as circumstances warrant '' . Writing from Tel Aviv on May 12 , James Feron reported that some Israeli leaders had decided to use force against Syria `` of considerable strength but of short duration and limited in area '' and quoted `` one qualified observer '' who `` said it was highly unlikely that Egypt ( then officially called United Arab Republic ) , Syria 's closest ally in the Arab world , would enter the hostilities unless the Israeli attack were extensive '' . In early May the Israeli cabinet authorized a limited strike against Syria , but Rabin 's renewed demand for a large - scale strike to discredit or topple the Ba'ath regime was opposed by Eshkol . BBC journalist Jeremy Bowen reports : The toughest threat was reported by the news agency United Press International ( UPI ) on 12 May : ' A high Israeli source said today that Israel would take limited military action designed to topple the Damascus army regime if Syrian terrorists continue sabotage raids inside Israel . Military observers said such an offensive would fall short of all - out war but would be mounted to deliver a telling blow against the Syrian government . ' In the West as well as the Arab world the immediate assumption was that the unnamed source was Rabin and that he was serious . In fact , it was Brigadier - General Aharon Yariv , the head of military intelligence , and the story was overwritten . Yariv mentioned ' an all - out invasion of Syria and conquest of Damascus ' but only as the most extreme of a range of possibilities . But the damage had been done . Tension was so high that most people , and not just the Arabs , assumed that something much bigger than usual was being planned against Syria . Border incidents multiplied and numerous Arab leaders , both political and military , called for an end to Israeli attacks . Egypt , then already trying to seize a central position in the Arab world under Nasser , accompanied these declarations with plans to re-militarize the Sinai . Syria shared these views , although it did not prepare for an immediate invasion . The Soviet Union actively backed the military needs of the Arab states . Israel and Egypt In April 1967 , after meeting with Nasser , Lucius D. Battle , The U.S ambassador in Egypt reported to Washington that Nasser plans to deflect mounting internal pressure against his regime by creating a foreign policy crisis which could be to heat up the Israeli situation . Events during the weeks before the war Misinformation from the Soviet Union In 1967 , Israeli leaders repeatedly threatened to invade Syria and overthrow the Syrian government if Palestinian guerrilla actions across the border did not cease . In that context , the Soviet Union fed the Syrian government false information in the Spring of 1967 that Israel was planning to invade Syria . On May 13 , a Soviet intelligence report given by Soviet President Nikolai Podgorny to Egyptian Vice President Anwar Sadat likewise claimed falsely that Israeli troops were massing along the Syrian border . On May 14 , Nasser sent his chief of staff , General Fawzi , to Syria in order to verify the Soviet warning . Egyptian troop build - up in Sinai Egyptian President Nasser was in a difficult position . He had received humiliating rebukes for Egypt 's lack of action after the recent Israeli attacks on Jordan and Syria in April 1967 . This , combined with Israeli threats to topple the Syrian regime and the Soviet urging that the Syrian - Egyptian defence agreement had thereby been triggered , left Nasser feeling as though he had no option other than to display solidarity with Syria . On 14 May , Nasser began the re-militarization of the Sinai , and concentrated tanks and troops there . This move was reminiscent of what he had done in the Rotem Crisis , although this time it was done openly . Fawzi reported to Nasser that the Soviet alarm about an Israeli plot to attack Syria was baseless , but Nasser continued to pour his divisions into Sinai . Egyptian Field Marshal Abdel Hakim Amer explained to ( Soviet Ambassador ) Pozhidaev that the influx of troops into Sinai was for deterrence : `` Israel will not risk starting major military actions against Syria , because if it does Egyptian military units , having occupied forward initial positions on this border will immediately move out on the basis of the mutual defense agreement with Syria . '' On May 16 , Ahmed el - Feki , Egypt 's Under Secretary of State , assured David Nes , US chargé d'affaires in Cairo that Egypt would not `` take the initiative in attacking Israel . '' But in case of a large - scale Israeli attack against its neighbors , el - Feki said , Egypt would come to their aid . Nes came away from the conversation `` certain '' that Egypt had `` no aggressive intent . '' The reasons for Nasser 's decisions to expel the UN peacekeepers ( UNEF ) and the move to reinforce Egyptian forces in the Sinai were reported to the Israeli government by Prime Minister Eshkol on May 16 , 1967 as follows : `` It is estimated that , in light of Syrian reports and appeals to Egypt regarding Israel 's intention to take major action against Syria ; in light of declarations and warnings issued by Israel in the past few days ; and Egypt 's predicament since April . Egypt has come to the decision that in the present circumstances it can not sit by idly . It has therefore decided , in the face of the Israeli threat , to demonstrate readiness to come to Syria 's aid within the framework of the mutual defence pact . At the same time , it may be assumed that the Egyptians hope that their actions and demonstration will achieve the practical effect of deterring Israel from implementing its threat . '' Removal of UN peacekeepers from Egypt At 10 : 00 p.m. on May 16 , the commander of United Nations Emergency Force , General Indar Jit Rikhye , was handed a letter from General Mohammed Fawzy , Chief of Staff of the United Arab Republic , reading : `` To your information , I gave my instructions to all UAR armed forces to be ready for action against Israel , the moment it might carry out any aggressive action against any Arab country . Due to these instructions our troops are already concentrated in Sinai on our eastern border . For the sake of complete security of all UN troops which install OPs along our borders , I request that you issue your orders to withdraw all these troops immediately . '' The emissary who delivered the letter requested immediate withdrawal of United Nations troops from Sharm el Sheikh as well . Rikhye said he would report to the Secretary - General for instructions . The UNEF was established following the Suez crisis in 1956 by various resolutions of the Security Council culminating in resolution 1001 . Egypt agreed to the presence of the unit on her territory . Israel refused . Initially , Nasser 's letter had not demanded a full withdrawal of UNEF , but that they vacate the Sinai and concentrate in Gaza . Detailed archival studies revealed that the original letter had not included a request to withdraw troops from Sharm el - Sheik , overlooking the Straits of Tiran . The UN Secretary - General , U Thant , demanded an all - or - nothing clarification from Nasser , leaving the Egyptians with little choice but to ask for their total withdrawal . U Thant then attempted to negotiate with the Egyptian government , but on May 18 the Egyptian Foreign Minister informed nations with troops in UNEF that the UNEF mission in Egypt and the Gaza Strip had been terminated and that they must leave immediately . Egyptian forces then prevented UNEF troops from entering their posts . The Governments of India and Yugoslavia decided to withdraw their troops from UNEF , regardless of the decision of U Thant . While this was taking place , U Thant suggested that UNEF be redeployed to the Israeli side of the border , but Israel refused , arguing that UNEF contingents from countries hostile to Israel would be more likely to impede an Israeli response to Egyptian aggression than to stop that aggression in the first place . The Permanent Representative of Egypt then informed U Thant that the Egyptian government had decided to terminate UNEF 's presence in the Sinai and the Gaza Strip , and requested steps that would withdraw the force as soon as possible . The UNEF commander was given the order to begin withdrawal on May 19 . The withdrawal of UNEF was to be spaced over a period of some weeks . The troops were to be withdrawn by air and by sea from Port Said . The withdrawal plan envisaged that the last personnel of UNEF would leave the area on June 30 , 1967 . On the morning of May 27 , Egypt demanded that the Canadian contingent be evacuated within 48 hours `` on grounds of the attitude adopted by the Government of Canada in connection with UNEF and the United Arab Republic Government 's request for its withdrawal , and ' to prevent any probable reaction from the people of the United Arab Republic against the Canadian Forces in UNEF . ' '' The withdrawal of the Canadian contingent was accelerated and completed on May 31 , with the effect that UNEF was left without its logistics and air support components . In the war itself 15 members of the remaining force were killed and the rest evacuated through Israel . The Egyptian right to remove the UN peacekeepers Before UNEF could be deployed negotiations were necessary with the compliant host country , Egypt . A key principle governing the stationing and functioning of UNEF , and later of all other peacekeeping forces , was the consent of the host Government . Since it was not an enforcement action under Chapter VII of the Charter , UNEF could enter and operate in Egypt only with the consent of the Egyptian Government . This principle was clearly stated by the General Assembly in adopting resolution 1001 ( ES - I ) of 7 November 1956 concerning the establishment of UNEF ... The Secretary - General impressed upon those authorities that the Force provided a guarantee for the withdrawal of foreign forces from Egypt and that , since it would come only with Egypt 's consent , it could not stay or operate in Egypt if that consent were withdrawn ... Moreover , because Israel refused to accept UNEF on its territory , the Force had to be deployed only on the Egyptian side of the border , and thus its functioning was entirely contingent upon the consent of Egypt as the host country . Once that consent was withdrawn , its operation could no longer be maintained . Rostow is of the contrary opinion that `` Egyptian commitments of the period were broken one by one , the last being the request for the removal of U.N.E.F. '' In another publication Rostow adds detail : `` One of the most important terms of the agreement was set out in an aide memoire by Secretary - General Dag Hammarskjöld : if Egypt ever tried unilaterally to remove the United Nations peacekeeping forces in the Sinai , or to close the Straits of Tiran , the Secretary - General would call the Security Council into session immediately and block such initiatives until a peaceful resolution of the conflict could be reached . '' Oren , however , confirms Egypt 's right as follows : `` That ( UNEF ) presence , however , hung on a legal fiction . The `` good - faith agreement '' forged by Dag Hammarskjöld in 1957 , according to which Egypt would consult with the General Assembly and the UNEF Advisory Council before altering the force 's mandate , was in no way binding . The Egyptians could , in fact , dismiss UNEF whenever they chose . Bunche ( UN expert on Middle East diplomacy ) fully adhered to the secretary - general 's position that Egypt had a sovereign right to dismiss UNEF ' , however imprudent that decision might be . '' International reactions The United States did not find a UNEF withdrawal overly worrying . Walworth Barbour , US ambassador in Tel Aviv , told Israeli officials that the withdrawal did not affect the `` fundamental military situation , '' and that there was `` every reason for Nasser '' not to attack Israel . Egypt volunteered that if Israel were concerned about an Egyptian invasion , it could accept UNEF on its own side of the armistice line . `` If Israel wants them to stay , '' Field Marshal Amer told Soviet Ambassador Pozhidaev , `` it can make its own territory available . '' U Thant was thinking along the same lines . On May 18 , he posed that option to Israel 's UN ambassador , Gideon Rafael , as a protection against a possible invasion . Rafael replied that this option was `` entirely unacceptable to his Government . '' Jacques Roux , France 's ambassador in Cairo , gave Maurice Couve de Murville , the French foreign minister , an assessment that Egypt was making its moves in reaction to accusations that Egypt was not living up to its obligations to other Arab states . The request for a UNEF withdrawal did not , in Roux 's view , mean that the Egyptian leadership was embarking on `` an adventure . '' Israel was not particularly troubled by the evacuation of the UNEF in itself . There were some who even thought that it would be to Israel 's advantage . The Straits of Tiran closure Israeli Prime Minister Eshkol repeated declarations that Israel had made in 1957 , saying that closure of the Straits of Tiran would be an act of war . Then , on May 22 , Egypt responded by announcing , in addition to the UN withdrawal , that the Straits of Tiran would be closed to `` all ships flying Israeli flags or carrying strategic materials '' , with effect from May 23 . In order to enforce the blockade , Egypt falsely announced that the Tiran straits had been mined. 90 % of Israeli oil passed through the Straits of Tiran . Oil tankers that were due to pass through the straits were delayed . According to Sami Sharaf , Minister of State for Presidential Affairs , Nasser knew that the decision to block the Tiran straits made the war `` inevitable '' . Nasser stated , `` Under no circumstances can we permit the Israeli flag to pass through the Gulf of Aqaba . '' The closure of the Tiran Straits was closely linked to the previous withdrawal of the UN peacekeepers , because having the peacekeepers ( rather than the Egyptian military ) at Sharm el Sheik was important for keeping that waterway open . In his speech to Arab trade unionists on May 26 , Nasser announced : `` If Israel embarks on an aggression against Syria or Egypt , the battle against Israel will be a general one and not confined to one spot on the Syrian or Egyptian borders . The battle will be a general one and our basic objective will be to destroy Israel . '' Nasser publicly denied that Egypt would strike first and spoke of a negotiated peace if Israel allowed all Palestinian refugees the right of return , and of a possible compromise over the Straits of Tiran . For the Egyptian right to close the Straits Egypt stated that the Gulf of Aqaba had always been a national inland waterway subject to the sovereignty of the only three legitimate littoral States -- Jordan , Saudi Arabia , and Egypt -- who had the right to bar enemy vessels . The representative of the United Arab Republic further stated that `` Israel 's claim to have a port on the Gulf was considered invalid , as Israel was alleged to have occupied several miles of coastline on the Gulfline , including Umm Rashrash , in violation of Security Council resolutions of 1948 and the Egyptian - Israel General Armistice Agreement . '' The Arab states disputed Israel 's right of passage through the Straits , noting they had not signed the Convention on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone specifically because of article 16 ( 4 ) which provided Israel with that right . In the United Nations General Assembly debates after the war , the Arab states and their supporters argued that even if international law gave Israel the right of passage , Israel was not entitled to attack Egypt to assert that right , because the closure was not an `` armed attack '' as defined by Article 51 of the United Nations Charter . Supporting this view in a letter written to the New York Times in June 1967 , lawyer Roger Fisher argued that The United Arab Republic had a good legal case for restricting traffic through the Strait of Tiran . First it is debatable whether international law confers any right of innocent passage through such a waterway ... ( Secondly ) ... a right of innocent passage is not a right of free passage for any cargo at any time . In the words of the Convention on the Territorial Sea : ' Passage is innocent so long as it is not prejudicial to the peace , good order , or security of the coastal state ... taking the facts as they were I , as an international lawyer , would rather defend before the International Court of Justice the legality of the U.A.R 's action in closing the Strait of Tiran than to argue the other side of the case ... Against the Egyptian right to close the Straits After the 1956 campaign in which Israel conquered Sharm el - Sheikh and opened the blocked Straits , it was forced to withdraw and return the territory to Egypt . At the time , members of the international community pledged that Israel would never again be denied use of the Straits of Tiran . The French representative to the UN , for example , announced that an attempt to interfere with free shipping in the Straits would be against international law , and American President Dwight Eisenhower went so far as publicly to recognize that reimposing a blockade in the Straits of Tiran would be seen as an aggressive act which would oblige Israel to protect its maritime rights in accordance with Article 51 of the UN Charter . The rights of Egypt regarding the Straits of Tiran had been debated at the General Assembly pursuant to Israel 's withdrawal from the Sinai following the Suez Crisis . A number of states , including Australia , Canada , Denmark , the Netherlands , New Zealand , the United Kingdom and the United States argued that the Straits were international waters , and , as such , all vessels had the right of `` free and innocent passage '' through them . India , however , argued that Egypt was entitled to require foreign ships to obtain its consent before seeking access to the gulf because its territorial sea covered the Straits of Tiran . It too recognized the right of innocent passage through such waters , but argued it was up to the coastal State to decide which passage was `` innocent '' . Israel 's political ' anchor ' in its efforts to prevent any disruption of freedom of shipping through the Straits was a statement by then Foreign Minister Golda Meir at the UN Assembly on 1 March 1957 , while announcing her government 's decision to respond to the demand for withdrawal from Sinai and the Gaza Strip , to the effect that Israel would view disruption of free shipping through the Tiran Straits as an act of aggression and would reserve the right to react in accordance with Clause 51 of the UN Charter . International law professor John Quigley argues that under the doctrine of proportionality , Israel would only be entitled to use such force as would be necessary to secure its right of passage . State practice and customary international law is that ships of all states have a right of innocent passage through territorial seas . That Egypt had consistently granted passage as a matter of state practice until then suggests that its opinio juris in that regard was consistent with practice . Moreover , during the Egyptian occupation of the Saudi islands of Sanafir and Tiran in 1950 , it provided assurances to the US that the military occupation would not be used to prevent free passage , and that Egypt recognizes that such free passage is `` in conformity with the international practice and the recognized principles of international law . '' . In 1949 the International Court of Justice held in the Corfu Channel Case ( United Kingdom v. Albania ) that where a strait was overlapped by a territorial sea foreign ships , including warships , had unsuspendable right of innocent passage through such straits used for international navigation between parts of the high seas , but express provision for innocent passage through straits within the territorial sea of a foreign state was not codified until the 1958 Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone . Egypt 's plan to attack Israel on 27 May Caught up in Arab enthusiasm for military action and encouraged by the lack of response to the closure of the Straits , Egyptian Field Marshal Amer planned for initiating an attack on Israel in late May . He told one of his generals that `` This time we will be the ones to start the war . '' This was counter to Nasser 's strategy of pushing Israel to start the war . Historian Michael Oren states that Egyptian sources are divided over why Nasser did not veto Amer 's plan . Oren suggests that `` Nasser was apprised of ( the plan ) but lacked the political strength to override Amer 's order . Also , the preparation of an Egyptian invasion of Israel had certain advantages for Nasser ... '' The Egyptian attack plan was code - named Operation Dawn , and was planned by General Abdel Hakim Amer . It called for the strategic bombing of Israeli airfields , ports , cities , and the Negev Nuclear Research Center . Arab armies would then invade Israel , and cut it in half with an armored thrust through the Negev . On May 25 , 1967 , Israeli Foreign Minister Abba Eban landed in Washington `` with instructions to discuss American plans to re-open the Straits of Tiran '' . As soon as he arrived , he was given new instructions in a cable from the Israeli government . The cable said that Israel had learned of an imminent Egyptian attack , which overshadowed the blockade . No longer was he to emphasize the Straits issue ; he was instructed to ' inform the highest authorities of this new threat and to request an official statement from the United States that an attack on Israel would be viewed as an attack on the United States . '' Historian Michael Oren explains Eban 's reaction to the new instructions : `` Eban was livid . Unconvinced that Nasser was either determined or even able to attack , he now saw Israelis inflating the Egyptian threat -- and flaunting their weakness -- in order to extract a pledge that the President , Congress - bound , could never make . '' He described the cable as an `` ... act of momentous irresponsibility ... eccentric ... '' which `` lacked wisdom , veracity and tactical understanding , '' and later came to the conclusion that the genesis of the cable was Rabin 's indecisive state of mind . According to historian Tom Segev , the instructions sent to Eban in Washington were an attempt to mislead him , and through him president Johnson , to support Israel . Despite his own skepticism , Eban followed his instructions during his first meeting with Secretary Rusk , Under Secretary Rostow , and Assistant Secretary Lucius Battle . American intelligence experts spent the night analyzing each of the Israeli claims . On May 26 , Eban met with United States Secretary of State Dean Rusk , Defense Secretary Robert McNamara , and finally with President Lyndon B. Johnson . In a memo to the President , Rusk rejected the claim of an Egyptian and Syrian attack being imminent , plainly stating `` our intelligence does not confirm ( the ) Israeli estimate '' . According to declassified documents from the Johnson Presidential Library , President Johnson and other top officials in the administration did not believe war between Israel and its neighbors was necessary or inevitable . `` All of our intelligence people are unanimous that if the UAR attacks , you will whip hell out of them '' , Johnson told Eban during a visit to the White House on May 26 . Consequently , Johnson declined to airlift special military supplies to Israel or even to publicly support it . Eban left the White House distraught . In a lecture given in 2002 , Oren said , `` Johnson sat around with his advisors and said , ' What if their intelligence sources are better than ours ? ' Johnson decided to fire off a Hotline message to his counterpart in the Kremlin , Alexei Kosygin , in which he said , ' We 've heard from the Israelis , but we ca n't corroborate it , that your proxies in the Middle East , the Egyptians , plan to launch an attack against Israel in the next 48 hours . If you do n't want to start a global crisis , prevent them from doing that . ' At 2 : 30 a.m. on May 27 , Soviet Ambassador to Egypt Dimitri Pojidaev knocked on Nasser 's door and read him a personal letter from Kosygin in which he said , ' We do n't want Egypt to be blamed for starting a war in the Middle East . If you launch that attack , we can not support you . ' According to Oren , Nasser knew that operation Dawn was already set to be launched in only few hours time , at sunrise . His mood soured since he realized that Israel had accessed Egyptian secrets and compromised them . Nasser hurried to an emergency meeting at the headquarters , and told Amer about the exposure of Dawn and asked him to cancel the planned attack . Amer consulted his sources in the Kremlin , and they corroborated the substance of Kosygin 's message . Despondent , Amer told the commander of Egypt 's air force , Major General Mahmud Sidqi , that the operation was cancelled . '' The cancellation orders arrived to the pilots when they were already in their planes , awaiting the final go ahead . According to then Egyptian Vice-President Hussein el - Shafei , as soon as Nasser knew what Amer planned , he cancelled the operation . According to John Quigley , there is thin evidence that there was any Egyptian plan to attack Israel that would actually have been carried out . Abdel Magid Farid , suggests that Nasser did actually consider the first strike option until early on 27 May , when he was hauled out of bed at mid night by the Soviet Union ambassador ( his only source of arms and spare parts ) and warned not to precipitate a confrontation . Other evidence , however , suggests he never intended to strike first . Nasser rejected the first strike option as politically impossible as he felt it would provide a pretext for Israel and the U.S , and alienate the Soviets . All of Nasser 's plans were based on an assumption the Israelis would strike first . The crisis and diplomacy The Israeli government asked the U.S. and UK to reopen the Straits of Tiran , as they had guaranteed they would in 1957 . Harold Wilson 's proposal of an international maritime force to quell the crisis was adopted by President Johnson , but received little support , with only Britain and the Netherlands offering to contribute ships . The British cabinet later stated that there was a new balance of power in the Middle East , led by the United Arab Republic , that was A ) to the detriment of Israel and the Western powers and B) something Israel was going to have to learn to live with . United Nations Secretary - General U Thant also went to Cairo to help negotiate an agreement to avoid conflict . UN Secretary General , U Thant , visited Cairo for mediation and a renewed diplomatic effort to solve the crisis . Talks failed as President Nasser kept the straits closed and Israel refused to accept the UN troops on its side of the border . Most American diplomats who worked in the Middle East were sympathetic to Nasser 's views on the Straits , with several of them arguing that the US should ignore both its on - the - record promises to Israel regarding the Straits being open and international law ; a few diplomats who were not as impressed by threats from Arab nations advised the Johnson Administration to back the flotilla option as a `` show of force '' that would forestall war from breaking out . The US also tried to mediate , and Nasser agreed to send his vice-president to Washington to explore a diplomatic settlement . The meeting did not happen because Israel launched its offensive . On May 30 , Nasser responded to Johnson 's request of 11 days earlier and agreed to send his Vice President , Zakkariya Muhieddin , to Washington on June 7 to explore a diplomatic settlement in `` precisely the opening the White House had sought '' . Jordan joins Egypt During May and June the Israeli government had worked hard to keep Jordan out of any war ; it was concerned about being attacked on multiple fronts , and did not want to have to deal with the Jordanian West Bank . Israel called upon Jordan numerous times to refrain from hostilities . Israel 's own sense of concern regarding Jordan 's future role stemmed from the Jordanian control of the West Bank . This put Arab forces just 17 kilometers from Israel 's coast , a jump - off point from which a well - coordinated tank assault would likely cut Israel in two within half an hour . Hussein had doubled the size of Jordan 's army in the last decade and had US training and arms delivered as recently as early 1967 , and it was feared that it could be used by other Arab states as staging grounds for operations against Israel ; thus , an attack from the West Bank was always viewed by the Israeli leadership as a threat to Israel 's existence . However , Jordan 's King Hussein got caught up in the wave of pan-Arab nationalism preceding the war ; . According to Mutawi , Hussein was caught on the horns of a galling dilemma : allow Jordan to be dragged into war and face the brunt of the Israeli response , or remain neutral and risk full - scale insurrection among his own people . Army Commander - in - Chief General Sharif Zaid Ben Shaker warned in a press conference that `` If Jordan does not join the war a civil war will erupt in Jordan '' . However , according to Avi Shlaim , Hussein 's actions were prompted by his feelings of Arab nationalism . An extremely important change took place on May 30 , when Jordan signed a mutual defense treaty with Egypt , thereby joining the military alliance already in place between Egypt and Syria . The move surprised both Egyptians and foreign observers , because President Nasser had generally been at odds with Hussein , calling him an `` imperialist lackey '' just days earlier . Nasser said that any differences between him and Hussein were erased `` in one moment '' and declared : `` Our basic objective will be the destruction of Israel . The Arab people want to fight . '' At the end of May 1967 , Jordanian forces were given to the command of an Egyptian general , Abdul Munim Riad . On the same day , Nasser proclaimed : `` The armies of Egypt , Jordan and Syria are poised on the borders of Israel ... to face the challenge , while standing behind us are the armies of Iraq , Algeria , Kuwait , Sudan and the whole Arab nation . This act will astound the world . Today they will know that the Arabs are arranged for battle , the critical hour has arrived . We have reached the stage of serious action and not of more declarations . '' The U.S president envoy reported from Cairo on 30 May that Nasser `` can not and will not retreat '' and `` he would probably welcome , but not seek , military showdown with Israel '' . On June 3 , days before the war , Egypt flew to Amman two battalions of commandos tasked with infiltrating Israel 's borders and engaging in attacks and bombings so as to draw IDF into a Jordanian front and ease the pressure on the Egyptians . Soviet - made artillery and Egyptian military supplies and crews were also flown to Jordan . Arab States preparations At the same time several other Arab states not bordering Israel , including Iraq , Sudan , Kuwait and Algeria , began mobilizing their armed forces . Writing from Egypt on June 4 , 1967 , New York Times journalist James Reston observed : `` Cairo does not want war and it is certainly not ready for war . But it has already accepted the possibility , even the likelihood , of war , as if it had lost control of the situation . '' President Abdul Rahman Arif of Iraq said that `` the existence of Israel is an error which must be rectified . This is an opportunity to wipe out the ignominy which has been with us since 1948 '' . The Iraqi Prime Minister predicted that `` there will be practically no Jewish survivors '' . In May 1967 , Hafez al - Assad , then Syria 's Defense Minister declared : `` Our forces are now entirely ready not only to repulse the aggression , but to initiate the act of liberation itself , and to explode the Zionist presence in the Arab homeland . The Syrian Army , with its finger on the trigger , is united ... I , as a military man , believe that the time has come to enter into a battle of annihilation . '' Developments in Israel Further information : Waiting period ( Six - Day War ) Spurred by the virulent Arab rhetoric , mounting concern and pressure from the media , public bellicose statements by their military , the unexpected major battle over Syria in April , the consequences thereof for the Egyptian - Syrian defense agreement , the expulsion of UNEF , and the mobilization of Egyptian troops into Sinai , the Israeli public sense was of heightened fear and of an approaching holocaust . Yitzhak Rabin reported that the cabinet was deadlocked over the issue of the blockade . Interior Minister Haim - Moshe Shapira in particular had pointed out that the Straits had been closed from 1951 to 1956 without the situation endangering Israel 's security . Nonetheless , on May 22 General Rabin reported to Israel 's cabinet that the Egyptian forces were in a defensive posture , that they were not being deployed to attack . The IDF concluded that Nasser meant to intervene in case of an Israeli attack against Syria . On 23 May , Rabin realized that by blocking the Tiran straits , Nasser probably understood that he was going to war . The Israeli cabinet met on May 23 and decided to launch an attack if the Straits of Tiran were not re-opened by May 25 . Following an approach from United States Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs Eugene Rostow to allow time for the negotiation of a nonviolent solution , Israel agreed to a delay of ten days to two weeks . On May 24 Prime Minister Eshkol told his generals : `` Nobody ever said we were an army for preventive war ... I do not accept the mere fact that the Egyptian army is deployed in Sinai makes war inevitable ... You did not receive all these weapons in order for you to say that now we are ready and well - equipped to destroy the Egyptian army , so we must do it '' . U.S. intelligence likewise did not expect Egypt to attack in the absence of an Israeli invasion of Syria . On May 26 the United States communicated that assessment to Israel . On 30 May Jordan joined Egypt and Israel felt threatened also by the opening of Jordan to Iraqi and other Arab troops and an Israeli preemptive attack became more likely . While the generals were more troubled by the tanks and fighter airplanes that Nasser kept pouring into Sinai , the Israeli government were preoccupied with the Tiran Straits closure . Within Israel 's political leadership , it was decided that if the US would not act , and if the UN could not act , then Israel would have to act . On 1 June , Moshe Dayan was made Israeli Defense Minister , and on June 3 the Johnson administration gave an ambiguous statement ; Israel continued to prepare for war . Israel 's attack against Egypt on June 5 began what would later be dubbed the Six - Day War . CIA Analysis of the 1967 Arab - Israeli War . The first page of the draft of the `` special estimate '' that predicted the outcome of the war Who would win the war The CIA assessed that Israel could `` defend successfully against simultaneous Arab attacks on all fronts ... or hold on any three fronts while mounting successfully a major offensive on the fourth . '' Days before the war , the C.I.A assessed that Israel failed to take the instant military counteraction to Nasser 's steps which might have been most effective . An attack would still be able to drive the Egyptians away from the entrance to the Strait of Tiran , but it would certainly cost Israel heavy losses of men and materiel , and doubted if Israel had sufficient war supply for a few weeks war . The Soviet leadership considered the armed forces of Egypt , Syria , Algeria and Iraq as superior to the IDF in number of troops , tanks , planes , ships and amount of armaments . They had been equipped with the most modern weapons , and had received high - level training from the Soviets . They estimated mistakenly , that Israel was militarily weak , and operated under the illusion that Arab armies could easily repel any Israeli attack and defeat the IDF on the battlefield . Retrospective Israel : was the war imminent ? Israel viewed the Straits of Tiran as a vital interest , through which Israel received vital imports , mainly oil from Iran , and a blockade threatened Israel 's ability to develop the Negev . Former Chief of Staff of the armed forces , Haim Bar - Lev ( a deputy chief during the war ) stated : `` the entrance of the Egyptians into Sinai was not a casus belli , '' but argued instead that the Egyptian blockade of the Straits of Tiran ultimately caused the war . After the closing of the Straits of Tiran , Israeli Foreign Minister , Abba Eban , contended that this was enough to start the war . Eban said , `` From May the 24th onward , the question who started the war or who fired the first shot became momentously irrelevant . There is no difference in civil law between murdering a man by slow strangulation or killing him by a shot in the head ... From the moment at which the blockade was posed , active hostilities had commenced , and Israel owed Egypt nothing of her Charter rights . '' While not viewed by the Israeli military as an imminent threat , the presence of a long - term direct and ' immediate ' threat on the border would require the IDF to mobilize its reserves and stand ready , thus severely disrupting normal life in Israel at intolerable economic cost . Writing in 2002 , American National Public Radio journalist Mike Shuster expressed a view that was prevalent in Israel before the war that the country `` was surrounded by Arab states dedicated to its eradication . Egypt was ruled by Gamal Abdel Nasser , a firebrand nationalist whose army was the strongest in the Arab Middle East . Syria was governed by the radical Baathist Party , constantly issuing threats to push Israel into the sea . '' With what Israel saw as provocative acts by Nasser , including the blockade of the Straits and the mobilization of forces in the Sinai , creating military and economic pressure , and the United States temporizing because of its entanglement in the Vietnam War , Israel 's political and military elite came to feel that preemption was not merely militarily preferable , but transformative . Major General Mattityahu Peled , the Chief of Logistics for the Armed Forces during the war , said the survival argument was `` a bluff which was born and developed only after the war ... When we spoke of the war in the General Staff , we talked of the political ramifications if we did n't go to war -- what would happen to Israel in the next 25 years . Never of survival today . '' Peled also stated that `` To pretend that the Egyptian forces massed on our frontiers were in a position to threaten the existence of Israel constitutes an insult not only to the intelligence of anyone capable of analyzing this sort of situation , but above all an insult to Zahal ( Israeli military ) . '' In a 30 March 1968 Ma'ariv interview Defense Minister Moshe Dayan explained : `` What do you mean , ( the war was ) unavoidable ? It was , of course , possible to avoid the war if the Straits ( of Tiran ) had stayed closed to Israeli shipping . Menachem Begin also stated that `` The Egyptian army concentrations in the Sinai approaches did not prove that Nasser was really about to attack us . We must be honest with ourselves . We decided to attack him . '' According to Martin van Creveld , the IDF pressed for war : `` ... the concept of ' defensible borders ' was not even part of the IDFs own vocabulary . Anyone who will look for it in the military literature of the time will do so in vain . Instead , Israel 's commanders based their thought on the 1948 war and , especially , their 1956 triumph over the Egyptians in which , from then Chief of Staff Dayan down , they had gained their spurs . When the 1967 crisis broke they felt certain of their ability to win a ' decisive , quick and elegant ' victory , as one of their number , General Haim Bar Lev , put it , and pressed the government to start the war as soon as possible '' . That the announcement of the blockade of the Strait of Tiran paved the way for war is disputed by Major General Indar Jit Rikhye , military adviser to the United Nations Secretary General , who called the accusation of a blockade `` questionable , '' pointing out that an Israeli - flagged ship had not passed through the straits in two years , and that `` The U.A.R. ( Egyptian ) navy had searched a couple of ships after the establishment of the blockade and thereafter relaxed its implementation . '' Did Israel plan a war ? For According to the U.S. assessment , Egypt had no intention of attacking Israel , and the Americans desperately tried to dissuade Israel from invading Egypt . The U.S. further views that Jordan and Syria only entered the war as a response to Israel 's invasion of Egypt . The USSR had come to similar conclusions : `` ... it is clear that the Soviet assessment from mid-May 1967 that Israel was about to strike at Syria was correct and well founded , and was not merely based on the public threats issued by Eshkol , Rabin and Yariv . '' . Against Some of Israel 's political leaders , however , hoped for a diplomatic solution . The U.S. President at the time , Lyndon Johnson , said that action by Egypt was the leading cause of the war : If a single act of folly was more responsible for this explosion than any other , it was the arbitrary and dangerous announced decision that the Straits of Tiran would be closed . The right of innocent , maritime passage must be preserved for all nations . According to Szabo , many commentators consider the war as the classic case of anticipatory attack in self - defense . According to Ferris , Nasser 's decisions to ask for the removal of UNEF from Sinai and to block the Gulf of Aqaba to Israeli shipping , are commonly accepted as the point where war became inevitable . Did Egypt plan a war ? For According to Shlaim & Louis , in the end of May 1967 , Nasser claimed in a public speech to have been aware of the Straits of Tiran closure implications : `` Taking over Sharm El Sheikh meant confrontation with Israel . It also means that we ready to enter a general war with Israel . It was not a separate operation '' . General Abdal Muhsin Murtaji , the commander of the Sinai front in 1967 , wrote that the failed union with Syria and the debacle in Yemen forced Nasser to find an outlet for his failures , which he found through the 1967 war . Against Yitzhak Rabin , who served as the Chief of the General Staff for Israel during the war stated : `` I do not believe that Nasser wanted war . The two divisions he sent into Sinai on May 14 would not have been enough to unleash an offensive against Israel . He knew it and we knew it . '' Israeli Foreign Minister Abba Eban wrote in his autobiography that he found `` Nasser 's assurance that he did not plan an armed attack '' convincing , adding that `` Nasser did not want war ; he wanted victory without war '' . Some analysts suggest that Nasser took actions aimed at reaping political gains , which he knew carried a high risk of precipitating military hostilities . On this view , Nasser 's willingness to take such risks was based on his fundamental underestimation of Israel 's capacity for independent and effective military action . The war Consequences Main article : Six - Day War See also : Controversies relating to the Six - Day War On June 1 , Israel formed a National Unity Government , and on June 4 the decision was made to go to war . The next morning , Israel launched Operation Focus , a large - scale surprise air strike that was the opening of the Six - Day War . Controversy remains as to whether Israel 's attack was a preemptive strike or an unjustified attack . Many commentators consider the war as the classic case of anticipatory attack in self - defense . Historian Michael Oren writes that Rusk was `` mad as hell '' and that Johnson later wrote `` I have never concealed my regret that Israel decided to move when it did '' . See also Six - Day War 1949 Armistice Agreements Suez Crisis Notes Jump up ^ Sources on the expulsion of UN forces : `` In 1967 , Egypt ordered the UN troops out and blocked Israeli shipping routes -- adding to already high levels of tension between Israel and its neighbours . '' `` Israel and the Palestinians in depth , 1967 : Six Day War '' , BBC . Accessed July 17 , 2010 . `` Buoyed by the almost universal Arab acclaim he received for his actions , Nasser expelled the UNEF forces and announced the closing of the Straits of Tiran '' Robert Owen Freedman . World Politics and the Arab - Israeli Conflict , Pergamon Press , 1979 , p. 79 . `` The Israeli attack ended a nerve - wracking three weeks of waiting ... begun when Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser expelled the United Nations peacekeepers from the Gaza Strip and the southern tip of the Sinai Peninsula , blockaded the nearby Straits of Tiran to Israeli ships , and deployed his massive army along the Israeli border . '' Dan Perry , Alfred Ironside . Israel and the Quest for Permanence , McFarland , 1999 , p. 18 . `` Soon after Nasser expelled UN forces from the Sinai , Secretary of State Dean Rusk directed State Department officials in Washington , New York , and Moscow to urge the Soviets to restrain their Arab friends . '' Nigel John Ashton . Cold War in the Middle East : Regional Conflict and the Superpowers 1967 -- 73 , Routledge , 2007 , p. 18 . `` Nasser ... closed the Gulf of Aqaba to shipping , cutting off Israel from its primary oil supplies . He told UN peacekeepers in the Sinai Peninsula to leave . He then sent scores of tanks and hundreds of troops into the Sinai closer to Israel . The Arab world was delirious with support , '' `` The Mideast : A Century of Conflict Part 4 : The 1967 Six Day War '' , NPR morning edition , October 3 , 2002 . Accessed December 28 , 2008 . `` ... a Middle East crisis erupted on May 16 , 1967 , when Nasser expelled the UN troops that had policed the Sinai since the end of the Suez - Sinai War in 1957 . '' Peter L Hahn . Crisis and Crossfire : The United States and the Middle East Since 1945 , Potomac Books , 2005 , p. 50 . `` In May , 1967 President Nasser expelled UNEF from Egypt and set in train the events that precipitated Israel 's blitzkrieg invasion and conquest of the Sinai . '' JL Granatstein . Canadian Foreign Policy : Historical Readings , Copp Clark Pitman , 1986 , p. 236 . Footnotes Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Special Report and Add. 1 / 3 Report of the Secretary - General on the withdrawal of the United Nations Emergency Force A / 6730 and Add. 1 / 3 26 June 1967 . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Maoz , Zeev . Defending the Holy Land : A Critical Analysis of Israel 's Security & Foreign Policy , p. 111 ( University of Michigan Press , 2009 ) : `` It is most important to reiterate the conclusion of most scholarly accounts of the crisis : this was a process of unwanted escalation , which everybody wanted to prevent , but all were responsible for making this escalation unavoidable . '' ^ Jump up to : Ian J. Bickerton ( 15 September 2009 ) . The Arab - Israeli Conflict : A History . Reaktion Books . p. 111 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86189 - 527 - 1 . ( P. 111 ) It is generally assumed that the June war was fought because in May Egypt closed the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping . ( P. 113 ) on 23 May 1967 , knowing that it might very likely provide Israel with the trigger it needed to launch a war , Nasser made the fateful step of closing the Straits of Tiran . ^ Jump up to : Jesse Ferris ( 23 December 2012 ) . Nasser 's Gamble : How Intervention in Yemen Caused the Six - Day War and the Decline of Egyptian Power . Princeton University Press . p. 286 . ISBN 1 - 4008 - 4523 - 8 . Both the decision to demand the removal of UNEF from Sinai and the decision to close the Gulf of Aqaba to Israeli shipping - commonly accepted as the point where war became inevitable - ^ Jump up to : Kinga Tibori Szabó ( 22 August 2011 ) . Anticipatory Action in Self - Defence : Essence and Limits under International Law . Springer Science & Business Media . pp. 147 , 148 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 6704 - 796 - 8 . ( p. 147 ) The sequence of events that led to the Israeli pre-emptive strike did indeed create a situation where an armed attack seemed unavoidable . ( p. 148 ) Many commentators treat it ( the six day war ) as the locus classicus of anticipatory action in self defence ^ Jump up to : John Quigley ( 17 December 2012 ) . The Six - Day War and Israeli Self - Defense : Questioning the Legal Basis for Preventive War . Cambridge University Press . pp. 135 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 62049 - 9 . Terence Taylor ... wrote in 2004 ... that `` many scholars '' considered Israel to have `` conducted the ( 1967 ) action in anticipatory of self - defense Jump up ^ John Quigley ( 17 December 2012 ) . The Six - Day War and Israeli Self - Defense : Questioning the Legal Basis for Preventive War . Cambridge University Press . pp. 134 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 62049 - 9 . Analysts in fields other than law began to question the original Israeli view of the 1967 war as declassified documentation from the major powers began to be released . ( ... ) Mary Ellen O'Connell ( ... ) said , `` we now know that Israel acted on less than convincing evidence . Thus , the 1967 war does not provide an actual example of lawful anticipatory self - defence '' ( ... ) Richard Falk asserted in 2012 that the view Israel acted in self - defence was by then `` increasingly contested by diplomatic historians '' Jump up ^ Rauschning ; Wiesbrock ; Lailach ( 1997 ) , p. 30 Missing or empty title = ( help ) . Jump up ^ Sachar 2007 , pp. 504 , 507 -- 8 . Jump up ^ First United Nations Emergency Force ( Unef I ) -- Background ( Full text ) , UN Jump up ^ http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/od-bdo/di-ri-eng.asp?IntlOpId=273&CdnOpId=427 Jump up ^ Some sources date the agreement to November 4 , others to November 7 . Most sources simply say `` November '' . Gawrych ( 2000 ) p. 5 . Jump up ^ Schiff , Zeev , History of the Israeli Army , Straight Arrow Books ( 1974 ) p. 145 . Jump up ^ Churchill & Churchill , The Six Day War , Houghton Mifflin Company ( 1967 ) p. 21 . Jump up ^ Pollack , Kenneth , Arabs at war : military effectiveness 1948 - 1991 , University of Nebraska Press ( 2002 ) , p. 290 . Jump up ^ Segev , 2007 , pp. 149 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Hart , 1989 p. 226 . Jump up ^ Oren 2002 / 2003 , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Burrowes & Douglas 1972 , pp. 224 -- 25 . Jump up ^ https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19661117&id=TcQtAAAAIBAJ&sjid=1J8FAAAAIBAJ&pg=3947,3583635 Jump up ^ Gluska , Ami . `` The Israeli Military and the 1967 War '' , Routledge , 2007 , pp. 98 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Govrin , Yosef . Israeli - Soviet relations , 1953 - 67 : from confrontation to disruption /. 1st ed . Portland : Frank Cass , 1998 . Pages 3 - 58 , 221 - 324 Jump up ^ Shlaim ( 2007 ) p. 238 . Jump up ^ Mutawi ( 2007 ) p. 93 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Raymond . ( 1988 ) , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Meir , Golda ( 1 March 1957 ) , Statement to the General Assembly by Foreign Minister Meir , The State of Israel : Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Interference , by armed force , with ships of Israeli flag exercising free and innocent passage in the Gulf of Aqaba and through the Straits of Tiran will be regarded by Israel as an attack entitling it to exercise its inherent right of self - defence under Article 51 of the Charter and to take all such measures as are necessary to ensure the free and innocent passage of its ships in the Gulf and in the Straits Jump up ^ Churchill pp. 52 , 77 . ^ Jump up to : Schmemann , Serge ( 11 May 1997 ) . `` General 's Words Shed a New Light on the Golan '' . The New York Times See also Shlaim 2001 , pp. 235 - 236 ; Eyal Zisser , June 1967 : Israel 's capture of the Golan Heights , Israel Studies , Vol 7 , 168 - 194 ... ^ Jump up to : Elie Podeh ; Asher Kaufman ; Moshe Maoz ( 2006 ) . Arab - Jewish Relations : From Conflict to Resolution ( Hardcover ed . ) . Sussex Academic Press . pp. 118 -- 119 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 903900 - 68 - 0 . Jump up ^ Finkelstein 2003 , pp. 131 -- 2 Jump up ^ Finkelstein 2003 , pp. 131 Jump up ^ `` Q&A with Michael Oren '' . The Jerusalem Post . 5 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Gluska , Ami . `` The Israeli Military and the 1967 War '' , Routledge , 2007 , p. 40 Jump up ^ Sitta , The Line of 1967 - 1949 , Part 3 - `` The mysterious line of June 4 , 1967 '' , October 1999 Jump up ^ Gluska , Ami . `` The Israeli Military and the 1967 War '' , Routledge , 2007 , p. 95 Jump up ^ Shemesh 2008 , p. 117 Jump up ^ Moshe Gat ( 2003 ) . Britain and the Conflict in the Middle East , 1964 -- 1967 : The Coming of the Six - Day War . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 101 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 97514 - 2 . Retrieved 7 September 2013 . ( on 1965 ) Nasser too , assured the American under Secretary of state , Philip Talbot , that the Arabs would not exceed the water quotas prescribed by the Johnston plan Jump up ^ Sosland , Jeffrey ( 2007 ) Cooperating Rivals : The Riparian Politics of the Jordan River Basin , SUNY Press , ISBN 0 - 7914 - 7201 - 9 p 70 Jump up ^ Avi Shlaim ( 2000 ) . The Iron Wall : Israel and the Arab World . Penguin Books . pp. 229 , 230 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 028870 - 4 . In January 1964 an Arab League summit meeting convened in Cairo . The main item on the agenda was the threat posed by Israel 's diversion of water ... The preamble to its decision stated : `` The establishment of Israel is the basic threat that the Arab nation in its entirety has agreed to forestall . And Since the existence of Israel is a danger that threatens the Arab nation , the diversion of the Jordan waters by it multiplies the dangers to Arab existence . Accordingly , the Arab states have to prepare the plans necessary for dealing with the political , economic and social aspects , so that if necessary results are not achieved , collective Arab military preparations , when they are not completed , will constitute the ultimate practical means for the final liquidation of Israel Jump up ^ Greg Shapland ( 1997 ) . Rivers of Discord : International Water Disputes in the Middle East . C. Hurst & Co . Publishers . pp. 13 -- 17 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85065 - 214 - 4 . Retrieved 15 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Masahiro Murakami ( 1995 ) . Managing Water for Peace in the Middle East ; Alternative Strategies . United Nations University Press . pp. 287 -- 297 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 808 - 0858 - 2 . Retrieved 15 July 2013 . The book appears in : http://archive.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80858e/80858E0m.htm . The initial diversion capacity of the National Water Carrier without supplementary booster pumps was 320 million m3 , well within the limits of the Johnston Plan ... Shortly before completion of the Israeli Water Carrier in 1964 , an Arab summit conference decided to try to thwart it . Discarding direct military attack , the Arab states chose to divert the Jordan headwater ... he Arab states chose to divert the Jordan headwaters ... diversion of both the Hasbani and the Banias to the Yarmouk ... According to neutral assessments , the scheme was only marginally feasible ; it was technically difficult and expensive ... Political considerations cited by the Arabs in rejecting the 1955 Johnston Plan were revived to justify the diversion scheme . Particular emphasis was placed on the Carrier 's capability to enhance Israel 's capacity to absorb immigrants to the detriment of Palestinian refugees . In response , Israel stressed that the National Water Carrier was within the limits of the Johnston Plan ... the Arabs started work on the Headwater Diversion project in 1965 . Israel declared that it would regard such diversion as an infringement of its sovereign rights . According to estimates , completion of the project would have deprived Israel of 35 % of its contemplated withdrawal from the upper Jordan , constituting one - ninth of Israel 's annual water budget ... In a series of military strikes , Israel hit the diversion works . The attacks culminated in April 1967 in air strikes deep inside Syria . The increase in water - related Arab - Israeli hostility was a major factor leading to the June 1967 war . ^ Jump up to : Oren 2006 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ `` Appendix C : Historical review of the political riparian issues in the development of the Jordan River and basin management '' . Murakami. 1995 . Jump up ^ Koboril and Glantz 1998 , pp. 129 -- 131 . Jump up ^ Rabil 2003 , pp. 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Sachar , 2007 . pp. 615 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Parker 1996 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Borowiec 1998 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Alteras 1993 , p. 246 Jump up ^ Brecher 1996 . Jump up ^ Sachar 2007 , pp. 503 - 505 . Jump up ^ Brecher 1996 p. 106 Jump up ^ Sachar 2007 , p. 504 . Jump up ^ Colaresi , 2005 , p. 129 . ^ Jump up to : Gluska , Ami ( 2007 ) . The Israeli Military and the Origins of the 1967 War : Government , armed forces and defence policy 1963 - 1967 . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 16377 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Bar - Joseph , Uri ( July 1996 ) . `` Rotem : The Forgotten Crisis on Road to the 1967 War '' . Journal of Contemporary History . Sage Publications . 31 ( 3 ) : 547 -- 566 . doi : 10.1177 / 002200949603100306 . Jump up ^ Maoz , Zeev ( 2009 ) . Defending the Holy Land : A Critical Analysis of Israel 's Security and Foreign Policy . The University of Michigan Press . p. 84 . ISBN 0472033417 . Jordan and Egypt refused to let guerrillas from the newly formed Palestinian Liberation Organization ( PLO ) operate from their territory . In contrast , the Ba'ath regime in Syria provided both logistical and practical support to the PLO . Jump up ^ Maoz , Zeev ( 2009 ) . Defending the Holy Land : A Critical Analysis of Israel 's Security and Foreign Policy . The University of Michigan Press . p. 84 . ISBN 0472033417 . Jump up ^ Oren 2005 Jump up ^ Oren 2002 , pp. 31 - 32 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2003 , pp. 23 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Oren 2002 , pp. 33 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Prittie 1969 , pp. 245 . Jump up ^ Gluska , Ami ( 2007 ) . The Israeli Military and the Origins of the 1967 War . Routledge . p. 85 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 39245 - 4 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2003 , p. 26 ( citing Amman Cables 1456 , 1457 , 11 December 1966 , National Security Files ( Country File : Middle East ) , LBJ Library ( Austin , Texas ) , Box 146 ) . Jump up ^ `` Memorandum From the President 's Special Assistant ( Rostow ) to President Johnson '' . Washington . 15 November 1966 . Archived from the original on 24 October 2005 . Retrieved 22 October 2005 . Jump up ^ United Nations Security Council Resolution 228 Jump up ^ ' King Husain orders nation - wide military service ' , The Times , Monday , 21 November 1966 ; pg. 8 ; Issue 56794 ; col D . Jump up ^ ' Unified Arab command criticizes Jordan 's actions ' , The Times Saturday , November 26 , 1966 ; pg. 6 ; Issue 56799 ; col D . Jump up ^ Oren 2002 , page 127 Jump up ^ Parker 1996 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Ben - Yehûdā and Sandler , 2002 , State University of New York Press , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Finkelstein 2003 , pp. 186 -- 87 Jump up ^ Gilbert 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Finkelstein 2003 , pp. 132 Jump up ^ Hajjar 1999 Jump up ^ Finkelstein 2003 , pp. 132 -- 3 , 187 Jump up ^ Gluska , Ami . `` The Israeli Military and the 1967 War '' , Routledge , 2007 , Table 4 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ http://www.theisraelproject.org/site/c.hsJPK0PIJpH/b.2715623/k.16D2/Breakdown_of_Attacks_Against_Israel_Leading_up_to_the_SixDay_War.htm Jump up ^ Segev , Tom , 2007 , op. cit. , p. 237 ^ Jump up to : `` OpenDocument Yearbook of the United Nations 1967 '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ Gluska , Ami . `` The Israeli Military and the 1967 War '' , Routledge , 2007 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4hrjTvWZkgY Jump up ^ 1949 Israeli - Syrian Armistice agreement Jump up ^ Rikhye 1980 , p. 143 ( author interview ) . Jump up ^ Gluska , 2007 , op . cit. , p. 93 Jump up ^ ' Intentions of Syria Crucial : Mr. Eban surveys Israel 's hopes and anxieties ' , The Times , Thursday , 23 February 1967 ; pg. 4 ; Issue 56873 ; col A . Jump up ^ Embattled neighbors : Syria , Israel , and Lebanon , By Robert G Rabil , p. 15 - 16. , They followed to a great extent a pattern of action and reaction . Israel would move tractors and equipment , often guarded by police , into disputed areas of the DMZ . From its high ground positions . Syria would fire at those advancing , and would frequently shell Israeli settlements in the Huleh Valley . Israel would retaliate with excessive raids on Syrian positions , including the use of air power . Jump up ^ The defense policies of nations : a comparative study , by Douglas Murray , Paul R. Viotti , p. 500 ^ Jump up to : Gluska , op . cit. , p. 100 Jump up ^ Gluska , op . cit. , p. 101 Jump up ^ Bowen ( 11 April 1967 ) . `` Report of ground / air action on Israeli / Syrian border on 7 April 1967 , from Defence and Military Attaché 's office '' . Tel Aviv . pp. 30 -- 31 . ( subscription required ) ; also `` Syria / Israel , account of incident from Eastern Department ; attack on Sqoufiye reported by UNTSO PRO / FCO 17 / 473 '' . 10 April 1967 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Aloni 2001 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ ' Jets and tanks in fierce clash by Israel and Syria ' , The Times , Saturday , 8 April 1967 ; pg. 1 ; Issue 56910 ; col A . Jump up ^ Segev , Tom , op . cit. , p. 253 Jump up ^ Gluska , 2007 , op . cit. , p. 99 Jump up ^ Segev , 2007 , op . cit. , p. 256 Jump up ^ Moshe Shemesh ( 2008 ) . Arab Politics , Palestinian Nationalism , and the Six Day War . Sussex Academic Press . p. 169 . Jump up ^ ' Warning by Israelis Stresses Air Power ' , New York Times , 12 May 1967 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Feron , 13 May 1967 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Oren 2002 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2003 , pp. 32 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1967 , p. 1 col E . Jump up ^ Greg Cashman ; Leonard C. Robinson ( 1 March 2007 ) . An Introduction to the Causes of War : Patterns of Interstate Conflict from World War I to Iraq . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . p. 181 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4616 - 3654 - 0 . In April 1967 , after meeting with Nasser , ... Lucius Battle , reported back to Washington ... that the Egyptian leader was anxious to create a forein policy crisis in order to deflect mounting internal pressure against his regime Jump up ^ Dayton Mak ( July 10 , 1991 ) . `` Foreign Affairs Oral History Project , ASSISTANT SECRETARY LUCIUS D. BATTLE Interview '' . The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training . Nasser was in real trouble , economically and politically ... I predicted that Nasser was about to do something dramatic ... ( optionally ) to heat up the Israeli situation , ... The Egyptians soon thereafter began to make unfortunate comments about the Israeli situation . The rest is history . The war came and Nasser never recovered from his decline which started before the war and accelerated after it . ^ Jump up to : Egypt : A Country Study , U.S. Library of Congress ^ Jump up to : `` Part 4 : The 1967 Six Day War '' , NPR : `` In the spring of that year ( 1967 ) , the Soviet Union had led the radical government in Damascus to believe that Israel was planning to invade Syria . Syria shared this misinformation with Nasser . The Egyptian leader closed the Gulf of Aqaba to shipping , cutting off Israel 's primary oil supplies . He also ordered United Nations peacekeepers to leave the Sinai Peninsula . And he sent scores of tanks and hundreds of troops into the Sinai toward Israel . '' Jump up ^ Bregman 2002 , pp. 68 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Black 1992 , p. 210 . Jump up ^ Benny Morris Righteous Victims : A History of the Zionist - Arab Conflict , 1881 -- 2001 . Pg 304 ^ Jump up to : Michael B. Oren ( 2002 ) . Six Days of War : June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East . Oxford University Press . p. 64 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 515174 - 9 . Jump up ^ Segev , 2007 , op . cit. , p. 275 . Jump up ^ Lorch , Netanel ( 2003 - 09 - 02 ) . `` The Arab - Israeli Wars '' . Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Gluska , 2007 , op . cit. , pp. 118 & 123 Jump up ^ Quigley , John , 2012 , op . cit. , Kindle Locations 447 - 450 . Jump up ^ Quigley , John , 2012 , op . cit. , Kindle Locations 431 - 436 . Jump up ^ Gluska , 2007 , op . cit. , p. 124 . Jump up ^ `` The Six - Day War and Israeli Self - Defense '' , John Quigley , p. 16 Jump up ^ U Thant , The United Nations Secretary - General ( 26 June 1967 ) . `` Report of the Secretary - General on the withdrawal of the United Nations Emergency Force , General Assembly A / 6730 & Add. 1 - 3 & A / 6730 / Add. 3 / Corr. 1 '' . Brigadier Mokhtar , who handed General Fawzy 's letter to the Commander of UNEF , told General Rikhye at the time that he must order the immediate withdrawal of United Nations troops from El Sabha and Sharm el Sheikh on the night of 16 May since United Arab Republic armed forces must gain control of these two places that very night Jump up ^ Michael K. Carroll ( 1 January 2010 ) . Pearson 's Peacekeepers : Canada and the United Nations Emergency Force , 1956 - 67 . UBC Press . pp. 164 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 5886 - 1 . it was imperative that UAR forces occupied the strategic positions of Sharm el Seikh Jump up ^ Michael B. Oren ( 2002 ) . Six Days of War : June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East . Oxford University Press . pp. 69 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 515174 - 9 . to evacuate ... Sharm el Sheikh that very night Jump up ^ Andrzej Sitkowski ( 1 January 2006 ) . UN Peacekeeping : Myth and Reality . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 51 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 99214 - 9 . Brigadier Mokhtar verbally requested the immediate withdrawal of the U.N units from El - Sabha and Sharm El Sheikh Jump up ^ Rikhye 1980 , pp. 16 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Quigley , John ( December 2012 ) . `` The Six - Day War and Israeli Self - Defense '' , Kindle Location 485 . Cambridge University Press . Kindle Edition . Jump up ^ Segev , 2007 , op . cit. , p. 274 Jump up ^ Oren 2002 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ United Nations , op . cit . Jump up ^ BBC On this Day , 1967 : Israel launches attack on Egypt . Retrieved 8 October 2005 . Jump up ^ United Nations , `` First United Nations Emergency Force ( UNEF I ) -- Background '' Jump up ^ Rostow , Eugene V. , `` Legal Aspects for the Search for Peace in the Middle East '' , 1970 , The American Journal of International Law Vol. 64 , No. 4 , The United Nations : Appraisal at 25 Years , p. 67 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Rostow , `` The Perils of Positivism '' , 1992 , DUKE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE & INTERNATIONAL LAW , Vol 2.2 , p. 233 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Oren , Michael B. , 2002 , `` Six - day Storm : The June 1967 War and the Creation of the Modern Middle East '' , Oxford University Press , P. 75 Jump up ^ Oren , 2002 , op . cit. , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Quigley , op . cit. , Kindle Locations 495 - 497 Jump up ^ Quigley , 2012 , op. cit. , Kindle location 508 Jump up ^ Quigley , 2012 , op. cit. , Kindle locations 504 - 507 Jump up ^ Gluska , 2007 , op . cit. , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Neff , David . Warriors for Jerusalem : the six days that changed the Middle East , p. 88 ( Simon & Schuster , 1984 ) : `` In separate messages to the leading maritime powers , Eshkol warned : ' Israel would stop short of nothing to cancel the blockade . It is essential that President Nasser should not have any illusions . ' '' Jump up ^ `` Statement to the General Assembly by Foreign Minister Meir , 1 March 1957 '' ( Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs ) : `` Interference , by armed force , with ships of Israeli flag exercising free and innocent passage in the Gulf of Aqaba and through the Straits of Tiran will be regarded by Israel as an attack entitling it to exercise its inherent right of self - defence under Article 51 of the Charter and to take all such measures as are necessary to ensure the free and innocent passage of its ships in the Gulf and in the Straits . '' Jump up ^ `` Egypt Closes Gulf Of Aqaba To Israel Ships : Defiant move by Nasser raises Middle East tension '' , The Times , p. 1 ( May 23 , 1967 ) . Jump up ^ Shlaim , Rogan 2012 p. 64 Jump up ^ Avi Shlaim ; William Roger Louis ( 13 February 2012 ) . The 1967 Arab - Israeli War : Origins and Consequences . Cambridge University Press . p. 224 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 00236 - 4 . 90 % of Israeli oil was imported through the Straits of Tiran Jump up ^ Avi Shlaim ; William Roger Louis ( 13 February 2012 ) . The 1967 Arab - Israeli War : Origins and Consequences . Cambridge University Press . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 00236 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Daily brief to the U.S president on 27 May 1967 '' ( PDF ) . 27 May 1967 . `` diverted as was a sister ship yesterday Jump up ^ Avi Shlaim ; William Roger Louis ( 13 February 2012 ) . The 1967 Arab - Israeli War : Origins and Consequences . Cambridge University Press . p. 64 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 00236 - 4 . sami sharaf ... the decision ( the closure of the Tiran straits ) was known ( to Nasser ) to make war inevitable Jump up ^ Avi Shlaim ; William Roger Louis ( 13 February 2012 ) . The 1967 Arab - Israeli War : Origins and Consequences . Cambridge University Press . p. 63 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 00236 - 4 . the occupation of Sharm - al - Sheikh would force the closure of the Tiran Straits Jump up ^ Nasser , Gamal . `` Statement to Arab Trade Unionists '' . Jewish Virtual Library . Retrieved 13 March 2007 ... Jump up ^ Seale 1988 , p. 131 citing Stephens 1971 , p. 479 . Jump up ^ ' The Situation in the Middle East : Communications Relating to the Observance of the Armistice Agreements in the Period January -- May 1967 ' , Yearbook of the United Nations 1967 , Office of Public Information , United Nations , New York . Jump up ^ Christie 1999 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Roger letter to the New York Times , 9 June 1967 quoted in Finkelstein , 2003 , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Bregman 2000 , p 47 . Jump up ^ Jia 1998 . Jump up ^ Ami Gluska ( 9 January 2007 ) . The Israeli Military and the Origins of the 1967 War : Government , Armed Forces and Defence Policy 1963 -- 67 . Routledge . pp. 134 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 96596 - 2 . Retrieved 11 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Quigley 1990 , pp. 166 -- 167 . ^ Jump up to : The Corfu Channel Case ( Merits ) , International Court of Justice , ICJ Reports , 1949 , pp. 27 -- 29 Archived 2016 - 01 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : O'Brien 2001 , International Law , p. 407 . Jump up ^ Sandler , Aldy & Al - Khoshman 1993 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Aide - memoire from Egypt to the United States regarding Passage through the Straits of Tiran , 28 January 1950 . Jump up ^ Boczek 2005 , p. 311 . Jump up ^ Oren ( 2002 ) , `` Amer 's Dawn '' , ( electronic ed . ) Missing or empty title = ( help ) . Jump up ^ Oren 2002 , pp. 102 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Tom Segev , `` 1967 '' , loc 4986 in the Kindle edition . `` Eshkol knew that no such danger had suddenly emerged over the past two days . He was obviously trying to mislead Eban , and through him President Johnson , in order to ensure U.S. support '' Jump up ^ Quandt 2005 , p. 31 - 2 Jump up ^ `` Memorandum From Secretary of State Rusk to President Johnson '' . 1967 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Tolan , Sandy ( June 4 , 2007 ) . `` Rethinking Israel 's David - and - Goliath past '' . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` CIA Analysis of the 1967 Arab - Israeli War '' . April 15 , 2007 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Baylis Thomas , How Israel was won : a concise history of the Arab - Israeli conflict , Lexington Books , 1999 , p. 163 . ^ Jump up to : Michael B. Oren ( 2002 ) . Six Days of War : June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East . Oxford University Press . p. 120 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 515174 - 9 . Jump up ^ Michael Oren ( 2002 , 24 June ) . 1967 : The unwanted war that made the Middle East . Transcript of speech to The Commonwealth Club of California . Retrieved 20 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2003 , p. 57 ( author interview , Cairo , 15 December 2002 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Six - Day War and Israel Self - Defense '' , John Quigley , p. 34 ( Cambridge University Press ) Jump up ^ Farid was the secretary - general of the Presidency , a cabinet level post , from 1959 to until Nasser 's death http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=5195412&fileId=S0020743800065971 Jump up ^ Shlaim , Louis , 2012 , p68 - 69 Jump up ^ `` History of the UNEF '' . Jump up ^ Oren 2002 , p. 145 . ^ Jump up to : Segev 1967 , pp. 82 , 175 - 191 . Jump up ^ quoted in Mutawi 2002 , p. 102 . ^ Jump up to : Quandt , 2005 , p. 37 ^ Jump up to : BBC On this Day , Egypt and Jordan unite against Israel . Retrieved 8 October 2005 . Jump up ^ Mutawi 2002 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Leibler 1972 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Reston , James ' The Issue in Cairo : Israel a US `` Base '' ' , New York Times , 5 June 1967 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ 67 War , Jewish Virtual Library . Jump up ^ Bard 2002 , p. 196 . Jump up ^ Segev , 2007 , op . cit. , pp. 106 & 108 . Jump up ^ Gluska , 2007 , op . cit. , pp. 103 & 216 . Jump up ^ Rabin 1996 , p. 91 Jump up ^ Rabin 1996 , p. 80 Jump up ^ Shlaim , Rogan , 2012 p. 28 Jump up ^ Gelpi 2002 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Ben - Ami , 2005 , op . cit. , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Quigley , John , `` Palestine and Israel : A challenge to justice '' , 1990 , Duke University Press , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Shlaim , Rogan , 2012 p. 110 Jump up ^ Shlaim , Rogan , 2012 p. 32 Jump up ^ Sherman Kent for the Central Intelligence Agency 's Board of National Estimates ( May 26 , 1967 ) . `` Foreign Relations of the United States , 1964 -- 1968 Volume XIX , Arab - Israeli Crisis and War , 1967 , Document 79 79 . Memorandum From the Central Intelligence Agency 's Board of National Estimates to Director of Central Intelligence Helms '' . Washington . The most likely course seems to be for Nasser to hold to his present winnings as long as he can , and in as full measure as he can . As of the moment he has vastly enhanced his own prestige in Egypt and throughout the Arab world , diminished the standing of Israel and , at least for the moment , administered a serious setback to the US . Moreover , by simply standing where he is he places the Israelis in an extremely difficult position . He keeps the crisis at high pitch , and as long as this continues the Israelis must remain mobilized . This they can not do for long without adverse effects upon their economy . 5 . The Israelis face dismaying choices . Surprised and shaken by Nasser 's action , they failed to take the instant military counteraction which might have been most effective . If they attack now they will face far more formidable opposition than in the rapid campaign of 1956 . We believe that they would still be able to drive the Egyptians away from the entrance to the Strait of Tiran , but it would certainly cost them heavy losses of men and materiel . We are not sure that they have sufficient stockpiles of ammunition and equipment for a war lasting more than three or four weeks , and it is possible that they would not embark upon a major campaign without prior assurances from the US of adequate resupply . Jump up ^ Yaacov Ro'i ; Boris Morozov ( 2008 ) . The Soviet Union and the June 1967 Six Day War . Stanford University Press . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 5880 - 2 . According to the KGB 's deputy resident in Washington at that time , no one in Moscow had any doubt that Israel would be quickly defeated Jump up ^ Talal Nizameddin ( January 1999 ) . Russia and the Middle East : Towards a New Foreign Policy . C. Hurst & Co . Publishers . pp. 26 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85065 - 380 - 6 . Moscow 's assumption that Israel was too weak to launch a pre emptive strike was proven wrong '' Jump up ^ Galia Golan ( 22 November 1990 ) . Soviet Policies in the Middle East : From World War Two to Gorbachev . CUP Archive . p. 66 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 35859 - 0 . there reportedly were Soviet estimates that the Arab armies could pursue a protracted war Jump up ^ Uri Bar - Noi . `` The Soviet Union And The Six - Day War : Revelations From The Polish Archives '' . Wilson Center . The Kremlin estimated mistakenly , as if turned out -- that Israel was militarily weak ... Moscow did its utmost to tone down the belligerent rhetoric of Egyptian and Syrian leaders ... Prior to the outbreak of hostilities , Soviet leadership operated under the illusion that Arab armed forces could easily repel any Israeli offensive and defeat the IDF on the battlefield . In retrospect , Brezhnev assured his audience that the armed forces of Egypt , Syria , Algeria and Iraq were superior to the IDF in number of troops and amount of tanks , planes , ships and armaments . They had been equipped with the most modern weapons , and had received high - level training from Soviet ... the Soviet leader held Nasser solely responsible for this catastrophe . He claimed that the reckless closing of the Tiran Straits to the passage of Israeli ships provoked Israel to conduct a wider military campaign against its Arab neighbors . Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=oUSbvWDgYucC&pg=PA71&lpg=PA71&dq=israel+exports+straits+of+tiran&source=bl&ots=O7K5VdVC5W&sig=LmTJ_FYlvd92wz2XybPzLRwEyCU&hl=en&sa=X&ei=DgmdUaOlMMG4rQH2joDwBQ&ved=0CEsQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=israel%20exports%20straits%20of%20tiran&f=false Jump up ^ `` Year In Review 1967 , UPI.com '' . Jump up ^ Gluska , 2007 , op . cit. , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Middle East : Was the War Necessary ? ( 1972 , 19 June ) . Time Magazine . Jump up ^ Gerteiny & Ziegler 2007 , p. 142 Jump up ^ Bober 1972 , p. 81 Jump up ^ Begin , Menachen . `` Foreign Relations since 1947 : 1982 -- 1984 '' . IL : MFA . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ van Creveld 2004 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Rikhye , Indar Jit ( 1980 ) . The Sinai Blunder : Withdrawal of the United Nations Emergency Force Leading to the Six - Day War of June 1967 . London : Rutledge . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 3136 - 1 . Jump up ^ John Quigley , `` The Six - Day War and Israeli Self - Defense '' , p. 192 ( Cambridge University Press ) Jump up ^ Gluska , 2007 , op . cit. , p. 118 Jump up ^ `` LBJ Pledges U.S. to Peace Effort '' , Eugene Register - Guard ( June 19 , 1967 ) . See also Johnson , Lyndon . `` Address at the State Department 's Foreign Policy Conference for Educators '' ( June 19 , 1967 ) . Jump up ^ Shlaim ; Louis ( 2012 ) p. 63 Jump up ^ `` General Abdal Muhsin Murtaji book review '' ( PDF ) . FAO Journal , VOLUME VIII , NUMBER 3 . September 2004 . p. 14 . In 1976 , General Abdal Muhsin Murtaji , an officer since 1937 and the commander of the Sinai front in 1967 , wrote a bold , scathing indictment of the Egyptian military in his book Al - Fariq Murtaji Yarwi Al - Haqiqa ( General Murtaji Narrates the Truth ) ... The failed union with Syria and the debacle in Yemen forced Nasser to find an outlet for his failures , which he found through the 1967 war Jump up ^ Eban 1977 , p. 360 . Jump up ^ Rubenberg 1989 pp. 107 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Ben - Ami , Shlomo , 2005 , `` Scars of War ; Wounds of Peace - the Israeli - Arab tragedy '' , Weidenfeld & Nicholson , p. 103 Jump up ^ James 2005 Jump up ^ Oren 2002 , p. 196 . References al - Qusi , Abdallah Ahmad Hamid. ( 1999 ) . Al - Wisam fi at - Ta'rikh . Cairo : Al - Mu'asasa al - ' Arabiya al - Haditha . No ISBN available . Aloni , Shlomo ( 2001 ) . Arab - Israeli Air Wars 1947 -- 1982 . Osprey Aviation . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 294 - 6 Alteras , Isaac . ( 1993 ) . Eisenhower and Israel : U.S. - Israeli Relations , 1953 -- 1960 , University Press of Florida . ISBN 0 - 8130 - 1205 - 8 . Bailey , Sydney ( 1990 ) . Four Arab - Israeli Wars and the Peace Process . London : The MacMillan Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 04649 - 9 . Bar - On , Mordechai ; Morris , Benny & Golani , Motti ( 2002 ) . Reassessing Israel 's Road to Sinai / Suez , 1956 : A `` Trialogue '' . In Gary A. Olson ( Ed . ) . Traditions and Transitions in Israel Studies : Books on Israel , Volume VI ( pp. 3 -- 42 ) . SUNY Press . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 5585 - 8 Bar - On , Mordechai ( 2006 ) . Never - Ending Conflict : Israeli Military History , ISBN 0 - 275 - 98158 - 4 Bard , Mitchell G. ( 2002 , 2008 ) . The Complete Idiot 's Guide to Middle East Conflict . NY : Alpha books . ISBN 0 - 02 - 864410 - 7 . 4th Edition ISBN 1 - 59257 - 791 - 1 . 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Diehl ( Ed . ) , A Road Map to War : Territorial Dimensions of International Conflict . Nashville : Vanderbilt University Press . ISBN 0 - 8265 - 1329 - 8 . Brecher , Michael . ( 1996 ) . Eban and Israeli foreign policy : Diplomacy , war and disengagement . In A Restless Mind : Essays in Honor of Amos Perlmutter , Benjamin Frankel ( ed . ) , pp. 104 -- 117 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 4607 - 5 Bregman , Ahron. ( 2000 ) . Israel 's Wars , 1947 -- 1993 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 21468 - 8 . Bregman , Ahron ( 2002 ) . Israel 's Wars : A History Since 1947 . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 28716 - 2 Burrowes , Robert & Muzzio , Douglas . ( 1972 ) . The Road to the Six Day War : Towards an Enumerative History of Four Arab States and Israel , 1965 - 67 . The Journal of Conflict Resolution , Vol. 16 , No. 2 , Research Perspectives on the Arab - Israeli Conflict : A Symposium , pp. 211 -- 226 . Cohen , Raymond . ( 1988 ) Intercultural Communication between Israel and Egypt : Deterrence Failure before the Six - Day war . Review of International Studies , Vol. 14 , No. 1 , pp. 1 -- 16 Christie , Hazel ( 1999 ) . Law of the Sea . Manchester : Manchester University Press . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 4382 - 4 Churchill , Randolph & Churchill , Winston . ( 1967 ) . The Six Day War . Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 395 - 07532 - 7 Colaresi , Michael P. ( 2005 ) . Scare Tactics : The politics of international rivalry . Syracuse University Press . ISBN 9780815630661 Eban , Abba ( 1977 ) . Abba Eban : An Autobiography . Random House . ISBN 0 - 394 - 49302 - 8 Ehteshami , Anoushiravan and Hinnebusch , Raymond A. ( 1997 ) . Syria & Iran : Middle Powers in a Penetrated Regional System . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 15675 - 0 Feron , James . ( 1967 , 13 May ) . Israelis ponder blow at Syrians ; Some leaders decide that force is the only way to curtail terrorism . The New York Times ( Fee required ) . El - Gamasy , Mohamed Abdel Ghani. ( 1993 ) . The October War . The American University in Cairo Press . ISBN 977 - 424 - 316 - 1 . Gawrych , George W. ( 2000 ) . The Albatross of Decisive Victory : War and Policy Between Egypt and Israel in the 1967 and 1973 Arab - Israeli Wars . Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 31302 - 4 . Available in multiple PDF files from the Combat Studies Institute and the Combined Arms Research Library , CSI Publications in parts . Gelpi , Christopher ( 2002 ) . Power of Legitimacy : Assessing the Role of Norms in Crisis Bargaining . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 09248 - 6 Gerner , Deborah J. ( 1994 ) . One Land , Two Peoples . Westview Press . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 2180 - 8 , p. 112 Gerteiny , Alfred G. & Ziegler , Jean ( 2007 ) . The Terrorist Conjunction : The United States , the Israeli - Palestinian Conflict , and Al - Qā'ida . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 275 - 99643 - 3 , p. 142 Gilbert , Martin . ( 2008 ) . Israel -- A History . McNally & Loftin Publishers . ISBN 0 - 688 - 12363 - 5 . Chapter available online : Chapter 21 : Nasser 's Challenge . Goldstein , Erik ( 1992 ) . Wars and Peace Treaties , 1816 -- 1991 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 07822 - 9 Green , Stephen J. ( 1984 ) . Taking Sides : America 's Secret Relations With Militant Israel . William Morrow & Co . ISBN 0 - 688 - 02643 - 5 . Griffin , David J. ( 2006 ) . Hawker Hunter 1951 to 2007 Lulu.com , 4 edition . ISBN 1 - 4303 - 0593 - 2 . Haddad , Yvonne. ( 1992 ) . Islamists and the `` Problem of Israel '' : The 1967 Awakening . Middle East Journal , Vol. 46 , No. 2 , pp. 266 -- 285 . Hajjar , Sami G . The Israel - Syria Track , Middle East Policy , Volume VI , February 1999 , Number 3 . Retrieved 30 September 2006 . Hammel , Eric ( 1992 ) . Six Days in June : How Israel Won the 1967 Arab - Israeli War . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7434 - 7535 - 6 Hattendorf , John B. ( 2000 ) . Naval Strategy and Power in the Mediterranean : Past , Present and Future . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 8054 - 0 . Handel , Michael I. ( 1973 ) . Israel 's political - military doctrine . Center for International Affairs , Harvard University . ISBN 0 - 87674 - 025 - 5 Hart , Alan ( 1989 ) Arafat , A political biography . Indiana University Press ISBN 0 - 253 - 32711 - 3 . Herzog , Chaim ( 1982 ) . The Arab - Israeli Wars . Arms & Armour Press . ISBN 0 - 85368 - 367 - 0 Herbert , Nicholas ( 1967 , 17 May ) . Egyptian Forces On Full Alert : Ready to fight for Syria . The Times , p. 1 ; Issue 56943 ; col E . Herzog , Chaim ( 1989 ) . Heroes of Israel : Profiles of Jewish Courage . Little Brown and Company . ISBN 0 - 316 - 35901 - 7 . Higham , Robin . ( 2003 ) . 100 Years of Air Power and Aviation . TAMU Press . ISBN 1 - 58544 - 241 - 0 . Hinnebusch , Raymond A. ( 2003 ) . The international politics of the Middle East . Manchester University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 5346 - 7 Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs ( 2004 ) . Background on Israeli POWs and MIAs . Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs ( 2008 ) . The Six - Day War ( June 1967 ) . `` Israel Reportedly Killed POWs in ' 67 War ; Historians Say Deaths of Hundreds of Egyptians Was Covered Up Israel Reportedly Killed POWs in ' 67 War ; Historians Say Deaths of Hundreds of Egyptians Was Covered Up '' , Washington Post , 17 August 1995 , p . A. 30 ( Fee required ) . James , Laura ( 2005 ) . The Nassar And His Enemies : Foreign Policy Decision Making In Egypt On The Eve Of The Six Day War . The Middle East Review of International Affairs . Volume 9 , No. 2 , Article 2 . `` Israelis Say Tape Shows Nasser Fabricated ' Plot ' ; Recording Said to Be of Phone Call to Hussein Gives Plan to Accuse U.S. and Britain '' ( PDF ( subscription required ) ) . The New York Times . 1967 - 06 - 09 . p. 17 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 28 . Jia , Bing Bing . ( 1998 ) . The Regime of Straits in International Law ( Oxford Monographs in International Law ) . Oxford University Press , USA . ISBN 0 - 19 - 826556 - 5 . Koboril , Iwao and Glantz , Michael H. ( 1998 ) . Central Eurasian Water Crisis . United Nations University Press . ISBN 92 - 808 - 0925 - 3 Krauthammer , Charles ( 2007 - 05 - 18 ) . `` Prelude to the Six Days '' . The Washington Post . pp. A23 . ISSN 0740 - 5421 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 20 . Lavoy , Peter R. ; Sagan , Scott Douglas & Wirtz , James J. ( Eds . ) ( 2000 ) . Planning the Unthinkable : How New Powers Will Use Nuclear , Biological , and Chemical Weapons . Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 8704 - 8 . Leibler , Isi ( 1972 ) . The Case For Israel . Australia : The Executive Council of Australian Jewry . ISBN 0 - 9598984 - 0 - 9 . Lenczowski , George . ( 1990 ) . American Presidents and the Middle East . Duke University Press . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 0972 - 6 . Lyndon Baines Johnson Library . ( 1994 ) . Transcript , Robert S. McNamara Oral History , Special Interview I , 3 / 26 / 93 , by Robert Dallek , Internet Copy , LBJ Library . Retrieved 20 July 2010 . McNamara : US Near War in ' 67 . ( 1983 , 16 Sep . ) . Boston Globe . P. 1 . ( Fee required ) . Mansour , Camille. ( 1994 ) . Beyond Alliance : Israel and US Foreign Policy . Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 08492 - 7 . Maoz , Zeev ( 2009 ) . Defending the Holy Land : A Critical Analysis of Israel 's Security & Foreign Policy . The University of Michigan Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 03341 - 6 Morris , Benny ( 2001 ) Righteous Victims New York , Vintage Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 74475 - 7 Miller , Benjamin . ( 2007 ) . States , Nations , and the Great Powers : The Sources of Regional War and Peace . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 69161 - 3 Murakami , Masahiro. ( 1995 ) . Managing Water for Peace in the Middle East : Alternative Strategies . United Nations University Press . ISBN 92 - 808 - 0858 - 3 . Mutawi , Samir ( 2002 ) . Jordan in the 1967 War . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 52858 - 5 Nordeen , Lon & Nicole , David . ( 1996 ) . Phoenix over the Nile : A history of Egyptian Air Power 1932 -- 1994 . Washington DC : Smithsonian Institution . ISBN 1 - 56098 - 626 - 3 . `` Mediterranean Eskadra '' . ( 2000 ) . Federation of American Scientists . Oren , Michael ( 2002 ) . Six Days of War . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515174 - 7 Oren , Michael . ( 2005 ) . The Revelations of 1967 : New Research on the Six Day War and Its Lessons for the Contemporary Middle East , Israel studies , volume 10 , number 2 . ( Subscription required ) . Oren , Michael . ( 2006 ) . `` The Six - Day War '' , in Bar - On , Mordechai ( ed . ) , Never - Ending Conflict : Israeli Military History . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 275 - 98158 - 4 . Parker , Richard B. ( 1996 ) . The Six - day War : A Retrospective . University Press of Florida . ISBN 0 - 8130 - 1383 - 6 . Parker , Richard B. ( August 1997 ) . `` USAF in the Sinai in the 1967 War : Fact or Fiction '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Palestine Studies . XXVII ( 1 ) : 67 -- 75 . doi : 10.1525 / jps. 1997.27. 1.00 p0164l . Phythian , Mark ( 2001 ) . The Politics of British Arms Sales Since 1964 . Manchester : Manchester University Press . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 5907 - 0 Podeh , Elie ( Winter 2004 ) . `` The Lie That Wo n't Die : Collusion , 1967 '' . Middle East Quarterly . 11 ( 1 ) . Pimlott , John . ( 1983 ) . Middle East Conflicts : From 1945 to the Present . Orbis . ISBN 0 - 85613 - 547 - X . Pollack , Kenneth ( 2004 ) . Arabs at War : Military Effectiveness , 1948 -- 1991 . University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 8783 - 6 Pollack , Kenneth ( 2005 ) . Air Power in the Six - Day War . The Journal of Strategic Studies . 28 ( 3 ) , 471 - 503 . Prior , Michael ( 1999 ) . Zionism and the State of Israel : A Moral Inquiry . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 20462 - 3 Quandt , William B. ( 2005 ) . Peace Process : American Diplomacy and the Arab - Israeli Conflict Since 1967 . Brookings Institution Press and the University of California Press ; 3 edition . ISBN 0 - 520 - 24631 - 4 Quigley , John B. ( 2005 ) . Case for Palestine : An International Law Perspective . Duke University Press . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 3539 - 5 Quigley , John B. ( 1990 ) . Palestine and Israel : A Challenge to Justice . Duke University Press . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 1023 - 6 Rabil , Robert G. ( 2003 ) . Embattled Neighbors : Syria , Israel , and Lebanon . Lynne Rienner Publishers . ISBN 1 - 58826 - 149 - 2 Rabin , Yitzhak ( 1996 ) . The Rabin Memoirs . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 20766 - 1 . Rauschning , Dietrich ; Wiesbrock , Katja & Lailach , Martin ( eds . ) ( 1997 ) . Key Resolutions of the United Nations General Assembly 1946 - 1996 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 59704 - 8 . Rikhye , Indar Jit ( 1980 ) . The Sinai Blunder . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 3136 - 1 Robarge , David S. ( 2007 ) . Getting It Right : CIA Analysis of the 1967 Arab - Israeli War , Center for the Study of Intelligence , Vol. 49 No. 1 Rubenberg , Cheryl A. ( 1989 ) . Israel and the American National Interest . University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 06074 - 1 Sachar , Howard M. ( 1976 , 2007 ) A History of Israel from the Rise of Zionism to Our Time . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 0 - 394 - 48564 - 5 ; ISBN 0 - 375 - 71132 - 5 . Sadeh , Eligar ( 1997 ) . Militarization and State Power in the Arab - Israeli Conflict : Case Study of Israel , 1948 -- 1982 . Universal Publishers . ISBN 0 - 9658564 - 6 - 1 Sandler , Deborah ; Aldy , Emad & Al - Khoshman Mahmoud A. ( 1993 ) . Protecting the Gulf of Aqaba . -- A regional environmental challenge . Environmental Law Institute . 0911937463 . Seale , Patrick ( 1988 ) . Asad : The Struggle for Peace in the Middle East . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 06976 - 5 Segev , Samuel ( 1967 ) . A Red Sheet : the Six Day War . Segev , Tom ( 2005 ) . Israel in 1967 . Keter . ISBN 965 - 07 - 1370 - 0 . Segev , Tom ( 2007 ) . 1967 : Israel , the War , and the Year that Transformed the Middle East Metropolitan Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 7057 - 6 Sela , Avraham ( 1997 ) . The Decline of the Arab - Israeli Conflict : Middle East Politics and the Quest for Regional Order . SUNY Press . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 3537 - 7 Shafqat , Saeed ( 2004 ) . Islamic world and South Asia : Rise of Islamism and Terror , Causes and Consequences ? . In Kaniz F. Yusuf ( Ed . ) Unipolar World & The Muslim States . Islamabad : Pakistan Forum , pp 217 -- 246 . Shemesh , Moshe ( 2008 ) . Arab Politics , Palestinian Nationalism and the Six Day War . Sussex Academic Press . ISBN 1 - 84519 - 188 - 9 . Shlaim , Avi ( 2000 ) . The Iron Wall : Israel and the Arab World . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 32112 - 6 . Shlaim , Avi ( 2007 ) Lion of Jordan : The Life of King Hussein in War and Peace Vintage Books ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 7828 - 8 Shlaim , Avi ; Louis , William Roger ( 13 February 2012 ) , The 1967 Arab - Israeli War : Origins and Consequences , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 00236 - 4 Smith , Hedrick ( 1967 - 06 - 14 ) . `` As the Shock Wears Off ; Arab World , Appraising Its Defeat , is Split as it Gropes for Strategy '' ( PDF subscription required ) . The New York Times . p. 16 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 28 . Smith , Hedrick ( 1967 - 09 - 15 ) . `` Envoys Say Nasser Now Concedes U.S. Did n't Help Israel '' . The New York Times . pp. Page 1 , Col. 5 , Page 3 , Col. 1 . Stein , Janice Gross . ( 1991 ) . The Arab - Israeli War of 1967 : Inadvertent War Through Miscalculated Escalation , in Avoiding War : Problems of Crisis Management , Alexander L. George , ed . Boulder : Westview Press . Stephens , Robert H. ( 1971 ) . Nasser : A Political Biography . London : Allen Lane / The Penguin Press . ISBN 0 - 7139 - 0181 - 0 Stone , David ( 2004 ) . Wars of the Cold War . Brassey 's . ISBN 1 - 85753 - 342 - 9 Tolan , Sandy ( June 4 , 2007 ) . `` Rethinking Israel 's David - and - Goliath past '' . Salon.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 29 . Tucker , Spencer ( 2004 ) . Tanks : An Illustrated History of Their Impact . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 995 - 3 United Nations ( 967 , 5 June ) . 1347 Security Council MEETING : 5 June 1967 . Provisional agenda ( S / PV. 1347 / Rev. 1 ) . On a subpage of the website of The United Nations Information System on the Question of Palestine ( UNISPAL ) . van Creveld , Martin ( 2004 ) . Defending Israel : A Controversial Plan Toward Peace . Thomas Dunne Books . ISBN 0 - 312 - 32866 - 4 Youngs , Tim . ( 2001 ) . Developments in the Middle East Peace Process 1991 -- 2000 London : International Affairs and Defence Section , House of Commons Library . ISSN 1368 - 8456 . Finkelstein , Norman ( 2003 ) , Image and reality of the Israel - Palestine conflict , Verso , ISBN 1 - 85984 - 442 - 1 Further reading Barzilai , Gad ( 1996 ) . Wars , Internal Conflicts , and Political Order : A Jewish Democracy in the Middle East . New York University Press . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 2943 - 1 Cristol , A Jay ( 2002 ) . Liberty Incident : The 1967 Israeli Attack on the U.S. Navy Spy Ship . Brassey 's . ISBN 1 - 57488 - 536 - 7 Gat , Moshe ( 2003 ) . Britain and the Conflict in the Middle East , 1964 -- 1967 : The Coming of the Six - Day War . Praeger / Greenwood . ISBN 0 - 275 - 97514 - 2 Hammel , Eric ( October 2002 ) . `` Sinai air strike : June 5 , 1967 '' . Military Heritage . 4 ( 2 ) : 68 -- 73 . Hopwood , Derek ( 1991 ) . Egypt : Politics and Society . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 09432 - 1 Hussein of Jordan ( 1969 ) . My `` War '' with Israel . London : Peter Owen . ISBN 0 - 7206 - 0310 - 2 Katz , Samuel M. ( 1991 ) Israel 's Air Force ; The Power Series . Motorbooks International Publishers & Wholesalers , Osceola , WI . Makiya , Kanan ( 1998 ) . Republic of Fear : The Politics of Modern Iraq . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 21439 - 0 Morris , Benny ( 1997 ) . Israel 's Border Wars , 1949 -- 1956 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 829262 - 7 Rezun , Miron ( 1990 ) . Iran and Afghanistan . In A. Kapur ( Ed . ) . Diplomatic Ideas and Practices of Asian States ( pp. 9 -- 25 ) . Brill Academic Publishers . ISBN 90 - 04 - 09289 - 7 Smith , Grant ( 2006 ) . Deadly Dogma . Institute for Research : Middle Eastern Policy . ISBN 0 - 9764437 - 4 - 0 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1967 Arab - Israeli War . The Photograph : A Search for June 1967 . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . The three soldiers - background to that photograph Six Day War Personal recollections & Timeline Video Clip : Sandhurst military historian analysing how King Hussein became involved in the Six Day War . Video Clip : Analysis of Israel 's Sinai Campaign in 1967 by Sandhurst military historian . Video Clip : Military analysis of the attack on Jerusalem and the Jordanian defence . Six - Day War Encyclopaedia of the Orient All State Department documents related to the crisis UN Resolution 242 . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . The status of Jerusalem , UNITED NATIONS , New York , 1997 ( Prepared for , and under the guidance of , the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People ) . Retrieved July 17 , 2010 . Status of Jerusalem : Legal Aspects . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . Legal Aspects The Six Day War -- June 1967 and Its Aftermath - Professor Gerald Adler General Uzi Narkiss - A historic radio interview with General Uzi Narkiss taken on June 7 - one day after the Six - Day War , describing the battle for Jerusalem Liberation of the Temple Mount and Western Wall by Israel Defense Forces - Historic Live Broadcast on Voice of Israel Radio , June 7 , 1967 . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . How The USSR Planned To Destroy Israel in 1967 by Isabella Ginor . Published by Middle East Review of International Affairs ( MERIA ) Journal Volume 7 , Number 3 ( September 2003 ) Position of Arab forces May 1967 . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . Israeli wars and conflicts Arab -- Israeli War ( 1948 -- 49 ) Reprisal operations ( 1951 -- 56 ) Suez Crisis ( 1956 ) Six - Day War ( 1967 ) War of Attrition ( 1967 -- 70 ) Yom Kippur War ( 1973 ) Operation Litani ( 1978 ) First Lebanon War ( 1982 -- 85 ) South Lebanon conflict ( 1985 -- 2000 ) First Intifada ( 1987 -- 93 ) Second Intifada ( 2000 -- 05 ) Second Lebanon War ( 2006 ) Gaza War ( 2008 -- 09 ) Operation Pillar of Defense ( 2012 ) Israel -- Gaza conflict ( 2014 ) Arab -- Israeli conflict Countries Authorities Organizations Primary countries and authorities All - Palestine Egyptian Kingdom and Republic Hamas Gaza Iraqi Kingdom and Baathist Iraq Kuwait Israel Jordan Palestinian National Authority Saudi Arabia Syrian Republic and Ba'athist Syria Organizations Active Abu Nidal Organization Amal al - Aqsa Martyrs ' Brigades Syrian Social Nationalist Party Arab League Arab Liberation Front Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine Fatah Guardians of the Cedars Hamas Jaish al - Islam Kataeb Lebanese Forces al - Mourabitoun Muslim Brotherhood Palestinian Islamic Jihad Palestine Liberation Front Palestine Liberation Organization Palestinian Popular Struggle Front Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine -- General Command Popular Resistance Committees as - Sa'iqa Inactive or former Arab Higher Committee Arab Liberation Army Black Hand Black September Haganah Holy War Army Irgun ( Etzel ) Japanese Red Army Lehi Palmach Revolutionary Cells South Lebanon Army Other countries France Kuwait Libya Morocco North Korea United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Yemen Transnational European Union United Nations Former states Soviet Union United Arab Republic Armed engagements Background 1920 Battle of Tel Hai 1936 -- 1939 Arab revolt 1944 Operation ATLAS 1947 -- 1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine 1948 -- 1950s 1948 -- 1949 Arab -- Israeli War 1950s Palestinian Fedayeen attacks ( reprisal operations ) 1956 Suez Crisis 1960s 1966 Operation Shredder 1967 Six - Day War 1967 -- 1970 War of Attrition 1968 Battle of Karameh Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon 1968 Operation Gift 1970s -- 1980 1973 Yom Kippur War Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon 1972 Operation Isotope / Lod Airport massacre / Munich Olympics massacre 1972 -- 1979 Operation Wrath of God ( Airstrike , Spring of Youth ) 1973 Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 1974 Ma'alot massacre 1975 Savoy Operation 1976 Operation Entebbe 1978 Coastal Road massacre / Operation Litani 1980 Misgav Am hostage crisis 1980s 1981 Operation Opera 1982 Lebanon War 1982 -- 2000 South Lebanon conflict 1984 Bus 300 affair 1985 Operation Wooden Leg 1987 -- 1993 First Intifada 1988 Mothers ' Bus rescue / Tunis raid 1990s 1992 Operation Bramble Bush 1993 -- 2008 Palestinian suicide attacks 1993 Operation Accountability 1996 Operation Grapes of Wrath 2000s 2000 -- 2005 Al - Aqsa Intifada ( Second Intifada ) 2000 -- 2006 Shebaa Farms conflict 2001 -- present Rocket and mortar attacks on southern Israel 2003 Ain es Saheb airstrike 2006 Operation Bringing Home the Goods / Operation Summer Rains / Operation Autumn Clouds / Lebanon War 2006 -- present Gaza -- Israel conflict 2007 -- 2008 Operation Hot Winter 2008 -- 2009 Gaza War 2007 -- present Lebanese rocket attacks 2010s 2010 Adaisseh skirmish / Palestinian militancy campaign Gaza -- Israel conflict 2011 Southern Israel cross-border attacks 2012 Operation Returning Echo / Operation Pillar of Defense 2014 Israel -- Gaza conflict 2015 Israeli -- Palestinian conflict ( 2015 -- 2016 ) 2018 Gaza border protests 2017 Israel -- Syria incident 2018 Israel -- Syria clashes 2018 Israel -- Iran incidents Diplomacy and peace proposals To 1948 1914 Damascus Protocol 1915 McMahon -- Hussein Correspondence 1916 Sykes -- Picot Agreement 1917 Balfour Declaration 1918 Declaration to the Seven / Anglo - French Declaration 1919 Faisal -- Weizmann Agreement 1920 San Remo conference 1922 Churchill White Paper 1937 Peel Commission 1939 White Paper 1939 London Conference 1946 Morrison - Grady Plan 1947 Bevin Plan 1946 -- 47 London Conference 1947 UN Partition Plan 1948 American trusteeship proposal 1948 -- 91 1948 UN General Assembly ( UNGA ) Resolution 194 1949 Armistice agreements / Lausanne Conference 1950 Tripartite Declaration 1964 Palestinian National Covenant 1967 Khartoum Resolution / UN Security Council ( UNSC ) Resolution 242 1973 UNSC Resolution 338 / UNSC Resolution 339 1974 Israel -- Syria disengagement agreement / UNSC Resolution 350 1978 UNSC Resolution 425 / Camp David Accords 1979 UNSC Resolution 446 / Egypt -- Israel Peace Treaty / UNSC Resolution 452 1980 UNSC Resolution 478 1981 UNSC Resolution 497 1983 Israel -- Lebanon agreement 1991 -- present 1991 Madrid Conference 1993 Oslo Accords 1994 Gaza -- Jericho Agreement / Israel -- Jordan peace treaty 1995 Beilin -- Abu Mazen agreement 1998 Wye River Memorandum 1999 Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum 2000 Camp David Summit / Clinton Parameters 2001 Taba Summit 2002 Beirut Summit and peace initiative / Road map 2003 Geneva Initiative 2004 UNSC Resolution 1559 / UNSC Resolution 1566 2005 UNSC Resolution 1583 / Sharm El Sheikh Summit / Israeli disengagement from Gaza / Agreement on Movement and Access 2006 UNSC Resolution 1701 2007 Annapolis Conference 2010 Israeli -- Palestinian peace talks 2013 Israeli -- Palestinian peace talks Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact Cold War II 1940s Morgenthau Plan Hukbalahap Rebellion Dekemvriana Percentages agreement Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Operation Downfall Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Division of Korea Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Baruch Plan Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference May 1947 Crises Marshall Plan Comecon 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Papua conflict Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism Egyptian Revolution of 1952 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam Vietnam War First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1959 Tibetan uprising Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - Soviet split 1960s Congo Crisis 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Soviet -- Albanian split Berlin Crisis of 1961 Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis Sino - Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Iraqi Ramadan Revolution Eritrean War of Independence Sand War North Yemen Civil War Aden Emergency 1963 Syrian coup d'état Vietnam War Shifta War Guatemalan Civil War Colombian conflict Nicaraguan Revolution 1964 Brazilian coup d'état Dominican Civil War South African Border War Transition to the New Order Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War 1966 Syrian coup d'état Argentine Revolution Korean DMZ Conflict Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 Years of Lead ( Italy ) USS Pueblo incident Six - Day War War of Attrition Dhofar Rebellion Al - Wadiah War Protests of 1968 French May Tlatelolco massacre Cultural Revolution Prague Spring 1968 Polish political crisis Communist insurgency in Malaysia Invasion of Czechoslovakia Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution Goulash Communism Sino - Soviet border conflict CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Corrective Movement ( Syria ) Cambodian Civil War Koza riot Realpolitik Ping - pong diplomacy Uganda -- Tanzania War 1971 Turkish military memorandum Corrective Revolution ( Egypt ) Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 Nixon visit to China North Yemen - South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 Yemenite War of 1972 NDF Rebellion Eritrean Civil Wars 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War 1973 oil crisis Carnation Revolution Spanish transition Metapolitefsi Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Oromo conflict Ogaden War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Sino - Albanian split Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Sino - Vietnamese War Operation Condor Dirty War ( Argentina ) 1976 Argentine coup d'état Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Yemenite War of 1979 Grand Mosque seizure Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution New Jewel Movement 1979 Herat uprising Seven Days to the River Rhine Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 1980s Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 1980 Turkish coup d'état Peruvian conflict Casamance conflict Ugandan Bush War Lord 's Resistance Army insurgency Eritrean Civil Wars 1982 Ethiopian -- Somali Border War Ndogboyosoi War United States invasion of Grenada Able Archer 83 Star Wars Iran -- Iraq War Somali Rebellion 1986 Black Sea incident 1988 Black Sea bumping incident South Yemen Civil War Bougainville Civil War 8888 Uprising Solidarity Soviet reaction Contras Central American crisis RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 People Power Revolution Glasnost Perestroika Nagorno - Karabakh War Afghan Civil War United States invasion of Panama 1988 Polish strikes Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall Velvet Revolution Romanian Revolution Peaceful Revolution Die Wende 1990s Mongolian Revolution of 1990 German reunification Yemeni unification Fall of communism in Albania Breakup of Yugoslavia Dissolution of the Soviet Union Dissolution of Czechoslovakia Frozen conflicts Abkhazia China - Taiwan Korea Nagorno - Karabakh South Ossetia Transnistria Sino - Indian border dispute North Borneo dispute Foreign policy Truman Doctrine Containment Eisenhower Doctrine Domino theory Hallstein Doctrine Kennedy Doctrine Peaceful coexistence Ostpolitik Johnson Doctrine Brezhnev Doctrine Nixon Doctrine Ulbricht Doctrine Carter Doctrine Reagan Doctrine Rollback Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War Ideologies Capitalism Chicago school Keynesianism Monetarism Neoclassical economics Reaganomics Supply - side economics Thatcherism Communism Marxism -- Leninism Castroism Eurocommunism Guevarism Hoxhaism Juche Maoism Trotskyism Naxalism Stalinism Titoism Other Fascism Islamism Liberal democracy Social democracy Third - Worldism White supremacy Apartheid Organizations ASEAN CIA Comecon EEC KGB MI6 Non-Aligned Movement SAARC Safari Club Stasi Propaganda Active measures Crusade for Freedom Izvestia Pravda Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty Red Scare TASS Voice of America Voice of Russia Races Arms race Nuclear arms race Space Race See also Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War Soviet espionage in the United States Soviet Union -- United States relations USSR -- USA summits Russian espionage in the United States American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation Russia -- NATO relations Brinkmanship CIA and the Cultural Cold War Cold War II Commons Portal Timeline List of conflicts Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Origins_of_the_Six-Day_War&oldid=840458196 '' Categories : Arab -- Israeli conflict Causes of wars Six - Day War Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages containing links to subscription - only content Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pages under 30 - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origins%20of%20the%20Six-Day%20War	3,172
who plays blake in bring it on worldwide showdown	Cristine Prosperi as Destiny Sophie Vavasseur as Hannah Jordan Rodrigues as Blake Gia Re as Willow Natalie Walsh as Roxanne Vivica A. Fox as Cheer Goddess	Jordan Rodrigues	Bring It On : Worldwide Cheersmack	bring it on : worldwide cheersmack	Bring It On : Worldwide Cheersmack ( stylized as Bring It On : Worldwide # Cheersmack , or as Bring It On : Worldwide Showdown in UK ) is a 2017 cheerleading film directed by Robert Adetuyi and the sixth installment in the Bring It On film series . It was released direct - to - video on August 29 , 2017 .	Contents 1 Synopsis 2 Cast 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Synopsis ( edit ) In an attempt to take down rival cheer squad The Truth , cheer captain Destiny decides that she will bring Blake and his male street dancers onto her squad , The Rebels . Despite best intentions , the two groups do not mesh well together initially . Cast ( edit ) Cristine Prosperi as Destiny Sophie Vavasseur as Hannah Jordan Rodrigues as Blake Gia Re as Willow Natalie Walsh as Roxanne Vivica A. Fox as Cheer Goddess Reception ( edit ) Common Sense Media panned the film , rating it one star and writing `` Obviously Bring It On : Worldwide # Cheersmack was made on the cheap . The execution lacks flair , depth , and wit . '' DVD Talk also reviewed the film , stating that it was `` especially forgettable and loses most of the cheer in cheerleading , but I 'll give it points for at least being nice to look at . '' Cliché Magazine criticized the film 's plot , but praised Vivica Fox 's appearance in the film , as well as the chemistry and friendships of some of the characters . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ellenbogen , Rachael ( 2017 - 08 - 24 ) . `` WATCH : ' Bring It On : Worldwide # Cheersmack ' Exclusive Final Routine Sneak Peek '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Catching Up with the Cast of Bring It On : Worldwide # Cheersmack '' . Justine Magazine . 2017 - 08 - 29 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ Schonfeld , Renee . `` Bring It On : Worldwide # Cheersmack - Movie Review '' . Common Sense Media . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ Skeen , Jesse . `` Bring It On : Worldwide # Cheersmack ( Blu - ray ) '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ Brown , Keah ( 2017 - 09 - 06 ) . `` Bring It On : Worldwide # Cheersmack Review '' . Cliché Magazine . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 10 . External links ( edit ) Bring It On : Worldwide Cheersmack on IMDb Bring It On Films Bring It On ( 2000 ) Again ( 2004 ) All or Nothing ( 2006 ) In It to Win It ( 2007 ) Fight to the Finish ( 2009 ) Worldwide Cheersmack ( 2017 ) Musical Bring It On : The Musical Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bring_It_On:_Worldwide_Cheersmack&oldid=865779248 '' Categories : English - language films 2017 direct - to - video films American films Teen comedy films Films set in South Africa Films shot in South Africa Cheerleading films Bring It On ( film series ) Universal Pictures direct - to - video films Beacon Pictures films Direct - to - video sequel films Hidden categories : Restricted titles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2018 , at 02 : 43 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bring%20It%20On%3A%20Worldwide%20Cheersmack	3,173
what does kevin get for his birthday in freak the mighty			Freak the Mighty	freak the mighty	Freak the Mighty is a young adult novel by Rodman Philbrick . Published in 1993 , it was followed by the novel Max the Mighty in 1998 . The primary characters are friends Maxwell Kane , a large , very slow , but kind - hearted boy , and Kevin Avery , nicknamed `` Freak '' , who is physically handicapped but very intelligent . Kevin is diagnosed with Morquio syndrome .	The novel was adapted for the screen under the title The Mighty by Charles Leavitt ; the film was shot in Toronto , Ontario , Canada and Cincinnati , Ohio , and directed by Peter Chelsom , and released in 1998 . Plot ( edit ) The novel is set in a version of Portsmouth , New Hampshire . In the beginning of the book , Maxwell Kane is a young boy with low self - esteem . He lives with his grandfather , Grim , and grandmother , Gram . Max thinks of himself as a butthead . People are afraid of him because he looks like his father , Kenneth `` Killer '' Kane , a convicted murderer . Max sets the stage for the story by reminiscing about his time in daycare , when he had met a boy named Kevin , or Freak , as their classmates called him . Kevin has Morquio syndrome , wears leg braces and uses crutches , and thinks of himself as a robot and is bullied by many bigger kids due to his short height . However , Max likes Kevin and thinks the crutches and leg braces are neat . Many years later , when Max is in middle school , he finds out that Freak and his mother , Gwen ( referred to as `` The Fair Guinevere '' ) are moving into the house next door . When Max initially approaches Freak , Freak acts with hostility . However , some time later , Max saves Kevin 's toy ornithopter from a tree and they start to become friends . On the Fourth of July , they go to see the fireworks show and are attacked by an older boy , Tony `` Blade '' D. and his gang but avoid any mental or physical conflict . After the show , Blade chases the two with his gang after Freak calls him a cretin . Despite Max 's lack of knowledge and disability , he escapes by acting on Freak 's orders , but the two are driven into a muddy millpond , Freak riding on Max 's shoulders . Freak gets the attention of a nearby police car , who drives off Blade 's gang and takes the boys home . After this incident , Kevin starts riding on Max 's shoulders regularly . They begin to call themselves `` Freak the Mighty '' . They go on adventures such as going to the hospital which Freak claims has a secret department called the `` Bionics Department '' which has had his brain CT scanned to be fitted into a bionic body . On one adventure they find a woman 's purse in the storm drain . They return it to the woman who is named Loretta Lee . She is the wife of Iggy Lee , leader of the Panheads , a motorcycle gang who `` struck fear in everyone , even the cops '' , as Max puts it . Iggy says that the two of them once knew Max 's father . They consider `` having some fun '' with the boys but do n't because they are afraid that Max 's father will get parole even though he 's serving a life sentence . They also reveal that Kevin 's father left once he heard that his son had a birth defect . Freak has an emergency at school and is taken to the hospital . Later , Grim reveals to Max that his father has been released from prison on parole . Throughout the story , it has been gradually revealed that Max 's father killed his mother by strangling her , and that Grim and Gram dislike his father and are afraid of Max ending up like him . Grim threatens to buy a gun for the family 's protection . Max is shocked and scared by the news of his father 's parole . On Christmas Eve , Max is woken up by his father , Killer Kane , who has come to take him to train him to be his assistant . After Max is kidnapped by his father , the two walk to Iggy Lee 's apartment in the Testaments . Killer Kane is even bigger than Max and acts in a very threatening , intimidating manner towards everyone , including his son , whom he keeps tied up on a small chair . Killer Kane swears that he did not murder Max 's mother and calls himself `` a man of God '' . On Christmas morning he leaves Max alone , tied up in a room in an old abandoned apartment . Loretta , shocked that Kane would do something like that to his own child , tries to help him escape . Killer Kane catches her and starts to strangle her . Max tries to get up and rips off the rope to which the old boiler has been attached . Max attempts to stop him and reveals that he witnessed his father kill his mother in the same fashion . Kane gives up on training Max to be his obedient assistant and tries to murder him by strangling him , like he did to Max 's mother , but Freak arrives just in time and saves Max by squirting Kane with a squirt gun in the eye which he claims is filled with sulfuric acid when in fact , as Freak reveals later , it is filled with soap , vinegar , and curry powder . The police are waiting outside , and Killer Kane is taken back to prison and has to serve his original sentence plus ten years . Killer Kane pleads guilty . After having a seizure on his birthday , Freak is admitted into the hospital , where he gives Max a blank book , telling him to write the story of Freak the Mighty in it . Max returns to the hospital the next day to find that Freak died because his heart became too big for his body . Dr. Spivak , Kevin 's doctor , reveals that Freak knew he was going to have a very short life , but he told Max he was going to get a bionic body because it would give Max hope . The Fair Gwen moves away , with a new man she is in love with , and Max misses Freak 's funeral , staying in his room , the `` down under '' for months . Not even Grim or Gram can get him out , until Grim orders Max to return to school . One day , Max sees Loretta , who tells him `` Doing nothing 's a drag , kid '' , so Max writes all of the adventures he and Freak had , in honor of his best friend . Characters ( edit ) Maxwell `` Max '' Kane is the main character and narrator of the story . He is described to be very big and have a striking resemblance to his father , Kenneth ( Killer ) Kane . In day care , Max earned the nickname `` Kicker '' because he had a thing of booting and kicking anyone who dared to touch him , when he was a child . Max lives with his grandparents , Grim and Gram , and usually stays in `` The Down Under '' , a small room in the basement . He hates his father , whom he witnessed killing his mother , Annie . He becomes best friends with Freak , who customarily rides on his shoulders and acts as Max 's surrogate `` brain '' . Max becomes depressed after Freak dies , locking himself in `` The Down Under '' for days . He is also very insecure about himself . He usually calls himself a `` butthead '' and is never confident . Until Freak comes along , Max can not read or write . Kevin `` Freak '' Avery is a crippled , blonde haired boy whom Max becomes best friends with . Kevin has Morquio syndrome , where the outside of his body can not grow . He walks on crutches and wears a leg brace . He is a genius for his age and size and is cuttingly sarcastic . He carries a dictionary with him . He is interested in Robotics and the tales of King Arthur , to the extent of calling his mother Gwen `` The Fair Gwen Of Air / Guinevere '' and calling his adventures with Max `` quests '' . Kevin looks forward to his surgery ( which Max later finds out was a lie so he would n't know the truth ) , in which he will gain a robot 's body . Unexpectedly on his 13th birthday , Kevin has a seizure . In the hospital , he dies , because as his doctor puts it , `` his heart became too big for his body '' . In the film , Kevin 's last name was changed from Avery to Dillon . Grim is Maxwell 's grandfather . He is usually pretty grim , thus explaining why Maxwell gave him the nickname , although in reality he is a pretty friendly person . He dislikes Max 's father because of what he did to Grim 's daughter , Annie . In the book , Grim decides to shoot Kenneth if he sets foot in the house , after hearing about his release from jail . At first , Grim feels sorry for Kevin , but later , he appreciates Kevin 's abilities and intelligence . Gram is Maxwell 's grandmother . Like her husband , she also dislikes Kenneth and misses her daughter , Annie . Gram is really kind and polite , careful not to hurt anyone 's feelings . She protests against shooting Kenneth once Grim announces that he will do so . Gwen `` Fair Gwen '' Avery is Kevin 's beautiful and kind mother . Kevin nicknames her `` Fair Gwen '' after King Arthur 's beautiful wife , Fair Guinevere . She and Maxwell 's mother were friends until Kenneth Kane came along . After her son 's death , Gwen moves to California and starts a relationship with a man named Rick . Kenneth `` Kenny '' David Kane ( also known as Killer Kane ) is the main antagonist of the book . He is Max 's selfish and sociopathic father . He was sent to prison for strangling his wife to death . After his release from prison on parole , Kenny kidnaps Maxwell on Christmas Eve and takes him to Loretta and Iggy 's apartment . Loretta Lee tries to save Max but ends up getting strangled by Kenneth , though she survives . Eventually Kevin rescues Max by spraying a mixture of soap , vinegar and curry powder in Kenny 's eyes , which he claimed was sulfuric acid . In the end Kenny is jailed . Loretta Lee is a thin , red - haired lady whose stolen purse is recovered by Freak and Max . She is married to the leader of motorcycle gang named The Panheads , Iggy . Loretta is an alcoholic and a smoker and lives in the `` poor '' part of the town , the Testaments . When she attempts to help Max escape , she is almost strangled to death by Kenny Kane . Iggy Lee is an alcoholic , like Loretta , and lives with her in the Testaments . He is the boss of The Panheads , a motorcycle gang . It is suggested that he may have vertigo , as he states it makes him nervous looking up . He was also a friend of Maxwell 's dad ( Killer Kane ) , who makes him scared and nervous . He attempts to help rescue Max when he was kidnapped by his father . He is the husband of Loretta Lee . Dr. Spivak is Kevin 's doctor . She tells Max about Kevin 's death and that the real cause of his death was his heart growing too big for his body . Annie Kane is Maxwell 's mother but does not appear in the book . She was brutally murdered by her husband , Kenneth Kane . Tony D. is a juvenile delinquent who first encountered Max and Freak during the Fourth of July drunkenly asking them for M - 80 fire works and along with his nasty gang tried to harm Max and Freak with a knife . His gang steals Loretta Lee 's purse . He later tells Max he 's sorry about Kevin ( Freak ) , who died after having a seizure , though Max does n't like it and wants to be enemies with him . He is also known as `` Blade '' . Rick does not appear in this book . After Kevin Avery dies , he starts a relationship with Gwen Avery in California . Mr. Meehan is Maxwell 's reading skills tutor . Mrs. Donelli is Maxwell 's new English teacher . Mrs. Addison is the schools principal . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Peter Chelsom , The Mighty , Chaos Productions , 1998 . Jump up ^ Rodman Philbrick ( 1 March 2013 ) . Freak The Mighty . Scholastic Inc . pp. 147 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 545 - 60027 - 9 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freak_the_Mighty&oldid=865590482 '' Categories : 1993 novels Novels by Rodman Philbrick American young adult novels Books about friendship Novels set in New Hampshire Hidden categories : Articles lacking reliable references from November 2015 All articles lacking reliable references Articles needing additional references from November 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Scots Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2018 , at 21 : 33 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freak%20the%20Mighty	3,174
how many cells does the immune system have			Immune system	immune system		A biological system that protects an organism against disease A scanning electron microscope image of a single neutrophil ( yellow ) , engulfing anthrax bacteria ( orange ) The immune system is a host defense system comprising many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease . To function properly , an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents , known as pathogens , from viruses to parasitic worms , and distinguish them from the organism 's own healthy tissue . In many species , the immune system can be classified into subsystems , such as the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system , or humoral immunity versus cell - mediated immunity . In humans , the blood -- brain barrier , blood -- cerebrospinal fluid barrier , and similar fluid -- brain barriers separate the peripheral immune system from the neuroimmune system , which protects the brain . Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt , and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system ; however , multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to recognize and neutralize pathogens . Even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system in the form of enzymes that protect against bacteriophage infections . Other basic immune mechanisms evolved in ancient eukaryotes and remain in their modern descendants , such as plants and invertebrates . These mechanisms include phagocytosis , antimicrobial peptides called defensins , and the complement system . Jawed vertebrates , including humans , have even more sophisticated defense mechanisms , including the ability to adapt over time to recognize specific pathogens more efficiently . Adaptive ( or acquired ) immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen , leading to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that same pathogen . This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination . Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases , inflammatory diseases and cancer . Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal , resulting in recurring and life - threatening infections . In humans , immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency , acquired conditions such as HIV / AIDS , or the use of immunosuppressive medication . In contrast , autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms . Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto 's thyroiditis , rheumatoid arthritis , diabetes mellitus type 1 , and systemic lupus erythematosus . Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system . Contents 1 History of immunology 2 Layered defense 3 Innate immune system 3.1 Surface barriers 3.2 Inflammation 3.3 Complement system 3.4 Cellular barriers 3.5 Natural killer cells 4 Adaptive immune system 4.1 Lymphocytes 4.1. 1 Killer T cells 4.1. 2 Helper T cells 4.1. 3 Gamma delta T cells 4.1. 4 B lymphocytes and antibodies 4.1. 5 Alternative adaptive immune system 4.2 Immunological memory 4.2. 1 Passive memory 4.2. 2 Active memory and immunization 5 Disorders of human immunity 5.1 Immunodeficiencies 5.2 Autoimmunity 5.3 Hypersensitivity 5.4 Idiopatic inflammation 6 Other mechanisms and evolution 7 Tumor immunology 8 Physiological regulation 8.1 Hormones 8.2 Vitamin D 8.3 Sleep and rest 8.4 Nutrition and diet 8.5 Repair and regeneration 9 Manipulation in medicine 9.1 Immunosuppression 9.2 Immunostimulation 10 Theoretical approaches to the immune system 11 Predicting immunogenicity 12 Manipulation by pathogens 13 See also 14 References 15 External links History of Immunology. ( edit ) Further information : History of immunology Immunology is a science that examines the structure and function of the immune system . It originates from medicine and early studies on the causes of immunity to disease . The earliest known reference to immunity was during the plague of Athens in 430 BC . Thucydides noted that people who had recovered from a previous bout of the disease could nurse the sick without contracting the illness a second time . In the 18th century , Pierre - Louis Moreau de Maupertuis made experiments with scorpion venom and observed that certain dogs and mice were immune to this venom . This and other observations of acquired immunity were later exploited by Louis Pasteur in his development of vaccination and his proposed germ theory of disease . Pasteur 's theory was in direct opposition to contemporary theories of disease , such as the miasma theory . It was not until Robert Koch 's 1891 proofs , for which he was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1905 , that microorganisms were confirmed as the cause of infectious disease . Viruses were confirmed as human pathogens in 1901 , with the discovery of the yellow fever virus by Walter Reed . Immunology made a great advance towards the end of the 19th century , through rapid developments , in the study of humoral immunity and cellular immunity . Particularly important was the work of Paul Ehrlich , who proposed the side - chain theory to explain the specificity of the antigen - antibody reaction ; his contributions to the understanding of humoral immunity were recognized by the award of a Nobel Prize in 1908 , which was jointly awarded to the founder of cellular immunology , Elie Metchnikoff . Layered defense ( edit ) The immune system protects organisms from infection with layered defenses of increasing specificity . In simple terms , physical barriers prevent pathogens such as bacteria and viruses from entering the organism . If a pathogen breaches these barriers , the innate immune system provides an immediate , but non-specific response . Innate immune systems are found in all plants and animals . If pathogens successfully evade the innate response , vertebrates possess a second layer of protection , the adaptive immune system , which is activated by the innate response . Here , the immune system adapts its response during an infection to improve its recognition of the pathogen . This improved response is then retained after the pathogen has been eliminated , in the form of an immunological memory , and allows the adaptive immune system to mount faster and stronger attacks each time this pathogen is encountered . Components of the immune system Innate immune system Adaptive immune system Response is non-specific Pathogen and antigen specific response Exposure leads to immediate maximal response Lag time between exposure and maximal response Cell - mediated and humoral components Cell - mediated and humoral components No immunological memory Exposure leads to immunological memory Found in nearly all forms of life Found only in jawed vertebrates Both innate and adaptive immunity depend on the ability of the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self molecules . In immunology , self molecules are those components of an organism 's body that can be distinguished from foreign substances by the immune system . Conversely , non-self molecules are those recognized as foreign molecules . One class of non-self molecules are called antigens ( short for antibody generators ) and are defined as substances that bind to specific immune receptors and elicit an immune response . Innate immune system ( edit ) Further information : Innate immune system Microorganisms or toxins that successfully enter an organism encounter the cells and mechanisms of the innate immune system . The innate response is usually triggered when microbes are identified by pattern recognition receptors , which recognize components that are conserved among broad groups of microorganisms , or when damaged , injured or stressed cells send out alarm signals , many of which ( but not all ) are recognized by the same receptors as those that recognize pathogens . Innate immune defenses are non-specific , meaning these systems respond to pathogens in a generic way . This system does not confer long - lasting immunity against a pathogen . The innate immune system is the dominant system of host defense in most organisms . Surface barriers ( edit ) Several barriers protect organisms from infection , including mechanical , chemical , and biological barriers . The waxy cuticle of most leaves , the exoskeleton of insects , the shells and membranes of externally deposited eggs , and skin are examples of mechanical barriers that are the first line of defense against infection . However , as organisms can not be completely sealed from their environments , other systems act to protect body openings such as the lungs , intestines , and the genitourinary tract . In the lungs , coughing and sneezing mechanically eject pathogens and other irritants from the respiratory tract . The flushing action of tears and urine also mechanically expels pathogens , while mucus secreted by the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract serves to trap and entangle microorganisms . Chemical barriers also protect against infection . The skin and respiratory tract secrete antimicrobial peptides such as the β - defensins . Enzymes such as lysozyme and phospholipase A2 in saliva , tears , and breast milk are also antibacterials . Vaginal secretions serve as a chemical barrier following menarche , when they become slightly acidic , while semen contains defensins and zinc to kill pathogens . In the stomach , gastric acid and proteases serve as powerful chemical defenses against ingested pathogens . Within the genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts , commensal flora serve as biological barriers by competing with pathogenic bacteria for food and space and , in some cases , by changing the conditions in their environment , such as pH or available iron . As a result of the symbiotic relationship between commensals and the immune system , the probability that pathogens will reach sufficient numbers to cause illness is reduced . However , since most antibiotics non-specifically target bacteria and do not affect fungi , oral antibiotics can lead to an `` overgrowth '' of fungi and cause conditions such as a vaginal candidiasis ( a yeast infection ) . There is good evidence that re-introduction of probiotic flora , such as pure cultures of the lactobacilli normally found in unpasteurized yogurt , helps restore a healthy balance of microbial populations in intestinal infections in children and encouraging preliminary data in studies on bacterial gastroenteritis , inflammatory bowel diseases , urinary tract infection and post-surgical infections . Inflammation ( edit ) Further information : Inflammation Inflammation is one of the first responses of the immune system to infection . The symptoms of inflammation are redness , swelling , heat , and pain , which are caused by increased blood flow into tissue . Inflammation is produced by eicosanoids and cytokines , which are released by injured or infected cells . Eicosanoids include prostaglandins that produce fever and the dilation of blood vessels associated with inflammation , and leukotrienes that attract certain white blood cells ( leukocytes ) . Common cytokines include interleukins that are responsible for communication between white blood cells ; chemokines that promote chemotaxis ; and interferons that have anti-viral effects , such as shutting down protein synthesis in the host cell . Growth factors and cytotoxic factors may also be released . These cytokines and other chemicals recruit immune cells to the site of infection and promote healing of any damaged tissue following the removal of pathogens . Complement system ( edit ) Further information : Complement system The complement system is a biochemical cascade that attacks the surfaces of foreign cells . It contains over 20 different proteins and is named for its ability to `` complement '' the killing of pathogens by antibodies . Complement is the major humoral component of the innate immune response . Many species have complement systems , including non-mammals like plants , fish , and some invertebrates . In humans , this response is activated by complement binding to antibodies that have attached to these microbes or the binding of complement proteins to carbohydrates on the surfaces of microbes . This recognition signal triggers a rapid killing response . The speed of the response is a result of signal amplification that occurs after sequential proteolytic activation of complement molecules , which are also proteases . After complement proteins initially bind to the microbe , they activate their protease activity , which in turn activates other complement proteases , and so on . This produces a catalytic cascade that amplifies the initial signal by controlled positive feedback . The cascade results in the production of peptides that attract immune cells , increase vascular permeability , and opsonize ( coat ) the surface of a pathogen , marking it for destruction . This deposition of complement can also kill cells directly by disrupting their plasma membrane . Cellular barriers ( edit ) A scanning electron microscope image of normal circulating human blood . One can see red blood cells , several knobby white blood cells including lymphocytes , a monocyte , a neutrophil , and many small disc - shaped platelets . Leukocytes ( white blood cells ) act like independent , single - celled organisms and are the second arm of the innate immune system . The innate leukocytes include the phagocytes ( macrophages , neutrophils , and dendritic cells ) , innate lymphoid cells , mast cells , eosinophils , basophils , and natural killer cells . These cells identify and eliminate pathogens , either by attacking larger pathogens through contact or by engulfing and then killing microorganisms . Innate cells are also important mediators in lymphoid organ development and the activation of the adaptive immune system . Phagocytosis is an important feature of cellular innate immunity performed by cells called phagocytes that engulf , or eat , pathogens or particles . Phagocytes generally patrol the body searching for pathogens , but can be called to specific locations by cytokines . Once a pathogen has been engulfed by a phagocyte , it becomes trapped in an intracellular vesicle called a phagosome , which subsequently fuses with another vesicle called a lysosome to form a phagolysosome . The pathogen is killed by the activity of digestive enzymes or following a respiratory burst that releases free radicals into the phagolysosome . Phagocytosis evolved as a means of acquiring nutrients , but this role was extended in phagocytes to include engulfment of pathogens as a defense mechanism . Phagocytosis probably represents the oldest form of host defense , as phagocytes have been identified in both vertebrate and invertebrate animals . Neutrophils and macrophages are phagocytes that travel throughout the body in pursuit of invading pathogens . Neutrophils are normally found in the bloodstream and are the most abundant type of phagocyte , normally representing 50 % to 60 % of the total circulating leukocytes , and consisting of neutrophil - killer and neutrophil - cager subpopulations . During the acute phase of inflammation , particularly as a result of bacterial infection , neutrophils migrate toward the site of inflammation in a process called chemotaxis , and are usually the first cells to arrive at the scene of infection . Macrophages are versatile cells that reside within tissues and produce a wide array of chemicals including enzymes , complement proteins , and cytokines , while they can also act as scavengers that rid the body of worn - out cells and other debris , and as antigen - presenting cells that activate the adaptive immune system . Dendritic cells ( DC ) are phagocytes in tissues that are in contact with the external environment ; therefore , they are located mainly in the skin , nose , lungs , stomach , and intestines . They are named for their resemblance to neuronal dendrites , as both have many spine - like projections , but dendritic cells are in no way connected to the nervous system . Dendritic cells serve as a link between the bodily tissues and the innate and adaptive immune systems , as they present antigens to T cells , one of the key cell types of the adaptive immune system . Mast cells reside in connective tissues and mucous membranes , and regulate the inflammatory response . They are most often associated with allergy and anaphylaxis . Basophils and eosinophils are related to neutrophils . They secrete chemical mediators that are involved in defending against parasites and play a role in allergic reactions , such as asthma . Natural killer ( NK cells ) cells are leukocytes that attack and destroy tumor cells , or cells that have been infected by viruses . Natural killer cells ( edit ) Main article : Natural killer cell Natural killer cells , or NK cells , are lymphocytes and a component of the innate immune system which does not directly attack invading microbes . Rather , NK cells destroy compromised host cells , such as tumor cells or virus - infected cells , recognizing such cells by a condition known as `` missing self . '' This term describes cells with low levels of a cell - surface marker called MHC I ( major histocompatibility complex ) -- a situation that can arise in viral infections of host cells . They were named `` natural killer '' because of the initial notion that they do not require activation in order to kill cells that are `` missing self . '' For many years it was unclear how NK cells recognize tumor cells and infected cells . It is now known that the MHC makeup on the surface of those cells is altered and the NK cells become activated through recognition of `` missing self '' . Normal body cells are not recognized and attacked by NK cells because they express intact self MHC antigens . Those MHC antigens are recognized by killer cell immunoglobulin receptors ( KIR ) which essentially put the brakes on NK cells . Adaptive immune system ( edit ) Further information : Adaptive immune system The adaptive immune system evolved in early vertebrates and allows for a stronger immune response as well as immunological memory , where each pathogen is `` remembered '' by a signature antigen . The adaptive immune response is antigen - specific and requires the recognition of specific `` non-self '' antigens during a process called antigen presentation . Antigen specificity allows for the generation of responses that are tailored to specific pathogens or pathogen - infected cells . The ability to mount these tailored responses is maintained in the body by `` memory cells '' . Should a pathogen infect the body more than once , these specific memory cells are used to quickly eliminate it . Lymphocytes ( edit ) The cells of the adaptive immune system are special types of leukocytes , called lymphocytes . B cells and T cells are the major types of lymphocytes and are derived from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow . B cells are involved in the humoral immune response , whereas T cells are involved in cell - mediated immune response . Both B cells and T cells carry receptor molecules that recognize specific targets . T cells recognize a `` non-self '' target , such as a pathogen , only after antigens ( small fragments of the pathogen ) have been processed and presented in combination with a `` self '' receptor called a major histocompatibility complex ( MHC ) molecule . There are two major subtypes of T cells : the killer T cell and the helper T cell . In addition there are regulatory T cells which have a role in modulating immune response . Killer T cells only recognize antigens coupled to Class I MHC molecules , while helper T cells and regulatory T cells only recognize antigens coupled to Class II MHC molecules . These two mechanisms of antigen presentation reflect the different roles of the two types of T cell . A third , minor subtype are the γδ T cells that recognize intact antigens that are not bound to MHC receptors . The double - positive T cells are exposed to a wide variety of self - antigens in the thymus , in which iodine is necessary for its thymus development and activity . In contrast , the B cell antigen - specific receptor is an antibody molecule on the B cell surface , and recognizes whole pathogens without any need for antigen processing . Each lineage of B cell expresses a different antibody , so the complete set of B cell antigen receptors represent all the antibodies that the body can manufacture . Killer T cells ( edit ) Killer T cells are a sub-group of T cells that kill cells that are infected with viruses ( and other pathogens ) , or are otherwise damaged or dysfunctional . As with B cells , each type of T cell recognizes a different antigen . Killer T cells are activated when their T - cell receptor ( TCR ) binds to this specific antigen in a complex with the MHC Class I receptor of another cell . Recognition of this MHC : antigen complex is aided by a co-receptor on the T cell , called CD8 . The T cell then travels throughout the body in search of cells where the MHC I receptors bear this antigen . When an activated T cell contacts such cells , it releases cytotoxins , such as perforin , which form pores in the target cell 's plasma membrane , allowing ions , water and toxins to enter . The entry of another toxin called granulysin ( a protease ) induces the target cell to undergo apoptosis . T cell killing of host cells is particularly important in preventing the replication of viruses . T cell activation is tightly controlled and generally requires a very strong MHC / antigen activation signal , or additional activation signals provided by `` helper '' T cells ( see below ) . Helper T cells ( edit ) Function of T helper cells : Antigen - presenting cells ( APCs ) present antigen on their Class II MHC molecules ( MHC2 ) . Helper T cells recognize these , with the help of their expression of CD4 co-receptor ( CD4+ ) . The activation of a resting helper T cell causes it to release cytokines and other stimulatory signals ( green arrows ) that stimulate the activity of macrophages , killer T cells and B cells , the latter producing antibodies . The stimulation of B cells and macrophages succeeds a proliferation of T helper cells . Helper T cells regulate both the innate and adaptive immune responses and help determine which immune responses the body makes to a particular pathogen . These cells have no cytotoxic activity and do not kill infected cells or clear pathogens directly . They instead control the immune response by directing other cells to perform these tasks . Helper T cells express T cell receptors ( TCR ) that recognize antigen bound to Class II MHC molecules . The MHC : antigen complex is also recognized by the helper cell 's CD4 co-receptor , which recruits molecules inside the T cell ( e.g. , Lck ) that are responsible for the T cell 's activation . Helper T cells have a weaker association with the MHC : antigen complex than observed for killer T cells , meaning many receptors ( around 200 -- 300 ) on the helper T cell must be bound by an MHC : antigen in order to activate the helper cell , while killer T cells can be activated by engagement of a single MHC : antigen molecule . Helper T cell activation also requires longer duration of engagement with an antigen - presenting cell . The activation of a resting helper T cell causes it to release cytokines that influence the activity of many cell types . Cytokine signals produced by helper T cells enhance the microbicidal function of macrophages and the activity of killer T cells . In addition , helper T cell activation causes an upregulation of molecules expressed on the T cell 's surface , such as CD40 ligand ( also called CD154 ) , which provide extra stimulatory signals typically required to activate antibody - producing B cells . Gamma delta T cells ( edit ) Gamma delta T cells ( γδ T cells ) possess an alternative T - cell receptor ( TCR ) as opposed to CD4+ and CD8+ ( αβ ) T cells and share the characteristics of helper T cells , cytotoxic T cells and NK cells . The conditions that produce responses from γδ T cells are not fully understood . Like other ' unconventional ' T cell subsets bearing invariant TCRs , such as CD1d - restricted Natural Killer T cells , γδ T cells straddle the border between innate and adaptive immunity . On one hand , γδ T cells are a component of adaptive immunity as they rearrange TCR genes to produce receptor diversity and can also develop a memory phenotype . On the other hand , the various subsets are also part of the innate immune system , as restricted TCR or NK receptors may be used as pattern recognition receptors . For example , large numbers of human Vγ9 / Vδ2 T cells respond within hours to common molecules produced by microbes , and highly restricted Vδ1+ T cells in epithelia respond to stressed epithelial cells . An antibody is made up of two heavy chains and two light chains . The unique variable region allows an antibody to recognize its matching antigen . B lymphocytes and antibodies ( edit ) A B cell identifies pathogens when antibodies on its surface bind to a specific foreign antigen . This antigen / antibody complex is taken up by the B cell and processed by proteolysis into peptides . The B cell then displays these antigenic peptides on its surface MHC class II molecules . This combination of MHC and antigen attracts a matching helper T cell , which releases lymphokines and activates the B cell . As the activated B cell then begins to divide , its offspring ( plasma cells ) secrete millions of copies of the antibody that recognizes this antigen . These antibodies circulate in blood plasma and lymph , bind to pathogens expressing the antigen and mark them for destruction by complement activation or for uptake and destruction by phagocytes . Antibodies can also neutralize challenges directly , by binding to bacterial toxins or by interfering with the receptors that viruses and bacteria use to infect cells . Alternative adaptive immune system ( edit ) Evolution of the adaptive immune system occurred in an ancestor of the jawed vertebrates . Many of the classical molecules of the adaptive immune system ( e.g. , immunoglobulins and T - cell receptors ) exist only in jawed vertebrates . However , a distinct lymphocyte - derived molecule has been discovered in primitive jawless vertebrates , such as the lamprey and hagfish . These animals possess a large array of molecules called Variable lymphocyte receptors ( VLRs ) that , like the antigen receptors of jawed vertebrates , are produced from only a small number ( one or two ) of genes . These molecules are believed to bind pathogenic antigens in a similar way to antibodies , and with the same degree of specificity . Immunological memory ( edit ) Further information : Immunity ( medical ) When B cells and T cells are activated and begin to replicate , some of their offspring become long - lived memory cells . Throughout the lifetime of an animal , these memory cells remember each specific pathogen encountered and can mount a strong response if the pathogen is detected again . This is `` adaptive '' because it occurs during the lifetime of an individual as an adaptation to infection with that pathogen and prepares the immune system for future challenges . Immunological memory can be in the form of either passive short - term memory or active long - term memory . Passive memory ( edit ) Newborn infants have no prior exposure to microbes and are particularly vulnerable to infection . Several layers of passive protection are provided by the mother . During pregnancy , a particular type of antibody , called IgG , is transported from mother to baby directly through the placenta , so human babies have high levels of antibodies even at birth , with the same range of antigen specificities as their mother . Breast milk or colostrum also contains antibodies that are transferred to the gut of the infant and protect against bacterial infections until the newborn can synthesize its own antibodies . This is passive immunity because the fetus does not actually make any memory cells or antibodies -- it only borrows them . This passive immunity is usually short - term , lasting from a few days up to several months . In medicine , protective passive immunity can also be transferred artificially from one individual to another via antibody - rich serum . The time - course of an immune response begins with the initial pathogen encounter , ( or initial vaccination ) and leads to the formation and maintenance of active immunological memory . Active memory and immunization ( edit ) Long - term active memory is acquired following infection by activation of B and T cells . Active immunity can also be generated artificially , through vaccination . The principle behind vaccination ( also called immunization ) is to introduce an antigen from a pathogen in order to stimulate the immune system and develop specific immunity against that particular pathogen without causing disease associated with that organism . This deliberate induction of an immune response is successful because it exploits the natural specificity of the immune system , as well as its inducibility . With infectious disease remaining one of the leading causes of death in the human population , vaccination represents the most effective manipulation of the immune system mankind has developed . Most viral vaccines are based on live attenuated viruses , while many bacterial vaccines are based on acellular components of micro-organisms , including harmless toxin components . Since many antigens derived from acellular vaccines do not strongly induce the adaptive response , most bacterial vaccines are provided with additional adjuvants that activate the antigen - presenting cells of the innate immune system and maximize immunogenicity . Disorders of human immunity ( edit ) The immune system is a remarkably effective structure that incorporates specificity , inducibility and adaptation . Failures of host defense do occur , however , and fall into three broad categories : immunodeficiencies , autoimmunity , and hypersensitivities . Immunodeficiencies ( edit ) Further information : Immunodeficiency Immunodeficiencies occur when one or more of the components of the immune system are inactive . The ability of the immune system to respond to pathogens is diminished in both the young and the elderly , with immune responses beginning to decline at around 50 years of age due to immunosenescence . In developed countries , obesity , alcoholism , and drug use are common causes of poor immune function . However , malnutrition is the most common cause of immunodeficiency in developing countries . Diets lacking sufficient protein are associated with impaired cell - mediated immunity , complement activity , phagocyte function , IgA antibody concentrations , and cytokine production . Additionally , the loss of the thymus at an early age through genetic mutation or surgical removal results in severe immunodeficiency and a high susceptibility to infection . Immunodeficiencies can also be inherited or ' acquired ' . Chronic granulomatous disease , where phagocytes have a reduced ability to destroy pathogens , is an example of an inherited , or congenital , immunodeficiency . AIDS and some types of cancer cause acquired immunodeficiency . Autoimmunity ( edit ) Further information : Autoimmunity Overactive immune responses comprise the other end of immune dysfunction , particularly the autoimmune disorders . Here , the immune system fails to properly distinguish between self and non-self , and attacks part of the body . Under normal circumstances , many T cells and antibodies react with `` self '' peptides . One of the functions of specialized cells ( located in the thymus and bone marrow ) is to present young lymphocytes with self antigens produced throughout the body and to eliminate those cells that recognize self - antigens , preventing autoimmunity . Hypersensitivity ( edit ) Further information : Hypersensitivity Hypersensitivity is an immune response that damages the body 's own tissues . They are divided into four classes ( Type I -- IV ) based on the mechanisms involved and the time course of the hypersensitive reaction . Type I hypersensitivity is an immediate or anaphylactic reaction , often associated with allergy . Symptoms can range from mild discomfort to death . Type I hypersensitivity is mediated by IgE , which triggers degranulation of mast cells and basophils when cross-linked by antigen . Type II hypersensitivity occurs when antibodies bind to antigens on the patient 's own cells , marking them for destruction . This is also called antibody - dependent ( or cytotoxic ) hypersensitivity , and is mediated by IgG and IgM antibodies . Immune complexes ( aggregations of antigens , complement proteins , and IgG and IgM antibodies ) deposited in various tissues trigger Type III hypersensitivity reactions . Type IV hypersensitivity ( also known as cell - mediated or delayed type hypersensitivity ) usually takes between two and three days to develop . Type IV reactions are involved in many autoimmune and infectious diseases , but may also involve contact dermatitis ( poison ivy ) . These reactions are mediated by T cells , monocytes , and macrophages . Idiopatic inflammation ( edit ) Further information : Immune - mediated inflammatory diseases Inflammation is one of the first responses of the immune system to infection , but it can appear without known cause . Inflammation is produced by eicosanoids and cytokines , which are released by injured or infected cells . Eicosanoids include prostaglandins that produce fever and the dilation of blood vessels associated with inflammation , and leukotrienes that attract certain white blood cells ( leukocytes ) . Common cytokines include interleukins that are responsible for communication between white blood cells ; chemokines that promote chemotaxis ; and interferons that have anti-viral effects , such as shutting down protein synthesis in the host cell . Growth factors and cytotoxic factors may also be released . These cytokines and other chemicals recruit immune cells to the site of infection and promote healing of any damaged tissue following the removal of pathogens . Other mechanisms and evolution ( edit ) Further information : Innate immune system § Other forms of innate immunity It is likely that a multicomponent , adaptive immune system arose with the first vertebrates , as invertebrates do not generate lymphocytes or an antibody - based humoral response . Many species , however , utilize mechanisms that appear to be precursors of these aspects of vertebrate immunity . Immune systems appear even in the structurally most simple forms of life , with bacteria using a unique defense mechanism , called the restriction modification system to protect themselves from viral pathogens , called bacteriophages . Prokaryotes also possess acquired immunity , through a system that uses CRISPR sequences to retain fragments of the genomes of phage that they have come into contact with in the past , which allows them to block virus replication through a form of RNA interference . Prokaryotes also possess other defense mechanisms . Offensive elements of the immune systems are also present in unicellular eukaryotes , but studies of their roles in defense are few . Pattern recognition receptors are proteins used by nearly all organisms to identify molecules associated with pathogens . Antimicrobial peptides called defensins are an evolutionarily conserved component of the innate immune response found in all animals and plants , and represent the main form of invertebrate systemic immunity . The complement system and phagocytic cells are also used by most forms of invertebrate life . Ribonucleases and the RNA interference pathway are conserved across all eukaryotes , and are thought to play a role in the immune response to viruses . Unlike animals , plants lack phagocytic cells , but many plant immune responses involve systemic chemical signals that are sent through a plant . Individual plant cells respond to molecules associated with pathogens known as Pathogen - associated molecular patterns or PAMPs . When a part of a plant becomes infected , the plant produces a localized hypersensitive response , whereby cells at the site of infection undergo rapid apoptosis to prevent the spread of the disease to other parts of the plant . Systemic acquired resistance ( SAR ) is a type of defensive response used by plants that renders the entire plant resistant to a particular infectious agent . RNA silencing mechanisms are particularly important in this systemic response as they can block virus replication . Tumor Immunology. ( edit ) Further information : Cancer immunology Macrophages have identified a cancer cell ( the large , spiky mass ) . Upon fusing with the cancer cell , the macrophages ( smaller white cells ) inject toxins that kill the tumor cell . Immunotherapy for the treatment of cancer is an active area of medical research . Another important role of the immune system is to identify and eliminate tumors . This is called immune surveillance . The transformed cells of tumors express antigens that are not found on normal cells . To the immune system , these antigens appear foreign , and their presence causes immune cells to attack the transformed tumor cells . The antigens expressed by tumors have several sources ; some are derived from oncogenic viruses like human papillomavirus , which causes cervical cancer , while others are the organism 's own proteins that occur at low levels in normal cells but reach high levels in tumor cells . One example is an enzyme called tyrosinase that , when expressed at high levels , transforms certain skin cells ( e.g. melanocytes ) into tumors called melanomas . A third possible source of tumor antigens are proteins normally important for regulating cell growth and survival , that commonly mutate into cancer inducing molecules called oncogenes . The main response of the immune system to tumors is to destroy the abnormal cells using killer T cells , sometimes with the assistance of helper T cells . Tumor antigens are presented on MHC class I molecules in a similar way to viral antigens . This allows killer T cells to recognize the tumor cell as abnormal . NK cells also kill tumorous cells in a similar way , especially if the tumor cells have fewer MHC class I molecules on their surface than normal ; this is a common phenomenon with tumors . Sometimes antibodies are generated against tumor cells allowing for their destruction by the complement system . Clearly , some tumors evade the immune system and go on to become cancers . Tumor cells often have a reduced number of MHC class I molecules on their surface , thus avoiding detection by killer T cells . Some tumor cells also release products that inhibit the immune response ; for example by secreting the cytokine TGF - β , which suppresses the activity of macrophages and lymphocytes . In addition , immunological tolerance may develop against tumor antigens , so the immune system no longer attacks the tumor cells . Paradoxically , macrophages can promote tumor growth when tumor cells send out cytokines that attract macrophages , which then generate cytokines and growth factors such as tumor - necrosis factor alpha that nurture tumor development or promote stem - cell - like plasticity . In addition , a combination of hypoxia in the tumor and a cytokine produced by macrophages induces tumor cells to decrease production of a protein that blocks metastasis and thereby assists spread of cancer cells . Physiological regulation ( edit ) The immune system is involved in many aspects of physiological regulation in the body . The immune system interacts intimately with other systems , such as the endocrine and the nervous systems . The immune system also plays a crucial role in embryogenesis ( development of the embryo ) , as well as in tissue repair and regeneration . Hormones ( edit ) Hormones can act as immunomodulators , altering the sensitivity of the immune system . For example , female sex hormones are known immunostimulators of both adaptive and innate immune responses . Some autoimmune diseases such as lupus erythematosus strike women preferentially , and their onset often coincides with puberty . By contrast , male sex hormones such as testosterone seem to be immunosuppressive . Other hormones appear to regulate the immune system as well , most notably prolactin , growth hormone and vitamin D . Vitamin D ( edit ) When a T - cell encounters a foreign pathogen , it extends a vitamin D receptor . This is essentially a signaling device that allows the T - cell to bind to the active form of vitamin D , the steroid hormone calcitriol . T - cells have a symbiotic relationship with vitamin D. Not only does the T - cell extend a vitamin D receptor , in essence asking to bind to the steroid hormone version of vitamin D , calcitriol , but the T - cell expresses the gene CYP27B1 , which is the gene responsible for converting the pre-hormone version of vitamin D , calcidiol into the steroid hormone version , calcitriol . Only after binding to calcitriol can T - cells perform their intended function . Other immune system cells that are known to express CYP27B1 and thus activate vitamin D calcidiol , are dendritic cells , keratinocytes and macrophages . It is conjectured that a progressive decline in hormone levels with age is partially responsible for weakened immune responses in aging individuals . Conversely , some hormones are regulated by the immune system , notably thyroid hormone activity . The age - related decline in immune function is also related to decreasing vitamin D levels in the elderly . As people age , two things happen that negatively affect their vitamin D levels . First , they stay indoors more due to decreased activity levels . This means that they get less sun and therefore produce less cholecalciferol via UVB radiation . Second , as a person ages the skin becomes less adept at producing vitamin D . Sleep and rest ( edit ) The immune system is affected by sleep and rest , and sleep deprivation is detrimental to immune function . Complex feedback loops involving cytokines , such as interleukin - 1 and tumor necrosis factor - α produced in response to infection , appear to also play a role in the regulation of non-rapid eye movement ( REM ) sleep . Thus the immune response to infection may result in changes to the sleep cycle , including an increase in slow - wave sleep relative to REM sleep . When suffering from sleep deprivation , active immunizations may have a diminished effect and may result in lower antibody production , and a lower immune response , than would be noted in a well - rested individual . Additionally , proteins such as NFIL3 , which have been shown to be closely intertwined with both T - cell differentiation and our circadian rhythms , can be affected through the disturbance of natural light and dark cycles through instances of sleep deprivation , shift work , etc . As a result , these disruptions can lead to an increase in chronic conditions such as heart disease , chronic pain , and asthma . In addition to the negative consequences of sleep deprivation , sleep and the intertwined circadian system have been shown to have strong regulatory effects on immunological functions affecting both the innate and the adaptive immunity . First , during the early slow - wave - sleep stage , a sudden drop in blood levels of cortisol , epinephrine , and norepinephrine induce increased blood levels of the hormones leptin , pituitary growth hormone , and prolactin . These signals induce a pro-inflammatory state through the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin - 1 , interleukin - 12 , TNF - alpha and IFN - gamma . These cytokines then stimulate immune functions such as immune cells activation , proliferation , and differentiation . It is during this time that undifferentiated , or less differentiated , like naïve and central memory T cells , peak ( i.e. during a time of a slowly evolving adaptive immune response ) . In addition to these effects , the milieu of hormones produced at this time ( leptin , pituitary growth hormone , and prolactin ) support the interactions between APCs and T - cells , a shift of the T 1 / T 2 cytokine balance towards one that supports T 1 , an increase in overall T cell proliferation , and naïve T cell migration to lymph nodes . This milieu is also thought to support the formation of long - lasting immune memory through the initiation of Th1 immune responses . In contrast , during wake periods differentiated effector cells , such as cytotoxic natural killer cells and CTLs ( cytotoxic T lymphocytes ) , peak in order to elicit an effective response against any intruding pathogens . As well during awake active times , anti-inflammatory molecules , such as cortisol and catecholamines , peak . There are two theories as to why the pro-inflammatory state is reserved for sleep time . First , inflammation would cause serious cognitive and physical impairments if it were to occur during wake times . Second , inflammation may occur during sleep times due to the presence of melatonin . Inflammation causes a great deal of oxidative stress and the presence of melatonin during sleep times could actively counteract free radical production during this time . Nutrition. and diet ( edit ) Overnutrition is associated with diseases such as diabetes and obesity , which are known to affect immune function . More moderate malnutrition , as well as certain specific trace mineral and nutrient deficiencies , can also compromise the immune response . Foods rich in certain fatty acids may foster a healthy immune system . Likewise , fetal undernourishment can cause a lifelong impairment of the immune system . Repair and regeneration ( edit ) The immune system , particularly the innate component , plays a decisive role in tissue repair after an insult . Key actors include macrophages and neutrophils , but other cellular actors , including γδ T cells , innate lymphoid cells ( ILCs ) , and regulatory T cells ( Tregs ) , are also important . The plasticity of immune cells and the balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory signals are crucial aspects of efficient tissue repair . Immune components and pathways are involved in regeneration as well , for example in amphibians . According to one hypothesis , organisms that can regenerate could be less immunocompetent than organisms that can not regenerate . Manipulation in Medicine ( edit ) The immunosuppressive drug dexamethasone The immune response can be manipulated to suppress unwanted responses resulting from autoimmunity , allergy , and transplant rejection , and to stimulate protective responses against pathogens that largely elude the immune system ( see immunization ) or cancer . Immunosuppression ( edit ) Immunosuppressive drugs are used to control autoimmune disorders or inflammation when excessive tissue damage occurs , and to prevent transplant rejection after an organ transplant . Anti-inflammatory drugs are often used to control the effects of inflammation . Glucocorticoids are the most powerful of these drugs ; however , these drugs can have many undesirable side effects , such as central obesity , hyperglycemia , osteoporosis , and their use must be tightly controlled . Lower doses of anti-inflammatory drugs are often used in conjunction with cytotoxic or immunosuppressive drugs such as methotrexate or azathioprine . Cytotoxic drugs inhibit the immune response by killing dividing cells such as activated T cells . However , the killing is indiscriminate and other constantly dividing cells and their organs are affected , which causes toxic side effects . Immunosuppressive drugs such as cyclosporin prevent T cells from responding to signals correctly by inhibiting signal transduction pathways . Immunostimulation ( edit ) Main articles : Immunotherapy and Vaccination Cancer immunotherapy covers the medical ways to stimulate the immune system to attack cancer tumours . Theoretical approaches to the immune system ( edit ) Immunology is strongly experimental in everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing theoretical attitude . Many theories have been suggested in immunology from the end of the nineteenth century up to the present time . The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century saw a battle between `` cellular '' and `` humoral '' theories of immunity . According to the cellular theory of immunity , represented in particular by Elie Metchnikoff , it was cells -- more precisely , phagocytes -- that were responsible for immune responses . In contrast , the humoral theory of immunity , held , among others , by Robert Koch and Emil von Behring , stated that the active immune agents were soluble components ( molecules ) found in the organism 's `` humors '' rather than its cells . In the mid-1950s , Frank Burnet , inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne , formulated the clonal selection theory ( CST ) of immunity . On the basis of CST , Burnet developed a theory of how an immune response is triggered according to the self / nonself distinction : `` self '' constituents ( constituents of the body ) do not trigger destructive immune responses , while `` nonself '' entities ( pathogens , an allograft ) trigger a destructive immune response . The theory was later modified to reflect new discoveries regarding histocompatibility or the complex `` two - signal '' activation of T cells . The self / nonself theory of immunity and the self / nonself vocabulary have been criticized , but remain very influential . More recently , several theoretical frameworks have been suggested in immunology , including `` autopoietic '' views , `` cognitive immune '' views , the `` danger model '' ( or `` danger theory '' ) , and the `` discontinuity '' theory . The danger model , suggested by Polly Matzinger and colleagues , has been very influential , arousing many comments and discussions . Predicting immunogenicity ( edit ) Larger drugs ( > 500 Da ) can provoke a neutralizing immune response , particularly if the drugs are administered repeatedly , or in larger doses . This limits the effectiveness of drugs based on larger peptides and proteins ( which are typically larger than 6000 Da ) . In some cases , the drug itself is not immunogenic , but may be co-administered with an immunogenic compound , as is sometimes the case for Taxol . Computational methods have been developed to predict the immunogenicity of peptides and proteins , which are particularly useful in designing therapeutic antibodies , assessing likely virulence of mutations in viral coat particles , and validation of proposed peptide - based drug treatments . Early techniques relied mainly on the observation that hydrophilic amino acids are overrepresented in epitope regions than hydrophobic amino acids ; however , more recent developments rely on machine learning techniques using databases of existing known epitopes , usually on well - studied virus proteins , as a training set . A publicly accessible database has been established for the cataloguing of epitopes from pathogens known to be recognizable by B cells . The emerging field of bioinformatics - based studies of immunogenicity is referred to as immunoinformatics . Immunoproteomics is the study of large sets of proteins ( proteomics ) involved in the immune response . Manipulation by pathogens ( edit ) The success of any pathogen depends on its ability to elude host immune responses . Therefore , pathogens evolved several methods that allow them to successfully infect a host , while evading detection or destruction by the immune system . Bacteria often overcome physical barriers by secreting enzymes that digest the barrier , for example , by using a type II secretion system . Alternatively , using a type III secretion system , they may insert a hollow tube into the host cell , providing a direct route for proteins to move from the pathogen to the host . These proteins are often used to shut down host defenses . An evasion strategy used by several pathogens to avoid the innate immune system is to hide within the cells of their host ( also called intracellular pathogenesis ) . Here , a pathogen spends most of its life - cycle inside host cells , where it is shielded from direct contact with immune cells , antibodies and complement . Some examples of intracellular pathogens include viruses , the food poisoning bacterium Salmonella and the eukaryotic parasites that cause malaria ( Plasmodium falciparum ) and leishmaniasis ( Leishmania spp . ) . Other bacteria , such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis , live inside a protective capsule that prevents lysis by complement . Many pathogens secrete compounds that diminish or misdirect the host 's immune response . Some bacteria form biofilms to protect themselves from the cells and proteins of the immune system . Such biofilms are present in many successful infections , e.g. , the chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cenocepacia infections characteristic of cystic fibrosis . Other bacteria generate surface proteins that bind to antibodies , rendering them ineffective ; examples include Streptococcus ( protein G ) , Staphylococcus aureus ( protein A ) , and Peptostreptococcus magnus ( protein L ) . The mechanisms used to evade the adaptive immune system are more complicated . The simplest approach is to rapidly change non-essential epitopes ( amino acids and / or sugars ) on the surface of the pathogen , while keeping essential epitopes concealed . This is called antigenic variation . An example is HIV , which mutates rapidly , so the proteins on its viral envelope that are essential for entry into its host target cell are constantly changing . These frequent changes in antigens may explain the failures of vaccines directed at this virus . The parasite Trypanosoma brucei uses a similar strategy , constantly switching one type of surface protein for another , allowing it to stay one step ahead of the antibody response . Masking antigens with host molecules is another common strategy for avoiding detection by the immune system . In HIV , the envelope that covers the virion is formed from the outermost membrane of the host cell ; such `` self - cloaked '' viruses make it difficult for the immune system to identify them as `` non-self '' structures . 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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 103 ( 47 ) : 17858 -- 61 . Bibcode : 2006PNAS ... 10317858P . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0608683103 . PMC 1693837 . PMID 17101995 . Jump up ^ Pradeu T , Jaeger S , Vivier E ( Oct 2013 ) . `` The speed of change : towards a discontinuity theory of immunity ? '' . Nature Reviews . Immunology. 13 ( 10 ) : 764 -- 9 . doi : 10.1038 / nri3521 . PMID 23995627 . Jump up ^ Pradeu , Thomas ; Vivier , Eric ( 2016 - 07 - 14 ) . `` The discontinuity theory of immunity '' . Science Immunology. 1 ( 1 ) : aag0479 -- aag0479 . doi : 10.1126 / sciimmunol. aag0479 . ISSN 2470 - 9468 . PMC 5321532 . PMID 28239677 . Jump up ^ Janeway CA , Goodnow CC , Medzhitov R ( May 1996 ) . `` Danger - pathogen on the premises ! Immunological tolerance '' . Current Biology . 6 ( 5 ) : 519 -- 22 . doi : 10.1016 / S0960 - 9822 ( 02 ) 00531 - 6 . PMID 8805259 . Jump up ^ Vance RE ( 2000 ) . `` Cutting edge commentary : a Copernican revolution ? 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Journal of Molecular Recognition . 19 ( 3 ) : 200 -- 8 . doi : 10.1002 / jmr. 771 . PMID 16598694 . Jump up ^ Saha S , Bhasin M , Raghava GP ( 2005 ) . `` Bcipep : a database of B - cell epitopes '' . BMC Genomics. 6 : 79 . doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2164 - 6 - 79 . PMC 1173103 . PMID 15921533 . Jump up ^ Flower DR , Doytchinova IA ( 2002 ) . `` Immunoinformatics and the prediction of immunogenicity '' . Applied Bioinformatics. 1 ( 4 ) : 167 -- 76 . PMID 15130835 . ^ Jump up to : Finlay BB , McFadden G ( Feb 2006 ) . `` Anti-immunology : evasion of the host immune system by bacterial and viral pathogens '' . Cell. 124 ( 4 ) : 767 -- 82 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cell. 2006.01. 034 . PMID 16497587 . Jump up ^ Cianciotto NP ( Dec 2005 ) . `` Type II secretion : a protein secretion system for all seasons '' . Trends in Microbiology. 13 ( 12 ) : 581 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tim. 2005.09. 005 . PMID 16216510 . Jump up ^ Winstanley C , Hart CA ( Feb 2001 ) . `` Type III secretion systems and pathogenicity islands '' . Journal of Medical Microbiology. 50 ( 2 ) : 116 -- 26 . doi : 10.1099 / 0022 - 1317 - 50 - 2 - 116 . PMID 11211218 . Jump up ^ Finlay BB , Falkow S ( Jun 1997 ) . `` Common themes in microbial pathogenicity revisited '' . Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews . 61 ( 2 ) : 136 -- 69 . PMC 232605 . PMID 9184008 . Jump up ^ Kobayashi H ( 2005 ) . `` Airway biofilms : implications for pathogenesis and therapy of respiratory tract infections '' . Treatments in Respiratory Medicine . 4 ( 4 ) : 241 -- 53 . doi : 10.2165 / 00151829 - 200504040 - 00003 . PMID 16086598 . Jump up ^ Housden NG , Harrison S , Roberts SE , Beckingham JA , Graille M , Stura E , Gore MG ( Jun 2003 ) . `` Immunoglobulin - binding domains : Protein L from Peptostreptococcus magnus '' ( PDF ) . Biochemical Society Transactions . 31 ( Pt 3 ) : 716 -- 8 . doi : 10.1042 / BST0310716 . PMID 12773190 . Jump up ^ Burton DR , Stanfield RL , Wilson IA ( Oct 2005 ) . `` Antibody vs. HIV in a clash of evolutionary titans '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 102 ( 42 ) : 14943 -- 8 . Bibcode : 2005PNAS ... 10214943B . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0505126102 . PMC 1257708 . PMID 16219699 . Jump up ^ Taylor JE , Rudenko G ( Nov 2006 ) . `` Switching trypanosome coats : what 's in the wardrobe ? '' . Trends in Genetics . 22 ( 11 ) : 614 -- 20 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tig. 2006.08. 003 . PMID 16908087 . Jump up ^ Cantin R , Méthot S , Tremblay MJ ( Jun 2005 ) . `` Plunder and stowaways : incorporation of cellular proteins by enveloped viruses '' . Journal of Virology. 79 ( 11 ) : 6577 -- 87 . doi : 10.1128 / JVI. 79.11. 6577 - 6587.2005 . PMC 1112128 . PMID 15890896 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Immunology . Library resources about Immune system Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Immune System -- from the University of Hartford ( high school / undergraduate level ) Microbiology and Immunology On - Line Textbook -- from the University of South Carolina School of Medicine ( undergraduate level ) Immunobiology ; Fifth Edition -- Online version of the textbook by Charles Janeway ( Advanced undergraduate / graduate level ) Stanley Falkow 's talk : `` Host - Pathogen Interaction and Human Disease '' Immunology : lymphocytic adaptive immune system and complement Lymphoid Antigens Antigen Superantigen Allergen Hapten Epitope Linear Conformational Mimotope Antigen presentation / Professional APCs : Dendritic cell Macrophage B cell Immunogen Antibodies Antibody Monoclonal antibodies Polyclonal antibodies Autoantibody Microantibody Polyclonal B cell response Allotype Isotype Idiotype Immune complex Paratope Immunity vs . tolerance action : Immunity Autoimmunity Alloimmunity Allergy Hypersensitivity Inflammation Cross-reactivity inaction : Tolerance Central Peripheral Clonal anergy Clonal deletion Tolerance in pregnancy Immunodeficiency Immunogenetics Affinity maturation Somatic hypermutation Clonal selection V ( D ) J recombination Junctional diversity Immunoglobulin class switching MHC / HLA Lymphocytes Cellular T cell Humoral B cell NK cell Substances Cytokines Opsonin Cytolysin Organs of the lymphatic system Primary organs Bone marrow Hematopoietic stem cell Thymus Hassall 's corpuscles Secondary organs Spleen Structure Hilum Trabeculae Red pulp Cords of Billroth Marginal zone White pulp Periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths Germinal center Blood flow Trabecular arteries Trabecular veins Tonsils Palatine Lingual Pharyngeal Tubal Tonsillar crypts Waldeyer 's tonsillar ring Lymph nodes Lymphatic vessel T cells High endothelial venules B cells Germinal center Mantle zone Marginal zone MALT GALT Peyer 's patch Germinal center Human systems and organs Musculoskeletal Skeletal system Bone Carpus Collar bone ( clavicle ) Thigh bone ( femur ) Fibula Humerus Mandible Metacarpus Metatarsus Ossicles Patella Phalanges Radius Skull Tarsus Tibia Ulna Rib Vertebra Pelvis Sternum Cartilage Joints Fibrous joint Cartilaginous joint Synovial joint Muscular system Muscle Tendon Diaphragm Circulatory system Cardiovascular system peripheral Artery Vein Lymphatic vessel Heart Lymphatic system primary Bone marrow Thymus secondary Spleen Lymph node CNS equivalent Glymphatic system Nervous system Brain Spinal cord Nerve Sensory system Ear Eye Integumentary system Skin Subcutaneous tissue Breast Mammary gland Immune system Myeloid Myeloid immune system Lymphoid Lymphoid immune system Respiratory system Upper Nose Nasopharynx Larynx Lower Trachea Bronchus Lung Digestive system Mouth Salivary gland Tongue upper GI Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Esophagus Stomach lower GI Small intestine Appendix Colon Rectum Anus accessory Liver Biliary tract Pancreas Urinary system Genitourinary system Kidney Ureter Bladder Urethra Reproductive system Male Scrotum Penis Prostate Testicle Seminal vesicle Female Uterus Vagina Vulva Ovary Placenta Endocrine system Pituitary Pineal Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Islets of Langerhans Transmembrane receptors : immunoglobulin superfamily immune receptors Antibody receptor : Fc receptor Epsilon ( ε ) FcεRI ( FcεRII is C - type lectin ) Gamma ( γ ) FcγRI FcγRII FcγRIII Neonatal Alpha ( α ) / mu ( μ ) FcαRI Fcα / μR Secretory Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor Antigen receptor B cells Antigen receptor BCR Co-receptor stimulate : CD21 / CD19 / CD81 inhibit : CD22 Accessory molecules Ig - α / Ig - β ( CD79 ) T cells Ligands MHC MHC class I MHC class II Antigen receptor TCR : TRA @ TRB @ TRD @ TRG @ Co-receptors CD8 ( with two glycoprotein chains CD8α and CD8β ) CD4 Accessory molecules CD3 CD3γ CD3δ CD3ε ζ - chain ( also called CD3ζ and TCRζ ) Cytokine receptor see cytokine receptors Killer - cell IG - like receptors KIR2DL1 KIR2DL2 KIR2DL3 KIR2DL4 KIR2DL5A KIR2DL5B KIR2DS1 KIR2DS2 KIR2DS3 KIR2DS4 KIR2DS5 KIR3DL1 KIR3DL2 KIR3DL3 KIR3DS1 Leukocyte IG - like receptors LILRA1 LILRA2 LILRA3 LILRA4 LILRA5 LILRA6 LILRB1 LILRB2 LILRB3 LILRB4 LILRB5 LILRA6 LILRA5 Biology portal Medicine portal Molecular and cellular biology portal Viruses portal GND : 4026643 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Immune_system&oldid=854739709 '' Categories : Immune system Immunology Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - 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when does the next episode of riverdale start			Riverdale ( 2017 TV series )	riverdale ( 2017 tv series )	Riverdale is an American teen drama television series based on the characters of Archie Comics . The series was adapted for The CW by Archie Comics ' chief creative officer Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa , and is produced by Warner Bros. Television and CBS Television Studios , in association with Berlanti Productions and Archie Comics . Originally conceived as a feature film adaptation for Warner Bros. Pictures , the idea was re-imagined as a television series for Fox . In 2015 , development on the project moved to The CW , where the series was ordered for a pilot . Filming takes place in Vancouver , British Columbia .	The series features an ensemble cast based on the characters of Archie Comics , with KJ Apa in the role of Archie Andrews ; Lili Reinhart as Betty Cooper , Camila Mendes as Veronica Lodge , and Cole Sprouse as Jughead Jones , the series ' narrator . The cast also features Madelaine Petsch as Cheryl Blossom , Ashleigh Murray as Josie McCoy and Casey Cott as Kevin Keller . Other characters in the series include the parents of the main characters : Luke Perry as Fred Andrews , Mädchen Amick as Alice Cooper , Marisol Nichols and Mark Consuelos as Hermione and Hiram Lodge , and Skeet Ulrich as FP Jones . The series debuted on January 26 , 2017 to positive reviews . A 22 - episode second season premiered on October 11 , 2017 , and concluded on May 16 , 2018 . On April 2 , 2018 , The CW renewed the series for a third season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Homages to other films and TV series 5 Music 5.1 Season 1 5.2 Season 2 6 Release 6.1 Broadcast 6.2 Marketing 6.3 Comic - book adaptation 7 Reception 7.1 Critical response 7.2 Ratings 7.2. 1 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 7.2. 2 Season 2 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 7.3 Awards and nominations 8 Spin - off 9 References 10 External links Premise The series follows Archie Andrews ' life in the small town of Riverdale and explores the darkness hidden behind its seemingly perfect image . Cast and characters Main article : List of Riverdale characters KJ Apa as Archibald `` Archie '' Andrews : A high school football player who has a passion for music . He is best friends with Jughead Jones and Betty Cooper . Lili Reinhart as Elizabeth `` Betty '' Cooper : A smart girl with a longtime crush on Archie , she becomes friends with Veronica Lodge to help upend her perfect life . Camila Mendes as Veronica Lodge : A former socialite from New York who moves to Riverdale and becomes friends with Archie and Betty . Cole Sprouse as Forsythe `` Jughead '' Jones III : A philosophically inclined social outcast who is Archie 's best friend . Marisol Nichols as Hermione Lodge : Veronica 's mother , who has returned to Riverdale with her daughter following the incarceration of her husband Hiram Lodge . Madelaine Petsch as Cheryl Blossom : A wealthy , entitled , and manipulative girl who is a classmate of Archie and his friends . Ashleigh Murray as Josephine `` Josie '' McCoy : The lead singer of Josie and the Pussycats and a classmate of Archie and his friends . Mädchen Amick as Alice Cooper : Betty and Polly 's mother , who is the editor of the local paper . Luke Perry as Frederick `` Fred '' Andrews : Archie 's father , who owns a construction company . Mark Consuelos as Hiram Lodge : Veronica 's father , who was recently incarcerated for illegal activities . Consuelos joined the cast for the second season after his character was only mentioned by name in season one . Casey Cott as Kevin Keller : An openly gay high school student who is friends with Archie , Betty and Veronica and is the son of Riverdale 's sheriff . Cott was promoted to series regular in the second season . Skeet Ulrich as Forsythe `` F.P. '' Jones II : Jughead 's estranged father and the leader of the Southside Serpents , a gang of criminals that live and operate on the fringes of Riverdale . Ulrich was promoted to series regular in the second season . Episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Average viewers ( in millions inc . DVR ) 13 January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 154 1.69 22 October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) May 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 16 ) TBA TBA Season 1 ( 2017 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Chapter One : The River 's Edge '' Lee Toland Krieger Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) T15. 10136 1.38 During an eventful summer , including the supposed drowning of quarterback Jason Blossom on the Fourth of July , Archie Andrews discovers his passion for music . He soon begins his sophomore year and expresses his love for music to Betty Cooper , the sweet girl - next - door who harbors her own secret -- her feelings for Archie . Meanwhile , Veronica Lodge , the daughter of Hermione and Hiram , a millionaire facing embezzlement charges , arrives in town , instantly capturing Archie 's attention . Despite the fact that a love triangle is developing , Betty and Veronica become fast friends , united when Veronica stands up against the condescending captain of the cheerleading squad , Cheryl Blossom , who may be hiding a secret concerning her brother 's death . Archie 's former best friend , Jughead Jones , begins to write a novel retelling the events of the summer , including what happened between him and Archie . Kevin Keller and Moose Mason stumble across Jason 's body , which has a gunshot wound to the head , by the lake . `` Chapter Two : A Touch of Evil '' Lee Toland Krieger Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa February 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 02 ) T13. 20302 1.15 Veronica 's kiss with Archie strains his relationship with both girls , while Miss Grundy insists that he not reveal that the two of them heard the gunshot that may have killed Jason since it would also expose their secret affair . Kevin , disturbed by the discovery of Jason 's body , refuses to acknowledge Moose 's affections for him . Jughead , after accidentally discovering Archie and Grundy holding hands , deduces their secret and confronts Archie for refusing to go to the sheriff , Kevin 's father . Archie asks his father , Fred , for advice and decides to come clean . Cheryl strikes up a friendship with Betty , but it soon ends when it becomes clear that she blames Betty 's sister , Polly , for Jason 's death . At a pep rally in his honor , Cheryl runs away after hallucinating Jason on the field ; in the locker room , where Veronica has followed to comfort her , Cheryl admits to her that Jason was supposed to `` come back . '' Against the wishes of her mother , Alice , Betty renews her friendship with both Archie and Veronica , while Archie also reconciles with Jughead . The next day , during science class , Cheryl is arrested due to evidence from Jason 's autopsy , which revealed that he was actually murdered a week after the Fourth of July . `` Chapter Three : Body Double '' Lee Toland Krieger Yolonda E. Lawrence February 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 09 ) T13. 20303 1.20 Cheryl admits to Sheriff Keller and her parents , Clifford and Penelope , that Jason wanted to run away and she helped him fake his drowning . Betty , upset with how Alice is attacking the Blossom family in the press , restarts the school newspaper , The Blue and Gold , and sends Jughead to interview the Adventure Scouts who found Cheryl at Sweet Water River just after Jason died . Veronica is enraged to learn that Chuck Clayton , whom she had one date with , has been slut shaming her to the rest of the school and , when he refuses to stop , she , Betty , and Cheryl find evidence linking him and his friends , including Jason , to the shaming . Jughead learns from one of the Scouts that the shot heard on the Fourth of July was fired by the troop 's Scoutmaster , Dilton Doiley , during a training exercise . Betty and Veronica drug and torture Chuck until he apologizes and Jughead pressures Dilton to come clean . Fred builds a grounded Archie a studio in which to practice , Chuck is kicked off the football team , and Betty and Cheryl burn the evidence together . Dilton reveals that he saw Miss Grundy 's car by the river and Jughead realizes Archie 's secret is at risk . `` Chapter Four : The Last Picture Show '' Mark Piznarski Michael Grassi February 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 16 ) T13. 20304 1.14 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jughead despairs over the news that the local drive - in where he works is closing and compares Riverdale 's atmosphere of suspicion to that of Salem . At the diner , Betty spots Archie and Fred having dinner with Miss Grundy and she confronts him about their relationship . Under the guise of an interview , Betty questions Miss Grundy about her life , while Veronica demands answers from Hermione upon learning she was speaking to a gangbanger ; Hermione insists that nothing shady happened . Betty and Veronica meet with Archie and inform him that there is no trace of Geraldine Grundy ever existing aside from a woman who died seven years ago . They break into her car and find a gun and ID with the name `` Jennifer Gibson . '' Grundy reveals that she was in an abusive relationship and only wanted to escape . At the drive - in 's final night , Veronica spots Hermione meeting with the same man from before . Alice exposes Archie 's affair and threatens to put Grundy on trial , but agrees to stand down as long as she leaves town . Sheriff Keller finds that all of his evidence pertaining to Jason 's murder has been stolen . Jughead vandalizes the projectionist 's booth before leaving his temporary home in full view of the gang leader , who turns out to be his father . 5 5 `` Chapter Five : Heart of Darkness '' Jesse Warn Ross Maxwell February 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 23 ) T13. 20305 0.98 Angry at Cheryl for helping Jason run away , Clifford and Penelope refuse to allow her to speak at Jason 's memorial , but Cheryl does so anyway , ultimately breaking down during her speech while wearing the white dress she had on the day he left . Coach Clayton pits Archie and Reggie Mantle against each other for the coveted spot of team captain . Archie is introduced to a potential songwriting mentor , who ultimately decides not to teach him . Trev informs Betty that Jason had become much more secretive in the weeks before his death and was rumored to be selling drugs . Jughead suggests searching the Blossom family mansion for clues during the memorial dinner . He and Betty encounter Jason 's grandmother , Rose , who mistakes Betty for Polly and reveals that she and Jason were engaged . While cleaning the diner , Hermione finds a box with a snake inside it , a warning from the Serpents . Betty learns that her family has hated the Blossoms ever since their ancestor killed great - grandfather Cooper decades before . Archie is named captain , but turns it down to focus on his music . Jughead and Betty deduce that her father , Hal , is responsible for stealing the sheriff 's evidence . 6 6 `` Chapter Six : Faster , Pussycats ! Kill ! Kill ! '' Steven A. Adelson Tessa Leigh Williams & Nicholas Zwart March 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 02 ) T13. 20306 1.09 With Riverdale High 's annual variety show approaching , Valerie 's efforts to help Archie prepare for his debut performance lead to a major fallout with Josie . Meanwhile , Betty and Jughead 's investigation into Jason 's murder brings them face - to - face with Betty 's sister Polly , who is revealed to be captive at a home for troubled youth , unaware of Jason 's death and seven months pregnant . As Veronica decides to rebuild her relationship with her mother , she learns that Hermione is using her for her own purposes . At the same time , Hermione 's first day of work at Andrews Construction brings her closer to Fred . Josie deals with her own family pressures after her father visits for her performance at the variety show . Betty confronts Hal and Alice about Jason 's death to no avail , but grows closer to Jughead , eventually kissing him . After , they discover a car hidden in the woods containing drugs and Jason 's belongings . However , an unknown perpetrator torches the car and destroys all the evidence before the police arrive , around the same time that Polly escapes from the home . 7 7 `` Chapter Seven : In a Lonely Place '' Allison Anders Aaron Allen March 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 09 ) T13. 20307 1.03 Cheryl informs Sheriff Keller that Polly has escaped and the town organizes a search party to find her , which fails . As tensions continue to grow between the Blossoms and the Coopers , Betty finds her sister hiding in the attic of their house . Cheryl offers to help Betty take care of Polly . F.P. , after being offered a job by Fred , reveals that he and Fred founded Andrews Construction together , but Fred kicked him out of the business after bailing him out of jail . Fred counters that F.P. was stealing money from him while abusing drugs and alcohol and that he had no choice . Jughead is taken into custody as a suspect in Jason 's murder , but Fred provides Keller with an alibi . Cheryl suspects that her parents have bad intentions with Polly , so Polly moves in with the Lodges instead . F.P. is revealed to have Jason 's jacket in his trailer . 8 8 `` Chapter Eight : The Outsiders '' David Katzenberg Julia Cohen March 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 30 ) T13. 20308 0.99 Polly reveals to Sheriff Keller that Jason was supposed to make a drug delivery for `` some biker gang '' , implied to be the Southside Serpents , in exchange for money before both of them ran away . Veronica suggests hosting a baby shower for Polly . Fred 's workers leave because of promised work from Clifford . Archie tries to help Fred by getting some friends to work on the construction project , but Moose is attacked after witnessing someone vandalize the machinery and warned they should stop . After a confrontation with F.P. Jones in the Serpents ' bar , Archie realizes Jughead 's father is a Serpent . At the baby shower , Penelope and Alice argue over with whom Polly should live . Alice learns that Hal threatened Polly with an abortion , and when he refuses to let her come back , Alice kicks him out of the Cooper household . F.P. recruits some of his Serpents to replace Fred 's crew and informs Hermione that Hiram was behind the attack on Fred 's construction site . Polly chooses to live with the Blossoms . 9 9 `` Chapter Nine : La Grande Illusion '' Lee Rose James DeWille April 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 06 ) T13. 20309 0.91 As the Blossom family 's annual maple tree - tapping ceremony approaches , Cheryl asks Archie to be her escort . When he refuses , Penelope offers to get him into an exclusive music school as a favor . Veronica grows close to Ethel but , when Hermione reveals that her father was one of Hiram 's investors , she becomes distraught upon learning that he attempted suicide due to his financial hardship . Alice prepares to publish a full - blown exposé on the Blossoms , but Hal fires her from the paper as retaliation for being kicked out of the house . Betty gets a call from Archie , learning that Polly moved in with the Blossoms to uncover the truth about Jason 's death . She and Jughead decide to write the tell - all exposé in The Blue and Gold and ask Alice to join them . Finally realizing that the Blossoms are using him , Archie attempts to reconcile with Val , but she breaks up with him . 10 10 `` Chapter Ten : The Lost Weekend '' Dawn Wilkinson Britta Lundin & Brian E. Paterson April 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 13 ) T13. 20310 0.87 Fred leaves for Chicago to finalize his divorce , leaving Archie alone . Betty learns that Jughead 's birthday is coming up and that he has never had an actual party . She and Veronica persuade Archie to let them throw it at his house . Hiram threatens retaliation against Hermione if Veronica refuses to testify on his behalf . The Vixens elect Veronica as captain over Cheryl , who retaliates by crashing the party with Chuck and his friends . F.P. also shows up after Betty 's insistence . Jughead argues with Betty and tries to leave , but Cheryl forces him to stay for a `` game '' in which participants are forced to reveal their secrets . Jughead and Chuck get into a fight and F.P. declares the party over . He urges his son to reconcile with Betty and confronts Alice , implying she was once a member of the Serpents . Archie and Veronica comfort each other and share a kiss . Veronica agrees to testify on Hiram 's behalf . To Archie 's surprise , his father returns home with his mother , Mary . 11 11 `` Chapter Eleven : To Riverdale and Back Again '' Kevin Sullivan Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa April 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 27 ) T13. 20311 0.89 While Archie and his mother reconnect , Veronica learns that Hiram may soon be released from prison . F.P. questions the purpose of Jughead 's novel , urging him to consider moving on . To learn the truth about Hiram , Veronica decides to investigate F.P. as a possible suspect in Jason 's murder . The Blossoms , increasingly suspicious of Polly , forbid her from entering their master bedroom . Fred and Mary agree to attend homecoming together . Polly and Cheryl discover the former 's engagement ring in Penelope 's jewelry collection , which she claims is because Jason threw it away in disgust after arguing with Clifford . At a contentious dinner , Alice tries to question F.P. , but he shuts her down . Afterwards , he informs Jughead that they will be moving to Toledo to reunite with the rest of the Jones family . While Archie and Veronica perform `` Kids in America '' at homecoming , the police execute a search warrant on F.P. 's trailer , find a gun , and arrest him for murder . Jughead disappears and Archie and Veronica deduce that someone is framing F.P. for Jason 's death . 12 12 `` Chapter Twelve : Anatomy of a Murder '' Rob Seidenglanz Michael Grassi May 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 04 ) T13. 20312 0.98 Jughead calls his mother , but she refuses to let him move in with her . F.P. confesses to everything , including Jason 's murder . Betty and Alice catch Hal trying to destroy evidence and learn the family secret : the Coopers are , in fact , Blossoms by blood , making Jason and Polly 's relationship technically incest . The Coopers take Polly back to their home . Mary , posing as F.P. 's lawyer , advises Jughead to visit his father , who tells him never to come see him again . With Joaquin 's help , the group tracks down one of F.P. 's associates , but finds him dead of an apparent overdose . The police are summoned and find a bag full of money with Hermione 's initials on it . With both Hal and Hermione cleared as suspects , Jughead and Betty investigate a lead from Kevin and find Jason 's varsity jacket . Inside one of the pockets , they find a thumb drive and discover Clifford murdered Jason , which they tell Cheryl . Nevertheless , Jughead learns that his father 's other charges will not be dropped . Veronica learns that Hiram has been released and is coming to Riverdale and Mary returns to Chicago . When the police go to arrest Clifford , they discover he has hanged himself in the syrup distillery . 13 13 `` Chapter Thirteen : The Sweet Hereafter '' Lee Toland Krieger Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) T13. 20313 0.96 It is revealed that Clifford was in the drug business and Jason found out . Clifford killed Jason to stop him from exposing the family business . F.P. is cleared of all charges relating to the murder , but remains in police custody . Alice reveals to Betty that , in high school , she found out she was pregnant , but Hal sent her to the Sisters of Silent Mercy and made her give up the child , a baby boy , for adoption . Jughead is placed in the care of a foster family and transfers to Southside High . Devastated by her father 's secrets and suicide , Cheryl attempts to drown herself in Sweetwater River , but Archie , along with Veronica , Betty , and Jughead , saves her . Cheryl later burns down the Thornhill mansion , much to Penelope 's dismay . The next day , Archie meets Fred at Pop 's , where a masked gunman arrives and demands Pop turn over his money . He then tells Fred to turn over his wallet at gunpoint . When Archie tries to intervene , the gunman shoots Fred . Season 2 ( 2017 -- 18 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 14 `` Chapter Fourteen : A Kiss Before Dying '' Rob Seidenglanz Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) T13. 20801 2.34 After being shot , Fred is rushed to the hospital by Archie , who is soon joined by his friends . Sheriff Keller gains a description of the shooter from Archie and calls him in for a lineup , but none of the men in the lineup are the shooter . When Veronica searches Fred 's belongings , Archie sees that his wallet is missing . Betty and Jughead visit Pop 's to look for the wallet but find nothing ; instead , they learn from Pop that the shooter did not take any money from the register , meaning that it was actually a hit against Fred . Jughead asks the Southside Serpents to investigate the shooting , but to no avail . Veronica accuses Hermione of hiring a hitman to kill Fred , but she vehemently denies this and tensions develop between them when Veronica is not sure of her mother is telling the truth . Meanwhile , Cheryl intimidates Penelope -- who suffers severe burns due to the fire at their mansion and is hospitalized -- into lying that it was an accident . Fred survives his shooting . Hiram returns to Riverdale , further escalating the tensions in the Lodge family . In the nearby town of Greendale , Ms. Grundy is strangled to death by Fred 's shooter . 15 `` Chapter Fifteen : Nighthawks '' Allison Anders Michael Grassi October 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) T13. 20802 1.76 After learning of Ms. Grundy 's murder , an increasingly anxious Archie suspects that her death is connected with Fred 's shooting , which pushes him to get a gun from Dilton Doiley . Following the shooting , business at Pop 's Chock'lit Shoppe has declined , leading Pop to consider selling the diner , but Betty convinces Pop to let her throw a retro fun night to drum up business . Jughead learns that F.P. is facing 20 years in prison and seeks help from Penny Peabody , a Serpent lawyer , who advises Jughead to ask the Blossoms to testify on F.P. 's behalf . Cheryl initially refuses , but relents when Betty extorts her with the video of Jason 's murder . With Cheryl 's testimony , the judge decides to revisit F.P 's sentence . Hiram quietly buys the diner from Pop , but tells Veronica he made a `` charitable donation '' . In the woods , Moose Mason and Midge Klump take some jingle jangle ( a new drug to Riverdale ) , and as they do so , they are shot by Fred 's shooter . 16 `` Chapter Sixteen : The Watcher in the Woods '' Kevin Sullivan Ross Maxwell October 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) T13. 20803 1.62 Kevin , who was in the forest , hears the gunshots and rushes to find Midge crying . Moose , who shielded Midge from the gunfire , is hospitalized and survives . Following the incident , Archie founds a vigilante group called the Red Circle , to protect Riverdale High students . The Coopers receive a letter from `` the Black Hood '' , taking responsibility for the shootings and the murder of Ms. Grundy , and detailing his intentions to target sinners . Polly leaves town , fearing for her babies . Meanwhile , Jughead begins his tenure at Southside High , befriends Toni Topaz , a Serpent , and refounds the school newspaper , the Red and Black , under the advisory of English teacher Robert Philips . Kevin keeps going out late at night , which concerns Betty . Betty follows him on one of his runs , which leads to him lashing out at her . Hiram tells Archie that he should utilize the Black Hood 's main weapons for the Red Circle . Inspired by this , the Red Circle makes a video calling out the Black Hood . 17 `` Chapter Seventeen : The Town That Dreaded Sundown '' Jason Stone Amanda Lasher November 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) T13. 20804 1.51 Archie 's viral video results in negative repercussions , as Principal Waldo Weatherbee demands he disband the Red Circle . Though Archie refuses , the Red Circle disbands regardless due to the football team being suspended but later reassembles when Archie runs afoul of the Serpents and assists him in a rumble , in which Dilton is injured . Veronica finds out that Archie intends to murder the Black Hood and convinces him to discard his gun . Betty receives a letter from the Black Hood , revealing that her speech from the jubilee ball inspired his actions and gives her a cipher that only she could solve . Mayor Sierra McCoy ( Josie 's mother ) hosts a town meeting to discuss action against the Black Hood , in which Alice blames the Serpents , but Fred argues against letting fear rule them . Betty and Jughead figure out that the Black Hood intends to attack town hall and have the meeting evacuated , before showing the letter to her parents , Sheriff Keller and Mayor McCoy . Later , Betty receives a call from the Black Hood . 18 5 `` Chapter Eighteen : When a Stranger Calls '' Ellen Pressman Aaron Allen November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) T13. 20805 1.47 The Black Hood reveals to Betty that he knows where Polly is and threatens to kill her unless she publishes a mugshot of Alice , which she does . Hiram invites the St. Clair 's , friends of the Lodges from New York . On the Southside , Jughead attempts to stop Sweet Pea and the Serpents from blowing up the Riverdale Register office and joins the gang to prevent this from happening . The Black Hood forces Betty to cut ties with Veronica and Jughead and later gives her a hood . At the Lodge 's open house event , Nick St. Clair drugs Cheryl and takes her back to his hotel room to rape her , but is stopped and beaten by Veronica and the Pussycats . Jughead and Toni sit in his trailer , where he tells her his relationship with Betty is over ; they kiss . Back at Betty 's house , the Black Hood tells her she has broken the rules and he will now kill Polly unless she gives him the name of a `` sinner '' to kill , to which Betty names Nick St. Clair . 19 6 `` Chapter Nineteen : Death Proof '' Maggie Kiley Tessa Leigh Williams & Arabella Anderson November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) T13. 20806 1.43 The Black Hood challenges Betty to find the identity of The Sugarman , who has been supplying the jingle jangle to Riverdale . Cheryl wants to press charges against Nick , whom the Black Hood did not attack , but Penelope agrees not to in exchange for money from the St. Clair 's . Archie goes to Southside High , where he saves Jughead from a raid organized by McCoy and Sheriff Keller . Tall Boy , F.P. 's right hand man , reaches an agreement with the Ghoulies , the dealers of jingle jangle . Jughead and Archie visit F.P. , who tells Jughead to challenge the Ghoulies to a race . During the race , Archie pulls the brake on Jughead 's car , and reveals he called Sheriff Keller , who arrests the Ghoulies leader . Veronica convinces Hiram and Hermione to stop investing with the St. Clair 's , while Cheryl does the same with Penelope . Later , the Lodges receive a call that the St. Clair 's have been run off the road , but will recover in months . Penelope reveals to Cheryl that the Sugarman is Robert Philips ; Cheryl later tells Betty , who exposes him in the Blue and Gold . Philips is subsequently arrested and shot by the Black Hood in jail . 20 7 `` Chapter Twenty : Tales from the Darkside '' Dawn Wilkinson James DeWille November 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 29 ) T13. 20807 1.45 After killing Phillips , the Black Hood leaves a letter at Pop 's challenging Riverdale to go 48 hours without sinning , or he will kill again . Jughead is enlisted by Penny Peabody to deliver a crate of drugs to repay her for her earlier help , which he does with Archie . She says this is a one - time thing , but Jughead later finds she was lying . Josie begins to receive weird messages from a secret admirer , implied to be Cheryl , including a box with a pig 's heart . Mayor McCoy reprimands her for coming home late , revealing she has received death threats . Betty , realizing that Phillips was killed in the sheriff 's office , believes Sheriff Keller might be the Black Hood . She investigates , but Keller is able to provide proof that he is not the Black Hood . However , Betty and Veronica discover that he is having an affair with Mayor McCoy . Archie , Jughead , Betty , Veronica , Josie , and Cheryl all gather at Pop 's . After Jughead leaves to visit F.P. , the Black Hood calls Pop to inform him Riverdale failed his challenge , and Pop grimly announces that `` The reckoning is upon us '' . 21 8 `` Chapter Twenty - One : House of the Devil '' Kevin Sullivan Yolonda Lawrence December 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 06 ) T13. 20808 1.48 F.P. is released from jail and begins working at Pop 's , intending to quit the Serpents . Jughead and Betty decide to throw F.P. a `` retirement '' party at the Whyte Worm , so they enlist Archie and Veronica to do the detective work . While Jughead reconnects with his dad , Betty goes to the Whyte Worm to organize the party . There , she meets Toni and tells her she wants to keep watch over Jughead . Archie and Veronica follow a lead on a past serial killer called the Riverdale Reaper , who murdered a family of four before being killed himself by a lynch mob . Their investigation leads them to discover there was a fifth member of the family , which they discover to be the school 's janitor , Joseph Svenson . Archie and Veronica confront Svenson , but decide he is n't the Black Hood . At the party , F.P. , who is upset that Jughead helped Peabody , decides to stay with the Serpents . Outside , Veronica breaks up with Archie following a discussion about love . Jughead , not wanting to bring Betty into the Serpents ' business , also ends their relationship . 22 9 `` Chapter Twenty - Two : Silent Night , Deadly Night '' Rob Seidenglanz Shepard Boucher December 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 13 ) T13. 20809 1.43 Fred receives a hospital bill of $86,000 . Failing to convince her parents to help Fred , Veronica sneaks into Hiram 's study and finds out that he bought Pop 's . She later convinces him and Hermione to stop hiding secrets from her and help Fred . Jughead rallies the younger Serpents , who kidnap Peabody and cut off her Serpent tattoo . Betty and Archie receive a box from the Black Hood , containing Svenson 's finger . They then receive a call from the Black Hood , who challenges them to find Svenson . They are able to find Svenson 's location , but instead find an empty coffin . The Black Hood then arrives and tries to force Betty into burying Archie alive , but flees when the police arrive . After a chase , Keller shoots and kills the Black Hood before he can escape . The Black Hood is then revealed to be Svenson himself . Later , with the Black Hood dead , Veronica and Archie get back together , while Betty throws away all of her findings surrounding Svenson , but she keeps the hood he gave her earlier . 23 10 `` Chapter Twenty - Three : The Blackboard Jungle '' Tim Hunter Britta Lundin & Brian E. Paterson January 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 17 ) T13. 20810 1.44 The Lodges strike a deal with Mayor McCoy for land which involves shutting down Southside High , causing Jughead , Toni , Sweet Pea and the other Serpents to transfer to Riverdale High , putting them at odds with other students . Archie is approached by FBI Agent Adams , who wants his help on finding proof of Hiram 's criminal dealings . Archie agrees to help in exchange for immunity for Veronica and Fred . Archie investigates Nick , who implies that Hiram was behind his car crash , which broke both of his legs . Despite Hal 's objections , Betty and Alice track down Alice 's son she gave up for adoption , Chic . Chic initially refuses to come with them , but Betty returns to his residence and saves him from an assault , bringing him to the Cooper household . Jughead , following advice from F.P. , gets his fellow Serpents to lay low . Archie reveals to Adams that he secretly doubts Svenson was really the Black Hood . That night , Chic lurks in Betty 's room while she sleeps . 24 11 `` Chapter Twenty - Four : The Wrestler '' Gregg Araki Greg Murray & Devon Turner January 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 24 ) T13. 20811 1.39 Pickens ' Day , a day in remembrance of Riverdale 's founder , nears . Archie tries out for the wrestling team in order to impress Hiram , a former wrestler . Betty learns that Chic is a webcam model , and attempts to reach out to him . Jughead interviews Toni 's grandfather for a school project , learning that he is a member of a Native American tribe which was slaughtered by Pickens . Jughead publishes the story , escalting tensions with the two sides . At the Pickens ' Day fest , the Serpents protest the event , but Hiram spins their words positively . That night , Archie meets with Hiram , who offers him his business tutelage , which Archie accepts . The next morning , Mayor McCoy , Sheriff Keller , and the Lodges meet at the statue of Pickens , which has been decapitated . 25 12 `` Chapter Twenty - Five : The Wicked and the Divine '' Rachel Talalay Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa January 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) T13. 20812 1.34 Veronica 's confirmation nears , bringing many Lodge family members and business associates to Riverdale . While serving at a poker game with Hiram and his associates , Archie learns that Hiram is a mobster and his associates are planning his ' removal ' after Veronica 's confirmation . Archie alerts Hiram to this , and Hiram later arranges that mobster 's death . Meanwhile , Mayor McCoy orchestrates the eviction of all Serpents from their trailer park . Jughead and Betty are alerted to the location of the Pickens head by a scrapyard owner , who gives them evidence that Tall Boy decapitated the statue . Jughead and F.P. put Tall Boy on trial , who reveals that Hiram assisted him launching a mutiny so that Tall Boy could remove F.P. and Jughead from the Serpents . Betty and Jughead get back together . A strange man comes to the Cooper house asking for Chic . Later , Betty returns home to find Alice cleaning up the man 's blood . 26 13 `` Chapter Twenty - Six : The Tell - Tale Heart '' Julie Plec Michael Grassi February 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 07 ) T13. 20813 1.28 Betty and Alice clean up the man 's body and dispose of it with help from Jughead and F.P. Jughead sends the Pickens ' statue head to the Lodges , which Hiram believes may be a declaration of war . Mayor McCoy attempts to take control of her deal with the Lodges , and the Lodges prepare to expose her affair with Sheriff Keller . Veronica , however , warns her of this , and McCoy resigns from office . Agent Adams attempts to strong - arm Archie into giving him the information , including blackmailing Archie in order for him to plant a bug in Hiram 's office . Archie instead reveals this to Hiram . Hiram 's driver takes Archie to a private location to meet with `` the boss '' , revealed to be Hermione . Hermione tells Archie that Adams is actually one of the Lodges ' capos and it was a test , which Archie has passed . Hermione welcomes him to the family . 27 14 `` Chapter Twenty - Seven : The Hills Have Eyes '' David Katzenberg Ross Maxwell March 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 07 ) T13. 20814 1.26 Hiram suggests Archie , Veronica , Betty , and Jughead go to the Lodge 's lake house for a romantic getaway . Cheryl , upset over not being invited , calls Jughead and informs him of Betty 's kiss with Archie , which causes tension within the group . Veronica and Jughead kiss to `` level the playing field '' . Later , the girls go into town while the guys have a discussion over the close mutual bonds between the four . Back in Riverdale , Josie informs Kevin of their parents affair . Cheryl reveals to Toni that she had a `` friendship - turned - lesbian - relationship '' broken up by Penelope . At the lake house , tensions arise again when Jughead and Betty learn that Hiram bought the trailer park and the Riverdale Register . A group of men that Veronica interacted with in town break into the house , but Veronica activates a silent alarm . One of Hiram 's men arrive and kills one of the intruders , and the four return to Riverdale . 28 15 `` Chapter Twenty - Eight : There Will Be Blood '' Mark Piznarski Aaron Allen March 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 14 ) T13. 20815 1.19 Jughead keeps investigating the Lodges ' plans , but he can not use what he finds . Hiram and Hermione want Fred to run for mayor , including financing his run . Hal asks Alice for a divorce , and Polly comes back to Riverdale . Clifford 's secret will is read , which entitles money to anyone of Blossom 's blood . Clifford 's twin brother Claudius returns . When Chic refuses the DNA test , Betty steals his dental floss to do her own test and discovers that Chic is not who he says to be . After Smithers points Jughead to Shankshaw Prison , F.P. 's inside contact allows them to learn the truth about the Lodge 's plans : they want to turn Southside High into a private prison and the housing Fred is building will be for the employees of the prison . After the Lodges are forced to tell Fred , he refuses to run for Mayor , so Hermione announces her run instead . Archie undergoes a blood ritual with Hiram , pledging loyalty . Meanwhile , Claudius and Penelope plot to get their house `` in order '' , including Nana and Cheryl , who overhears the plan . 29 16 `` Chapter Twenty - Nine : Primary Colors '' Sherwin Shilati James DeWille March 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 21 ) T13. 20816 1.16 Jughead learns Southside High will be turned into a prison , and goes on a hunger strike to protest . Hiram accelerates the timeline for demolition , but the high school Serpents chain themselves to the school . Fred attempts to end his contract with the Lodges , leading to a legal dispute . Hiram asks Archie to cut the Serpents ' chains , which Archie does in exchange for Fred being released from his contract . Betty learns Chic 's father is not Hal . Penelope and Claudius attempt to kill Nana Rose , but she survives . Veronica runs for student president , but everyone seems to be against her . Jughead also considers running with Betty . Betty moves in with Jughead to avoid Chic . Cheryl tells Penelope she knows what she did , leading Penelope to get Cheryl committed . Free of his contract with the Lodges , Fred announces he is running for mayor against Hermione . 30 17 `` Chapter Thirty : The Noose Tightens '' Alexis Ostrander Britta Lundin & Brian E. Paterson March 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 28 ) T13. 20817 0.96 Hermione 's run for mayor is considered risky by fellow mobsters Kowalski and Martin , believing it may lead to unwanted investigation . They demand a 25 % cut of the prison 's profits , which Hiram refuses . Kowalski and Martin , however , turn Hiram 's capo Adams into hospitalizing Andre , leaving the Lodges shorthanded on security . Archie scares the two into abandoning the deal with the help of Reggie and other Riverdale athletes . Meanwhile , the car belonging to the man Chic killed is found . The owner of the car demands $10,000 from the Coopers to prevent her from going to the police , but Jughead and the Serpents scare her away . Alice sends Chic away and apologizes the Serpents for her years of badmouthing them . Toni and Veronica discover that Cheryl has been admitted into conversion therapy , and with help from Nana Rose , find out she 's at Sisters of the Quiet Mercy . Toni , Veronica , and Kevin rescue Cheryl , and Toni and Cheryl kiss . Cheryl soon returns to Riverdale High , which she declares ' will burn ' . 31 18 `` Chapter Thirty - One : A Night to Remember '' Jason Stone Arabella Anderson & Tessa Leigh Williams April 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 18 ) T13. 20818 1.10 During a rehearsal of Riverdale High 's musical production of Carrie , Cheryl calls out those who question her ability to play the lead role of Carrie White by demonstrating her singing ability . After rehearsal , Kevin confides in Jughead that he received several threats demanding that the role of Carrie be recast , supposedly from the Black Hood . Kevin gives in , and Midge replaces Cheryl as Carrie . Tensions arise between Archie and Fred after he finds out that Hiram bought Archie his first car , to which Archie warns Hiram not to get between him and his father . Cheryl , doused in blood , confronts her mother for her actions against the family and demands that she be emancipated . During the performance , a set wall is moved up to reveal Midge hung up to the wall with knives , murdered by the Black Hood who leaves a warning of his return . 32 19 `` Chapter Thirty - Two : Prisoners '' Jennifer Phang Cristine Chambers April 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 25 ) T13. 20819 1.17 Following Midge 's funeral , her mother , Cheryl and the River Vixens blame Sheriff Keller for her death , causing him to consider resigning . Archie is abducted by Nick St. Clair , who demands a ransom from the Lodges . With her parents unwilling to pay and lacking the money herself , Veronica pretends to surrender herself to Nick but drugs him . Archie manages to escape and they hold Nick for ransom instead . Meanwhile , Betty and Jughead investigate Chic and learn from the Sisters of the Quiet Mercy that he is an impostor , resulting in his imprisonment . Betty is secretly contacted by the Black Hood , who offers to get rid of Chic . Betty gets Chic to confess that he murdered her real brother , Charles , by accident and then hands him over to the Black Hood , leaving him to die . Betty lies to Alice that Chic left town before learning that Hal was absent at the time of the exchange , leading her to suspect him as the Black Hood . 33 20 `` Chapter Thirty - Three : Shadow of a Doubt '' Gregory Smith Yolanda E. Lawrence May 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 02 ) T13. 20820 1.11 Betty tells Cheryl that she believes Hal is the Black Hood . Hiram restarts The Red Circle in hopes of causing unrest , and help Hermione 's campaign . Moose reveals that Midge was having an affair with Fangs . A body , first thought to be Chic 's , is found and Betty reveals she feels guilty for his presumed death . Fangs is arrested at school . Members of The Red Circle damage The Whyte Worm , and Reggie later reveals that Hiram is paying them . Betty and Cheryl visit a room being paid for by Hal and find the same book used as a cipher previously . After the Black Hood attacks the Mayoral debate , Veronica wants her mother to stop running but she insists on continuing . Betty confronts her father , and arranges a meeting with him later . The Black Hood then appears at Cheryl 's door . Fangs is released from prison , but is accidentally shot amidst the protesters outside . 34 21 `` Chapter Thirty - Four : Judgment Night '' Cherie Nowlan Shepard Boucher May 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 09 ) T13. 20821 1.00 The Black Hood attacks Cheryl , but she wounds him with a bow - and - arrow . Reggie is accused to be Fangs ' shooter , but it is later revealed to be Midge 's mother . Veronica searches Hiram 's study , where she finds that Hiram planned to reveal Hermione 's affair with Fred , but Hermione reveals her involvement , as it would destroy Fred 's campaign . The son of the mobster whose death Hiram arranged attacks the Lodges , killing Andre , but Hermione shoots him dead . The Ghoulies are released from prison and attack Pop 's . Meanwhile , Hal reveals himself as the Black Hood to Betty and Alice . After admitting he did not attack the debate , he is subdued by Betty and arrested . Fred , who is wearing a bullet proof vest , is shot by a man in a black hood , and Betty and Archie realize the man was not Hal . Penny Peabody resurfaces and holds Toni captive but Jughead and Cheryl help her escape . F.P. alerts the Serpents of Fangs ' death , and the Serpents decide to fight the Ghoulies . Jughead turns himself over to avoid bloodshed , but Penny breaks her promise , and the Ghoulies attack Jughead . Learning of this , F.P. goes to save him . Later , Archie , Cheryl , Betty , and the Serpents find F.P. carrying Jughead 's bloodied , unconscious body . 35 22 `` Chapter Thirty - Five : Brave New World '' Steven A. Adelson Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa May 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 16 ) T13. 20822 1.28 Jughead survives his assault and FP reveals Fangs is alive . Sheriff Minetta reveals the second Black Hood to be Tall Boy , who was killed by one of his officers . Cheryl discovers Penelope and Claudius meeting with Hiram ; Cheryl reveals this to Veronica , who reveals this to Hermione . Hermione , believing it to be conceivable that Hiram would have planned the attack at the debate , reveals to Veronica that Hiram attempts to consolidate the entire Southside , and is attempting to buy the Whyte Worm to set his plan fully into motion . Jughead , Archie , and Cheryl lead the Serpents to the Northside , where they are offered asylum . Veronica buys the Worm , and trades it with Hiram for Pop 's . F.P. retires from the Serpents , naming Jughead the new King , who later asks Betty to be his queen . Cheryl joins the Serpents . Hermione wins the mayoral election . Hiram meets with several people from around Riverdale ( Penny , Penelope , Claudius , Minetta , and Malachi , the leader of the Ghoulies ) and they discuss plans for the new Southside . Archie is elected student body president , but during his inauguration , he is wrongfully arrested by Minetta ( on Hiram 's orders ) for the murder of one of the intruders from the lake house . Production Development Warner Bros. began development on an Archie feature film in 2013 , after a pitch from writer Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa and director Jason Moore that would place Archie 's gang into a teen comedy feature film in the John Hughes tradition . The duo brought the project to Warner Bros. , where a VP recommended a more high - concept direction involving time travel or interdimensional portals , suggesting Louis C.K. to portray an older Archie . Dan Lin and Roy Lee became producers on the project , which eventually stalled as priorities shifted at the studio towards larger tentpole films and was reimagined as a television series . Riverdale was originally in development at Fox , with the network landing the project in 2014 with a script deal plus penalty . However , Fox did not go forward with the project . In 2015 , the show 's development was moved to The CW , which officially ordered a pilot on January 29 , 2016 . On March 7 , 2017 , The CW announced that the series had been renewed for a second season . On April 2 , 2018 , The CW renewed the series for a third season . Casting Casting Archie was a difficult process , with Aguirre - Sacasa stating `` I think we literally saw every redheaded young guy in L.A. It certainly felt that way . '' The production team found KJ Apa just three days before they had to present screen tests to the network , which created tension in the last few days leading up to the studio presentation . In April 2017 , it was announced Mark Consuelos had signed on for the second season to play Veronica Lodge 's father , Hiram Lodge . The role was in second position to his existing role on Pitch but the cancellation of that series was announced on May 1 , 2017 . The next month , it was announced Charles Melton was cast to take over the role of Reggie from Ross Butler in season 2 due to his status as a series regular on 13 Reasons Why . It was also announced that Casey Cott , who played Kevin Keller , was promoted to a series regular . In July 2017 , it was announced that True Blood star Brit Morgan had been cast in the recurring role of Penny Peabody , an attorney the Southside Serpents call in case of any run - ins with the law . In August 2017 , it was announced Graham Phillips had been cast to play Nick St. Clair , Veronica 's ex-boyfriend from New York . In March 2018 , Andy Cohen appeared in the sixteenth episode of the second season as himself . In the series , he and Hermione are friends . He previously offered her a role as a cast member on The Real Housewives of New York City ; however , Hermione turned down the offer to keep things private for the Lodge family . In May 2018 , it was announced that Charles Melton and Vanessa Morgan , who play Reggie Mantle and Toni Topaz , respectively , would both be promoted to series regulars in the third season . Filming The Pop 's Chock'lit Shoppe set in Vancouver , Canada Filming of the pilot began on March 14 , 2016 , and ended on April 1 in Vancouver , British Columbia . Production on the remaining 12 episodes of season one began on September 7 , 2016 , in Vancouver . Sets include Pop Tate 's Chock'lit Shoppe , a copy of the functioning diner used in the pilot that is so realistic a truck driver parked his 18 - wheeler there , believing that it was open . Season two was also filmed in Vancouver and the nearby Fraser Valley . The aerial view of Riverdale is actually drawn from stock footage used in the series Pretty Little Liars , Gilmore Girls , and the landmark setting are the same utilized in both of the aforementioned series as well as in Hart of Dixie . Filming for the second season started on June 22 , 2017 , and concluded on March 27 , 2018 . Homages to other films and TV series Several reviewers had noted that the series ' episode titles , are often taken directly or slightly altered from the titles of older films . For example , De Elizabeth of TeenVogue points out that Riverdale 's pilot episode was named `` River 's Edge '' after the 1986 film of the same name , and the season finale also takes its name from 1997 's The Sweet Hereafter . Executive producer Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa notes that this is a deliberate choice , in order to hint at what will happen in that episode . Additionally , Katie - Kouise Smith , of Popbuzz , notes that the opening credits for Riverdale mirror those of the Twin Peaks television series , and are intended as an homage to that series ' creator , David Lynch . Music Musical performances are featured throughout the series , a blend of cover versions and originals . Songs performed in episodes are released as digital singles after broadcast ; WaterTower Music released a digital compilation of the season 1 songs on May 12 , 2017 . An album of Blake Neely 's scoring for season 1 was released on compact disc by La - La Land Records and simultaneously on download by WaterTower Music on July 18 , 2017 . WaterTower Music released the songs performed in the musical episode in a separate digital album on April 19 , 2018 . A vinyl edition will be released at Urban Outfitters stores on July 13 , 2018 . Season 1 ( show ) Riverdale : Season 1 ( Original Television Soundtrack ) No . Title Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` The Song That Everyone Sings '' KJ Apa 3 : 46 2 . `` Fear Nothing '' Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield and Hayley Law 2 : 37 3 . `` All Through The Night '' Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield and Hayley Law 2 : 37 4 . `` Dance Dance Dance '' KJ Apa 1 : 00 5 . `` Candy Girl ( Sugar Sugar ) '' ( Cover of the Inner Circle version feat . Flo Rida ; full - length version , Petsch is not heard on the aired version . ) Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield , Hayley Law and Madelaine Petsch 2 : 19 6 . `` I Feel Love '' Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield , Hayley Law and Camila Mendes 3 : 11 7 . `` I 'll Try '' KJ Apa 3 : 15 8 . `` I Got You '' KJ Apa and Hayley Law 3 : 32 9 . `` Kids in America '' KJ Apa and Camila Mendes 2 : 55 10 . `` Our Fair Riverdale '' Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield , Hayley Law 1 : 19 11 . `` Astronaut '' Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield , Hayley Law and Camila Mendes 3 : 28 12 . `` These Are the Moments I Remember '' Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield , Hayley Law , Camila Mendes and KJ Apa 2 : 58 ( show ) Riverdale : Season 1 ( Original Television Score ) No . Title Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` Riverdale '' Blake Neely 2 : 58 2 . `` If You Love Me '' Blake Neely 2 : 06 3 . `` Viral Gossip in Town '' Blake Neely 3 : 08 4 . `` Everyone a Suspect '' Blake Neely 2 : 33 5 . `` Receiving the Jersey '' Blake Neely 1 : 56 6 . `` Doubts and Accusations '' Blake Neely 2 : 24 7 . `` All is OK With Milkshakes '' Blake Neely 2 : 48 8 . `` Long Reach '' Blake Neely 3 : 47 9 . `` Ended Up Drowning '' Blake Neely 4 : 11 10 . `` Irreconcilable '' Blake Neely 3 : 25 11 . `` So Many Questions '' Blake Neely 2 : 42 12 . `` A Gift / Forced to Leave '' Blake Neely 3 : 23 13 . `` Not Making the Play '' Blake Neely 3 : 25 14 . `` Overwhelming Evidence '' Blake Neely 3 : 53 15 . `` Realizations '' Blake Neely 2 : 02 16 . `` Do You Feel Guilty ? '' Blake Neely 2 : 38 17 . `` Into the Woods '' Blake Neely 3 : 21 18 . `` Name of the Game '' Blake Neely 3 : 38 19 . `` Angry and Vulnerable Girls '' Blake Neely 2 : 52 20 . `` Results of the Father '' Blake Neely 4 : 39 21 . `` Your Father Was Arrested '' Blake Neely 2 : 44 22 . `` The Recording '' Blake Neely 4 : 12 23 . `` Oh , Mommy ! '' Blake Neely 3 : 51 24 . `` What Floats Beneath '' Blake Neely 3 : 29 25 . `` Never Safe '' Blake Neely 1 : 59 Season 2 ( show ) Riverdale : Season 2 ( Original Television Soundtrack ) No . Title Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` Milkshake '' Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield and Madelaine Petsch 2 : 56 2 . `` Out Tonight '' Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield , Hayley Law and Camila Mendes 3 : 47 3 . `` Spooky '' Ashleigh Murray 2 : 40 4 . `` Mad World '' KJ Apa , Camila Mendes and Lili Reinhart 3 : 08 5 . `` God Rest You Merry , Gentlemen '' Ashleigh Murray and Casey Cott 2 : 10 6 . `` Union of the Snake '' Camila Mendes , Asha Bromfield and Hayley Law 2 : 43 7 . `` Bitter Sweet Symphony '' Ashleigh Murray and Camila Mendes 4 : 05 8 . `` Sufferin ' Till Suffrage '' Ashleigh Murray and Camila Mendes 1 : 42 9 . `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' Madelaine Petsch 1 : 50 Release Season DVD and Blu - ray release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 000000002017 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 2017 000000002017 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 , 2017 000000002017 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 2017 000000002018 - 08 - 07 - 0000 August 7 , 2018 TBA TBA Broadcast Netflix acquired the exclusive international broadcast rights to Riverdale , making the series available as an original series to its platform less than a day after its original U.S. broadcast . Marketing In July 2016 , members of the cast and the executive producers attended San Diego Comic - Con to promote the upcoming series , where they premiered the first episode `` Chapter One : The River 's Edge '' . The first trailer for the series was released in early December 2016 . The CW also sponsored multiple Tastemade videos , where they cooked several foods that are popular in the Archie universe . Comic - book adaptation Along with heavily promoting the TV series in their regular comics since January 2017 , Archie Comics are planning to release a comic book adaptation of Riverdale , featuring auxiliary story arcs set within the television series ' own continuity . The comic book adaptation is being headed by Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa himself , along with various other writers from the show . Alongside a one - shot pilot issue , illustrated by Alitha Martinez , released in March 2017 , the first issue of the ongoing Riverdale comic book series was set to release starting April 2017 . In addition to the adaptation , Archie Comics are releasing a series of compilation graphic novels branded under the title Road to Riverdale . This series features early issues from the New Riverdale reboot line , introducing the audience of the TV series to the regular ongoing comic series that inspired it . Archie Comics plans to re-print the volumes of Road to Riverdale in subsequent months as digest magazines . The first volume was released in March 2017 . Reception Critical response Season Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 88 % ( 54 reviews ) 68 ( 36 reviews ) 87 % ( 13 reviews ) TBD The first season of Riverdale has received generally positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a fresh rating of 88 % based on 54 reviews , with a weighted average of 7.27 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Riverdale offers an amusingly self - aware reimagining of its classic source material that proves eerie , odd , daring , and above all addictive . '' On Metacritic , the season has a score of 68 out of 100 based on 36 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Dave Nemetz of TVLine gave the series a `` B + '' saying that it turned , `` out to be an artfully crafted , instantly engaging teen soap with loads of potential . '' Some writers have criticized the series for its handling of minority characters . While reviewing the first season , Kadeen Griffiths of Bustle declared `` the show marginalizes and ignores the ( people of color ) in the cast to the point where they may as well not be there . '' In an article for Vulture , Angelica Jade Bastien discussed the show 's treatment of Josie and the Pussycats ( who are each played by African Americans ) , noting , `` They 're not characters so much as they are a vehicle for a Message . Josie and her fellow pussycats are positioned to communicate the message that Riverdale is more modern and inclusive than teen dramas of the past , even though it has yet to prove it beyond its casting . '' Monique Jones of Ebony noted , `` Despite the show 's multi-racial casting choices , it seems like Riverdale is still a mostly white town . '' She also expressed fondness for the relationship between Archie Andrews and Valerie Brown , but declared `` Archie should n't be what makes Valerie interesting to us '' . Ratings Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Thursday 9 : 00 pm 13 January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) 1.38 May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 0.96 2016 -- 17 154 1.69 0.7 / 2 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm 22 October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 2.34 May 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 16 ) 1.28 2017 -- 18 173 2.12 0.8 Riverdale : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Source : Nielsen Media Research Season 1 ( 2017 ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Chapter One : The River 's Edge '' January 26 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.38 0.4 1.01 0.9 2.38 `` Chapter Two : A Touch of Evil '' February 2 , 2017 0.4 / 2 1.15 0.4 0.76 0.8 1.91 `` Chapter Three : Body Double '' February 9 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.20 N / A 0.71 N / A 1.90 `` Chapter Four : The Last Picture Show '' February 16 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.14 0.4 0.73 0.8 1.87 5 `` Chapter Five : Heart of Darkness '' February 23 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.98 0.4 0.71 0.7 1.69 6 `` Chapter Six : Faster , Pussycats ! Kill ! Kill ! '' March 2 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.09 N / A N / A N / A N / A 7 `` Chapter Seven : In a Lonely Place '' March 9 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.03 0.3 0.76 0.7 1.80 8 `` Chapter Eight : The Outsiders '' March 30 , 2017 0.4 / 2 0.99 N / A 0.55 N / A 1.54 9 `` Chapter Nine : La Grande Illusion '' April 6 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.91 N / A 0.63 N / A 1.54 10 `` Chapter Ten : The Lost Weekend '' April 13 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.87 0.3 0.58 0.6 1.48 11 `` Chapter Eleven : To Riverdale and Back Again '' April 27 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.89 N / A N / A N / A N / A 12 `` Chapter Twelve : Anatomy of a Murder '' May 4 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.98 0.3 0.58 0.6 1.56 13 `` Chapter Thirteen : The Sweet Hereafter '' May 11 , 2017 0.4 / 2 0.96 N / A 0.56 N / A 1.52 Season 2 ( 2017 -- 18 ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Chapter Fourteen : A Kiss Before Dying '' October 11 , 2017 0.8 / 3 2.34 0.6 1.40 1.4 3.74 `` Chapter Fifteen : Nighthawks '' October 18 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.76 0.6 1.34 1.2 3.10 `` Chapter Sixteen : The Watcher in the Woods '' October 25 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.62 0.6 1.32 1.2 2.94 `` Chapter Seventeen : The Town That Dreaded Sundown '' November 1 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.51 0.5 1.30 1.1 2.80 5 `` Chapter Eighteen : When a Stranger Calls '' November 8 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.47 0.5 1.23 1.0 2.70 6 `` Chapter Nineteen : Death Proof '' November 15 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.43 0.5 1.23 1.0 2.66 7 `` Chapter Twenty : Tales from the Darkside '' November 29 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.45 0.5 1.19 1.0 2.64 8 `` Chapter Twenty - One : House of the Devil '' December 6 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.48 0.6 1.20 1.1 2.68 9 `` Chapter Twenty - Two : Silent Night , Deadly Night '' December 13 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.43 N / A N / A N / A N / A 10 `` Chapter Twenty - Three : The Blackboard Jungle '' January 17 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.44 0.5 1.14 1.0 2.59 11 `` Chapter Twenty - Four : The Wrestler '' January 24 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.39 0.5 1.15 1.0 2.54 12 `` Chapter Twenty - Five : The Wicked and the Divine '' January 31 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.34 0.5 1.06 1.0 2.40 13 `` Chapter Twenty - Six : The Tell - Tale Heart '' February 7 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.28 0.4 0.96 0.9 2.24 14 `` Chapter Twenty - Seven : The Hills Have Eyes '' March 7 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.26 0.4 0.95 0.9 2.22 15 `` Chapter Twenty - Eight : There Will Be Blood '' March 14 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.19 0.4 0.91 0.8 2.10 16 `` Chapter Twenty - Nine : Primary Colors '' March 21 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.16 0.4 0.94 0.8 2.10 17 `` Chapter Thirty : The Noose Tightens '' March 28 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.96 0.4 0.91 0.7 1.87 18 `` Chapter Thirty - One : A Night to Remember '' April 18 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.10 0.3 0.83 0.7 1.93 19 `` Chapter Thirty - Two : Prisoners '' April 25 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.17 0.4 0.81 0.8 1.97 20 `` Chapter Thirty - Three : Shadow of a Doubt '' May 2 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.11 N / A N / A N / A N / A 21 `` Chapter Thirty - Four : Judgment Night '' May 9 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.00 0.3 0.90 0.7 1.91 22 `` Chapter Thirty - Five : Brave New World '' May 16 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.28 TBD TBD TBD TBD Awards and nominations Year Award Category Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2017 Saturn Awards Best Action - Thriller Television Series Riverdale Won Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series KJ Apa Nominated Breakthrough Performance KJ Apa Won Leo Awards Best Production Design in a Dramatic Series Tyler Harron for `` Pilot - Chapter 1 '' Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Breakout TV Show Riverdale Won Choice Breakout TV Star KJ Apa Nominated Lili Reinhart Won Choice Drama TV Actor Cole Sprouse Won Choice Drama TV Show Riverdale Won Choice Hissy Fit Madelaine Petsch Won Choice Scene Stealer Camila Mendes Won Choice TV Ship Lili Reinhart and Cole Sprouse Won 2018 Dorian Awards Campy TV Show of the Year Riverdale Nominated Saturn Awards Best Action - Thriller Television Series Riverdale Pending Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series KJ Apa Pending Lili Reinhart Pending Cole Sprouse Pending MTV Movie & TV Awards Show of the Year Riverdale Pending Best Kiss KJ Apa and Camila Mendes Pending Scene Stealer Madelaine Petsch Pending Spin - off Main article : Chilling Adventures of Sabrina ( TV series ) In September 2017 , it was reported that a live - action television series was being developed for The CW by Warner Bros. Television and Berlanti Productions , with a planned release in the 2018 -- 2019 television season . Based on the comic series Chilling Adventures of Sabrina , featuring the Archie Comics character Sabrina the Teenage Witch , the series would be a companion series to Riverdale. Lee Toland Krieger will direct the pilot , which will be written by Aguirre - Sacasa . Both are executive producers along with Berlanti , Schechter , and Goldwater . In December 2017 , it was reported that the project had moved to Netflix under a yet - to - be-announced new title . Two seasons , comprising ten episodes each , have been ordered by the streaming service . In January 2018 , it was announced that the lead role of Sabrina Spellman would be portrayed by Kiernan Shipka , and CW president Mark Pedowitz noted that , `` at the moment , there is no discussion about crossing over '' with Riverdale . Filming for first season began on March 19 , 2018 , just as filming of the second season of Riverdale concludes , which will allow the same crew members to work on both series . It is expected to film back - to - back with the second season . References Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` CW Picks Up Four Pilots Including Greg Berlanti 's Archie Comics Project ' Riverdale ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Finds Its Archie & Josie : KJ Apa To Topline CW Pilot '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Archie Comics CW Pilot Casts Its Betty Cooper & Jughead Jones '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' CW Pilot Finds Veronica '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' CW Pilot Finds Hermione Lodge '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' CW Pilot Finds Cheryl Blossom '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' CW Pilot Casts Mädchen Amick As Alice Cooper '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' : Luke Perry To Play Archie 's Dad in Archie Comics CW Pilot '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Mark Consuelos Joins ' Riverdale ' For Season 2 ; ' Suits ' Casts Dulé Hill '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale Promotes Casey Cott to Regular for Season 2 '' . TVLine . May 12 , 2017 . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ @ CWRiverdaleNews ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` Episode 10 is called ' The Lost Weekend ' It confirms Jordan Calloway as Chuck Clayton and the recasting of Dilton Doily . And Mary Andrews 😱 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Scream 's Skeet Ulrich Joins Riverdale -- As Jughead 's Dad ? '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' : Skeet Ulrich Upped To Series Regular For Season 2 of the CW Drama '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scandal ' and ' My Kitchen Rules ' adjust down , Mary Tyler Moore special adjusts up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scandal ' adjusts down a little : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' adjusts up ; ' Great Indoors , ' ' Powerless , ' ' Mom , ' ' Chicago Med ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' How to Get Away with Murder ' finale , ' Training Day ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' When We Rise , ' ' Life in Pieces ' rerun adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mom ' and NBC shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up ; ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Scandal , ' ' Mom , ' ' Powerless ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Blacklist : Redemption ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up ; ' The Catch ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up , ' Riverdale ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up , ' The Blacklist ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' Blacklist ' adjust up , ' Dynasty ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' SEAL Team ' adjust up , ' Criminal Minds ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Blacklist ' and ' Designated Survivor ' adjust down , final World Series numbers : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` World Series ends big , ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' Blacklist , ' ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' SVU , ' CMAs and others unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' , ' SVU ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Riverdale , ' ' X-Files ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Match Game ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Amazing Race ' adjusts up , ' The Blacklist ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Riverdale ' adjust up , ' Chicago PD ' and ' Life Sentence ' down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' The X-Files ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Modern Family ' adjust up , ' Speechless ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' SEAL Team ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' The Voice ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Empire ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' adjusts down to series low : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Blacklist ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Survivor ' and ' The Blacklist ' finale adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Barth , Bob ( February 20 , 2017 ) . `` A Touch of Evil with creator and show runner Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa '' . Welcome to Riverdale : Official Podcast ( Podcast ) . Retrieved May 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitbrook , James ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` For a Bizarre Moment , Riverdale Was Almost a Time - Travel Movie Starring Louis C.K. '' io9 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` Archie Comics Drama Series ' Riverdale ' Set at Fox With Greg Berlanti Producing '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( July 10 , 2015 ) . `` Archie Comics Drama ' Riverdale ' Moved To CW With Greg Berlanti Producing -- Comic Con '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' , ' Transylvania ' , ' No Tomorrow ' & Mars Drama Get CW Pilot Orders '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Renewed For Season 2 By the CW '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Leslie ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Riverdale , ' ' Flash , ' ' Supernatural ' Among 10 CW Renewals '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Jung , E. Alex ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` How Riverdale Found Its ( Hot ) Archie Andrews '' . Vulture . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Mark Consuelos Joins ' Riverdale ' For Season 2 ; ' Suits ' Casts Dulé Hill '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Fox 's Pitch Cancelled After One Season '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Riverdale ' Casts Its New Reggie '' . Entertainment Weekly . May 13 , 2017 . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Riverdale Promotes Casey Cott to Series Regular for Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' : Brit Morgan Set To Recur in Season 2 of the CW Drama '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Riverdale ' : Meet Veronica 's Ex-Boyfriend '' . Entertainment Weekly . August 11 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale Casts The Good Wife Alum as Veronica 's Ex '' . TV Guide . August 11 , 2017 . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Piester , Lauren ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` How Did Andy Cohen End Up on Riverdale ? '' . E ! Online . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Holbrook , Damian ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Ups Vanessa Morgan & Charles Melton to Series Regulars for Season 3 '' . NTVB Media , Inc . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ RIVERDALE NEWS ! ( @ CWRiverdaleNews ) ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` # RIVERDALE has officially wrapped filming ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` Pilot Locations 2016 : Los Angeles Continues Rebound , New York Tally Slips '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Movies and TV Shows Filming in Vancouver Soon '' . Whatsfilming.ca . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Riesman , Abraham ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` Cole Sprouse on Riverdale , your drunk uncle at Thanksgiving , and Jughead 's Asexuality '' . New York . Jump up ^ Lehn , Don . `` Riverdale `` Pop 's Chock - Lit Shoppe '' Season 2 Premiere Screening in Mission Thursday October 12 ( VIDEO ) `` . FraserValleyNewsNetwork . FVN . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Katie - Louise . `` 17 Surprising Facts About `` Riverdale '' That We Bet You Did n't Even Know `` . Popbuzz . Popbuzz.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Archie Comics ( @ ArchieComics ) ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's a behind the scenes shot from the first day of filming # Riverdale Season 2 as @ kj_apa and @ CamilaMendes meet some very happy fans ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Morgan , Vanessa ( @ VanessaMorgan ) ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` & That 's a wrap on Season 2 ! 💕 📽 # Riverdale '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Burlingame , russ . `` The Movies That Will Inspire Riverdale Season 2 '' . ComicBook / tv . Comicbook.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whyte , Woodrow . `` Riverdale Has Been Dropping Massive Clues About The Plot And You 've 100 % Missed Them '' . Popbuzz . Popbuzz . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Elizabeth , De . `` What the Episode Titles of `` Riverdale '' Really Mean `` . TeenVogue.com . Vogue . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.soundtrack.net/album/riverdale-season-1/ Jump up ^ https://tvsourcemagazine.com/2017/07/riverdale-season-1-score-gets-limited-edition-cd-release/ Jump up ^ `` The River 's Edge ( from Riverdale ) - Single by Riverdale Cast '' . iTunes. April 19 , 2018 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale 's Carrie : The Musical Soundtrack Is Now Available '' . denofgeek.com. April 19 , 2018 . Retrieved April 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale : Season 1 ( Original Televisión Soundtrack ) '' . iTunes . May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/ca/album/riverdale-season-1-original-television-score/1259595742 Jump up ^ `` Riverdale Cast on Apple Music '' . iTunes. April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale DVD News : Press Release from The Complete 1st Season TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale S1 ( DVD ) ( 2017 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale - Season 1 3 DVD JB Hi - Fi '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale DVD news : Press Release for The Complete 2nd Season TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale '' . Netflix Media Center . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix UK Acquires The CW 's ' Riverdale ' , Freeform 's ' Beyond ' & Polyamorous Comedy ' You Me Her ' '' . TVWise . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Will ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Comic - Con 2016 : Riverdale pilot things to know '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Trailer : `` Every Corpse Has A Tale To Tell '' `` . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tastemade ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` '' New Girl in Town '' Cherry Chocolate Malt # Sponsored by @ TheCWRiverdale , tonight 9 / 8c on The CW ... '' Retrieved February 23 , 2018 -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ Tasetmade ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` '' The Archie Original '' Bacon Burger # Sponsored by @ TheCWRiverdale , Thurs Jan 26 on The CW ... '' Retrieved February 23 , 2018 -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ Tasetmade ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` '' Blonde Next Door '' Creamy Shake # Sponsored by @ TheCWRiverdale , Thurs Jan 26 on The CW `` . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ C. , Ron ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Check out a preview of RIVERDALE ONE SHOT and more new Archie Comics on sale 3 / 1 / 17 ! '' . Archie Comics . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : C. , Ron ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Get a sneak peek at the Archie Comics solicitations for April 2017 ! '' . Archie Comics . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Review : Archie Gets a Dark , Moody Update ... and Surprise , It Works ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Griffiths , Kadeen ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Has A Huge Representation Problem Despite Its Amazingly Diverse Cast '' . Bustle.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bastien , Angelica ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Why Do Teen Dramas Like ' Riverdale ' Keep Sidelining Black Female Characters ? '' . Vulture.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Monique ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale 's ' Woke Report Card '' . Ebony . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` 2017 - 18 TV Series Ratings Rankings : NFL Football , ' Big Bang ' Top Charts '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale : Season One Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 12 , 2017 . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and TGIT rise above the rest in week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Agents of SHIELD ' benefit the most in week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' on top again : Week 22 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sleepy Hollow ' & 5 more shows double , ' This Is Us ' has biggest total gain : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' scores again , 7 shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' iZombie ' premiere gets decent bump in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` 6 shows double , led by ' Designated Survivor ' : Week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Big Bang ' gain the most , 10 shows double : Week 33 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' finale lead week 34 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' and ' This Is Us ' on top again : Week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' leads the week 24 broadcast Live + 7 ratings -- by quite a bit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' goes out on top : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' scores highest in week 26 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' premiere sets a record in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Scandal ' and ' Criminal Minds ' get biggest finale bumps in week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 13 more shows double in week 31 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Chicago PD ' wins the Windy City battle in week 33 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staley , Brandon ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Supergirl , Luke Cage , Doctor Strange Win at Annual Saturn Awards '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 winners and nominees by name '' . Leo Awards . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : ' Riverdale , ' Fifth Harmony Shut Out Competition '' . Variety . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' Leads Dorian Award Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bell , Crystal ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 MTV MOVIE & TV AWARDS NOMINATIONS : SEE THE FULL LIST '' . MTV . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Companion Series ' The Chilling Adventures of Sabrina ' In the Works at The CW '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` Sabrina The Teenage Witch Series Picked Up By Netflix With 2 - Season Order '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` Kiernan Shipka To Star in Netflix 's Sabrina The Teenage Witch Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` Why the Sabrina the Teenage Witch series went to Netflix over the CW '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brown , Scott ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` Hollywood North : Magical time for Vancouver TV production '' . The Vancouver Sun . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Leslie ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Offshoot ' Sabrina ' Moves to Netflix With 2 - Season Order '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . 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when did call of duty ww 2 come out	Call of Duty : WWII is a first - person shooter video game developed by Sledgehammer Games and published by Activision . It is the fourteenth main installment in the Call of Duty series and was released worldwide on November 3 , 2017 for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 and Xbox One . It is the first title in the series to be set primarily during World War II since Call of Duty : World at War in 2008 . The game is set in the European theatre , and is centered around a squad in the 1st Infantry Division , following their battles on the Western Front , and set mainly in the historical events of Operation Overlord ; the multiplayer expands to different fronts not seen in the campaign .	November 3 , 2017	Call of Duty : WWII	call of duty : wwii	Call of Duty : WWII is a first - person shooter video game developed by Sledgehammer Games and published by Activision . It is the fourteenth main installment in the Call of Duty series and was released worldwide on November 3 , 2017 for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 and Xbox One . It is the first title in the series to be set primarily during World War II since Call of Duty : World at War in 2008 . The game is set in the European theatre , and is centered around a squad in the 1st Infantry Division , following their battles on the Western Front , and set mainly in the historical events of Operation Overlord ; the multiplayer expands to different fronts not seen in the campaign .	Upon release , the game received generally positive reviews from critics , with many appreciating the return to the franchise 's World War II roots . Praise was given towards its story , the combat support of squad members and return of the health bar in single - player , visuals , Zombies mode , and multiplayer . However , it was criticized for the single - player 's lack of innovation and similarity to past games set in the same era . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 1.1 Campaign 1.2 Multiplayer 1.3 Nazi Zombies 2 Plot 2.1 Campaign 2.2 Nazi Zombies 3 Development 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Sales 6 References 7 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Similar to its predecessors , Call of Duty : WWII is a first - person shooter game but it removes the advanced system of movement present in the two previous Call of Duty titles , which included double jumping and wall running . Instead , it features a return of traditional movement to the series , taking it back to a `` boots on the ground '' gameplay style . The game does not feature an unlimited sprint mechanic , seen in the previous two titles . Instead of a `` slide '' movement mechanic , which allowed players to slide quickly on the ground , WWII features a `` hit - the - deck '' mechanic that allows the player to leap forward and throw themselves on the ground in order to get to cover quickly , similarly to a previous mechanic known as `` dolphin dive '' in Treyarch 's Call of Duty : Black Ops and Call of Duty : Black Ops II . Campaign ( edit ) WWII is the first title since the original game and Call of Duty 2 : Big Red One not to feature health regeneration in the campaign . Instead , players must find health packs scattered throughout levels , or rely on their medic squadmate to provide health packs . Other members of the player 's squad can provide ammunition , grenades , call in mortar strikes , or spot enemies and reveal their position in form of silhouettes . In certain sections of the game , enemy soldiers in the campaign can be captured , and wounded allies can be dragged to cover . In some parts of the campaign , players are able to control vehicles . Multiplayer ( edit ) The multiplayer mode for Call of Duty : WWII was revealed on E3 2017 , which took place from June 13 -- 15 . Sledgehammer Games announced features such as the new headquarters social space , divisions , war mode and the return to `` boots - on - the - ground '' gameplay . Players who pre-order the game were invited to a closed beta , which was released initially for the PlayStation 4 , but later was released on other platforms . In online multiplayer matches , players are randomly assigned either to Allies or Axis side . On Allies side , players can play as soldiers in American , British , Soviet , French Resistance armies . On the Axis side , players play as the Wehrmacht , rather than Waffen - SS in an effort to avoid ' glorifying ' Nazi extremists . When explaining this decision , Glen Schofield , co-founder and co-studio head at Sledgehammer , said `` The big distinction that Germans still make today is that between the German military and the Nazis . We made sure we made that distinction in the game , that the Germans were doing their duty '' . Instead of the usual create - a-class system , WWII features Divisions . Players can choose one out of five divisions , each with their own different basic combat training , division training and weapon skills . This also eliminates perks , as players need to progress through ranks in divisions in order to use additional skills . Five divisions featured in the game are : Infantry : The most versatile division in the game , it is equipped for mid to long range combat . The special skill of this division is the bayonet charge , which can lead to brutal melee combat . Airborne : This division makes players move fast while remaining quiet . Players in this division can attach suppressors to sub-machine guns at any time during combat which allows for more stealth based gameplay style . Armored : This division has the heaviest firepower , being able to mount machine guns while taking less fire and explosive damage . Mountain : This division focuses on long range combat , making sniper rifles more precise with aim assist and improving the aim through scope by blocking out surroundings from player 's view . Expeditionary : Shotguns used by players in this division have incendiary rounds that burn enemies to death . WWII also features Headquarters mode , which acts as a social space in the game . The hub is set on the Omaha Beach in Normandy , three days after the invasion when Allies retake the beach and turn it into a base . 48 players can be in the Headquarters at a time , and take part in various activities . For example , players can watch other players open loot boxes while in the Headquarters . There is a firing range in the hub , where all players can practise their shooting skills with all weapons , as well as a field where they can test scorestreaks . There are also areas where players can engage in `` 1v1 '' fights , as other players watch the duels . The end - game `` killcam '' highlight shown at the end of multiplayer matches has been changed to `` Bronze Star '' , which show kills `` deemed most impressive '' ( counted by most points gained in a row ) , similar to Overwatch . The exception to this is the Search & Destroy game mode , which does not use Bronze Star killcam . Search & Destroy uses a final killcam , showing the last kill in the round . A new game mode , War , is introduced as a `` narrative - driven '' multiplayer game mode , developed in partnership with Raven Software . In War , two teams of 6 players perform objectives as either the Allied or Axis faction , inspired by some of the iconic World War II battles , such as storming Normandy on D - Day as the Allied , or defending the Normandy bunker as the Axis in the map Operation Neptune . In addition to War , popular game modes such as Team Deathmatch , Domination and Hardpoint return , as well as Gridiron , a `` boots on the ground '' variation of Uplink , which was originally introduced by Sledgehammer Games in Call of Duty : Advanced Warfare . Nazi Zombies ( edit ) WWII includes a zombies cooperative game mode , similar to previous entries by Treyarch and Infinity Ward , with its own original storyline set in alternate history and separate from the campaign . The game mode , dubbed Nazi Zombies in reference to its first iteration in Treyarch 's Call of Duty : World at War , is also set in the events of World War II , as the Third Reich makes a desperate attempt to turn the tide of the war by creating an undead army in the final stages of the war . While the mode is based on science - fiction and is a fictional take on the war , Sledgehammer Games co-founder Michael Condrey said that the story of the mode is based on some `` real events '' . He also revealed that the experience is similar to Dead Space , a third person shooter horror video game directed by both Condrey and Schofield during their work time at EA Redwood Shores . In regards to gameplay , Nazi Zombies retains the wave - based survival formula that have been used in all previous Zombies entries , with brand new additions . A class system is introduced , where players can opt for one of four combat roles : Offense , Control , Medic and Support , which provide different in - game abilities . Class loadouts are also included , with equippable Raven Mods , which are perks similar to the multiplayer mode . Sledgehammer Games also attempted to rationalize some of the popular mechanics , such as weapon wallbuys and currencies , with realistic explanation that fit within the lore of the game mode . Nazi Zombies includes a hint system , where portions of the main story quest are given directional hints for players to find and progress . In regards to the story quest , Sledgehammer 's creative director Cameron Dayton reveals that there is a `` casual path '' for new and casual players where they can progress with the story , while a `` hardcore '' path , which is considered the official canon , exists with hidden objectives , and expands more on the story beyond what the casual path contains . Plot ( edit ) Campaign ( edit ) On June 6 , 1944 , U.S. Army Private First Class Ronald `` Red '' Daniels ( Brett Zimmermann ) of the 1st Infantry Division takes part in the Normandy landings with his platoon , consisting of Private First Class Robert Zussman ( Jonathan Tucker ) , Private Drew Stiles ( Kevin Coubal ) , Technician Fifth Grade Frank Aiello ( Jeff Schine ) , Technical Sergeant William Pierson ( Josh Duhamel ) and First Lieutenant Joseph Turner ( Jeffrey Pierce ) . Zussman is stabbed by a German soldier , resulting in his hospitalization for several weeks . Zussman returns to duty in time for Operation Cobra , where American forces successfully push to reclaim the town of Marigny . The platoon is ordered by Colonel Davis ( Matt Riedy ) to conduct an operation with British Special Operations Executive officers Major Arthur Crowley ( David Alpay ) and Vivian ( Helen Sadler ) to intercept a German armored train carrying V2 - rockets . Daniels and Zussman successfully derail the train before being escorted back to their squad by French Resistance leader Rousseau ( Bella Dayne ) . A week later , Rousseau and Crowley infiltrate a German garrison in Paris to retrieve explosives in preparation for the platoon 's assault upon it . Midway through , Rousseau kills SS - und Polizeiführer Heinrich ( J. Paul Boehmer ) in retaliation for his murder of her family . The platoon then liberates Paris . Two months later , the platoon enters Aachen , and is saved from a German attack by support from tank commander Staff Sergeant Augustine Pérez ( Christian Lanz ) . They are then ordered to take over a German - occupied hotel . They discover civilians inside the hotel , and Turner orders their evacuation , to Pierson 's dismay . A young girl named Anna ( Lilith Max ) goes missing , and Daniels rescues her . German soldiers open fire on a truck carrying the civilians , killing Anna 's older sister . Pierson sends the truck away without protection , creating a rift with Turner . At the Battle of Hürtgen Forest , the platoon is ordered to take Hill 493 . Turner splits the platoon into two groups ; Pierson and Zussman are tasked with advancing towards the hill , while Turner and Daniels cover them until they can meet at the bottom . Turner 's squad soon receives a transmission revealing that Pierson ordered an attack on the hill against Turner 's orders , forcing Turner to join in . The platoon destroys artillery positions , but the Germans counterattack with a Tiger II tank . Daniels is knocked out trying to disable the tank , which is destroyed by Pérez . Turner is fatally wounded rescuing Daniels , and orders Daniels to abandon him while he covers the platoon 's escape . Pierson becomes head of the platoon and makes Daniels his second - in - command , promoting him to Corporal . At the height of the Battle of the Bulge , the platoon is surrounded by Germans . Daniels meets an African - American technician , Howard ( Russell Richardson ) , who helps the platoon contact air support . The platoon captures several German soldiers , and discovers that the Germans plan to destroy a bridge at Remagen , the last bridge over the Rhine . After destroying the explosives in transit , Pierson orders the platoon to attack a nearby air base to destroy the remaining explosives . The attack fails , resulting in Daniels and Zussman being surrounded by enemy troops . Daniels is saved by Howard , while Zussman is captured and taken to a German prisoner of war camp , Stalag IX - B. Daniels disobeys Pierson and attempts to pursue the German truck carrying Zussman , but ends up injuring himself in the process and letting the truck escape . He is then hospitalized , with Pierson denying him from the platoon . In Stalag IX - B , Zussman is interrogated on his Jewish heritage by SS officer Metz ( George Regout ) , then is beaten and sent to a concentration camp . After recovering for eight weeks , Daniels learns from Davis about the events that changed Pierson in the Battle of Kasserine Pass : instead of recklessly leading his men to their deaths , like everyone thought , he risked his and his men 's lives in vain to save part of his platoon that was trapped . Daniels later confronts Pierson in his tent and tears up his honorable discharge papers in order to rejoin the platoon . They successfully capture the last bridge over the Rhine . The platoon heads into Germany , liberating concentration camps in search of Zussman , eventually reaching the Berga concentration camp , which they find abandoned ; the camp 's survivors were sent on a death march . Daniels finds and saves Zussman by killing Metz before he can execute him . At the end of the war , Daniels parts ways with his platoon and returns to Texas , reuniting with his wife and newborn son . He visits the grave of his older brother , Paul ( Chris Browning ) , who died while fighting a wolf when Red failed to shoot it in time . He places his Bronze Star medal on the grave , saying that his brother deserves it for teaching him how to fight for himself and for his brothers . Nazi Zombies ( edit ) Austrian engineer Marie Fischer ( Katheryn Winnick ) is sent on a mission to her hometown village of Mittelburg , Bavaria by her commanding officer , Major Rideau ( Darin De Paul ) , to retrieve lost artifacts stolen by the Nazis for experimentation , as well as rescue her brother , Klaus , who provided the information . Klaus has been unwillingly working with their lead scientist Peter Straub ( Udo Kier ) and weapons expert Colonel Heinz Richter ( Tomm Voss ) on a project to exploit a new energy dubbed `` Geistkraft '' ( literally translates as : ' Spiritforce ' ) to assist the Nazi party 's war efforts . Marie is accompanied by Scottish ex-art thief Drostan Hynd ( David Tennant ) , Art Historian turned French Resistance fighter Olivia Durant ( Élodie Yung ) and United States Army captain Jefferson Potts ( Ving Rhames ) , all of whom have significant knowledge on the stolen arts and relics . However , on their train ride to Mittelburg , the group is attacked by an unidentified colossal being . Marie is stranded from the others , and finds herself taking temporary refuge at a small house nearby , where she holds out against hordes of dead German soldiers reanimated by Geistkraft , until she is able to make her way to the village . After reuniting with the other three , Marie and the group proceed further down into the village 's hidden bunker , where Straub has set up his laboratory . There , they fend off against Straub 's undead horde , as well as Richter , whose obsession on weaponization of Geistkraft puts him at odds with Straub . Eventually , the group recovers the artifact , the hilt of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa 's sword . They then encounter the creature from earlier , a humanoid - shaped amalgam of numerous body parts sewn and stitched together , dubbed the Panzermörder , with Klaus fused into the creature 's chest . Using special magnetized batteries , the group manages to stun the Panzermörder and attach the batteries onto it , causing it to be attracted to Richter 's zeppelin flying above the village . The zeppelin explodes , killing the Panzermörder and freeing Klaus from its body . The hilt 's power somehow revives Klaus , causing him to be possessed by an unknown force . Klaus staggers into the village , telling Marie and the group to continue fighting , and that the Emperor must not return , before activating a fire trap , seemingly killing himself . Development ( edit ) Call of Duty : World War II is the second game in the Call of Duty franchise developed by Sledgehammer Games , and the third to benefit under publisher Activision 's three - year development cycle ( the first being Sledgehammer 's Call of Duty : Advanced Warfare ) in order for a longer development time for each game . A modern Call of Duty title set in World War II was alluded to in a 2014 Call of Duty : Advanced Warfare launch interview with Michael Condrey , co-founder of Sledgehammer Games . In the interview by Metro , the interviewer asked him what the possibilities of where the next Call of Duty could go in terms of setting . Condrey responded , `` Well , no . It 's curious . I can only answer from my own personal tastes , this is my own personal opinion . But some of my favorite pieces of entertainment are set in World War II . Band of Brothers , I 'm a massive fan of Band of Brothers . '' Condrey then dived further into the subject , `` And that 's a great hero 's war , kind of the last that was recognised as a noble cause in a war . So yeah , I think a next generation game with the latest production values and robustness in a World War II setting like Band of Brothers would be amazing . Now , how would it play and how would the multiplayer work after the new movement set in Advanced Warfare ? That 's a tougher question than I 've had to tackle yet ... '' . Sledgehammer Games was hesitant to reveal all the authentic settings from World War II that developers have put into the game 's storyline . Activision initially refused to deny claims that Nazi extermination camps would be featured in the game . Adam Rosenberg of Mashable wrote that video games set during World War II tended to be `` Holocaust deniers '' in the sense that they avoided broaching the subject for business reasons , but that this could be the very first Call of Duty World War II based game where the Holocaust would be depicted . Senior creative director Bret Robbins said in an interview `` Some very , very dark things happened during this conflict and it felt wrong for us to ignore that . '' He further stated `` We absolutely show atrocities . It 's an unfortunate part of the history , but you ca n't tell an authentic , truthful story without going there . So we went there . '' Robbins argued that audiences can now handle games with more maturity and nuance , `` People are ready for it . They want it , '' he said . When asked directly over Twitter as to whether or not the story campaign would allow gamers the opportunity to play as soldiers from the Axis powers such as Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy , Sledgehammer Games confirmed that the campaign gameplay would be limited to allied forces . More specifically , Sledgehammer co-founder Michael Condrey confirmed that the game will focus exclusively on the Allied powers . The Windows version of the game was developed in partnership with Raven Software . In regards to it , Raven 's CTO Dwight Luetscher stated that they were trying to focus on the Windows platform , as well as the community , by responding to their needs for it to excel . The Windows version features several notable changes , including removal of controller aim assist and addition of sensitivity slider for aim - down - sights mechanic . All pre-orders excluding the PC version included access to the private beta , which was made available first on the PlayStation 4 from August 25 to 28 , followed by a second week for both PlayStation 4 and Xbox One from September 1 to 4 . The PC beta was announced as an open beta , and ran from September 29 to October 2 on Steam . Players who participated in the beta received the Beta Combat Pack for the full game , which contains a special in - game helmet , emblem and calling card . The game is available in three editions : Base Edition , Digital Deluxe Edition and the Pro Edition . The Pro Edition was sold exclusively at GameStop , with pre-orders of the game at GameStop also included a limited edition hat . Release ( edit ) The game was released worldwide on November 3 , 2017 for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 and Xbox One . Upon the game 's release , online servers were down for most of the day , inhibiting players from playing online multiplayer , as well as some not being able to access the campaign and Nazi Zombies . Activision acknowledged the problem and announced they were working to resolve it . On December 19 , 2017 , Activision released a preview trailer for the first downloadable content pack , The Resistance , containing 3 new multiplayer maps : Anthropoid , Valkyrie , Occupation ( the latter of which is a remake of Resistance from Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 3 ) , 1 new War map : Operation Intercept , and 1 new Nazi Zombies map , The Darkest Shore . The map pack is expected to be released January 30 , 2018 first on PlayStation 4 , 30 days before the release on Xbox One and Steam . Reception ( edit ) Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic 79 / 100 ( PS4 ) 81 / 100 ( XONE ) 75 / 100 ( PC ) Review scores Publication Score Destructoid 7 / 10 EGM 8.5 / 10 Game Informer 8.75 / 10 Game Revolution GameSpot 9 / 10 GamesRadar Giant Bomb IGN 8 / 10 PC Gamer ( US ) 70 / 100 Polygon 7 / 10 Call of Duty : WWII received `` generally favorable '' reviews , according to review aggregator Metacritic . Miguel Concepcion of GameSpot awarded the game a 9 / 10 , writing that the campaign was `` moving '' and `` salutes the brotherhood that grows and strengthens on the battlefield '' , while praising the game 's `` excellent visuals and sound design '' . Daniel Tack from Game Informer gave the game a 8.75 / 10 , stating that he felt the campaign was the only drawback overall ; despite capturing a `` signature explosive feel through various adrenaline - fueled moments '' , he thought progression felt tedious as a result of `` standard gunplay and endless killing fields . '' He praised the multiplayer as the `` shining star of the three modes '' , especially enjoying the game 's new War mode in terms of its variety , and highlighted the return to the traditional gameplay and range of customization options . In his 8.5 / 10 review for Electronic Gaming Monthly , Nick Plasses wrote that the campaign 's protagonists were `` well characterized and ( ... ) the cause for the game 's most impactful conflicts '' . He praised the lack of regenerating health which gave the game `` new levels of strategy and exploration , ultimately adding more entertainment than frustration '' , and that the reliance on fellow soldiers `` necessitates more strategic positioning and resource management '' . IGN 's Miranda Sanchez awarded the game 8 / 10 , saying the campaign was a `` more human perspective than we 've seen in recent years '' , with interesting and diverse characters . However , she criticized its conflicting tone , as well as several repetitive and frustrating missions . She wrote that the Zombies was the standout mode in the game , which helped strike `` a rewarding balance for the diehard zombies fans ( ... ) and those that just want to jump in and have a good time '' , although criticized that the experience suffered when playing with other people . Destructoid 's Chris Moyse praised the game as a `` satisfying experience '' and the campaign as `` one of the series ' best in some time '' , but felt that `` it also makes little effort to overhaul the brand as a whole , playing it incredibly safe when the opportunity for reinvention was right there for the taking . '' Polygon 's Russ Frushtick generally praised the multiplayer , calling it `` strong and enjoyable '' , but criticized the campaign , writing that `` just about every mission feels like déjà vu , as if I 'd played it before in another game '' and that `` Changing the time period so dramatically only helps to highlight how little has changed since the franchise 's total re-imagining with Call of Duty 4 . '' Jeff Gerstmann of Giant Bomb was more critical of the game as a whole , stating that `` despite all of Activision 's big talk about `` boots on the ground '' action and how this was going to be some big deal , the setting change did n't bring any new and exciting inspiration with it . This feels like the most wheel - spinning , by - the - numbers Call of Duty they 've made thus far . '' Eurogamer ranked the game 38th on their list of the `` Top 50 Games of 2017 '' . Sales ( edit ) The game earned over $500 million within its first three days of release . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McMillan , Emily . `` Wilbert Roget II composes for Call of Duty : World War II '' . Video Game Music Online . Retrieved 20 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Colin ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` Call of Duty : WWII confirmed , full reveal next week '' . Polygon . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Unlimited sprint wo n't be featured in Call of Duty : WWII '' . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Condrey , Michael ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` You can `` hit - the - deck '' and scramble for cover , officially `` . @ MichaelCondrey . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dayus , Oscar ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` Call Of Duty : WW2 Ditching Health Regen , Has Some Form Of Dedicated Classes '' . GameSpot . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ acast ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` E3 2017 : Call Of Duty : WW2 Interview Gamertag Radio on acast '' . acast . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Kevin ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` Announcing Call of Duty : WWII '' . Activision . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kain , Erik ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` Everything You Need To Know About The ' Call Of Duty : World War II ' Reveal '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wright , James ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` Call of Duty WW2 : Bosses reveal the one gameplay feature they WON 'T include '' . Daily Star . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : WW2 Gives You Prizes For Watching Others Open Loot Boxes '' . Kotaku UK . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stuart , Keith ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` Call of Duty : WWII -- how an indie classic inspired the latest instalment '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : WWII Ditches Endgame Killcam for Something Better '' . twinfinite.net . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Condrey , Michael . `` I 'm way overdue on this , sorry . Yes , S&D will be final killcam , not Bronze Star camera '' . Twitter . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keshav ( June 3 , 2017 ) . `` Call of Duty : WWII Zombies has a ' back story that 's based on real events , ' similar experience to Dead Space '' . Charlie INTEL . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : WWII - Zombies Interview '' . YouTube . October 31 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metro.co.uk , David Jenkins for ( November 3 , 2014 ) . `` COD : Advanced Warfare Michael Condrey interview '' . Metro . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Adam ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Call of Duty : WWII ' wo n't ignore the Holocaust anymore '' . Mashable . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pink , Aiden ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Call Of Duty ' Video Game Will Depict The Holocaust '' . The Forward . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fenlon , Wes ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` Call of Duty : WWII devs want to ' win the hearts and minds of the PC community ' '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Plagge , Kallie ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` Call Of Duty : WW2 - Everything We Know So Far '' . GameSpot . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Webster , Andrew ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` Call of Duty : WWII is launching November 3rd '' . The Verge . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Gary ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Call of Duty WW2 Servers down : Activision provide server update following launch '' . The Express . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Faulkner , Jason ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Call of Duty WW2 Error Code 103294 and 102780 Fix : CoD WW2 Stuck on Loading Screen and Ca n't Play Online '' . GameRevolution . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Kevin ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Revealing The First Call of Duty : WWII DLC Pack - The Resistance ! '' . Activision . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Call of Duty : WWII for PlayStation 4 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Call of Duty : WWII for Xbox One Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Call of Duty : WWII for PC Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Moyse , Chris ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Review : Call of Duty : WWII '' . Destructoid . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Plessas , Nick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Call of Duty : WWII review '' . Electronic Gaming Monthly . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tack , Daniel ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Rallying The Shooter On Multiple Fronts - Call of Duty : WWII - PlayStation 4 '' . Game Informer . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Faulkner , Jason ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Call of Duty WW2 Review -- War Has Changed Back '' . Game Revolution . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Concepcion , Miguel ( November 4 , 2017 ) . `` Call Of Duty : WWII Review '' . GameSpot . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hurley , Leon ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Call of Duty WW2 review '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gerstmann , Jeff ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` Call of Duty : WWII Review '' . Giant Bomb . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sanchez , Miranda ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Call of Duty : WW2 Review '' . IGN . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davenport , James ( November 4 , 2017 ) . `` Call of Duty WWII review '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Frushtick , Russ ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` Call of Duty : WWII review '' . Polygon . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eurogamer staff ( December 27 , 2017 ) . `` Eurogamer 's Top 50 Games of 2017 : 40 - 31 '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dring , Christopher ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` Call of Duty : WWII doubles Infinite Warfare sales worldwide '' . GamesIndustry.biz . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website 2010s portal History portal Video games portal World War II portal ( hide ) Call of Duty Games World War II setting Call of Duty United Offensive Finest Hour Big Red One Roads to Victory World at War Nintendo DS version Final Fronts WWII Modern Warfare story arc 4 : Modern Warfare Nintendo DS version Remastered Modern Warfare 2 Mobilized Controversies `` No Russian '' Modern Warfare 3 Downloadable content Defiance Black Ops story arc World at War Zombies Black Ops Zombies Black Ops II Declassified Strike Team Black Ops III Other games Ghosts Advanced Warfare Infinite Warfare Media Modern Warfare 2 : Ghost Find Makarov : Operation Kingfish `` Not Ready to Die '' `` Nightmare '' `` Carry On '' `` Shepherd of Fire '' `` Survival '' Main developers Infinity Ward Sledgehammer Games Treyarch Related articles Championship Elite Experience 2011 Experience 2016 Captain Price id Tech 3 IW engine Soap MacTavish World League Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Call_of_Duty:_WWII&oldid=818266709 '' Categories : 2017 video games Call of Duty First - person shooters Multiplayer online games PlayStation 4 games Video games set in France Windows games World War II first - person shooters Xbox One games PlayStation 4 Pro enhanced games Xbox One X enhanced games Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2017 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский සිංහල Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 16 : 00 . 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what is the airport code for panama city florida	The Northwest Florida Beaches International Airport ( IATA : ECP , ICAO : KECP , FAA LID : ECP ) is a public airport 18 miles northwest of Panama City , in Bay County . The airport is owned by the Panama City - Bay County Airport & Industrial District . and is north of Panama City Beach , Florida , near West Bay . It replaced Panama City -- Bay County International Airport ( Fannin Field , PFN ) , which was in Panama City .	IATA : ECP , ICAO : KECP , FAA LID : ECP	Northwest Florida Beaches International airport	northwest florida beaches international airport	The Northwest Florida Beaches International Airport ( IATA : ECP , ICAO : KECP , FAA LID : ECP ) is a public airport 18 miles northwest of Panama City , in Bay County . The airport is owned by the Panama City - Bay County Airport & Industrial District . and is north of Panama City Beach , Florida , near West Bay . It replaced Panama City -- Bay County International Airport ( Fannin Field , PFN ) , which was in Panama City .	The airport opened for commercial flights on May 23 , 2010 , and is the first international airport in the United States designed and built since the September 11 attacks . The airport currently has no scheduled international flights , due to the small population in the surrounding areas and the fact that the demand for visitation to Panama City is mostly regional and / or national . The airport was to have been called Northwest Florida - Panama City International Airport , but the airlines asked the airport authority to change to a more regional name . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Facilities 2.1 Runway 2.2 Terminal 2.3 General aviation 2.4 Air cargo 2.5 Aircraft operations 2.6 Ground Transportation 3 Airlines and destinations 3.1 Passenger 3.2 Statistics 4 Cargo airlines 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) In the late 1990s the Panama City - Bay County Airport and Industrial District ( Airport Authority ) started looking for ways to increase the air service in the Panama City area . Proposed ideas included using the current airport property and extending the current short runways into St. Andrews Bay or into residential neighborhoods , relocation of the airport to a new site , or collocation with Tyndall AFB . With strong opposition to extending the runways into an environmentally sensitive bay or into neighborhoods , the airport authority began to search for relocation sites . The authority received tentative approval to relocate the airport to northwestern Bay County in 2001 . In 2005 -- 2007 the authority obtained the needed permits . The relocation of the airport was controversial in Bay County . The county commission chose to proceed with building a new airport and closing down Fannin Field despite a majority of voters in a non-binding 2004 referendum voting against the plan . Some felt that the St. Joe Company , which owned the land the airport would be based on , would derive an unfair benefit at the taxpayer 's expense . Suits were filed against the airport on environmental grounds but were not successful in halting its construction . Construction was completed in May 2010 , however the planned crosswind runway was not built . This controversy continues as of January 2015 . The airport 's IATA code was originally supposed to be TFB , for `` The Florida Beaches '' . However , this code was already taken by the Tifalmin Airport in Papua New Guinea . By going through all available IATA codes , the group deciding the code came across ECP . After jokingly saying it could stand for `` Everyone Can Party '' , the code stuck . Facilities ( edit ) The airport covers 4,000 acres ( 1,600 hectares ) at an elevation of 68 feet ( 21 m ) . Runway ( edit ) Runway 16 / 34 is the only runway . It is concrete / grooved , 10,000 feet ( 3,000 meters ) long and 150 feet ( 46 meters ) wide . There are plans to build one crosswind and one parallel runway as traffic increases . The elevation for Runway 16 is 68.6 feet ( 20.9 m ) . The runway has a 4 - aligned PAPI light system ( glideslope : 2.83 ° ) , a MALSR approach light , centerline lights , and touchdown zone lights . The runway has an instrument approach which includes S - ILS or LOC / DME , and GPS RNAV . For general aviation aircraft , the runway uses left traffic pattern . The opposite end of Runway 16 , the elevation for Runway 34 is 53.7 feet ( 16.4 meters ) . This runway has a 4 - aligned PAPI light system ( glideslope : 2.83 ° ) and centerline lights . This runway has a GPS RNAV or LOC / DME instrument approach . For general aviation aircraft , the runway uses left traffic pattern . The crosswind runway is on indefinite hold . It was to be 5,000 feet long and to open by 2014 . As of January 2015 , there is no information on if this runway will be finished . Current status is a cleared area to the southeast of the primary runway that has not been active since 2009 . As this runway would be utilized by general aviation , it is not an economic priority . As of January 2015 , local general aviation pilots and other light aircraft do not have a safe option during high crosswind conditions since KPFN had the runways there broken up . Terminal ( edit ) Inside the airport Roadway in front of airport The new airport has a much larger terminal , designed by HNTB compared to the terminal at the previous airport . The terminal , 105,000 sq. feet , has seven gates , Gates 1 -- 5 have jet bridges , while Gates 6 and 7 are on ramp level for regional aircraft . The airport has a US Customs and Border Protection inspection facility for arriving international flights . It was anticipated that the new terminal building will be the first airport terminal to attain a LEED rating for being a green building as well . As of July 2011 , it has yet to receive this . A new terminal building at Appleton International Airport has since become the first LEED - rated terminal building in the world . General aviation ( edit ) General aviation is handled at the general aviation facility south of the main passenger terminal . 111 GA aircraft were based at the airport in January 2018 . 84 are single - engine , 16 are multi-engine , 10 are jets , and 1 helicopter . There are no gliders or ultra-lights based at the airport . As of 2012 , 75 % of based aircraft belong to corporations . About 75 % of GA operations are business / corporate related , 65 % of which are business jets The only FBO as of August 2011 is SheltAir . Flight training based at KECP has fallen off as ATP Flight School closed prior to the relocation of the airport . Island Air Express and Precision Flight Training , LLC now offer flight training . Air cargo ( edit ) The cargo facility is between the control tower and general aviation ramp . Flight Express is the primary air cargo service to KECP . Aircraft operations ( edit ) In the 12 month period ending February 28 , 2017 , the airport had 65,059 aircraft operations , average 178 per day : 55 % general aviation , 24 % military , 13 % airline , and 8 % air taxi . Ground Transportation ( edit ) Ground transportation to and from the airport includes on - airport car rental , taxis , shuttles , and limousines . Airlines and destinations ( edit ) Southwest Airlines began service in May 2010 with eight daily Boeing 737 flights , two each to Baltimore - Washington ( BWI ) , Houston -- Hobby ( HOU ) , Nashville ( BNA ) , and Orlando ( MCO ) . Southwest Airlines then started daily seasonal nonstop service to St. Louis ( STL ) on June 3 , 2012 . Effective in early March 2016 , Delta Air Lines was operating up to six nonstop flights a day to Atlanta ( ATL ) operated with Boeing 717 , McDonnell Douglas MD - 88 and McDonnell Douglas MD - 90 jetliners . Delta has also operated Boeing 737 jets into the airport in the past . Delta Connection had operated regional jet aircraft on their flights to Atlanta but currently does not serve the airport . United Express operates regional jets on their nonstop flights to Houston Intercontinental Airport ( IAH ) . On January 18 , 2018 , Northwest Florida Beaches International Airport announced the beginning of American Airlines nonstop flights to Charlotte Douglas ( CLT ) and Dallas / Fort Worth ( DFW ) starting on June 7 , 2018 . There will be 2 flights per day to both destinations operated with CRJ 700 's . Passenger ( edit ) Scheduled nonstop passenger flights include : Airlines Destinations American Eagle Dallas / Fort Worth , Charlotte ( both begin June 7 , 2018 ) Delta Air Lines Atlanta Southwest Airlines Dallas -- Love , Houston -- Hobby , Nashville Seasonal : Austin , Baltimore , Denver ( begins June 9 , 2018 ) , St. Louis United Express Houston -- Intercontinental Statistics ( edit ) Carrier shares : ( Nov 2016 -- Oct 2017 ) Carrier Passengers ( arriving and departing ) Delta 460,000 ( 50.54 % ) Southwest 394,000 ( 43.34 % ) ExpressJet 54,000 ( 5.93 % ) Mesa 2,000 ( 0.18 % ) Top domestic destinations : ( Nov 2016 -- Oct 2017 ) Rank Airport Passengers Carriers Atlanta , GA 230,570 Delta Nashville , TN 73,850 Southwest Houston -- Hobby , TX 39,310 Southwest Dallas -- Love , TX 32,020 Southwest 5 Houston -- Intercontinental , TX 26,750 United 6 St. Louis , MO 20,190 Southwest 7 Baltimore , MD 20,100 Southwest 8 Chicago - Midway , IL 4,280 Southwest Cargo airlines ( edit ) Airlines Destinations Flight Express Birmingham ( AL ) Key Lime Air Albany ( GA ) Martinaire Albany ( GA ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Panama City , FL : Northwest Florida Beaches International ( ECP ) '' . Bureau of Transportation Statistics . October 2017 . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : FAA Airport Master Record for ECP ( Form 5010 PDF ) . Federal Aviation Administration . effective January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IATA Airport Code Search ( ECP : NW Florida Beaches Int ) '' . International Air Transport Association . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Northwest Florida Beaches International Airport . Jump up ^ `` EDITORIAL : Airport : More bumps '' . Panama City News Herald . April 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Goodnough , Abby ( May 9 , 2007 ) . `` In a Quiet Part of Florida , a Bid to Bring in the Crowds '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Tifalmin Airport ( TFB ) Tifalmin , Papua New Guinea ( PG ) '' . World Airport Codes . Retrieved 10 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Owen , Bill . `` Every Airport Code Tells a Story '' . blogsouthwest.com . Southwest Airlines . Retrieved 10 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Northwest Florida Beaches International Airport benefits from added service , destinations Jump up ^ `` Ground Transportation '' . Northwest Florida Beaches International Airport . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Owen , Bill ( October 21 , 2009 ) . `` News Flash : New Service Coming Next May '' . Southwest Airlines . Jump up ^ http://www.delta.com , Flight Schedules ^ Jump up to : `` Immediate Release Announcement '' ( PDF ) . 2018 - 01 - 18 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Southwest Launches New Flights to Cancun in 2018 Schedule '' . Questex . November 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Northwest Florida Beaches International Airport . Florida portal Aviation portal Northwest Florida Beaches International Airport , official site FAA Airport Diagram ( PDF ) , effective March 29 , 2018 FAA Terminal Procedures for ECP , effective March 29 , 2018 Resources for this airport : FAA airport information for ECP AirNav airport information for KECP ASN accident history for ECP FlightAware airport information and live flight tracker NOAA / NWS latest weather observations SkyVector aeronautical chart , Terminal Procedures ( hide ) Airports in Florida Primary Daytona Beach Destin -- Fort Walton Beach Fort Lauderdale -- Hollywood Gainesville Jacksonville Key West Miami Northeast Florida Northwest Florida Beaches Orlando Orlando Melbourne Orlando Sanford Palm Beach Pensacola Punta Gorda St. Pete -- Clearwater Sarasota -- Bradenton Southwest Florida Tallahassee Tampa Vero Beach Reliever Avon Park Executive Boca Raton Clearwater DeLand -- Taylor Fort Lauderdale Executive Herlong Jacksonville Executive Kissimmee Gateway Knight Lakeland Linder Lantana Miami Executive Naples New Smyrna Beach North Palm Beach North Perry Opa Locka Orlando Executive Ormond Beach Page Tampa Executive Venice Whitted General Airglades Apalachicola Arcadia Bartow Belle Glade Brooksville -- Tampa Bay Calhoun County Cecil Cross City Crystal River Dade - Collier DeFuniak Springs Destin Dunn Dunnellon -- Marion County Everglades Fernandina Beach Flager Hilliard Homestead Immokalee Inverness Keystone Heights LaBelle Lake City Gateway Lake Wales Leesburg Lewis Marathon Marco Island Marianna Merritt Island Miami Seaplane Ocala Okeechobee County Pahokee Palatka -- Larkin Perry -- Foley Plant City Pompano Beach Prince Quincy St. Lucie County Sebastian Sebring Sikes Space Coast Suwannee County Tri-County Umatilla Valkaria Wauchula Williston Winter Haven Witham Zephyrhills Public use Carrabelle - Thompson Fort Walton Beach Jack Browns Massey Ranch Orlando Apopka South Lakeland Tavares Wakulla County Private use Ames Buckingham Gardner Hidden Lake Jumbolair Kathrinstadt Ocean Reef Club Osborn Ridge Landing Sandy Creek NASA / Shuttle Landing Facility Spruce Creek Wellington Military Avon Park AFR Cape Canaveral AFS Skid Strip Coast Guard Air Station Clearwater ( at St. Petersburg - Clearwater IAP ) Coast Guard Air Station Miami ( at Opa Locka Airport ) Duke Field Eglin AFB Homestead ARB Hurlburt Field Jacksonville Air National Guard Base ( at Jacksonville IAP ) NAS Jacksonville ( Towers Field ) NAS Key West MacDill AFB NS Mayport ( McDonald Field ) Patrick AFB NAS Pensacola ( Sherman Field ) Tyndall AFB NAS Whiting Field North Field South Field NOLF Choctaw NOLF Santa Rosa NOLF Saufley NOLF Spencer Defunct All - American Bushnell AAF NAS DeLand ( now DeLand - Taylor ) Disney Drew AAF ( now Tampa IAP ) Epcot Jacksonville -- Imeson McCoy AFB ( now Orlando IAP ) NAS Cecil Field ( now Cecil Airport ) NAAS Corry Field NAS Ellyson Field NAS Pensacola - Chevalier Field Naval Air Station Sanford ( now Orlando - Sanford IAP ) Opa - locka West Panama City -- Bay County NAS Richmond Tampa Bay Executive Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northwest_Florida_Beaches_International_Airport&oldid=830993004 '' Categories : Airports in Florida Transportation buildings and structures in Bay County , Florida 2010 establishments in Florida Airports established in 2010 Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Use mdy dates from May 2014 Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cebuano فارسی اردو Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 18 March 2018 , at 03 : 14 . 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who got their ear bit off in boxing	Evander Holyfield vs. Mike Tyson II , billed as `` The Sound and the Fury '' and afterwards infamously referred to as `` The Bite Fight '' , was a professional boxing match contested on June 28 , 1997 for the WBA Heavyweight Championship . It achieved notoriety as one of the most bizarre fights in boxing history , after Tyson bit off part of Holyfield 's ear . Tyson was disqualified from the match and lost his boxing license , though it was later reinstated .	Evander Holyfield	Evander Holyfield vs. Mike Tyson II	evander holyfield vs. mike tyson ii	Evander Holyfield vs. Mike Tyson II , billed as `` The Sound and the Fury '' and afterwards infamously referred to as `` The Bite Fight '' , was a professional boxing match contested on June 28 , 1997 for the WBA Heavyweight Championship . It achieved notoriety as one of the most bizarre fights in boxing history , after Tyson bit off part of Holyfield 's ear . Tyson was disqualified from the match and lost his boxing license , though it was later reinstated .	The fight took place at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas , Nevada . The referee officiating the fight was Mills Lane , who was brought in as a late replacement when Tyson 's camp protested the original selection of Mitch Halpern ( who officiated the first fight ) as the referee . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Match 2.1 Post-fight unrest 3 Aftermath 4 References Background ( edit ) Tyson and Holyfield fought seven months earlier in Las Vegas . Tyson was making his first defense of the WBA championship he had won from Bruce Seldon in a first round knockout . Holyfield , despite being a former champion , was a significant underdog entering the match as he had been rather lackluster in several fights since he returned to fighting in 1995 after a brief retirement . However , Holyfield surprised Tyson by controlling the contest and knocked him down in the sixth round . Halpern stopped the fight in the eleventh round , giving Holyfield an upset victory . Match ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The fight began with Holyfield dominating Tyson . Holyfield won the first three rounds . At 2 : 19 of the first round , an overhand right from Holyfield stunned Tyson , but Tyson fought back immediately pushing Holyfield backwards . 32 seconds into Round Two , Holyfield ducked under a right from Tyson , in doing so , head butting Tyson and opening a large cut over his right eye , though trainer Ritchie Giachetti believed the cut happened in the first round . Tyson had repeatedly complained about head - butting in the first bout between the two . Upon reviewing replays , referee Mills Lane stated the headbutts were unintentional and nonpunishable . As the third round was about to begin , Tyson came out of his corner without his mouthpiece . Lane ordered Tyson back to his corner to insert it . Tyson inserted his mouthpiece , got back into position and the match resumed . Tyson began the third round with a furious attack . With forty seconds remaining in the round Holyfield got Tyson in a clinch , and Tyson rolled his head above Holyfield 's shoulder and bit Holyfield on his right ear , avulsing a one - inch piece of cartilage from the top of the ear , and spitting out the piece of ear on the ring floor . As Holyfield shrieked in pain and jumped in circles , he managed to push Tyson away at which Lane called for a time - out . As Holyfield turned to walk to his corner , Tyson shoved him from behind . Lane sent Tyson to a neutral corner as an enraged Holyfield gestured for Mills Lane to look at his bitten ear which was rapidly bleeding . The fight was delayed for several minutes as Lane debated what to do . Lane 's original decision was to immediately disqualify Tyson , but after the ringside doctor determined that Holyfield was able to continue despite the massive bite , Lane announced he would be deducting two points from Tyson and the fight would continue . Bobby Czyz , who was calling the fight with Steve Albert for Showtime , said , `` I wonder how this would have played in Mitch Halpern 's eyes , '' and Albert told Czyz , `` That 's a thought , Bobby . '' As Lane explained the decision to Tyson and his cornermen , Tyson asserted that the injury to Holyfield 's ear was the result of a punch . `` Bullshit , '' retorted Lane . The fight was resumed . During another clinch , Tyson bit Holyfield 's left ear . Holyfield threw his hands around to get out of the clinch and jumped back . Tyson 's second bite just scarred Holyfield 's ear . Lane did not stop the fight this time , so the two men continued fighting until time expired . The men walked back to their respective corners when the second bite was discovered and the fight was then stopped . Post-fight unrest ( edit ) After the fight was stopped , Tyson went on a rampage at Holyfield and his trainer Brooks while they were still in their corner . Mills Lane told Tyson 's corner that he was disqualifying Tyson for biting Holyfield . To protect Holyfield , security surrounded him in his corner and Tyson was taken back to his corner by security . Mills Lane was interviewed , and said he knew the bites were intentional through his experience and told Tyson not to bite anymore and Tyson asked for his disqualification by disobeying the order . Holyfield left the ring seconds after the interview which gave the fans and audience the hint that the fight was over . Holyfield told the press afterward that Tyson bit him because he knew he was going to get knocked out and he chose to lose in a disqualification instead . Reporters then interviewed Mike Tyson 's instructor who was ranting about Lane 's decision . The instructor said : `` They will have to explain that . I do not agree with it but it is what it is ... all I know is Mike Tyson has a cut in his eye . '' Twenty - five minutes after the brawl ended , announcer Jimmy Lennon Jr. read the decision : `` Ladies and gentlemen , this bout has been stopped at the end of round number three . The referee in charge , Mills Lane , disqualifies Mike Tyson for biting Evander Holyfield in both ears , the winner by way of disqualification and still the WBA Champion of the world , Evander ' The Real Deal ' Holyfield ! '' As a result Holyfield remained the WBA Heavyweight champion . Tyson said it was retaliation for the headbutts . Later , during interviews Tyson was walking back to his locker room when a fan from the stadium tossed a bottle of water in his direction . Tyson , his instructor and a pain manager climbed over a temporary railing and up into the stands , made obscene gestures to the crowd , and made their way up the side of a stairway . Tyson had to be restrained as he was led off . When interviewed about his championship and the incident with Tyson , Holyfield said he already forgave Tyson for biting him since he has 100 % faith in God and Jesus . Nonetheless , Tyson was sentenced with a permanent suspension from boxing and his license cancelled indefinitely . Tyson was also fined $3,000,000 and had to serve a period of community service . After a year and an appeal in court , Tyson 's license was reinstated . When Tyson and Holyfield retired from boxing they befriended each other and are now close friends today . Aftermath ( edit ) As a result of biting Holyfield on both ears and other behavior , Tyson 's boxing license was revoked by the Nevada State Athletic Commission and he was fined $ 3 million plus legal costs . The revocation was not permanent ; a little more than a year later on October 18 , 1998 , the commission voted 4 -- 1 to restore Tyson 's boxing license . In the 2008 documentary Tyson , the boxer claimed he did it as retaliation for the headbutting . On October 16 , 2009 on The Oprah Winfrey Show , Tyson apologized to Holyfield . Holyfield accepted his apology and forgave Tyson . A book entitled The Bite Fight was made in 2013 by George Willis , illustrating the lives of some of those involved and the fight itself . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lane late replacement , center of action , AP via Slam ! Boxing , 1997 - 06 - 29 , Retrieved on 2007 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Tyson : ' I 'd bite again ' , BBC Sports , 1999 - 10 - 04 , Retrieved on 2007 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Weinberg , Rick . `` 30 : Tyson bites Holyfield 's ear in rematch '' . ESPN.com . ESPN . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Brookhouse , Brent ( December 25 , 2012 ) . `` Great moments in heavyweight rematch history : Tyson vs Holyfield II and ' The Bite ' '' . Vox Media Inc . SB Nation . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Lutz , Tom ( October 22 , 2013 ) . `` Mike Tyson ' wanted to kill ' Evander Holyfield '' . Guardian News and Media . The Guardian . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Friend , Tom ( June 29 , 1997 ) . `` Tyson Disqualified for Biting Holyfield 's Ears '' . The New York Times Company . The New York Times . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Tyson Tells Oprah Why He Bit Evander Holyfield -- The Sweet Science '' . thesweetscience.com . Jump up ^ Dawes , Mike ( February 18 , 2013 ) . `` Come ear and give me a hug ! Tyson and Holyfield share warm embrace ... 15 years after Iron Mike 's infamous bite '' . Mail Online . Associated Newspapers Ltd . Daily Mail . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Tyson to induct Evander Holyfield into new boxing hall of fame '' . SFGate.com . SFGate . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Tyson banned for life , AP via Slam ! Boxing , 1997 - 07 - 09 , Retrieved on 2007 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Mike Tyson timeline , ESPN.com , 2002 - 01 - 29 , Retrieved on 2009 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Tyson Apologizes Video '' . oprah.com . Mike Tyson Fights Tyson vs. Green Tyson vs. Frazier Berbick vs. Tyson Tyson vs. Smith Tyson vs. Thomas Tyson vs. Tucker Tyson vs. Biggs Tyson vs. Holmes Tyson vs. Tubbs Tyson vs. Spinks Tyson vs. Bruno Tyson vs. C. Williams Tyson vs. Douglas Tyson vs. Tillman Tyson vs. Stewart Tyson vs. Ruddock Tyson vs. Ruddock II Tyson vs. McNeeley Tyson vs. Mathis Bruno vs. Tyson II Seldon vs. Tyson Tyson vs. Holyfield Holyfield vs. Tyson II Tyson vs. Botha Tyson vs. Norris Tyson vs. Francis Tyson vs. Savarese Tyson vs. Golota Tyson vs. Nielsen Lewis vs. Tyson Tyson vs. Etienne Tyson vs. D. Williams Tyson vs. McBride Important figures Cus D'Amato Jimmy Jacobs Bill Cayton Teddy Atlas Kevin Rooney Richie Giachetti Don King Robin Givens ( wife ) Alan Dershowitz Bobby Stewart In popular culture Film Tyson ( 1995 ) Black and White Tyson ( 2008 ) Television Fallen Champ : The Untold Story of Mike Tyson Taking on Tyson Bad Crazy Mike Tyson Mysteries Miscellaneous Balrog Drederick Tatum I Think I Can Beat Mike Tyson Mike Tyson 's Punch - Out ! ! The Tyson Zone WrestleMania XIV Iron Mike Productions Other Peek - a-boo Evander Holyfield Fights Douglas vs. Holyfield Holyfield vs. Foreman Holyfield vs. Cooper Holyfield vs. Holmes Holyfield vs. Bowe Bowe vs. Holyfield II Holyfield vs. Moorer Bowe vs. Holyfield III Tyson vs. Holyfield Holyfield vs. Tyson II Holyfield vs. Moorer II Holyfield vs. Bean Holyfield vs. Lewis Holyfield vs. Lewis II Holyfield vs. Ruiz Holyfield vs. Ruiz II Ruiz vs. Holyfield III Byrd vs. Holyfield Valuev vs. Holyfield Important figures Shelly Finkel George Benton Lou Duva Don Turner Emanuel Steward Ronnie Shields Don King In popular culture Film Necessary Roughness Summer of Sam Arthur Television Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. season 1 ) Saturday Night 's Main Event Celebrity Big Brother 13 Other Evander Holyfield 's Real Deal Boxing Real Deal Records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evander_Holyfield_vs._Mike_Tyson_II&oldid=807289065 '' Categories : World Boxing Association heavyweight championship matches 1997 in boxing Boxing in Las Vegas 1997 in sports in Nevada History of boxing Violence in sports Boxing matches involving Evander Holyfield Boxing matches involving Mike Tyson June 1997 sports events MGM Grand Garden Arena Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles needing additional references from June 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 01 : 50 . 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who has made the most shots in the nba	28,307 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar	Kareem Abdul - Jabbar	NBA Regular season records	nba regular season records	This article lists all - time records achieved in the NBA regular season in major statistical categories recognized by the league , including those set by teams and individuals in a game , season , and career . The NBA also recognizes records from its original incarnation , the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Regular season records 1.1 Game 1.2 Season 1.3 Career 2 Rookie and age - related records 3 Team records 3.1 Game 3.2 Season 3.3 Franchise 4 Other records 5 Awards 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 References Regular season records Game Most minutes in a game 69 by Dale Ellis , Seattle SuperSonics ( at Milwaukee Bucks ) on November 9 , 1989 ( 5 OT ) Most points in a game 100 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 Most points in a half 59 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 2nd ) Most points in a quarter 37 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on January 23 , 2015 ( 3rd ) Most points in an overtime period 16 by Gilbert Arenas , Washington Wizards ( vs. Los Angeles Lakers ) on December 17 , 2006 Note : the post-season record is 17 by Stephen Curry Most points in a triple - double 60 by James Harden , Houston Rockets ( vs. Orlando Magic ) on January 30 , 2018 Quickest to reach a triple - double 14 minutes and 33 seconds by Nikola Jokić , Denver Nuggets ( at Milwaukee Bucks ) on February 15 , 2018 . Most field goals made in a game 36 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 Most field goals attempted in a game 63 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 Most field goals missed in a game 30 by Kobe Bryant , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Boston Celtics ) on November 7 , 2002 Most field goals made in a half 22 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 2nd ) Most field goals attempted in a half 37 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 2nd ) Most field goals made in a quarter 13 by David Thompson , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Detroit Pistons ) on April 9 , 1978 ( 1st ) 13 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on January 23 , 2015 ( 3rd ) Most field goals attempted in a quarter 21 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 4th ) Most field goals made in a game , no misses 18 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs. Baltimore Bullets ) on February 24 , 1967 Most field goals attempted in a game , none made 17 by Tim Hardaway , Golden State Warriors ( at Minnesota Timberwolves ) on December 27 , 1991 Most 3 - point field goals made in a game 13 by Stephen Curry , Golden State Warriors ( vs. New Orleans Pelicans ) on November 7 , 2016 ( 13 / 17 ) Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a game 22 by J.R. Smith , New York Knicks ( at Miami Heat ) on April 6 , 2014 ( 10 / 22 ) Most 3 - point field goals made in a game , no misses 9 by Latrell Sprewell , New York Knicks ( vs. Los Angeles Clippers ) on February 4 , 2003 9 by Ben Gordon , Chicago Bulls ( vs. Washington Wizards ) on April 14 , 2006 9 by Ben Gordon , Detroit Pistons ( at Denver Nuggets ) on March 21 , 2012 Most consecutive 3 - point field goals made to start a game 10 by Ty Lawson , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Minnesota Timberwolves ) on April 9 , 2011 ( 10 / 11 ) Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a game , none made 11 by Antoine Walker , Boston Celtics ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on December 17 , 2001 11 by Trey Burke , Utah Jazz ( vs. Atlanta Hawks ) on January 2 , 2015 11 by Stephen Curry , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on February 27 , 2017 Most 3 - point field goals made in a half 10 by Chandler Parsons , Houston Rockets ( vs. Memphis Grizzlies ) on January 24 , 2014 ( 10 / 11 ) Most 3 - point field goals made in a quarter 9 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on January 23 , 2015 ( 9 / 9 ) Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a quarter , no misses 9 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on January 23 , 2015 ( 9 / 9 ) Most free throws made in a game 28 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 28 / 32 ) 28 by Adrian Dantley , Utah Jazz ( vs. Houston Rockets ) on January 4 , 1984 ( 28 / 29 ) Note : the post-season record is 30 by Bob Cousy Most free throws made in a game , no misses 23 by Dominique Wilkins , Atlanta Hawks ( vs. Chicago Bulls ) on December 8 , 1992 Most consecutive free throws made in a game 24 by DeMar DeRozan , Toronto Raptors ( vs. Portland Trail Blazers ) on March 4 , 2016 Most free throws attempted in a game , none made 11 by Shaquille O'Neal , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Seattle SuperSonics ) on December 8 , 2000 Most free throws attempted in a game 39 by Dwight Howard , Orlando Magic ( vs. Golden State Warriors ) on January 12 , 2012 ( 21 / 39 ) 39 by Dwight Howard , Los Angeles Lakers ( at Orlando Magic ) on March 12 , 2013 ( 25 / 39 ) Most free throws missed in a game 23 by Andre Drummond , Detroit Pistons ( at Houston Rockets ) on January 20 , 2016 ( 13 / 36 ) Most free throws made in a half 20 by Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls ( vs. Miami Heat ) on December 30 , 1992 Most free throws attempted in a half 26 by Josh Smith , Houston Rockets ( vs. San Antonio Spurs ) on April 10 , 2015 ( 12 / 26 ) Most free throws made in a quarter 16 by Vince Carter , New Jersey Nets ( at Miami Heat ) on December 23 , 2005 Most free throws attempted in a quarter 24 by Ben Simmons , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs Washington Wizards ) on November 29 , 2017 Most rebounds in a game 55 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. Boston Celtics ) on November 24 , 1960 Most rebounds in a half 32 by Bill Russell , Boston Celtics ( vs. Philadelphia Warriors ) on November 16 , 1957 Most rebounds in a quarter 18 by Nate Thurmond , San Francisco Warriors ( at Baltimore Bullets ) on February 28 , 1965 Note : the post-season record is 19 by Bill Russell Most offensive rebounds in a game 21 by Moses Malone , Houston Rockets ( vs. Seattle SuperSonics ) on February 11 , 1982 Most defensive rebounds in a game 29 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Detroit Pistons ) on December 14 , 1975 Most offensive rebounds in a half 13 by Charles Barkley , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 4 , 1987 Most defensive rebounds in a half 18 by Swen Nater , San Diego Clippers ( vs. Denver Nuggets ) on December 14 , 1979 Most offensive rebounds in a quarter 11 by Charles Barkley , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 4 , 1987 11 by Larry Smith , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Denver Nuggets ) on March 23 , 1986 Most defensive rebounds in a quarter 13 by Happy Hairston , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on November 15 , 1974 Most assists in a game 30 by Scott Skiles , Orlando Magic ( vs. Denver Nuggets ) on December 30 , 1990 Most assists in a half 19 by Bob Cousy , Boston Celtics ( vs. Minneapolis Lakers ) on February 27 , 1959 Most assists in a quarter 14 by John Lucas , San Antonio Spurs ( vs. Denver Nuggets ) on April 15 , 1984 14 by Steve Blake , Portland Trail Blazers ( vs. Los Angeles Clippers ) on February 22 , 2009 Most steals in a game 11 by Larry Kenon , San Antonio Spurs ( at Kansas City Kings ) on December 26 , 1976 11 by Kendall Gill , New Jersey Nets ( vs. Miami Heat ) on April 3 , 1999 Most steals in a half 8 by Quinn Buckner , Milwaukee Bucks ( vs. New York Nets ) on November 27 , 1976 8 by Fred Brown , Seattle SuperSonics ( at Philadelphia 76ers ) on December 3 , 1976 8 by Gus Williams , Seattle SuperSonics ( at Washington Bullets ) on January 23 , 1979 8 by Eddie Jordan , New Jersey Nets ( at Chicago Bulls ) on October 23 , 1979 8 by Dudley Bradley , Indiana Pacers ( at Utah Jazz ) on November 10 , 1980 8 by Rob Williams , Denver Nuggets ( at New Jersey Nets ) on February 17 , 1983 8 by Fat Lever , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Indiana Pacers ) on March 9 , 1985 8 by Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls ( at Boston Celtics ) on November 9 , 1988 8 by Clyde Drexler , Houston Rockets ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on November 1 , 1996 8 by Doug Christie , Toronto Raptors ( at Philadelphia 76ers ) on April 2 , 1997 8 by Michael Finley , Dallas Mavericks ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on January 23 , 2001 8 by Rafer Alston , Houston Rockets ( vs. Charlotte Bobcats ) on February 10 , 2007 Most steals in a quarter 8 by Fat Lever , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Indiana Pacers ) on March 9 , 1985 Most blocks in a game 17 by Elmore Smith , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Portland Trail Blazers ) on October 28 , 1973 Most blocks in a half 11 by Elmore Smith , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Portland Trail Blazers ) on October 28 , 1973 11 by George T. Johnson , San Antonio Spurs ( vs. Golden State Warriors ) on February 24 , 1981 11 by Manute Bol , Washington Bullets ( vs. Milwaukee Bucks ) on December 12 , 1985 Most blocks in a quarter 8 by Manute Bol , Washington Bullets ( vs. Milwaukee Bucks ) on December 12 , 1985 8 by Manute Bol , Washington Bullets ( vs. Indiana Pacers ) on February 26 , 1987 8 by Dikembe Mutombo , Philadelphia 76ers ( at Chicago Bulls ) on December 1 , 2001 8 by Erick Dampier , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Los Angeles Clippers ) on April 17 , 2002 Most turnovers in a game 14 by John Drew , Atlanta Hawks ( at New Jersey Nets ) on March 1 , 1978 14 by Jason Kidd , Phoenix Suns ( vs. New York Knicks ) on November 17 , 2000 Quickest disqualification 3 minutes by Bubba Wells , Dallas Mavericks ( vs. Chicago Bulls ) on December 29 , 1997 Season Most games played 88 by Walt Bellamy , 1968 -- 69 Most minutes per game average 48.52 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most minutes 3,882 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Highest points per game average 50.36 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most points 4,029 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most 50 - point games 45 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most 40 - point games 63 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most field goals made 1,597 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most field goals attempted 3,159 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most field goals missed 1,562 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Highest field goal percentage 72.7 % by Wilt Chamberlain , 1972 -- 73 Most free throws made 840 by Jerry West , 1965 -- 66 Most free throws attempted 1,363 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Highest free throw percentage 98.05 % by José Calderón , 2008 -- 09 Most 3 - point field goals made 402 by Stephen Curry , 2015 -- 16 Highest 3 - point field goals per game average 5.1 by Stephen Curry , 2015 -- 16 Most 3 - point field goals attempted 886 by Stephen Curry , 2015 -- 16 Highest 3 - point field goals attempted per game average 11.2 by Stephen Curry , 2015 -- 16 Highest 3 - point field goal percentage 53.6 % by Kyle Korver , 2009 -- 10 Highest rebounds per game average 27.2 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1960 -- 61 Most rebounds 2,149 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1960 -- 61 Highest defensive rebounds per game average 13.7 by Elvin Hayes , 1973 -- 74 Most defensive rebounds 1,111 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , 1975 -- 76 Highest offensive rebounds per game average 7.2 by Moses Malone , 1978 -- 79 Most offensive rebounds 587 by Moses Malone , 1978 -- 79 Highest assists per game average 14.54 by John Stockton , 1989 -- 90 Most assists 1164 by John Stockton , 1990 -- 91 Highest steals per game average 3.67 by Alvin Robertson , 1985 -- 86 Most steals 301 by Alvin Robertson , 1985 -- 86 Highest blocks per game average 5.56 by Mark Eaton , 1984 -- 85 Most blocks 456 by Mark Eaton , 1984 -- 85 Highest turnovers per game average 5.73 by James Harden , 2016 -- 17 Most turnovers 464 by James Harden , 2016 -- 17 Most personal fouls 386 by Darryl Dawkins , 1983 -- 84 Most technical fouls 41 by Rasheed Wallace , 2000 -- 01 Most disqualifications 26 by Don Meineke , 1952 -- 53 Most consecutive disqualifications 6 by Don Boven , 1951 -- 52 Triple - double per game average Oscar Robertson : 30.8 points , 12.5 rebounds , and 11.4 assists , 1961 -- 62 . Russell Westbrook : 31.6 points , 10.7 rebounds , and 10.4 assists , 2016 -- 17 ; 25.4 points , 10.1 rebounds and 10.3 assists , 2017 -- 18 . Only player to average a triple - double in consecutive seasons Russell Westbrook averaged 31.6 points , 10.7 rebounds , and 10.4 assists in 2016 -- 17 and 25.4 points , 10.1 rebounds and 10.3 assists in 2017 -- 18 . Most triple - doubles 42 by Russell Westbrook , 2016 -- 17 Most consecutive triple - doubles 9 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1967 -- 68 Career Most games 1,611 by Robert Parish Most consecutive games 1,192 by A.C. Green Most minutes per game 45.8 by Wilt Chamberlain Most minutes 57,446 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Highest points per game average 30.12 by Michael Jordan Most points 38,387 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most seasons leading league in points 11 by Michael Jordan Most seasons leading league in points per game 10 by Michael Jordan Most consecutive seasons leading league in points 7 by Wilt Chamberlain ( 1959 -- 60 -- 1965 -- 66 ) and Michael Jordan ( 1986 -- 87 -- 1992 -- 93 ) Most 60 + point games 32 by Wilt Chamberlain Most 50 + point games 118 by Wilt Chamberlain Most 40 + point games 271 by Wilt Chamberlain Most 30 + point games 562 by Michael Jordan Most 20 + point games 1,134 by Karl Malone Most 10 + point games 1,509 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most consecutive 50 + point games 7 by Wilt Chamberlain from December 16 -- 29 , 1961 Most consecutive 40 + point games 14 by Wilt Chamberlain from December 8 -- 30 , 1961 and January 11 -- February 1 , 1962 Most consecutive 30 + point games 65 by Wilt Chamberlain from November 4 , 1961 -- February 22 , 1962 Most consecutive 20 + point games 126 by Wilt Chamberlain from October 19 , 1961 -- January 19 , 1963 Most consecutive 10 + point games 873 by LeBron James from January 6 , 2007 -- present Most field goals made 15,837 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most field goals attempted 28,307 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most seasons leading league in field goals made 10 by Michael Jordan Most consecutive seasons leading league in field goals made 7 by Wilt Chamberlain ( 1960 -- 66 ) and Michael Jordan ( 1987 -- 93 ) Most seasons leading league in field goals attempted 9 by Michael Jordan Most consecutive seasons leading league in field goals attempted 7 by Wilt Chamberlain ( 1960 -- 66 ) Highest field goal percentage 59.9 % by Artis Gilmore Most seasons leading league in field goal percentage 10 by Shaquille O'Neal Most consecutive field goals made 35 by Wilt Chamberlain from February 17 -- 28 , 1967 Most consecutive games with a field goal made 1,360 by Tim Duncan from October 31 , 1997 to December 30 , 2015 . Most seasons leading league in free throws made 8 by Karl Malone Most consecutive free throws made 97 by Micheal Williams from March 24 -- November 9 , 1993 Most free throws made 9,787 by Karl Malone Most free throws attempted 13,188 by Karl Malone Most seasons leading league in free throws attempted 9 by Wilt Chamberlain Highest free throw percentage 90.43 % by Steve Nash ( 3,060 / 3,384 ) Most seasons leading league in free throw percentage 7 by Bill Sharman Most 3 - point field goals made 2,973 by Ray Allen Most 3 - point field goals attempted 7,429 by Ray Allen Highest 3 - point field goal percentage 45.4 % by Steve Kerr Most seasons leading league in 3 - point percentage 4 by Kyle Korver Most consecutive games with a 3 - point field goal made 157 by Stephen Curry from November 13 , 2014 -- November 4 , 2016 ( 73 in 2014 -- 15 ; 79 in 2015 -- 16 ; 5 in 2016 -- 17 ) Most consecutive 3 - point field goals made 13 by Brent Price from January 15 -- 19 , 1996 and Terry Mills from December 4 -- 7 , 1996 Most 50 -- 40 -- 90 seasons 4 by Steve Nash ( 2006 , 2008 -- 2010 ) Most rebounds 23,924 by Wilt Chamberlain Highest rebounds per game average 22.9 by Wilt Chamberlain Most seasons leading league in rebounds 11 by Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons leading league in rebounds 7 by Dennis Rodman Most offensive rebounds 6,731 by Moses Malone Highest offensive rebounds per game average 5.1 by Moses Malone Most seasons leading league in offensive rebounds 8 by Moses Malone Most consecutive seasons leading league in offensive rebounds 6 by Moses Malone Most defensive rebounds 11,453 by Kevin Garnett Highest defensive rebounds per game average 9.8 by Dave Cowens Most seasons leading league in defensive rebounds 6 by Dwight Howard ( 2007 -- 08 -- 2012 -- 13 ) Most consecutive seasons leading league in defensive rebounds 6 by Dwight Howard ( 2007 -- 08 -- 2012 -- 13 ) Most assists 15,806 by John Stockton Most seasons leading league in assists 9 by John Stockton Most consecutive seasons leading league in assists 9 by John Stockton ( 1988 -- 89 -- 1996 -- 97 ) Highest assists per game average 11.2 by Magic Johnson Most steals 3,265 by John Stockton Highest steals per game average 2.71 by Alvin Robertson Most consecutive games with at least 1 steal 108 by Chris Paul Most seasons leading league in steals 6 by Chris Paul ( 2007 -- 08 -- 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 -- 2013 -- 14 ) Most consecutive seasons leading league in steals 4 by Chris Paul ( 2010 -- 11 -- 2013 -- 14 ) Most blocks 3,830 by Hakeem Olajuwon Highest blocks per game average 3.5 by Mark Eaton Most seasons leading league in blocks 4 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Mark Eaton , and Marcus Camby Most consecutive seasons leading league in blocks 3 by Dikembe Mutombo and Marcus Camby Most turnovers 4,524 by Karl Malone Most triple - doubles 181 by Oscar Robertson Most consecutive triple - doubles 9 by Wilt Chamberlain from March 8 -- 20 , 1968 Most personal fouls 4,657 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most disqualifications 127 by Vern Mikkelsen Most technical fouls 304 by Rasheed Wallace Rookie and age - related records In 2006 , the NBA introduced age requirement restrictions . Prospective high school players must wait a year before entering the NBA , making age - related records harder to break . Youngest player to be drafted Andrew Bynum was the youngest player to be drafted in NBA history at 17 years and 249 days after the Los Angeles Lakers selected him as the 10th overall pick in the 2005 NBA draft . He made his debut at 18 years and 6 days and was also the youngest to ever play in the NBA . Oldest player to be drafted Bernard James was the oldest player to be drafted in NBA history at 27 years and 148 days after the Cleveland Cavaliers selected him as the 33rd overall pick in the 2012 NBA draft before trading his rights to the Dallas Mavericks . He made his debut at 27 years and 266 days . Youngest player debut Andrew Bynum was the youngest player to debut in NBA history at 18 years and 6 days on his first game with the Los Angeles Lakers against the Denver Nuggets on November 2 , 2005 . Oldest player debut Nat Hickey was the oldest player to debut in NBA history at 45 years and 362 days on his first game with the Providence Steamrollers against the St. Louis Bombers on January 27 , 1948 . He was the team 's coach and activated himself as a player . He only played 2 games . Oldest NBA debut as a starter Arvydas Sabonis was the oldest rookie as a starter in NBA history at 30 years and 319 days on his first game with the Portland Trail Blazers against the Vancouver Grizzles on November 3 , 1995 . He was drafted 24th overall during the 1986 NBA Draft but elected to play professionally in Europe for 9 years before officially entering the NBA . Youngest NBA debut as a starter LeBron James was the youngest rookie as a starter in NBA history at 18 years and 303 days on his first game with the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Sacramento Kings on October 29 , 2003 . Youngest player to start a game Kobe Bryant was the youngest player to start a game at 18 years , 158 days against the Dallas Mavericks on January 28 , 1997 . Oldest player to play a game Nat Hickey was the oldest player to play a game at 45 years , 363 days against the New York Knicks on January 28 , 1948 . Oldest player to start a game Robert Parish was the oldest player to start a game at 43 years , 118 days against the Atlanta Hawks on December 26 , 1996 . Most points per game by a rookie 37.6 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1959 -- 60 Most rebounds per game by a rookie 27.0 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1959 -- 60 Most assists per game by a rookie 10.6 by Mark Jackson , 1987 -- 88 Most steals per game by a rookie 2.57 by Dudley Bradley , 1979 -- 80 Most blocks per game by a rookie 4.96 by Manute Bol , 1985 -- 86 Most points in a game by a rookie 58 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. Detroit Pistons ) on January 25 , 1960 58 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( at New York Knicks ) on February 21 , 1960 Most rebounds in a game by a rookie 45 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. Syracuse Nationals ) on February 6 , 1960 Most assists in a game by a rookie 25 by Ernie DiGregorio , Buffalo Braves ( at Portland Trail Blazers ) on January 1 , 1974 25 by Nate McMillan , Seattle SuperSonics ( vs. Los Angeles Clippers ) on February 23 , 1987 Most steals in a game by a rookie 10 by Ron Harper , Cleveland Cavaliers ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on March 10 , 1987 Most blocks in a game by a rookie 15 by Manute Bol , Washington Bullets ( vs. Atlanta Hawks ) on January 25 , 1986 Most consecutive games with a 3 - point field goal made by a rookie 33 by Rudy Fernández , from December 7 , 2008 -- February 22 , 2009 . Youngest / oldest player to score in a game Andrew Bynum is the youngest to score in a game , doing so on November 20 , 2005 , 18 days after his debut , for the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the Chicago Bulls at the age of 18 years , 24 days . He had a total of 4 points with two free throws made and a field goal . Nat Hickey is the oldest to score in a game , doing so on January 27 , 1948 for the Providence Steamrollers vs. the St. Louis Bombers at the age of 45 years , 363 days . He had a total of 2 points with two free throws made and no field goals . These are the only points recorded by Hickey in his entire NBA career . Youngest / oldest player to record a triple - double Markelle Fultz is the youngest , doing so on April 11 , 2018 for the Philadelphia 76ers vs. the Milwaukee Bucks at the age of 19 years , 317 days . He had 13 points , 10 rebounds and 10 assists . Karl Malone is the oldest , doing so on November 28 , 2003 for the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the San Antonio Spurs at the age of 40 years , 127 days . He had 10 points , 11 rebounds and 10 assists . Leading the league in scoring Youngest : Kevin Durant , Oklahoma City Thunder ( 21 years , 197 days on April 14 , 2010 ) Oldest : Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls ( 35 years , 61 days on April 19 , 1998 ) Leading the league in rebounding Youngest : Dwight Howard , Orlando Magic ( 22 years , 130 days on April 16 , 2008 ) Oldest : Dennis Rodman , Chicago Bulls ( 36 years , 341 days on April 19 , 1998 ) Most consecutive games with 40 + points by a rookie 5 by Allen Iverson in 1997 Only players to average 20 + points , 5 + assists and 5 + rebounds as a rookie Oscar Robertson ( 1960 -- 61 ) Michael Jordan ( 1984 -- 85 ) LeBron James ( 2003 -- 04 ) Tyreke Evans ( 2009 -- 10 ) Only player to average 30 + points and 20 + rebounds as a rookie Wilt Chamberlain Youngest / Oldest player to score 70 + points in a game Youngest : Devin Booker is the youngest player to score 70 + points in a game , scoring 70 points for the Phoenix Suns vs. the Boston Celtics at the age of 20 years , 145 days . Oldest : David Robinson is the oldest player to score 70 + points in a game , scoring 71 points for the San Antonio Spurs vs. the Los Angeles Clippers at the age of 28 years , 261 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 60 + points in a game Youngest : Devin Booker is the youngest player to score 60 + points in a game , scoring 70 points for the Phoenix Suns vs. the Boston Celtics at the age of 20 years , 145 days . Oldest : Kobe Bryant is the oldest player to score 60 + points in a game , scoring 60 points for the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the Utah Jazz at the age of 37 years , 234 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 50 + points in a game Youngest : Brandon Jennings is the youngest player to score 50 + points in a game , scoring 55 points for the Milwaukee Bucks against the Golden State Warriors at the age of 20 years , 52 days . Oldest : Michael Jordan is the oldest player to score 50 + points in a game , scoring 51 points for the Washington Wizards vs. the Charlotte Hornets at the age of 38 years , 315 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 40 + points in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player to score 40 + points in a game , scoring 41 points for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the New Jersey Nets at the age of 19 years , 88 days . Oldest : Michael Jordan is the oldest player and only 40 - year - old player to score 40 + points in a game , doing so with 43 points for the Washington Wizards vs. the New Jersey Nets at the age of 40 years , 4 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 30 + points in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player to score 30 + points in a game , scoring 33 points for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Memphis Grizzlies at the age of 18 years , 334 days . Oldest : Michael Jordan is the oldest player to score 30 + points in a game , doing so with 39 points for the Washington Wizards vs. the New York Knicks at the age of 40 years , 20 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 20 + points in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player to score 20 + points in a game , scoring 28 points for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Washington Wizards at the age of 18 years , 324 days . Oldest : Kareem Abdul - Jabbar is the oldest player to score 20 + points in a game , doing so with 21 points for the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the Houston Rockets at the age of 41 years , 331 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 30 + points in a game as a reserve Youngest : Kobe Bryant is the youngest player to score 30 + while coming off the bench , he scored 30 points for the Los Angeles Lakers against the Dallas Mavericks at the age of 19 years , 113 days . Oldest : Michael Jordan is the oldest player to score 30 + while coming off the bench , he scored 34 points for the Washington Wizards against the Milwaukee Bucks at the age of 39 years , 40 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 20 + points in a game as a reserve Youngest : Jermaine O'Neal is the youngest player to score 20 + while coming off the bench , he scored 20 points for the Portland Trail Blazers against the Seattle SuperSonics at the age of 18 years , 101 days . Oldest : Vince Carter is the oldest player to score 20 + while coming off the bench , he scored 21 points for the Sacramento Kings against the San Antonio Spurs at the age of 41 years , 2 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 20 + rebounds in a game Youngest : Dwight Howard is the youngest player to rebound 20 + in a game , he grabbed 20 rebounds for the Orlando Magic against the Toronto Raptors at the age of 18 years , 359 days . Oldest : Dikembe Mutombo is the oldest player to rebound 20 + in a game , he grabbed 22 rebounds for the Houston Rockets against the Denver Nuggets at the age of 40 years , 250 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 15 + rebounds in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player to rebound 15 + in a game , he grabbed 16 rebounds for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Memphis Grizzlies at the age of 18 years , 334 days . Oldest : Dikembe Mutombo is the oldest player to rebound 15 + in a game , he grabbed 15 rebounds for the Houston Rockets against the Golden State Warriors at the age of 42 years , 289 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 10 + rebounds in a game as a reserve Youngest : Devin Booker is the youngest player to rebound 10 + in a game coming off the bench , he grabbed 10 rebounds for the Phoenix Suns against the Charlotte Hornets at the age of 19 years , 68 days . Oldest : Kevin Willis is the oldest player to rebound 10 + in a game coming off the bench , he grabbed 10 rebounds for the Atlanta Hawks against the New York Knicks at the age of 42 years , 85 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 10 + steals in a game Youngest : Ron Harper is the youngest player with 10 + steals in a game , he had 10 steals for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Philadelphia 76ers at the age of 23 years , 49 days . Oldest : Jerry West is the oldest player with 10 + steals in a game , he had 10 steals for the Los Angeles Lakers against the Seattle Supersonics at the age of 35 years , 193 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 20 + assists in a game Youngest : Ennis Whatley is the youngest player with 20 + assists in a game , he had 22 assists for the Chicago Bulls against the New York Knicks at the age of 21 years , 156 days . Oldest : Steve Nash is the oldest player with 20 + assists in a game , he had 20 assists for the Phoenix Suns against the Los Angeles Lakers at the age of 37 years , 43 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 10 + assists in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player with 10 + assists in a game , he had 13 assists for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the New Jersey Nets at the age of 19 years , 88 days . Oldest : John Stockton is the oldest player with 10 + assists in a game , he had 10 assists for the Utah Jazz against the San Antonio Spurs at the age of 41 years , 19 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 10 + blocks in a game Youngest : Josh Smith is the youngest player with 10 + blocks in a game , he had 10 blocks for the Atlanta Hawks against the Dallas Mavericks at the age of 19 years , 13 days . Oldest : Dikembe Mutombo is the oldest player with 10 + blocks in a game , he had 10 blocks for the New York Knicks against the New Jersey Nets at the age of 37 years , 193 days . LeBron James is the youngest player to record every point milestone from 1,000 to 30,000 . Youngest player to reach ... ( career ) 1,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 19 years , 41 days ) on February 9 , 2004 5,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 21 years , 22 days ) on January 21 , 2006 10,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 23 years , 59 days ) on February 27 , 2008 15,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 25 years , 72 days ) on March 19 , 2010 20,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 28 years , 17 days ) on January 16 , 2013 25,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 30 years , 307 days ) on November 2 , 2015 30,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 33 years , 24 days ) on January 23 , 2018 1,000 Rebounds -- Dwight Howard ( 19 years , 356 days ) on November 29 , 2005 5,000 Rebounds -- Dwight Howard ( 23 years , 112 days ) on March 30 , 2009 10,000 Rebounds -- Wilt Chamberlain ( 28 years , 81 days ) on November 10 , 1964 1,000 Assists -- LeBron James ( 20 years , 102 days ) on April 11 , 2005 5,000 Assists -- Magic Johnson ( 26 years , 246 days ) on April 17 , 1986 Fewest games played to reach 15,000 points 358 by Wilt Chamberlain Fewest games played to reach 20,000 points 499 by Wilt Chamberlain Fewest games played to reach 25,000 points 691 by Wilt Chamberlain Fewest games played to reach 30,000 points 941 by Wilt Chamberlain Youngest player to receive All - NBA First Team honors LeBron James ( 21 years , 138 days ) Oldest player to receive All - NBA First Team honors Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , he was 39 years and 35 days old in his last game for the Los Angeles Lakers in the 1985 -- 86 regular season . Youngest player to receive regular season NBA MVP award Derrick Rose ( 22 years , 191 days ) Oldest player to receive regular season NBA MVP award Karl Malone ( 35 years , 284 days ) Team records Game Note : Other than the longest game and disqualifications in a game , all records in this section are since the 24 - second shot clock was instituted for 1954 -- 55 season onward . Longest game The longest NBA game occurred on January 6 , 1951 between the Olympians and Royals . Indianapolis beat Rochester 75 -- 73 after 6 overtimes . Most points in a game -- overtime 186 by the Detroit Pistons vs. the Denver Nuggets on December 13 , 1983 ( 3 OT ) Most points in a game -- regulation 173 by the Boston Celtics vs. the Minneapolis Lakers on February 27 , 1959 173 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Denver Nuggets on November 10 , 1990 Most points in a half 107 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Denver Nuggets on November 10 , 1990 Most points in 1st half 107 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Denver Nuggets on November 10 , 1990 Most points in 2nd half 97 by the Atlanta Hawks at the San Diego Rockets on February 11 , 1970 Most points in a quarter 58 by the Buffalo Braves at the Boston Celtics on October 20 , 1972 Most points in an overtime period 25 by the New Jersey Nets at Los Angeles Clippers on November 30 , 1996 Most combined points in a game 370 -- Detroit Pistons ( 186 ) at the Denver Nuggets ( 184 ) in 3 overtimes on December 13 , 1983 Most combined points in a half 174 -- Phoenix Suns ( 107 ) vs. the Denver Nuggets ( 67 ) on November 10 , 1990 Most combined points in 1st half 174 -- Phoenix Suns ( 107 ) vs. the Denver Nuggets ( 67 ) on November 10 , 1990 Most combined points in 2nd half 172 -- San Antonio Spurs ( 91 ) at the Denver Nuggets ( 81 ) on January 11 , 1984 Most combined points in a quarter 99 -- San Antonio Spurs ( 53 ) at Denver Nuggets ( 46 ) on January 11 , 1984 Most combined points in an overtime period 46 -- Dallas Mavericks ( 23 ) at Houston Rockets ( 23 ) on April 11 , 1995 ( 1st OT ) Fewest points in a game 49 by the Chicago Bulls vs. the Miami Heat on April 10 , 1999 Fewest points in a half 16 by the New Orleans Hornets at the Los Angeles Clippers on March 1 , 2006 Fewest points in 1st half 19 by the Los Angeles Clippers vs. the Los Angeles Lakers on December 14 , 1999 Fewest points in 2nd half 16 by the New Orleans Hornets at the Los Angeles Clippers on March 1 , 2006 Fewest points in a quarter 2 by the Dallas Mavericks at the Los Angeles Lakers on April 6 , 1997 2 by the Golden State Warriors vs. the Toronto Raptors on February 8 , 2004 Fewest points in an overtime period 0 by the Houston Rockets vs. the Portland Trail Blazers on January 22 , 1983 0 by the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the Detroit Pistons on December 1 , 1989 0 by the Seattle SuperSonics at the Philadelphia 76ers on February 16 , 1990 0 by the Indiana Pacers at the Portland Trail Blazers on March 10 , 1996 ( 2nd OT ) 0 by the Denver Nuggets vs. the Charlotte Hornets on January 13 , 1997 0 by the Washington Bullets at the Atlanta Hawks on November 18 , 1997 0 by the Los Angeles Clippers vs. the Chicago Bulls on November 21 , 1997 ( 2nd OT ) 0 by the Vancouver Grizzlies vs. the Indiana Pacers on December 1 , 2000 0 by the Sacramento Kings vs. the Cleveland Cavaliers on December 23 , 2009 0 by the Atlanta Hawks vs. the Miami Heat on January 5 , 2012 ( 3rd OT ) 0 by the Chicago Bulls vs. the Minnesota Timberwolves on November 7 , 2015 Fewest combined points in a game 119 -- The Milwaukee Hawks ( 57 ) vs. the Boston Celtics ( 62 ) on February 27 , 1955 Fewest combined points in 1st half 55 -- The Houston Rockets ( 25 ) vs. the San Antonio Spurs ( 30 ) on December 11 , 2003 55 -- The New Jersey Nets ( 25 ) at the Portland Trail Blazers ( 30 ) on November 28 , 2004 Fewest combined points in 2nd half 51 -- The Boston Celtics ( 25 ) vs. the Milwaukee Hawks ( 26 ) on February 27 , 1955 51 -- The Charlotte Hornets ( 19 ) at the New York Knicks ( 32 ) on November 11 , 2000 Fewest combined points in a quarter 15 -- The New York Knicks ( 8 ) at the Orlando Magic ( 7 ) on April 11 , 2015 Fewest combined points in an overtime period 2 -- The Denver Nuggets ( 0 ) vs. the Charlotte Hornets ( 2 ) on January 13 , 1997 Fewest field goals made in a game 16 by the Orlando Magic vs. the Boston Celtics on January 23 , 2012 Most 3 - point field goals made in a game 25 by the Cleveland Cavaliers at the Atlanta Hawks on March 3 , 2017 Most combined 3 - point field goals made in a game 40 -- The Minnesota Timberwolves ( 19 ) vs. the Cleveland Cavaliers ( 21 ) on February 7 , 2018 ( OT ) Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a game 61 by the Houston Rockets vs. the New Orleans Pelicans on December 16 , 2016 Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a game , none made 22 by the Denver Nuggets vs. Portland Trail Blazers , December 21 , 2012 Most combined 3 - point field goals attempted in a game 94 -- The Houston Rockets ( 57 ) vs. the Chicago Bulls ( 37 ) on March 27 , 2018 Most 3 - point field goals made in a half 16 by the Cleveland Cavaliers vs. the Portland Trail Blazers on November 23 , 2016 Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a half 31 by the Houston Rockets vs. the New Orleans Pelicans on December 16 , 2016 Most free throws made in a game 61 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Utah Jazz on April 9 , 1990 Most free throws attempted in a game 80 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Utah Jazz on April 9 , 1990 Most combined free throws made in a game 92 -- The Boston Celtics ( 50 ) vs. the New York Knicks ( 42 ) on November 18 , 2006 Most combined free throws attempted in a game 121 -- The Phoenix Suns ( 80 ) vs. the Utah Jazz ( 41 ) on April 9 , 1990 Fewest free throws made in a game 0 by the Toronto Raptors vs. the Charlotte Hornets on January 9 , 1996 ( 0 / 3 ) Fewest free throws attempted in a game 1 by the Memphis Grizzlies vs. the Atlanta Hawks on February 8 , 2014 Fewest combined free throws made in a game 8 -- The Toronto Raptors ( 1 ) vs. the Chicago Bulls ( 7 ) on January 14 , 2012 8 -- The Atlanta Hawks ( 4 ) vs. the New Orleans Hornets ( 4 ) on January 1 , 2013 Fewest combined free throws attempted in a game 13 -- The Orlando Magic ( 8 ) vs. the Philadelphia 76ers ( 5 ) on February 4 , 2013 13 -- The Chicago Bulls ( 9 ) vs. the Boston Celtics ( 4 ) on March 12 , 2017 Largest margin of victory in a game 68 -- The Cleveland Cavaliers defeated the Miami Heat 148 -- 80 on December 17 , 1991 Only team to double its opponents ' score in a game The Indiana Pacers defeated the Portland Trail Blazers 124 -- 59 on February 27 , 1998 Largest margin of victory in an overtime period 17 -- The Portland Trail Blazers defeated the Houston Rockets on January 22 , 1983 ( 113 -- 96 game , 17 -- 0 OT ) Most rebounds in a game 109 by the Boston Celtics vs. the Detroit Pistons on December 24 , 1960 Fewest rebounds in a game 17 by the Brooklyn Nets vs. the Oklahoma City Thunder on January 31 , 2014 Most assists in a game 53 by the Milwaukee Bucks vs. the Detroit Pistons on December 26 , 1978 Most assists in a half 33 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Denver Nuggets on November 10 , 1990 Fewest assists in a game 3 by the Chicago Bulls vs. the New Jersey Nets on December 26 , 1999 Fewest combined assists in a game 18 -- The Atlanta Hawks ( 5 ) vs. the New York Knicks ( 13 ) on April 28 , 1999 18 -- The Denver Nuggets ( 7 ) vs. the Miami Heat ( 11 ) on February 21 , 2004 Most steals in a game 27 by the Seattle SuperSonics vs. the Toronto Raptors on January 15 , 1997 Most steals in a half 17 by the Golden State Warriors vs. the San Antonio Spurs on February 15 , 1989 Most steals in a quarter 12 by the Golden State Warriors vs. the Indiana Pacers on January 16 , 2008 Most combined steals in a game 40 -- The Golden State Warriors ( 24 ) vs. the Los Angeles Lakers ( 16 ) on January 21 , 1974 40 -- The Philadelphia 76ers ( 24 ) vs. the Detroit Pistons ( 16 ) on November 11 , 1978 40 -- The Golden State Warriors ( 25 ) vs. the San Antonio Spurs ( 15 ) on February 15 , 1989 Fewest combined steals in a game 2 -- The Detroit Pistons ( 1 ) vs. the New York Knicks ( 1 ) on October 9 , 1973 2 -- The San Antonio Spurs ( 1 ) vs. the Charlotte Hornets ( 1 ) on February 6 , 1996 2 -- The Miami Heat ( 1 ) vs. the Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) on January 16 , 2006 2 -- The New York Knicks ( 0 ) vs. the New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets ( 2 ) on February 10 , 2006 2 -- The Orlando Magic ( 0 ) vs. the Houston Rockets ( 2 ) on January 22 , 2011 Most blocks in a game 23 by the Toronto Raptors vs. the Atlanta Hawks on March 23 , 2001 Most blocks in a half 16 during the 1st half by the Toronto Raptors vs. the Atlanta Hawks on March 23 , 2001 16 during the 2nd half by the Toronto Raptors vs. the Golden State Warriors on November 7 , 2001 Most combined blocks in a game 32 -- The Philadelphia 76ers ( 20 ) vs. the Seattle SuperSonics ( 12 ) on March 9 , 1984 Most turnovers in a game 45 by the San Francisco Warriors vs. the Boston Celtics on March 9 , 1971 Most combined turnovers in a game 69 -- The Phoenix Suns ( 39 ) vs. the Denver Nuggets ( 30 ) on October 29 , 1985 Fewest turnovers in a game 2 by the Milwaukee Bucks vs. the Indiana Pacers on April 1 , 2006 2 by the Cleveland Cavaliers vs. the Portland Trail Blazers on March 19 , 2009 ( OT ) 2 by the Oklahoma City Thunder vs. the Los Angeles Lakers on March 6 , 2013 2 by the Charlotte Hornets vs. the Milwaukee Bucks on March 28 , 2017 Fewest combined turnovers in a game 9 -- The San Antonio Spurs ( 4 ) vs. the Los Angeles Clippers ( 5 ) on December 13 , 2005 ( OT ) 9 -- The Cleveland Cavaliers ( 4 ) vs. the New Jersey Nets ( 5 ) on March 22 , 2009 Most fouls in a game 52 by the Utah Jazz at the Phoenix Suns on April 9 , 1990 ( OT ) Most disqualifications in a game 8 by the Syracuse Nationals vs the Baltimore Bullets on November 15 , 1952 ( OT ) Most fast - break points in a game 56 by the Phoenix Suns at the Golden State Warriors on March 15 , 2009 Largest comebacks 36 points ( : 20 left in 2nd ) -- The Utah Jazz overcame a 36 - point deficit to defeat the Denver Nuggets at home on November 27 , 1996 . Utah trailed 70 -- 34 with 20 seconds left in the 1st half , but outscored Denver 73 -- 33 during the rest of the game to win 107 -- 103 . This is the largest overall deficit overcome in NBA history . 35 points ( 8 : 50 left in 3rd ) -- The Sacramento Kings were down 79 -- 44 to the Chicago Bulls on December 21 , 2009 , but the Kings , led by Tyreke Evans 's 23 points , charged back , winning the game 102 -- 98 . 29 points ( 8 : 43 left in 4th ) -- The Milwaukee Bucks overcame a 29 - point deficit to beat the Atlanta Hawks on the road on November 25 , 1977 . This is the largest 4th quarter deficit overcome in NBA history . Atlanta led 111 -- 82 when Milwaukee went on a 35 -- 4 run to win 117 -- 115 . Teams that had two players score 40 + points in a game The Baltimore Bullets vs. the Los Angeles Lakers on November 14 , 1964 ( Gus Johnson 41 , Walt Bellamy 40 ) The Los Angeles Lakers at the San Francisco Warriors on February 11 , 1970 ( Elgin Baylor 43 , Jerry West 43 ) The New Orleans Jazz vs. the Denver Nuggets on April 10 , 1977 ( Pete Maravich 45 , Nate Williams 41 ) The Phoenix Suns at the Boston Celtics on January 5 , 1978 ( Paul Westphal 43 , Walter Davis 40 ) The San Antonio Spurs vs. the Milwaukee Bucks on March 6 , 1982 ( 3 OT ) ( George Gervin 50 , Mike Mitchell 45 ) The Detroit Pistons at the Denver Nuggets on December 13 , 1983 ( 3 OT ) ( Isiah Thomas 47 , John Long 41 ) The Denver Nuggets vs. the Detroit Pistons on December 13 , 1983 ( 3 OT ) ( Kiki Vandeweghe 51 , Alex English 47 ) The Utah Jazz vs. the Detroit Pistons on March 19 , 1984 ( Adrian Dantley 43 , John Drew 42 ) The Chicago Bulls at the Indiana Pacers on February 18 , 1996 ( Michael Jordan 44 , Scottie Pippen 40 ) The Oklahoma City Thunder vs. the Denver Nuggets on February 19 , 2012 ( OT ) ( Kevin Durant 51 , Russell Westbrook 40 ) The Oklahoma City Thunder vs. the Minnesota Timberwolves on March 23 , 2012 ( 2 OT ) ( Russell Westbrook 45 , Kevin Durant 40 ) The Oklahoma City Thunder vs. the Orlando Magic on October 30 , 2015 ( 2 OT ) ( Russell Westbrook 48 , Kevin Durant 43 ) The Minnesota Timberwolves at the Los Angeles Lakers on April 9 , 2017 ( Andrew Wiggins 41 , Karl - Anthony Towns 40 ) Season Best record 73 -- 9 (. 890 ) by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season Worst record 7 -- 59 (. 106 ) by the Charlotte Bobcats in the 2011 -- 12 season Most losses 73 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season Fewest wins 6 by the Providence Steamrollers in the 1947 -- 48 season Best home record 40 -- 1 (. 976 ) by the Boston Celtics in the 1985 -- 86 season 40 -- 1 (. 976 ) by the San Antonio Spurs in the 2015 -- 16 season Fewest home losses 1 by the Washington Capitols in the 1946 -- 47 season 1 by the Minneapolis Lakers , Syracuse Nationals , and Rochester Royals in the 1949 -- 50 season 1 by the Boston Celtics in the 1985 -- 86 season 1 by the San Antonio Spurs in the 2015 -- 16 season Worst home record 4 -- 29 (. 121 ) by the Charlotte Bobcats in the 2011 -- 12 season Fewest home wins 3 by the Providence Steamrollers in the 1947 -- 48 season Most home losses 35 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1993 -- 94 season Best road record 34 -- 7 (. 829 ) by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season Most road wins 34 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season Worst road record 0 -- 20 (. 000 ) by the Baltimore Bullets in the 1953 -- 54 season Most road losses 40 by the Sacramento Kings in the 1990 -- 91 season Longest winning streak 33 by the Los Angeles Lakers from November 5 , 1971 -- January 7 , 1972 Longest home winning streak 54 by the Golden State Warriors over 2 regular seasons from January 31 , 2015 -- March 29 , 2016 Longest road winning streak 16 by the Los Angeles Lakers from November 6 , 1971 -- January 7 , 1972 Longest losing streak 28 by the Philadelphia 76ers over 2 regular seasons from March 27 -- November 29 , 2015 Longest single - season losing streak 26 by the Cleveland Cavaliers from December 20 , 2010 -- February 9 , 2011 26 by the Philadelphia 76ers from January 31 -- March 27 , 2014 Best start ( 41 games ) 38 -- 3 by the Los Angeles Lakers in the 1971 -- 72 season ( went to 39 -- 3 ) 38 -- 3 by the Chicago Bulls in the 1995 -- 96 season ( went to 41 -- 3 ) Best finish ( 41 games ) 38 -- 3 by the Miami Heat in the 2012 -- 13 season Worst start ( 41 games ) 2 -- 39 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1993 -- 94 season Worst finish ( 41 games ) 4 -- 37 by the San Diego Rockets in the 1967 -- 68 season Best starts ( number of losses ) 0 : 24 -- 0 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season ( October 27 -- December 11 , 2015 ) 1 : 29 -- 1 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 2 : 36 -- 2 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 3 : 41 -- 3 by the Chicago Bulls in the 1995 -- 96 season 4 : 48 -- 4 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 5 : 55 -- 5 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 6 : 62 -- 6 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 7 : 68 -- 7 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 8 : 69 -- 8 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 9 : 73 -- 9 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season Worst starts ( number of wins ) 0 : 0 -- 18 by the New Jersey Nets in the 2009 -- 10 season ( October 28 -- December 2 , 2009 ) 0 : 0 -- 18 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 2015 -- 16 season ( October 28 -- November 29 , 2015 ) 1 : 1 -- 30 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 2015 -- 16 season 2 : 2 -- 39 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1993 -- 94 season 3 : 3 -- 40 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1993 -- 94 season 3 : 3 -- 40 by the Denver Nuggets in the 1997 -- 98 season 4 : 4 -- 58 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season 5 : 5 -- 58 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season 6 : 6 -- 59 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season 7 : 7 -- 64 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1992 -- 93 season 8 : 8 -- 68 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1992 -- 93 season 9 : 9 -- 73 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season Highest average point differential 12.3 by the Los Angeles Lakers in the 1971 -- 72 season Lowest average point differential - 15.2 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1992 -- 93 season Largest average margin of victory 17.5 by the Milwaukee Bucks in the 1970 -- 71 season Most points per game 126.5 by the Denver Nuggets in the 1981 -- 82 season Fewest points per game 81.9 by the Chicago Bulls in the 1998 -- 99 season Most consecutive 100 - point games 136 by the Denver Nuggets from January 21 , 1981 -- December 8 , 1982 Most consecutive games with less than 100 points 35 by the Miami Heat from October 31 , 2001 -- January 14 , 2002 Most steals per game 12.9 by the Phoenix Suns in the 1977 -- 78 season Fewest steals per game 5.54 by the Portland Trail Blazers in the 2013 -- 14 season Most blocks per game 8.7 by the Washington Bullets in the 1985 -- 86 season Fewest blocks per game 2.49 by the New York Knicks in the 2008 -- 09 season Most turnovers per game 24.5 by the Denver Nuggets in the 1976 -- 77 season Fewest turnovers per game 11.2 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 2011 -- 12 season Undefeated months ( min . 12 games ) 12 -- 0 by the Washington Capitols in November 1948 15 -- 0 by the Boston Celtics in December 1959 14 -- 0 by the Los Angeles Lakers in November 1971 16 -- 0 by the Los Angeles Lakers in December 1971 12 -- 0 by the Los Angeles Lakers in November 1972 13 -- 0 by the Milwaukee Bucks in March 1973 14 -- 0 by the Phoenix Suns in December 1992 14 -- 0 by the Houston Rockets in November 1993 14 -- 0 by the New York Knicks in March 1994 14 -- 0 by the Chicago Bulls in January 1996 16 -- 0 by the San Antonio Spurs in March 1996 13 -- 0 by the Houston Rockets in February 2008 16 -- 0 by the Los Angeles Clippers in December 2012 16 -- 0 by the San Antonio Spurs in March 2014 17 -- 0 by the Atlanta Hawks in January 2015 16 -- 0 by the Golden State Warriors in November 2015 12 - 0 by the Houston Rockets in February 2018 Best record to not qualify for Playoffs 49 -- 33 (. 598 ) by the Phoenix Suns in the 1971 -- 72 season ( 8 - team playoff of 17 - team league ) Worst record to qualify for Playoffs 16 -- 54 (. 229 ) by the Baltimore Bullets in the 1952 -- 53 season Best single - season improvement The Boston Celtics improved from 24 wins in the 2006 -- 07 season to 66 in the 2007 -- 08 season . Only teams to have three players on NBA All - Defensive First Team 1969 -- 70 New York Knicks : Dave DeBusschere , Walt Frazier , Willis Reed 1975 -- 76 Boston Celtics : Dave Cowens , John Havlicek , Paul Silas 1977 -- 78 Portland Trail Blazers : Lionel Hollins , Maurice Lucas , Bill Walton 1982 -- 83 Philadelphia 76ers : Maurice Cheeks , Bobby Jones , Moses Malone 1995 -- 96 Chicago Bulls : Michael Jordan , Scottie Pippen , Dennis Rodman Franchise Highest winning percentage 62.2 % by the San Antonio Spurs ( 2,114 -- 1,282 ) Lowest winning percentage 39.7 % by the Minnesota Timberwolves ( 925 -- 1,405 ) Best record over 2 Seasons : 141 -- 23 by the Chicago Bulls ( 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 ) 3 Seasons : 207 -- 39 by the Golden State Warriors ( 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 ) 4 Seasons : 258 -- 70 by the Golden State Warriors ( 2013 -- 14 , 2016 -- 17 ) 5 Seasons : 316 -- 94 by the Golden State Warriors ( 2013 -- 14 , 2017 -- 18 ) 10 Seasons : 570 -- 209 by the Boston Celtics ( 1957 -- 58 , 1966 -- 67 ) Best home record over 2 Seasons : 79 -- 3 by the Boston Celtics ( 1985 -- 86 , 1986 -- 87 ) 3 Seasons : 115 -- 8 by the Boston Celtics ( 1984 -- 85 , 1986 -- 87 ) and Chicago Bulls ( 1995 -- 96 , 1997 -- 98 ) Best road record over 2 Seasons : 65 -- 17 by the Golden State Warriors ( 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 ) 3 Seasons : 94 -- 29 by the Golden State Warriors ( 2015 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18 ) Longest streak of at least one 3 - point field goal made 1,132 games : Phoenix Suns ( March 29 , 2004 -- Present ) Most consecutive 50 + win seasons 18 seasons : by the San Antonio Spurs ( 1999 -- 2000 to 2016 -- 2017 ) Other records Most consecutive points in a regular season game 26 by Carmelo Anthony , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Minnesota Timberwolves ) , December 10 , 2008 Most consecutive unanswered points in a regular season game 13 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) , January 23 , 2015 ( starting at 79 -- 70 with 3 : 04 left in 3rd quarter , until 92 -- 70 with 1 : 02 left in the same quarter ) Largest attendance at a game Regular season or Playoffs : 62,046 on March 27 , 1998 , Chicago Bulls at the Atlanta Hawks in the Georgia Dome . This was one of the last regular season games Michael Jordan played before his 2nd retirement . Only player to record a double - triple - double ( 20 + in any 3 stats ) Wilt Chamberlain had 22 points , 25 rebounds , and 21 assists on February 4 , 1968 Quadruple - doubles ( 10 + in any 4 stats ) Nate Thurmond , October 18 , 1974 , Chicago Bulls vs. Atlanta Hawks ; 22 points , 14 rebounds , 13 assists , 12 blocks . Alvin Robertson , February 18 , 1986 , San Antonio Spurs vs. Phoenix Suns ; 20 points , 11 rebounds , 10 assists , 10 steals . Hakeem Olajuwon , March 29 , 1990 , Houston Rockets vs. Milwaukee Bucks ; 18 points , 16 rebounds , 10 assists , 11 blocks . David Robinson , February 17 , 1994 , San Antonio Spurs vs. Detroit Pistons ; 34 points , 10 rebounds , 10 assists , 10 blocks . Only player to ever record two 40 + totals in the same game Wilt Chamberlain ( 40 + for both points and rebounds , achieved eight times ) Only player to average 40 + and 50 + points in a season Wilt Chamberlain Most seasons with 40 + points per game 2 by Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons with 40 + points per game 2 by Wilt Chamberlain Most seasons with 30 + points per game 8 by Michael Jordan Most consecutive seasons with 30 + points per game 7 by Wilt Chamberlain and Michael Jordan Only player to average 30 + points , 20 + rebounds in a season Wilt Chamberlain ( 7 times ) Most seasons with 30 + points , 20 + rebounds per game 7 by Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons with 30 + points , 20 + rebounds per game 7 by Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons with 20 + points , 10 + rebounds 13 by Shaquille O'Neal Most seasons with 20 + rebounds per game 10 by Bill Russell and Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons with 20 + rebounds per game 10 by Bill Russell and Wilt Chamberlain Only players to average 30 + points and 10 + assists in a season Oscar Robertson ( Cincinnati Royals , 1961 -- 62 , 1963 -- 64 , 1964 -- 65 , 1965 -- 66 , 1966 -- 67 ) Nate Archibald ( Kansas City -- Omaha Kings , 1972 -- 73 ) Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder , 2016 -- 17 ) Only player to lead the league in scoring and assists in the same season Nate Archibald ( Kansas City -- Omaha Kings , 1972 -- 73 ) Most blocks by a guard ( career ) 893 by Michael Jordan Most blocks by a guard ( season ) 131 by Michael Jordan in the 1987 -- 88 season Only players to record 200 steals and 100 blocks in the same season Michael Jordan ( Chicago Bulls , 1986 -- 87 , 1987 -- 88 ) Hakeem Olajuwon ( Houston Rockets , 1988 -- 89 ) Scottie Pippen ( Chicago Bulls , 1989 -- 90 ) Only players to lead a team in all 5 major statistics in the same season ( points , rebounds , assists , steals , blocks ) Dave Cowens ( Boston Celtics , 1977 -- 78 ) Scottie Pippen ( Chicago Bulls , 1994 -- 95 ) Kevin Garnett ( Minnesota Timberwolves , 2002 -- 03 ) LeBron James ( Cleveland Cavaliers , 2008 -- 09 ) Giannis Antetokounmpo ( Milwaukee Bucks , 2016 -- 17 ) Only players to lead the league in scoring and steals in the same season Michael Jordan ( Chicago Bulls , 1987 -- 88 , 1989 -- 90 , 1992 -- 93 ) Allen Iverson ( Philadelphia 76ers , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 ) Stephen Curry ( Golden State Warriors , 2015 -- 16 ) Only players to lead the league in assists and steals in the same season Don `` Slick '' Watts ( Seattle SuperSonics , 1975 -- 76 ) Don Buse ( Indiana Pacers , 1976 -- 77 ) Micheal Ray Richardson ( New York Knicks , 1979 -- 80 ) John Stockton ( Utah Jazz , 1988 -- 89 , 1991 -- 92 ) Chris Paul ( New Orleans Hornets , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 ; Los Angeles Clippers , 2013 -- 14 ) Only players to lead the league in blocks and rebounding in the same season Kareem Abdul - Jabbar ( Los Angeles Lakers , 1975 -- 76 ) Bill Walton ( Portland Trail Blazers , 1976 -- 77 ) Hakeem Olajuwon ( Houston Rockets , 1989 -- 90 ) Ben Wallace ( Detroit Pistons , 2001 -- 02 ) Dwight Howard ( Orlando Magic , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 ) Most Franchises Played For 12 by Chucky Brown ( Cleveland Cavaliers 1989 -- 1991 ; 2001 ) , ( Los Angeles Lakers 1991 -- 1992 ) , ( New Jersey Nets 1992 -- 1993 ) , ( Dallas Mavericks 1993 ) , ( Houston Rockets 1995 -- 1996 ) , ( Phoenix Suns 1996 ) , ( Milwaukee Bucks 1996 -- 1997 ) , ( Atlanta Hawks ( 1997 -- 1998 ) , ( Charlotte Hornets 1999 ; 2000 -- 2001 ) , ( San Antonio Spurs 1999 -- 2000 ) , ( Golden State Warriors 2001 ) & ( Sacramento Kings 2002 ) 12 by Jim Jackson ( Dallas Mavericks 1992 - 1997 ) , ( New Jersey Nets 1997 ) , ( Philadelphia 76ers 1997 - 1998 ) , ( Golden State Warriors 1998 ) , ( Portland Trail Blazers 1999 ) , ( Atlanta Hawks 1999 - 2000 ) , ( Cleveland Cavaliers 2001 ) , ( Miami Heat 2001 - 2002 ) , ( Sacramento Kings 2002 - 2003 ) , ( Houston Rockets 2003 - 2004 ) , Phoenix Suns ( 2005 - 2006 ) & ( Los Angeles Lakers 2006 ) 12 by Tony Massenburg ( San Antonio Spurs 1990 - 1991 ; 2004 - 2005 ) , ( Charlotte Hornets 1991 - 1992 ) , ( Boston Celtics 1992 ) , ( Golden State Warriors 1992 ) , ( Los Angeles Clippers 1994 - 1995 ) , ( Toronto Raptors 1995 - 1996 ) , ( Philadelphia 76ers 1996 ) , ( New Jersey Nets 1996 - 1997 ) , ( Vancouver / Memphis Grizzlies 1997 - 1999 ; 1999 - 2002 ) , ( Houston Rockets 1999 ) , ( Utah Jazz 2002 - 2003 ) & ( Sacramento Kings 2003 - 2004 ) 12 by Joe Smith ( Golden State Warriors 1995 - 1998 ) , ( Philadelphia 76ers 1998 ; 2006 - 2007 ) , ( Minnesota Timberwolves 1999 - 2000 ; 2001 - 2003 ) , ( Detroit Pistons 2000 - 2001 ) , ( Milwaukee Bucks 2003 - 2006 ) , ( Denver Nuggets 2006 ) , ( Chicago Bulls 2007 - 2008 ) , ( Cleveland Cavaliers 2008 ; 2009 ) , ( Oklahoma City Thunder 2008 - 2009 ) , ( Atlanta Hawks 2009 - 2010 ) , ( New Jersey Nets 2010 ) & ( Los Angeles Lakers 2010 - 2011 ) Awards Most regular season NBA MVP Awards 6 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most All - NBA First Team honors 11 by Karl Malone , Kobe Bryant and LeBron James Most All - NBA Team honors 15 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Tim Duncan and Kobe Bryant Most NBA All - Defensive First Team honors * 9 by Michael Jordan , Gary Payton , Kobe Bryant , and Kevin Garnett Most NBA All - Defensive Team honors * 15 by Tim Duncan Most Defensive Player of the Year awards * * 4 by Dikembe Mutombo and Ben Wallace Most Sixth Man of the Year awards 3 by Jamal Crawford * This award has only been given since the 1968 -- 69 season . * * This award has only been given since the 1982 -- 83 season . See also National Basketball Association portal NBA post-season records List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association career assists leaders List of National Basketball Association career steals leaders List of National Basketball Association career blocks leaders List of National Basketball Association top rookie scoring averages List of National Basketball Association single - season scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association single - season rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association single - game scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association single - game rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association players with most assists in a game List of National Basketball Association players with most steals in a game List of National Basketball Association players with most blocks in a game List of National Basketball Association longest winning streaks List of National Basketball Association longest losing streaks List of NBA teams by single season win percentage Basketball statistics Footnotes Jump up ^ `` Regular Season Records : Miscellaneous '' . NBA.com . NBA . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Wilt Scores 100 ! '' . NBA.com . NBA . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA.com : Wilt Chamberlain 's NBA Records '' . www.nba.com . Jump up ^ `` Klay Thompson nets NBA - record 37 - point quarter , finishes with 52 '' . ESPN.com . AP . 2015 - 01 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Zero to 60 : Gilbert Arenas ' Historic 60 Points '' . NBA.com . NBA . 2006 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Harden first to net 60 points in triple - double '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cato , Tim ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Nikola Jokic records triple - double in 14 minutes , fastest in NBA history '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` J.R. Smith shoots an NBA - record 22 three - pointers in Knicks ' loss '' . FoxSports.com . FOX. 2014 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Ty Lawson scores career - high 37 to help short - handed Nuggets '' . ESPN.com. April 9 , 2011 . Retrieved April 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Notebook : Hawks 98 , Jazz 92 '' . NBA.com . National Basketball Association . January 2 , 2015 . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fromal , Adam . `` Chandler Parsons Hits 10 Threes in 1 Half , Sets NBA Record '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Regular Season Records : Free Throws '' . NBA.com . NBA . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Dwight Howard breaks FT attempts mark as Magic top Warriors '' . ESPN.com . January 12 , 2012 . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dwight Howard ties FT mark , dominates in return to Orlando '' . ESPN.com . March 12 , 2013 . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2609690-andre-drummond-sets-nba-record-with-23-missed-free-throws-vs-rockets# Jump up ^ `` Do You Know Vince Carter ? '' . GrizzlyBearBlues.com . Jump up ^ `` Ben Simmons sets NBA free - throw record after Wizards go full ' Hack - a-Shaq ' '' . sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Russell Mini Bio '' . IMDB . IMDB . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Scott Skiles : The Game I 'll Never Forget '' . NBA.com . NBA . 2005 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Blake ties NBA mark with 14 first - quarter assists as Blazers dismantle Clippers , ESPN.com . Retrieved on February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Regular Season Records : Turnovers '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` NBA & ABA Single Game Leaders and Records for Turnovers '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Marion scores 34 as Raptors beat Bulls , thestar.com , April 15 , 2009 , accessed April 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bryant , Bynum lift Lakers ; Blazers win 11th straight -- chicagotribune.com '' . Chicago Tribune . December 26 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ National Basketball Association ( NBA ) Individual Records Jump up ^ Tim Duncan records first - ever career game without a made field goal , Spurs still win by 11 Jump up ^ Nba.Com Líderes Jump up ^ Paul beats Robertson 's steal record , ESPN.com . Retrieved from December 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Chris Forsberg . `` Wallace fined $35,000 for criticizing officials '' . ESPN . Retrieved September 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/h/hickena01.html Jump up ^ http://basketball.realgm.com/nba/boxscore/1948-01-27/St-Louis-at-Providence/181661 Jump up ^ Latzke , Jeff ( April 15 , 2010 ) . `` Durant Becomes NBA 's Youngest Scoring Champ '' . ABC News . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Durant becomes youngest to win scoring title in Thunder victory '' . espn.com. April 14 , 2010 . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Magic rest starters , ride Redick , Gortat to blowout of Wizards '' . espn.com. April 16 , 2008 . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brandon Jennings to visit with shoppers at Boston Store at Mayfair Mall on Thursday The official site of the Milwaukee Bucks '' . Nba.com . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan becomes first 40 - year - old to score 40 '' . espn.com . February 21 , 2003 . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron joins 30K club as Cavs ' slide continues '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Elias : Top 5 questions from Wednesday , Nov. 19 '' . NBA.com/stats . November 19 , 2014 . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ This Date in History -- January , NBA.com . Jump up ^ This Date in History -- December , NBA.com . Jump up ^ This Date in History -- February , NBA.com . Jump up ^ `` Bulls Reach a New Low by Scoring 49 Points in Loss '' . Los Angeles Times . April 11 , 1999 . Jump up ^ espn.com , Clippers hold Hornets to NBA - low 16 points in second half , accessed August 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Orlando Magic / Boston Celtics Recap -- NBA.com Jump up ^ Nuggets set futility record going 0 -- 22 from three in loss to Trail Blazers Jump up ^ Pacers double hapless Blazers , 124 -- 59 , to land in record book Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Kevin Durant 's 30 - point streak ends at 12 in Thunder 's rout of Nets ^ Jump up to : `` Regular Season Records : Assists '' . NBA.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ NBA -- Golden State Warriors / Indiana Pacers Recap Wednesday January 16 , 2008 -- Yahoo ! Sports Jump up ^ April 1 , 2006 Box Scores accessed January 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ NBA.com : James leads Cavaliers past Trail Blazers in OT Jump up ^ Russell Westbrook scores 37 as Thunder stave off Lakers rally Jump up ^ Oracle Arena , Oakland , California ( 2009 - 03 - 15 ) . `` Phoenix Suns vs. Golden State Warriors - Recap - March 15 , 2009 - ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 18 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Denver Nuggets @ Utah Jazz - Wednesday , November 27th , 1996 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jazz Zips Back In Record Style , New York Times . Jump up ^ Greatest NBA Comebacks . Jump up ^ On , Esteban ( 2012 - 03 - 20 ) . `` 13 Worst NBA Teams of All Time '' . Total Pro Sports . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ Mark Murphy , C 's can do as they please -- Stars sit , but team still clinches homecourt , Boston Herald , April 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ https://www.basketball-reference.com/play-index/tstreak.cgi?request=1&lg_id=NBA&is_playoffs=N&c3stat=fg3&c3comp=ge&c3val=1&m1math=s&m1comp=ge Jump up ^ Howard becomes youngest player to win top defensive honor Archived April 24 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , nba.com , April 21 , 2009 , accessed April 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Howard wins Kia Defensive Player of the Year Award again Archived April 23 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , nba.com , April 20 , 2010 , accessed April 23 , 2013 . References ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) Playoffs record from USAToday Finals record from USAToday National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Eligibility Summer League Christmas Day All - Star Weekend Game Global Games Africa 2015 Africa 2017 Playoffs List Finals Champions History Predecessors BAA NBL ABA Merger Criticisms and controversies 2007 Tim Donaghy betting scandal Lockouts Seasons Records regular season post-season All - Star Game Win - loss records Personalities Players Current rosters Foreign players Race and ethnicity First overall draft picks Highest paid Retired numbers Banned or suspended NBPA Head coaches Current Player - coaches Champions Foreign coaches NBCA Owners Referees Awards and honors Larry O'Brien Trophy NBA Awards NBA MVP Finals MVP All - Star Game MVP Hall of Fame Members NBA Silver Anniversary Team NBA 35th Anniversary Team 50 Greatest Players Others Arenas Business Collective bargaining agreement Salary cap NBA Store Culture Cheerleading Mascots Dress code G League Midwest Division Media TV NBA TV Rivalries Teams Defunct Expansion Relocated Timeline WNBA Basketball in the United States Portal 2017 -- 18 season National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams All - time win - loss records Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Records World record Category : World records Guinness World Records Limca Book of Records Unique World Records Asia Book of Records People Heaviest Oldest Tallest Shortest Sporting records Chess Cricket Test One Day International Twenty20 International Cycling FIBA Basketball World Cup records FIFA World Cup records Formula One motorsport constructors drivers Juggling World Rally Championship Speed skating Figure skating Swimming Athletics : World records progressions Olympic records National records In Australia : List of NRL records List of AFL records In the US : NBA Regular season Post-season NFL individual team NHL individual team MLB MLS Track and field In India : ISL records National records Japan Palestinian territories Philippines Motion records Speed Air Transcontinental Land speed record Railed Production car Motorcycle land - speed record Production motorcycle Wheel - driven British Water speed record Underwater Sailing Sound barrier Speed of light Distance Flight distance record Flight altitude record Ocean depth record Flight endurance record Boundary of space Other Spaceflight records FAI records Man - made objects Tallest structures Category on tallest structures Physical phenomena Solar System Extremes Extremes on Earth Extreme points of Earth List of weather records Organisms List of longest - living organisms Smallest organisms Largest organisms Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NBA_regular_season_records&oldid=836068958 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from February 2013 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Dynamic lists All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français Italiano ქართული Lietuvių 日本語 Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 April 2018 , at 14 : 15 . 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what was the theme of national science day celebrated on 28 february 2017	The theme of the year 2017 was `` Science and Technology for Specially Abled Persons ''	`` Science and Technology for Specially Abled Persons ''	National Science Day	national science day	National Science Day is celebrated in India on 28 February each year to mark the discovery of the Raman effect by Indian physicist Sir Chandrashekhara Venkata Raman on 28 February 1928 .	For his discovery , Sir C.V. Raman was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of National Science Day 2 Objectives of Celebrating National Science Day 3 Themes of National Science Day 3.1 2012 4 See also 5 References History of National Science Day ( edit ) National science day is celebrated on every year on 28 February . National science day is celebrated as one of the main science festivals in India every year during which students of the schools and colleges demonstrate various science projects and national and state science institutions demonstrate their latest researches . The celebration also includes public speeches , radio - TV talk shows , science movies , science exhibitions based on themes and concepts , watching the night sky , live projects , research demonstration , debates , quiz competitions , lectures , science model exhibitions and many more activities . It is celebrated with immense passion by Radio Astronomy Centre ( RAC ) , Ooty and Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope ( GMRT ) at Khodad , Pune , Maharashtra which are world - famous telescopes that are operated at low radio frequencies by the NCRA ( National Centre for Radio Astrophysics ) established by the TIFR ( Tata Institute of Fundamental Research ) under the umbrella of DAE . A variety of activities is organized by the RAC and GMRT at the ceremony of National Science Day celebration in order to recognize their leading research activities in the field of radio astronomy and astrophysics . Variety of programmes are also held for the public and the student community in order to popularize science and technology in the country . The Minister of Science and Technology gives the message through his speech on this day to students , scientists , researchers and the general public of the nation . Objectives of Celebrating National Science Day ( edit ) National Science Day is being celebrated every year to widely spread a message about the Importance of science used in the daily life of the people . To display all the activities , efforts and achievements in the field of science for human welfare . It is the main science function of India To discuss all the issues and implement new technologies for the development of the science . To give an opportunity to the scientific minded citizens in the country . To encourage the people as well as popularize the Science and Technology . Themes of National Science Day ( edit ) The theme of the year 1999 was `` Our Changing Earth '' . The theme of the year 2000 was `` Recreating Interest in Basic Science '' . The theme of the year 2001 was `` Information Technology for Science Education '' . The theme of the year 2002 was `` Wealth From Waste '' . The theme of the year 2003 was `` 50 years of DNA & 25 years of IVF -- The Blue print of Life '' . The theme of the year 2004 was `` Encouraging Scientific Awareness in Community '' . The theme of the year 2005 was `` Celebrating Physics '' . The theme of the year 2006 was `` Nurture Nature for our future '' . The theme of the year 2007 was `` More Crop Per Drop '' . The theme of the year 2008 was `` Understanding the Planet Earth '' . The theme of the year 2009 was `` Expanding Horizons of Science '' . The theme of the year 2010 was `` Gender Equity , Science & Technology for Sustainable Development '' . The theme of the year 2011 was `` Chemistry in Daily Life '' . The theme of the year 2012 was `` Clean Energy Options and Nuclear Safety '' . The theme of the year 2013 was `` Genetically Modified Crops and Food Security '' . The theme of the year 2014 was `` Fostering Scientific Temper '' . The theme of the year 2015 was `` Science for Nation Building '' . The theme of the year 2016 was on `` Scientific Issues for Development of the Nation '' . The theme of the year 2017 was `` Science and Technology for Specially Abled Persons '' The next theme ( for the year 2018 ) will be told soon . On 28 February 2009 , five institutions in the country were presented National Award for Science Communication by the Indian Department of Science and Technology ( IDST ) . These awards are presented to recognize the efforts of individuals and government and non-government bodies for the popularization of science in the country . The highest award in 2009 was given to the Vikram Sarabhai Community Science Centre for its contribution to science - related learning material and conducting training programs on science education . A Festival of Measurement and Space Fair was held at the Nehru Planetarium , New Delhi . Dr. Pramod Kumar Mohapatra , G.S. Unnikrishnan Nair and Ms. Meenu Khare were awarded ₹ 1 , 00,000 for their individual contributions to the field . Jidnyasa Trust of Thane also received ₹ 1 , 00,000 for setting up a science activity centre . It is to make people aware about the science and technology . 2012 ( edit ) The focal theme for 2012 National Science Day was `` Clean Energy Options And Nuclear Safety '' As the nation observed National Science Day on 28 February , the citizens saw a slew of activities at Science City which had planned a five - day Science Carnival on theme of youth and science . `` The Science Carnival is going to be an event with a series of scientific activities and programs involving school and college students , eminent scientists and faculties of the state and country . We want to provide a real platform for the budding scientists to make their career and profession in science , '' said a senior Science City official . Officials said that they are expecting nearly 1 Lakh students and science enthusiasts to visit Science City during this period . See also ( edit ) National Mathematics Year National Mathematics Day National Science Week National Council of Science Museums References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.dst.gov.in/National-Science-Day-2015-Date-extended.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.ugc.ac.in/pdfnews/0938370_UGC-Letter-reg-National-Science-Day1.pdf#%5B%7B%22num%22%3A18%2C%22gen%22%3A0%7D%2C%7B%22name%22%3A%22FitH%22%7D%2C799%5D ^ Jump up to : `` National Science Day Award to CSC Ahmedabad '' . Gujarat Global . Retrieved 28 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Host of events in capital on National Science Day today '' . Chennai , India : The Hindu . 28 February 2009 . Retrieved 28 February 2009 . Jump up ^ National Science Day Theme 2012 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Science_Day&oldid=796479559 '' Categories : February observances Science and technology in India Observances in India Observances about science Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Use dmy dates from January 2014 Use Indian English from January 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Infobox holiday with missing field Infobox holiday fixed day ( 2 ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी संस्कृतम् தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 21 August 2017 , at 03 : 35 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Science%20Day	3,178
how often is there a state of the union address	The State of the Union address is an annual speech presented by the President of the United States to a joint session of the United States Congress , except in the first year of a new president 's term . The address not only reports on the condition of the nation but also allows the President to outline his legislative agenda ( for which he needs the cooperation of Congress ) and national priorities . The address fulfills rules in Article II , Section 3 of the U.S. Constitution , requiring the President to periodically give Congress information on the `` state of the union '' and recommend any measures that he believes are necessary and expedient . During most of the country 's first century , the President primarily only submitted a written report to Congress . With the advent of radio and television , the address is now broadcast live across the country on most networks .		State of the Union	state of the union	The State of the Union address is an annual speech presented by the President of the United States to a joint session of the United States Congress , except in the first year of a new president 's term . The address not only reports on the condition of the nation but also allows the President to outline his legislative agenda ( for which he needs the cooperation of Congress ) and national priorities . The address fulfills rules in Article II , Section 3 of the U.S. Constitution , requiring the President to periodically give Congress information on the `` state of the union '' and recommend any measures that he believes are necessary and expedient . During most of the country 's first century , the President primarily only submitted a written report to Congress . With the advent of radio and television , the address is now broadcast live across the country on most networks .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 History 3 Delivery of the speech 3.1 Invitations 3.2 Protocol of entry into House chamber 3.3 Designated survivor and other logistics 4 Opposition response 5 Significance 6 Local versions 7 Historic speeches 8 TV ratings 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Background ( edit ) The practice arises from a duty given to the president in the Constitution of the United States : He shall from time to time give to Congress information of the State of the Union and recommend to their Consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient . -- Article II , Section 3 of the U.S. Constitution Although the language of this Section of the Constitution is not specific , by tradition , the President makes this report annually in late January or early February . Between 1934 and 2013 the date has been as early as January 3 , and as late as February 12 . While not required to deliver a speech , every president since Woodrow Wilson , with the notable exception of Herbert Hoover , has made at least one State of the Union report as a speech delivered before a joint session of Congress . Before that time , most presidents delivered the State of the Union as a written report . Since Franklin Roosevelt , the State of the Union is given typically each January before a joint session of the United States Congress and is held in the House of Representatives chamber of the United States Capitol . When a presidential inauguration occurs in January , the date may be delayed until February . What began as a communication between president and Congress has become a communication between the president and the people of the United States . Since the advent of radio , and then television , the speech has been broadcast live on most networks , preempting scheduled programming . To reach the largest audience , the speech , once given during the day , is now typically given in the evening , after 9pm ET ( UTC - 5 ) . Also , in recent decades , newly inaugurated presidents have chosen to deliver speeches to joint sessions of Congress in the early months of their presidencies , but have not officially considered them State of the Union addresses . History ( edit ) George Washington 's handwritten notes for the first State of the Union Address , January 8 , 1790 . Full 7 pages . George Washington delivered the first regular annual message before a joint session of Congress on January 8 , 1790 , in New York City , then the provisional U.S. capital . In 1801 , Thomas Jefferson discontinued the practice of delivering the address in person , regarding it as too monarchical ( similar to the Speech from the Throne ) . Instead , the address was written and then sent to Congress to be read by a clerk until 1913 when Woodrow Wilson re-established the practice despite some initial controversy . However , there have been exceptions to this rule . Presidents during the latter half of the 20th century have sent written State of the Union addresses . The last President to do this was Jimmy Carter in 1981 . For many years , the speech was referred to as `` the President 's Annual Message to Congress '' . The actual term `` State of the Union '' first emerged in 1934 when Franklin D. Roosevelt used the phrase , becoming its generally accepted name since 1947 . Franklin Delano Roosevelt State of the Union ( Four Freedoms ) ( January 6 , 1941 ) Franklin Delano Roosevelt 's January 6 , 1941 State of the Union Address introducing the theme of the Four Freedoms ( starting at 32 : 02 ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . Prior to 1934 , the annual message was delivered at the end of the calendar year , in December . The ratification of the 20th Amendment on January 23 , 1933 changed the opening of Congress from early March to early January , affecting the delivery of the annual message . Since 1934 , the message or address has been delivered to Congress in January or February . The Twentieth Amendment also established January 20 as the beginning of the presidential term . In years when a new president is inaugurated , the outgoing president may deliver a final State of the Union message , but none has done so since Jimmy Carter sent a written message in 1981 . In 1953 and 1961 , Congress received both a written State of the Union message from the outgoing president and a separate State of the Union speech by the incoming president . Since 1989 , in recognition that the responsibility of reporting the State of the Union formally belongs to the president who held office during the past year , newly inaugurated Presidents have not officially called their first speech before Congress a `` State of the Union '' message . In 1936 , President Roosevelt set a precedent when he delivered the address at night . Only once before -- when Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to order the U.S. into World War I -- had a sitting president addressed Congress at night . The text of the first page of Ronald Reagan 's first State of the Union Address , given January 26 , 1982 Warren Harding 's 1922 speech was the first to be broadcast on radio , albeit to a limited audience , while Calvin Coolidge 's 1923 speech was the first to be broadcast across the nation . Harry S. Truman 's 1947 address was the first to be broadcast on television . Lyndon B. Johnson 's address in 1965 was the first delivered in the evening . Three years later , in 1968 , television networks in the United States , for the first time , imposed no time limit for their coverage of a State of the Union address . Delivered by Lyndon B. Johnson , this address was followed by extensive televised commentary by , among others , Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Milton Friedman . Ronald Reagan 's 1986 State of the Union Address is the only one to have been postponed . He had planned to deliver it on January 28 , 1986 but postponed it for a week after learning of the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster and instead addressed the nation on the day 's events . Bill Clinton 's 1997 address was the first broadcast available live on the World Wide Web . George W. Bush was the first president to address the speaker as `` Madam Speaker '' . Delivery of the speech ( edit ) A formal invitation is made by the Speaker of the House to the President several weeks before each State of the Union Address . Invitations ( edit ) Every member of Congress can bring one guest to the State of the Union address . The President may invite up to 24 guests with the First Lady in her box . The Speaker of the House may invite up to 24 guests in the Speakers box . Seating for Congress on the main floor is by a first - in , first - served basis with no reservations . The Cabinet , Supreme Court justices , members of the Diplomatic Corps , and Joint Chiefs have reserved seating . Protocol of entry into House chamber ( edit ) By approximately 8 : 30 pm on the night of the address , the members of the House have gathered in their seats for the joint session . Then , the Deputy Sergeant at Arms addresses the Speaker and loudly announces the Vice President and members of the Senate , who enter and take the seats assigned for them . The Speaker , and then the Vice President , specify the members of the House and Senate , respectively , who will escort the President into the House chamber . The Deputy Sergeant at Arms addresses the Speaker again and loudly announces , in order , the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps , the Chief Justice of the United States and the Associate Justices , and the Cabinet , each of whom enters and takes their seats when called . The justices take the seats nearest to the Speaker 's rostrum and adjacent to the sections reserved for the Cabinet and the members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . The Sergeants at Arms of the House ( left ) and Senate ( right ) wait at the doorway to the House chamber before President Barack Obama enters to deliver the 2011 State of the Union Address . Just after 9 pm , as the President reaches the door to the chamber , the House Sergeant at Arms stands just inside the doors , faces the Speaker , and waits until the President is ready to enter the chamber . When the President is ready , the Sergeant at Arms always announces his entrance , loudly stating the phrase : `` Mister Speaker ( if the speaker is male ) / Madam Speaker ( if the speaker is female ) , the President of the United States ! '' As applause and cheering begins , the President slowly walks toward the Speaker 's rostrum , followed by members of his Congressional escort committee . The President 's approach is slowed by pausing to shake hands , hug , kiss , and autograph copies of his speech for Members of Congress . After he takes his place at the House Clerk 's desk , he hands two manila envelopes , previously placed on the desk and containing copies of the speech , to the Speaker and Vice President . After continuing applause from the attendees has diminished , the Speaker introduces the President to the Representatives and Senators , stating : `` Members of Congress , I have the high privilege and distinct honor of presenting to you the President of the United States . '' This leads to a further round of applause and , eventually , the beginning of the address by the President . At close of the ceremony , attendees leave on their own accord . The Sergeants at Arms guides the President out of the Chamber . Some politicians stay to shake , congratulate the President on his way out . Designated survivor and other logistics ( edit ) Customarily , one cabinet member ( the designated survivor ) does not attend , in order to provide continuity in the line of succession in the event that a catastrophe disables the President , the Vice President , and other succeeding officers gathered in the House chamber . Additionally , since the September 11 attacks in 2001 , a few members of Congress have been asked to relocate to undisclosed locations for the duration of the speech to form a rump Congress in the event of a disaster . President George W. Bush with Senate President ( U.S. Vice President ) Dick Cheney and House Speaker Nancy Pelosi during the 2007 State of the Union address . 2007 marked the first time that a woman had occupied the Speaker of the House chair . ( audio only ) Both the Speaker and the Vice President sit at the Speaker 's desk , behind the President for the duration of the speech . If either is unavailable , the next highest - ranking member of the respective house substitutes . Once the chamber settles down from the President 's arrival , the Speaker officially presents the President to the joint session of Congress . The President then delivers the speech from the podium at the front of the House Chamber . In the State of the Union the President traditionally outlines the administration 's accomplishments over the previous year , as well as the agenda for the coming year , often in upbeat and optimistic terms . Since the 1982 address , it has also become common for the President to honor special guests sitting in the gallery , such as everyday Americans or visiting heads of state . During that 1982 address , President Ronald Reagan acknowledged Lenny Skutnik for his act of heroism following the crash of Air Florida Flight 90 . Since then , the term `` Lenny Skutniks '' has been used to refer to individuals invited to sit in the gallery , and then cited by the President , during the State of the Union . State of the Union speeches usually last a little over an hour , partly because of the large amounts of applause that occur from the audience throughout . The applause is often political in tone , with many portions of the speech being applauded only by members of the President 's own party . As non-political officeholders , members of the Supreme Court or the Joint Chiefs of Staff rarely applaud in order to retain the appearance of political impartiality . In recent years , the presiding officers of the House and the Senate , the Speaker and the Vice President , respectively , have departed from the neutrality expected of presiding officers of deliberative bodies , as they , too , stand and applaud in response to the remarks of the President with which they agree . For the 2011 address , Senator Mark Udall of Colorado proposed a break in tradition wherein all members of Congress sit together regardless of party , as well as the avoiding of standing ; this was in response to the 2011 Tucson Shooting in which Representative Gabrielle Giffords was shot and wounded in an assassination attempt . This practice was also repeated during the 2012 address and every address after . Opposition response ( edit ) Main article : Response to the State of the Union address Since 1966 , the speech has been followed on television by a response or rebuttal by a member of the major political party opposing the President 's party . The response is typically broadcast from a studio with no audience . In 1970 , the Democratic Party put together a TV program with their speech to reply to President Nixon , as well as a televised response to Nixon 's written speech in 1973 . The same thing was done by Democrats for President Reagan 's speeches in 1982 and 1985 . The response is not always produced in a studio ; in 1997 , the Republicans for the first time delivered the response in front of high school students . In 2004 , the Democratic Party 's response was also delivered in Spanish for the first time , by New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson . In 2011 , Minnesota Congresswoman Michele Bachmann also gave a televised response for the Tea Party Express , a first for a political movement . Significance ( edit ) Although much of the pomp and ceremony behind the State of the Union address is governed by tradition rather than law , in modern times , the event is seen as one of the most important in the US political calendar . It is one of the few instances when all three branches of the US government are assembled under one roof : members of both houses of Congress constituting the legislature , the President 's Cabinet constituting the executive , and the Chief Justice and Associate Justices of the Supreme Court constituting the judiciary . In addition , the military is represented by the Joint Chiefs of Staff , while foreign governments are represented by the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps . The address has also been used as an opportunity to honor the achievements of some ordinary Americans , who are typically invited by the President to sit with the First Lady . Local versions ( edit ) Certain states have a similar annual address given by the governor . For most of them , it is called the State of the State address . In Iowa , it is called the Condition of the State Address ; in Kentucky , Massachusetts , Pennsylvania , and Virginia , the speech is called the State of the Commonwealth address . The mayor of Washington , D.C. gives a State of the District address . American Samoa has a State of the Territory address given by the governor . Puerto Rico has a State Address given by the governor . Some cities or counties also have an annual State of the City Address given by the mayor , county commissioner or board chair , including Sonoma County , California ; Orlando , Florida ; Cincinnati , Ohio ; New Haven , Connecticut ; Parma , Ohio ; Detroit , Michigan ; Seattle , Washington ; Birmingham , Alabama ; Boston , Massachusetts ; Los Angeles , California ; Buffalo , New York ; Rochester , New York ; San Antonio , Texas ; McAllen , Texas ; and San Diego , California . The Mayor of the Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County in Nashville , Tennessee gives a speech similar called the State of Metro Address . Some university presidents give a State of the University address at the beginning of every academic term . Private companies usually have a `` State of the Corporation '' or `` State of the Company '' address given by the respective CEO . The State of the Union model has also been adopted by the European Union , and in France since the presidency of Emmanuel Macron . Historic speeches ( edit ) Play media Roosevelt 's Second Bill of Rights ( excerpt ) President James Monroe first stated the Monroe Doctrine during his seventh annual State of the Union Address to Congress on December 2 , 1823 . It became a defining moment in the foreign policy of the United States and one of its longest - standing tenets , and would be invoked by many U.S. statesmen and several U.S. presidents , including Theodore Roosevelt , John F. Kennedy , and Ronald Reagan . The Four Freedoms were goals first articulated by Franklin D. Roosevelt on January 6 , 1941 . In an address known as the Four Freedoms speech , he proposed four fundamental freedoms that people `` everywhere in the world '' ought to enjoy : freedom of speech and expression , freedom of worship , freedom from want , and freedom from fear . During his State of the Union Address on January 11 , 1944 , FDR proposed the Second Bill of Rights . Roosevelt 's argument was that the `` political rights '' guaranteed by the constitution and the Bill of Rights had `` proved inadequate to assure us equality in the pursuit of happiness '' . During his State of the Union address on January 8 , 1964 , Lyndon B. Johnson introduced legislation that would come to be known as the `` War on Poverty '' . This legislation was proposed by Johnson in response to a national poverty rate of around nineteen percent . The speech led the United States Congress to pass the Economic Opportunity Act , which established the Office of Economic Opportunity ( OEO ) to administer the local application of federal funds targeted against poverty . During his State of the Union address on January 15 , 1975 , Gerald R. Ford very bluntly stated that `` the state of the Union is not good : Millions of Americans are out of work ... We depend on others for essential energy . Some people question their Government 's ability to make hard decisions and stick with them ; they expect Washington politics as usual . '' and how he did n't `` expect much , if any , applause . The American people want action , and it will take both the Congress and the President to give them what they want . Progress and solutions can be achieved , and they will be achieved . '' George W. Bush delivers the 2002 State of the Union In his 2002 State of the Union Address , President George W. Bush identified North Korea , Iran , and Iraq as representing significant threats to the United States . He said , `` States like these and their terrorist allies constitute an axis of evil , arming to threaten the peace of the world '' . In this speech , he would outline the objectives for the War on Terror . TV Ratings ( edit ) Television ratings for recent State of the Union Addresses were : Date President Viewers , millions Households , millions Networks 2 / 28 / 2017 * Trump 30.08 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC , TELEMUNDO , UNIVISION , CNBC , UNIVERSO , FBN 1 / 12 / 2016 Obama 31.3 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC , TELEMUNDO , UNIVISION , CNBC 1 / 20 / 2015 Obama 31.7 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC , TELEMUNDO , UNIVISION , CNBC 1 / 28 / 2014 Obama 33.3 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC , TELEMUNDO , UNIVISION , CNBC 2 / 12 / 2013 Obama 33.5 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC , TELEMUNDO , UNIVISION , CNBC 1 / 24 / 2012 Obama 37.752 27.569 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC , TELEMUNDO , UNIVISION , CNBC 1 / 25 / 2011 Obama 42.789 30.871 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC , TELEMUNDO , UNIVISION , CNBC 1 / 27 / 2010 Obama 48.009 34.182 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC , TELEMUNDO , UNIVISION , CNBC 2 / 24 / 2009 * Obama 52.373 37.185 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC , TELEMUNDO , UNIVISION , CNBC 1 / 28 / 2008 Bush , GW 37.515 27.702 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC , TELEMUNDO , UNIVISION 1 / 24 / 2007 Bush , GW 45.486 32.968 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC , TELEMUNDO , UNIVISION 2 / 01 / 2006 Bush , GW 41.699 29.578 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC , TELEMUNDO , TELEFUTURA , AZTECA AMERICA 2 / 02 / 2005 Bush , GW 38.382 27.699 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC , TELEMUNDO , TELEFUTURA 1 / 20 / 2004 Bush , GW 43.411 30.286 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC 1 / 28 / 2003 Bush , GW 62.061 41.447 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC 1 / 29 / 2002 Bush , GW 51.773 35.547 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC 2 / 27 / 2001 * Bush , GW 39.793 28.201 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC 1 / 27 / 2000 Clinton 31.478 22.536 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC 1 / 19 / 1999 Clinton 43.500 30.700 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC 1 / 27 / 1998 Clinton 53.077 36.513 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC , CNBC 2 / 04 / 1997 Clinton 41.100 27.600 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN 1 / 23 / 1996 Clinton 40.900 28.400 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN 1 / 24 / 1995 Clinton 42.200 28.100 ABC , CBS , NBC , CNN 1 / 25 / 1994 Clinton 45.800 31.000 ABC , CBS , NBC , CNN 2 / 17 / 1993 * Clinton 66.900 41.200 ABC , CBS , NBC , CNN The 1993 , 2001 , 2009 and 2017 addresses were not , officially , State of the Union addresses . See also ( edit ) List of joint sessions of the United States Congress State Opening of Parliament United States presidential address References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Diaz , Daniella , `` Why Trump 's Tuesday speech is n't a State of the Union address '' , CNN , February 28 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Ben 's Guide to U.S. Government '' . United States Government Printing Office . Jump up ^ Modern quotes of the US constitution usually do not follow its original capitalization of most nouns , and Wikipedia 's manual of style says to avoid unnecessary capitalization Jump up ^ `` 31.7 Million Viewers Tune In To Watch Pres . Obama 's State of the Union Address '' . The Nielsen Company ( Press release ) . January 21 , 2015 . On Tuesday , Jan. 20 , 2015 , President Barack Obama delivered his annual State of the Union address . The address was carried live from 9 : 00 p.m. to 10 : 15 p.m. on 13 networks and tape - delayed on Univision . ^ Jump up to : The President 's State of the Union Address : Tradition , Function , and Policy Implications ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . January 24 , 2014 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Jackson , David ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` Obama State of the Union set for Feb. 12 '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` State of the Union Addresses and Messages : research notes by Gerhard Peters '' . The American Presidency Project ( APP ) . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The President 's address '' . The White House . Jump up ^ Peters , Gerhard . `` State of the Union Messages '' . The American Presidency Project . Retrieved September 25 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Kolakowski , Michael & Neale , Thomas H. ( March 7 , 2006 ) . `` The President 's State of the Union Message : Frequently Asked Questions '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service Report for Congress . Retrieved January 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` President to Appear Before Congress : Message to be Delivered Friday night '' . Fairbanks Daily News - Miner . Associated Press . January 2 , 1936 . p . A1 . ^ Jump up to : Robert Yoon , CNN Political Research Director ( February 12 , 2013 ) . `` State of the Union firsts '' . CNN . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kurlansky , Mark ( 2004 ) . 1968 : The Year That Rocked the World . New York : Ballantine . p. 44 . ISBN 0 - 9659111 - 4 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Address to the nation on the Challenger disaster '' . Ronald Reagan Presidential Library . Retrieved July 4 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Weinraub , Bernard ( January 29 , 1986 ) . `` The Shuttle Explosion : Reagan Postpones State of the Union Speech '' . The New York Times . p . A9 . Jump up ^ Office of the Clerk . Joint Meetings , Joint Sessions , and Inaugurations . House History . United States House of Representatives . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Speaker Boehner Extends President Obama Formal Invitation to Deliver State of the Union Address '' . Speaker Boehner 's Press Office ( Press release ) . January 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` State of the Union 2015 '' . Speaker Boehner 's Press Office ( Press release ) . December 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Joint Session of Congress Pursuant to House Concurrent Resolution 228 to Receive a Message from the President '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Record : H414 . January 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` President Delivers State of the Union Address '' ( Transcript ) . CNN . January 28 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Joint Session of Congress Pursuant to House Concurrent Resolution 228 to Receive a Message from the President '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Record : H415 . January 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Widmer , Ted ( January 31 , 2006 ) . `` The State of the Union Is Unreal '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ O'Keefe , Ed ( January 24 , 2012 ) . `` Three decades of ' Skutniks ' began with a federal employee '' . Washington Post . Retrieved January 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wiggin , Addison ( January 25 , 2011 ) . `` Small Business Owners Should Be Obama 's Lenny Skutnik '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Clines , Francis X . ( August 24 , 1996 ) . `` Bonding as New Political Theater : Bring On the Babies and Cue the Yellow Dog '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Jennifer ( January 13 , 2011 ) . `` Mark Udall wants parties together at State of the Union '' . Politico . Jump up ^ Hennessey , Kathleen ( January 21 , 2012 ) . `` Rival parties to mix it up -- nicely -- at State of the Union '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Office of the Clerk . `` Opposition Responses to State of the Union Messages ( 1966 -- Present ) '' . United States House of Representatives . Retrieved January 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Frum , David ( 2000 ) . How We Got Here : The ' 70s . New York : Basic Books . p. 47 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 04195 - 7 . Jump up ^ Sincere , Richard E. , Jr . ( February 1997 ) . `` O.J. , J.C. , and Bill : Reflections on the State of the Union '' . Metro Herald . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2002 . Retrieved January 23 , 2007 . Watts told his audience -- about 100 high school students from the CloseUp Foundation watched in person , while a smaller number watched on television at home -- that he is ' old enough to remember the Jim Crow ' laws that affected him and his family while he grew up in a black neighborhood in small - town Oklahoma . Jump up ^ York , Byron ( January 21 , 2004 ) . `` The Democratic Response You Did n't See '' . National Review . Retrieved January 23 , 2007 . And then there was the Spanish - language response -- the first ever -- delivered by New Mexico governor , and former Clinton energy secretary , Bill Richardson . Jump up ^ `` Michele Bachmann offers Tea Party response to President Obama 's State of the Union Address '' . The Washington Post . January 26 , 2011 . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UNH State of the University 2015 '' . The University of New Hampshire ( Press release ) . February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` State of the University 2015 '' . Santa Clara University ( Press release ) . February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Jeremy ( January 20 , 2015 ) . `` Why Your Company Deserves a ' State of the Union ' Address '' . Inc . Jump up ^ `` EU has survived economic crisis , Barroso says in first State of Union address '' . EUobserver.com . September 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` State of The Union Address TV Ratings '' . Nielsen . 2017 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to State of the Union . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Portal : State of the Union Speeches by United States Presidents The American Presidency Project : State of the Union Messages `` Established in 1999 as a collaboration between John Woolley and Gerhard Peters at the University of California , Santa Barbara , '' currently ( January 2010 ) , the APP `` archives contain 87,448 documents related to the study of the Presidency . 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hart of dixie wade goes to new york			Hart of Dixie ( season 2 )	hart of dixie ( season 2 )	On May 11 , 2012 , The CW renewed Hart of Dixie for a second season , which consisted of 22 episodes . Season two began on October 2 and saw the show move to a new night and time , Tuesdays at 8 / 9c .	Contents 1 Overview 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Regular 2.2 Recurring Characters 2.3 Special Guest Star 3 Episodes 4 Casting 5 Reception 6 Home release 7 References Overview ( edit ) The season begins with Zoe confused with her feelings for both George and Wade . She later decides that George is n't ready for another relationship and decides to see Wade . Levon 's former high school sweetheart Ruby Jeffries played by Golden Brooks returns to Bluebell and reveals she is opposing for mayor . George begins dating again , first seeing newcomer Shelby ( Laura Bell Bundy ) however he later dumps her and Shelby begins dating Brick Breeland , and George later stars a relationship with Wade 's ex wife Tansy Truitt ( Mircea Monroe ) As the season progresses , Ruby leaves after Lemon 's jealousy destroy 's her and Levon . Wade and Zoe continue to date , however face set backs time and time again . Annabeth begins having feelings for Levon and later the two sleep together , leaving Lemon devastated by her best friends betrayal . Cast and characters ( edit ) Regular ( edit ) Rachel Bilson as Dr. Zoe Hart Scott Porter as George Tucker Jaime King as Lemon Breeland Cress Williams as Lavon Hayes Wilson Bethel as Wade Kinsella Tim Matheson as Dr. Brick Breeland Recurring Characters ( edit ) Kaitlyn Black as Annabeth Nass Reginald VelJohnson as Dash DeWitt Brandi Burkhardt as Crickett Watts McKaley Miller as Rose Hattenbarger Claudia Lee as Magnolia Breeland Golden Brooks as Ruby Jeffries Mircea Monroe as Tansy Truitt Laura Bell Bundy as Shelby Sinclair Travis Van Winkle as Jonah Breeland Armelia McQueen as Shula Whitaker JoBeth Williams as Candice Hart John Marshall Jones as Wally Maynard Amy Ferguson as Lily Anne Lonergan Ross Philips as Tom Long Mallory Moye as Wanda Lewis Steven M. Porter as Frank Moth Peter Mackenzie as Reverend Peter Mayfair Christopher Curry as Earl Kinsella John Eric Bentley as Sheriff Bill Special Guest Star ( edit ) Robert Buckley as Peter Debra Jo Rupp as Wanda Lewis 's mother Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Hart of Dixie episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 23 `` I Fall to Pieces '' Tim Matheson Leila Gerstein October 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 02 ) 217251 1.53 The day after George walked out on Lemon , he struggles with his growing feelings to Zoe , who tells him about her tryst with Wade . Now that Zoe knows the true feelings of both George and Wade , she must choose between the two men . Zoe seeks the advice of former Bluebell resident Ruby Jeffries ( Golden Brooks ) . The two become fast friends , but no one in Bluebell is excited to see Ruby return , especially Lavon , who has a history with her . Brick continues to blame Zoe and George for Lemon 's depression , which gets in the way with his date with Emily . Meanwhile , Lemon decides to move on from George and start over fresh by finding a job and her own apartment . However , Lemon has no experience with living on her own and she ends up , of all places , at Zoe 's house to ramble on about her life . The townspeople mistakenly think that Lemon intends to hurt Zoe after seeing her enter holding a cake knife , and George and Wade get into a fistfight over Zoe . 24 `` Always on My Mind '' Anton Cropper Carter Covington October 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 09 ) 217252 1.19 Zoe finds herself trying to help Rose find someone to perform at her Bluebell rock concert . Meanwhile , Lemon gets hired at the Rammer Jammer as a waitress , but does a terrible job . Lavon and Ruby continue to get to know each other more . Ruby later tells Lavon that she is running against him for mayor . 25 `` If It Makes You Happy '' Elodie Keene Alex Taub October 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 16 ) 217253 1.40 Distraught after learning that her old medical school has listed her occupation as `` retired '' , Zoe tries to get published by her medical alumni magazine to show that she is still in the medical business . When Tom walks in the office with a strange rash , Zoe suspects it may be leprosy , and enlists Wade to help her capture an armadillo on Crazy Earl 's property . Meanwhile , George goes a date with Shelby ( Laura Bell Bundy ) , a woman from out of town . Upon hearing about George 's date , Lemon has a `` girls ' night out '' with Annabeth , where she meets an attractive dentist named Walt Blodgett . Also , Brick is still resentful towards George for breaking Lemon 's heart at the altar and he ruins his date with Shelby . With Ruby now running against him for mayor , Lavon begins thinking about why he became mayor in the first place . 26 `` Suspicious Minds '' John Stephens Jamie Gorenberg October 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 23 ) 217254 1.32 Though Zoe is trying to keep things casual with Wade , she starts to feel jealous when she sees him with another woman . Zoe decides to get back at Wade by going out on a date with Ruby 's cousin Zack to make Wade jealous . Lavon reluctantly agrees to hire Lemon as his campaign manager , but he unexpectedly finds himself in the middle of a town scandal when he takes the fall for her when Lemon is caught shoplifting a home pregnancy test , a move which could cost him the mayoral race . Meanwhile , with Lemon no longer living at home and on Annabeth 's ex-husband's houseboat , Brick and Magnolia struggle with household chores and come up with a plan to get Lemon to move back home . Elsewhere , George deals with Shelby 's continuing neediness when she shows up at his place after thinking he 's invited her over for a dinner date when in fact he wants to break up with her . 27 5 `` Walkin ' After Midnight '' Joe Lazarov Veronica Becker & Sarah Kucserka October 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 30 ) 217255 1.41 Zoe finds out that George has been sleepwalking into her bedroom . She agrees to cure him , and cancels date plans with Wade . After Zoe `` cures '' George of his sleepwalking , they talk and Zoe tells George that she is seeing someone , who she has real feelings for , and that he should do the same . Lavon and Annabeth start a fake relationship so Lavon can get major votes from a ( big ) family who are rivals of Lavon 's alma mater . However , Lavon and Annabeth 's plan rubs Lemon the wrong way . 28 6 `` I Walk the Line '' Tim Matheson Donald Todd November 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 13 ) 217256 1.62 It 's Election Day and every vote counts to decide whether Lavon or Ruby will be mayor . Zoe tries to figure out why Brick has been acting so flustered . Zoe agrees to teach Magnolia how to drive in exchange for asking Brick to examine him . Lemon goes to great lengths to ensure that Lavon wins the election when she finds him still hooked on Ruby . Meanwhile , Wade recruits George to try to convince his ex-wife Tansy , who is currently living in a trailer on the outskirts of town , to come back in order to vote , but George finds himself drawn to her instead when Wade hooks up Tansy 's trailer to his pickup truck to force her to move back to Bluebell for the day . 29 7 `` Baby , Do n't Get Hooked on Me '' Michael Schultz Carter Covington November 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 20 ) 217257 1.23 Zoe treats Max , the kicker of the high school football team , who then develops a crush on her . Zoe tries to let him down easy , but the town wants her to continue the charade with Max until his team wins the big homecoming game . Meanwhile , Annabeth is reluctant to start a catering business with Lemon . Ruby 's grumpy grandfather Sergeant Jefferies ( Charlie Robinson ) still refuses to forgive Lavon for breaking Ruby 's heart years ago . Artistic gymnast McKayla Maroney also guests . 30 8 `` Achy Breaky Hearts '' Janice Cooke Alex Taub November 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 27 ) 2J7258 1.39 Zoe and Lemon are both struggling to accept Lavon 's new relationship with Ruby , so they set out to uncover Ruby 's true intentions . Meanwhile , Wade agrees to supervise a Little Rangers camping trip , hoping to avoid a potentially awkward confrontation with George . However , when George unexpectedly shows up on the camping trip , their conversation forces Wade to see his relationship in a different light . Brick wants to take his relationship with Emily to the next level , but he is surprised to learn who is uncomfortable with the plan . 31 9 `` Sparks Fly '' Norman Buckley Jamie Gorenberg December 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 04 ) 2J7259 1.60 Wade starts to feel like he is nothing more than a placeholder in Zoe 's life and decides that they should go on an date . They decide on a `` proper date '' as participants in the town 's annual bachelors ' picnic basket auction . Tom 's is claimed by Wanda , but several couples fail to properly determine the basket contents and thus get mismatched ; Lemon gets stuck with Lavon instead of dentist Walt Blodgett . George is stuck with Wade 's fierce ex-wife Tansy , who takes him on a mission to help her steal back the dog she lost in divorce . Magnolia pushes Brick to enter and he gets stuck with a cellphone app - addicted teacher . 32 10 `` Blue Christmas '' Patrick Norris Leila Gerstein December 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 11 ) 2J7260 1.41 Zoe finds herself anxious that her ever - critical mother will be visiting Bluebell soon for the holidays . In order to avoid spending quality time with her mother , she busies herself with a patient but potentially ruins Christmas Eve for the whole town by giving the man playing Santa Claus the day off . Trying to fix the problem , Zoe upsets Wade by turning to his alcoholic father , Crazy Earl ( Christopher Curry ) to ask him to play Santa at the town 's annual Christmas party ... a part he gave up years ago after the death of Wade 's mother , which drove Earl to drinking . Meanwhile , Lavon is desperate to make the week special for Ruby , but his plan goes awry when Lemon gets involved . Elsewhere , George is struggling with picking out the perfect present for Tansy . A wedding ring left in the Joseph suit starts the rumor George is going to propose to Tansy , but it 's Lavon 's desperate attempt to persuade Ruby to stay in town . Zoe gets caught in ill - conceived lies to pretend to be a total success for her mother , who actually gives her the needed nudge to humbly make up with Wade . Also , George catches Brick in bed with Shelby . 33 11 `` Old Alabama '' David Paymer Veronica Becker & Sarah Kucserka January 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 15 ) 2J7261 1.37 With Lavon preoccupied with his personal life , he lets his mayoral duties slip at the worst time , as Bluebell 's Pioneer Day is fast approaching and a reporter from Southern Living magazine is in town . Seeing that he needs help , Zoe and Wade volunteer to help him out by playing Bluebell 's `` Founding Couple '' . Zoe is also trying a new tack when it comes to her relationship with Wade , which has her taking on many new projects . Lemon and Annabeth devise a plan to get Lavon to let them cater the First Feast , in order to get some publicity for their new business . Meanwhile , George gives advice to Brick on how to handle his new relationship with Shelby . 34 12 `` Islands In the Stream '' Joe Lazarov Donald Todd January 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 22 ) 2J7262 1.45 George 's parents arrive in Bluebell for a visit and they quickly disapprove of Tansy as his new girlfriend . At the same time , Wade finds that he has to do the things that Zoe enjoys even if he does not like them . This leads to Mrs. Tucker luring George and Zoe to the houseboat to try to set them up after seeing that they still have chemistry between them . Meanwhile , Brick wants to tell Lemon and Magnolia about his newfound romance with Shelby . However , Lemon already suspects Brick of seeing someone , and begins to mistakenly think it might be Annabeth . Also , Annabeth meets a new visitor in town : an Englishman named Oliver , on whom she develops a crush . Lavon is suspicious and does some research to find out who Oliver really is . 35 13 `` Lovesick Blues '' Ron Lagomarsino Alex Taub January 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 29 ) 2J7263 1.32 When Zoe is alerted by the Health Department about a flu epidemic heading towards Bluebell , she puts the town on lockdown . Because of the quarantine , Wade is forced to stay at his ex-girlfriend's house , \ causing Zoe to become jealous . Lemon 's plan for the perfect night with Walt goes awry when she begins to feel under the weather . Meanwhile , George finds himself roped into directing Lavon 's tourism commercial about Bluebell 's small - town charm , but it seems Lavon is more preoccupied with his co-star than his commercial . 36 14 `` Take Me Home , Country Roads '' Jeremiah Chechik Carter Covington February 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 05 ) 2J7264 1.44 George is given the responsibility of watching Tansy 's most prized possession , her dog , when she leaves town for the day , but panics when the dog goes missing . Wade starts to feel frustrated by the lack of alone time with Zoe , especially when she is focused more on not losing her good status in the town to a new doctor , Jonah , who also happens to be Brick 's nephew . Brick is ready to let the town know about his relationship with Shelby , but Lemon and Magnolia are doing everything they can to get rid of her while they are planning a birthday party for their father . Meanwhile , Lavon wants to take a chance on a new relationship with Annabeth , but first has to clear the air with one person : Lemon . 37 15 `` The Gambler '' Jim Hayman Dan Steele February 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 19 ) 2J7265 1.37 Wade is excited to compete in the Battle of the Bands competition so he can use the prize money to open up his own bar , but Zoe 's suggestion that George play in the band ultimately backfires . Lemon finds herself alone for the weekend until she talks Magnolia into some sisterly bonding . Meanwhile , Lavon , who has seemingly given up on love after Annabeth 's rejection of him , agrees to help Tom with his relationship with Wanda , which in turn opens his eyes to his own future . 38 16 `` Where I Lead Me '' Kevin Mock Leila Gerstein February 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 26 ) 2J7266 1.38 With the sudden nuptials of Wanda and Tom in Bluebell in a costume wedding , Zoe agrees to be maid of honor , which entails the difficult job of watching Wanda 's crafty lush of a mother Betsy Maynard . Zoe uses her wedding duties to try to avoid the awkwardness between her and Wade , but has a feeling something is wrong . Meanwhile , Lavon hears about the neighboring town , Filmore , trying to build a shopping mall next to their local beach at Mobile Bay and he enlists George 's help to fight it , but an unexpected side of George rears its ugly head during a deposition between George and Filmore 's even snootier lawyer Scooter McGreevey . Elsewhere , Cricket drags Lemon to a Gypsy fortuneteller , who says she has already met her true love , which seems to fit the town nut Dale King , but she ultimately makes up instead with Annabeth . 39 17 `` We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together '' David Paymer Jamie Gorenberg March 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 05 ) 2J7267 1.50 Zoe , recently hurt by Wade and confused as to be angry or sad , accidentally lets her insecurity rub off on Rose and her boyfriend Max 's relationship when Jonah makes a lighthearted move on her , which makes Zoe mistakenly think that Max may have cheated on Rose . Meanwhile , Wade and Lavon are forced by Reverend Peter Mayfair to work together at the congregation 's annual fundraiser , which causes tension between the two . When money goes missing , and Wade is Lavon 's first suspect . Magnolia and Lemon try to sabotage their father 's relationship with Shelby by snooping around her open house with the help of George and discovering Shelby 's `` secret '' . George and Lemon share a staged kiss . 40 18 `` Why Do n't We Get Drunk ? '' Rebecca Asher Veronica Becker & Sarah Kucserka April 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 09 ) 2J7268 1.20 Lavon 's big plans of making Bluebell a Spring Break destination hit a roadblock when the competing town of Filmore tries to lure the partiers away . With the help of the visiting Ruby Jeffries , Lavon creates a `` hands - on - a-boat '' competition that is bound to attract some attention . Eager to join in some much - deserved fun , Zoe agrees to give partying a try with Jonah Breeland , but seeing them together makes George jealous . Wade and Lemon decide to compete in Lavon 's contest in order to win the grand prize to buy the Rammer Jammer , which they have learned is for sale after Wally decides to sell . Meanwhile , Brick has been acting odd and when everyone begins to notice they force him to seek medical treatment but after getting an MRI , he says everything is fine . 41 19 `` This Kiss '' Bethany Rooney Leila Gerstein April 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 16 ) 2J7269 1.30 When the town decides to put on a performance of Shakespeare 's most iconic scenes , George and Zoe refuse to play Romeo and Juliet , but eventually agree just to prove to everyone that they are over each other . Lemon and Wade are excited about taking over the reins at the Rammer Jammer as co-owners , but things come to a halt when they lose all the staff two days before the grand re-opening . Meanwhile , Brick decides to offer a week of free counseling to everyone in Bluebell and winds up helping the two most unlikely people , Zoe and Lavon , but in his effort to help others he learns a secret he has been keeping from himself . 42 20 `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' Jim Hayman Alex Taub April 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 23 ) 2J7270 1.10 After Zoe tricks Jonah into spilling a secret about Brick , she unintentionally makes things worse for Brick in his love life with Shelby . Following Brick 's advice , Zoe decides she must finally express her feelings , but timing never seems to be her strong suit . Wade and Lemon must learn to work together , but things go awry when they each try to prove that they know what is best for the new Rammer Jammer . Knowing what Wade and Lemon are up to , Lavon and Annabeth agree to not get involved , but that might be easier said than done . Meanwhile , Tansy 's three hillbilly brothers surprise her with an unexpected visit , leaving George to look after them and put up with their wild antics . 43 21 `` I 'm Moving On '' Janice Cooke Donald Todd April 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 30 ) 2J7271 1.20 Zoe 's attempts at online dating hit a few snags until Rose and Max take matters into their own hands and play matchmaker by setting her up with Max 's father to be their chaperones at their high school junior prom . Faced with yet another setback with the Rammer Jammer when it gets closed by the state health board , Lemon and Wade are close to throwing in the towel . George tries everything he can think of to prove to Tansy that they belong together , but she still has her doubts . Brick lends Lemon and Wade enough money to clean up the Rammer Jammer for it to re-open . Brick and Shelby decide that they might have acted too rashly , which forces them to make a difficult decision about their future together . Meanwhile , Lavon refuses Annabeth 's help in stopping the continue feud with the competing town 's mayor , leaving her to take a different tack . 44 22 `` On the Road Again '' Tim Matheson Leila Gerstein & Len Goldstein May 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 07 ) 2J7272 1.19 In the second season finale , Zoe wakes up and realizes she slept with Wade the night before . George walks in to discover them . Needing some distance from her life , Zoe decides to travel to New York City for a wedding . After Tansy breaks up with George and leaves town , he is more alone and depressed than ever until Lily Ann approaches and offers an outlet for his emotions by writing and singing . Elsewhere , the corrupt and smarmy Mayor Gainy of Filmore kidnaps Lavon 's pet alligator , which leads to Lavon assembling a group of local misfits , ( Wanda , Tom , Reverend Mayfair , Meatball , Sergeant Jefferies , and Frank ) to try to reclaim it . Lemon attempts to get the band Gloriana to perform at the Rammer Jammer and she enlists Wade to drive her to try to meet with the band to play . George leaves town with Lily Ann to go on tour with her . Lavon and Annabeth admit their love for each other after she saves him and his group . On the flight , Zoe and Jonah must work together to save the life of an injured passenger , which makes the plane make an emergency landing in Atlanta . After hearing Zoe 's flight made an emergency landing , Wade deviates from his road trip plan with Lemon to Birmingham to drive to Atlanta where by chance , he meets with Zoe and tells her that he loves her . Zoe tells Wade that she has already decided she is going to stay in New York for the summer ... at Jonah 's suggestion . Gloriana guest stars . Casting ( edit ) Season two saw the return of several characters from season one and also introduced new characters . Mircea Monroe returned as Tansy Truitt , who begins a relationship with George Tucker . Kaitlyn Black 's character Annabeth Nass , become a more prominent character in the second season . Laura Bell Bundy was introduced in the first episode as Shelby a love interest for George Tucker , however , later beings a relationship Brick . Golden Brooks was cast as Ruby Jeffries and was announced on August 8 , 2012 Ruby arrives as an old rival of Lemon and an old flame of Levon . Travis Van Winkle was cast as the Breeland cousin , Jonah , who becomes a love interest for Zoe . Eisa Davis who played Addie Pickett in season one did not return for season two as did Deborah S. Craig who played Shelley Ng . Reception ( edit ) The season premiered to 1.53 million people with a 0.7 rating share for adults 18 - 49 . Home release ( edit ) Hart of Dixie : The Complete Second Season was released on DVD in the US on October 15 , 2013 . The 5 disc set includes all 22 episodes from the second season and various language and subtitle options . The Complete Second Season Set details Special features 22 episodes 924 minutes ( Region 1 ) ; TBA ( Region 2 ) ; 893 minutes ( Region 4 ) 5 - disc set 1.78 : 1 aspect ratio Languages : English ( Dolby Digital 5.1 ) Subtitles : English , ( Region 4 ) No special features Release Dates United States United Kingdom Australia October 15 , 2013 October 20 , 2013 November 13 , 2013 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 11 , 2012 ) . `` Updated : ' Nikita ' Renewed for a 3rd Season ; ' Hart of Dixie ' for a Second '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The CW Network Announces Fall 2012 Premiere Dates for ' Arrow , ' ' Supernatural , ' ' Nikita , ' ' Vampire Diaries ' & More '' . 28 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 3 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' The Voice ' , & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Special Adjusted Up ; ' Go On ' , ' Vegas ' & ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2012 . Retrieved October 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Hart of Dixie ' , ' NCIS : LA ' & ' DWTS ' Adjusted Up ; ' Go On ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2012 . Retrieved October 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 17 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Dancing with the Stars ' Adjusted Down Plus Final Debate Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2012 . Retrieved October 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS : LA ' , ' DWTS ' & ' Vegas ' Adjusted Up , ' Go On ' ' Happy Endings ' , ' X Factor ' & ' The New Normal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2012 . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2012 . Retrieved October 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Parenthood ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' Go On ' , ' Hart of Dixie ' , ' Happy Endings ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' , ' Private Practice ' & ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Up ; ' Go On ' ' Happy Endings ' & ' The New Normal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Kate . `` Hart of Dixie Review : Simply Adorable '' . TvFanatic . Retrieved December 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' , ' Private Practice ' & ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Up ; ' Go On ' ' Happy Endings ' & ' The New Normal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' , ' Private Practice ' & ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Up ; ' Go On ' ' Happy Endings ' & ' The New Normal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 16 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' Off Their Rockers ' & ' The New Normal ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Parenthood ' & ' New Girl ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Taste ' , ' Hart of Dixie ' & ' Emily Owens M.D. ' Adjusted Down -- Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com . January 24 , 2013 . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' Raising Hope ' , ' New Girl ' & ' Go On ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Smash ' , ' New Girl ' & ' The Bachelor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Betty White 's 2nd Annual 90th Birthday Special ' and ' Vegas ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 21 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The New Normal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 27 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Golden Boy ' , ' The New Normal ' or ' Smash ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 6 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' NCIS ' , ' Smash ' & ' Body of Proof ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 10 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' , ' Hell 's Kitchen ' , ' NCIS : LA ' & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' Ready for Love ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hart of Dixie ' season 2 spoilers : Ruby 's not the only newcomer '' . 1 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' The Voice ' , & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Special Adjusted Up ; ' Go On ' , ' Vegas ' & ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Down - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers '' . 6 October 2012 . Archived from the original on 6 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hart of Dixie DVD news : Box Art for Hart of Dixie - The Complete 2nd Season - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . www.tvshowsondvd.com . Archived from the original on 2017 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Hart of Dixie - Season 2 '' . 25 November 2013 -- via Amazon . Jump up ^ `` Hart Of Dixie - Season 2 '' . www.jbhifi.com.au . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hart_of_Dixie_(season_2)&oldid=856942913 '' Categories : 2012 American television seasons 2013 American television seasons Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 14 : 43 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hart%20of%20Dixie%20%28season%202%29	3,179
what do jainism and buddhism have in common	Buddhism and Jainism are two ancient Indian religions that developed in Magadha ( Bihar region ) and continue to thrive in the modern times . Mahavira and Gautama Buddha are generally accepted as contemporaries ( circa 5th century BCE ) . Jainism and Buddhism share many features , terminology and ethical principles , but emphasize them differently . Both are śramaṇa ascetic traditions that believe it is possible to attain liberation from the cycle of rebirths and deaths ( samsara ) through spiritual and ethical disciplines . They differ in some core doctrines such as those on asceticism , Middle Way versus Anekantavada , and self versus no - self ( jiva , atta , anatta ) .		Buddhism and Jainism	buddhism and jainism		Part of a series on Buddhism History ( show ) Timeline Gautama Buddha Councils Later Buddhists Dharma Concepts ( show ) Four Noble Truths Five Aggregates Impermanence Suffering Non-self Dependent Origination Middle Way Emptiness Karma Rebirth Saṃsāra Cosmology Buddhist texts ( show ) Buddhavacana Tripiṭaka Mahayana Sutras Pāli Canon Tibetan canon Chinese canon Practices ( show ) Three Jewels Buddhist Paths to liberation Morality Perfections Meditation Philosophical reasoning Mindfulness Wisdom Compassion Aids to Enlightenment Monasticism Laity Nirvāṇa ( show ) Four Stages Arhat Buddha Bodhisattva Traditions ( show ) Theravāda Pāli Mahāyāna Hinayana Chinese Vajrayāna Tibetan Navayana Newar Buddhism by country ( show ) India China Thailand Japan Myanmar Sri Lanka Laos Cambodia Korea Taiwan Tibet Bhutan Mongolia Russia Outline Buddhism portal Part of a series on Jainism Jain prayers ( show ) Bhaktamara Stotra Micchami Dukkadam Ṇamōkāra mantra Jai Jinendra Philosophy ( show ) Anekantavada Cosmology Ahimsa Karma Dharma Mokṣa Kevala Jnana Dravya Tattva Brahmacharya Aparigraha Gunasthana Saṃsāra Ethics ( show ) Ethics of Jainism Sallekhana Major figures ( show ) The 24 Tirthankaras Rishabha Pārśva Mahavira Arihant Ganadhara Kundakunda Siddhasena Samantabhadra Haribhadra Yashovijaya Major sects ( show ) Digambara Śvētāmbara Texts ( show ) Samayasāra ( Digambara ) Pravachanasara ( Digambara ) Agama ( Shwetambara ) Tattvartha Sutra Dravyasamgraha ( Digambara ) Kalpa Sūtra ( Shwetambara ) Other ( show ) History Jain flag Jain symbols Parasparopagraho Jivanam Schools and Branches Timeline Topics list Festivals ( show ) Diwali Mahavir Jayanti Paryushana Samvatsari Pilgrimages ( show ) Tirth Abu Palitana Girnar Shikharji Shravanabelagola Jainism portal Buddhism and Jainism are two ancient Indian religions that developed in Magadha ( Bihar region ) and continue to thrive in the modern times . Mahavira and Gautama Buddha are generally accepted as contemporaries ( circa 5th century BCE ) . Jainism and Buddhism share many features , terminology and ethical principles , but emphasize them differently . Both are śramaṇa ascetic traditions that believe it is possible to attain liberation from the cycle of rebirths and deaths ( samsara ) through spiritual and ethical disciplines . They differ in some core doctrines such as those on asceticism , Middle Way versus Anekantavada , and self versus no - self ( jiva , atta , anatta ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Jainism in Buddhist Texts 2.1 Pāli Canon 2.2 Divyavadana 3 Buddhist Texts in Jain Libraries 4 Shared terminology 5 Similarities 6 Differences 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Citations 8.2 Sources 9 Further reading History ( edit ) Jains believe that their religion is ancient and eternal with 24 Tirthankaras . Of the 24 , the last two -- Parshvanatha and Mahavira -- are generally accepted as historical persons , with the 23rd Tirthankara pre-dating the Buddha and the Mahavira by probably some 250 years . Buddhists believe Gautama Buddha , the historical buddha , rediscovered the long forgotten dharma around the 5th century BCE , and began to teach it again . In Buddhism there were previous buddhas , too , 27 in total as described in the Buddhavamsa , the 14th book of the Khuddaka Nikāya . Buddhists also believe that Gautama Buddha had many previous rebirths as described in the Jataka Tales . Buddhist scriptures record that during Prince Siddhartha 's ascetic life ( before attaining enlightenment ) he undertook many fasts , penances and austerities , the descriptions of which are elsewhere found only in the Jain tradition . In the Majjhima Nikaya , the Buddha shares his experience : `` Thus far , Sāriputta , did I go in my penance ? I went without clothes . I licked my food from my hands . I took no food that was brought or meant especially for me . I accepted no invitation to a meal . '' The Jain text of Kalpasutra confirms Mahavira 's asceticism , whose life is a source of guidance on many of the ascetic practices in Jainism . Such asceticism has been a hallmark of mendicant life in Jainism . The Buddha tried it , but abandoned what he called the `` extreme ascetic methods '' , teaching the Middle Way instead . Jain Ayagapatta , Kushana , Mathura Buddha , Kushana , Mathura Jainism in Buddhist texts ( edit ) Pali canon ( edit ) The Pāli Canon does not record that Mahavira and Gautama Buddha ever met , though instances of Mahavira 's disciples questioning Gautama Buddha are to be found in various sutras . For instance , in the Majjhima Nikāya ( MN 56 ) , Upāli -- one of Gautama Buddha 's foremost disciples -- is said to have been a disciple of the Mahavira who became a disciple of the Buddha after losing a debate with him . The Buddhists have always maintained that by the time the Buddha and Mahavira were alive , Jainism was already an entrenched faith and culture in the region . According to the Pāli Canon , Gautama was aware of Mahavira 's existence as well as the communities of Jain monastics Buddhist texts refer to the Mahavira as Nigaṇṭha Jñātaputta . Nigaṇṭha means `` without knot , tie , or string '' and Jñātaputta ( son of Natas ) , referred to his clan of origin Jñāta or Naya ( Prakrit ) . The five vows ( non-violence , truth , non-attachment , non-thieving , celibacy / chastity ) propounded by the 23rd Jain Tirthankara , Pārśva ( 877 - 777 BCE ) , may have been the template for the Five Precepts of Buddhism . Additionally , the Buddhist Aṅguttaranikāya scripture quotes the independent philosopher Purana Kassapa , a sixth century BCE founder of a now - extinct order , as listing the `` Nirgranthas '' as one of the six major classifications of humanity . Buddhist writings reflect that Jains had followers by the time the Buddha lived . Suggesting close correlations between the teachings of the Jains and the Buddha , the Majjhima Nikaya relates dialogues between the Buddha and several members of the `` Nirgrantha community '' . Indian Buddhist tradition categorized all non-Buddhist schools of thought as pāsaṇḍa `` heresy '' ( pasanda means to throw a noose or pasha -- stemming from the doctrine that schools labelled as Pasanda foster views perceived as wrong because they are seen as having a tendency towards binding and ensnaring rather than freeing the mind ) . The difference between the schools of thought are outlined in the Samaññaphala Sutta of the Digha Nikaya . Divyavadana ( edit ) The ancient text Divyavadana ( Ashokavadana is one of its sections ) mention that in one instance , a non-Buddhist in Pundravardhana drew a picture showing the Buddha bowing at the feet of Mahavira . On complaint from a Buddhist devotee , Ashoka , the Maurya Emperor , issued an order to arrest him , and subsequently , another order to kill all the Ājīvikas in Pundravardhana . Around 18,000 Ājīvikas were executed as a result of this order . Sometime later , another ascetic in Pataliputra drew a similar picture . Ashoka burnt him and his entire family alive in their house . He also announced an award of one dinara ( silver coin ) to anyone who brought him the head of a Jain . According to Ashokavadana , as a result of this order , his own brother , Vitashoka , was mistaken for a heretic and killed by a cowherd . Their ministers advised that `` this is an example of the suffering that is being inflicted even on those who are free from desire '' and that he `` should guarantee the security of all beings '' . After this , Ashoka stopped giving orders for executions . According to K.T.S. Sarao and Benimadhab Barua , stories of persecutions of rival sects by Ashoka appear to be a clear fabrication arising out of sectarian propaganda . Buddhist texts in Jain libraries ( edit ) According to Padmanabh Jaini , Vasudhara Dharani , a Buddhist work was among the Jainas of Gujarat in 1960s , and a manuscript was copied in 1638 CE . The Dharani was recited by non-Jain Brahmin priests in private Jain homes . Shared terminology ( edit ) Buddha with Mucalinda Naga , Sri Lanka Parshvanatha with Dharanendra The shared terms include Sangha , Shramana ( monk ) , Shravaka ( Householder in Jainism , Buddha 's disciple in Buddhism ) , Jina ( Tirthankara in Jainism , Buddha in Buddhism ) , Chaitya , Stupa , Pudgala ( Matter in Jainism , soul in Buddhism ) etc . Early Jainism used stupas , although the practice mostly ( but not completely ) was abandoned later . Similarities ( edit ) Jain Stupa , Kankali Tila Buddhist stupa worship , Sanchi In Jainism , the way of liberation is the ford ( tirtha ) , and Tirthankaras `` those making the ford '' ( from samsara to moksha ) are supreme teachers . Same concept is found in Buddhism which says that through enlightenment ( bodhi ) an individual crosses the river of samsara and attain liberation . Both religions deny the existence of a creator god . Buddhism and Jainish evince a shared belief in the existence of geographical regions beyond the parameters of Bharatavarsha , access to which could not be gained by ordinary human beings . Karakandu , a Pratyekabuddha in both Jainism and Buddhism , is a rare personality that is shared between Jainism and Buddhism . The Jain text Isibhasiyam mentions Vajjiyaputra , Mahakashyap and Sariputra among the rishis . The Jain community ( or Jain sangha ) consists of monastics , munis ( male ascetics ) and aryikas ( female ascetics ) and householders , śhrāvak s ( laymen ) and śrāvakīs ( laywomen ) . Buddhism has a similar organization : the community consists of renunciate bhikkhus and bhikkhunis and male and female laypersons , or śrāvakas and śrāvikas , who take limited vows . Differences ( edit ) Theravada Buddhist monk , Thailand Digambara Jain monk , India Jainism has developed and refined the non-violence ( ' Ahimsa ) doctrine to an extraordinary degree where it is an integral part of the Jain culture . Jain vegetarianism , for example , is driven by the principle of not harming any animals and both lay and mendicants are predominantly vegetarian . In Buddhism , Mahayana monks in China , Japan ( see Shojin - ryori ) , Korea and Vietnam are vegetarian ; however , vegetarianism is not required for lay Buddhists . In Theravada monastic tradition , a monk should eat whatever is placed in his bowl when receiving food . Although both Buddhists and Jain had orders of nuns , Buddhist Pali texts record the Buddha saying that a woman has the ability to obtain nirvana in the dharma and Vinaya . According to Digambara Jains , women are capable of spiritual progress but must be reborn as a man in order to attain final spiritual liberation . The religious texts of the Śvētāmbaras mention that liberation is attainable by both men and women . Jains believe in the existence of an eternal Jiva ( soul ) , whereas Buddhism denies the concept of self ( jiva ) or soul ( atman ) , proposing the concept of no - self ( anatta ) instead . The Anekantavada doctrine is another key difference between Jainism and Buddhism . The Buddha taught the Middle Way , rejecting extremes of the answer `` it is '' or `` it is not '' to metaphysical questions . The Mahavira , in contrast , accepted both `` it is '' and `` it is not '' , with `` perhaps '' qualification and with reconciliation . Jainism discourages monks and nuns from staying in a single place for a long time , with the exception of 4 months in the rainy season ( chaturmas ) . Thus most of the time the Jain monks and nuns keep wandering , staying in a place for just a few days . Some Theravada Buddhist monks also observe vassa rules , but often they stay in one monastery . See also ( edit ) Religion portal Indian religions History of Jainism References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dundas , Paul ( 2003 ) . Jainism and Buddhism , in Buswell , Robert E. ed . Encyclopedia of Buddhism , New York : Macmillan Reference Lib . ISBN 0028657187 ; p. 383 ^ Jump up to : Damien Keown ; Charles S. Prebish ( 2013 ) . Encyclopedia of Buddhism . Routledge . pp. 127 -- 130 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 98588 - 1 . Jump up ^ Zimmer 1953 , p. 266 . Jump up ^ ( a ) Christmas Humphreys ( 2012 ) . Exploring Buddhism . Routledge . pp. 42 -- 43 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 22877 - 3 . ( b ) Brian Morris ( 2006 ) . Religion and Anthropology : A Critical Introduction . Cambridge University Press . pp. 47 , 51 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 85241 - 8 . , Quote : `` ... anatta is the doctrine of non-self , and is an extreme empiricist doctrine that holds that the notion of an unchanging permanent self is a fiction and has no reality . According to Buddhist doctrine , the individual person consists of five skandhas or heaps -- the body , feelings , perceptions , impulses and consciousness . The belief in a self or soul , over these five skandhas , is illusory and the cause of suffering . '' ( c ) Richard Gombrich ( 2006 ) . Theravada Buddhism . Routledge . p. 47 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 90352 - 8 . , Quote : `` ... Buddha 's teaching that beings have no soul , no abiding essence . This ' no - soul doctrine ' ( anatta - vada ) he expounded in his second sermon . '' Jump up ^ Dundas 2002 , pp. 30 - 33 . Jump up ^ Horner , IB , ed. ( 1975 ) . The minor anthologies of the Pali canon . Volume III : Buddhavaṁsa ( Chronicle of Buddhas ) and Cariyāpiṭaka ( Basket of Conduct ) . London : Pali Text Society . ISBN 0 - 86013 - 072 - X . Jump up ^ Vicittasarabivamsa , U ( 1992 ) . `` Chapter IX : The chronicle of twenty - four Buddhas '' . In Ko Lay , U ; Tin Lwin , U . The great chronicle of Buddhas , Volume One , Part Two ( PDF ) ( 1st ed . ) . Yangon , Myanmar : Ti = Ni Publishing Center . pp. 130 -- 321 . Jump up ^ Law , Bimala Churn , ed. ( 1938 ) . `` The lineage of the Buddhas '' . The Minor Anthologies of the Pali Canon : Buddhavaṃsa , the lineage of the Buddhas , and Cariyā - Piṭaka or the collection of ways of conduct ( 1st ed . ) . London : Milford . Jump up ^ Takin , MV , ed. ( 1969 ) . `` The lineage of the Buddhas '' . The Genealogy of the Buddhas ( 1st ed . ) . Bombay : Bombay University Publications . Jump up ^ Jataka , Encyclopœdia Britannica . Jump up ^ Pruthi , R.K. ( 2004 ) . Buddhism and Indian Civilization . Discovery Publishing House . p. 197 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 71418664 . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Jacobi , Hermann ( 1884 ) . ( ed . ) F. Max Müller , ed . The Kalpa Sūtra ( Translated from Prakrit ) . Sacred Books of the East vol. 22 , Part 1 . Oxford : The Clarendon Press . ISBN 0 - 7007 - 1538 - X . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Note : ISBN refers to the UK : Routledge ( 2001 ) reprint of original text published in 1884 Jump up ^ Jain & Upadhye 2000 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Collins 2000 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ `` Majjhimanikāya - Upāli Sutta '' ( MN 56 ) ^ Jump up to : Sangave 2001 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Zimmer 1953 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ Samaññaphala Sutta , accesstoinsight.org , retrieved 2009 - 11 - 30 ^ Jump up to : John S. Strong ( 1989 ) . The Legend of King Aśoka : A Study and Translation of the Aśokāvadāna . Motilal Banarsidass Publ . pp. 232 -- 233 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 0616 - 0 . Retrieved 30 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Benimadhab Barua ( 5 May 2010 ) . The Ajivikas . General Books . pp. 68 -- 69 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 152 - 74433 - 2 . Retrieved 30 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Steven L. Danver , ed. ( 22 December 2010 ) . Popular Controversies in World History : Investigating History 's Intriguing Questions : Investigating History 's Intriguing Questions . ABC - CLIO . p. 99 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 078 - 0 . Retrieved 23 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Le Phuoc ( March 2010 ) . Buddhist Architecture . Grafikol . p. 32 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9844043 - 0 - 8 . Retrieved 23 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Vasudhara dharani A Buddhist work in use among the Jainas of Gujarat , Padmanabh S Jaini , Mahavir Jain_Vidyalay Suvarna_Mahotsav Granth Part 1 , 2002 , p. 30 - 45 . Jump up ^ Buddhism in the Shadow of Brahmanism , Johannes Bronkhorst , Brill , 2011 , p. 132 Jump up ^ Zimmer 1953 , p. 474 . Jump up ^ Sangave 2001 , p. 139 . Jump up ^ Patrick Olivelle 2006 , p. 396 . Jump up ^ ( Ascetic Figures Before and in Early Buddhism : The Emergence of Gautama as the Buddha , Issue 30 of Religion and reason , ISSN 0080 - 0848 , Martin G. Wiltshire , Walter de Gruyter , 1990p. 112 ) Jump up ^ RISHI BHASHIT AND PRINCIPLES OF JAINISM By Dr. Sagar Mal Jain Jump up ^ Dundas 2002 , pp. 176 -- 177 . Jump up ^ Winternitz 1993 , pp. 408 -- 409 . Jump up ^ Sangave 1980 , p. 260 . Jump up ^ Jaini , Padmanabh S. ( 1991 ) . Gender and salvation : Jaina debates on the spiritual liberation of women . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 9780520068209 . Jump up ^ Sangave 2001 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ John C. Plott et al ( 2000 ) , Global History of Philosophy : The Axial Age , Volume 1 , Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 978 - 8120801585 , page 63 , Quote : `` The Buddhist schools reject any Ātman concept . As we have already observed , this is the basic and ineradicable distinction between Hinduism and Buddhism '' . Jump up ^ ( a ) Anatta , Encyclopædia Britannica ( 2013 ) , Quote : `` Anatta in Buddhism , the doctrine that there is in humans no permanent , underlying soul . The concept of anatta , or anatman , is a departure from the Hindu belief in atman ( `` the self '' ). `` ; ( b ) Steven Collins ( 1994 ) , Religion and Practical Reason ( Editors : Frank Reynolds , David Tracy ) , State Univ of New York Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 2217 - 5 , page 64 ; Quote : `` Central to Buddhist soteriology is the doctrine of not - self ( Pali : anattā , Sanskrit : anātman , the opposed doctrine of ātman is central to Brahmanical thought ) . Put very briefly , this is the ( Buddhist ) doctrine that human beings have no soul , no self , no unchanging essence . '' ; ( c ) Katie Javanaud ( 2013 ) , Is The Buddhist ' No - Self ' Doctrine Compatible With Pursuing Nirvana ? , Philosophy Now ; ( d ) David Loy ( 1982 ) , Enlightenment in Buddhism and Advaita Vedanta : Are Nirvana and Moksha the Same ? , International Philosophical Quarterly , Volume 23 , Issue 1 , pages 65 - 74 ; ( e ) KN Jayatilleke ( 2010 ) , Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge , ISBN 978 - 8120806191 , pages 246 - 249 , from note 385 onwards ; ( f ) Bruno Nagel ( 2000 ) , Roy Perrett ( editor ) , Philosophy of Religion : Indian Philosophy , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 0815336112 , page 33 Jump up ^ Matilal 1998 , pp. 128 -- 135 . Sources ( edit ) Collins , Randall ( 2000 ) , The sociology of philosophies : a global theory of intellectual change , Harvard University Press , ISBN 978 - 0674001879 Dundas , Paul ( 2002 ) ( 1992 ) , The Jains ( Second ed . ) , Routledge , ISBN 0 - 415 - 26605 - X Matilal , Bimal Krishna ( 1990 ) , Logic , Language and Reality : Indian Philosophy and Contemporary Issues , Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 0717 - 4 Matilal , Bimal Krishna ( 1998 ) , Ganeri , Jonardon ; Tiwari , Heeraman , eds. , The Character of Logic in India , State University of New York Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 3739 - 1 Patrick Olivelle , ed. ( 2006 ) , Between the Empires : Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530532 - 6 Sangave , Vilas Adinath ( 2001a ) , Facets of Jainology : Selected Research Papers on Jain Society , Religion , and Culture , Popular Prakashan , ISBN 978 - 81 - 7154 - 839 - 2 Sangave , Vilas Adinath ( 2001 ) , Aspects of Jaina Religion , Bharatiya Jnanpith , ISBN 978 - 81 - 263 - 0720 - 3 Sangave , Vilas Adinath ( 1980 ) , Jaina Community : A Social Survey ( 2nd ed . ) , Bombay : Popular Prakashan , ISBN 978 - 0 - 317 - 12346 - 3 Jain , Hiralal ; Upadhye , Dr. Adinath Neminath ( 2000 ) , Mahavira his Times and his Philosophy of Life , Bharatiya Jnanpith Zimmer , Heinrich ( 1953 ) . Joseph Campbell , ed . Philosophies of India . London , E.C. 4 : Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 0739 - 6 . Winternitz , Moriz ( 1993 ) , History of Indian Literature : Buddhist & Jain Literature , Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 0265 - 0 Further reading ( edit ) Balbir , Nalini ( 2000 ) . `` Jain - Buddhist Dialogue : Material from the PaliScriptures , '' Journal of the Pali Text Society 26 , 1 -- 42 . Bronkhorst , Johannes ( 1995 ) . `` The Buddha and the Jainas Reconsidered , '' Asiatische Studien 49 , 333 -- 50 . James Forlong ( 1897 ) , Short Studies in the Science of Comparative Religions : Embracing All the Religions of Asia , B. Quaritch , archived from the original on 2008 Thomas , Edward ( 1877 ) , `` Jainism or The early faith of Asoka '' , Nature , London : London , Trübner & co. , 16 ( 407 ) : 329 , Bibcode : 1877Natur ... 16 ... 329J , doi : 10.1038 / 016329a0 Jainism topics Gods Tirthankara Ganadhara Arihant Philosophy Ethics Ahimsa Epistemology Kevala Jñāna Jaina logic Anekāntavāda Jain cosmology Siddhashila Naraka Heavenly beings Karma Types Causes Gunasthana Dravya Jīva Ajiva Pudgala Dharma Tattva Asrava Bandha Samvara Nirjara Mokṣa Death Saṃsāra Ratnatraya Kashaya Branches Digambara Mula Sangha Balatkara Gana Kashtha Sangha Taran Panth Bispanthi Terapanth Yapaniya Kanji Panth Śvētāmbara Murtipujaka Gaccha Kharatara Tapa Tristutik Sthānakavāsī Terapanth Practices Sallekhana Meditation Sāmāyika Monasticism Vegetarianism Fasting Rituals Festivals Paryushana Kshamavani Mahamastakabhisheka Upadhan Tapas Pratikramana Literature Agama Shatkhandagama Kasayapahuda Mantra Namokar Mantra Bhaktamara Stotra Tattvartha Sutra Samayasāra Aptamimamsa Kalpa Sūtra Symbols Jain flag Siddhachakra Ashtamangala Shrivatsa Nandavarta Auspicious dreams Swastika Ascetics Digambara monk Aryika Kshullak Pattavali Acharya Scholars Nalini Balbir Colette Caillat Chandabai John E. Cort Paul Dundas Virchand Gandhi Hermann Jacobi Champat Rai Jain Padmanabh Jaini Jeffery D. 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Ambedkar Songtsen Gampo Emperor Wen of Sui Dalai Lama Panchen Lama Karmapa Shamarpa Naropa Xuanzang Zhiyi Texts Tripiṭaka Madhyamakālaṃkāra Mahayana sutras Pāli Canon Chinese Buddhist canon Tibetan Buddhist canon Branches Theravada Mahayana Chan Buddhism Zen Seon Thiền Pure Land Tiantai Nichiren Madhyamaka Yogachara Navayana Vajrayana Tibetan Shingon Dzogchen Early Buddhist schools Pre-sectarian Buddhism Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna Countries Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan Cambodia China India Indonesia Japan Korea Laos Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Russia Kalmykia Buryatia Singapore Sri Lanka Taiwan Thailand Tibet Vietnam Middle East Iran Western countries Argentina Australia Brazil France United Kingdom United States Venezuela History Timeline Ashoka Buddhist councils History of Buddhism in India Decline of Buddhism in India Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution Greco - Buddhism Buddhism and the Roman world Buddhism in the West Silk Road transmission of Buddhism Persecution of Buddhists Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal Buddhist crisis Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism Buddhist modernism Vipassana movement 969 Movement Women in Buddhism Philosophy Abhidharma Atomism Buddhology Creator Economics Eight Consciousnesses Engaged Buddhism Eschatology Ethics Evolution Humanism Logic Reality Secular Buddhism Socialism The unanswered questions Culture Architecture Temple Vihara Wat Stupa Pagoda Candi Dzong architecture Japanese Buddhist architecture Korean Buddhist temples Thai temple art and architecture Tibetan Buddhist architecture Art Greco - Buddhist Bodhi Tree Budai Buddharupa Calendar Cuisine Funeral Holidays Vesak Uposatha Magha Puja Asalha Puja Vassa Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi Kasaya Mahabodhi Temple Mantra Om mani padme hum Mudra Music Pilgrimage Lumbini Maya Devi Temple Bodh Gaya Sarnath Kushinagar Poetry Prayer beads Prayer wheel Symbolism Dharmachakra Flag Bhavacakra Swastika Thangka Temple of the Tooth Vegetarianism Miscellaneous Abhijñā Amitābha Avalokiteśvara Guanyin Brahmā Dhammapada Dharma talk Hinayana Kalpa Koliya Lineage Maitreya Māra Ṛddhi Sacred languages Pali Sanskrit Siddhi Sutra Vinaya Comparison Bahá'í Faith Christianity Influences Comparison East Asian religions Gnosticism Hinduism Jainism Judaism Psychology Science Theosophy Violence Western philosophy Lists Bodhisattvas Books Buddhas named Buddhists Suttas Temples Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_and_Jainism&oldid=840484173 '' Categories : Buddhism and other religions Jainism and other religions Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list Use dmy dates from December 2015 Use Indian English from December 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Magyar Edit links This page was last edited on 10 May 2018 , at 05 : 27 ( UTC ) . 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